ADC Telecommunications DAS9M-2-W LGCell GSM User Manual LGCell 4 0
ADC Telecommunications Inc. LGCell GSM LGCell 4 0
Contents
- 1. User manual pt1
- 2. User Manual pt2
User manual pt1
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| Mirror Download [FCC.gov] | |
| Document ID | 166626 |
| Application ID | iiMdGptHZ0sWd1yPynjb4w== |
| Document Description | User manual pt1 |
| Short Term Confidential | No |
| Permanent Confidential | No |
| Supercede | No |
| Document Type | User Manual |
| Display Format | Adobe Acrobat PDF - pdf |
| Filesize | 211.29kB (2641136 bits) |
| Date Submitted | 2001-08-27 00:00:00 |
| Date Available | 2001-08-24 00:00:00 |
| Creation Date | 2001-08-27 09:33:49 |
| Producing Software | Acrobat Distiller 4.0 for Windows |
| Document Lastmod | 2001-08-27 09:34:10 |
| Document Title | LGCell 4.0.book |
| Document Creator | FrameMaker 5.5.6p145 |
® LGCell Wireless Networking System TM Version 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B This manual is produced for use by LGC Wireless personnel, licensees, and customers. The information contained herein is the property of LGC Wireless. No part of this document may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, for any purpose, without the express written permission of LGC Wireless. LGC Wireless reserves the right to make changes, without notice, to the specifications and materials contained herein, and shall not be responsible for any damages caused by reliance on the material as presented, including, but not limited to, typographical and listing errors. Your comments are welcome – they help us improve our products and documentation. Please address your comments to LGC Wireless, Inc. corporate headquarters in San Jose, California: Address 2540 Junction Avenue San Jose, California 95134-1902 USA Attn: Marketing Dept. Phone 1-408-952-2400 Fax 1-408-952-2410 Help Hot Line 1-800-530-9960 (U.S. only) +1-408-952-2400 (International) +44(0) 1223 597812 (Europe) Web Address http://www.lgcwireless.com e-mail info@lgcwireless.com service@lgcwireless.com Copyright © 2001 by LGC Wireless, Inc. Printed in USA. All rights reserved. Trademarks All trademarks identified by ™ or ® are trademarks or registered trademark of LGC Wireless, Inc. All other trademarks belong to their respective owners. LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Limited Warranty Seller warrants articles of its manufacture against defective materials or workmanship for a period of one year from the date of shipment to Purchaser, except as provided in any warranty applicable to Purchaser on or in the package containing the Goods (which warranty takes precedence over the following warranty). The liability of Seller under the foregoing warranty is limited, at Seller’s option, solely to repair or replacement with equivalent Goods, or an appropriate adjustment not to exceed the sales price to Purchaser, provided that (a) Seller is notified in writing by Purchaser, within the one year warranty period, promptly upon discovery of defects, with a detailed description of such defects, (b) Purchaser has obtained a Return Materials Authorization (RMA) from Seller, which RMA Seller agrees to provide Purchaser promptly upon request, (c) the defective Goods are returned to Seller, transportation and other applicable charges prepaid by the Purchaser, and (d) Seller’s examination of such Goods discloses to its reasonable satisfaction that defects were not caused by negligence, misuse, improper installation, improper maintenance, accident or unauthorized repair or alteration or any other cause outside the scope of Purchaser’s warranty made hereunder. Notwithstanding the foregoing, Seller shall have the option to repair any defective Goods at Purchaser’s facility. The original warranty period for any Goods that have been repaired or replaced by seller will not thereby be extended. In addition, all sales will be subject to standard terms and conditions on the sales contract. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Table of Contents SECTION 1 General Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 SECTION 2 Purpose and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Conventions in this Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Acronyms in this Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Standards Conformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 1-3 1-4 1-6 1-6 LGCell 4.0 System Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1 2.1 System Overview 2.2 System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 2.2.1 Using LGCell to Increase Coverage and Capacity . . . . . . . . . 2-6 2.2.2 Using LGCell to Increase Coverage, Capacity, and Functionality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-7 2.2.3 Using LGCell to Simultaneously Support Multiple Bands/Protocols . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 2.3 System Bandwidths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10 2.3.1 Fixed Bandwidth Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10 2.3.2 Variable Bandwidth Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11 2.4 System Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13 2.4.1 Environmental Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13 2.4.2 Physical Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13 2.4.3 Alarm LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-14 SECTION 3 LGCell Main Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 3.1 LGCell Main Hub Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 3.1.1 MMF Downlink/Uplink Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 3.1.2 Main Hub LED Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 3.2 LGCell Main Hub Rear Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 3.2.1 Main Hub Rear Panel Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 3.3 LGCell Main Hub Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8 3.4 LGCell Main Hub Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual SECTION 4 LGCell Expansion Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 4.1 LGCell Expansion Hub Front Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 4.1.1 MMF Downlink/Uplink Port . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 4.1.2 RJ-45 Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 4.1.3 Expansion Hub LED Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 4.2 LGCell Expansion Hub Rear Panel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 4.3 LGCell Expansion Hub Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-6 4.4 LGCell Expansion Hub Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 SECTION 5 LGCell Remote Access Unit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1 5.1 LGCell Remote Access Unit Connectors 5.1.1 Remote Access Unit LED Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 5.2 LGCell Remote Access Unit Alarm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 5.3 LGCell Remote Access Unit Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5 5.4 Choosing Passive Antennas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-6 SECTION 6 Managing and Planning an LGCell Project . . . . 6-1 6.1 Managing an LGCell Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2 6.1.1 Project Management Responsibilities 6.2 Planning an LGCell Installation 6.2.1 Site Survey Questionnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-7 6.3 Installation Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8 6.4 System Optimization and Commissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9 SECTION 7 Designing an LGCell Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1 7.1 Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-3 7.2 Estimating RF Coverage . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-18 7.2.1 7.2.2 7.2.3 7.2.4 Path Loss Equation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Path Loss Slope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Coverage Distance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Example Design Estimate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.3 System Gain 7-19 7-20 7-21 7-26 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-28 7.3.1 System Gain (Loss) Relative to MMF Cable Length . . . . . . 7-29 7.3.2 System Gain (Loss) Relative to UTP/STP Cable Length . . . 7-30 7.4 Link Budget Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-31 7.4.1 Elements of a Link Budget for Narrowband Standards . . . . . 7.4.2 Narrowband Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.3 Elements of a Link Budget for CDMA Standards . . . . . . . . . 7.4.4 Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7.4.5 Considerations for Re-Radiation (over-the-air) Systems . . . . 7.5 Connecting a Main Hub to a Base Station 7.5.1 Attenuation ii 7-32 7-34 7-36 7-39 7-43 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-44 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-45 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B 7.5.2 Uplink Attenuation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-46 7.5.2.1 Uplink Attenuation Exception: CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-47 7.6 Designing for a Neutral Host System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-48 7.6.1 Capacity of the LGCell Neutral Host System . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-48 7.6.2 Example LGCell Neutral Host System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-49 SECTION 8 Installation Requirements and Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1 8.1 Installation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 8.1.1 Cable and Connector Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 8.1.2 Neutral Host System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 8.1.3 Distance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3 8.2 Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4 8.2.1 Underwriters Laboratory Installation Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . 8-4 8.2.2 General Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5 8.2.3 Fiber Port Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6 SECTION 9 Installing the LGCell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1 9.1 Inspecting Shipment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-2 9.2 Installing the Main Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3 9.2.1 9.2.2 9.2.3 9.2.4 9.2.5 Main Hub Installation Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-3 Tools and Materials Required to Install Main Hub . . . . . . . . . 9-4 Main Hub Installation Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-5 Interfacing LGCell to Base Stations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-9 Connecting Multiple LGCell Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14 9.2.5.1 Connecting Two LGCells . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-14 9.2.5.2 Connecting More Than Two LGCells . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-15 9.2.6 Installing Main Hubs in a Neutral Host System . . . . . . . . . . 9-16 9.3 Installing the Expansion Hub 9.3.1 9.3.2 9.3.3 9.3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-17 Expansion Hub Installation Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tools and Materials Required to Install Expansion Hub . . . . Expansion Hub Installation Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Installing Expansion Hubs in a Neutral Host System . . . . . . 9.4 Installing the Remote Access Unit 9.4.1 9.4.2 9.4.3 9.4.4 SECTION 10 9-17 9-17 9-18 9-24 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-25 Remote Access Unit Installation Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tools and Materials Required to Install Remote Access Unit RAU Installation Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Installing Remote Access Units in a Neutral Host System . . 9-25 9-25 9-26 9-31 Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1 10.1 Maintenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-1 10.2 Troubleshooting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-2 10.2.1 Troubleshooting Guidelines . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-3 10.2.2 Troubleshooting Using the LED Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4 PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual iii 10.2.2.1 LED Indicator Description . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4 10.2.2.2 Diagnostic Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5 10.3 Technical Assistance APPENDIX A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-9 Cables and Connectors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1 A.1 Coaxial Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2 A.2 Multimode Fiber Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-2 A.3 Category 5 UTP/STP Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3 APPENDIX B TIA/EIA 568-A Cabling Standard . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1 B.1 B.2 B.3 B.4 B.5 B.6 B.7 B.8 APPENDIX C Horizontal Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-2 Backbone Wiring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-3 Work Area . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4 Telecommunications Closet . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4 Equipment Room . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4 Entrance Facilities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4 Unshielded Twisted Pair Cable Termination . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-4 DC Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-5 Compliance Information . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 C.1 LGCell System Approval Status C.1.1 C.1.2 C.1.3 C.1.4 C.1.5 C.1.6 C.1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 800 MHz AMPS, TDMA, and CDMA . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1 800 MHz iDEN . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2 900 MHz EGSM/GSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2 1800 MHz GSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-2 1900 MHz TDMA, CDMA, and GSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-3 FCC Regulatory Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-3 Industry Canada Regulatory Notice . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-3 C.2 Declaration of Conformity to Type . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-4 C.3 IEC/EN 60825-2: Safe Use of Optical Fiber Communication Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-7 C.3.1 C.3.2 C.3.3 C.3.4 C.3.5 Description of LGCell System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-7 Requirements under IEC 60825 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-7 Installation Notes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-8 Evaluation of LGC System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-8 Suggested Work Practices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-9 C.4 Human Exposure to RF iv . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-10 APPENDIX D Frequently Asked Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1 APPENDIX E Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . E-1 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B List of Figures Figure 2-1 Figure 2-2 Figure 2-3 Figure 2-4 Figure 2-5 Figure 2-6 Figure 2-7 Figure 3-1 Figure 3-2 Figure 3-3 Figure 3-4 Figure 3-5 Figure 3-6 Figure 3-7 Figure 3-8 Figure 4-1 Figure 4-2 Figure 4-3 Figure 4-4 Figure 4-5 Figure 5-1 Figure 5-2 Figure 5-3 Figure 5-4 Figure 5-5 Figure 5-6 Figure 7-1 Figure 7-2 Figure 7-3 Figure 9-1 Figure 9-2 Figure 9-3 Figure 9-4 Figure 9-5 Figure A-1 PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell Components . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 LGCell System Block Diagram (Single Band) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-3 Increasing Coverage with LGCell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 Increasing Capacity and Coverage with LGCell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-6 Increasing Coverage, Capacity, and Functionality with LGCell . . . . . . 2-7 Example Neutral Host Application . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-8 LGCell Neutral Host Configuration . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-9 The Main Hub in an LGCell 1-1-1 Configuration* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1 Front Panel of a Main Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-2 MMF Downlink/Uplink Ports on the Main Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-3 Main Hub Front Panel LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 Rear Panel of a Main Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-5 N-type Female Connectors on the Main Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-6 9-pin D-sub Connector on the Main Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-7 Monitoring Main Hub Alarms from the BTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-8 The Expansion Hub in an LGCell 1-1-1 Configuration* . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1 Front Panel of an Expansion Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-2 MMF Downlink/Uplink Port on the Expansion Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-3 RJ-45 Ports on the Expansion Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-4 Expansion Hub Front Panel LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 The Remote Access Unit in an LGCell 1-1-1 Configuration* . . . . . . . 5-1 RJ-45 Port on a Single Band RAU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 RJ-45 Ports on a Dual Band RAU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-2 SMA Connector on the Single Band RAU . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3 Block Diagram of the Dual Band RAUs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-3 RAU LEDs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 Determining Path Loss between the Antenna and the Wireless Device 7-18 Connecting LGCell Main Hubs to a Simplex Base Station . . . . . . . . . 7-44 LGCell to Duplex Base Station or Repeater Connections . . . . . . . . . . 7-45 Simplex Base Station to LGCell Main Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-10 Duplex Base Station to LGCell Main Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-11 Duplex Base Station to LGCell Main Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-12 Duplex Base Station to LGCell Main Hub . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-13 Connecting Two LGCell Main Hubs using their Duplex Ports . . . . . . 9-14 Wiring Map for Cat-5 UTP Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-3 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual vi LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B List of Tables Table 2-1 Table 2-2 Table 2-3 Table 2-4 Table 2-5 Table 3-1 Table 3-2 Table 4-1 Table 4-2 Table 5-1 Table 5-2 Table 6-1 Table 6-2 Table 7-1 Table 7-2 Table 7-3 Table 7-4 Table 7-5 Table 7-6 Table 7-7 Table 7-8 Table 7-9 Table 7-10 Table 7-11 Table 7-12 Table 7-13 Table 7-14 Table 7-15 PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Bandwidths: 800 and 900 MHz . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10 Bandwidths: 1800 MHz DCS (GSM) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11 Band Frequency of the DCS 1800 MHz LGCell . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-11 Bandwidths: 1900 MHz CDMA, TDMA, GSM . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12 PCS Spectrum in the United States . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-12 Main Hub LED Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-4 Main Hub Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-9 Expansion Hub LED Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-5 Expansion Hub Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-7 RAU LED Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-4 Remote Access Unit Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-5 Project Management Estimated Timeline . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2 Installation Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8 800 MHz (AMPS) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-4 800 MHz (TDMA) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-5 800 MHz (CDMA) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-6 800 MHz (iDEN/SMR) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-7 900 MHz (GSM or EGSM) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-8 1800 MHz (GSM) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-9 1800 MHz (CDMA Korea) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-10 1900 MHz (TDMA) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-11 1900 MHz (GSM) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-12 1900 MHz (CDMA) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-13 900 MHz (GSM or EGSM) and 1800 MHz (GSM) Low Band Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-14 900 MHz (GSM or EGSM) and 1800 MHz (GSM) High Band Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-15 1800/1800 MHz (GSM) Power per Carrier . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-16 Coaxial Cable Losses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-18 Average Signal Loss of Common Building Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-19 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual vii Table 7-16 Table 7-17 Table 7-18 Table 7-19 Table 7-20 Table 7-21 Table 7-22 Table 7-23 Table 7-24 Table 7-25 Table 7-26 Table 7-27 Table 7-28 Table 7-29 Table 7-30 Table 8-1 Table 10-1 Table 10-2 Table C-1 viii Estimated Path Loss Slope for Different In-Building Environments . 7-20 Frequency Bands and the Value of the first Term in Equation (3) . . . 7-21 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 800 MHz Cellular Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-22 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 800 MHz iDEN Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-22 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 900 MHz GSM Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-23 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 900 MHz EGSM Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-23 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 1800 MHz DCS Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-24 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 1800 MHz CDMA (Korea) Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-24 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 1900 MHz PCS Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-25 System Gain when using Duplex/Simplex Ports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-28 System Gain (Loss) Relative to UTP/STP Cable Length . . . . . . . . . . 7-30 LGCell Maximum Input Power . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-31 Link Budget Considerations for Narrowband Systems . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-32 Distribution of Power within a CDMA Signal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-36 Additional Link Budget Considerations for CDMA Systems . . . . . . . 7-37 LGCell Distance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3 LGCell Equipment LED Indicators . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-4 LED Diagnostics . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10-5 Peak 1-g SAR for RAU Models 850 and 1900 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-10 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B SECTION 1 General Information This section contains the following: • Section 1.1 Purpose and Scope . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-2 • Section 1.2 Conventions in this Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-3 • Section 1.3 Acronyms in this Manual . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-4 • Section 1.4 Standards Conformance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6 • Section 1.5 Related Publications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-6 PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual 1-1 General Information 1.1 Purpose and Scope This document describes the LGCellTM Distributed Antenna System and its installation. The following sections are included: • Section 2 LGCell 4.0 System Description • Section 3 LGCell Main Hub • Section 4 LGCell Expansion Hub • Section 5 LGCell Remote Access Unit • Section 6 Managing and Planning an LGCell Project • Section 7 Designing an LGCell Solution • Section 8 Installation Requirements and Safety Precautions • Section 9 Installing the LGCell • Section 10 Maintenance, Troubleshooting, and Technical Assistance • Appendix A Cables and Connectors • Appendix B TIA/EIA 568-A Cabling Standard • Appendix C Compliance Information • Appendix D Frequently Asked Questions 1-2 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Conventions in this Manual 1.2 Conventions in this Manual The following table lists the type style conventions used in this manual. Convention Description bold Used for emphasis BOLD CAPS Used to indicate labels on equipment Measurements are listed first in metric units, followed by U.S. Customary System of units in parentheses. For example: 0° to 45°C (32° to 113°F) The following symbols are used to highlight certain information as described: NOTE: This format is used to emphasize text with special significance or importance, and to provide supplemental information. CAUTION: This format is used when a given action or omitted action can cause or contribute to a hazardous condition. Damage to the equipment can occur. WARNING: This format is used when a given action or omitted action can result in catastrophic damage to the equipment or cause injury to the user. Procedure This format is used to highlight a procedure. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 1-3 General Information 1.3 1-4 Acronyms in this Manual Acronym Definition BDA bidirectional amplifier/repeater BTS base transceiver station Cat-5 Category 5 (twisted pair cable) CDMA Code Division Multiple Access C/I carrier to interface CISP Certified Installation Service Provider dB decibel dBm decibels relative to 1 milliwatt DCS Digital Communications System DL downlink EGSM Extended Global Standard for Mobile Communications GHz gigahertz GSM Groupe Speciale Mobile (now translated in English as Global Standard for Mobile Communications) Hz hertz iDEN Integrated Digital Enhanced Network (Motorola variant of TDMA wireless) IF intermediate frequency LAN local area network LED light emitting diode mA milliamps MBS microcellular base station MHz megahertz MMF multimode fiber MTBF mean time between failures NF noise figure nm nanometer PBX private branch exchange PCS Personal Communications System PLL phase-locked loop PLS path loss slope RAU Remote Access Unit RF radio frequency RSSI received signal strength indicator LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Acronyms in this Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Acronym Definition SMA sub-miniature A connector (coaxial cable connector type) SNR signal-to-noise ratio ST straight tip (fiber optic cable connector type) STP shielded twisted pair TDMA Time Division Multiple Access TP twisted pair UL uplink; Underwriters Laboratories UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UPS uninterruptable power supply UTP unshielded twisted pair WOS wireless office service Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 1-5 General Information 1.4 Standards Conformance • Complies with industry standards for IS-19B/AMPS, J-STD-8, IS-136/TDMA, IS-95B/CDMA. • Utilizes the TIA/EIA 568-A Ethernet cabling standards for ease of installation (see Appendix B). • Distributes signals over a building’s existing industry-standard cable infrastructure of multimode fiber (MMF) and unshielded twisted pair/shielded twisted pair (UTP/STP) cable. • See Appendix C for compliance information. 1.5 Related Publications • MetroReach Focus Configuration, Installation, and Reference Manual; LGC Wireless part number 8500-10 • ARM2000 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual; LGC Wireless part number 8305-10 • LGC Wireless Complementary Products Catalog; LGC Wireless part number 8600-10 • Neutral Host System Planning Guide; LGC Wireless part number 9000-10 1-6 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B SECTION 2 LGCell 4.0 System Description This section contains the following: • Section 2.1 System Overview . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-2 • Section 2.2 System Operation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-5 • Section 2.3 System Bandwidths . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-10 • Section 2.4 System Specifications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-13 PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual 2-1 LGCell 4.0 System Description 2.1 System Overview The LGCell acts as an extension of the outdoor, macrocellular network to provide RF signal coverage and capacity to places where the signals are not always available or adequate, such as inside a building, tunnel, subway, or other hard-to-reach locations. LGCell features: • Supports all cellular protocols. • Provides uniform radio coverage. • Distributes cellular signals through standard multimode fiber (MMF) and standard UTP/STP cables, which are found in most office buildings. • Uses a double-star topology, which allows for easy, cost-effective growth of coverage and capacity. The LGCell system consists of three components, as shown (from top to bottom) in the following figure: • Remote Access Unit • Expansion Hub • Main Hub Figure 2-1 2-2 LGCell Components LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B System Overview The following figure shows a block diagram of a single band LGCell system. Note that uplink and downlink RF and control signals for an RAU travel through one Cat-5 cable. Figure 2-2 LGCell System Block Diagram (Single Band) Main Hub Expansion Hub Remote Access Unit Cat-5 Multimode Fiber Splitter E/O Cat-5 E/O Control Control Control Multimode Fiber E/O RF Processing Duplexer From/To BTS or Repeater O/E E/O Splitter RF Processing Splitter E/O RF Processing RF Processing Cat-5 O/E E/O Diagnostics Combiner E/O E/O Cat-5 RF Processing Combiner RF Processing Alarm Control Power Supply PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Power Supply EH/RAU Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 2-3 LGCell 4.0 System Description LGCell components are available in the following frequencies and protocols: • Single-Band Frequencies and Protocols • 800 MHz AMPS • 800 MHz TDMA • 800 MHz CDMA • 800 MHz iDEN • 900 MHz GSM • 900 MHz EGSM • 1800 MHz DCS (5 band options) • 1800 MHz Korean CDMA • 1900 MHz TDMA (4 band options) • 1900 MHz CDMA (4 band options) • 1900 MHz GSM (4 band options) • Dual-Band Frequencies and Protocols A dual band system consists of two single band systems. • 800 MHz & 1900 MHz CDMA/TDMA • 800 MHz CDMA/TDMA & 1900 MHz GSM • 900 MHz GSM & 1800 MHz DCS • 900 MHz EGSM & 1800 MHz DCS • 1800 MHz DCS & 1800 MHz DCS 2-4 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B System Operation 2.2 System Operation Downlink (Base Station/Repeater to Wireless Handsets) • The LGCell system’s Main Hub is usually installed in a 19 in. (483 mm) equipment rack in a wiring closet or equipment room inside the facility where coverage will be provided. Coaxial cable is used to connect the Main Hub to a local base station or to a repeater that is attached to a roof-top antenna. The Main Hub receives the incoming RF signals and splits them to feed four internal fiber optic transceivers that convert the RF signals to optical signals. The Main Hub transmits the optical signals over multimode fiber to up to four Expansion Hubs, which are usually installed in other telecom closets throughout the facility. WARNING: Exceeding the maximum input power could cause failure of the Main Hub (refer to Section 7.1 on page 7-3 for maximum power ratings). Attenuators may be required to limit the maximum composite power into the Main Hub. • The Expansion Hub converts the optical signals back to electrical signals, which are then transmitted to up to four Remote Access Units (RAUs) over Cat-5 UTP/STP cabling. • The Remote Access Unit receives the electrical signals from the Expansion Hub and transports the signals over a short coaxial cable to an attached passive antenna, which then transmits the RF signals to wireless handsets. Uplink (Wireless Handsets to Base Station) • The passive antenna relays the RF signals from wireless handsets to the Remote Access Unit, which then transmits the signals to the Expansion Hub over Cat-5 UTP/STP cabling. • The Expansion Hub converts the electrical signals to optical signals and transmits the signals to the Main Hub over MMF. • The Main Hub converts the optical signals to the proper frequency band RF signals and sends them to a local base station or to a repeater that is connected to a roof-top antenna. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 2-5 LGCell 4.0 System Description 2.2.1 Using LGCell to Increase Coverage and Capacity You can extend the outdoor, macrocellular network indoors by connecting the LGCell system to a repeater that is attached to a roof-top antenna. The following figure illustrates how the LGCell can be used to enhance in-building coverage. Figure 2-3 Increasing Coverage with LGCell Roof-top Antenna Repeater In-Building Installation for Increased Coverage Coaxial Cable BTS LGCell Main Hub Category 5 UTP/STP Cable Multimode Fiber RAU RAU LGCell Expansion Hub RAU RAU RAU RAU LGCell Expansion Hub RAU RAU RAU RAU LGCell Expansion Hub RAU RAU RAU RAU LGCell Expansion Hub RAU RAU You can increase the number of users who are able to communicate through their wireless handheld devices by connecting an LGCell system to a local, centralized base station. In this configuration, the base station provides voice channel capacity and the LGCell provides coverage. Figure 2-4 Mobile Switching Center T1/E1 Increasing Capacity and Coverage with LGCell In-Building Installation for Increased Capacity and Coverage Microcellular Base Station Coaxial Cable LGCell Main Hub Multimode Fiber Category 5 UTP/STP Cable RAU RAU LGCell Expansion Hub RAU RAU RAU RAU LGCell Expansion Hub RAU RAU RAU RAU LGCell Expansion Hub RAU RAU RAU RAU LGCell Expansion Hub RAU RAU 2-6 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B System Operation 2.2.2 Using LGCell to Increase Coverage, Capacity, and Functionality Interfacing the LGCell with a base station/PBX network gives wireless phone users PBX functionality through their wireless phones, anytime, anywhere. The following figure shows an example installation for wireless office service (WOS). Figure 2-5 Increasing Coverage, Capacity, and Functionality with LGCell In-Building Installation for Increased Coverage, Capacity, and Functionality PBX Mobile Switching Center T1/E1 Microcellular Base Station Coaxial Cable LGCell Main Hub Category 5 UTP/STP Cable Multimode Fiber RAU RAU LGCell Expansion Hub RAU RAU RAU RAU LGCell Expansion Hub RAU RAU RAU RAU LGCell Expansion Hub RAU RAU RAU RAU LGCell Expansion Hub RAU RAU With the LGCell/base station/PBX* solution, employees can use a wireless phone in place of a wireline desk phone to access the PBX while inside the building and use the same phone for wireless communications while outside the building. Employees can access PBX features such as four-digit dialing, call delivery, call forwarding, call-waiting, conferencing, and voice mail from their wireless phone. In this configuration, the base station private wireless network transmits RF signals indoors, and the macrocellular network takes over outdoors. *Check with your PBX manufacturer/vendor for compatibility, connection, and operation. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 2-7 LGCell 4.0 System Description 2.2.3 Using LGCell to Simultaneously Support Multiple Bands/Protocols An LGCell neutral host configuration can simultaneously support more than one frequency band and/or protocol. The term “neutral host” refers to the fact: that the system supports multiple wireless Operators, and that the equipment typically is owned by a third-party company. Neutral host systems are deployed in situations such as the following: • Public microcellular applications such as airport terminals, subways/train stations, and similar public buildings usually require that the in-building RF distribution system infrastructure be capable of supporting any current frequency band and protocol, and that it be future-proof. • It is common for the same service provider to be licensed to operate in multiple bands in the same geographical area. For example, some Asian and European service providers have licenses in both 900 MHz and 1800 MHz bands. Some North American service providers operate in both 800 MHz and 1900 MHz bands. Some service providers overlay networks (i.e., 900 and 1800 MHz) to alleviate capacity constraints. • A building owner will often allow service providers to provide wireless service in their building only if they cooperate and share the infrastructure equipment and distribution system. Delays in service implementation and loss of revenue occur when the competing service providers do not agree on how to share the equipment and installation costs. Additional distribution cabling infrastructure, beyond initial requirements, often is installed to accommodate adding Operators or services or to enhance capacity by sectorizing the distribution equipment at a later time. Figure 2-6 Example Neutral Host Application Fiber Optic Cable: Installed now, used now Cat-5 Cable: Installed now, used now RAU LGCell Main Hub Operator 1 LGCell Expansion Hub Operator 1 (Operator 2 in the future) Cat-5 Cable: Installed now, used later LGCell Main Hub Op. 1 and/or Op. 2 LGCell Expansion Hub Op. 1 and/or Op. 2 RAU RAU Fiber Optic Cable: Installed now, used later Future LGCell Equipment Future LGCell Equipment 2-8 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B System Operation Neutral host systems are deployed as shared or dedicated systems. • Shared System: Multiple wireless Operators use the same set of LGCell hardware to distribute RF signals. • Dedicated System: Each Operator uses an independent LGCell system. In order to simplify coverage planning and minimize installation costs, the equipment is “clustered” and installed in groups. The number of Hubs and RAUs required for a system is determined by their ability to be shared. The configuration shown in Figure 2-7 supports up to 7 Operator bands. Figure 2-7 LGCell Neutral Host Configuration Expansion Hub Clusters 2 and 3 Expansion Hub Cluster 1 Main Hub Cluster Main Hub 800 MHz iDEN RAU Clusters B and C Optical Fiber Expansion Hub 800 MHz iDEN Main Hub 1900 MHz A and D Expansion Hub 1900 MHz A and D Main Hub 1900 MHz B and E Expansion Hub 1900 MHz B and E Main Hub 800 MHz A and B Expansion Hub 800 MHz A and B Expansion Hub Cluster 4 Cat-5 RAU Cluster A iDEN RAU A/D RAU B/E RAU A/B RAU RAU Clusters D Refer to the Neutral Host Planning Guide (PN 9000-10) for more information about this type of configuration. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 2-9 LGCell 4.0 System Description 2.3 System Bandwidths 2.3.1 Fixed Bandwidth Systems The 800 MHz and 900 MHz LGCell systems have fixed bandwidths of operation, as shown in the following table. Table 2-1 2-10 Bandwidths: 800 and 900 MHz LGCell System System Bandwidth (MHz) Uplink Freq. Range (MHz) Downlink Freq. Range (MHz) 800 MHz: AMPS, TDMA, CDMA 25 824–849 869–894 800 MHz iDEN 18 806–824 851–869 900 MHz GSM 25 890–915 935–960 900 MHz EGSM 35 880–915 925–960 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B System Bandwidths 2.3.2 Variable Bandwidth Systems The 1800 MHz DCS (GSM) and 1900 MHz CDMA, TDMA, and GSM systems have a bandpass filter that can be positioned within the uplink and downlink bands. This position is specified when the equipment is ordered and it is set during manufacturing. 1800 MHz DCS (GSM) System Bandwidth The 1800 MHz DCS (GSM) 30 MHz bandpass filter is positioned within the 75 MHz band during manufacturing. Table 2-2 Bandwidths: 1800 MHz DCS (GSM) LGCell System System Bandwidth (MHz) Uplink Freq. Range (MHz) Downlink Freq. Range (MHz) 1800 DCS (GSM) 30 1710–1785 1805–1880 You can choose where to place the 30 MHz band of operation, as shown in the following table. Table 2-3 Band Frequency of the DCS 1800 MHz LGCell Band Uplink (MHz) Downlink (MHz) DCS 1 1710 to 1725 1805 to 1820 DCS 2 1725 to 1755 1820 to 1850 DCS 3 1755 to 1785 1850 to 1880 DCS 4 1721.25 to 1751.25 1816.25 to 1846.25 DCS 5 1751.25 to 1781.25 1846.25 to 1876.25 DCS Downlink Bands DCS Uplink Bands 1710 1725 DCS 1 1721.25 PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B 1755 DCS 2 DCS 4 1751.25 1750 1785 1805 DCS 3 DCS 5 DCS 6 1781.25 1780 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 1820 DCS 1 1816.25 1880 1850 DCS 2 DCS 4 DCS 3 DCS 5 DCS 6 1846.25 1840 1876.25 1870 2-11 LGCell 4.0 System Description 1900 MHz CDMA, TDMA, GSM System Bandwidth The 1900 MHz CDMA, TDMA, and GSM 20 MHz bandpass filter is positioned within the 60 MHz band during manufacturing. Table 2-4 Bandwidths: 1900 MHz CDMA, TDMA, GSM DAS System System Bandwidth (MHz) Uplink Freq. Range (MHz) Downlink Freq. Range (MHz) 1900 MHz: CDMA, TDMA, GSM 20 1850–1910 1930–1990 Table 2-5 PCS Spectrum in the United States Band Bandwidth (MHz) Uplink (MHz) Downlink (MHz) 15 1850 to 1865 1930 to 1945 1865 to 1870 1945 to 1950 15 1870 to 1885 1950 to 1965 1885 to 1890 1965 to 1970 1890 to 1895 1970 to 1975 15 1895 to 1910 1975 to 1990 LGCell equipment can be ordered in the following configurations: • Bands A and D • Bands D and B • Bands B and E • Bands E and F LGCell equipment does not support band C. PCS Uplink Bands 1850 2-12 1865 1870 1885 PCS Downlink Bands 1890 1895 1910 1930 1945 1950 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual 1965 1970 1975 1990 PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B System Specifications 2.4 System Specifications General system specifications are provided in this section. Specifications for each component are provided in their respective sections: • Section 3.4, “LGCell Main Hub Specifications,” on page 3-9 • Section 4.4, “LGCell Expansion Hub Specifications,” on page 4-7 • Section 5.3, “LGCell Remote Access Unit Specifications,” on page 5-5 2.4.1 2.4.2 Environmental Specifications Parameter Rating Operating Temperature 0° to +45°C / 32° to +113°F Non-operating Temperature –20° to +85°C / –4° to +185°F Operating Humidity; non-condensing 5% to 95% Physical Specifications Parameter Main Hub Expansion Hub Remote Access Unit RF Connectors 3, N-type female 4, RJ-45 1, RJ-45 port 1, SMA female Remote Alarm Connector (contact closure) 1, 9-pin D-sub, female 1, 25-pin D-sub (not used), male — — MMF Connectors 4 Pair, ST female 1 Pair, ST female — LED Alarm and Status Indicators Sync, Power, Port Link Status, Port Sync Sync, Power, Port Link Status, Port Sync Power, Sync 117V AC, 0.22 amp @ 60 Hz 230V AC, 0.11 amp @ 50 Hz 117V AC, 0.30 amp @ 60 Hz 230V AC, 0.15 amp @ 50 Hz 117V AC, 0.47 amp @ 60 Hz 230V AC, 0.24 amp @ 50 Hz 117V AC, 0.64 amp @ 60 Hz 230V AC, 0.32 amp @ 50 Hz — 25 W 35 W 32 W / 55 W with 4 RAUs 45 W / 75 W with 4 RAUs 5.7 W 7.5 W Enclosure Dimensions (height × width × depth) Excluding angle-brackets for 19'' rack mounting of hubs. 44.5 mm × 438 mm × 229 mm (1.75 in. × 17.25 in. × 9 in.) 1U 44.5 mm × 438 mm × 229 mm (1.75 in. × 17.25 in. × 9 in.) 1U 36 mm × 110 mm × 140 mm (1.4 in. × 4.3 in. × 5.5 in.) Weight < 3 kg (< 6.5 lb) < 3 kg (< 6.5 lb) < 0.4 kg (<1 lb) MTBF (hours) 298,000 461,000 965,000 AC Power (Universal) Typical Maximum Power Consumption Typical Maximum PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 — 2-13 LGCell 4.0 System Description 2.4.3 Alarm LEDs The Main Hub has LINK STATUS and SYNC LEDs for each fiber port. The Expansion Hub has LINK STATUS and SYNC LEDs for each Cat-5 (RAU) port. Unit Alarm Name LED Color Condition Main Hub Power Green AC power is ON Sync (above power) Green Main Hub’s phase lock loop (PLL) is locked Off Main Hub’s PLL is not locked Port Link Status Green The Main Hub is receiving a signal from the Expansion Hub without an alarm signal Red The Main Hub is receiving an alarm signal from the Expansion Hub Green The Expansion Hub and its connected RAUs do not have an alarm Red The Expansion Hub or one of its connected RAUs has an alarm Port Sync Expansion Hub RAU 2-14 Power Green AC power is ON Sync (above power) Green The Expansion Hub is receiving the pilot signal Off The Expansion Hub is not receiving the pilot signal Port Link Status/Port Sync Green/Green The RAU is connected and functioning properly Green/Red The Connected RAU is malfunctioning Red/Green The RAU has been disconnected or the cable is cut Red/Red No RAU is connected Power Green DC power to RAU Sync Red PLL is not locked or clock power is low LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell Main Hub SECTION 3 The Main Hub is the LGCell’s central distribution point. On the dowlink, it receives RF signals from a base station or a repeater and converts them to optical signals, which it distributes to Expansion Hubs. On the uplink, the Main Hub receives optical signals from the Expansion Hubs and converts them back to RF signals to be relayed to a base station or a repeater. The Main Hub in an LGCell 1-1-1 Configuration* Figure 3-1 TO EXPANSION HUB PORTS LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP Coaxial Cable between Main Hub and Base Station or Repeater SYNC POWER LGCellTM Main Hub AC POWER Multimode Fiber between Main Hub and Expansion Hub LINK STATUS SYNC ANTENNA PORTS DOWN SYNC POWER UP MAIN HUB PORT LGCellTM Expansion Hub AC POWER Cat-5 UTP/STP between Expansion Hub and RAU RAU Coaxial Cable between RAU and Passive Antenna *1-1-1 configuration = 1 Main Hub, 1 Expansion Hub, and 1 Remote Access Unit LGCell Main Hub Features • Mounts in a standard 19 in. (483 mm) equipment rack • Connects to a base station or repeater using coaxial cable • Supports up to four Expansion Hubs using standard 62.5µm/125µm multimode fiber (MMF) cable • Displays system status with front panel LEDs • Provides contact closures and error latches for major errors through a D-sub 9-pin connector on the rear panel PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual 3-1 LGCell Main Hub 3.1 LGCell Main Hub Front Panel The front panel of a Main Hub is shown in the following figure. Front Panel of a Main Hub Figure 3-2 TO EXPANSION HUB PORTS LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP DOWN LINK STATUS SYNC SYNC POWER UP LGCellTM Main Hub AC POWER 1. AC power cord connector 2. Power On/Off switch 3. One LED for unit sync status (labeled SYNC) 4. One LED for unit power status (labeled POWER) 5. Four MMF ports (labeled 1, 2, 3, 4) • One standard female ST optical connector for MMF downlink (labeled DOWN) • One standard female ST optical connector for MMF uplink (labeled UP) 3-2 6. One LED per port for port link status (labeled LINK STATUS) 7. One LED per port for port sync status (labeled SYNC) LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell Main Hub Front Panel 3.1.1 MMF Downlink/Uplink Ports The Main Hub’s MMF downlink/uplink ports transmit/receive optical signals to/from Expansion Hub(s) using industry-standard 62.5µm/125µm MMF cable. There are four MMF ports (labeled 1, 2, 3, and 4) on the Main Hub’s front panel. Each MMF port has two female ST optical connectors: one for downlink (output) and one for uplink (input). • MMF Downlink Connector This female ST connector (labeled DOWN) is used to transmit the downlink optical signals to an attached Expansion Hub. • MMF Uplink Connector This female ST connector (labeled UP) is used to receive the uplink optical signals from an attached Expansion Hub. MMF Downlink/Uplink Ports on the Main Hub Figure 3-3 TO EXPANSION HUB PORTS LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP SYNC POWER LGCellTM Main Hub AC POWER Uplink/Input from Expansion Hub Female ST optical connector Downlink/Output to Expansion Hub Female ST optical connector Port Disconnect Memory The Main Hub detects when active fiber is connected to its MMF ports. An alarm is issued and latched if an active fiber cable from an MMF port on the Main Hub or an attached Expansion Hub is disconnected. The port disconnect memory and major alarm are cleared if you reconnect the fiber into the same functioning port. The error latch remains active until power is cycled. If you do not want to use that port, you should cycle the Main Hub’s power to clear the port disconnect memory and the error latch. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 3-3 LGCell Main Hub 3.1.2 Main Hub LED Indicators The front panel of the Main Hub has LEDs that provide diagnostic information and operational status of the unit. Main Hub Front Panel LEDs Figure 3-4 MMF Port LED Indicators (1 pair for each MMF port) LINK STATUS SYNC TO EXPANSION HUB PORTS LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP SYNC POWER LGCellTM Main Hub AC POWER SYNC POWER Unit Functionality LED Indicators (1 pair per hub) The Main Hub’s MMF port LEDs can be used to help troubleshoot downstream problems; however, the LEDs do not indicate which downstream component has the problem. The Main Hub’s LED indicators are described in the following table. Table 3-1 Main Hub LED Indicators MMF Port Indicators Color Indicates LINK STATUS Green Good connection to the Expansion Hub that is connected to the port. Red Connection problem with the Expansion Hub that is connected to the port. Green Expansion Hub connected to the port is operating properly. Red An alarm with the Expansion Hub that is connected to the port. Unit Functionality Indicators Color Indicates SYNC Green Main Hub is correctly producing the synchronization signal. Off Main Hub is not correctly producing the synchronization signal. Green Main Hub has power. SYNC POWER 3-4 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell Main Hub Rear Panel 3.2 LGCell Main Hub Rear Panel The rear panel of a Main Hub is shown in the following figure. Figure 3-5 Rear Panel of a Main Hub DIAGNOSTIC 2 1. REVERSE FORWARD DUPLEX DIAGNOSTIC 1 Three N-type, female connectors with dust caps: • One simplex uplink, unidirectional (labeled REVERSE) • One simplex downlink, unidirectional (labeled FORWARD) • One duplexed, bidirectional (labeled DUPLEX) PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B 2. One 9-pin D-sub connector (labeled DIAGNOSTIC 1) 3. One 25-pin D-sub connector, factory use only (labeled DIAGNOSTIC 2) 4. Air exhaust vent Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 3-5 LGCell Main Hub 3.2.1 Main Hub Rear Panel Connectors N-Type Female Connectors There are three N-type female connectors on the rear panel of the Main Hub: one duplex and two simplex. Generally, the simplex connectors are used together and the duplex connector is used by itself. • Simplex Connectors The simplex connectors provide unidirectional connection of a Main Hub to a local base station or to a repeater that is connected to a roof-top antenna. – The REVERSE connector transmits uplink RF signals to a base station or a repeater. – The FORWARD connector receives downlink RF signals from a base station or a repeater. • Duplex Connector The DUPLEX connector provides bidirectional (both uplink and downlink) connection between the Main Hub and a base station or a repeater. This connector has a fixed gain of 0, 30, or 40 dB, depending on the system (see Table 7-25 on page 7-28). Figure 3-6 N-type Female Connectors on the Main Hub REVERSE DIAGNOSTIC 2 FORWARD DUPLEX DIAGNOSTIC 1 NOTE: Always keep the dust cap on unused N-type connectors. WARNING: Exceeding the maximum input power could cause failure of the Main Hub (refer to Section 7.1 on page 7-3 for maximum power ratings). Attenuators may be required to limit the maximum composite power into the Main Hub. 3-6 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell Main Hub Rear Panel 9-pin D-sub Connector The 9-pin D-sub connector (labeled DIAGNOSTIC 1) provides contact closures and error latches for monitoring major errors. The following table lists the function of each pin on the 9-pin D-sub connector. Pin locations are labeled on Figure 3-7. Pin Function +10 V (fused) Not connected Not connected Error Latch (positive connection) Error Latch (negative connection) DC Ground (common) Major Error (positive connection) Error Reset Major Error (negative connection) Figure 3-7 9-pin D-sub Connector on the Main Hub REVERSE DIAGNOSTIC 2 FORWARD DUPLEX DIAGNOSTIC 1 Use the error pin connections to determine the error status: send a current of no more than 40 mA @ 40V DC maximum (4 mA @ 12V DC typical) through the positive connection. The current will return through the negative connection. An error is indicated if current ceases to flow through the error connection. 25-pin D-sub Connector Reserved for factory use only. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 3-7 LGCell Main Hub 3.3 LGCell Main Hub Alarm The two error connections, Major Error and Error Latch, are relay connections. They are either open or short circuit as shown in the following table. Operation Major Error Error Latch Proper Operation Short Circuit Short Circuit Error Open Circuit Open Circuit Error Latch indicates that there has been a major error which was cleared. Short Circuit Open Circuit • Major Error The Main Hub senses, then latches, major errors, which can be monitored via the alarm port’s contact closures. Red or unlit (off) LEDs on the front panel indicate when an alarm is detected. (Refer to Section 10.2 on page 10-2 for help troubleshooting using LEDs.) The major error contact can be brought back to the BTS for alarm monitoring if the BTS provides +40V DC or less. Figure 3-8 Monitoring Main Hub Alarms from the BTS BTS Main Hub • Error Latch The error latch provides historical information for troubleshooting when you use an external alarm monitor. The recommended method of clearing an error latch is to connect pin 8 (error reset) to pin 1 (+10V) for at least one second. You can power cycle the unit to clear the error latch, but if you are not monitoring alarms externally, there is no need to do this. Normal operation of the system will not be affected by an uncleared error latch. 3-8 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell Main Hub Specifications 3.4 LGCell Main Hub Specifications Note that for dual band systems, the specifications are per band. Table 3-2 Main Hub Specifications Specification Description Dimensions (H × W × D) 44.5 mm × 438 mm × 229 mm (1.75 in. × 17.25 in. × 9 in.); 1U Weight < 3 kg (< 6.5 lb) Operating Temperature 0° to 45°C (32° to 113°F) Operating Humidity, non-condensing 5% to 95% Clearance Front: minimum 50 mm (2 in.) Rear: minimum 76 mm (3 in.) RF Connectors 3, N-type female Remote Alarm Connector, contact closure 1, 9-pin D-sub female 1, 25-pin D-sub female (not used) Multimode Fiber Connectors 4 pair, ST female LED Alarm and Status Indicators MMF Port: Link Status, Sync (4 pair) Unit Functionality: Sync, Power (1 pair) AC Power (Universal) Typical 117V AC, 0.22 amp @ 60 Hz 230V AC, 0.11 amp @ 50 Hz Maximum 117V AC, 0.30 amp @ 60 Hz 230V AC, 0.15 amp @ 50 Hz Power Consumption Typical Maximum Frequencies 25 W 35 W • 800 MHz AMPS/TDMA/CDMA/iDEN • 900 MHz GSM • 900 MHz EGSM • 1800 MHz DCS • 1900 MHz TDMA/CDMA/GSM • 800 MHz & 1900 MHz CDMA/TDMA • 800 MHz CDMA/TDMA & 1900 MHz GSM • 900 MHz GSM & 1800 MHz DCS • 900 MHz EGSM & 1800 MHz DCS • 1800 MHz DCS & 1800 MHz DCS MTBF (hours) PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B 298,000 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 3-9 LGCell Main Hub 3-10 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell Expansion Hub SECTION 4 The Expansion Hub is LGCell’s intermediate distribution point. It converts optical signals that it receives from the Main Hub to intermediate frequency (IF) electrical signals that it transmits over Cat-5 cable to the RAUs. Figure 4-1 The Expansion Hub in an LGCell 1-1-1 Configuration* TO EXPANSION HUB PORTS LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP SYNC POWER LGCellTM Main Hub Coaxial Cable between Main Hub and Base Station or Repeater AC POWER Multimode Fiber between Main Hub and Expansion Hub LINK STATUS SYNC ANTENNA PORTS DOWN SYNC POWER UP MAIN HUB PORT LGCellTM Expansion Hub AC POWER Cat-5 UTP/STP between Expansion Hub and RAU RAU Coaxial Cable between RAU and Passive Antenna *1-1-1 configuration = 1 Main Hub, 1 Expansion Hub, and 1 Remote Access Unit LGCell Expansion Hub Features • Mounts in a standard 19 in. (483 mm) equipment rack • Connects to Main Hub using 62.5µm/125µm multimode fiber (MMF) cable • Supports up to four RAUs per band using Cat-5 UTP/STP cable with RJ-45 connectors • Provides DC power to RAUs through the UTP/STP cable • Has easily accessible front panel connectors • Displays its status and the status of attached RAUs with front panel LEDs • Communicates with Main Hub for system alarm status PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual 4-1 LGCell Expansion Hub 4.1 LGCell Expansion Hub Front Panel The front panel of an Expansion Hub is shown in the following figure. Figure 4-2 LINK STATUS Front Panel of an Expansion Hub ANTENNA PORTS DOWN SYNC POWER SYNC 8 6 8 6 8 6 8 6 UP MAIN HUB PORT LGCellTM Expansion Hub AC POWER 1. AC power cord connector 2. Power On/Off switch 3. MMF Port (labeled MAIN HUB) • One standard female ST optical connector for MMF downlink (labeled DOWN) • One standard female ST optical connector for MMF uplink (labeled UP) 4. One LED for unit sync status (labeled SYNC) 5. One LED for unit power status (labeled POWER) 6. Four standard Cat-5 UTP/STP cable RJ-45 female connectors (labeled ANTENNA and 4) PORTS 1, 2, 3, 4-2 7. One LED per RJ-45 connector for link status (labeled LINK STATUS) 8. One LED per RJ-45 connector for sync status (labeled SYNC) LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell Expansion Hub Front Panel 4.1.1 MMF Downlink/Uplink Port The Expansion Hub’s MMF downlink/uplink port transmits and receives optical signals to/from the Main Hub using industry-standard 62.5µm/125µm MMF cable. There is one MMF port (labeled MAIN HUB) on the Expansion Hub’s front panel. The MMF port has two female ST optical connectors: one for downlink (input) and one for uplink (output). • MMF Downlink Connector This female ST optical connector (labeled DOWN) is used to receive downlink optical signals from the Main Hub. • MMF Uplink Connector This female ST optical connector (labeled UP) is used to transmit uplink optical signals to the Main Hub. Figure 4-3 LINK STATUS SYNC MMF Downlink/Uplink Port on the Expansion Hub ANTENNA PORTS DOWN SYNC POWER UP MAIN HUB PORT LGCellTM Expansion Hub AC POWER Uplink/Output to Main Hub Female ST connector Downlink/Input from Main Hub Female ST connector PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 4-3 LGCell Expansion Hub 4.1.2 RJ-45 Ports The Expansion Hub’s RJ-45 ports are for the Cat-5 UTP/STP cables that are used to transmit and receive electrical signals to/from up to four RAUs. There are four ports on the Expansion Hub’s front panel. Figure 4-4 LINK STATUS SYNC RJ-45 Ports on the Expansion Hub ANTENNA PORTS DOWN UP SYNC POWER MAIN HUB PORT LGCellTM Expansion Hub AC POWER Female RJ-45 ports for RAU connection (4 per hub) Port Disconnect Memory The Expansion Hub detects when active UTP/STP cable and RAUs are connected to its RJ-45 ports. An alarm is issued and latched if you disconnect an active UTP/STP cable or an attached RAU. The port disconnect memory and alarm are cleared if you reconnect the cable into the same functioning port. The error latch remains active until power is cycled. If you do not want to use that port, you should cycle the Expansion Hub’s power to clear the port disconnect memory and the error latch. 4-4 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell Expansion Hub Front Panel 4.1.3 Expansion Hub LED Indicators The front panel of the Expansion Hub has LEDs that provide diagnostic information and operational status of the unit and attached RAUs. Figure 4-5 Expansion Hub Front Panel LEDs LINK STATUS UTP/STP Port LED Indicators (1 pair for each RJ-45 connector) SYNC ANTENNA PORTS LINK STATUS DOWN SYNC POWER SYNC UP MAIN HUB PORT LGCellTM Expansion Hub AC POWER SYNC POWER Unit Functionality LED Indicators (1 pair per hub) The Expansion Hub’s LED indicators are described in the following table. Table 4-1 Expansion Hub LED Indicators UTP/STP Port Indicators/Color SYNC Indicates Green Green RAU is connected and functioning properly. Green Red RAU is connected but malfunctioning. Red Green RAU has been disconnected or the cable is cut. Red Red No RAU is connected. Unit Functionality Indicators Color Indicates SYNC Green Expansion Hub is receiving the synchronization signal from the Main Hub. Off A fault with the MMF downlink or the unit is faulty. Green Expansion Hub has power. LINK STATUS POWER PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 4-5 LGCell Expansion Hub 4.2 LGCell Expansion Hub Rear Panel The Expansion Hub’s rear panel has one air exhaust vent and no connectors. 4.3 LGCell Expansion Hub Alarm The Expansion Hub communicates its status and the status of connected RAUs to the Main Hub over the MMF cable. The Main Hub’s MMF port LEDs can be used to help troubleshoot downstream problems; however, the LEDs do not indicate which downstream unit has the alarm. 4-6 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell Expansion Hub Specifications 4.4 LGCell Expansion Hub Specifications Note that for dual band systems, the specifications are per band. Table 4-2 Expansion Hub Specifications Specification Description Dimensions (H × W × D) 44.5 mm × 438 mm × 229 mm (1.75 in. × 17.25 in. × 9 in.); 1U Weight < 3 kg (< 6.5 lb) Operating Temperature 0° to 45°C (32° to 113°F) Operating Humidity, non-condensing 5% to 95% Clearance Front: minimum 50 mm (2 in.) Rear: minimum 76 mm (3 in.) RF Connectors 4 ports, RJ-45 Multimode Fiber Connectors 1 pair, ST female LED Alarm and Status Indicators UTP/STP Port: Link Status, Sync (4 pair) Unit Functionality: Sync, Power (1 pair) AC Power (Universal) Typical Maximum 117V AC, 0.47 amp @ 60 Hz 230V AC, 0.24 amp @ 50 Hz 117V AC, 0.64 amp @ 60 Hz 230V AC, 0.32 amp @ 50 Hz Power Consumption Typical Maximum 32 W / 55 W with 4 RAUs 45 W / 75 W with 4 RAUs Frequencies • 800 MHz AMPS/TDMA/CDMA/iDEN • 900 MHz GSM • 900 MHz EGSM • 1800 MHz DCS • 1900 MHz TDMA/CDMA/GSM • 800 MHz & 1900 MHz CDMA/TDMA • 800 MHz CDMA/TDMA & 1900 MHz GSM • 900 MHz GSM & 1800 MHz DCS • 900 MHz EGSM & 1800 MHz DCS • 1800 MHz DCS & 1800 MHz DCS MTBF (hours) PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B 461,000 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 4-7 LGCell Expansion Hub 4-8 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B SECTION 5 LGCell Remote Access Unit The Remote Access Unit (RAU) is an active transceiver that connects to an Expansion Hub using industry-standard Cat-5 UTP/STP cable. The cable also delivers electrical power to the RAU. An RAU passes electrical signals between an Expansion Hub and an attached passive antenna. The Remote Access Unit in an LGCell 1-1-1 Configuration* Figure 5-1 TO EXPANSION HUB PORTS LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP LINK STATUS SYNC DOWN UP SYNC POWER LGCellTM Main Hub AC POWER Multimode Fiber between Main Hub and Expansion Hub LINK STATUS Coaxial Cable between Main Hub and Base Station or Repeater ANTENNA PORTS DOWN UP SYNC POWER SYNC MAIN HUB PORT LGCellTM Expansion Hub AC POWER Cat-5 UTP/STP between Expansion Hub and RAU RAU Coaxial Cable between RAU and Passive Antenna *1-1-1 configuration = 1 Main Hub, 1 Expansion Hub, and 1 Remote Access Unit LGCell Remote Access Unit Features • Transmits intermediate frequency (IF) signals to and from Expansion Hub using Cat-5 UTP/STP cable with RJ-45 connectors • Converts IF to RF (downlink) and RF to IF (uplink) • Uses a female SMA connector for connecting to standard passive antennas • Displays its operational status with LEDs • Plenum-rated unit • Mounts above a false ceiling or in a plenum-rated location PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual 5-1 LGCell Remote Access Unit 5.1 LGCell Remote Access Unit Connectors RJ-45 Port There is one RJ-45 port on a single band RAU and two RJ-45 ports on the 900/1800 MHz and the 1800/1800 MHz dual band RAUs. Figure 5-2 RJ-45 Port on a Single Band RAU Figure 5-3 RJ-45 Ports on a Dual Band RAU 900 MHz band port 1800 MHz band port On a 900/1800 dual band RAU, the top RJ-45 port is for the 900 MHz band and the bottom port is for the 1800 MHz band. The signals are combined and passed to a single SMA connector. On an 1800/1800 dual band RAU, the ports are interchangeable. It does not matter which Cat-5 cable coming from the 1800/1800 dual band Expansion Hub you plug into the top or the bottom. However, you may want to plug the top 1800 MHz Expansion Hub’s Cat-5 cable into the top port and the bottom Expansion Hub’s cable into the port for easier troubleshooting later. 5-2 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell Remote Access Unit Connectors SMA Connector There is one female SMA connector on a single band RAU and on the 900/1800 dual band RAU; and two female SMA connectors on the 1800/1800 dual band RAU. The connector is a duplexed RF input/output port that connects to standard passive antennas. Figure 5-4 SMA Connector on the Single Band RAU The 900/1800 dual band RAU has a single female SMA connector. The RAU uses a diplexer to combine the 900 MHz and 1800 MHz signals from the 900/1800 dual band Expansion Hub for output to a single passive antenna. Conversely, the uplink signals are separated into 900 MHz and 1800 MHz signals and sent to the 900/1800 dual band Expansion Hub. The 1800/1800 dual band RAU has two female SMA connectors. The RAU combines the signals from each of the 1800 MHz bands on the 1800/1800 dual band Expansion Hub and passes the signals to both SMA connectors. On the uplink, all signals are sent to both 1800 MHz bands on the 1800/1800 dual band Expansion Hub. When attaching one passive antenna, terminate the unused connector with an SMA-type 50 ohm terminator (LGC Wireless part number 4100). Diagrams of the dual band RAUs are shown in the following figure. Figure 5-5 Block Diagram of the Dual Band RAUs 900 GSM/1800 DCS Dual Band RAU STP STP Diplexer 900 GSM RF Out/In to/from Antenna 1800 DCS GSM 900 + 1800 DCS 1800 DCS/1800 DCS Dual Band RAU STP STP 1800 DCS(i) + 1800 DCS(ii) 1800 DCS(i) Hybrid Combiner RF Out/In to/from Antenna 1800 DCS(ii) 1800 DCS(i) + 1800 DCS(ii) PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 5-3 LGCell Remote Access Unit 5.1.1 Remote Access Unit LED Indicators The RAU has LEDs that provide diagnostic information and operational status of the unit. Figure 5-6 RAU LEDs Power LED Sync LED The RAU’s LED indicators are described in the following table. Table 5-1 RAU LED Indicators LED Color Indicates POWER Green RAU is receiving power from the connected Expansion Hub. SYNC Red PLL is not locked or clock power is low. Off No fault. When the RAU SYNC LED turns red, it indicates that the RF power in the RAU is shut down. When the fault is corrected, the SYNC LED turns off. 5.2 LGCell Remote Access Unit Alarm The RAU communicates its status to the Expansion Hub over the Cat-5 cable. The Expansion Hub, in turn, communicates the status to the Main Hub. The Main Hub’s MMF port LEDs can be used to help troubleshoot downstream problems; however, the LEDs do not indicate which downstream unit has the alarm. 5-4 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell Remote Access Unit Specifications 5.3 LGCell Remote Access Unit Specifications Note that for dual band systems, the specifications are per band. Table 5-2 Remote Access Unit Specifications Specification Description Dimensions (H × W × D) Single Band 36 mm × 110 mm × 140 mm (1.4 in. × 4.3 in. × 5.5 in.) Dual Band 68 mm × 157 mm × 203 mm (2.7 in. × 6.2 in. × 8 in.) Weight Single Band < 0.4 kg (< 0.9 lb) Dual Band < 0.8 kg (< 1.8 lb) Operating Temperature 0° to 45°C (32° to 113°F) Operating Humidity, non-condensing 5% to 95% RF Connectors 1 port, RJ-45 1, female SMA LED Alarm and Status Indicators Power, Sync Power Consumption Typical Maximum 5.7 W 7.5 W Frequencies: Single Band • 800 MHz AMPS/TDMA/CDMA/iDEN • 900 MHz GSM • 900 MHz EGSM • 1800 MHz DCS • 1900 MHz TDMA/CDMA/GSM Dual Band • 900 MHz GSM & 1800 MHz DCS • 900 MHz EGSM & 1800 MHz DCS • 1800 MHz DCS & 1800 MHz DCS MTBF (hours) PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B 965,000 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 5-5 LGCell Remote Access Unit 5.4 Choosing Passive Antennas Typically, omni-directional and directional passive antennas are used. Typical antenna gain is approximately 3 dBi for omni-directional antennas and 7 dBi for directional antennas. Antenna manufacturer specifications should be considered when selecting antennas. Antenna selection considerations include: • Antenna gain • Antenna type (omni or directional, etc.) • Performance • Appearance (important to the building owner) • Mounting type (ceiling mount, wall mount) Refer to the LGC Wireless Complementary Products Catalog or contact your LGC account manager for a complete list of passive antennas that are available from LGC Wireless. 5-6 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B SECTION 6 Managing and Planning an LGCell Project This section provides information to assist in managing and planning an LGCell system installation. • Section 6.1 Managing an LGCell Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-2 • Section 6.2 Planning an LGCell Installation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-5 • Section 6.3 Installation Checklist . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-8 • Section 6.4 System Optimization and Commissioning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-9 PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual 6-1 Managing and Planning an LGCell Project 6.1 Managing an LGCell Project Proper project management is instrumental in providing timely and accurate deployment of the LGCell system. It is beneficial to have one person manage and coordinate all aspects of the project: planning, designing, and installing the equipment. The project manager is the person responsible for assigning tasks and ensuring scheduled work is performed on time. The project manager also acts as the coordinator between all the people involved in the project. The following table shows an estimated timeline for project management. Table 6-1 Project Management Estimated Timeline Description Details Time Interval Detailed site walk-through/RF survey Prepare installation information, including RF plan, floor plan, equipment order form, and final design documents. 1 to 2 weeks Order LGCell equipment Get all parts and accessories required. 8 weeks* Select cabling contractor Complete installation statement of work and provide floor plan with equipment locations, cabling runs, and other materials and connections. Get cabling quotation after walk-through. 2 weeks Install cable Monitor installation. 1 to 5 days Install LGCell Review installation checklist and prepare all materials. 1 to 3 days Refer to Section 6.3 on page 6-8. Test installation and RF coverage Be sure there are no uncovered areas. Generate as-built document Prepare site plan diagram and coverage performance. 1 hour per RAU Refer to Section 6.4 on page 6-9. 1 to 5 days *Standard delivery after receipt of order. 6-2 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Managing an LGCell Project 6.1.1 Project Management Responsibilities Project management functions are performed throughout the duration of the project, from Site Survey through Commissioning, and include the following: Lead Project Team • • • • Identify all project participants and document contact information Initiate project kick-off meeting Provide coordination of all participants Provide regular status reports to all participants including the end-user Define Scope of Project • • • • • Obtain system approval from all participants Define site coverage requirements Identify critical path items Identify all special requirements or potential “roadblocks” Plan installation time requirements Conduct RF Site Survey • Review/confirm the preliminary signal readings and results of the RF Site Survey, whether conducted by LGC Wireless or others • Identify RF project changes and/or restrictions Prepare Site for Installation • • • • • • Conduct site walk-through with all appropriate participants Coordinate required permits Determine material receiving/storage/disbursement location Engage and contract with the cabling sub-contractor Schedule material delivery Coordinate and manage the installation, termination, and testing of required cables (MMF, UTP/STP, coaxial) • Coordinate with the base station vendor for the integration of the LGCell system • Coordinate with the service provider for frequency allocation • Coordinate the installation of any required AC power, power systems, or power equipment Manage Installation of System • • • • • • • PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Establish and distribute Installation Schedule Confirm cable installation if provided by third-party company Confirm antenna locations and selection Obtain approval of the Installation Plan from primary participants and the end-user Conduct pre-installation inspection Coordinate installation of the LGCell equipment Coordinate installation of antennas Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 6-3 Managing and Planning an LGCell Project Manage System Commissioning • Coordinate system test • Coordinate RF signal and coverage tests • Coordinate complete RF system test with required participants Manage System Acceptance • • • • 6-4 Coordinate final inspection with required participants Prepare System Acceptance Document Issue System Acceptance Document Prepare As-Built Documents LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Planning an LGCell Installation 6.2 Planning an LGCell Installation Preliminary Planning • Complete a preliminary system design for current requirements Compile all of the pertinent information to determine a preliminary system design. • Determine design requirements Consult with the end user, the service provider, and the equipment vendors to determine system requirements. • Analyze floor plans Review the building floor plans to determine approximate antenna locations and possible locations of equipment rooms. Also, where possible on the floor plans, check for various types of construction materials and installation restrictions. Preliminary System Design • Compute equipment requirements for current traffic rates Base this on the voice channels required and equipment parameters of the base station specified for the system (requires input from service provider RF Engineer). • Compute equipment requirements for expansion to future traffic rates Base this on customer requirements and equipment parameters of the base station specified for the system. • Make recommendations for a system design for future traffic requirements Provide a possible migration plan to achieve future capacity and coverage requirements, perhaps including provisions for additional equipment and/or sectorization of the existing cells. Site Survey • Conduct on-site RF site evaluation Conduct in-building signal level tests after the preliminary design is completed. Using a test transmitter, introduce an RF signal at the approximate antenna locations and record the signal levels on a copy of the floor plan. Conduct a physical review of the building to determine types of construction materials in the floors and walls, and amount of “clutter” in the building. (Clutter is anything that can block or reduce the RF signal coverage.) These will help determine the expected coverage area; the in-building signal loss due to walls, furniture, equipment, people, etc.; and the proposed equipment locations and cabling requirements. Identify AC power requirements and extra equipment (cabinets, cable trays, cable racks, etc.) PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 6-5 Managing and Planning an LGCell Project Frequency Planning • Coordinate frequency planning with local carriers Discuss with the local carrier the channel requirements for the system. Final System Design • Complete final design Generate a final design based on preliminary design, results of RF tests, discussions with all appropriate parties involved in the project, and the site evaluation. • Create final equipment list Generate a final equipment requirement list based on the final system design. • Design review Discuss the final system design with all appropriate parties involved in the project. • RF Survey Report Generate an RF Survey Report documenting all design information that you gathered. • Traffic analysis of current requirements Determine capabilities in terms of current and future capacity, coverage, and quality of service. 6-6 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Planning an LGCell Installation 6.2.1 Site Survey Questionnaire Site Survey Questionnaire 2540 Junction Avenue | San Jose, CA 95134 | TEL 408-952-2400 | FAX 408-952-2410 Project Information End-User Information Project Name: End-User: Purchaser Address: Site Address: Company Name: Contact: Contact: Phone: Phone: E-mail: E-mail: BTS Information Manufacturer: Type of System Enhancement Coverage Capacity (BTS) Wireless Office Model No: No. of Carriers: Building Information Are floor plans available (including map scale?) Yes No No. of Subscribers: Yes No Is outdoor coverage required? BHCR? Yes No Erlangs/Sub: Select the Downlink Power, Frequency, Protocol, and Band to Operate Under Downlink Power at Mobile (dBm): Select One –65 –70 –75 Frequencies (MHz): Select all that apply 800 900 GSM Protocol: GSM TDMA –80 –85 (default) 900 EGSM CDMA 1800 SMR/iDEN –90 –95 1900 AMPS Select One Additional Questions Are exposed antennas tolerated inside? Yes No Unsure Are exposed antennas tolerated outside? Yes No Unsure Are locations above ceiling/closets available for mounting equipment? Yes No Unsure Have available mounting locations been identified? (please identify on floor plans) Yes No Unsure Are 19" equipment racks available? Yes No Unsure Is AC power available at the Main and Expansion Hubs? Yes No Unsure Are multimode fiber optic cables available? Yes No Unsure If on a campus, are single-mode fiber optic cables available? Yes No Unsure Are Cat-5 UTP/STP runs available? Yes No Unsure If cabling is not available, will customer mandate a subcontractor? If yes, provide details in “Comments” section below. Yes No Unsure Is a bi-directional amplifier (repeater) needed? Yes No Unsure Comments: (special installation requirements, subcontractors, coverage areas, contacts, etc.) PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 6-7 Managing and Planning an LGCell Project 6.3 Installation Checklist Following is an installation checklist. Table 6-2 Installation Checklist Item Comments Floor Plans Detailed floor plans of the project site, suitable for the installation of LGCell equipment and cable. Equipment locations clearly marked on the plans RF Site Survey RF signal readings and antenna orientation details from the RF Site Survey, unless provided by LGC Wireless Equipment Enclosures/Structures Any enclosures or structures required for the LGCell equipment, i.e., roof-top structure, unless provided by LGC Wireless Equipment Racks Procurement and installation of equipment racks, unless provided by LGC Wireless Microcellular Base Station Base station installed prior to LGCell equipment installation Roof-top Antenna/Repeater Roof-top antenna and repeater installed prior to LGCell equipment installation Cat-5 cabling TIA/EIA 568-A approved; RJ-45 connectors; Absolute Minimum: 10 meters (33 ft), Recommended Minimum: 20 meters (66 ft), Maximum: 50 meters (165 ft); Expansion Hubs to RAUs; installed, inspected, tested Shielded Cat-5 cable (STP) should be used for neutral host systems MMF 62.5µm/125µm; ST male connectors; up to 1 km (3300 ft); Main Hub to Expansion Hubs; maximum 3 dB optical loss, including connectors, splices, etc.; installed, inspected, tested Coaxial cabling Coax approved; N-type male connectors; repeater or base station to Main Hub; installed, inspected, tested Coaxial cabling Coax approved; N-type male connector; RAU to passive antenna; installed, inspected, tested Power 110/220V AC power available at hub locations Equipment on-hand and ready for installation: LGCell Main Hub(s) 6-8 LGCell Expansion Hub(s) 4 per Main Hub Remote Access Unit(s) 4 per Expansion Hub Passive Antenna(s) Omni or directional; based on RF design UPS/Battery If required by customer Power combiner/divider Required if cascading multiple Main Hubs. N-male to N-male coaxial cables used to connect power combiner/repeater to Main Hub and base station or repeater. LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B System Optimization and Commissioning 6.4 System Optimization and Commissioning After the RF Site Survey is completed and the system is installed, perform the following tasks. Check Installation • Check installation of the Main Hubs, Expansion Hubs, Remote Access Units, splitters/combiners, antennas, etc. • Confirm all cable connections • Confirm working condition of LGCell equipment • Confirm that equipment quantities and equipment locations are documented • Confirm that all equipment and cables are identified and marked with ID number Check Cabling • Review test results of Cat-5 cable (UTP/STP) (conduct cable test if testing has not already been completed; the results are needed for the As-Built Document) • Review test results of coaxial cables; at base station to Main Hub and RAU to antenna • Confirm and document actual link budget in coaxial cables Check Optical Loss and Power Levels • Confirm and document downlink power level out of base station • Confirm and document downlink power level into Main Hub • Confirm and document uplink power level out of Main Hub • Check and document optical loss from Main Hub to Expansion Hub Verify Coverage • Conduct floor-by-floor system walk-through, confirming RSSI in all locations of the coverage area. Document RF signal level readings from all locations onto floor plan drawings. • Confirm outside signal levels where required • Measure RF signal out of equipment, if required Check Signal Quality • Check for neighbor channels/frequencies • Confirm adjacent channel/frequency signal strength • Check all call quality requirements of the carrier PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 6-9 Managing and Planning an LGCell Project Prepare As-Built Document Prepare the final As-Built Document to include the following: • Title Page • Site Address • Contact List • Table of Contents • Introduction – Description of system installation including equipment used, unusual applications or obstacles, etc. • Equipment Locations – Descriptions or diagrams of equipment locations within the facility • Wiring Configuration and Specifications – Descriptions and tables of MMF and Cat-5 measurements; including Expansion Hub ID numbers, RF signal level readings throughout coverage area, number of RAUs attached, results of the Cat-5 compliance tests, unusual or marginal applications, etc. • Base Station Settings – Number of channels and sectors, transceiver setting, etc. – RF power into Main Hub – Amount of attenuation used • Coverage Performance – Description of test method and outcome • Summary – Include outstanding issues, future plans, and future considerations • As-Built Floor Plans 6-10 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B SECTION 7 Designing an LGCell Solution Designing an LGCell solution is ultimately a matter of determining coverage and capacity needs. This requires the following steps: 1. Determine the wireless service provider’s requirements. This information is usually supplied by the service provider: • Frequency (i.e., 850 MHz) • Band (i.e., “A” band in the Cellular spectrum) • Protocol (i.e., TDMA, CDMA, GSM, iDEN) • Peak capacity requirement (this, and whether or not the building will be split into sectors, determines the number of carriers that the LGCell will have to transmit) • Design goal (RSSI, relative signal strength at the wireless handset, i.e., –85 dBm) The design goal is always a stronger signal than the cell phone needs. It includes inherent factors which will affect performance (see Section 7.4.1 on page 7-32). • RF source (base station or BDA), type of equipment if possible 2. Determine the power per carrier and input power from the base station or BDA into the Main Hub: Section 7.1, “Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU,” on page 7-3. The maximum power per carrier is a function of the number of RF carriers, the carrier headroom requirement, signal quality issues, regulatory emissions requirements, and the LGCell’s RF performance. The power per carrier decreases as the number of carriers increases. 3. Determine the in-building environment: Section 7.2, “Estimating RF Coverage,” on page 7-18. • Determine which areas of the building require coverage (entire building, public areas, parking levels, etc.) PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual 7-1 Designing an LGCell Solution • Obtain floor plans to determine floor space of building and the wall layout of the proposed areas to be covered. Floor plans will also be useful when you are selecting antenna locations. • If possible, determine the building’s construction materials (sheetrock, metal, concrete, etc.) • Determine type of environment – Open layout (e.g., a convention center) – Dense, close walls (e.g., a hospital) – Mixed use (e.g., an office building with hard wall offices and cubicles) 4. Develop an RF link budget: Section 7.4, “Link Budget Analysis,” on page 7-31. Knowing the power per carrier, you can calculate an RF link budget which is used to predict how much propagation loss can be allowed in the system, while still providing satisfactory performance throughout the area being covered. The link budget is a methodical way to derive a “design goal”. If the design goal is provided in advance, the link budget is simply: allowable RF loss = max. power per carrier – design goal. 5. Determine the appropriate estimated path loss slope that corresponds to the type of building and its layout, and estimate the coverage distance for each RAU: Section 7.2, “Estimating RF Coverage,” on page 7-18. The path loss slope (PLS), which gives a value to the RF propagation characteristics within the building, is used to convert the RF link budget into an estimate of the coverage distance per antenna. This will help establish the LGCell equipment quantities you will need. The actual path loss slope that corresponds to the specific RF environment inside the building can also be determined empirically by performing an RF site-survey of the building. This involves transmitting a calibrated tone for a fixed antenna and making measurements with a mobile antenna throughout the area surrounding the transmitter. 6. Determine the items required to connect to the base station: Section 7.5, “Connecting a Main Hub to a Base Station,” on page 7-44. Once you know the quantities of LGCell equipment you will use, you can determine the accessories (combiners/dividers, surge suppressors, repeaters, attenuators, circulators, etc.) that are required to connect the system to the base station. The individual elements that must be considered in designing an LGCell solution are discussed in the following sections. 7-2 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU 7.1 Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU The following tables show the recommended maximum power per carrier out of the RAU SMA connector for different frequencies, formats, and numbers of carriers. These limits are dictated by RF signal quality and regulatory emissions issues. The maximum input power to the Main Hub is determined by subtracting the system gain from the maximum output power of the RAU. For most systems the gain is 0 dB. Exceptions are the duplex port for the Cellular LGCell (30 dB gain) and the duplex port of the PCS LGCell (40 dB gain). Therefore, when you connect a Main Hub to a base station or repeater, the RF power per carrier usually needs to be attenuated in order to avoid exceeding the LGCell’s maximum composite output power. Refer to Section 7.6, “Designing for a Neutral Host System,” on page 7-48 when combining frequencies or protocols on a single Main Hub. WARNING: Exceeding the maximum input power could cause permanent damage to the Main Hub. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-3 Designing an LGCell Solution Table 7-1 800 MHz (AMPS) Power per Carrier No. of Carriers Recommended Maximum Output PPC at RAU (dBm) 20.0 14.0 10.5 7.5 6.0 4.5 3.5 2.5 2.0 10 1.0 11 1.0 12 0.5 13 0.0 14 –0.5 15 –0.5 16 –1.0 20 –2.0 30 –4.0 WARNING: For 800 MHz AMPS, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 126mW (+21 dBm) to the Main Hub’s simplex ports, or 126µW (–9 dBm) to its duplex port at any time. 7-4 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU Table 7-2 800 MHz (TDMA) Power per Carrier No. of Carriers Recommended Maximum Output PPC at RAU (dBm) 17.0 12.0 9.0 7.0 5.5 4.5 3.5 2.5 2.0 10 1.5 11 1.0 12 0.5 13 0.5 14 0.0 15 –0.5 16 –0.5 20 –1.5 30 –3.5 WARNING: For 800 MHz TDMA, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 126mW (+21 dBm) to the Main Hub’s simplex ports, or 126µW (–9 dBm) to its duplex port at any time. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-5 Designing an LGCell Solution Table 7-3 800 MHz (CDMA) Power per Carrier No. of Carriers Recommended Maximum Output PPC at RAU (dBm) 10.0 7.5 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.5 2.5 2.0 WARNING: For 800 MHz CDMA, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 126mW (+21 dBm) to the Main Hub’s simplex ports, or 126µW (–9 dBm) to its duplex port at any time. 7-6 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU Table 7-4 800 MHz (iDEN/SMR) Power per Carrier No. of Carriers Recommended Maximum Output PPC at RAU (dBm) 10.0 7.0 4.5 3.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 –0.5 –1.0 10 –1.5 11 –2.0 12 –2.5 13 –3.0 14 –3.0 15 –3.5 16 –4.0 20 –5.0 30 –6.5 WARNING: For 800 MHz iDEN/SMR, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 126mW (+21 dBm) to the Main Hub’s duplex and/or simplex ports at any time. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-7 Designing an LGCell Solution Table 7-5 900 MHz (GSM or EGSM) Power per Carrier No. of Carriers Maximum Output PPC at RAU (dBm) 8.0 4.0 2.0 1.0 0.0 –1.0 –1.5 –2.0 –2.5 10 –2.5 11 –3.0 12 –3.5 13 –3.5 14 –4.0 15 –4.0 16 –4.5 WARNING: For 900 MHz GSM or EGSM, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 126mW (+21 dBm) to the Main Hub’s duplex and/or simplex ports at any time. 7-8 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU Table 7-6 1800 MHz (GSM) Power per Carrier No. of Carriers Maximum Output PPC at RAU (dBm) 8.0 5.5 3.5 2.0 1.0 0.5 0.0 –0.5 –1.0 10 –1.5 11 –1.5 12 –2.0 13 –2.5 14 –2.5 15 –3.0 16 –3.0 WARNING: For 1800 MHz GSM, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 126mW (+21 dBm) to the Main Hub’s duplex and/or simplex ports at any time. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-9 Designing an LGCell Solution Table 7-7 1800 MHz (CDMA Korea) Power per Carrier No. of Carriers Recommended Maximum Output PPC at RAU (dBm) 8.0 5.5 4.0 3.0 2.0 1.5 0.5 0.0 WARNING: For 1800 MHz CDMA (Korea), do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 126mW (+21 dBm) to the Main Hub’s duplex and/or simplex ports at any time. 7-10 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU Table 7-8 1900 MHz (TDMA) Power per Carrier No. of Carriers Recommended Maximum Output PPC at RAU (dBm) 17.0 12.0 9.0 7.0 5.5 4.5 3.5 2.5 2.0 10 1.5 11 1.0 12 0.5 13 0.5 14 0.0 15 –0.5 16 –0.5 20 –1.5 30 –3.5 WARNING: For 1900 MHz TDMA, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 126mW (+21 dBm) to the Main Hub’s simplex ports, or 12.6µW (–19 dBm) to its duplex port at any time. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-11 Designing an LGCell Solution Table 7-9 1900 MHz (GSM) Power per Carrier No. of Carriers Maximum Output PPC at RAU (dBm) 20.0 8.0 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 10 1.5 11 1.0 12 0.5 13 0.5 14 0.0 15 0.0 16 –0.5 WARNING: For 1900 MHz GSM, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 126mW (+21 dBm) to the Main Hub’s simplex ports, or 12.6µW (–19 dBm) to its duplex port at any time. 7-12 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU Table 7-10 1900 MHz (CDMA) Power per Carrier No. of Carriers Recommended Maximum Output PPC at RAU (dBm) 10.0 7.5 6.0 5.0 4.0 3.5 2.5 2.0 WARNING: For 1900 MHz CDMA, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 126mW (+21 dBm) to the Main Hub’s simplex ports, or 12.6µW (–19 dBm) to its duplex port at any time. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-13 Designing an LGCell Solution 900 MHz (GSM or EGSM) and 1800 MHz (GSM) Low Band Power per Carrier Table 7-11 No. of Carriers Maximum Output PPC at RAU (dBm) 8.0 3.5 1.5 0.5 –0.5 –1.5 –2.0 –2.5 –3.0 10 –3.0 11 –3.5 12 –4.0 13 –4.0 14 –4.5 15 –4.5 16 –5.0 WARNING: For 900 MHz GSM or EGSM and 1800 MHz GSM, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 126mW (+21 dBm) to the Main Hub’s duplex and/or simplex ports at any time. 7-14 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU Table 7-12 900 MHz (GSM or EGSM) and 1800 MHz (GSM) High Band Power per Carrier No. of Carriers Maximum Output PPC at RAU (dBm) 8.0 4.5 2.5 1.0 0.0 –0.5 –1.0 –1.5 –2.0 10 –2.5 11 –2.5 12 –3.0 13 –3.5 14 –3.5 15 –4.0 16 –4.0 WARNING: For 900 MHz GSM or EGSM and 1800 MHz GSM, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 126mW (+21 dBm) to the Main Hub’s duplex and/or simplex ports at any time. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-15 Designing an LGCell Solution Table 7-13 1800/1800 MHz (GSM) Power per Carrier No. of Carriers Maximum Output PPC at RAU (dBm) 8.0 2.5 0.5 –0.5 –1.5 –2.5 –3.0 –3.5 –3.5 10 –4.0 11 –4.5 12 –5.0 13 –5.5 14 –5.5 15 –6.0 16 –6.5 WARNING: For 1800 MHz GSM, do not exceed the maximum composite input power of 126mW (+21 dBm) to the Main Hub’s duplex and/or simplex ports at any time. 7-16 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU Allowing for Future Capacity Growth Sometimes an LGCell deployment initially is used to enhance coverage. Later that same system may also need to provide increased capacity. Thus, the initial deployment might only transmit two carriers but need to transmit four carriers later. There are two options for dealing with this scenario: PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B 1. Design the initial coverage with a maximum power per carrier for four carriers. 2. Design the initial coverage for two carriers but leave Expansion Hub ports unused. These ports can be used later if coverage holes are discovered once the power per carrier is lowered to accommodate the two additional carriers. Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-17 Designing an LGCell Solution 7.2 Estimating RF Coverage The maximum power per carrier (based on the number and type of RF carriers that are being transmitted) and the minimum acceptable received power at the wireless device (i.e., RSSI, the design goal) establish the RF link budget, and consequently the path loss between the antenna and the wireless device. Figure 7-1 Determining Path Loss between the Antenna and the Wireless Device Antenna and Gain (G) RAU P = power per carrier from the RAU RSSI = power at the wireless device (P + G) – RSSI = PL (1) The path loss (PL) is the loss in decibels (dB) between the antenna and the wireless device. The distance, d, from the antenna corresponding to this path loss can be calculated using the path loss equation in Section 7.2.1 or in Section 7.2.3. The losses due to the coaxial cable that connects the RAU to the antenna are not included in this equation because, typically, the cable is short and the losses are modest. However, if further precision is desired, you can use the coaxial cable losses listed in the following table. Table 7-14 7-18 Coaxial Cable Losses Length of Cable Loss at 800 MHz (dB) Loss at 1900 MHz (dB) 0.9 m (3 ft) 0.4 0.6 1.8 m (6 ft) 0.9 1.4 3.0 m (10 ft) 1.5 2.4 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Estimating RF Coverage 7.2.1 Path Loss Equation Indoor path loss obeys the distance power law* in equation (2): PL = 20log(4πd0f/c) + 10nlog(d/d0) + Χs (2) where: • PL is the path loss at a distance, d, from the antenna (the distance between the antenna that is connected to the RAU and the point where the RF signal decreases to the minimum acceptable level at the wireless device). • d0 is taken as 1 meter of free-space. • f is the operating frequency in hertz. • c is the speed of light in a vacuum (3.0 × 108 m/sec). • n is the path loss exponent and depends on the building “clutter”. • Χs is a normal random variable that depends on partition losses inside the building, and therefore, depends on the frequency of operation. As a reference, the following table gives estimates of signal loss for some RF barriers.* Table 7-15 Average Signal Loss of Common Building Materials Partition Type Loss (dB) @ <2 GHz Frequency (MHz) Metal wall 26 815 Aluminum siding 20 815 Foil insulation 815 Cubicle walls 1.4 900 Concrete block wall 13 1300 Concrete floor 10 1300 Sheetrock 1 to 2 1300 Light machinery 1300 General machinery 1300 Heavy machinery 11 1300 Equipment racks 1300 Assembly line 1300 Ceiling duct 1300 Metal stairs 1300 *Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-19 Designing an LGCell Solution 7.2.2 Path Loss Slope Table 7-16 shows estimated path loss slope (PLS) for various environments that have different “clutter” (i.e., objects that attenuate the RF signals, such as walls, partitions, stairwells, equipment racks, etc.) Table 7-16 7-20 Estimated Path Loss Slope for Different In-Building Environments Facility PLS for 800/900 MHz PLS for 1800/1900 MHz Manufacturing 35 32 Hospital 39.4 38.1 Airport 35 32 Retail 36.1 33.1 Warehouse 35 32 Parking Garage 33.7 30.1 Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 36.1 33.1 Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 37.6 34.8 Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 39.4 38.1 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Estimating RF Coverage 7.2.3 Coverage Distance Equations (1) and (2), on pages 7-18 and 7-19, respectively, can be used to estimate the distance from the antenna to where the RF signal decreases to the minimum acceptable level at the wireless device. Equation (2) can be simplified to: PL = 20log(4πf/c) + PLSlogD (3) where PLS is chosen to account for partition losses. Because different frequencies penetrate partitions with different losses, the value of PLS will vary depending on the frequency. For simplicity, Equation (3) can be used to estimate the coverage distance of an antenna that is connected to an RAU, for a given path loss, frequency, and type of in-building environment. Table 7-17 gives the value of the first term of Equation (3) (i.e., (20log(4πf/c)) for various frequency bands. Table 7-17 Frequency Bands and the Value of the first Term in Equation (3) Band (MHz) Uplink PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Downlink Mid-Band Frequency (MHz) 20log(4πf/c) 800 Cellular 824–849 869–894 859 31.1 800 iDEN 806–824 851–869 837.5 30.9 900 GSM 890–915 935–960 925 31.8 900 E-GSM 880–915 925–960 920 31.7 1800 DCS 1710–1785 1805–1880 1795 37.5 1800 CDMA (Korea) 1750–1780 1840–1870 1810 37.6 1900 PCS 1850–1910 1930–1990 1920 38.1 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-21 Designing an LGCell Solution For reference, Tables 7-18 through 7-24 show the distance covered by an antenna for various in-building environments. The following assumptions were made: • Path loss Equation (3) • 0 dBm output per carrier at the RAU output • 3 dBi antenna gain • RSSI = –85 dBm (typical for narrowband protocols, but not for spread-spectrum protocols) Table 7-18 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 800 MHz Cellular Applications Distance from Antenna Facility Meters Feet Manufacturing 42 138 Hospital 28 91 Airport 42 138 Retail 38 123 Warehouse 42 138 Parking Garage 49 160 Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 38 123 Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 33 107 Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 28 91 Table 7-19 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 800 MHz iDEN Applications Distance from Antenna 7-22 Facility Meters Feet Manufacturing 43 140 Hospital 28 92 Airport 43 140 Retail 38 125 Warehouse 43 140 Parking Garage 49 162 Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 38 125 Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 33 108 Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 28 92 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Estimating RF Coverage Table 7-20 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 900 MHz GSM Applications Distance from Antenna Facility Meters Feet Manufacturing 40 133 Hospital 27 88 Airport 40 133 Retail 36 118 Warehouse 40 133 Parking Garage 47 153 Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 36 118 Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 31 103 Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 27 88 Table 7-21 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 900 MHz EGSM Applications Distance from Antenna PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Facility Meters Feet Manufacturing 41 133 Hospital 27 88 Airport 41 133 Retail 36 119 Warehouse 41 133 Parking Garage 47 153 Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 36 119 Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 31 103 Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 27 88 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-23 Designing an LGCell Solution Table 7-22 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 1800 MHz DCS Applications Distance from Antenna Facility Meters Feet Manufacturing 38 124 Hospital 21 69 Airport 38 124 Retail 33 110 Warehouse 38 124 Parking Garage 48 156 Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 33 110 Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 28 93 Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 21 69 Table 7-23 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 1800 MHz CDMA (Korea) Applications Distance from Antenna Facility 7-24 Meters Feet Manufacturing 38 123 Hospital 21 69 Airport 38 123 Retail 33 109 Warehouse 38 123 Parking Garage 47 155 Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 33 109 Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 28 92 Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 21 69 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Estimating RF Coverage Table 7-24 Approximate Radiated Distance from Antenna for 1900 MHz PCS Applications Distance from Antenna PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Facility Meters Feet Manufacturing 36 119 Hospital 20 67 Airport 36 119 Retail 32 105 Warehouse 36 119 Parking Garage 45 149 Office: 80% cubicle/20% hard wall 32 105 Office: 50% cubicle/50% hard wall 27 89 Office: 20% cubicle/80% hard wall 20 67 Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-25 Designing an LGCell Solution 7.2.4 Example Design Estimate 1. Design goals: • Cellular (859 MHz = average of the lowest uplink and the highest downlink frequency in 800 MHz Cellular band) • TDMA provider • 6 TDMA carriers in the system • –85 dBm design goal (to 95% of the building) — the minimum received power at the wireless device • Base station with simplex RF connections 2. Power Per Carrier: The tables in Section 7.1, “Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU,” on page 7-3 provide maximum power per carrier information. The 800 MHz TDMA table (on page 7-5) indicates that the LGCell can support 6 carriers with a typical power per carrier of 4.5 dBm. 4.5 dBm per carrier would be the typical RF signal into the Main Hub’s FORport. If the duplex port is used, you must take into account the gain of the port (Table 7-25 on page 7-28) and adjust the input power accordingly. For example, the duplex port on the 800 MHz LGCell provides 30 dB gain. Therefore, the input power must be no greater than –25.5 dBm per carrier (4.5 dBm – 30 dBm). Similarly, the PCS LGCell has a duplex port gain of 40 dB. All other systems have 0 dB gain through all ports. WARD (downlink) 3. Building information: • 8 floor building with 9,290 sq. meters (100,000 sq. ft.) per floor; total 74,322 sq. meters (800,000 sq. ft.) • Walls are sheetrock construction; suspended ceiling tiles • Antennas used will be omni-directional, ceiling mounted • Standard office environment, 50% hard wall offices and 50% cubicles 4. Link Budget: In this example, a design goal of –85 dBm is used. Suppose 3 dBi omni-directional antennas are used in the design. Then, the maximum RF propagation loss should be no more than 92.5 dB (4.5 dBm + 3 dBi + 85 dBm) over 95% of the area being covered. It is important to note that a design goal such as –85 dBm is usually derived taking into account multipath fading and log-normal shadowing characteristics. Thus, this design goal will only be met “on average” over 95% of the area being covered. At any given point, a fade may bring the signal level underneath the design goal. Note that this method of calculating a link budget is only for the downlink path. For information to calculate link budgets for both the downlink and uplink paths, see Section 7.4 on page 7-31. 5. 7-26 Path Loss Slope: For a rough estimate, Table 7-16, “Estimated Path Loss Slope for Different In-Building Environments” on page 7-20, shows that a building with 50% hard wall offices and 50% cubicles, at 859 MHz, has an approximate path loss slope (PLS) of 37.6. Given the RF link budget of 92.3 dB, the distance of coverage from each RAU will be 42 meters (138 ft). This corresponds to a coverage area of 5,641 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Estimating RF Coverage sq. meters (60,719 sq. ft.) per RAU (see Section 7.2.1 for details on path loss estimation). For this case we assumed a circular radiation pattern, though the actual area covered will depend upon the pattern of the antenna and the obstructions in the facility. If the area to be covered is essentially an unobstructed hallway with some coverage for the offices on either side of the hallway, a more aggressive design using a lower PLS should be used. 6. Equipment Required: Since you know the building size, you can now estimate the LGCell equipment quantities that will be needed. Before any RF levels are tested in the building, you can estimate that 2 antennas per level will be needed. a. 2 antennas per floor × 8 floors = 16 RAUs b. 16 RAUs ÷ 4 (max 4 RAUs per Expansion Hub) = 4 Expansion Hubs c. 4 Expansion Hubs ÷ 4 (max 4 Expansion Hubs per Main Hub) = 1 Main Hub Check that the MMF and Cat-5 cable distances are as recommended. If the distances differ, use the tables in Section 7.3, “System Gain,” on page 7-28 to determine system gains or losses. The path loss may need to be recalculated to assure adequate signal levels in the required coverage distance. The above estimates assume that all cable length requirements are met. If Expansion Hubs cannot be placed so that the RAUs are within the distance requirement, additional Expansion Hubs may need to be placed closer to the required RAUs locations. An RF Site Survey and Building Evaluation is required to accurately establish the LGCell equipment quantities required for the building. The site survey measures the RF losses within the building to determine the actual PLS, which will be used in the final path loss formula to determine the actual requirements of the LGCell. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-27 Designing an LGCell Solution 7.3 System Gain The following table shows a summary of the system gain when 1 km (3300 ft) of 62.5µm/125µm multimode fiber is used. The optical loss of 1 km (3300 ft) of MMF cable ranges from about 0.6 to 1.0 dB optical, depending on the type of cable (i.e., riser zip-cord, loose tube, slotted core, etc.). Table 7-25 System Gain when using Duplex/Simplex Ports System Gain (dB) LGCell Frequency and Format Duplex Port Simplex Ports 800 MHz AMPS, TDMA 30 800 MHz CDMA 30 800 MHz iDEN 900 MHz GSM, EGSM 1800 MHz GSM 40 1900 MHz TDMA 1900 MHz CDMA 40 1900 MHz GSM 40 NOTE: The maximum input power to the Main Hub is equal to the maximum output power of the RAU minus the system gain. For example, for a Cellular system with 6 TDMA carriers, the maximum output power is 4.5 dBm per carrier. If the duplex port is used, the maximum input power to the Main Hub should be no greater than –25.5 dBm per carrier. 7-28 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B System Gain 7.3.1 System Gain (Loss) Relative to MMF Cable Length If the length of MMF cable is less than 1 km (3300 ft), the system gain will increase. If the cable length is between 1 km (3300 ft) and 2 km (6600 ft), the system gain will decrease as the cable length increases. Use the following formula for determining the nominal gain (or loss) of the LGCell. The length of the MMF cable is denoted by L: gain (dB) = 3*(1 – 1000 MMF Cable Length System Gain (dB) 1 m / 3.3 ft +3 500 m / 1650 ft +1.5 1000 m / 3300 ft 1500 m / 4950 ft –1.5 2000 m / 6600 ft –3 MMF cable length greater than 2 km (6600 ft) is not recommended. The optical power budget between the Main Hub and Expansion Hub, both downlink and uplink, is 3 dB optical. If fiber distribution panels are used, confirm that the total optical loss of fiber cable, from the Main Hub through distribution panels and patch cords to the Expansion Hub, does not exceed 3 dB optical. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-29 Designing an LGCell Solution 7.3.2 System Gain (Loss) Relative to UTP/STP Cable Length The recommended minimum length of UTP/STP cable is 20 meters (66 ft) and the recommended maximum length is 50 meters (165 ft). If the UTP/STP cable is less than 20 meters (66 ft), system performance may not meet specifications; the absolute minimum cable length is 10 meters (33 ft). If the UTP/STP cable is longer than 50 meters (165 ft), the gain of the system will decrease, as shown in Table 7-26. Only shielded Cat-5 cable (STP) should be used when running parallel Cat-5 cables for an LGCell system. Table 7-26 System Gain (Loss) Relative to UTP/STP Cable Length Typical change in system gain (dB) UTP/STP Cable Length Downlink Uplink 800 MHz TDMA/AMPS and CDMA; 900 MHz GSM and EGSM; and iDEN 60 m / 198 ft –0.7 –0.3 70 m / 231 ft –2.9 –2.1 80 m / 264 ft –5.1 –3.9 90 m / 297 ft –7.3 –5.7 100 m / 330 ft –9.5 –7.5 1800 MHz GSM (DCS) 60 m / 198 ft –1.2 –0.3 70 m / 231 ft –3.9 –2.1 80 m / 264 ft –6.6 –3.9 90 m / 297 ft –9.3 –5.7 100 m / 330 ft –12 –7.5 1900 MHz TDMA, CDMA, and GSM 7-30 60 m / 198 ft –1.0 –0.3 70 m / 231 ft –3.5 –2.1 80 m / 264 ft –6.0 –3.9 90 m / 297 ft –8.5 –5.7 100 m / 330 ft –11 –7.5 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Link Budget Analysis 7.4 Link Budget Analysis A link budget is a methodical way to account for the gains and losses in an RF system so that the quality of coverage can be predicted. The end result can often be stated as a “design goal” in which the coverage is determined by the maximum distance from each RAU before the signal strength falls beneath that goal. One key feature of the link budget is the maximum power per carrier discussed in Section 7.1. While the maximum power per carrier is important as far as emissions and signal quality requirements are concerned, it is critical that the maximum signal into the Main Hub never exceed +21 dBm (126mW) minus system gain. Composite power levels above this limit will cause damage to the Main Hub. Table 7-27 LGCell Maximum Input Power LGCell System Maximum Input Power Simplex Ports (all LGCells) +21 dBm 126mW Duplex Ports (Cellular) –9 dBm 126µW Duplex Ports (iDEN, GSM, EGSM, DCS, CDMA-Korea) +21 dBm 126mW Duplex Ports (1900 MHz PCS) –19 dBm 12.6µW WARNING: Exceeding the maximum input power could cause permanent damage to the Main Hub. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-31 Designing an LGCell Solution 7.4.1 Elements of a Link Budget for Narrowband Standards The link budget represents a typical calculation that might be used to determine how much path loss can be afforded in an LGCell design. This link budget analyzes both the downlink and uplink paths. For most configurations, the downlink requires lower path loss and is therefore the limiting factor in the system design. It is for this reason that a predetermined “design goal” for the downlink is sufficient to predict coverage distance. The link budget is organized in a simple manner: the transmitted power is calculated, the airlink losses due to fading and body loss are summed, and the receiver sensitivity (minimum level a signal can be received for acceptable call quality) is calculated. The maximum allowable path loss (in dB) is the difference between the transmitted power, less the airlink losses, and the receiver sensitivity. From the path loss, the maximum coverage distance can be estimated using the path loss formula presented in Section 7.2.1. Table 7-28 provides link budget considerations for narrowband systems. Table 7-28 Link Budget Considerations for Narrowband Systems Consideration Description BTS Transmit Power The power per carrier transmitted from the base station output Attenuation between BTS and LGCell This includes all losses: cable, attenuator, splitter/combiner, and so forth. On the downlink, attenuation must be chosen so that the maximum power per carrier going into the Main Hub does not exceed the levels given in Section 7.1. On the uplink, attenuation is chosen to keep the maximum uplink signal and noise level low enough to prevent base station alarms but small enough not to cause degradation in the system sensitivity. If the LGCell noise figure minus the attenuation is at least 10 dB higher than the BTS noise figure, the system noise figure will be approximately that of the LGCell alone. See Section 7.5 for ways to independently set the uplink and downlink attenuations between the base station and the LGCell. LGCell Gain This is the system gain (see Table 7-25 on page 7-28) Antenna Gain The radiated output power includes antenna gain. For example, if you use a 3 dBi antenna at the RAU that is transmitting 0 dBm per carrier, the effective radiated power (relative to an isotropic radiator) is 3 dBm per carrier. BTS Noise Figure This is the effective noise floor of the base station input (usually base station sensitivity is this effective noise floor plus a certain C/I ratio). LGCell Noise Figure This is the LGCell’s uplink noise figure, which varies depending on the number of Expansion Hubs and RAUs, and the frequency band. The LGCell uplink noise figure is specified for a 1-1-4 configuration. Thus, the noise figure for an LGCell (or multiple LGCells whose uplink ports are power combined) will be NF(1-1-4) + 10*log(# of Expansion Hubs). This represents an upper-bound because the noise figure is lower if any of the Expansion Hub’s RAU ports are not used. 7-32 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Link Budget Analysis Table 7-28 Consideration Thermal Noise Link Budget Considerations for Narrowband Systems (continued) Description This is the noise level in the signal bandwidth (BW). Thermal noise power = –174 dBm/Hz + 10Log(BW). Protocol Signal Bandwidth Thermal Noise TDMA 30 kHz –129 dBm CDMA 1.25 MHz –113 dBm GSM 200 kHz –121 dBm iDEN 25 kHz –130 dBm Required C/I ratio For each wireless standard a certain C/I (carrier to interference) ratio is needed to obtain acceptable demodulation performance. For narrowband systems, (TDMA, GSM, EDGE, iDEN, AMPS) this level varies from about 9 dB to 20 dB. Mobile Transmit Power The maximum power the mobile can transmit (power transmitted at highest power level setting). Multipath Fade Margin This margin allows for a certain level of fading due to multipath interference. Inside buildings there is often one or more fairly strong signals and many weaker signals arriving from reflections and diffraction. Signals arriving from multiple paths add constructively or destructively. This margin accounts for the possibility of destructive multipath interference. In RF site surveys this margin will not appear because it will be averaged out over power level samples taken over many locations. Log-normal Fade Margin This margin adds an allowance for RF shadowing due to objects obstructing the direct path between the mobile equipment and the RAU. In RF site surveys, this shadowing will not appear because it will be averaged out over power level samples taken over many locations. Body Loss This accounts for RF attenuation caused by the user’s head and body. Minimum Received Signal Level This is also referred to as the “design goal”. The link budget says that you can achieve adequate coverage if the signal level is, on average, above this level over 95% of the area covered, for example. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-33 Designing an LGCell Solution 7.4.2 Narrowband Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application Narrowband Link Budget Analysis: Downlink Line Downlink Transmitter a. BTS transmit power per carrier (dBm) b. Attenuation between BTS and LGCell (dB) 33 –30 c. Power into LGCell (dBm) d. LGCell gain (dB) e. Antenna gain (dBi) f. Radiated power per carrier (dBm) Airlink g. Multipath fade margin (dB) h. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability 90% (dB) i. Body loss (dB) j. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 10 19 Receiver k. Thermal noise (dBm/30 kHz) l. Mobile noise figure (dB) m. Required C/I ratio (dB) n. Minimum received signal (dBm) p. Maximum path loss (dB) –129 12 –110 97 • c=a+b • f=c+d+e • j=g+h+i • n=k+l+m • k: in this example, k represents the thermal noise for a TDMA signal, which has a bandwidth of 30 kHz • p=f–j–n 7-34 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Link Budget Analysis Narrowband Link Budget Analysis: Uplink Line Uplink Receiver a. BTS noise figure (dB) b. Attenuation between BTS and LGCell (dB) –10 c. LGCell gain (dB) d. LGCell noise figure (dB) 27 e. System noise figure (dB) 27.2 f. Thermal noise (dBm/30 kHz) –129 g. Required C/I ratio (dB) h. Antenna gain (dBi) i. Receive sensitivity (dBm) 12 –92.8 Airlink j. Multipath fade margin (dB) k. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability 90% (dB) l. Body loss (dB) m. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 10 19 Transmitter n. p. Mobile transmit power (dBm) Maximum path loss (dB) 28 101.8 • e: enter the noise figure and gain of each system component (a, b, c, and d) into the standard cascaded noise figure formula Fsys = F1 + F2 – 1 G1 F3 – 1 G1G2 + .... where F = 10 (Noise Figure/10) G = 10(Gain/10) (See Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.) • i=f+e+g–h • m=j+k+l • p=n–m–i PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-35 Designing an LGCell Solution 7.4.3 Elements of a Link Budget for CDMA Standards A CDMA link budget is slightly more complicated because the spread spectrum nature of CDMA must be considered. Unlike narrowband standards such as TDMA and GSM, CDMA signals are spread over a relatively wide frequency band. Upon reception, the CDMA signal is de-spread. In the de-spreading process the power in the received signal becomes concentrated into a narrow band, whereas the noise level remains unchanged. Hence, the signal-to-noise ratio of the de-spread signal is higher than that of the CDMA signal before de-spreading. This increase is called processing gain. For IS-95 and J-STD-008, the processing gain is 21 dB or 19 dB depending on the user data rate (9.6 Kbps for rate set 1 and 14.4 Kbps for rate set 2, respectively). Because of the processing gain, a CDMA signal (comprising one Walsh code channel within the composite CDMA signal) can be received at a lower level than that required for narrowband signals. A reasonable level is –95 dBm, which results in about –85 dBm composite as shown below. An important issue to keep in mind is that the downlink CDMA signal is composed of many orthogonal channels: pilot, paging, sync, and traffic. The composite power level is the sum of the powers from the individual channels. An example is given in the following table. Table 7-29 Distribution of Power within a CDMA Signal Channel Walsh Code Number Relative Power Level Pilot 20% –7.0 dB Sync 32 5% –13.3 dB Primary Paging 19% –7.3 dB 8–31, 33–63 9% (per traffic channel) –10.3 dB Traffic This table assumes that there are 15 active traffic channels operating with 50% voice activity (so that the total power adds up to 100%). Notice that the pilot and sync channels together contribute about 25% of the power. When measuring the power in a CDMA signal you must be aware that if only the pilot and sync channels are active, the power level will be about 6 to 7 dB lower than the maximum power level you can expect when all voice channels are active. The implication is that if only the pilot and sync channels are active, and the maximum power per carrier table says that you should not exceed 10 dBm for a CDMA signal, for example, then you should set the attenuation between the base station and the LGCell so that the Main Hub receives 3 dBm (assuming 0 dB system gain). An additional consideration for CDMA systems is that the uplink and downlink paths should be gain and noise balanced. This is required for proper operation of soft-handoff to the outdoor network as well as preventing excess interference that is caused by mobiles on the indoor system transmitting at power levels that are not coordinated with the outdoor mobiles. This balance is achieved if the power level transmitted by 7-36 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Link Budget Analysis the mobiles under close-loop power control is similar to the power level transmitted under open-loop power control. The open-loop power control equation is PTX + PRX = –73 dBm (for Cellular, IS-95) PTX + PRX = –76 dBm (for PCS, J-STD-008) where PTX is the mobile’s transmitted power and PRX is the power received by the mobile. The power level transmitted under closed-loop power control is adjusted by the base station to achieve a certain Eb/N0 (explained in Table 7-30 on page 7-37). The difference between these power levels, ∆P, can be estimated by comparing the power radiated from the RAU, Pdownink, to the minimum received signal, Puplink, at the RAU: ∆P = Pdownink + Puplink + 73 dBm (for Cellular) ∆P = Pdownink + Puplink + 76 dBm (for PCS) It’s a good idea to keep –12 dB < ∆P < 12 dB. Table 7-30 provides link budget considerations for CDMA systems. Table 7-30 Additional Link Budget Considerations for CDMA Systems Consideration Description Multipath Fade Margin The multipath fade margin can be reduced (by at least 3 dB) by using different lengths of optical fiber (this is called “delay diversity”). The delay over fiber is approximately 5µS/km. If the difference in fiber lengths to Expansion Hubs with overlapping coverage areas produces at least 1 chip (0.8µS) delay of one path relative to the other, then the multipaths’ signals can be resolved and processed independently by the base station’s rake receiver. A CDMA signal traveling through 163 meters of MMF cable will be delayed by approximately one chip. Power per carrier, downlink This depends on how many channels are active. For example, the signal will be about 7 dB lower if only the pilot, sync, and paging channels are active compared to a fully-loaded CDMA signal. Furthermore, in the CDMA forward link, voice channels are turned off when the user is not speaking. On average this is assumed to be about 50% of the time. So, in the spreadsheet, both the power per Walsh code channel (representing how much signal a mobile will receive on the Walsh code that it is de-spreading) and the total power are used. The channel power is needed to determine the maximum path loss, and the total power is needed to determine how hard the LGCell is being driven. The total power for a fully-loaded CDMA signal is given by (approximately): total power = voice channel power + 13 dB + 10log10 (50%) = voice channel power + 10 dB Information Rate This is simply 10log10(9.6 Kbps) = 40 dB for rate set 1 10log10(14.4 Kbps) = 42 dB for rate set 2 PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-37 Designing an LGCell Solution Table 7-30 Additional Link Budget Considerations for CDMA Systems Consideration Description Process Gain The process of de-spreading the desired signal boosts that signal relative to the noise and interference. This gain needs to be included in the link budget. In the following formulas, PG = process gain: PG = 10log10(1.25 MHz / 9.6 Kbps) = 21 dB rate set 1 PG = 10log10(1.25 MHz / 14.4 Kbps) = 19 dB rate set 2 Note that the process gain can also be expressed as 10log10 (CDMA bandwidth) minus the information rate. Eb/No This is the energy-per-bit divided by the received noise and interference. It’s the CDMA equivalent of signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). This figure depends on the mobile’s receiver and the multipath environment. For example, the multipath delays inside a building are usually too small for a rake receiver in the mobile (or base station) to resolve and coherently combine multipath components. However, if artificial delay can be introduced by, for instance, using different lengths of cable, then the required Eb/No will be lower and the multipath fade margin in the link budget can be reduced in some cases. If the receiver noise figure is NF (dB), then the receive sensitivity (dBm) is given by: Psensitivity = NF + Eb/No + thermal noise in a 1.25 MHz band – PG = NF + Eb/No – 113 (dBm/1.25 MHz) – PG Noise Rise On the uplink, the noise floor is determined not only by the LGCell, but also by the number of mobiles that are transmitting. This is because when the base station attempts to de-spread a particular mobile’s signal, all other mobile signals appear to be noise. Because the noise floor rises as more mobiles try to communicate with a base station, the more mobiles there are, the more power they have to transmit. Hence, the noise floor rises rapidly: noise rise = 10log10(1 / (1 – loading)) where loading is the number of users as a percentage of the theoretical maximum number of users. Typically, a base station is set to limit the loading to 75%. This noise ratio must be included in the link budget as a worst-case condition for uplink sensitivity. If there are less users than 75% of the maximum, then the uplink coverage will be better than predicted. Hand-off Gain CDMA supports soft hand-off, a process by which the mobile communicates simultaneously with more than one base station or more than one sector of a base station. Soft hand-off provides improved receive sensitivity because there are two or more receivers or transmitters involved. A line for hand-off gain is included in the CDMA link budgets worksheet although the gain is set to 0 dB because the in-building system will probably be designed to limit soft-handoff. Other CDMA Issues • Never combine multiple sectors (more than one CDMA signal at the same frequency) into an LGCell. The combined CDMA signals will interfere with each other. • Try to minimize overlap between in-building coverage areas that utilize different sectors, as well as in-building coverage and outdoor coverage areas. This is important because any area in which more than one dominant pilot signal (at the same frequency) is measured by the mobile will result in soft-handoff. Soft-handoff decreases the overall network capacity by allocating multiple channel resources to a single mobile phone. 7-38 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Link Budget Analysis 7.4.4 Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis for a Microcell Application Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis: Downlink Line Downlink Transmitter a. BTS transmit power per carrier (dBm) 30.0 b. Voice activity factor 50% c. Maximum composite power (dBm) 40.0 d. Attenuation between BTS and LGCell (dB) –30 e. Power per carrier into LGCell (dBm) 3.0 f. Composite power into LGCell (dBm) 10.0 g. LGCell gain (dB) 0.0 h. Antenna gain (dBi) 3.0 i. Radiated power per carrier (dBm) j. Total radiated power (dBm) 3.0 13.0 Airlink k. Handoff gain (dB) 7.0 l. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6.0 m. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability 90% (dB) 10.0 n. Additional loss (dB) 0.0 o. Body loss (dB) 3.0 p. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 19.0 Receiver PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B q. Mobile noise figure (dB) 7.0 r. Thermal noise (dBm/Hz) –174.0 s. Receiver interference density (dBm/Hz) –167.0 t. Information ratio (dB/Hz) u. Required Eb/(No+lo) v. Receive Sensitivity (dBm) w. Minimum received signal (dBm) x. Maximum path loss (dB) y. Difference between open- and closed-loop transmitter power (dB) Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 41.6 7.0 –118.4 –99.4 102.4 –2.0 7-39 Designing an LGCell Solution • b and c: see notes in Table 7-30 regarding power per carrier, downlink • e=a+d • f=c+d • i=e+g+h • j=f+g+h • p = –k + l + m + n + o • s=q+r • v=s+t+u • w=p+v • x=j–w • y = j (downlink) + m (uplink) + P where P = Ptx + Prx = –73 dB for Cellular –76 dB for PCS 7-40 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Link Budget Analysis Spread Spectrum Link Budget Analysis: Uplink Line Uplink Receiver a. BTS noise figure (dB) b. Attenuation between BTS and LGCell (dB) 3.0 –30.0 c. LGCell gain (dB) d. LGCell noise figure (dB) 23.0 0.0 e. System noise figure (dB) 33.4 f. Thermal noise (dBm/Hz) –174.0 g. Noise rise 75% loading (dB) h. Receiver interference density (dBm/Hz) i. Information rate (dB/Hz) j. Required Eb/(No+lo) 6.0 –134.6 41.6 5.0 k. Handoff gain (dB) 0.0 l. Antenna gain (dBi) 3.0 m. Minimum received signal (dBm) –91.0 Airlink n. Multipath fade margin (dB) 6.0 o. Log-normal fade margin with 8 dB std. deviation, edge reliability 90% (dB) p. Additional loss (dB) 0.0 q. Body loss (dB) 3.0 r. Airlink losses (not including facility path loss) 10.0 19.0 Transmitter s. Mobile transmit power (dBm) t. Effective transmitted power (dBm) u. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Maximum path loss (dB) Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 28.0 9.0 100.0 7-41 Designing an LGCell Solution • e: enter the noise figure and gain of each system component (a, b, c, and d) into the standard cascaded noise figure formula Fsys = F1 + F2 – 1 G1 F3 – 1 G1G2 + .... where F = 10 (Noise Figure/10) G = 10(Gain/10) (See Rappaport, Theodore S. Wireless Communications, Principles, and Practice. Prentice Hall PTR, 1996.) • h=e+f+g • m = h + i + j –k – l • r=n+o+p+q • t=s–r • u=t–m 7-42 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Link Budget Analysis 7.4.5 Considerations for Re-Radiation (over-the-air) Systems The LGCell can be used to extend the coverage of the outdoor network by connecting to a roof-top donor antenna that is pointed toward an outdoor base station. Additional considerations for such an application of the LGCell are: • Sizing the gain and output power requirements for a bi-directional amplifier (repeater). • Ensuring that noise radiated on the uplink from the in-building system does not cause the outdoor base station to become desensitized to wireless handsets in the outdoor network. • Filtering out signals that lie in adjacent frequency bands. For instance, if you are providing coverage for Cellular B-band operation it may be necessary to filter out the A, A’ and A” bands which may contain strong signals from other outdoor base stations. Further information on these issues can be found in LGC Wireless’ application notes for re-radiation applications. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-43 Designing an LGCell Solution 7.5 Connecting a Main Hub to a Base Station The first consideration when connecting LGCell Main Hubs to a base station is to ensure there is an equal amount of loss through cables, combiners, etc. from the base station to the Main Hubs. For this example, assume that the base station will have simplex connections, one uplink and one downlink. Each of these connections will need to be divided to equilibrate power for each Main Hub. For example, two Main Hubs will require a 2×1 combiner/divider; four Main Hubs will require a 4×1 combiner/divider; and so on. Figure 7-2 Connecting LGCell Main Hubs to a Simplex Base Station 2 × 1 combiner/divider Downlink/Forward LGCell Main Hub 1 Base Station LGCell Main Hub 2 Uplink/Reverse When connecting an LGCell to a base station, also consider the following: 1. The downlink power from the base station must be attenuated enough so that the power radiated by the RAU does not exceed the maximum power per carrier listed in Section 7.1, “Maximum Output Power per Carrier at RAU,” on page 7-3. 2. The uplink attenuation should be small enough that the sensitivity of the overall system is limited by the LGCell, not by the attenuator. However, some base stations are adversely affected by received signals that are above –50 dBm, for example. It is therefore helpful to attenuate the uplink in order to retain the maximum number of received signals. If, in an area covered by an LGCell, a mobile phone indicates good signal strength but consistently has difficulty completing calls, it is possible that the attenuation between the LGCell and base station needs to be adjusted. In other words, it is possible that if the uplink is over-attenuated, the downlink power will provide good coverage, but the uplink coverage distance will be small. The simplex ports of the Main Hub are usually used for base station connections. However, there is an exception. In cases where several base stations are combined to drive the LGCell(s), the loss from the combiners may be high enough to adversely affect the uplink sensitivity. Since the Cellular and PCS LGCells have gain on the duplex port, this port can be used as the reverse port to overcome the attenuation. NOTE: When using the duplex port on Cellular or PCS Main Hubs, reduce the power out of the base station to accommodate for the gain of the duplex port. For example, if the power out of the base station is 30 dBm per carrier, and the target RAU output is 0 dBm per carrier, you must attenuate the base station signal by 60 dB before going into the Main Hub because the system gain through the duplex port of the 800 MHz Cellular LGCell is 30 dB. (Refer to Table 7-25 on page 7-28.) 7-44 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Connecting a Main Hub to a Base Station 7.5.1 Attenuation Figure 7-3 shows a typical setup wherein a duplex base station is connected to an LGCell. For a simplex base station, eliminate the circulator and connect the simplex ports of the base station to the simplex ports of the Main Hub. Add attenuators to regulate the power appropriately. Figure 7-3 LGCell to Duplex Base Station or Repeater Connections A1 Duplex Base Station or Repeater Forward A3 A2 LGCell Main Hub Reverse • A typical circulator has an IP3 of +70dBm. If you drive the circulator too hard it will produce intermods that are bigger than the intermods produced by the LGCell. Depending on the LGCell model, the IP3 at the Forward port input of the LGCell can be as high as +30 dBm. The IP3 of the circulator at that same point (i.e., following attenuator A1) is +70dBm – A1. Thus, to keep the system IP3 from being adversely affected by the circulator, attenuator A1 should be no more than 35 dB. • A filter diplexer can be used in place of the circulator. The IP3 of the diplexer can be assumed to be greater than +100 dBm. If a diplexer is used, A3 can be omitted. • A1+A3 should be chosen so that the output power per carrier at the RAU’s output is correct for the number of carriers being transmitted. Suppose the base station transmits 36 dBm per carrier and it is desired that the RAU output be 6 dBm per carrier and the forward port gain is 0 dB. Then A1+A3=30 dB. • A2+A3 should, ideally, be at least 10 dB less than the noise figure plus the gain of the LGCell. For example, if the reverse port has a 0 dB gain (it does for all current LGCell models) and if there are eight RAUs, the noise figure (depending on the LGCell model) is approximately 25 dB. So A2+A3 should be about 10 to 15 dB. If A2+A3 is too large, the uplink coverage distance can be severely reduced. • Given these three equations: A1 ≤ 35 dB A1+A3 = 30 dB (in this example) A2+A3 = 10 dB (in this example) we could choose A2=20 dB, A2=0 dB, A3=10 dB for this example. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-45 Designing an LGCell Solution 7.5.2 Uplink Attenuation The attenuation between the LGCell’s REVERSE port and the base station does two things: 1. It attenuates the noise coming out of the LGCell. 2. It attenuates the desired signals coming out of the LGCell. Setting the attenuation on the uplink is a trade-off between keeping the noise and maximum signal levels transmitted from the LGCell to the base station receiver low while not reducing the SNR (signal-to-noise ratio) of the path from the LGCell RAU inputs to the base station inputs. This SNR can not be better than the SNR of the LGCell by itself, although it can be significantly worse. For example, suppose we have a GSM LGCell system consisting of one Main Hub, four Expansion Hubs, and 16 RAUs (1-4-16) with uplink NF=28 dB. (See Table 7-30 on page 7-37.) If we use 30 dB of attenuation between the LGCell’s reverse port and the base station (which has its own noise figure of about 4 dB), the overall noise figure will be 35 dB. (Refer to the formula on page 7-35.) Thus, by using this amount of attenuation, the SNR is reduced by 7 dB. That causes a 7 dB reduction in the uplink coverage distance. Now, if the attenuation instead is 0 dB, the cascaded noise figure is NF=28.01 dB, which implies that the uplink sensitivity is limited by the LGCell, a desirable condition. But now the maximum signal from the LGCell into the base station is as high as –40 dBm. This can cause problems for some base stations. We can reduce the maximum received signal levels by using some attenuation. For instance, if the attenuation is 10 dB, the maximum received signal is –50 dBm and the noise level is reduced by 10 dB but the cascaded noise figure is still only 28.16 dB (for a SNR reduction of only 0.15 dB). Even with a 20 dB attenuator, the cascaded noise figure is 29.45 dB. This is an SNR reduction of 1.44 dB. So, in this situation it would be good to use at least 10 dB of uplink attenuation but not more than 20 dB. Rule of Thumb A good rule of thumb is to set the uplink attenuation, A2+A3 in Figure 7-3 on page 7-45, as follows: A2+A3 < LGCell uplink NF + uplink gain (0 dB for reverse port) – BTS NF – 10dB and round A2 down to the nearest convenient attenuation value. 7-46 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Connecting a Main Hub to a Base Station 7.5.2.1 Uplink Attenuation Exception: CDMA In CDMA systems, the power transmitted by the mobile is determined by the characteristics of both the uplink and downlink paths. The power transmitted by the mobile should be similar in open-loop control (as determined by the downlink path) as during closed-loop control (as determined by the uplink and downlink paths). In addition, the mobile’s transmit power when it communicates with a base station through the LGCell should be similar to the power transmitted when it communicates with a base station in the outdoor network (during soft hand-off). Because of these considerations, you should not allow the downlink and uplink gains to vary widely. Open-loop power control: PTX = –76 dBm (for PCS) – PRX where PTX is the power transmitted and PRX is the power received by the mobile. If PL is the path loss (in dB) between the RAU and the mobile, and PDN is the downlink power radiated by the RAU, then PTX = –76 dBm (for PCS) – PDN + PL Closed-loop power control: PTX = noise floor + uplink NF – process gain + Eb/No + PL = –113 dBm/1.25 Mhz + NF – 19 dB + 7 dB + PL where Eb/No = 7 dB is a rough estimate, and NF is the cascaded noise figure of the LGCell uplink, the uplink attenuation, and the base station noise figure. Equating PTX for the open-loop and closed-loop we see that NF = 49 – PDN where PDN is determined by the downlink attenuation. Since PDN for the LGCell is about 10 dBm, we see that the cascaded noise figure is about 39 dB, which is considerably higher than that of the LGCell itself. This implies that we should use a fairly large attenuation on the uplink. This case suggests using as much attenuation on the downlink as on the uplink. The drawback of doing this is that the uplink coverage sensitivity is reduced. A link budget analysis will clarify these issues. Typically, the uplink attenuation between the LGCell and the base station will be the same as, or maybe 10dB less than, the downlink attenuation. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-47 Designing an LGCell Solution 7.6 Designing for a Neutral Host System Designing the LGCell for a neutral host system uses the same design rules previously discussed. Since a neutral host system typically uses multiple systems in parallel, we find it best to design for the worst case system so that there will not be holes in the covered area and the economies of a single installation can be achieved. For example, as indicated Section 7.1, the 1900 MHz RF signals do not propagate throughout a building as well as the 800 MHz systems, therefore, we design to the 1900 MHz path loss formula. 7.6.1 Capacity of the LGCell Neutral Host System As indicated in Section 2.3, “System Bandwidths,” on page 2-10, each Main Hub can support more than one sub-band of the Cellular or PCS bands. The exception to this is the iDEN Main Hub, because the SMR band is not split into sub-bands. The 800 MHz Main Hub can support both the A band and the B band simultaneously. Also, the 1800 MHz and 1900 MHz Main Hubs can support two bands each (as the frequencies currently are allocated). For example, a neutral host system that consists of one iDEN, one 800 MHz, and two 1900 MHz systems can support up to seven separate service providers: • 1 on iDEN • 2 on 800 MHz, A band and B band • 2 in each 1900 MHz 7-48 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Designing for a Neutral Host System 7.6.2 Example LGCell Neutral Host System The following example configuration assumes: • 0 dBm per carrier output • Each System supports two bands, and therefore, two Operators (Exception: iDEN supports one Operator) Example Configuration: • 800 MHz iDEN: System 1 l - iDEN system: 8 Channels, 23 voice calls • 800 MHz Cellular: System 2 l - TDMA Band: 8 Channels, 23 voice calls l - CDMA Band: 2 Channels, 30–40 voice calls • 1900 MHz PCS: Systems 3 & 4 (2 band combinations/system) l - TDMA Band: 8 Channels, 23 voice calls l - CDMA Band: 2 Channels, 30–40 voice calls l - GSM Band: 4 Channels, 31 voice calls Number of subscribers* that could be served in this example: • 800 MHz Cellular: System 1 l - iDEN Operator: 23 voice calls, 315 subscribers • 800 MHz Cellular: System 2 l - TDMA Operator: 23 voice calls, 315 subscribers l - CDMA Operator: 30–40 voice calls, 438–620 subscribers • 1900 MHz PCS: Systems 3 & 4 (2 band combinations/system) l - TDMA Operator: 23 voice calls, 315 subscribers l - CDMA Operator: 30–40 voice calls, 438–620 subscribers l - GSM Operator: 31 voice calls, 456 subscribers This configuration supports growth for up to 7 Operators. * Based on Standard Erlang B 2% GOS requirement. Each user has a 0.05 wireless Erlang which is higher than the standard 0.035 wireless Erlang. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 7-49 Designing an LGCell Solution 7-50 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B SECTION 8 Installation Requirements and Safety Precautions This section contains the following subsections: • Section 8.1 Installation Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 • Section 8.1.1 Cable and Connector Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 • Section 8.1.2 Neutral Host System Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-2 • Section 8.1.3 Distance Requirements . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-3 • Section 8.2 Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-4 • Section 8.2.1 Underwriters Laboratory Installation Guidelines . . . . . . . . . 8-4 • Section 8.2.2 General Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-5 • Section 8.2.3 Fiber Port Safety Precautions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-6 PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual 8-1 Installation Requirements and Safety Precautions 8.1 8.1.1 Installation Requirements Cable and Connector Requirements The LGCell equipment operates over standard TIA/EIA 568-A specification, Category 5 (Cat-5) unshielded twisted pair (UTP) or shielded twisted pair (STP) and standard 62.5µm/125µm multimode fiber cable (MMF), at a wavelength of 1310 nanometers (nm). These cables are widely used industry standards for Local Area Networks (LANs). The regulations and guidelines for LGCell cable installation are identical to those specified by the TIA/EIA 568-A standard for LANs (see Appendix B). European standards require that only STP cable be used. Also, to ensure specified performance, STP cable is required in all multi-system installations that use parallel Cat-5 cables in common ducting. LGC Wireless recommends plenum-rated Cat-5 UTP/STP and MMF cable and connectors for conformity to building codes and standards. 8.1.2 Neutral Host System Requirements As in any LGCell system, a neutral host system requires one pair of MMF strands between each Main Hub and each Expansion Hub, and one Cat-5 cable between each Expansion Hub and each RAU. To help achieve the cost savings possible in a neutral host system, it is advantageous to install additional cables for future growth. To alleviate the possibility of interference between LGCell systems, STP cable is required for neutral host systems. 8-2 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Installation Requirements 8.1.3 Distance Requirements The following table shows the distances between LGCell components and related equipment. Table 8-1 LGCell Distance Requirements Equipment Combination Cable Type Distance Additional Information Repeater to Main Hub Coaxial; N male connectors 3–6 m (10–20 ft) typical Limited by loss and noise. Coaxial; N male connectors 3–6 m (10–20 ft) typical 62.5µm/125µm 1 km (3300 ft) Base Station to Main Hub Main Hub to Expansion Hub Refer to your link budget calculation. Limited by loss and noise. Refer to your link budget calculation. Multimode Fiber; ST male optical connectors Up to 2 km (6600 ft) allowed. (See “System Gain (Loss) Relative to MMF Cable Length” on page 7-29.) 3 dB optical loss, port-to-port Expansion Hub to RAU RAU to passive antenna PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Cat-5 STP/UTP; RJ-45 male connectors 10 m (33 ft) absolute minimum 20 m (66 ft) recommended min. 50 m (165 ft) recommended max. Up to 100 m (330 ft) allowed. Coaxial; SMA male connectors 1–3.5 m (3–12 ft) typical Limited by loss and noise. Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 (See “System Gain (Loss) Relative to UTP/STP Cable Length” on page 7-30.) Refer to your link budget calculation. 8-3 Installation Requirements and Safety Precautions 8.2 8.2.1 Safety Precautions Underwriters Laboratory Installation Guidelines Use the following guidelines when installing the LGCell: 1. Do not exceed the maximum ambient air temperature of 45°C during operation. Provide sufficient airflow and cooling within the rack to prevent heat build-up from exceeding this limit. 2. Be careful when servicing these products. If you are removing the system from the rack, turn it off and remove the power cord first. There are no user-serviceable parts inside the hubs or RAUs. 3. Do not compromise the amount of airflow required for safe operation of the equipment when installing it in a rack. Both the Main Hub and the Expansion Hub draw in air on the left side and exhaust heated air at the rear. The hubs pass approximately 6 cu. ft. of air per minute through themselves. The Main Hub dissipates a maximum of 25 watts of heat from its internal circuitry and the Expansion Hub dissipates a maximum of 55 watts (with 4 RAUs attached). 4. The AC input current consumption of the hubs is rated as follows: • Main Hub – Typical: 117V AC, 0.22 amp @ 60 Hz 230V AC, 0.11 amp @ 50 Hz – Maximum: 117V AC, 0.30 amp @ 60 Hz 230V AC, 0.15 amp @ 50 Hz • Expansion Hub – Typical: 117V AC, 0.50 amp @ 60 Hz 230V AC, 0.25 amp @ 50 Hz – Maximum: 117V AC, 0.70 amp @ 60 Hz 230V AC, 0.35 amp @ 50 Hz The internal power supply has internal fuses that are not user replaceable. Consider the worst-case power consumption shown on the product labels when provisioning the rack’s AC power source and distribution. 8-4 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Safety Precautions 8.2.2 General Safety Precautions The following precautions apply to LGCell products. • LGCell has no user-serviceable parts. Faulty or failed units are fully replaceable through LGC Wireless. Please contact us at: 1-800-530-9960 (U.S. only) +1-408-952-2400 (International) +44(0) 1223 597812 (Europe) • Never input an RF signal to the Main Hub’s duplex or simplex ports that is higher than those defined in Section 7.1 on page 7-3 because the Main Hub could be damaged. • Although modeled after an Ethernet/LAN architecture and connectivity, LGCell units are not intended to connect to Ethernet data hubs, routers, cards, or other similar data equipment. • When you connect the multimode fiber (MMF) optical cable, take the same precaution as if installing Ethernet network equipment. All optical fiber ST connectors should be cleaned according to the connector manufacturer’s instructions. • When you connect a radiating antenna to an RAU, DO NOT over-tighten the SMA connector. Firmly hand-tightening the connector is adequate. WARNING: To reduce the risk of fire or electric shock, do not expose this equipment to rain or moisture. PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B Help Hot Line (U.S. only): 1-800-530-9960 8-5 Installation Requirements and Safety Precautions 8.2.3 Fiber Port Safety Precautions The following are suggested safety precautions for working with LGCell fiber ports. For information about LGCell compliance with safety standards, see Appendix C. WARNING: Observe the following warning about viewing fiber ends in ports. Do not stare with unprotected eyes at the connector ends of the fibers or the ports of the hubs. Invisible infrared radiation is present at the front panel of the Main Hub and the Expansion Hub. Do not remove the fiber port dust caps unless the port is going to be used. Do not stare directly into a fiber port. • Test fiber cables: When you test fiber optical cables, connect the optical power source last and disconnect it first. • Fiber ends: Cover any unconnected fiber ends with an approved cap. Do not use tape. • Broken fiber cables: Do not stare with unprotected eyes at any broken ends of the fibers. Report any broken fiber cables and have them replaced. • Cleaning: Use only approved methods for cleaning optical fiber connectors. • Modifications: Do not make any unauthorized modifications to this fiber optical system or associated equipment. • Live work: Live work is permitted on the LGCell as it is a Class 1 hazard. • Signs: No warning signs are required. • Test equipment: Use Class 1 test equipment. 8-6 LGCell 4.0 Installation, Operation, and Reference Manual PN 8100-40 620004-0 Rev. B
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