Alvarion Technologies EAP-10AMP Low Power Transceiver and Amplifier Unit User Manual bnpro 17nov
Alvarion Ltd. Low Power Transceiver and Amplifier Unit bnpro 17nov
Contents
- 1. manual 1
- 2. manual 2
- 3. revised users manual
- 4. manual
manual 1
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| Document Description | manual 1 |
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| Date Submitted | 1999-03-31 00:00:00 |
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| Document Title | bnpro-17nov.PDF |
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| Document Author: | Olivia Towery |
BreezeNET PRO.11 Series User’s Guide November, 1998 Cat. No. 213033 Revision © 1998 by BreezeCOM Ltd. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced in any material form without the written permission of the copyright owner. Trade Names BreezeNET and BreezeLINK are trade names of BreezeCOM Ltd. Other brand and product names are registered trademarks or trademarks of their respective companies. Statement of Conditions The information contained in this manual is subject to change without notice. BreezeCOM Ltd. shall not be liable for errors contained herein or for incidental or consequential damages in connection with the furnishing, performance, or use of this manual or equipment supplied with it. Warranty In the following warranty text, “the Company” shall mean: - BreezeCOM Inc., for products located in the USA. - BreezeCOM Ltd., for products located outside the USA. This BreezeNET product is warranted against defects in material and workmanship for a period of one year. During this warranty period the Company will, at its option, either repair or replace products that prove to be defective. For warranty service or repair, the product must be returned to a service facility designated by the Company. Authorization to return products must be obtained prior to shipment. The buyer shall pay all shipping charges to the Company and the Company shall pay shipping charges to return the product to the buyer. The Company warrants that the firmware designed by it for use with the unit will execute its programming instructions when properly installed on the unit. The Company does not warrant that the operation of the unit or firmware will be uninterrupted or error-free. Limitation of Warranty The foregoing warranty shall not apply to defects resulting from improper or inadequate maintenance by the buyer, buyer supplied interfacing, unauthorized modification or misuse, operation outside of the environmental specifications for the product, or improper site preparation or maintenance. No other warranty is expressed or implied. The Company specifically disclaims the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for any particular purpose. Electronic Emission Notices This device complies with Part 15 of the FCC rules, ETSI 300-328, UL, UL/C, TUV/GS, and CE. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: 1. This device may not cause harmful interference. 2. This device must accept any interference received, including interference that may cause undesired operation. FCC Radio Frequency Interference Statement This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a class A digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference when the equipment is operated in a commercial environment. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used in accordance with the instruction manual, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. Operation of this equipment in a residential area is likely to cause harmful interference in which case the user will be required to correct the interference at his own expense. Information to User Any changes or modifications of equipment not expressly approved by the manufacturer could void the user’s authority to operate the equipment and the company’s warranty. CONTACTING BREEZECOM TECHNICAL SUPPORT Should you need assistance beyond the scope of this guide, please contact your local BreezeCOM reseller or distributor. If they cannot solve your problem, feel free to contact the BreezeCOM Technical Support Depatrment. The support representatives can assist you in solving any problems that cannot be solved by your reseller. When requesting support, please have the following items available: • Configuration of the system, including models of the BreezeCOM equipment used. • Antenna type and cable lengths. • Site information such as possible radio path problems (like trees, machines, and buildings). • Distance between devices. • Configuration, statistic counters, and error messages as seen on the monitor. • Description of problems encountered. To contact BreezeCOM Technical Support, refer to the Technical Support page of the BreezeCOM website: www.breezecom.com Table of Contents TABLE OF CONTENTS 1. Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series.......................................1-1 1.1. How to Use This Guide..........................................................................1-1 1.2. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series Features ......................................................1-2 1.3. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series Product Line ...............................................1-3 1.3.1. Access Point...............................................................................1-4 1.3.2. Single Station Adapter................................................................1-5 1.3.3. Four Port Station Adapter...........................................................1-6 1.3.4. Workgroup Bridge......................................................................1-8 1.3.5. PC Card......................................................................................1-9 1.3.6. Extended Range Access Point and Bridge.................................1-10 1.4. BreezeNET PRO.11 Functional Description ........................................1-11 2. Basic Installation ........................................................................................2-1 2.1. Basic Installation Checklist....................................................................2-1 2.2. Check the Package List..........................................................................2-1 2.3. Position the Unit ....................................................................................2-2 2.3.1. Additional Considerations When Positioning the Access Point...2-3 2.4. Connect the Unit to the Power Supply....................................................2-3 2.5. Connect the Unit to the Ethernet Port.....................................................2-4 2.6. Check Unit Functionality using LED indicators .....................................2-5 2.6.1. Station (SA-10, SA-40) and Bridge (WB-10) LEDs....................2-5 2.6.2. Access Point LEDs.....................................................................2-6 2.6.3. Verifying the Ethernet Connection .............................................2-6 3. Device Setup and Management..................................................................3-1 3.1. Accessing and Using Local Terminal Management................................3-1 3.2. Configuration Screens............................................................................3-2 3.3. Main Menu ............................................................................................3-3 3.4. System Configuration Menu ..................................................................3-4 3.4.1. Station Status .............................................................................3-4 3.4.2. IP and SNMP Parameters ...........................................................3-5 3.4.3. Wireless LAN (WLAN) Parameters ...........................................3-6 3.4.4. Bridging ...................................................................................3-10 3.4.5. Station Control .........................................................................3-11 3.5. Advanced Settings Menu .....................................................................3-12 3.5.1. Performance .............................................................................3-13 3.5.2. Radio........................................................................................3-13 3.5.3. Rate..........................................................................................3-13 3.5.4. Maintenance.............................................................................3-14 BreezeNET PRO.11 Series User’s Guide Table of Contents 3.6. Site Survey Menu ................................................................................3-14 3.6.1. System Counters.......................................................................3-15 3.6.2. Survey Software.......................................................................3-18 3.6.3. Using the Site Survey Software ................................................3-19 3.6.4. Using the Rx Packets per Frequency Histogram........................3-22 3.7. Access Control Menu...........................................................................3-23 4. SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management ...........4-1 4.1. Installing the SA-PCR Driver, and Applications ....................................4-1 4.1.1. Check Package Contents ............................................................4-1 4.1.2. Before You Begin.......................................................................4-2 4.1.3. Installing SA-PCR Drivers .........................................................4-2 4.1.4. Checking the LED Indicators .....................................................4-9 4.1.5. Installing the Applications ..........................................................4-9 4.1.6. Initial Configuration ...................................................................4-9 4.1.7. Troubleshooting Tips................................................................4-10 4.1.8. Uninstalling SA-PCR Drivers and Applications........................4-11 4.2. Using the SA-PCR Configuration Application .....................................4-12 4.2.1. Accessing the Application ........................................................4-12 4.2.2. Main Window ..........................................................................4-12 4.2.3. Resetting the PC Card ..............................................................4-12 4.2.4. Station Status Tab.....................................................................4-13 4.2.5. WLAN Parameters Tab ............................................................4-14 4.2.6. Station Control Tab ..................................................................4-16 4.2.7. Access Rights Tab....................................................................4-17 4.2.8. Power Management Tab...........................................................4-19 4.2.9. Maintenance Tab......................................................................4-20 4.2.10. Radio Tab.................................................................................4-21 4.2.11. Performance Tab ......................................................................4-22 4.3. Using the SA-PCR Site Survey Application.........................................4-23 4.3.1. Accessing the SA-PCR Site Survey Application.......................4-24 4.3.2. SA-PCR Site Survey Main Window .........................................4-24 4.3.3. Performing a Site Survey with the SA-PCR..............................4-27 5. Planning and Installing Wireless LANs....................................................5-1 5.1. System Configurations...........................................................................5-1 5.1.1. Single Cell Configuration ...........................................................5-2 5.1.2. Overlapping Cell Configuration..................................................5-6 5.1.3. Multicell Configuration ..............................................................5-8 5.1.4. Multi-hop Configuration (Relay) ..............................................5-10 5.2. Indoor Installation considerations ........................................................5-12 BreezeNET PRO.11 Series ii User’s Guide Table of Contents 5.2.1. Site Selection Factors ...............................................................5-12 5.2.2. Antennas for Indoor applications ..............................................5-14 5.2.3. Construction Materials .............................................................5-15 5.2.4. Cell Size...................................................................................5-15 5.3. Outdoor Installation Considerations .....................................................5-16 5.3.1. Site Selection Factors ...............................................................5-16 5.3.2. Rooftop Installation..................................................................5-18 5.3.3. Antennas for Outdoor Applications ..........................................5-18 5.3.4. Antenna Seal ............................................................................5-20 5.3.5. Cell Size...................................................................................5-20 5.3.6. Link Distance ...........................................................................5-21 5.3.7. Using Outdoor Range Tables....................................................5-21 5.3.8. FCC Outdoor Range Tables (USA) ..........................................5-22 5.3.9. ETSI Outdoor Range Tables (Europe and Rest-of-World) – D Models .................................................................................5-23 5.3.10. ETSI Outdoor Range Tables (Europe and Rest-of-World) – DE Models ...............................................................................5-24 5.3.11. Non-Regulated Outdoor Range Tables – D Models ..................5-26 5.3.12. Extending the range using the TPA-24 and LNA-10 .................5-27 5.4. Available Antennas and Antenna Kits..................................................5-31 5.5. Precautions ..........................................................................................5-32 5.5.1. Professional Installers Only ......................................................5-32 5.5.2. Transmit Antenna Gain.............................................................5-32 5.5.3. Spurious Radio Frequency Emissions .......................................5-33 5.5.4. Lightning Protection.................................................................5-33 5.5.5. Rain Proofing ...........................................................................5-34 6. Accessory Installation.................................................................................6-1 6.1. TPA 24 Transmit Power Amplifier (Booster).........................................6-1 6.1.1. Installing the TPA 24 .................................................................6-2 6.2. LNA 10 Low Noise Receive Amplifier..................................................6-3 6.2.1. Installing the LNA 10.................................................................6-3 6.3. RFS 122 Radio Frequency Splitter.........................................................6-5 6.3.1. Installing the RFS 122 ................................................................6-5 6.4. AL 1 Lightning Arrestor ........................................................................6-5 7. Upgrade Procedure.....................................................................................7-1 8. System Troubleshooting .............................................................................8-1 8.1. Troubleshooting Guide ..........................................................................8-1 8.2. Checking Counters ................................................................................8-3 8.2.1. WLAN Counters ........................................................................8-3 BreezeNET PRO.11 Series iii User’s Guide Table of Contents 8.2.2. Ethernet Counters.......................................................................8-3 9. Appendix 9-1 9.1. Supported MIBs and Traps ....................................................................9-1 9.1.1. Supported MIBs .........................................................................9-1 9.1.2. Supported Traps .........................................................................9-2 9.2. Technical Specifications ........................................................................9-3 9.2.1. Specifications for BreezeNET PRO.11 Units..............................9-3 9.2.2. Specifications for TPA 24 Transmit Power Amplifier.................9-6 9.2.3. Specifications for LNA 10 Low Noise Receive Amplifier ..........9-7 9.2.4. Specifications for RFS 122 Radio Frequency Splitter .................9-8 9.2.5. Specifications for AL 1 Lightning Arrestor.................................9-8 9.3. Wireless LAN Concepts ........................................................................9-9 9.4. Radio Signal Propagation.....................................................................9-15 9.4.1. Introduction..............................................................................9-15 9.4.2. RF Terms and Definitions.........................................................9-15 9.5. IEEE 802.11 Technical Tutorial...........................................................9-22 9.5.1. Architecture Components .........................................................9-22 9.5.2. IEEE 802.11 Layers Description...............................................9-23 9.5.3. The MAC Layer .......................................................................9-24 9.5.4. How Does a Station Join an Existing Cell (BSS)?.....................9-30 9.5.5. Roaming...................................................................................9-30 9.5.6. Keeping Synchronization..........................................................9-31 9.5.7. Security....................................................................................9-31 9.5.8. Power Saving ...........................................................................9-32 9.5.9. Frame Types.............................................................................9-33 9.5.10. Frame Formats .........................................................................9-33 9.5.11. Most Common Frame Formats .................................................9-38 9.5.12. Point Coordination Function (PCF) ..........................................9-40 9.5.13. Ad-hoc Networks .....................................................................9-40 BreezeNET PRO.11 Series iv User’s Guide Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1. INTRODUCTION TO THE BREEZENET PRO.11 SERIES This chapter explains how to use this guide, presents the members of the BreezeNET PRO.11 Series, describes the benefits of BreezeNET PRO.11 Wireless LANs, and lists the product specifications. 1.1. How to Use This Guide This User’s Guide contains instructions for overall planning and setting up your wireless LAN, and provides details of how to install each unit, and how to install antennas and accessories. This guide contains the following chapters: • Chapter 1 Introduction – Explains how to use this guide and presents the members of the BreezeNET PRO.11 Series. • Chapter 2 Basic Installation – Details how to install most BreezeNET PRO.11 Series units. • Chapter 3 Device Setup and Management – Describes how to use the local terminal to setup, configure, and manage BreezeNET PRO.11 Series units. • Chapter 4 SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management – Describes how to install the SA-PCR Card, and how to setup and manage the Card using the SA-PCR Configuration and SA-PCR Site Survey Windows applications. • Chapter 5 Planning and Installing Wireless LANs – Provides guidelines and restrictions regarding antenna selection and installation, and includes outdoor antenna range tables. • Chapter 6 Accessory Installation – Introduces some of the accessories available for specific installations, and describes how to install them. • Chapter 7 Upgrade Procedure – Explains how to perform future upgrades for BreezeNET PRO.11 Series units using a TFTP application. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1-1 User’s Guide Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series • Chapter 8 System Troubleshooting – Contains a troubleshooting guide that provides answers to some of the more common problems which may occur when installing and using BreezeNET PRO.11 Series products. • Chapter 9 Appendix – This appendix lists MIBs and traps supported by BreezeNET PRO.11 Series products, lists product and attachment specifications, provides an overview of the concepts related to wireless LANs, discusses the concepts and applications of radio signal propagation relevant to wireless LANs, and introduces the new 802.11 standard. 1.2. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series Features Following is a partial list of the features in the BreezeNET PRO.11 Series: • IEEE 802.11 Compliant – All BreezeNET PRO.11 Series units are fully compliant with the final IEEE 802.11 specification for wireless LANs, and thus support interoperability with other 802.11 compliant vendors. • Fully integrated product family – One high-performance Access Point for all products in the series. • Increased Throughput – Up to 2 Mbps data throughput; the best figure in the market! • Translation Bridging – Support for both translation and transparent bridging as defined in the IEEE 802.1.h and RFC 1042 standards. • Seamless Roaming – Network connection is maintained while roaming between overlapping coverage areas. Transmission and reception can be continued while moving at high speeds with no data packet loss or duplication. • Load Sharing – Traffic is equally distributed among all Access Points in the area. • Redundancy – In co-located cell environments, upon failure of an Access Point, stations will switch to other available Access Points. • LED Display – Power, Network Activity, and WLAN Load or Signal Quality LEDs indicate the current status of the unit. • Upgrading – Simple, quick, and free software upgrades via TFTP. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1-2 User’s Guide Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series • Future-proof Investment – All “infrastructure” items in the PRO.11 Series line offer Flash updates. • SA-PCR Card – The SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card is extremely compact and does not extend beyond your PC. It comes with two retractable antennas, or two connectors to which antennas may be connected. Multirate support for 1, 2, and 3 Mbps guarantees efficient use of the medium. Throughput is up to 2 Mbps – the highest rate on the market! • Configuration Application – This user-friendly application helps you quickly setup stations containing SA-PCR Card. You can save the configuration to a file and import the file to other stations for fast installation. • Site Survey Application – This user-friendly application records the signal strength received by the SA-PCR Card at different locations, giving a clear image of existing coverage. The gathered data indicates whether to add, remove, or move Access Points. 1.3. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series Product Line The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series product line consists of: Product Name Available Types Antenna Type Access Point AP-10 PRO.11 AP-10D PRO.11 Internal External Single Station Adapter SA-10 PRO.11 SA-10D PRO.11 SA-40 PRO.11 SA-40D PRO.11 WB-10 PRO.11 WB-10D PRO.11 SA-PCR PRO.11 SA-PCD PRO.11 AP-10DE PRO.Plus WB-10DE PRO.Plus Internal External Internal External Internal External Internal External External External Four Port Station Adapter Workgroup Bridge PCMCIA PC Card Station Adapter Card Extended Range Access Point Extended Range Bridge Note: 1. The WB-10DE and AP-10DE are not compatible with the BreezeNET PRO.11 series. 2. Units in the BreezeNET PRO.11 series are not compatible with units in the BreezeNET PRO series. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1-3 User’s Guide Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1.3.1. Access Point The Access Point is fully compliant with the IEEE 802.11 wireless LAN standard. The BreezeNET Access Point is a wireless hub that provides access for wireless workstations into wired Ethernet LANs. It also contains the wireless coordinating function that enables workstations equipped with a Station Adapter (Station Adapter, Bridge, and SA-PCR) to communicate with one another inside the cell coverage area (even if they are not in direct line of sight) via the Access Point. Any two wireless stations in two different cells can communicate through their Access Points. Figure 1.1: AP-10 PRO.11 with Two Built-In Omni-Directional Antennas Mobile workstations, such as laptops and hand-held devices, can roam between Access Points that belong to the same Extended Service Set (ESS). In an Extended Service Set, all Access Points have the same ESSID. When the access points are set up so that their coverage areas overlap, users can roam seamlessly from cell to cell. This means that there is no interruption of network connection when moving from one coverage area to the other through the overlap and is completely transparent to the user and the applications. The Station Adapters decide when a mobile user becomes disassociated from one access point and associated with another. This process is fully transparent, requires no user intervention and involves no loss of data packets. Position multiple access points in locations where heavy network traffic is expected to create a multicell and increase the aggregate throughput capacity in areas where it is needed most. The system implements a Load BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1-4 User’s Guide Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series Balancing algorithm to divide the stations equally between the available colocated Access Points. The BreezeNET Access Point contains an embedded SNMP agent enabling effective management by BreezeVIEW or any standard SNMP management station. Software upgrades can be downloaded by TFTP protocol via the wired LAN or wireless LAN. The Access Point is available in two models: • AP-10 PRO.11 with two integrated omni-directional antennas. • AP-10D PRO.11 for use with external high-gain antenna(s). 1.3.2. Single Station Adapter The BreezeNET Single Station Adapter is a wireless LAN station adapter that converts any device equipped with an Ethernet interface into a wireless LAN station. The Single Station Adapter is transparent to the device’s hardware, software, and network operating system. This enables plug-andplay installation. Figure 1.2: SA-10 PRO.11 with Two Integrated Omni-Directional Antennas The Single Station Adapter enables its workstation to communicate with any other wireless stations in the same cell coverage area, and to access all network resources such as file servers, wired stations, printers and shared BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1-5 User’s Guide Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series databases via the BreezeNET Access Point. Any two wireless stations in two different cells can communicate through their Access Points. Workstations that can be connected to the wireless LAN include PCs, XTerminals, Digital, SUN, HP, IBM, and Apple computers, and any other device that supports Ethernet. The unit is transparent to the workgroup devices’ hardware, software, and network operating system. The Single Station Adapter contains an embedded SNMP agent enabling effective management. Software upgrades are downloaded by TFTP via the Ethernet port or via the Wireless LAN and Access Point. Network connection is maintained while roaming between overlapping coverage areas. Transmission and reception can be continued while moving at high speed with no data packet loss or duplication. The Single Station Adapter is available in two models: • SA-10 PRO.11 with two integrated 2dbi omni-directional antennas. • SA-10D PRO.11 for use with external antenna(s). 1.3.3. Four Port Station Adapter The BreezeNET Four-Port Workgroup Adapter is a wireless LAN adapter that connects a workgroup of up to four Ethernet-equipped workstations to the wireless LAN. The Four Port Station Adapter is transparent to the workgroup devices’ hardware and software, allowing plug-and-play installation. Figure 1.3: SA-40 PRO.11 with Two Integrated Omni-Directional Antennas BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1-6 User’s Guide Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series The Four Port Station Adapter enables connected workstations to communicate with other wireless stations in the same cell coverage area, and to access all network resources such as file servers, wired stations, printers and shared databases via the BreezeNET Access Point. The Four Port Station Adapter also allows highly efficient and fast wired communication among the four connected workstations. Workstations that can be connected to the wireless LAN include PCs, XTerminals, Digital, SUN, HP, IBM, and Apple computers, and any other device that supports Ethernet. The unit is transparent to the workgroup devices’ hardware, software, and network operating system. The BreezeNET Four Port Station Adapter contains an embedded SNMP agent and software downloading capabilities which allow it to be effectively managed. Software upgrades are downloaded by TFTP protocol via the Ethernet ports or via the Wireless LAN and Access Point. Network connection is maintained while roaming between overlapping coverage areas. Transmission and reception can be continued while moving at high speed with no data packet loss or duplication. The Four Port Station Adapter is available in two models: • SA-40 PRO.11 with two integrated omni-directional antennas. • SA-40D PRO.11 for use with external antenna(s). BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1-7 User’s Guide Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1.3.4. Workgroup Bridge The BreezeNET Workgroup Bridge is a high-speed, wide-range wireless LAN bridge that provides connectivity to remote Ethernet networks. Figure 1.4: WB-10D PRO.11 with Two External Antenna Connector Ports The Workgroup Bridge communicates with the BreezeNET Access Points of the remote LANs effectively creating an extended wireless network spanning sites situated up to 6 miles apart (in Europe this range is limited by ETSI regulations to 2.5 Km.). In this way a central Ethernet LAN may be connected with one or more branch office LANs. In addition, an island consisting of a Workgroup Bridge together with an Access Point can work as a relay. Transmissions from the central LAN and from the remote LAN are relayed via the island located between them. This configuration effectively doubles bridge range. Workstations that can be connected to the wireless LAN include PCs, XTerminals, Digital, SUN, HP, IBM, and Apple computers, and any other device that supports Ethernet. The unit is transparent to the workgroup devices’ hardware, software, and network operating system. The BreezeNET Workgroup Bridge contains an embedded SNMP agent and software downloading capabilities enabling effective management. Software upgrades are downloaded using TFTP protocol via the Ethernet ports or via the wireless LAN and Access Point. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1-8 User’s Guide Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series The Workgroup Bridge is available in two models: • WB-10 PRO.11 with two integrated 2dbi omni-directional antennas. • WB-10D PRO.11 with two external antenna connector ports. 1.3.5. PC Card The PC Card gives the portable computer user continuous connectivity and complete mobility, allowing seamless roaming throughout the wireless LAN campus. Figure 1.5: The SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card The BreezeNET PC Card converts any portable computer (notebook, lap-top, pen-based, hand-held etc.) containing a PCMCIA Release 2.1 Type II slot into a wireless LAN workstation. The PC Card can communicate with any other wireless station in its cell coverage area, and can access all network resources such as file servers, other wired stations, printers and shared databases via the BreezeNET Access Point. Network connection is maintained while roaming between overlapping cell coverage areas. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1-9 User’s Guide Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series Transmission and reception can be continued while moving at high speed with no data packet loss or duplication. The PC Card is available in two models: • SA-PCR PRO.11 with two integrated omni-directional retractable antennas. • SA-PCD PRO.11 with two external antenna connector ports. 1.3.6. Extended Range Access Point and Bridge Note: This product complies with European ETSI 300-328 and should only be used in countries which implement this standard. The BreezeNET WB-10DE is a high-speed, wide-range wireless LAN bridge that provides connectivity to remote Ethernet networks. The WB-10DE communicates with the BreezeNET AP-10DE Access Points of the remote LANs effectively creating an extended wireless network spanning sites situated up to 5 Km apart. In this way a central Ethernet LAN may be connected with one or more branch office LANs. The WB-10DE and AP-10DE products comply with European ETSI standard 300-328. They should not be used in countries where FCC standards are applicable. The WB-10DE and AP-10DE can be used as a point-to-point as well as a point-to-multipoint solution. Note: The WB-10DE and AP-10DE are not compatible with the BreezeNET PRO.11 Series. The SA-10 PRO.11, SA-PCR PRO.11, SA-40 PRO.11, AP-10 PRO.11 and WB-10 PRO.11 units cannot communicate with the AP-10DE or the WB-10DE. The BreezeNET AP-10DE and WB-10 DE contain an embedded SNMP agent and software downloading capabilities enabling effective management. Software upgrades are downloaded using TFTP protocol via the Ethernet ports or via the wireless LAN and Access Point. The BreezeNET DE Access Point and Bridge are available for use with external antenna connector ports as seen in Figure 1.4. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1-10 User’s Guide Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1.4. BreezeNET PRO.11 Functional Description BreezeNET PRO.11 units add wireless functionality to existing Ethernet LANs. 1.4.1. Quick Review of Ethernet Standard Ethernet LAN stations are wired to a common bus. When one of the stations sends a message, it assigns a destination address to the message and sends the message on the bus. All stations on the bus “hear” the message, but only the station with the proper address processes the message. 1.4.2. Startup Procedure When wireless units (other than AP-10) start up, they scan the frequencies for an AP-10. If an active AP-10 is in range, the units synchronize with it. The addresses associated with the units are registered in the AP-10 (the registration process is different for each unit type). From then on, the units can send and receive messages to and from the wired LAN. 1.4.3. AP-10 Access Point The AP-10 Access Point is connected to a wired Ethernet LAN, and it keeps a list of known stations on its wireless side. When an AP-10 “hears” a message that is destined for a wireless station, the AP-10 forwards the message wirelessly to the station. If the message has a destination address that the AP-10 does not recognize, the AP-10 ignores the message. The AP-10 is constantly “listening” for wireless messages as well. When the AP-10 “hears” a wireless message destined for another wireless unit, it relays the message directly to the wireless unit without forwarding the message to the wired LAN. When the AP-10 “hears” a wireless message whose destination it does not recognize (since it does not keep a list of known stations on its wired side), it forwards the message to the wired LAN. Messages cannot be sent directly between wireless stations without an AP-10 to relay the message. 1.4.4. SA-10 Station Adapter The SA-10 station adapter is connected to a station’s network card. When the station sends a message, the SA-10 wirelessly forwards it to the AP-10. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1-11 User’s Guide Introduction To The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series And when the AP-10 receives a message destined for the station, it wirelessly forwards the message to the SA-10. The first time the station sends a message, the station’s address is registered in the AP-10. The AP-10 keeps only the first address for each SA-10, so the SA-10 will not work properly if connected to more than one station. 1.4.5. SA-40 Station Adapter The SA-40 station adapter has four connectors for up to four stations and works just like the SA-10. As each station connected to the SA-40 sends its first message, each address is registered in the AP-10. The AP-10 keeps only up to four addresses for each SA-40, so the SA-40 will not work properly if connected to more than four stations. 1.4.6. WB-10 Wireless Bridge As opposed to the SA-10 and SA-40 that connect directly to stations, the WB-10 wireless bridge connects to a wired Ethernet LAN (Hub). When a station on the WB-10’s LAN sends a message that is not destined for a local station, the WB-10 wirelessly forwards the message to the AP-10. And when the AP-10 receives a message destined for a station on the WB-10s LAN, the AP-10 wirelessly forwards it to the WB-10. In this way, the WB-10 and AP-10 work together like a standard network bridge. The first time each station on the WB-10’s LAN sends a message, the station’s address is registered in the WB-10 and the AP-10. The WB-10 and AP-10 can hold all the addresses necessary to support an entire LAN connected to a WB-10. 1.4.7. SA-PCR Station Adapter The SA-PCR station adapter is inserted into the station’s PCMCIA slot and works just like the SA-10. As opposed to the SA-10 and SA-40 station adapters that connect to the station’s network card, the SA-PCR is the station’s network card. The SA-10 and SA-40 can be used with stations of any operating system as long as the station sends legal Ethernet messages, but the SA-PCR requires a driver that is compatible with the station’s operating system. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 1-12 User’s Guide Basic Installation 2. BASIC INSTALLATION This chapter describes how to physically install most BreezeNET PRO.11 Series units. Installation for the SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Adapter is described in Chapter 4. The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series is a plug-and-play solution, and the units begin to function when the following basic installation is complete. However, you can adapt the system to your particular needs using the local terminal (see Chapter 3). For a description of various overall system configurations, refer to Chapter 5. 2.1. Basic Installation Checklist Standard installation involves the following steps: • Check the Package List. • Position the unit and the antenna in the best location. • Connect the power supply to the unit. • Connect the Ethernet port to the unit. • Check unit functionality using the LED indicators. 2.2. Check the Package List When you first open the package, verify that the unit is complete with the following components: • The unit, complete with two omni-directional antennas or RF connectors for use with external antennas (“D” models). • Quick Installation Guide/Card. • 5V DC power supply transformer. • Mounting bracket for wall or ceiling installations and torque key for antenna connectors (supplied with "D" models). BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 2-1 User’s Guide Basic Installation The AP-10 PRO.11 and AP-10DE Access Points come with the following additional components: • The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series User’s Guide. • A monitor connector cable for connecting the units to a monitor in order to perform Local Terminal Management functions (see section 3.1). • Proprietary MIB disk for performing remote unit configuration and monitoring via SNMP (see section 9.1.1). Open the packaging carefully and make sure that none of the items listed above are missing. Do not discard packaging materials. If, for any reason, the unit is returned, it must be shipped in its original package. 2.3. Position the Unit BreezeNET PRO.11 wireless LAN products are robust, trouble-free units, designed to operate efficiently under a wide range of conditions. The following guidelines are provided to help you position the units to ensure optimum coverage and operation of the wireless LAN. Metal Furniture Position the units clear of metal furniture and away from moving objects such as metal fans or doors. Microwave Ovens For best performance, position the units clear of radiation sources that emit in the 2.4 GHz frequency band, such as microwave ovens. Antennas For models with integrated antennas, make sure the antennas are extended upward vertically in relation to the floor. For models with external antennas, connect the external antennas and RF cable. For information about external antenna installation, refer to section 5.3 Outdoor Installation Considerations. Heat Sources Keep the units well away from sources of heat, such as radiators, airconditioners, etc. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 2-2 User’s Guide Basic Installation 2.3.1. Additional Considerations When Positioning the Access Point When positioning the AP-10 PRO.11 and AP-10DE Access Points, take into account the following additional considerations. Height Install the Access Point at least 1.5m above the floor, clear of any high office partitions or tall pieces of furniture in the coverage area. The Access Point can be placed on a high shelf, or can be attached to the ceiling or a wall using a mounting bracket. Central Location Install the Access Point in a central location in the intended coverage area. Good positions are: • In the center of a large room. • In the center of a corridor. • At the intersection of two corridors. Many modern buildings have partitions constructed of metal or containing metal components. We recommend that you install the Access Points on the corridor ceilings. The radio waves propagated by the BreezeNET PRO.11 LAN are reflected along the metal partitions and enter the offices through the doors or glass sections. 2.4. Connect the Unit to the Power Supply The unit operates on a power input of 5V DC, (1200mA , 1500mA peak) supplied by the power transformer included with the unit. • Plug the output jack of the power transformer into the DC input socket on the unit. This socket may be located on the rear or side panel of the unit. • Connect the supplied power transformer to a power outlet 110/ 220VAC. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 2-3 User’s Guide Basic Installation 2.5. Connect the Unit to the Ethernet Port • Connect one end of a an Ethernet 10BaseT cable (not supplied) to the RJ-45 port on the rear panel of the unit (marked UTP). • Connect the other end of the connector cable to the Ethernet outlet: • When connecting an SA-10 or SA-40 to a PC, use a straight cable. • When connecting an AP-10 or WB-10 to a LAN, use a straight cable. • When connecting an AP-10 or WB-10 to a PC, use a crossed cable. • When connecting an AP-10 to a WB-10, use a crossed cable. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 2-4 User’s Guide Basic Installation 2.6. Check Unit Functionality using LED indicators Check the unit functionality by using the LEDs on the front panel. The following tables describe the front panel LEDs for Stations (SA-10, SA-40) and Bridges (WB-10), and for Access Points. 2.6.1. Station (SA-10, SA-40) and Bridge (WB-10) LEDs Name Description Functionality PWR power supply On – After successful power up WLNK WLAN Link ETHR Ethernet activity QLT Quality of reception Off – Power off On – Unit is synchronized or associated with an AP Off – Unit is not synchronized or associated with an AP On – Reception on Ethernet port Off – No reception on Ethernet port very low quality reception or not synchronized with Access Point less than -81 dBm low quality reception (usually enabling 1 Mbps traffic) from -81 to -77 dBm medium quality reception (usually enabling 2 Mbps traffic) from -77 to -65 dBm high quality reception (usually enabling 3 Mbps traffic) greater than -65 dBm BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 2-5 User’s Guide Basic Installation 2.6.2. Access Point LEDs Name Description Functionality PWR power supply On – After successful power up INFR radio interference ETHR Ethernet activity Off – Power off Off – No interference Blinking – Interference Present On – Reception of data from Ethernet LAN that is forwarded to WLAN (in reject unknown mode) Off – No reception of data from Ethernet LAN that is forwarded to WLAN LOAD WLAN load Number of associated stations no stations 1-8 stations 9-16 stations 17 or more stations 2.6.3. Verifying the Ethernet Connection Once you have connected the unit to an Ethernet outlet, verify that the ETHR LED on the front panel is blinking. The ETHR LED should blink whenever the unit receives LAN traffic. At the other end of the Ethernet link, verify that the LINK indicator is ON. For APs the LINK indicator is located on the attached hub port, and for Station Adapters the LINK indicator is located on the NIC. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 2-6 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management 3. DEVICE SETUP AND MANAGEMENT This chapter explains how to access the local terminal program, and how to use the terminal program to setup, configure, and manage most BreezeNET PRO.11 Series units. Setup, configuration and management for the SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Adapter is described in Chapter 4. The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series is a plug-and-play solution and operates immediately after physical installation without any user intervention. However, you can adapt the system to your particular needs using the local terminal. In addition, all products in the series contain an SNMP agent and are configurable remotely via the network. Note: Reset the unit after making configuration changes so that the changes will take effect. 3.1. Accessing and Using Local Terminal Management ⇒ To access Local Terminal Management: 1. Use the Monitor cable (supplied with the Access Point) to connect the MON jack on the rear panel of the unit to the COM port of your ASCII ANSI terminal or PC. 2. Run a terminal emulation program (such as HyperTerminal™). 3. Set up communication parameters to the following: • Baud Rate: 9600 • Data Bits: 8 • Stop Bits: 1 • Parity: None • Flow Control: XON/XOFF • Connector: Connected COM port. 4. Press Enter. The main menu appears. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-1 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management ⇒ To use Local Terminal Management: 1. Press an option number to open/activate the option. You may need to press Enter in some cases. 2. Press Esc to exit a menu or option. 3. Reset the unit after making configuration changes. 3.2. Configuration Screens Listed below are the menus, sub-menus, and parameters/options in the terminal program that the Installer can edit. Default values are listed where applicable. Numbers in the table below indicate how to reach each option. For example, to reach the 1.2.1 IP Address option, start at the main menu and press 1, then 2, and then 1. Menu 1. System Configuration Sub-Menu 1.1 Station Status 1.2 IP and SNMP Parameters Parameter/Option • • • • • • • • • Default Values Unit Mode Unit H/W Address Unit WLAN Addr (SA-10/40, WB-10 Only) Station Status (SA-10 Only) AP Address (SA-10/40 Only) Current Number of Associations (AP Only) Number of Associations Since Last Reset Cur. Number of Authentications (AP Only) Max Number Authentications (AP Only) 1.2.1 IP Address 1.2.2 Subnet Mask 1.2.3 Default Gateway Address 1.2.4 SNMP Traps 1.2.5 Display Current Values Enabled 1.3 Wireless LAN (WLAN) Parameters 1.3.1 Hopping Sequence (AP Only) 1.3.2 Hopping Set (AP Only) 1.3.3 ESSID 1.3.4 Maximum Data Rate 1.3.5 Transmit Diversity 1.3.6 Mobility 1.3.7 Load Sharing 1.3.8 Long Range 1.3.9 Preferred AP (SA-10/40, WB-10 Only) 1.3.A Display Current Values 1 (FCC standard) 2 (FCC standard) ESSID1 3Mbps Use 2 Antennas* Stationary Disabled** Disabled Not Set 1.4 Bridging 1.4.1 LAN-WLAN Bridge Mode (AP Only) 1.4.2 Intelligent Bridging Period (AP Only) 1.4.3 IP Filtering 1.4.4 Tunneling 1.4.5 Broadcast Relaying 1.4.6 Unicast Relaying Reject Unknown 15 sec Disabled Both Enabled Enabled BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-2 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management 2. Advanced Settings 3. Site Survey 1.5 Station Control 2.3 Performance 1.5.1 Reset Unit 1.5.2 Set Factory Defaults 2.3.1 Dwell Time (AP Only) 128 msec Enabled 2.4 Radio 2.4.4 Auto Calibration 3.1 System Counters 3.1.1 Display Counters 3.1.2 Reset Counters 3.2 Survey Software 3.2.1 Operation Mode 3.2.2 Data Type 3.3.3 Data Rate 3.3.4 Antenna 3.3.5 Power Level 3.3.6 Number of Packets to Tx 3.3.7 Time Between Packets 3.3.8 Packet Length 3.3.9 Display Rx Packets per Frequency 3.3.D Display Actual Configuration 3.3.L Load Default Configuration 3.3.S Start Statistics 3.3.Q Stop Statistics 3.3.N Neighboring AP’s 4. Access Control 4.1 Change Access Rights 4.2 Change Installer Password 4.3 Show Current Access Right * Option 1.3.5 Transmit Diversity has the default value Use #2 for the SA40 unit only. ** Option 1.3.7 Load Sharing has the default value Enabled for the AP-10 unit only. 3.3. Main Menu PRO.11 Series Unit Model (SA-10, SA-40, WB-10, AP-10) BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (SA-10) Version: 4.211 Date: 25 Jun 1998 15:46:24 BreezeNET Monitor ================= 1 – System Configuration 2 – Advanced Settings 3 - Site Survey 4 - Access Control Software Version Select option > Figure 3.1: Main Menu BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-3 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management 3.4. System Configuration Menu BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (SA-10) Version: 4.211 Date: 25 Jun 1998 15:46:24 System Configuration menu ========================= 1 - Station Status 2 - IP and SNMP Parameters 3 - Wireless LAN Parameters 4 – Security 5 - Bridging 6 - Station Control Select option > Figure 3.2: System Configuration Menu 3.4.1. Station Status Station Status is a read-only sub-menu that displays the current values of the following parameters: • Unit Mode – Identifies the unit’s function. For example, if the unit is an Access Point, “AP” appears in this field. If the unit is a Station Adapter (SA-10, SA-40) or a QB-10, "SA" appears in this field. • Unit H/W Address – Displays the unit’s unique IEEE MAC address. • Unit WLAN Address (SA or WB) – The address by which the unit associates. For the SA-10, this is the address of the PC. For the SA-40 and WB-10, this is the address of the hardware. This field does not appear when the unit is an AP. • Station Status (SA or WB) – Current status of the station. There are three options: • Scanning - The station is searching for an AP with which to associate. • Sync Waiting for Address - The station is synchronized with an AP but has not yet learned its WLAN MAC address (this option is BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-4 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management relevant only to the SA-10). The AP does not forward packets to the station when it is in this mode. • Associated - The station is associated with an AP and has adopted the attached PC MAC address (for SA-10) or uses the unit’s H/W address (SA-40 and WB-10), and is receiving packets from the LAN. • AP Address (Station Only) – Address of the AP with which the unit is currently associated. • Current Number of Associations (AP Only) – Total number of stations currently associated with this AP. • Number of Associations Since Last Reset – For stations, this indicates the total number of associations and disassociations with various APs. This is usually an indication of roaming. When the unit is an AP, this field indicates how many station are currently associated with this particular AP. • Current Number of Authentications (AP Only) – Total number of stations currently authenticated with this AP. A station may be concurrently authenticated with several APs, but is associated with only one AP at a time. • Maximum Number of Authentications (AP Only) – Maximum number of stations that were authenticated with this AP at one time. 3.4.2. IP and SNMP Parameters All BreezeNET PRO.11 units contain IP Host software. This software is used for testing the unit for SNMP management functions and for downloading software upgrades using the TFTP protocol. • IP Address – IP address of the unit. • Subnet Mask – Subnet mask of the unit. • Default Gateway Address – Gateway address of the unit. • SNMP Traps – Whether this unit sends SNMP traps. If enabled, when an event occurs, a trap is sent to the defined host address (see section 9.1.2 for a list of traps). You can configure the host address to which the traps are sent through SNMP management. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-5 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management • 3.4.3. Display Current Values – Displays information concerning the current status of all IP-related items. Wireless LAN (WLAN) Parameters The WLAN Parameters Menu contains the following options: • Hopping Sequence (AP Only) – Hopping sequence of the unit. A hopping sequence is a pre-defined series of channels (frequencies) that are used in a specific, pseudo-random order as defined in the sequence. The unit “hops” from frequency to frequency according to the selected sequence. When more than one AP is co-located in the same area (even if they are not part of the same network) it is recommended to assign a different hopping sequence to each AP. Hopping sequences are grouped in three hopping sets. The hopping set selected in the Hopping Set screen (see next parameter) determines which hopping sequences are available in this screen. When setting up multiple APs in the same site, always choose hopping sequences from the same hopping set. This reduces the possibility of collisions on the WLAN. This parameter is set only in AP-10 PRO.11 Access Point. It is not accessible from any other BreezeNET PRO.11 unit. All other stations learn it from the Access Point during the association process. Different co-located WLAN segments should use different hopping sequences. • Hopping Set (AP Only) – Hopping set (between 1 and 3) of the unit. Hopping sequences are grouped in several hopping sets. The hopping set selected in this screen determines which hopping sequences are available in the Hopping Sequence screen (see previous parameter). Always use the same hopping set per site. Following is the list of hopping sequences and sets for each country. The default value for all countries except Japan is: Hopping Sequence=1, Hopping Set=2. For Japan, the default value is Hopping Sequence=6, Hopping Set=1. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-6 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management Australia set 1 = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57 set 2 = 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 43, 46, 49, 52, 55, 58 set 3 = 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, 35, 38, 41, 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 59 Canada set 1 = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27 set 2 = 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28 set 3 = 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29 EthAirNet (1.144) set 1 = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 set 2 = 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22 set 3 = 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20 Europe DD set 1 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 set 2 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 set 3 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Europe ETSI set 1 = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21 set 2 = 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22 set 3 = 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20 France set 1 = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 set 2 = 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31 set 3 = 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32 Israel set 1 = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30 set 2 = 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31 set 3 = 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32 BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-7 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management Japan set 1 = 6, 9,12,15 set 2 = 7,10,13,16 set 3 = 8,11,14,17 Korea set 1 = 6, 9,12,15 set 2 = 7,10,13,16 set 3 = 8,11,14,17 Netherlands set 1 = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12 set 2 = 1, 4, 7, 10, 13 set 3 = 2, 5, 8, 11, 14 Spain set 1 = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24 set 2 = 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25 set 3 = 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26 US FCC and Europe ETSI set 1 = 0, 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18, 21, 24, 27, 30, 33, 36, 39, 42, 45, 48, 51, 54, 57, 60, 63, 66, 69, 72, 75 set 2 = 1, 4, 7, 10, 13, 16, 19, 22, 25, 28, 31, 34, 37, 40, 43, 46, 49, 52, 55, 58, 61, 64, 67, 70, 73, 76 set 3 = 2, 5, 8, 11, 14, 17, 20, 23, 26, 29, 32, 35, 38, 41, 44, 47, 50, 53, 56, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 74, 77 Site Proprietary set 1 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 set 2 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 set 3 = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 21, 22 • ESSID – ESSID of the unit (up to 32 printable ASCII characters). The ESSID is a string used to identify a WLAN. This ID prevents the unintentional merging of two co-located WLANs. A station can only BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-8 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management associate with an AP that has the same ESSID. Use different ESSIDs to segment the WLAN network and add security. Note: The ESSID is case-sensitive. • Maximum Data Rate – Maximum data rate of the unit. BreezeNET PRO.11 units operate at 1 Mbps, 2 Mbps or 3 Mbps. The unit adaptively selects the highest possible rate for transmission. Under certain conditions (compatibility reasons or for range/speed trade-off) you may decide to limit the use of higher rates. • Transmit Diversity – Which antennas are used for transmission. During reception, a BreezeNET PRO.11 unit dynamically selects the antenna where reception is optimal. In contrast, before transmission the unit selects the antenna from which it will transmit. It usually uses the antenna last used for successful transmission. In models with external antennas, sometimes only a single antenna is used. In this case, Transmit Diversity should be configured to transmit only from that single antenna. Similarly, models using a booster or an LNA use only a single antenna for transmission. • Mobility – BreezeNET PRO.11 stations optimize their roaming algorithms according to the mobility mode parameter. For example, a stationary station is more tolerant of bad propagation conditions. It assumes that this is a temporary situation and is not caused by the station changing position. Initiating a roaming procedure in such a case would be counter-productive. In general, Wireless stations can be used in one of three mobility modes: • Mobile – High Mobility. For stations that may move at speeds of over 30 km per hour. • Portable – Medium Mobility. For stations that may move at speeds of over 10 km per hour, but not over 30 km per hour. • Stationary – Low Mobility. For stations that will not move at speeds of over 10 km per hour. Stationary is the default value, and in almost all cases this is the best choice. • Load Sharing – Whether load sharing is enabled for the unit. When installing a Wireless LAN network in a high-traffic environment, you can increase the aggregate throughput by installing multiple APs to create co-located cells. When load sharing is enabled, the wireless BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-9 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management stations distribute themselves evenly among the APs to best divide the traffic between the APs. • Long Range – Whether long range communication is enabled for the unit. Enable long range only when units are more than 20 km apart. When long range is enabled, a unit that has transmitted will allow more time for an ACK to be received from the other unit. It is not recommended to enable long range for links under 20 km. Achieving long range communication depends on RF conditions and configuration. Enabling the Long Range parameter has no effect on the achievable range. • Preferred AP – AP MAC (Ethernet) address of the preferred AP. You can configure a station to prefer a specific AP unit. When the station powers up, it will associate with the preferred AP even if the signal from that AP is lower than the signal from other APs. The station will roam to another AP only if it stops receiving beacons from the preferred AP. • Display Current Values – This read-only status screen displays current WLAN parameters. Press any key to return to the WLAN Parameters Menu. 3.4.4. Bridging The Bridging Menu contains the following options: • LAN to WLAN Bridging Mode (AP Only) – The options are: • Reject Unknown – Type 0 to allow transmission of packets only to stations that the AP knows to exist in the Wireless LAN (behind the Wireless Bridge). • Forward Unknown – Type 1 to allow transmission of all packets except those sent to stations that the AP recognizes as being on its wired Ethernet side. When connecting very large networks, it is recommended to set this parameter to forward unknown. • Intelligent Bridging Period (AP Only) – Intelligent bridging enables smooth roaming of WB-10 units. When intelligent bridging is enabled, the AP goes into a special bridging mode for a fixed amount of time whenever a wireless bridge (WB) roams into its area. This mode causes the AP to forward packets destined for the stations behind the WB-10 even though they are known or were learned from the wired side (except that no learning of the wired LAN will take place). Afterwards, the AP BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-10 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management will switch back to Reject Unknown bridging mode. This procedure prevents packets destined for stations behind the bridge from getting lost. The value of this parameter is the length of time in seconds that the AP will remain in special mode. • IP Filtering – Whether IP filtering is enabled for the unit. Enable IP Filtering to filter out any other protocol (such as IPX) if you want that only IP traffic will pass through the WLAN. • Tunneling – Whether the unit performs tunneling. Enable Appletalk tunneling if the network contains a mix of Ethertalk1 (ET1) and Ethertalk2 (ET2) stations to ensure smooth communications. Enable IPX tunneling if IPX protocol is running over your network. Be sure to set all units to the same tunneling setting. • Broadcast Relaying (AP Only) – Whether the unit performs broadcast relaying. When Broadcast Relaying is enabled, Broadcast packets originating in WLAN devices are transmitted by the AP back to the WLAN devices, as well as to the LAN. If it is disabled, these packets are sent only to the local wired LAN and are not sent back to the WLAN. Disable Broadcast Relaying only if you know that all Broadcast messages from the WLAN will be destined to the wired LAN. • Unicast Relaying – Whether the unit performs Unicast relaying. When Unicast Relaying is enabled, Unicast packets originating in WLAN devices can be transmitted back to the WLAN devices. If this parameter is disabled, these packets are not sent to the WLAN even if they are intended for devices on the WLAN. Disable Unicast Relaying only if you know that all Unicast messages from the WLAN will be destined to the local wired LAN. 3.4.5. Station Control The Station Control Menu contains the following options: • Reset Unit – Resets the BreezeNET PRO.11 unit and applies any changes made to the system parameters. • Set Factory Defaults –When this option is implemented, system parameters revert back to the original factory default settings. There are two options: • Full – All parameters revert to defaults except for Japan Call Sign (if applicable). BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-11 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management • Partial – All parameters revert except for Japan Call Sign (if applicable), IP Address, Subnet Mask, Default Gateway, Hopping Sequence, Hopping Set, ESSID, Transmit Diversity, Long Range, Preferred AP, IP Filtering, Hopping Standard, Power Level, Auto Calibration. 3.5. Advanced Settings Menu BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (SA-10) Version: 4.211 Date: 25 Jun 1998 15:46:24 Advanced menu ================ 1 - Compatibility 2 - Roaming 3 - Performance 4 - Radio 5 - Rate 6 - AP Redundancy Support 7 - Maintenance Select option > Figure 3.3: Advanced Settings Menu Modification of most of the parameters that can be accessed from this menu is limited to Certified BreezeCOM Engineers only. The Installer has access to modify the following parameter of the Performance menu: • Dwell Time (AP Only) – The time spent on a radio channel before hopping to the next channel in the sequence. The Installer also has access to modify the following parameter of the Radio menu: • Auto Calibration – When the unit is started, it performs an internal selftest. Part of this test is automatic calibration of the DC Offset and deviation pattern. Auto Calibration is not supported in the “DE” models, and it therefore must be disabled for “DE” units. The following sections describe the important parameters and relevant information in the Advanced Settings menu that can be viewed, but not modified, the the Installer. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-12 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management 3.5.1. Performance The Performance menu contains parameters regarding unit performance: • 3.5.2. RTS Threshold – Minimum packet size to require an RTS. For packets smaller than this threshold, an RTS is not sent and the packet is transmitted directly to the WLAN. Radio The Radio menu contains the following major parameters: • Hopping Standard – The Hopping Standard is a set of rules regarding the radio transmission standard allowed in each country. Units will work together only if set to the same hopping standard. Use this parameter to set the unit’s hopping standard to that of the relevant country. • Power level – Output power level at which the unit is transmitting. There are two possibilities, Low (4dBm) or High (17 dBm) at the antenna connector. 3.5.3. Rate The Rate menu contains the following relevant counters: • Rate Counters – The number of frames transmitted in each data-rate since the last time the unit was reset. The Reset Counters option will reset these counters also. In APs, the counters for all associated stations are displayed, indicated by their MAC address. In stations, only the stations’ rate counters are displayed with no indication of address. The rate counters show the rate the packet was transmitted for the first time, not including retransmissions. The Ret counter shows the number of frames that had to be retransmitted, and does not count the number of retransmissions that actually accrued. Checking rate counters is the best way to determine which data rate is optimal for the unit. It is recommended to restrict the Maximum Data Rate (refer to section 3.4.3) for each unit according to these counters. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-13 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management 3.5.4. Maintenance The Maintenance menu contains the following major parameters and information: • Display Alarm Log – The last four error messages that the unit displayed since the last Factory Defaults reset. The Alarm log stores events in four levels of error notifications: MSG (Message), WRN (Warning), ERR (Error), and FTL (Fatal). You can control message severity as follows: in the main menu, press YTesting, press 2-System Info and System Parameters, and press 4-Events Storage. Use the 1-Event Storage Policy runtime value option to set the policy until the next reset. Use the 2-Event Storage Policy Nv ram value option to set the constant policy for the Alarm Log. • Japan Call Sign – The Japan Call Sign is part of the Japanese standard, defined according to local regulations. The Japanese Ministry of Communications supplies an activation code for the units; this code is set in the factory for each unit. 3.6. Site Survey Menu BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (SA-10) Version: 4.211 Date: 25 Jun 1998 15:46:24 Site Survey menu ================ 1 - System Counters 2 - Survey Software Select option > Figure 3.4: Site Survey Menu The Site Survey Menu gives access to the sub-menus necessary to perform a Site Survey that helps you position your units and align their antennas, as well as perform troubleshooting. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-14 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management The following sections first describe the sub-menus in the Site Survey menu, and then explain step-by-step how to perform a Site Survey. The Site Survey menu contains two sub-menus: • System Counters • Survey Software 3.6.1. System Counters The System counters are a simple yet very efficient tool to monitor, interpret and analyze the Wireless LAN performance. The counters contain statistics concerning Wireless and Ethernet frames. The submenu contains the following options: • Display Counters – Choose this option to display the current value of the Ethernet and Wireless counters. • Reset Counters - Choose this option to reset all the counters. After choosing this option you will be requested to type 1 for confirmation or 0 to cancel the reset. Ethernet Counters Ethernet counters display statistics about the unit’s Ethernet port activity. The unit receives Ethernet frames from its UTP port and forwards them to its internal bridge, which decides whether or not to transmit them to the Wireless LAN. The units have a smart hardware filter mechanism which filters most of the frames on the LAN, and hardware filtered frames are not counted. On the other side, frames which where received from the wireless LAN and some frames generated by the unit (answers to SNMP queries and pings which reached to the unit via the UTP port), will be transmitted to the UTP port. Available Counters: • Total Received frames – The total number of frames received from the UTP port. This counter includes both bad and good frames. • Received Bad Frames – The number of frames with errors received from the UTP port. High values (more than just a few) indicate a problem in the UTP connection such as a bad UTP cable or hub port. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-15 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management • Received good frames – The number of good frames (i.e. frames with no errors) received from the UTP port. • Forwarded to the bridge – The number of received frames that were forwarded to the unit’s internal bridge. This counter should be equal to the number of good frames unless the internal bridge is overloaded. • Missed Frames – Frames that the unit recognized but failed to read due to internal bridge overload. This counter should equal zero unless the internal bridge is overloaded. • Transmitted to Ethernet – The number of frames transmitted by the unit to the UTP port. These mainly include frames that have been received from the Wireless side, but also includes frames generated by the unit itself. Wireless LAN Counters Wireless counters display statistics about the unit’s Wireless LAN activity. Transmission to the wireless media includes data frames received from the UTP ports, as well as self generated control and management frames. When a data frame is transmitted, the unit will wait for an acknowledge from the receiving side. If an acknowledge is not received, the unit will retransmit the frame until it gets an acknowledge (there are no retransmissions for control frames). If the unit has retransmitted a frame for the maximum number of retransmissions (refer to section 3.5.1) it will stop re-transmitting the frame and drop this frame. Available Counters: • Total Transmitted Frames – The number of frames transmitted to the wireless media. The count includes the first transmission of data frames (without retransmissions), and also the number of control and management frames. Notice that an AP continuously transmits a control frame called beacon in every frequency to which it hops, in order to publish its existence and keep its associated stations synchronized. Thus, the total transmitted frames counter will get high values even if the AP-10 is not connected to an active LAN. • Total Transmitted Frames (Bridge) - The total number of data frames transmitted to the wireless media (i.e. frames that were received form the BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-16 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management UTP port and forwarded to the internal bridge which decided to transmit them to the wireless media). • Total Transmitted Data Frames – This counter is similar to the above but counts only data frames. In most BreezeNET PRO.11 units, the number of total transmitted frames and total transmitted frames (bridge) are identical. In the case of the AP, due to the inclusion of beacon frames, this number will be higher than that for Total transmitted frames. • Frames Dropped (too many retries) – The number of frames which were dropped since they were retransmitted for the maximum number of allowed retransmissions and weren’t acknowledged. • Total Transmitted Fragments – The total number of transmitted frames. The count includes data, control and management frames and also the number of retransmissions of data frames (for example, if the same data frame is retransmitted ten times, the count will increase ten times). • Total Retransmitted Fragments – The total number of retransmissions of data frames (for example, if the same data frame is retransmitted ten times then the count will increase ten times). In a point-to-point application, this counter should relatively correspond to the number of bad fragments received on the other side. • Total Tx Errors – The number of transmit errors that have occurred. Currently this counter also includes normal situations where a fragment has not been transmitted because the dwell time has elapsed. • Internally Discarded – The number of frames that the AP discarded due to a buffer overflow. Frame discard will occur mainly when the wireless conditions are bad and the unit is busy re-transmitting frames and doesn’t have time for handling new frames. • Power Saving Aged – The AP buffers frames for stations in a power saving sleep mode. This counter counts the number of frames dropped by the AP because a station did not wake up for a long time. • Power Saving Free Entries – Number of free buffers (one frame each) available for power save management. These buffers hold messages for stations that only periodically make contact with the AP due to power considerations. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-17 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management • Total Received Frames - The number of frames received from the wireless media. The count includes data and control frames (including beacons received from AP’s). • Total Received Data Frames – The number of data frames received from the wireless media. • Total Received Fragments – The total number of frames received, including data, control and duplicate data frames (see duplicates and dwell timeouts parameter below). • Bad Fragments Received – The number of frames received from the WLAN with errors. In a point-to-point application, this counter should relatively correspond to the number of retransmitted fragments on the other side. • Duplicates and Dwell timeouts – When a unit receives a frame it sends an acknowledge for it. If the acknowledge is lost, than it receives a second copy of the same frame, since the other side thinks this frame was not received. Although duplicate frames are counted, only the first copy of the frame is forwarded to the UTP port. 3.6.2. Survey Software The Survey Software sub-menu enables you to align antennas and to assess the radio signal quality of a point-to-point link. The sub-menu includes the following options: • Operation Mode – When running a Site Survey, set the units on either side of the link to either receive (option 1) or transmit (option 2) packets (one unit should be set to transmit and the other to receive). Option 0 (Idle mode) is not active at present. • Data Type – Data is transmitted in the form of pseudo-random data. This is the default. Option 1 (Null Packets) is for use with SA-PCR Cards and is a future option. Do not change this setting. • Data Rate – Rate at which the unit is transmitting. Do not make any changes to this setting. • Antenna – State of the antennas as configured in Transmit Diversity (see section 3.4.3). Do not make any changes to this setting. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-18 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management • Power Level – Level of power at which the unit is operating. There are two possibilities, Low or High. In this case, the unit is operating at a high power level. Do not make any changes to this setting. • Number of Packets to Tx – Number of data packets transmitted. Do not make any changes to this setting. • Time Between Packets – Time between data packets measured in 100 millisecond units. Do not make any changes to this setting. • Packet Length – Length of each data packet measured in bytes. Do not make any changes to this setting. • Display Rx Packets per Frequency – Histogram of the number of frames received on each channel. This graph is explained fully in section 3.6.4 Using the Rx Packets per Frequency Histogram. • Display Actual Configuration – Default parameters to be used in the Site Survey procedure. • Load Default Configuration – If any changes were made for any reason to any of the previous parameters, select this option to cancel these changes and return to the original default parameters. • Start Statistics – Press S and then press any digit to start Site Survey. • Stop Statistics – Press Q and then press any key to stop update of Site Survey statistics. 3.6.3. ⇒ Using the Site Survey Software To use the Site Survey Software: 1. Roughly align the antennas on either side of the link before starting the Site Survey procedure. 2. Verify that the Ethernet cables are disconnected from both units. 3. Press 1 to go to the Operation mode screen. Set the units on either side of the link to either receive (option 1) or transmit (option 2) packets (one unit should be set to transmit and the other to receive). Option 0 (Idle mode) is not active at present. 4. Make no changes in the following sub-menus: BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-19 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management • Data Type • Data Rate • Antenna • Power Level • Number of Packets to Transmit • Time Between Packets • Packet Length • Frequency Hopping menu These sub-menus reflect the defaults already set in the unit and need not be changed in order to carry out the survey. 5. Start the survey by selecting option (S) in the Survey Software menu in both units. When performing a site survey from a station to an AP (transmitting from the station to the AP), always begin with the station (select option (S) on the station). 6. On the transmit side, a screen appears displaying a table with the number of packets and the frequency at which each packet was transmitted (refer to Figure 3.5). This list is updated continuously. Select option (Q) to stop sending packets. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (SA-10) Version: 4.211 Date: 25 Jun 1998 15:46:24 # Tx Packets Channel 37 10 30 28 44 35 12 48 76 10 42 Hit any key to return > Figure 3.5: Transmit Statistics BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-20 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management 7. On the receive side of the link, the screen displays a table showing the packet number received, the frequency at which each packet was transmitted, the Received Signal Strength Indicator (RSSI) for each antenna and the antenna that was selected for reception (refer to Figure 3.6). Use only the RSSI reading from the selected antenna. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (SA-10) Version: 4.211 Date: 25 Jun 1998 15:46:24 # Pack Len_Ant Idle_q Brker_q Data_q RSSI1 RSSI2 Bit_Err BER(M) Frq 60 400 16392 45 155 138 74 61 400 14 16392 39 155 139 64 62 400 14 16392 34 153 154 32 63 400 55 16392 48 154 153 25 64 400 95 16392 44 154 155 29 65 400 16392 52 155 151 34 66 400 16392 50 154 152 21 Hit any key to return > Figure 3.6: Receive Statistics 8. The RSSI is given in arbitrary units. Use the following graph (Figure 3.7) to correlate RSSI to dBm. R S S I Vs. dB m 130 120 110 RSSI Value 100 90 80 70 60 50 -30 -40 -45 -50 -55 -60 -65 -70 RF Level [dbm] -75 -78 -81 -83 -85 Figure 3.7: RSSI to dBm Graph 9. Re-align the antennas until the maximum received signal strength is attained. As you align the antennas, you will see that the RSSI (received signal strength indicator) continually increases until it BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-21 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management reaches a certain level after which the RSSI begins to decrease. This is the maximum attainable RSSI level indicating optimum receive antenna alignment. 10. Switch the functions of either side of the link (set the transmit unit to receive and the receive unit to transmit) and repeat the procedure to check the link from the opposite direction. 3.6.4. Using the Rx Packets per Frequency Histogram Use the Display Rx Packets per Frequency option to see a histogram of the number of frames received on each channel. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (SA-10) Version: 4.211 Date: 25 Jun 1998 15:46:24 Max = 187 Min = 112 #### ## ## ### # # # ## ######## ###### # ## ## # # ## # ######## # ### ## ## # # ## # ## ####### ## ######################################################### ######## ############################################################################# +10 +20 +30 +40 +50 +60 +70 Hit any key to return > Figure 3.8: Display Rx Packets per Frequency Each point of the histogram line corresponds to a frequency. The base frequency appears at the far left, and gradations are marked in steps of ten along the line. A hash represents each packet received on a given frequency (#). The Max and Min values indicate the highest and lowest number of frames received across all frequencies. This graph is very useful for tracking interference. Frequencies with low numbers of packets received probably have more interference than other frequencies. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-22 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management 3.7. Access Control Menu Access Control functions enable the System Administrator or Installer to limit access to Local Terminal Maintenance setup and configuration menus. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series (SA-10) Version: 4.211 Date: 25 Jun 1998 15:46:24 Access Control menu =================== 1 - Change Access Rights 2 - Change Installer Password S - Show Current Access Right Select option > 1 Figure 3.9: Access Control Menu The Access Control menu includes the following options: • Change Access Rights – This screen determines the level of access rights to the BreezeNET PRO.11 unit’s setup and configuration menus. When the unit is first installed, the default setting is option (1), Installer and the default password is “user”: • User – The Local Terminal Management menus are read-only for a user who does not possess the correct password. The ESSID and security parameters are hidden by asterisks (*) at this level. • Installer – The installer has access to configure all required parameters in the system configuration menu, as well as some of the advanced settings. Access is password-protected. After configuration, the installer should change access rights to option (0), User. The installer can also change the installer password (see next parameter). • Technician – Only an Certified BreezeCOM Engineer possessing the correct password can select this option to configure all the parameters and settings. • Change Installer Password – Type in the new password according to the directions on screen. This screen changes the installer password to prevent unauthorized persons from making any changes in system BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-23 User’s Guide Device Setup and Management configuration and setup. The password is limited to eight printable ASCII characters. This option is not available at User level. • Show Current Access Right – This read-only screen presents the current access right configuration. Important: If you change the Installer password do not forget it, or you will be unable to change the unit's access rights. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 3-24 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4. SA-PCR PRO.11 PC CARD INSTALLATION, SETUP, AND MANAGEMENT The SA-PCR Card brings wireless connectivity to laptops and hand-held devices. The latest version of the Card looks and functions very differently from the previous version. This chapter describes how to install the SA-PCR Card, and how to setup and manage the Card using the SA-PCR Configuration and SA-PCR Site Survey Windows applications. 4.1. Installing the SA-PCR Driver, and Applications The following sections describe in detail: • Checking the SA-PCR Package Contents. • What to do before you install the SA-PCR. • Installation Troubleshooting. • Using the LED indicators to verify proper operation. • Installing the SA-PCR applications. • Uninstalling the SA-PCR drivers and applications. 4.1.1. Check Package Contents The SA-PCR PRO.11 package should contain: • SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card. • Drivers diskette and applications diskette. • Quick Installation and Operation Guide. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-1 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.1.2. Before You Begin Before installing, do the following: • Verify that the AP unit with which the SA-PCR unit will work is an AP-10 PRO.11. The SA-PCR PRO.11 will work only with an AP-10 PRO.11 unit. • It is advisable to turn on the AP before installing the SA-PCR, thereby enabling you to use the SA-PCR LEDs to check the status of the SAPCR when installation is complete. See section 4.1.4 for explanation of the LEDs. • Uninstall any previous versions of the drivers or applications (refer to section 4.1.8). You can check the version of the current installation by viewing the Maintenance tab of the Configuration application. • When installing on Windows 95/98, verify that you have the Windows CD with you, or that the Windows CAB files are installed on your local hard disk in a directory whose name does not exceed 8 letters. When the CAB files are on the disk, they are usually found in C:\Windows\Options\Cabs. • When installing on Windows NT, verify that you have the Windows NT CD with you, or that the Windows NT distribution files are installed on your local hard disk. During installation, enter the path of the distribution files whenever a message appears asking for them. 4.1.3. Installing SA-PCR Drivers The procedure for installing the SA-PCR drivers depends on your operating system: • For Windows 95, refer to section 4.1.3.1. • For Windows 98, refer to section 4.1.3.2. • For Windows NT, refer to section 4.1.3.3. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-2 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.1.3.1 Installation for Windows 95 • Check which version of Windows 95 is running on your machine as follows: 1. Go to the Windows 95 desktop, right-click the My Computer icon, and select Properties. The System Properties window opens. Figure 4.1: System Properties Window – Windows 95B 2. Go to the General tab and look under the System heading. If the phrase 4.00.950b appears, then you are using Windows 95B, otherwise it is Windows 95A. 3. In case of Windows 95A, continue with section 4.1.3.1.1. In case of Windows 95B, continue with section 4.1.3.1.2. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-3 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.1.3.1.1 Installation for Windows 95A ⇒ To install on Windows 95A, do the following: 1. Insert the SA-PCR slot in the PCMCIA slot on your computer. Windows 95 detects the unit and displays the New Hardware Found window. Figure 4.2: New Hardware Found Window 2. Select the Driver from disk provided by hardware manufacturer option and press OK. 3. When prompted for the location of the driver, insert the BreezeCOM drivers diskette and type A:\ and press OK. The necessary files are copied from the diskette. 4. When the Please insert disk labeled Windows 95 CD-ROM appears, insert the Windows 95 CD and press OK. If the Windows 95 CAB files are located on your local hard disk, you can point to that location (usually found at \Windows\Options\Cabs). 5. If this is the first time a network card has been installed on this machine, a network setup window may appear. It is not necessary to fill out this window for the purposes of this installation. 6. Restart the computer. 7. Continue with section 4.1.4. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-4 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.1.3.1.2 Installation for Windows 95B ⇒ To install on Windows 95B, do the following: 1. Insert the SA-PCR slot in the PCMCIA slot on your computer. Windows 95 detects the unit, briefly displays the New Hardware Found window, and then displays the Update Device Driver Wizard window. 2. Insert the BreezeCOM drivers diskette and press Next. When Windows 95 notifies it has found the driver, press Finish. 3. If the Windows 95 CAB files are not found automatically, the message Please insert disk labeled Windows 95 CD-ROM appears. Press OK. 4. If the file BRZCOM.VXD is not found, direct the window to A:\ and press OK. 5. If no other windows appear, the installation is complete. If the Please insert disk labeled Windows 95 CD-ROM appears, press OK, enter the path of the Windows 95 CAB files, and press OK. Installation is now complete. 6. Restart the computer. 7. Continue with section 4.1.4. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-5 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.1.3.2 ⇒ Installation for Windows 98 To install on Windows 98, do the following: 1. Insert the SA-PCR slot in the PCMCIA slot on your computer. Windows detects the unit and displays the New Hardware Found window. 2. When the Add New Hardware Wizard window appears, press Next. 3. Select the Search for best driver option and press Next. 4. Insert the BreezeCOM drivers diskette, select the Floppy disk drives option, and press Next. 5. The installation wizard notifies you that the driver for the BreezeCOM PCMCIA Wireless LAN Adapter has been located. Press Next. 6. A window appears notifying you that the driver for the BreezeCOM Wireless LAN Adapter has been installed. Press Finish. 7. Restart the computer. 8. Continue with section 4.1.4. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-6 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.1.3.3 ⇒ Installation for Windows NT To install on Windows NT, do the following: 1. Press the Windows Start button, select Settings, and then select Control Panel. Double-click on the Network icon. 2. If the message The Windows NT Networking is not installed. Do you want to install it now?, continue with step 2a. If this message does not appear, continue with step 2b. a. Press Yes and choose Wired to the network. When a list of supported network adapters appears, press Have Disk. b. Go to the Adapters tab, press Add, and then press Have Disk. 3. Insert the BreezeCOM drivers diskette, enter the location of the diskette (such as a:\) and press OK. 4. From the list choose BreezeNET Wireless LAN PC Card and press OK. The SA-PCR LAN Adapter Properties window appears. Figure 4.3: SA-PCR LAN Adapter Properties Window 5. The default settings are memory range D0000h to D3FFFh, IRQ 11. In the following steps we will verify that these default settings are acceptable for your machine. Note: If the SA-PCR Configuration application is already installed, you can access it directly by pressing Advanced. 6. Press the Windows Start button and select Run. Type WINMSD and press OK. The Windows NT Diagnostics window appears. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-7 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management Figure 4.4: Windows NT Diagnostics Window 7. Press IRQ and verify that IRQ 11 is not taken. If it is, find an IRQ that is not taken. For example, in the illustration IRQ 2 is not taken. 8. Press Memory and verify that memory from D0000h to D3FFFh is not taken. If it is, find another free memory location, such as E0000h. 9. Return to the SA-PCR LAN Adapter Properties window (refer to Figure 4.3). If the default values for Memory Address and Interrupt are acceptable, press OK. Otherwise, enter new values and press OK. 10. Press Close to close each installation window. 11. If configuration windows for other network components (such as Protocol) appear, fill them in according to the instructions of your network administrator. 12. Restart Windows NT. 13. Continue with section 4.1.4. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-8 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.1.4. Checking the LED Indicators Verify proper operation of the SA-PCR using the LED indicators: Color Description Yellow Link Status Green Data Traffic Meaning Blink – Scanning Solid –Associated Blink – According to traffic The LED indicators are useful only if there is an activated AP in the area. 4.1.5. Installing the Applications If the SA-PCR applications have been previously installed, uninstall them before reinstalling (refer to section 4.1.8). ⇒ To install the SA-PCR applications: 1. Insert the BreezeCOM application diskette. 2. Press the Windows Start button and select Run. Type A:\setup and press OK. 3. In the Choose the Destination Location window, choose a location for the installation, and press Next. 4. When the Setup Complete window appears, press Finish. Icons for the applications are added to the Windows Programs menu, and a SA-PCR Configuration icon is added in the Control Panel. 4.1.6. Initial Configuration If your wireless network uses a non-default ESSID, enter the proper ESSID as follows: 1. Start the SA-PCR Configuration application. Press the Windows Start button, select Program, select BreezeCOM, and then select Configuration. 2. Edit the ESSID parameter. Go to the WLAN Paramters tab and enter the ESSID that matches the AP unit. 3. Restart the computer. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-9 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.1.7. Troubleshooting Tips This section provides hints regarding troubleshooting installation: • Check for conflicting resources – Press the Windows Start button, select Settings, and then select Control Panel. Double-click on the Network icon and go to the Adapters tab. An exclamation point next to the WLAN card indicates a conflict with another driver or device. Figure 4.5: Network Window • Check autoexec.bat and config.sys – Look for device drivers or lines containing device or call commands in the autoexec.bat or the config.sys files. • Try to resolve resource conflicts by editing Windows parameters – Go to the Windows desktop, right-click the My Computer icon, and select Properties. Go to the Device Manager tab, select Network Adapters, press Properties, and go to the Resources tab. Edit the Memory Range and Interrupt parameters. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-10 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management • 4.1.8. Reinstall – After disabling conflicting resources, reinstall the SA-PCR. Uninstalling SA-PCR Drivers and Applications This section describes how to uninstall the SA-PCR drivers, and the SA-PCR applications. ⇒ To uninstall SA-PCR drivers: If your operating system is Windows 95, you must first do the following: 1. Press the Windows Start button, select Settings, and then Select Control Panel. Double click on the PC Card icon, select BreezeCOM Wireless LAN PC Card and press Stop. Close all active applications. Continue below. If your operating system is Windows 98 or NT, start here. 1. Press the Windows Start button, select Settings, and then select Control Panel. Double click on the Network icon, go to the Configuration tab, select BreezeCOM Wireless LAN Adapter, and press Remove. 2. When asked to restart the computer, press No. 3. Insert the BreezeCOM Drivers diskette. Press the Windows Start button, select Run, and type a:\DrvClean. 4. When notified that the SA-PCR driver has been deleted, press Setup. 5. Restart the computer. ⇒ To uninstall SA-PCR applications: 1. Press the Windows Start button, select Settings, and then select Control Panel. Double click on the Add/Remove Programs icon, select BreezeCOM PCMCIA Applications and press Add/Remove. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-11 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.2. Using the SA-PCR Configuration Application This section describes how to use the SA-PCR Configuration application to configure and manage your SA-PCR Card. 4.2.1. Accessing the Application Open the SA-PCR Configuration application as follows: • Press the Start button, select Programs, select the BreezeCOM Application program group and choose Configuration. The SA-PCR Configuration main window opens. 4.2.2. Main Window The SA-PCR Configuration main window contains four tabs described in the following sections. In addition, the main window contains the following buttons: • OK – Implements any changes you made and closes the window. • Undo – Causes the window to display currently active values. This is useful if you started changing values and you want to start again from the current values. • Cancel – Closes the window without implementing any changes you made. • Apply – Implements any changes you made but leaves the window open. 4.2.3. ⇒ Resetting the PC Card To reset the Card, close the Configuration and Site Survey applications and then do one of the following: • Restart the computer, or • Stop the PC card then eject and reinsert the Card, or BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-12 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management • Stop and refresh the driver as follows: • Right-click the My Computer icon on the desktop, choose Properties, and go to the Device Manager tab. • Select Network Adapters, select BreezeCOM WLAN Adapter, and press Refresh. 4.2.4. Station Status Tab The Station Status tab of the SA-PCR Configuration application displays basic information about the Card and its drivers and shows current Card status. Figure 4.6: Station Status Tab The Station Status tab contains the following parameters: • Firmware Version – Displays the version of unit’s current firmware (internally installed software). The first two numbers of the firmware and driver versions should be identical. The remaining numbers (if any) indicate the minor version. The final letter indicates the hardware version. • Driver Version – Displays the version of unit’s current driver. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-13 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management • MAC Address – Displays the unit’s unique IEEE MAC address. • AP Address – The MAC address of the AP with which the unit is currently associated. • Station Status – Current status of the unit. There are three options: • Scanning - The unit is searching for an AP with which to associate. • Associated – The unit is associated with an AP and has adopted the attached PC MAC address. • Network Type – This value of this parameter should be infrastructure. Note: Parameter changes take effect only after reset (refer to section 4.2.3, Resetting the PC Card). 4.2.5. WLAN Parameters Tab The WLAN Parameters tab of the SA-PCR Configuration application lets you view and edit basic Wireless LAN parameters of the Card. Figure 4.7: WLAN Parameters Tab BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-14 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management The WLAN Parameters tab contains the following parameters: • ESSID – An ASCII string of up to 32 characters used to identify a WLAN that prevents the unintentional merging of two co-located WLANs. It is essential that the ESSID is set to the same value in all stations and Access Points in the extended WLAN. Note: The ESSID is case-sensitive. • Maximum Data Rate – By default, the unit adaptively selects the highest possible rate for transmission. Under certain conditions (for range/speed trade-off) you may decide not to use the higher rates. Possible values are 1, 2, or 3 Mbps. • Transmit Diversity – By default, the unit dynamically selects the antenna where reception and transmission is optimal. If your model has an external antenna and uses only a single antenna, set Transmit Diversity to transmit only from that single antenna. Antenna number one is the antenna nearest the yellow LED. • Load Sharing – When installing a Wireless LAN network in a hightraffic environment, you can increase the aggregate throughput by installing multiple APs to create co-located cells. Enable Load Sharing to cause your stations to equally divide their traffic between the available APs. Note: Parameter changes take effect only after reset (refer to section 4.2.3, Resetting the PC Card). BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-15 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.2.6. Station Control Tab The Station Control tab of the SA-PCR Configuration application allows you to return the Card to default configuration values, and export/import configuration files. Figure 4.8: Station Control Tab The Station Control tab contains the Default button which returns all parameters to factory default values. To ease configuration of several units, you can configure one unit and then save the configuration as a file (with a .BRZ extension). You can later import the configuration file to other units. • Import – Imports a configuration file to this unit, and overwrites all previous settings. • Export – Exports the current configuration of this unit to a file. Note: Parameter changes take effect only after reset (refer to section 4.2.3, Resetting the PC Card). BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-16 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.2.7. Access Rights Tab The Access Rights tab of the SA-PCR Configuration application lets you login to the Card as User, Installer, or Technician, and lets you change the password. Figure 4.9: Access Rights Tab The Access Rights tab displays the current mode (User, Installer, or Technician) in the Present Mode box. This mode determines the extent of access to system parameters. Users can view some of the window tabs, but cannot modify parameters. Installers can view all of the tabs and can modify some of the values. Technician access rights are reserved for Certified BreezeCOM Technicians. When the Configuration application opens, it will begin at the same mode that was active when it closed. If security is an issue, change the access mode to User before you close the application. The first time the application is opened, it is set to Installer access mode. The default password for Installer mode is User. If security is an issue, change the Installer password. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-17 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management ⇒ To change the Access Rights mode: 1. Select the radio button next to the desired mode. 2. Type in the password. No password is necessary to lower the access right level. 3. Press Set mode. The name of the new mode appears in the Present Mode box. ⇒ To change the password for Installer Access Rights mode: 1. Look at the Present Mode box to verify that you are in Installer mode. 2. Press Change Password. 3. In the Change Password dialog box, type in the new password twice and press OK. The password has changed. Important: If you change the Installer password do not forget it, or you will be unable to change the unit's access rights. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-18 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.2.8. Power Management Tab Note: The Power Management tab is not yet implemented. The Power Management tab of the SA-PCR Configuration application allows you to enable/disable power management mode, and to fine tune the power management mode parameters. This tab is not visible when in User login mode. When in Installer login mode, you can see the parameters. When in Technician login mode, can edit the parameters. Figure 4.10: Power Management Tab The Power Management tab contains the following parameters: • Power Management Mode – Powersave mode enables WLAN units (such as laptops or hand-held devices) to conserve battery power. To enable this feature you must also enable power saving for the AP. When power management mode is enabled, the unit “sleeps” most of the time, and “wakes up” occasionally to transmit to the AP. The Interval Settings parameters affect the power management algorithm: BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-19 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management • Transmit Time Interval (msec) – At what intervals the unit “wakes up”. • Transmit Duration (msec) – How long the unit remains “awake”. • Scanning Attempts – How many times the “awake” unit cycles through the frequencies, before “going back to sleep”. 4.2.9. Maintenance Tab The Maintenance tab of the SA-PCR Configuration application allows you to cause the unit to verify firmware/driver compatibility, and set how the unit handles 802.3 packets. This tab is not visible when in User login mode. When in Installer login mode, you can see the parameters. When in Technician login mode, can edit the parameters. Figure 4.11: Maintenance Tab The Maintenance tab contains the following parameters: • Firmware Version Check – Whether the unit checks compatibility of current firmware version to current drivers, and what to do if they are BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-20 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management incompatible. Detailed information about the versions appears at the bottom of the window. • Transmission Mode – This parameter cannot be modified by the Installer. • Versions – Windows drivers are divided into three files: Brzcom.vxd, Brzwlanw.sys, and Brzwlan.inf. The version number of all these files must be identical. control information of these files is displayed. The Configuration application file is called BrzConfig.exe. The first two numbers of the application version must match the first two numbers of the drivers. 4.2.10. Radio Tab The Radio tab of the SA-PCR Configuration application allows you to set the power level of the unit and choose a hopping standard. This tab is not visible when in User login mode. When in Installer login mode, you can see the parameters. When in Technician login mode, can edit the parameters. Figure 4.12: Radio Tab BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-21 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management The Radio tab contains the following parameters: • Power Level – Level of power at which the unit is operating. There are two possibilities, Low or High. • Hopping Standard – The Hopping Standard is a set of rules regarding the radio transmission standard allowed in each country. Units will work together only if set to the same hopping standard. Use this parameter to set the unit’s hopping standard to that of the relevant country. 4.2.11. Performance Tab The Performance tab of the SA-PCR Configuration application allows you to fine-tune performance and roaming parameters. This tab is not visible when in User login mode. When in Installer login mode, you can see the parameters. When in Technician login mode, can edit the parameters. Only major parameters are described below. Figure 4.13: Performance Tab The Performance tab contains the following important parameter: • Rts threshold (bytes) – Minimum packet size to require an RTS (Request To Send). For packets smaller than this threshold, an RTS is BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-22 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management not sent and the packet is transmitted directly to the WLAN. If your wireless network has more than 7 stations (all SA-PCRs, or a mix of SAPCRs and SA-10/40s), set the RTS Threshold to 1600. 4.3. Using the SA-PCR Site Survey Application This section describes how to use the SA-PCR Site Survey application to manage your SA-PCR Card. The Site Survey application keeps you informed of the signal strength your unit is receiving. You can run a Site Survey to compare reception at various locations. This is extremely useful when first setting up the wireless LAN, since you can easily determine where reception is good or bad, and where many Access Points overlap. The following sections describe how to access the Site Survey application, how to read the main Site Survey window, and how to perform a site survey. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-23 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.3.1. Accessing the SA-PCR Site Survey Application Open the SA-PCR Site Survey application as follows: • Press the Start button, select Programs, select the BreezeCOM Application program group and choose Site Survey. The SA-PCR Configuration main window opens. Figure 4.14: SA-PCR Site Survey 4.3.2. SA-PCR Site Survey Main Window The Site Survey main window contains the following sections: • Associated AP – This section, located at the top of the window, displays various parameters regarding the Access Point with which the unit is currently associated. • Alias – The alias you have assigned to the AP that the SA-PCR is currently associated with. To assign aliases to AP units, press the Alias button. If no alias has been assigned to the AP, this field displays “no alias”. • AP Address – The IEEE MAC address of the AP. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-24 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management • Signal Strength – The strength of the signal from the AP in dBm. The table below maps the signal strength indicators to dBm ranges: Signal dBm Poor less than -74 Fair -74 to -69 Good -68 to -61 Very Good greater than -61 • Signal Bar – The signal bar is a graphical representation of the signal strength. The longer the bar, the stronger the signal. As signal strength drops, the bar changes from green, to yellow, to red • Neighbor APs – This section, located at the bottom of the window, displays nearby APs (up to 4)from which the station is receiving a signal. For each AP, the following parameters are displayed: • Alias – The alias you have assigned to the AP. To assign aliases to AP units, press the Alias button. If no alias has been assigned to the AP, this field displays “no alias”. • AP Address – The IEEE MAC address of the AP. • Signal – A miniature signal bar indicating the current signal strength from the AP. When you hold the cursor over the line, the exact value appears. • Buttons – The following buttons appear on the right side of the Site Survey window. Several of the buttons are used in the course of performing a Site Survey as described in section 4.3.3: • Record – Records the signal strength of the current location in the Survey Log, as well as all neighboring APs. In the Record window, you can add the name of the location and a remark. You can view the Survey Log by pressing Survey Log. • Alias – Lets you assign alias names to APs. In the Alias window, enter the AP address and the desired alias. For convenience, you can drag and drop the address of the associated AP from the main window into the Alias window. For neighbor APs, you should use Ctrl-C to copy the AP Address from the main window. • Print – Opens a Site Survey report showing the information in the Survey Log, including neighbor APs. You can print the file by pressing the Printer button, or save the file by pressing the Diskette button. You can save the file as text, or as a QRP file viewable using this application. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-25 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management • Survey Log – Opens the Survey Log at the bottom of the main window. The Survey Log displays the information recorded using the Record button. Press Clear Log to clear the Survey Log. Press Delete Last to delete the last recorded reading. Figure 4.15: Survey Log • Iconize – Closes the Site Survey window and opens the Connection Quality Graph that indicates current signal strength of the associated AP at a glance. The Graph can be moved anywhere on the screen, and will always appear on top of other applications. Hold the cursor over the X to see the signal strength in units. Press the X to close the Graph and open the Site Survey window. Figure 4.16: Connection Quality Graph BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-26 User’s Guide SA-PCR PRO.11 PC Card Installation, Setup, and Management 4.3.3. Performing a Site Survey with the SA-PCR You can run a Site Survey to compare reception at various locations. This is extremely useful when first setting up the wireless LAN, since you can easily determine where reception is good or bad, and where many Access Points overlap. ⇒ To run a Site Survey: 1. Open the Site Survey application. 2. Press Survey Log to expand the bottom of the Site Survey window. 3. Bring the station to a new location. 4. Press Record. Type in the name of the location and a remark, and press OK. The signal details of the current location appear in the Survey Log at the bottom of the window. 5. Repeat steps 2 and 3 with other locations. The recorded readings should give you a good idea of where reception is good or bad, and where many APs overlap unnecessarily. 6. When you are done recording, press Print. A site survey report appears containing information about each recorded location including signal strength of associated AP and of neighbor APs. You can print the file by pressing the Print button, or save the file by pressing the Diskette button. You can save the file as text, or as a QRP file viewable using this application only. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 4-27 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 5. PLANNING AND INSTALLING WIRELESS LANS All products in the BreezeNET PRO.11 Series are available in several models: standard, “D”, and “DE”. The standard model is equipped with two integrated 2 dBi omni-directional antennas and is suitable for indoor, shortto-medium range installations. The “D” and “DE” models are equipped with two customized female connectors for use with a range of external antennas. This chapter describes various possible system configurations, lists points to consider when performing indoor and outdoor installations, presents guidelines and restrictions regarding external antenna installation, and also describes some antennas that work well with BreezeNET PRO.11 units. 5.1. System Configurations This chapter describes various wireless LAN configurations, and how to set them up: • Single Cell Configuration – The wireless LAN consists of an Access Point and the wireless workstations associated with it. • Overlapping Cell Configuration – The wireless LAN consists of two or more adjacent Access Points whose coverage slightly overlaps. • Multicell Configuration – The wireless LAN consists of several Access Points installed in the same location. This creates a common coverage area that increases aggregate throughput. • Multi-Hop Configuration – The wireless LAN contains AP-WB pairs that extend the range of the wireless LAN. Many wireless LANs contain several of these configurations at different points in system. The Single Cell configurations is the most basic, and the other configurations build upon it. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-1 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 5.1.1. Single Cell Configuration A basic BreezeNET cell consists of an Access Point and the wireless workstations associated with it. You can convert most workstations (PCs, X-Terminals, Apple, Digital, SUN, HP, IBM and others) that are equipped with an Ethernet network interface card (NIC) to wireless workstations simply by connecting a BreezeNET SA-10 PRO.11 Station Adapter. You can convert most laptop computers with a PCMCIA slot into a wireless mobile station by using the SA-PCR PRO.11 PCMCIA Card. There are three types of Single Cell Configuration: • Point-to-Point • Point-to-Multipoint • Mobile Applications Each type is explained in the following sections. 5.1.1.1 Point-to-Point Point-to-Point installations (refer to Figure 5.1) require directional antennas at either end of the link. To select the best antenna for a specific application, consider the following factors: • Distance between sites • Required throughput • Clearance between sites • Cable length. Refer to the range tables (section 5.3.7) to determine the best combination of antennas for your application. 5.1.1.2 Point-to-Multipoint Point-to-Multipoint applications consist of one or more APs at the central site and several remote stations and bridges (SA-10, SA-40, WB-10). In this case, use an Omni-6 antenna with the Access Point because of its 360° radiation pattern. Ιn the United States, the Omni-7.2 antenna (which also has a 360° radiation pattern but has a wider range) can also be used. The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-2 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs Omni-7.2 antenna comes with a 20ft. low loss cable and a mast mount bracket for rooftop installations. The remote units should use directional antennas aimed in the direction of the AP’s antenna(s). 5.1.1.3 Mobile Applications In mobile applications, station orientation changes continuously. In order to maintain connectivity throughout the entire coverage area, most mobile applications require omni-directional antennas for both Access Points and wireless stations. In a motor vehicle, for example, you can install an SA-10 in the cabin, and mount the antennas (in most cases an Omni-6) on the roof. 5.1.1.4 Extending the LAN with WLAN Bridging The figures below demonstrate how the WB-10 can be used to extend a regular network with a wireless link. Figure 5.1: Connecting Remote Offices to Main Office Network BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-3 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs The WB-10 PRO.11 also enables connectivity between a wireless LAN and individual workstations or workgroups located outside the LAN. The WB-10 PRO.11 enables these wireless stations in its coverage area to communicate with the wireless LAN and gain access to all of the network resources such as file servers, printers and shared databases. Figure 5.2: Wireless Bridging Between Two or More Wireless LAN Segments 5.1.1.5 ⇒ Setting Up a Single BreezeNET Cell To set up a single BreezeNET cell: 1. Install the Access Point (refer to section 2, Basic Installation). Be sure to position the Access Point as high as possible. Note: It is not necessary at this point to connect the Access Point to an Ethernet backbone, since Access Points continuously transmit signals (beacon frames) whether they are connected to an Ethernet backbone or not. 2. Install a Station Adapter or SA-PCR Card (refer to section 2, Basic Installation). 3. Check the LED indicators of the front panel of the Station Adapter, or the Site Survey application of the SA-PCR Card to check signal strength. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-4 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 4. Make any necessary adjustments, for example: • Adjust the antennas • Adjust the location of the Station Adapter • Adjust the location of the Access Point 5. Proceed to setup the other workstations. Figure 5.3: Single Cell Configuration BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-5 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 5.1.2. Overlapping Cell Configuration When two adjacent Access Points are positioned close enough to each other, a part of the coverage area of Access Point #1 overlaps that of Access Point #2. This overlapping area has two very important attributes: • Any workstation situated in the overlapping area can associate and communicate with either Access Point #1 or Access Point #2. • Any workstation can move seamlessly through the overlapping coverage areas without losing its network connection. This attribute is called Seamless Roaming. Figure 5.4: Three Overlapping Cells ⇒ To set up overlapping BreezeNET cells: 1. Install an Access Point (refer to section 2, Basic Installation). Be sure to position the Access Point as high as possible. 2. Install the second Access Point so that the two are positioned closer together than the prescribed distance (refer to section 5.2.4). 3. To allow roaming, configure all Access Points and stations adapters to the same ESSID. 4. To improve collocation and performance, configure all Access Points to different hopping sequences of the same hopping set. 5. Install a Station Adapter or SA-PCR Card on a workstation. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-6 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 6. Position the wireless workstation approximately the same distance from the two Access Points. 7. Temporarily disconnect the first Access Point from the power supply. Verify radio signal reception from the first Access Point. View the LED indicators of the front panel of the Station Adapter, or the Site Survey application of the SA-PCR Card, to check signal strength of the first Access Point. 8. Disconnect the second Access Point from the power supply and reconnect the first Access Point. View the LED indicators of the front panel of the Station Adapter, or the Site Survey application of the SA-PCR Card, to check signal strength of the second Access Point. 7. If necessary, adjust the distance between the Access Points so the coverage areas overlap. 8. Continue setting up overlapping cells until the required area is covered. Note: It is not necessary at this point to connect the Access Points to an Ethernet backbone, since Access Points continuously transmit signals (beacon frames) whether they are connected to an Ethernet backbone or not. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-7 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 5.1.3. Multicell Configuration Areas congested by many users and a heavy traffic load may require a multicell structure. In a multicell structure, several Access Points are installed in the same location. Each Access Point has the same coverage area, thereby creating a common coverage area that increases aggregate throughput. Any workstation in the overlapping area can associate and communicate with any Access Point covering that area. ⇒ To set up a BreezeNET multicell: 1. Calculate the number of Access Points needed as follows: Multiply the number of active users by the required throughput per user, and divide the result by 1.5Mbps (net throughput supported by collocated Access Points). Consider the example of 5 active stations, each requiring 0.5 Mbps throughput. The calculation is (5*.5)/1.5=1.6. Two Access Points should be used. This method is accurate only for the first few Access Points. The aggregate throughput of the common coverage area is equal to the number of co-located Access Points multiplied by the throughput of each individual Access Point, minus a certain amount of degradation caused by the interference among the different Access Points. 2. Install several Access Points in the same location a few meters from each other so they cover the same area. Be sure to position the Access Points as high as possible. 3. To allow roaming and redundancy, configure all Access Points and stations adapters to the same ESSID. 4. To improve collocation and performance, configure all Access Points to different hopping sequences of the same hopping set. 5. Install Station Adapters or SA-PCR Cards on workstations. 6. Make sure that the Load Sharing option is activated. Stations will automatically associate with an Access Point that is less loaded and provides better signal quality. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-8 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs Note: It is not necessary at this point to connect the Access Points to an Ethernet backbone, since Access Points continuously transmit signals (beacon frames) whether they are connected to an Ethernet backbone or not. Figure 5.5: Multicell Configuration BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-9 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 5.1.4. Multi-hop Configuration (Relay) When you want to connect two sites between which a line-of-sight does not exist, an AP-WB pair can be positioned at a third location where line-ofsight exists with each of the original locations. This third location then acts as a relay point. In areas where a wired LAN backbone is not available, another AP can be added to the AP-WB relay to distribute a wireless backbone. In this way, the range of a wireless system can be extended. System configuration is as follows: ⇒ To set up a BreezeNET multi-hop cell: 1. Install an AP at the main office (refer to section 2, Basic Installation). 2. Install a WB at the remote site (refer to section 2, Basic Installation). 3. Install an AP-WB pair in a high location that has a clear line of sight to both the main office and the remote site. Many AP-WB pairs can form a chain. 4. When an AP and WB communicate over the wireless LAN, set them both to the same ESSID. For example, set the AP of the main office and the WB of the first AP-WB relay pair to the same ESSID. Also, set the AP of the last AP-WB relay and the WB of the remote site to the same ESSID; this ESSID should be different from the first ESSID. Another option is to use one ESSID, and to set the Preferred AP parameter of each WB to its paired AP (refer to section 3.4.3). This option allows stations to roam between the sites. 5. As usual, make sure that the hopping sequence of the Access Points are different. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-10 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs Figure 5.6: Multihop Configuration 6. If desired, an additional AP may be added at the main office and remote site, and between each AP-WB pair to provide wireless LANs at those points (see illustration). Figure 5.7: Advanced Multihop Configuration 7. Install Station Adapters or SA-PCR Cards on workstations (refer to section 2, Basic Installation). BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-11 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 5.2. Indoor Installation considerations This chapter describes various considerations to take into account when planning an indoor installation including site selection, antenna diversity, antenna polarization, construction materials, and cell size. Figure 5.8: BreezeNET LAN in a typical office environment 5.2.1. Site Selection Factors BreezeNET PRO.11 wireless LAN products are robust, trouble-free units, designed to operate efficiently under a wide range of conditions. The following guidelines are provided to help you position the units to ensure optimum coverage and operation of the wireless LAN. Metal Furniture Position the units clear of metal furniture and away from moving objects such as metal fans or doors. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-12 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs Microwave Ovens For best performance, position the units clear of radiation sources that emit in the 2.4 GHz frequency band, such as microwave ovens. Antennas Make sure the antennas are extended upward vertically in relation to the floor. For models with external antennas, connect the external antennas and RF cable. Heat Sources Keep the units well away from sources of heat, such as radiators, airconditioners, etc. 5.2.1.1 Site Selection for Access Points When positioning Access Points, take into account the following additional considerations. Height Install the Access Point at least 1.5m above the floor, clear of any high office partitions or tall pieces of furniture in the coverage area. The Access Point can be placed on a high shelf, or can be attached to the ceiling or a wall using a mounting bracket. Central Location Install the Access Point in a central location in the intended coverage area. Good positions are: • In the center of a large room. • In the center of a corridor. • At the intersection of two corridors. Many modern buildings have partitions constructed of metal or containing metal components. We recommend that you install the Access Points on the corridor ceilings. The radio waves propagated by the BreezeNET PRO.11 LAN are reflected along the metal partitions and enter the offices through the doors or glass sections. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-13 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 5.2.2. Antennas for Indoor applications For most indoor applications, the best choice is the standard unit equipped with its integrated 2dBi antennas. The units are small, easy to install and cover a large area. In some installations, it is required to install the unit and antenna separately. In such instances, use the AP-10D with the omni-6 antenna kit (6dbi omnidirectional antenna with 3 meter RG-58 cable). In the USA (FCC regulated) and in non-regulated countries, the omni-6 comes with a shorter antenna cable, extending the coverage area. The Uni-8.5 is also useful in indoor applications. It is very small and easily wall-mounted, but its radiation pattern is limited (75°). BreezeCOM recommends that, for indoor applications, you use two antennas per unit to utilize the diversity gain of the system. 5.2.2.1 Antenna Diversity In applications where no multipath propagation is expected, a single antenna is sufficient to ensure good performance levels. However, in cases where multipath propagation exists, BreezeCOM recommends that two antennas be used. This takes advantage of space diversity capabilities. By using two antennas per unit, the system can select the best antenna on a per-packet basis (every several milliseconds). Multipath propagation is to be expected when there are potential reflectors between the main and remote sites. These reflectors may be buildings or moving objects such as airplanes and motor vehicles. If this is the case, the radio signal does not travel in a straight line, but is reflected or deflected off of the object, creating multiple propagation paths. When installing a single antenna, modify the transmit diversity option to either antenna 1 or antenna 2, according to the antenna being used (refer to section 3.4.3). 5.2.2.2 Antenna Polarization Antenna polarization must be the same at either end of the link. In most applications, the preferred orientation is vertical polarization. Above-ground propagation of the signal is better when it is polarized vertically. To verify antenna polarization, refer to the assembly instructions supplied with the antenna set. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-14 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 5.2.3. Construction Materials A cell’s coverage area is affected by the construction materials of the walls, partitions, ceilings, floors and the furnishings of the cell. Due to their intrinsic nature, these materials may cause radio signal loss: • Metal objects reflect radio signals. They do not let the signals pass through. • Wood, glass, plastic and brick reflect part of the radio signals and allow part of the radio signals to pass through. • Water and objects with a high moisture content absorb a large part of the radio signals. Use the following table as a guidline to predict the effects of different materials. Table 5.1: Signal Loss Chart Obstruction Additional Loss Effective Range Approx. Range (dB) Open Space 0dB 100% 1000ft. (300m) Window (non-metallic tint) 3dB 70% 700ft. (215m) Window (metallic tint) 5-8dB 50% 500ft. (150m) Light Wall (dry wall) 5-8dB 50% 500ft. (150m) Medium Wall (wood) 10dB 30% 300ft. (100m) Heavy Wall (solid core 6”) 15-20dB 15% 150ft. (50m) Very Heavy Wall (solid core 12”) 20-25dB 10% 100ft. (30m) Floor/Ceiling (solid core) 15-20dB 15% 150ft. (50m) Floor/Ceiling (heavy solid core) 20-25dB 10% 100ft. (30m) Note: Take stairwells and elevator shafts into consideration when positioning Access Points. There is no way to quantify the loss associated with these obstructions, however they do have an effect on the signal. 5.2.4. Cell Size Cell size is determined by the maximum possible distance between the Access Point and the Station Adapter. This distance varies according to the building floor plan and the nature of that environment. There are several general categories: BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-15 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs Open Indoor Areas Open office areas with no partitioning and no obstacles between the Access Point and the BreezeNET workstation. The suggested maximum distance between Access Point and workstation: Standard AP-10 PRO.11: ............................. 200m (600 ft.) Semi-Open Indoor Areas Open-plan offices partitioned into individual workspaces, factory floor areas, warehouses, etc. The suggested maximum distance between Access Point and workstation: Standard AP-10 PRO.11 .............................. 100m (300 ft.) Closed Indoor Areas A floor divided into individual offices by concrete, masonry or sheet-rock walls. A house is also a closed indoor area. The suggested maximum distance between Access Point and workstation: Standard AP-10 PRO.11 .............................. 50m (150 ft.) 5.3. Outdoor Installation Considerations This chapter describes various considerations to take into account when planning an outdoor installation including site selection, antenna alignment, antenna diversity, antenna polarization, antenna seal, and cell size. 5.3.1. Site Selection Factors When selecting a location for external antennas, remember to take into consideration the following guidelines: • Minimum distance between sites • Maximum height above the ground • Maximum line of sight clearance • Maximum separation between antennas (diversity option) BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-16 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs Path of Clearest Propagation A propagation path is the path that signals traverse between the antennas of any two bridges. The “line” between two antenna sites is an imaginary straight line which may be drawn between the two antennas. Any obstacles in the path of the “line” degrade the propagation path. The best propagation path is, therefore, a clear line of sight with good clearance between the “line” and any physical obstacle. Physical Obstacles Any physical object in the path between two bridges can cause signal attenuation. Common obstructions are buildings and trees. If a bridge’s antenna is installed indoors, the walls and/or windows between the two sites are physical obstructions. If the antenna is positioned outdoors, any buildings or other physical structure such as trees, mountains or other natural geographic features higher than the antenna and situated in the path between the two sites can constitute obstructions. Install indoor antennas as close as possible to a window (or wall if a window is not accessible) facing the required direction. Avoid metal obstacles such as metal window frames or metal film anti-glare windows in the transmission path. Install outdoor antennas high enough to avoid any obstacles which may block the signal. Minimal Path Loss Path loss is determined mainly by several factors: • Distance between sites Path loss is lower and system performance better when distances between sites are shorter. • Clearance Path loss is minimized when there exists a clear line of sight. The number, location, size, and makeup of obstacles determine their contribution to path loss. • Antenna height Path loss is lower when antennas are positioned higher. Antenna height is the distance from the imaginary line connecting the antennas at the two sites to “ground” level. “Ground” level in an open area is the actual ground. In dense urban areas, “ground” level is the average height of the buildings between the antenna sites. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-17 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 5.3.2. Rooftop Installation Warning: Rooftop antenna installations are extremely dangerous! Incorrect installation may result in death, serious injury and/or damage. Such installations should be performed by professional antenna installers only! Rooftop installations offer several advantages: • Increased antenna range. • Less obstacles in path. • Improved performance due to greater height. • Reduced multipath problems. 5.3.3. Antennas for Outdoor Applications The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series can be used in point-to-point or point-tomultipoint configurations. 5.3.3.1 Point-to-Point A point-to-point link is based on the use of one Access Point with external antennas (AP-10D or AP-10DE) and one adapter (SA-10/40D, WB-10D or WB-10DE). The AP and the WB must be equipped with one or two directional antennas. The necessary antenna gain depends on the required range and performance. 5.3.3.2 Point-to-Multipoint Setting up a point-to-multipoint link requires the use of an AP-10D equipped with omni-directional antennas and a remote WB-10D (or SA10/40D) equipped with high-gain directional antennas. 5.3.3.3 Antenna Alignment Low gain antennas do not require alignment due to their very wide radiation pattern. High gain antennas have a narrow beamwidth necessitating an alignment procedure in order to optimize the link. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-18 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs Check antenna alignment by using the LED indicators on the front panel of whichever adapter is used in the link (WB-10D or SA-10/40D). These LED indicators provide indication of reception quality. ⇒ To perform antenna alignment: 1. Assemble antennas according to the assembly instructions included with the antenna set. 2. Mount the antennas as high as possible. 3. Connect the coaxial cable to the AP at the main site. 4. Connect the coaxial cable to the WB (or SA) at the remote site. 5. Power on the AP and the WB (or SA). 6. Synchronize the units by aligning the antennas manually until the WLNK indicator LED on the front panel of the wireless Bridge and/or Station Adapter illuminates. 7. Align antennas at the main and remote sites until maximum signal quality is obtained. (Check QLT LEDs on the front panel of the Station Adapter and the wireless Bridge.) If the received signal quality is lower than expected for this antenna/range combination, change antenna height and verify RF cables connections. 5.3.3.4 Antenna Diversity In applications where no multipath propagation is expected, a single antenna is sufficient to ensure good performance levels. However, in cases where multipath propagation exists, BreezeCOM recommends that two antennas be used. This takes advantage of space diversity capabilities. By using two antennas per unit, the system can select the best antenna on a per-packet basis (every several milliseconds). Multipath propagation is to be expected when there are potential reflectors between the main and remote sites. These reflectors may be buildings or moving objects such as airplanes and motor vehicles. If this is the case, the radio signal does not travel in a straight line, but is reflected or deflected off of the object, creating multiple propagation paths. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-19 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs When installing a single antenna, modify the transmit diversity option to either antenna 1 or antenna 2, according to the antenna being used (refer to section 3.4.3). 5.3.3.5 Antenna Polarization Antenna polarization must be the same at either end of the link. In most applications, the preferred orientation is vertical polarization. Above-ground propagation of the signal is better when it is polarized vertically. To verify antenna polarization, refer to the assembly instructions supplied with the antenna set. 5.3.4. Antenna Seal When using outdoor antennas, you must seal the antenna connectors against rain. Otherwise the antennas are not suitable for use in outdoor installations. 5.3.5. Cell Size Cell size is determined by the maximum possible distance between the Access Point and the Station Adapter, usually related to point-to-multipoint installations using external antennas. For open outdoor areas with an unobstructed line of sight between the Access Point and the BreezeNET PRO.11 workstation, the suggested maximum distance between Access Point and workstation is: Standard AP-10 PRO.11 .............................. 700m (2000 ft.) BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-20 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 5.3.6. Link Distance Link distance is the maximum distance between the AP and the station adapter, usually related to point-to-point installations using external antennas. For open outdoor areas with an unobstructed line of sight between the Access Point and the wireless bridge, the suggested maximum distance is: AP-10D PRO.11 with external antennas....... up to 10Km (7 miles) in the USA up to 2.5Km in Europe AP-10DE PRO.11 with external antennas..... up to 5Km in Europe Note: The maximum distance of 10Km/7 miles is achieved using 24 dBi antennas. The maximum distance of 2.5Km is achieved using 18 dBi antennas. For range tables, refer to section 5.3.7, Using Outdoor Range Tables. 5.3.7. Using Outdoor Range Tables Outdoor installations must have a clear line-of-sight. Solid obstacles such as buildings or hills prevent the establishment of a link. Partial obstacles such as trees or traffic can reduce range. Extending coaxial cables can cause an increase in assembly signal loss and a reduction in range. The ranges in the following tables are attained under good propagating conditions when using the standard cables supplied in the antenna set. Actual ranges may vary due to specific multipath and interference conditions. For specific range guidelines and information about extending cables, consult your local dealer or BreezeCOM central offices. Ranges are subject to change without notice. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-21 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 5.3.8. FCC Outdoor Range Tables (USA) The following tables are compliant with FCC regulations. Table 5.2: BreezeNET USA/FCC Range Table - 1 Mbps Ant. Omni2 Omni-6 Omni-7 Uni-8.5 Uni-11 Uni-13 Uni-16 Uni-18 Uni-24 2 dBi 5 dBi 6 dBi 6.5 dBi 9 dBi 11 dBi 14 dBi 15 dBi 19 dBi type Asmb gain Omni-2 2 dBi 2500 ft 3800 ft 3900 ft 4000 ft 1.0 mi 1.2 mi 1.4 mi 1.5 mi 1.9 mi Omni-6 5 dBi 3800 ft 4300 ft 4600 ft 4800 ft 1.2 mi 1.5 mi 1.7 mi 1.8 mi 2.2 mi Omni-7 6 dBi 3900 ft 4600 ft 4800 ft 1.0 mi 1.3 mi 1.6 mi 1.8 mi 1.9 mi 2.3 mi Uni-8.5 6.5 dBi 4000 ft 4800 ft 1.0 mi 1.1 mi 1.4 mi 1.7 mi 1.9 mi 2.0 mi 2.4 mi Uni-11 9 dBi 1.0 mi 1.2 mi 1.3 mi 1.4 mi 1.7 mi 2.0 mi 2.3 mi 2.5 mi 2.9 mi Uni-13 11 dBi 1.2 mi 1.5 mi 1.6 mi 1.7 mi 2.0 mi 2.2 mi 2.6 mi 2.8 mi 3.2 mi Uni-16 14 dBi 1.4 mi 1.7 mi 1.8 mi 1.9 mi 2.3 mi 2.6 mi 3.1 mi 3.4 mi 3.7 mi Uni-18 15 dBi 1.5 mi 1.8 mi 1.9 mi 2.0 mi 2.5 mi 2.8 mi 3.4 mi 3.5 mi 4.0 mi Uni-24 19 dBi 1.9 mi 2.2 mi 2.3 mi 2.4 mi 2.9 mi 3.2 mi 3.7 mi 4.0 mi 6.0 mi Table 5.3: BreezeNET USA/FCC Range Table - 2 Mbps Ant. Omni-2 Omni-6 Omni-7 Uni-8.5 Uni-11 Uni-13 Uni-16 Uni-18 Uni-24 2 dBi 5 dBi 6 dBi 6.5 dBi 9 dBi 11 dBi 14 dBi 15 dBi 19 dBi type Asmb gain Omni-2 2 dBi 1500 ft 2000 ft 2300 ft 2500 ft 0.6 mi 0.7 mi 0.8 mi 0.9 mi 1.1 mi Omni-6 5 dBi 2000 ft 2400 ft 2600 ft 2800 ft 0.7 mi 0.9 mi 1.0 mi 1.1 mi 1.3 mi Omni-7 6 dBi 2300 ft 2600 ft 2900 ft 3000 ft 0.8 mi 1.0 mi 1.2 mi 1.3 mi 1.4 mi Uni-8.5 6.5 dBi 2500 ft 2800 ft 3000 ft 0.6 mi 0.8 mi 1.0 mi 1.3 mi 1.3 mi 1.5 mi Uni-11 9 dBi 0.6 mi 0.7 mi 0.8 mi 0.8 mi 0.9 mi 1.1 mi 1.4 mi 1.5 mi 1.7 mi Uni-13 11 dBi 0.7 mi 0.9 mi 1.0 mi 1.0 mi 1.1 mi 1.2 mi 1.5 mi 1.7 mi 2.0 mi Uni-16 14 dBi 0.8 mi 1.0 mi 1.2 mi 1.3 mi 1.4 mi 1.5 mi 1.8 mi 2.0 mi 2.6 mi Uni-18 15 dBi 0.9 mi 1.1 mi 1.3 mi 1.3 mi 1.5 mi 1.7 mi 2.0 mi 2.2 mi 2.8 mi Uni-24 19 dBi 1.1 mi 1.3 mi 1.4 mi 1.5 mi 1.7 mi 2.0 mi 2.6 mi 2.8 mi 3.5 mi BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-22 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs Table 5.4: BreezeNET USA/FCC Range Table - 3 Mbps Ant. Omni-2 Omni-6 Omni-7 Uni-8.5 Uni-11 Uni-13 Uni-16 Uni-18 Uni-24 2 dBi 5 dBi 6 dBi 6.5 dBi 9 dBi 11 dBi 14 dBi 15 dBi 19 dBi type Asmb gain Omni-2 2 dBi 500 ft 750 ft 800 ft 850 ft 1200 ft 1600 ft 0.4 mi 0.5 mi 0.6 mi Omni-6 5 dBi 750 ft 900 ft 1000 ft 1100 ft 1600 ft 2000 ft 0.5 mi 0.6 mi 0.7 mi Omni-7 6 dBi 800 ft 1000 ft 1000 ft 1200 ft 1700 ft 2100 ft 0.6 mi 0.7 mi 0.8 mi Uni-8.5 6.5 dBi 850 ft 1100 ft 1200 ft 1400 ft 2200 ft 0.5 mi 0.7 mi 0.7 mi 0.9 mi Uni-11 9 dBi 1200 ft 1600 ft 1700 ft 2200 ft 0.5 mi 0.6 mi 0.8 mi 0.9 mi 1.0 mi Uni-13 11 dBi 1600 ft 2000 ft 2100 ft 0.5 mi 0.6 mi 0.7 mi 0.9 mi 1.0 mi 1.2 mi Uni-16 14 dBi 0.4 mi 0.5 mi 0.6 mi 0.7 mi 0.8 mi 0.9 mi 1 mi 1.1 mi 1.4 mi Uni-18 15 dBi 0.5 mi 0.6 mi 0.7 mi 0.7 mi 0.9 mi 1.0 mi 1.1 mi 1.2 mi 1.5 mi Uni-24 19 dBi 0.6 mi 0.7 mi 0.8 mi 0.9 mi 1.0 mi 1.2 mi 1.4 mi 1.5 mi 2 mi Note: The use of an LNA can improve the range by 30%-40%. To achieve this it is necessary to install an LNA on both sides of the link (in each site). An LNA will NOT enlarge the link if it is installed only on one side of the link. When using an LNA you must use two antennas - one for TX and one for RX. 5.3.9. ETSI Outdoor Range Tables (Europe and Rest-ofWorld) – D Models In order to comply with ETSI regulations, 20dBm (100mW) EIRP units using antenna kits indicated as low must be configured to the low power setting (4 dBm). Using an 18dbi antenna and lowering the output power of the unit complies with ETSI regulations and improves reception. Installing this antenna at both ends of the link increases the total range. Installing this antenna at one end of the link does not increase the range, but it does increase the throughput of traffic received at the end with the 18 dbi antenna. The following tables are compliant with ETSI regulations. Table 5.5: BreezeNET Europe and ROW Range Table – D Models Data Rate = 1Mbps, Sen=-81dBm Antenna Kit Omni-2 Omni-6 Uni-8.5 Uni-18/20 (Low) Uni-18/15 (Low) Uni-18/10 (Low) Omni-2 710m 790m 750m 670m 730m 790m Omni-6 790m 890m 840m 750m 820m 890m Uni-8.5 750m 840m 790m 710m 770m 840m Uni-18/20 670m 750m 710m 1,910m 2,020m 2,130m Uni-18/15 730m 820m 770m 2,020m 2,130m 2,250m Uni-18/10 790m 890m 840m 2,130m 2,250m 2,370m BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-23 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs Table 5.6: BreezeNET Europe and ROW Range Table – D Models Data Rate = 2Mbps, Sen=-75dBm Antenna Kit Omni-2 Omni-6 Uni-8.5 Uni-18/20 (Low) Uni-18/15 (Low) Uni-18/10 (Low) Omni-2 350m 400m 380m 330m 370m 400m Omni-6 400m 450m 420m 380m 410m 450m Uni-8.5 380m 420m 400m 350m 390m 420m Uni-18/20 330m 380m 350m 1,240m 1,310m 1,380m Uni-18/15 370m 410m 390m 1,310m 1,380m 1,460m Uni-18/10 400m 450m 420m 1,380m 1,460m 1,540m Table 5.7: BreezeNET Europe and ROW Range Table – D Models Data Rate = 3Mbps, Sen=-67dBm Antenna Kit Omni-2 Omni-6 Uni-8.5 Uni-18/20 (Low) Uni-18/15 (Low) Uni-18/10 (Low) Omni-2 140m 160m 150m 130m 150m 160m Omni-6 160m 180m 170m 150m 160m 180m Uni-8.5 150m 170m 160m 140m 150m 170m Uni-18/20 130m 150m 140m 560m 610m 670m Uni-18/15 150m 160m 150m 610m 670m 730m Uni-18/10 160m 180m 170m 670m 730m 790m Note: All antennas above 8.5 (i.e. 12, 18, and 24), require a filter to be ETSIcompliant. 5.3.10. ETSI Outdoor Range Tables (Europe and Rest-ofWorld) – DE Models The following tables are compliant with ETSI regulations. Table 5.8: BreezeNET Europe and ROW Range Table – DE Models Data Rate = 1Mbps, Sen=-85dBm Antenna Kit Uni-24/20 Uni-24/15 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/20 3,920m 4,140m 4,370m Uni-24/15 4,140m 4,370m 4,610m Uni-24/10 4,370m 4,610m 4,870m BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-24 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs Table 5.9: BreezeNET Europe and ROW Range Table – DE Models Data Rate = 2Mbps, Sen=-79dBm Antenna Kit Uni-24/20 Uni-24/15 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/20 2,550m 2,690m 2,840m Uni-24/15 2,690m 2,840m 3,000m Uni-24/10 2,840m 3,000m 3,160m Table 5.10: BreezeNET Europe and ROW Range Table – DE Models Data Rate = 3Mbps, Sen=-71dBm Antenna Kit Uni-24/20 Uni-24/15 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/20 1,430m 1,510m 1,600m Uni-24/15 1,510m 1,600m 1,680m Uni-24/10 1,600m 1,680m 1,780m Note: All antennas above 8.5 (i.e. 12, 18, and 24), require a filter to be ETSIcompliant. Note: The use of an LNA can improve the range by 30%-40%. To achieve this it is necessary to install an LNA on both sides of the link (in each site). An LNA will NOT enlarge the link if it is installed only on one side of the link. When using an LNA you must use two antennas - one for TX and one for RX. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-25 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 5.3.11. Non-Regulated Outdoor Range Tables – D Models Table 5.11: BreezeNET Non-Regulation Range Table – D Models Data Rate = 1Mbps, Sen=-81dBm Antenna Kits Omni-2 Omni-6 Uni-8.5 Uni-18/20 Uni-18/15 Uni-18/10 Uni-24/20 Uni-24/15 Uni-24/10 Omni-2 710m 790m 750m 1,980m 2,090m 2,210m 3,050m 3,220m 3,400m Omni-6 790m 890m 840m 2,130m 2,250m 2,370m 3,280m 3,460m 3,650m Uni-8.5 750m 840m 790m 2,050m 2,170m 2,290m 3,160m 3,340m 3,520m Uni-18/20 1,980m 2,130m 2,050m 4,870m 5,140m 5,420m 7,500m 7,910m 8,350m Uni-18/15 2,090m 2,250m 2,170m 5,140m 5,420m 5,730m 7,910m 8,350m 8,820m Uni-18/10 2,210m 2,370m 2,290m 5,420m 5,730m 6,040m 8,350m 8,820m 9,310m Uni-24/20 3,050m 3,280m 3,160m 7,500m 7,910m 8,350m 11,550m 12,190m 12,860m Uni-24/15 3,220m 3,460m 3,340m 7,910m 8,350m 8,820m 12,190m 12,860m 13,580m Uni-24/10 3,400m 3,650m 3,520m 8,350m 8,820m 9,310m 12,860m 13,580m 14,330m Table 5.12: BreezeNET Non-Regulation Range Table – D Models Data Rate = 2Mbps, Sen=-75dBm Antenna Kits Omni-2 Omni-6 Uni-8.5 Uni-18/20 Uni-18/15 Uni-18/10 Uni-24/20 Uni-24/15 Uni-24/10 Omni-2 350m 400m 380m 1,290m 1,360m 1,430m 1,980m 2,090m 2,210m Omni-6 400m 450m 420m 1,380m 1,460m 1,540m 2,130m 2,250m 2,370m Uni-8.5 380m 420m 400m 1,330m 1,410m 1,490m 2,050m 2,170m 2,290m Uni-18/20 1,290m 1,380m 1,330m 3,160m 3,340m 3,520m 4,870m 5,140m 5,420m Uni-18/15 1,360m 1,460m 1,410m 3,340m 3,520m 3,720m 5,140m 5,420m 5,730m Uni-18/10 1,430m 1,540m 1,490m 3,520m 3,720m 3,920m 5,420m 5,730m 6,040m Uni-24/20 1,980m 2,130m 2,050m 4,870m 5,140m 5,420m 7,500m 7,910m 8,350m Uni-24/15 2,090m 2,250m 2,170m 5,140m 5,420m 5,730m 7,910m 8,350m 8,820m Uni-24/10 2,210m 2,370m 2,290m 5,420m 5,730m 6,040m 8,350m 8,820m 9,310m Table 5.13: BreezeNET Non-Regulation Range Table – D Models Data Rate = 3Mbps, Sen=-67dBm Antenna Kits Omni-2 Omni-6 Uni-8.5 Uni-18/20 Uni-18/15 Uni-18/10 Uni-24/20 Uni-24/15 Uni-24/10 Omni-2 140m 160m 150m 600m 650m 710m 1,110m 1,180m 1,240m Omni-6 160m 180m 170m 670m 730m 790m 1,200m 1,260m 1,330m Uni-8.5 150m 170m 160m 630m 690m 750m 1,150m 1,220m 1,290m Uni-18/20 600m 670m 630m 1,780m 1,880m 1,980m 2,740m 2,890m 3,050m Uni-18/15 650m 730m 690m 1,880m 1,980m 2,090m 2,890m 3,050m 3,220m Uni-18/10 710m 790m 750m 1,980m 2,090m 2,210m 3,050m 3,220m 3,400m Uni-24/20 1,110m 1,200m 1,150m 2,740m 2,890m 3,050m 4,220m 4,450m 4,700m Uni-24/15 1,180m 1,260m 1,220m 2,890m 3,050m 3,220m 4,450m 4,700m 4,960m Uni-24/10 1,240m 1,330m 1,290m 3,050m 3,220m 3,400m 4,700m 4,960m 5,230m BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-26 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 5.3.12. Extending the range using the TPA-24 and LNA-10 The following tables show examples of how outdoor ranges of D-model units can be extended using the TPA-24 and LNA-10 devices. In the range tables below, the note LNA means that the LNA 10 Low Noise Receive Amplifier is used (see section 6.2). The note TPA means that the TPA 24 Transmit Power Amplifier is used (see section 6.1). When the LNA or TPA are used, one of the unit’s antennas should be permanently set to transmit and the other to receive. In this case, Antenna Diversity is not applicable. The use of an LNA or a Booster (TPA 24) will only enlarge the range if they are installed on both sides of the link. The identification of “TX kit” and “RX kit” is for reference purposes only. They do not have any other meaning than for arranging the table to show the effects of the LNA and Booster (TPA 24). For ranges over 30 km, it is recommended to consult BreezeCOM technical support or your local dealer. Important: In the following tables, “Omni-6/10” refers to an Omni 6dbi antenna with a 10 Meter Heliax cable. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-27 User’s Guide Table 5.14: TPA-24 and LNA-10 Extension Range Table. Data Rate = 1Mbps, Sen=-81dBm Transmit and Receive TX kit Omni-6/10 Omni-6/10 Antenna Kits for Side A TX EIRP Transmit and Omni-6 (TPA) (TPA) Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 33 (TPA) (TPA) 42 42 (TPA) 48 30 30 33 RX kit Omni-6/10 Omni-6 Omni- Omni-6 Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 (LNA 10) 6/10 (LNA) RX Gain 8.35 8.35 16 20.35 16 20.35 22 26.35 22 26.35 (LNA) 39 48 21 (LNA) 39 (TPA) 21 Receive Antenna Kits for Side B Omni-6 (LNA) (LNA) TX kit EIRP RX kit RX Omni-6/10 21 Omni-6/10 1,070m 1,070m 1,070m 1,470m 2,550m 2,550m 2,550m 3,480m 3,920m 3,920m 3,920m 5,370m Omni-6/10 21 Omni-6 (LNA) 8.35 1,070m 1,470m 1,070m 1,470m 2,550m 3,480m 2,550m 3,480m 3,920m 5,370m 3,920m 5,370m Omni-6 (TPA) 30 Omni-6/10 1,070m 1,070m 2,050m 2,050m 2,550m 2,550m 4,870m 4,870m 3,920m 3,920m 7,500m 7,500m Omni-6 (TPA) 30 Omni-6 (LNA) 8.35 1,470m 1,470m 2,050m 2,810m 3,480m 3,480m 4,870m 6,660m 5,370m 5,370m 7,500m 10,260m Uni-18/10 33 Uni-18/10 16 2,550m 2,550m 2,550m 3,480m 6,040m 6,040m 6,040m 8,260m 9,310m 9,310m 9,310m 12,730m Uni-18/10 33 Uni-18/10 20.35 2,550m 3,480m 2,550m 3,480m 6,040m 8,260m 6,040m 8,260m 9,310m 12,730m 9,310m 12,730m Gain (LNA) Uni-18/10 42 Uni-18/10 16 2,550m 2,550m 4,870m 4,870m 6,040m 6,040m 11,550m 11,550m 9,310m 9,310m 17,780m 17,780m 42 Uni-18/10 20.35 3,480m 3,480m 4,870m 6,660m 8,260m 8,260m 11,550m 15,790m 12,730m 12,730m 17,780m 24,320m (TPA) Uni-18/10 (TPA) (LNA) Uni-24/10 39 Uni-24/10 22 3,920m 3,920m 3,920m 5,370m 9,310m 9,310m 9,310m 12,730m 14,330m 14,330m 14,330m 19,600m Uni-24/10 39 Uni-24/10 26.35 3,920m 5,370m 3,920m 5,370m 9,310m 12,730m 9,310m 12,730m 14,330m 19,600m 14,330m 19,600m (LNA) Uni-24/10 48 Uni-24/10 22 3,920m 3,920m 7,500m 7,500m 9,310m 9,310m 17,780m 17,780m 14,330m 14,330m 27,380m 27,380m 48 Uni-24/10 26.35 5,370m 5,370m 7,500m 10,260 12,730m 12,730m 17,780m 24,320m 19,600m 19,600m 27,380m 37,450m (TPA) Uni-24/10 (TPA) (LNA) Table 5.15: TPA-24 and LNA-10 Extension Range Table. Data Rate = 2Mbps, Sen=-75dBm Transmit and Receive TX kit Omni-6/10 Omni-6/10 Antenna Kits for Side A TX EIRP Transmit and Omni-6 (TPA) (TPA) Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 33 (TPA) (TPA) 42 42 (TPA) 48 30 30 33 RX kit Omni-6/10 Omni-6 Omni- Omni-6 Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 (LNA 10) 6/10 (LNA) RX Gain 8.35 8.35 16 20.35 16 20.35 22 26.35 22 26.35 (LNA) 39 48 21 (LNA) 39 (TPA) 21 Receive Antenna Kits for Side B Omni-6 (LNA) (LNA) TX kit EIRP RX kit RX Omni-6/10 21 Omni-6/10 560m 560m 560m 930m 1,650m 1,650m 1,650m 2,260m 2,550m 2,550m 2,550m 3,480m Omni-6/10 21 Omni-6 (LNA) 8.35 560m 930m 560m 930m 1,650m 2,260m 1,650m 2,260m 2,550m 3,480m 2,550m 3,480m Omni-6 (TPA) 30 Omni-6/10 560m 560m 1,330m 1,330m 1,650m 1,650m 3,160m 3,160m 2,550m 2,550m 4,870m 4,870m Omni-6 (TPA) 30 Omni-6 (LNA) 8.35 930m 930m 1,330m 1,820m 2,260m 2,260m 3,160m 4,320m 3,480m 3,480m 4,870m 6,660m Uni-18/10 33 Uni-18/10 16 1,650m 1,650m 1,650m 2,260m 3,920m 3,920m 3,920m 5,370m 6,040m 6,040m 6,040m 8,260m Uni-18/10 33 Uni-18/10 20.35 1,650m 2,260m 1,650m 2,260m 3,920m 5,370m 3,920m 5,370m 6,040m 8,260m 6,040m 8,260m Gain (LNA) Uni-18/10 42 Uni-18/10 16 1,650m 1,650m 3,160m 3,160m 3,920m 3,920m 7,500m 7,500m 6,040m 6,040m 11,550m 11,550m 42 Uni-18/10 20.35 2,260m 2,260m 3,160m 4,320m 5,370m 5,370m 7,500m 10,260m 8,260m 8,260m 11,550m 15,790m (TPA) Uni-18/10 (TPA) (LNA) Uni-24/10 39 Uni-24/10 22 2,550m 2,550m 2,550m 3,480m 6,040m 6,040m 6,040m 8,260m 9,310m 9,310m 9,310m 12,730m Uni-24/10 39 Uni-24/10 26.35 2,550m 3,480m 2,550m 3,480m 6,040m 8,260m 6,040m 8,260m 9,310m 12,730m 9,310m 12,730m (LNA) Uni-24/10 48 Uni-24/10 22 2,550m 2,550m 4,870m 4,870m 6,040m 6,040m 11,550m 11,550m 9,310m 9,310m 17,780m 17,780m 48 Uni-24/10 26.35 3,480m 3,480m 4,870m 6,660m 8,260m 8,260m 11,550m 15,790m 12,730m 12,730m 17,780m 24,320m (TPA) Uni-24/10 (TPA) (LNA) Table 5.16: TPA-24 and LNA-10 Extension Range Table. Data Rate = 3Mbps, Sen=-67dBm Transmit and Receive TX kit Omni-6/10 Omni-6/10 Antenna Kits for Side A TX EIRP Transmit and Omni-6 (TPA) (TPA) Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 33 (TPA) (TPA) 42 42 (TPA) 48 30 30 33 RX kit Omni-6/10 Omni-6 Omni- Omni-6 Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-18/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 Uni-24/10 (LNA 10) 6/10 (LNA) RX Gain 8.35 8.35 16 20.35 16 20.35 22 26.35 22 26.35 (LNA) 39 48 21 (LNA) 39 (TPA) 21 Receive Antenna Kits for Side B Omni-6 (LNA) (LNA) TX kit EIRP RX kit RX Omni-6/10 21 Omni-6/10 220m 220m 220m 370m 890m 890m 890m 1,270m 1,430m 1,430m 1,430m 1,960m Omni-6/10 21 Omni-6 (LNA) 8.35 220m 370m 220m 370m 890m 1,270m 890m 1,270m 1,430m 1,960m 1,430m 1,960m Omni-6 (TPA) 30 Omni-6/10 220m 220m 630m 630m 890m 890m 1,780m 1,780m 1,430m 1,430m 2,740m 2,740m Omni-6 (TPA) 30 Omni-6 (LNA) 8.35 370m 370m 630m 1,030m 1,270m 1,270m 1,780m 2,430m 1,960m 1,960m 2,740m 3,740m Uni-18/10 33 Uni-18/10 16 890m 890m 890m 1,270m 2,210m 2,210m 2,210m 3,020m 3,400m 3,400m 3,400m 4,650m Uni-18/10 33 Uni-18/10 20.35 890m 1,270m 890m 1,270m 2,210m 3,020m 2,210m 3,020m 3,400m 4,650m 3,400m 4,650m Gain (LNA) Uni-18/10 42 Uni-18/10 16 890m 890m 1,780m 1,780m 2,210m 2,210m 4,220m 4,220m 3,400m 3,400m 6,490m 6,490m 42 Uni-18/10 20.35 1,270m 1,270m 1,780m 2,430m 3,020m 3,020m 4,220m 5,770m 4,650m 4,650m 6,490m 8,880m (TPA) Uni-18/10 (TPA) (LNA) Uni-24/10 39 Uni-24/10 22 1,430m 1,430m 1,430m 1,960m 3,400m 3,400m 3,400m 4,650m 5,230m 5,230m 5,230m 7,160m Uni-24/10 39 Uni-24/10 26.35 1,430m 1,960m 1,430m 1,960m 3,400m 4,650m 3,400m 4,650m 5,230m 7,160m 5,230m 7,160m (LNA) Uni-24/10 48 Uni-24/10 22 1,430m 1,430m 2,740m 2,740m 3,400m 3,400m 6,490m 6,490m 5,230m 5,230m 10,000m 10,000m 48 Uni-24/10 26.35 1,960m 1,960m 2,740m 3,740m 4,650m 4,650m 6,490m 8,880m 7,160m 7,160m 10,000m 13,680m (TPA) Uni-24/10 (TPA) (LNA) Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 5.4. Available Antennas and Antenna Kits This following table describes several transmit/receive antennas that work well with BreezeNET PRO.11 units. Table 5.17: FCC Available Antennas (USA) Model OMNI-2 Ant. Cable Gain Len 2 dBi N/A Kit Contains: Ideal for: Disper- Dimensions sion. HxWxD 2 OMNI-2 Antennas Converting “D” 360°H/ 3"x.5" Proprietary SMA Models for use 60° V Tubular indoors OMNI-6 6 dBi 4-ft OMNI-6 Antenna Extending indoor 360°H/ 13"x0.75" Mounting Hardware range of access 26° V Tubular 4-ft Cable Assembly points and station adapters OMNI-7.2 UNI-8.5 7.2 dBi 8.5 dBi 20-ft 8-ft OMNI-7.2 Antenna Establishing 360° 360°H/ 16"x0.75" Mounting Hardware coverage for 22° V Tubular 20-ft Cable outdoor multipoint Assembly links UNI-8.5 Antenna Extending indoor 75°H/ 4"x3.7"x1.2" Mounting Hardware range of access 60° V 8-ft Cable points and/or station adapters UNI-8.5Ext UNI-11P-75 8.5 dBi 11 dBi 8-ft 30-ft UNI-8.5 Antenna Short range 75°H/ Mounting Hardware outdoor multipoint 60° V 8-ft Cable Assembly links UNI-11P-75 ISPs, school 75°H/ Antenna Mounting districts, and 28° V Hardware 30-ft campus area Cable Assembly networks requiring 4"x3.7"x1.2" 11"x7.5"x3.5" wide dispersion patterns UNI-13P 13 dBi 20-ft UNI-13P Antenna Medium range 46°H/ Mounting Hardware outdoor multipoint 28° V 20-ft Cable links 11"x7.5"x3.5" Assembly UNI-16P 16 dBi 30-ft UNI-16P Antenna Medium to long 28°H/ Mounting Hardware range outdoor 28° V 30-ft Cable multipoint links Assembly requiring compact 11"x11"x3.5" form factors UNI-18 UNI-24 18 dBi 24 dBi 30-ft 50-ft UNI-18 Antenna Long range 12°H/ Mounting Hardware outdoor point-to- 14° V 30-ft Cable point and Assembly multipoint links UNI-24 Antenna Long range 6°H/ Mounting Hardware outdoor point-to- 10° V 50-ft Cable point links 16"x20"X15" 24"x36"x15" Assembly Table 5.18: ETSI Available Antennas (Europe and Rest-of-World) BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-31 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs Model OMNI-2 Ant. Cable Gain Len 2 dBi N/A Kit Contains: Ideal for: Disper- Dimensions sion. HxWxD 2 OMNI-2 Antennas Converting “D” 360°H/ 3"x.5" Proprietary SMA Models for use 60° V Tubular indoors OMNI-6 6 dBi 3m OMNI-6 Antenna Extending indoor 360°H/ 13"x0.75" 90° Mount Bracket range of access 26° V Tubular 3m RG-58 Cable points and station 4"x3.7"x1.2" adapters UNI-8.5 8.5 dBi 6m UNI-8.5 Antenna Extending indoor 75°H/ Wall Mounting HW range of access 60° V 6m RG-58 Cable points and/or station adapters UNI-18/10 18 dBi 10m UNI-18 Antenna Long range 12°H/ UNI-18/15 15m U-bolt for pole outdoor point-to- 14° V UNI-18/20 20m Heliax Cable point and 10m UNI-24 Antenna Long range 6°H/ UNI-24/15 15m U-bolt for pole outdoor point-to- 10° V UNI-24 /20 20m Heliax Cable point links 16"x20"X15" multipoint links UNI-24/10 24 dBi 24"x36"x15" 5.5. Precautions 5.5.1. Professional Installers Only Caution: Detached antennas, whether installed indoors or out, should be installed ONLY by experienced antenna installation professionals who are familiar with local building and safety codes and, wherever applicable, are licensed by the appropriate government regulatory authorities. Failure to do so may void the BreezeNET Product Warranty and may expose the end user to legal and financial liabilities. BreezeCOM and its resellers or distributors are not liable for injury, damage or violation of government regulations associated with the installation of detached antennas. 5.5.2. Transmit Antenna Gain Regulations regarding maximum antenna gains vary from country to country. It is the responsibility of the end user to operate within the limits of these regulations and to ensure that the professional installer is aware of these regulations, as well. The FCC in the United States and ETSI in Europe limit effective transit power to 36dBm (USA) and 20dBm (Europe). The BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-32 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs maximum total assembly gain of antennas and cables in this case equals 19dBi (USA) and 3dBi (Europe). Violation of government regulations exposes the end user to legal and financial liabilities. BreezeCOM and its resellers and distributors shall not be liable for expense or damage incurred as a result of installations which exceed local transmit gain limitations. 5.5.3. Spurious Radio Frequency Emissions The regulations referred to in the previous section also specify maximum “out-of-band” radio frequency emissions. Install a filter as close as possible to the BreezeNET PRO.11 “D” model unit connector. 5.5.4. Lightning Protection Lightning protection is designed to protect people, property and equipment by providing a path to ground for the lightning’s energy. The lightning arrestor diverts the strike energy to ground through a deliberate and controlled path instead of allowing it to choose a random path. Lightning protection for a building is more forgiving than protection of electronic devices. A building can withstand up to 100,000 volts, but electronic equipment may be damaged by just a few volts. Lightning protection entails connecting an antenna discharge unit (also called an arrestor) to each cable as close as possible to the point where it enters the building. It also entails proper grounding of the arrestors and of the antenna mast (if the antenna is connected to one). The lightning arrestor should be installed and grounded at the point where the cable enters the building. The arrestor is connected to the unit at one end and to the antenna at the other end. The professional installer you choose must be knowledgeable about lightning protection. The installer must install the lightning protector in a way that maximizes lightning protection. BreezeCOM offers the following high-quality lightning arrestor assembly: BreezeNET AL 1 Lightning Arrestor - Part No. 872905 5 ft (1.5m), “N” Male to “N” Female. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-33 User’s Guide Planning and Installing Wireless LANs 5.5.5. Rain Proofing 12, 18, and 24 dBi antennas must be sealed against rain at the point the cable enters the pole before they are suitable for external use. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 5-34 User’s Guide Accessory Installation 6. ACCESSORY INSTALLATION This chapter introduces some of the accessories available for specific installations, and describes how to install them. 6.1. TPA 24 Transmit Power Amplifier (Booster) The TPA 24 transmit power amplifier is used to amplify the transmit power to a fixed output of 24 dBm (250 mW). The TPA 24 is especially useful when long RF cable runs are required. In addition, the TPA 24 simplifies antenna alignment by enabling the use of wider dispersion transmit antennas (12 dBi maximum). The TPA 24 is internally protected against lightning and voltage surge protection. There are two models: • The TPA 24 NL receives input power in the range of -10dBm to 0dBm. • The TPA 24 NH receives an input power of 0dBm to +10dBm. Both models then amplify the input power to a fixed output level of 24dBm (250mW). The TPA is powered by 12VDC carried from the power inserter by the RF cable. Note: The TPA 24 is not available in the USA due to FCC regulations. When used in compliance with ETSI regulations, the TPA 24 can be connected to cables and antennas resulting in a total transmitted power of 20dBm (100 mW) EIRP. For technical specifications, refer to section 9.2.2 Specifications for TPA 24 Transmit Power Amplifier. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 6-1 User’s Guide Accessory Installation 6.1.1. ⇒ Installing the TPA 24 To install the TPA 24: 1. Choose one of the TPA 24 models according to the power level at the input of the booster. In general the NH model is used. For installations with long cables (high attenuations), the NL model should be used. 2. Choose one of the antenna connectors to be used for transmission. This connector is called the transmit antenna of the unit. 3. Configure the BreezeNET PRO.11 unit via the Monitor to transmit through the transmit antenna using the Transmit Diversity parameter (see section 3.4.3). Figure 6.1: TPA 24 Installation 4. Connect the TPA 24 RF output directly to the transmit antenna. 5. Attach the TPA 24 RF input to the Power Inserter with the RF cable. The Power Inserter must be installed indoors. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 6-2 User’s Guide Accessory Installation 6. Connect the RF cable leading from the Power Inserter to the transmit antenna on the BreezeNET PRO.11 unit. 7. Plug the power cable leading from the Power Inserter into any available 110/220V outlet. The power supply must be installed indoors. Note: Installations exceeding regulations set by local authorities expose the installer and the user to potential legal and financial liabilities. 8. For reception, use a separate antenna connected to the other antenna connector of the BreezeNET unit. 6.2. LNA 10 Low Noise Receive Amplifier The LNA 10 is a high-performance, low-noise preamplifier designed to enhance fringe area reception and provide additional gain on the receive antenna. Its exceptionally small size and light weight enables it to be directly mounted on the antenna by means of the female RF IN connector. Power is obtained through an RG-59 coaxial cable connected to the power supply. The LNA 10 is internally protected against lightning and voltage surge protection. The Power Supply (PS) and Power Inserter are supplied with the LNA 10. The RG-59 coaxial cable with F-type connector is not supplied and must be purchased separately. For technical specifications, refer to Specifications for LNA 10 Low Noise Receive Amplifier in the appendices. 6.2.1. Installing the LNA 10 Before installing the LNA 10, the following steps must be taken: 1. Choose one of the antenna connectors to be used for reception. This connector is called the receive antenna of the unit. The other connector is called the transmit antenna of the unit. 2. Configure the BreezeNET PRO.11 unit via the Monitor to transmit through the transmit antenna only using the Transmit Diversity parameter (see section 3.4.3). This prevents transmission from going through the LNA 10. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 6-3 User’s Guide Accessory Installation 3. Connect the LNA 10 RF input directly to the receive antenna, as close as possible. 4. Attach the LNA 10 RF output directly to the RF cable going down to the receive antenna connector on the BreezeNET PRO.11 unit. 5. Connect the RG-59 coaxial cable which leads down to the Power Inserter to the “Signal and Power out” connector on the LNA 10. 6. Connect the Power Inserter to the power supply (both are indoor units). 7. For transmission, use a separate antenna connected to the other antenna connector (transmit antenna) of the BreezeNET unit. Figure 6.2: LNA 10 Connections Diagram BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 6-4 User’s Guide Accessory Installation 6.3. RFS 122 Radio Frequency Splitter The RFS 122 Radio Frequency Splitter is used to split the RF signal generated by a transmitter into two signals. These signals are then sent to two different and independent antennas. The RFS 122 enables radio transmission using two directional antennas connected to the same port of the BreezeNET PRO.11 unit. Similarly, the splitter is used to combine two receiving antennas to one antenna connector. Before installing the RFS 122, configure the BreezeNET PRO.11 unit via the Monitor to transmit through Antenna 2 only using the Transmit Diversity parameter (see section 3.4.3), and connect the RFS 122 to antenna connector 2. For technical specifications, refer to section 9.2.4, Specifications for RFS 122 Radio Frequency Splitter. 6.3.1. Installing the RFS 122 The following diagram illustrates RFS-122 installation. Figure 6.3: RFS-122 Connection Diagram 6.4. AL 1 Lightning Arrestor The AL 1 Lightning Arrestor is used to protect transmitters and receivers from transients originating from lightning or EMP. The AL 1 is gas tube-based and is not radioactive. The gas discharge tube can sustain several transients if the time period between transients is sufficient to allow the tube to cool down. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 6-5 User’s Guide Accessory Installation For technical specifications, refer to section 9.2.5, Specifications for AL 1 Lightning Arrestor. Figure 6.4: AL-1 Connection Block Diagram One of the female-type N connectors is mounted directly through a hole in the shelter wall and held in place with a lockwasher and nut. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 6-6 User’s Guide Upgrade Procedure 7. UPGRADE PROCEDURE Firmware upgrades to the unit's flash memory is done by a simple download procedure using a TFTP application. Before beginning an upgrade, be sure you have the correct files and latest instructions. Upgrade packages can be obtained at the BreezeCOM web site: www.breezecom.com. In general terms, upgrading includes the following steps: 1. Set up an IP connection to the device. You can verify working connection using the Ping command. 2. Run TFTP software and connect to the device. 3. Use TFTP to download the erase file to the device Use the tables below to determine the specific file to use, according to the unit’s current version. This causes the flash memory to be cleared. Do not reset the device now. 4. Use TFTP to download the software file to the device. Use the tables below to determine the specific file to use, according to the unit’s current version. 5. The unit resets itself and comes up with the new upgraded version. Table 7.1: Upgrade Files Current Version of Unit Software Download File Name Flash Erase File Name AP-10 SA-10, SA-40, WB-10 3.2, 3.38, 3.42, 3.50 download eanaf eansf 3.52, 4.204 erase eanafb eansfb 3.62, 4.210, 4.211 fw-erase ap_fw sawb_fw The current version and type of the unit determine the files used for upgrade. For example, when upgrading an AP-10 from version 3.52 to version 4.211, use the erase and eanafb files. When upgrading a SA-10 from version 3.62 to version 4.211, use the fw-erase and sawb_fw files. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 7-1 User’s Guide System Troubleshooting 8. SYSTEM TROUBLESHOOTING The following troubleshooting guide provides answers to some of the more common problems which may occur when installing and using BreezeNET PRO.11 Series products. If problems not mentioned in this guide should arise, checking the Ethernet and WLAN counters may help (see section 8.2). If the problem persists, please feel free to contact your local distributor or the BreezeCOM Technical Support Department. 8.1. Troubleshooting Guide Problem and Indication Possible Cause Corrective Action No Power to Unit. PWR LED is 1. Power cord is not properly 1. Verify power cord is properly connected to the off. connected. BreezeNET unit and to the power outlet. 2. Power supply is defective. 2. If this is not the cause, replace the power supply. Failure to establish wireless link. 1. Power supply to units may be 1. Verify power to units (AP and SA/ WB). WLNK LED is off and unit resets faulty 2. Verify that all units in the network have the same ESSID every few minutes. 2. The units may not have the as the AP (ESSID must be identical in all units in the same ESSID as the AP-10. network): 3. Verify wireless link: • Set AP and unit (SA or WB) side by side. • Power on each unit and see if a wireless link is established (even “D” models without their external antennas should establish a link if placed side by side with the AP). • If the units fail to associate, reset units to factory default values reset unit (see section 3.4.5). The units should now establish a wireless link. Failure to establish wireless link 1. Power supply to units may be 1. Verify power to units. (“D” models/external antennas) faulty. 2. Verify that all cables are connected securely. 2. Cables may be improperly 3. Refer to previous section and verify wireless link connected between the units. 3. There may be some problem 4. Verify that the antenna(s) are properly installed (see with antenna installation. relevant section in this manual): • Check antenna alignment. • Verify that antenna polarization is the same at both ends. • Verify that the range matches specifications. • Verify line-of-sight/antenna alignment/antenna height. Wireless link established, but 1. Ethernet hub port or UTP 1. Check that the LINK LED is on and solid at the hub port. there is no Ethernet activity (AP cable is faulty. If this is not the case, the port is inactive. Try another port and WB units). 2. Ethernet port in unit is faulty. on the hub or another UTP cable. 2. Verify that Ethernet port in unit is working. Ping unit to verify Ethernet connection. 3. Verify that you are using a cross-over UTP cable (pins 1 BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 8-1 User’s Guide System Troubleshooting Problem and Indication Possible Cause Corrective Action & 3, 2 & 6) if connected directly to workstation, or a straight-through cable if connected to a hub. 4. Check ETHR LED indicator in unit and Ethernet counters in Monitor to verify Ethernet activity (see section 3.6.1). Wireless link established, but 1. Ethernet port on Network 1. Verify that the LINK LED is lit and solid at the NIC port. there is no Ethernet activity (SA- Interface card is faulty. If this is not the case, the port is inactive. Try using 10 and SA-40 units). 2. Ethernet port of unit is faulty. another UTP cable or another workstation. 3. UTP cable is faulty. 2. Ping the unit to check the Ethernet port. If you cannot ping the unit, this may indicate failure of cable, Ethernet port of unit or Ethernet port of workstation’s NIC. Change UTP cable and retry. If you still cannot ping the unit, exchange units and try to ping the new unit using the same NIC and cable. No network detected at Station 1. Workstation networking is Adapter (SA-10, SA-40) improperly configured. workstation. 2. UTP cable connection is faulty. 1. Reset both Access Point and Station Adapter. • Re-establish network connection. • Verify proper workstation network configuration. 3. Failure to pass Ethernet 2. Try to ping the remote network. Failure to detect the packets. network may indicate a failure to pass Ethernet packets. 3. Verify UTP cable connection. Solid LINK LED in workstation NIC indicates proper Ethernet connection. 4. Check monitor messages for errors or other indications of problems. 5. Check station counters to verify increase in Ethernet counters which indicates Ethernet activity (see section 3.6.1). High quality signal but throughput 1. Too much interference or 1. Move the unit or the antennas out of the range of is poor. interference. multipath propagation. 2. Ethernet port of the unit may be faulty. • Check counters to see if more than 10% of total transmitted frames are retransmitted fragments (see section 3.6.1). • Check if more than 10% of total received data frames are bad fragments (see section 3.6.1). 2. Verify Ethernet port activity by checking Ethernet counters (see section 3.6.1). Link signal quality low or not as 1. Possible multipath or structural Reposition the unit outside range of possible interference. good as expected (indoor interference. • Check for heavy metal structures (e.g. elevators, installation). racks, file cabinets) near unit. • Check counters for excessive retransmissions or received bad fragments. • Site may require higher gain antennas. • site may require a multicell structure (multiple AP units) due to multipath/structural interference. Refer to section 5.3, Outdoor Installation Considerations: Link signal quality low or not as There may be a problem with good as expected (outdoor certain aspects of outdoor • Verify that there is a clear line-of-site. installation). installation considerations (see • Verify antenna height. relevant section in this manual). • Verify antenna polarization. • Verify antenna alignment. • Check length of cable between antenna and unit (an BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 8-2 User’s Guide System Troubleshooting Problem and Indication Possible Cause Corrective Action overly long extension cable may adversely affect performance). Unit associates with the wrong In a multicell structure with For a unit to associate with a specific Access Point, assign Access Point. overlapping cells, the units may a unique not associate with the closest ESSID to the Access Point and to all the units you want to Access Point. include in that wireless network. Reduced performance in a multi- The APs in the same coverage Assign a unique hopping sequence to each AP in the AP configuration. area have not been assigned coverage area. Each AP must have a unique hopping unique hopping sequences. sequence regardless of ESSID. Rx / Tx calibration Auto Calibration is enabled for a Disable Auto Calibration for the unit (refer to section 3.5). error messages. “DE” unit. 8.2. Checking Counters Checking counters is also a good way to pinpoint any problems that may occur in the BreezeNET wireless LAN. Counters can be checked from the monitor. See section 3.6.1. 8.2.1. WLAN Counters When checking WLAN counters, total retransmitted fragments should be below 10% of total transmitted (bridge) frames. If total retransmitted fragments are above 10%, this indicates errors in data transmission. Too many retransmissions may be an indication of interference between the transmitting and receiving units. Also, the ratio between Frames Dropped (too many retries) and Total Transmitted Frames (Bridge) should not exceed 1:40 (2.5%) Received bad fragments should be no more than 10% of the total received data frames. If more than 10% of the total received data frames are bad fragments, this may indicate that there is a problem with the wireless link. Refer to the Troubleshooting guide (section 8) above for possible corrective action. 8.2.2. Ethernet Counters When checking the Ethernet counters, received bad frames should be zero (0). If this is not the case, this may indicate a problem with the Ethernet connection. Verify Ethernet port link at hub, workstation, and unit. Assign a unique IP address to the unit and ping. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 8-3 User’s Guide Appendix 9. APPENDIX This appendix includes the following sections: • Supported MIBs and Traps – Lists MIBs and traps supported by BreezeNET PRO.11 Series products. • Technical Specifications – Lists product and attachment specifications. • Wireless LAN Concepts – Provides an overview of the concepts related to wireless LANs. • Radio Signal Propagation – Discusses the concepts and applications of radio signal propagation relevant to wireless LANs. • IEEE 802.11 Technical Tutorial – Introduces the new 802.11 standard. 9.1. Supported MIBs and Traps This chapter lists MIBs and traps supported by BreezeNET PRO.11 Series products. 9.1.1. Supported MIBs All products in the BreezeNET PRO.11 Series as well as the Extended Range Access Point (AP-10 DE) and Workgroup Bridge (WB-10 DE) contain an embedded SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) agent. All functions can be accessed from the Management Information Base (MIB) using an SNMP application. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series agents support the following MIBs: • MIB-II (RFC1213) • BRIDGE-MIB (RFC1286) • BreezeCOM Private MIB The BreezeCOM Private MIB can be viewed by opening the MIB file on the provided diskette. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-1 User’s Guide Appendix 9.1.2. Supported Traps The following traps are implemented by BreezeNET PRO.11 units. All BreezeNET PRO.11 units with enabled Trap Sending will send traps to the network’s designated managers. The traps can be viewed and filtered using SNMPc. To enable/disable Trap Sending for a device, use the IP and SNMP Parameters menu (see section 3.4.2). The following table lists the traps implemented by BreezeCOM PRO.11 units: Trap Variables brzAProamingIn brzTrapSTAMacAddr brzAPassociated brzTrapSTAMacAddr brzAPdisassociated brzTrapSTAMacAddr brzAPaging brzTrapSTAMacAddr Description A station has roamed into this AP coverage area. The trap contains the MAC address of the associated station. A new station is associated with this AP. The trap contains the MAC address of the associated station. A station has disassociated itself from this AP. The trap contains the MAC address of the associated station. A station association was aged out and removed from this AP. The trap contains the MAC address of the aged-out station. brzAProamedout brzTrapSTAMacAddr A station has roamed out of this AP’s range. The trap brzSTAassociated brzLastAPMacAddr A station has become associated with, or roamed to, a new brzTrapAPMac AP. The trap contains the MAC address and average RSSI brzTrapLastRssiQuality level of the new AP (TrapAPMac and TrapRssiQuality brzTrapRssiQuality variables). If the station has been roaming, the MAC contains the MAC address of the station that roamed out. address of the old AP and the RSSI level prior to roaming are also provided (LastAPMacAddr and LastRssiQuality variables). For an association, the second address appears as all zeros. brzWlanStatus brzTrapToggle The wireless media condition has changed. An ON value is brzTrapMacAddress sent when the wireless LAN quality for a station or AP drops below the WLAN trap threshold. An OFF value is sent if the quality improves beyond the threshold. The current value of wireless LAN quality is also sent. brzWlanStatusOfStation brzTrapToggle The quality of the wireless connection to the AP has brzTrapMacAddress changed. An ON value is sent when the connection goes lower than the predetermined threshold. An OFF value is sent when the quality improves above the threshold. The brzTrapMacAddress variable contains the MAC address of the applicable station. brzGeneral brzTrapIndex For future use. brzTrapText BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-2 User’s Guide Appendix 9.2. Technical Specifications 9.2.1. Specifications for BreezeNET PRO.11 Units The following table provides the technical specifications for all products in the BreezeNET PRO.11 Series. Technical Specifications AP-10 PRO.11, SA-10/40 PRO.11, WB-10 PRO.11 SA-PCR PRO.11 SA-PCD PRO.11 Wired LAN interface Compliant with Ethernet / IEEE 802.3 CSMA/CD standard N/A Physical Interface 10BaseT PC Card type II / Network Operating Systems supported All Windows 95, 98, NT4 Network protocols supported All NDIS PCMCIA 2.1 Wireless LAN interface Compliant with IEEE 802.11 CSMA / CA Wireless LAN standard Physical interface – two antennas Integrated or External Radio Specifications Type Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) Frequency range 2.4 GHz – 2.4835 GHz (ISM band) (different ranges available for countries using other bands) Dwell time 32, 64, 128 ms Transmitted power: - integrated antennas Transmitted power: - external antennas Up to 100 mW (20dBm) EIRP D models: - High Power (at the connector): 17dBm (50mW) - Low Power (at the connector): 4dBm (25 mW) DE models: N/A At the connector: 0.01mW (-2dBm) Sensitivity - @ 1 Mbps - 81 dBm - @ 2 Mbps - 75 dBm - @ 3 Mbps - 67 dBm Modulation Multilevel GFSK Demodulation Technology DSP-based with adaptive equalization Antenna Diversity Two antennas, selected for use on a packet basis Frequency Accuracy +/- 10 PPM Approvals of Compliance FCC part 15, ETS 300-328, UL, UL/C, TUV/GS, CE BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-3 User’s Guide Appendix Access Points Station Adapters Ethernet Bridges AP-10 PRO.11 SA-10/40 PRO.11 WB-10 PRO.11 Technical Specifications SA-PCR/ SA-PCD Adapters SA-PC PRO.11 Configuration and Management Configuration and Setup Via Local Monitor port (serial RS-232) SNMP management Via Application N/A - SNMP agents MIB II, Bridge MIB, WLAN MIB, and private MIB - Access via Wired LAN, Wireless LAN Site Survey Via Local Monitor port (serial RS-232) Via Application Via SNMP Front Panel Display LED indicators - Power on - Link Status - Wired LAN activity - Data Traffic - Wireless LAN synchronization - Wireless LAN signal quality/Load S/W upgradeable Through TFTP download via PC System Considerations Range (Access Point to Station) Depends on rate and antenna cable length/quality. (Accurate values must be calculated for specific installations. ) Refer to section 5.3.7, Using Outdoor Range Tables. - Range - unobstructed with integrated 2000 ft. (600m) 1500 ft. (450m) USA FCC - up to 6 miles N/A antennas - Range - unobstructed with external antennas (models D and DE) Europe ETSI - up to 2.5 km Europe ETSI (DE model only) - up to 5 km Non-Regulated - 30 km and above - Range - Office Environment Up to 500 ft. (150m) Maximum no. of APs per wired LAN Unlimited Maximum no. of co-located (overlapping) 15 cells (Access Points) Data Rate - over the air 1, 2, or 3 Mbps - nominal net Up to 2 Mbps - aggregate Over 5 Mbps with overlapped cells High Speed roaming up to 60 mph (90 kph) Load sharing support yes (with WIX) Dynamic rate selection based on radio Yes medium quality BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-4 User’s Guide Appendix Technical Specifications Access Points Station Adapters Ethernet Bridges AP-10 PRO.11 SA-10/40 PRO.11 WB-10 PRO.11 SA-PCR/ SA-PCD Adapters SA-PC PRO.11 Electrical External Power Supply 100V - 250V, 50-60Hz, 0.5A via network PC Input Voltage 5Vdc 5Vdc Power Consumption 1.5A (peak) - XMT 365mA (peak) 1.2A (average) - RCV 280mA (peak) Dimensions (without antennas and power supply) 5.1” x 3.4” x 1.35” standard PCMCIA (13cm x 8.6cm x 3cm) Type II Weight (without antennas and power supply) 0.9 lb. (0.4 kg.) 1.1 oz (32 gr.) Environmental Operating Temperature 32° F - 105° F (0° C - 40° C) Operating Humidity 5% - 95% non-condensing Note: All specifications are subject to change without notice. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-5 User’s Guide Appendix 9.2.2. Specifications for TPA 24 Transmit Power Amplifier Models used with the BreezeNET PRO.11 Series • TPA 24 NL Input Power • TPA 24 NL: -10dBm - 0dBm (Low input) Output Power 24 dBm (250mW) (fixed output level) Input Impedance 50Ω Output Impedance 50Ω (DC short) Operating Temperature -20° to 50°C Power Requirements 12V; 420 mA (Power Supply and Power Inserter are supplied with models TPA- Connectors • TPA 24: IN - N-type Male • TPA 24 NH • TPA 24 NH: 0dBm - +10dBm (High input) 24 NL and TPA-24 NH) OUT - N-type Female • Power Inserter: RF - N-type Male RF&DC - N-type Female Dimensions 70mm x 150mm x 25mm (2.8”x 6”x 1”) Operating Environment • TPA 24 - For outdoor/indoor use • Power Supply - For indoor use • Power Inserter - For indoor use Note: All specifications are subject to change without notice. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-6 User’s Guide Appendix 9.2.3. Specifications for LNA 10 Low Noise Receive Amplifier Gain 10dB Noise Figure 1.5dB Typ, 2dB Max. Response Flatness ± 1.5dB Max. RF Input Level -15dBm Input Impedance 50Ω Output Impedance 50Ω Connectors • LNA-10: RF IN: N-type, female RF OUT: N-type, male Signal and Power IN: not in use Signal and Power OUT: F-type, female • Power Inserter: To CONV - F-type, female To TV - F-type, female Power Supply: Required Voltage Required Current +12V to +28Vdc 20mA Operating Temperature -20° C to +50° C Dimensions 60mm x 35mm x 25mm Operating Environment LNA 10 - outdoor/indoor (2.3”x 1.3”x 1”) Power Supply - indoor Power inserter - indoor Note: All specifications are subject to change without notice. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-7 User’s Guide Appendix 9.2.4. Specifications for RFS 122 Radio Frequency Splitter Insertion Loss 3.8dB max. Isolation 19dB min. Power Rating 10 W max. Internal Load Dissipation 125 mW max. Input Impedance 50Ω Output Impedance 50Ω Connectors • SUM: N-type, Male • PORTS: N-type, Female (on each port) Operating Temperature -20° C to +85° C Dimensions 51mm x 51mm x 19mm (2” x 2” x 0.75”) Operating Environment Outdoor/Indoor Note: All specifications are subject to change without notice. 9.2.5. Specifications for AL 1 Lightning Arrestor Turn on voltage 75V Insertion loss 0.3dB typical DC path from input to output existing Operating Temperature -55° C to +70° C Dimensions 67.5mm x 25mm x 25mm (2.7” x 1” x 1”) Connectors • Antenna Port: N-type, Female Operating Environment Indoor/Outdoor Grounding One of the female-type N connectors is mounted directly through a hole in the • Equipment Port: N-type, Female shelter wall and held in place with a lockwasher and nut. Note: All specifications are subject to change without notice. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-8 User’s Guide Appendix 9.3. Wireless LAN Concepts Wireless LAN technology is becoming increasingly popular for a wide variety of applications. After evaluating the technology, users are convinced of its reliability, more than satisfied with its performance, and are ready to use it for large-scale and complex wireless networks. Originally designed for indoor office applications, today’s wireless LANs can be used for both indoor client-server and peer-to-peer networks as well as for outdoor point-to-point and point-to-multipoint remote bridging applications. Wireless LANs are designed to be modular and very flexible. They can also be optimized for different environments. For example, point-to-point outdoor links are less susceptible to interference and can have higher performance if designers increase the “dwell time” and disable the “collision avoidance” and “fragmentation” mechanisms described later in this section. Topology Wired LAN Topology Traditional LANs (Local Area Networks) link PCs and other computers to one another and to file servers, printers and other network equipment using cables or optic fibers as the transmission medium. Figure 9.1: Wired LAN Topology BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-9 User’s Guide Appendix Wireless LAN Topology Wireless LANs allow workstations to communicate and to access the network using radio propagation as the transmission medium. Wireless LANs can be connected to existing wired LANs as an extension, or can form the basis of a new network. While adaptable to both indoor and outdoor environments, wireless LANs are especially suited to indoor locations such as office buildings, manufacturing floors, hospitals and universities. The basic building block of the wireless LAN is the Cell. This is the area in which wireless communication takes place. The coverage area of a cell depends on the strength of the propagated radio signal and the type and construction of walls, partitions and other physical characteristics of the indoor environment. PC-based workstations, notebook and pen-based computers can move freely in the cell. Figure 9.2: The Basic Wireless LAN Cell BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-10 User’s Guide Appendix Each wireless LAN cell requires some communications and traffic management. This is coordinated by an Access Point (AP) which communicates with each wireless station in its coverage area. Stations also communicate with each other via the AP, so communicating stations can be hidden from one another. In this way, the AP functions as a relay, extending the range of the system. The AP also functions as a bridge between the wireless stations and the wired network and the other wireless cells. Connecting the AP to the backbone or other wireless cells can be done by wire or by a separate wireless link, using wireless bridges. The range of the system can be extended by cascading several wireless links, one after the other. Figure 9.3: Wireless LAN Connectivity BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-11 User’s Guide Appendix Roaming When any area in the building is within reception range of more than one Access Point, the cells’ coverage is said to overlap. Each wireless station automatically establishes the best possible connection with one of the Access Points. Overlapping coverage areas are an important attribute of the wireless LAN setup, because this enables seamless roaming between overlapping cells. Figure 9.4: Roaming Through Overlapping Cells Roaming allows mobile users with portable stations to move freely between overlapping cells, constantly maintaining their network connection. Roaming is seamless: a work session can be maintained while moving from one cell to another. Multiple Access Points can provide wireless coverage for an entire building or campus. When the coverage area of two or more APs overlap, the stations in the overlapping area can establish the best possible connection with one of the APs, continuously searching for the best AP. In order to minimize packet loss during switchover, the “old” and “new” APs communicate to coordinate the process. Load Balancing Congested areas with many users and heavy traffic load per unit may require a multi-cell structure. In a multi-cell structure, several co-located APs “illuminate” the same area creating a common coverage area which increases aggregate throughput. Stations inside the common coverage area automatically associate with the AP that is less loaded and provides the best signal quality. The stations are equally divided between the APs in order to BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-12 User’s Guide Appendix equally share the load between all APs. Efficiency is maximized because all APs are working at the same low level load. Load balancing is also known as load sharing. Figure 9.5: The Common Coverage Area of a Multi-cell Structure Dynamic Rate Switching The data rate of each station is automatically adjusted according to the received signal quality. Performance (throughput) is maximized by increasing the data rate and decreasing re-transmissions. This is very important for mobile applications where the signal quality fluctuates rapidly, but less important for fixed outdoor installations where signal quality is stable. Media Access When many users are located in the same area, performance becomes an issue. To address this issue, wireless LANs use the Carrier Sense Multiple Access (CSMA) algorithm with a Collision Avoidance (CA) mechanism in which each unit senses the medium before it starts to transmit. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-13 User’s Guide Appendix If the medium is free for several microseconds, the unit can transmit for a limited time. If the medium is busy, the unit will back off for a random time before it senses again. Since transmitting units compete for air time, the protocol should ensure equal fairness between the stations. Fragmentation Fragmentation of packets into shorter fragments adds protocol overhead and reduces protocol efficiency when no errors are expected, but reduces the time spent on re-transmissions if errors are likely to occur. No fragmentation or longer fragment length adds overhead and reduces efficiency in case of errors and re-transmissions (multi-path). Collision Avoidance To avoid collisions with other incoming calls, each station transmits a short RTS (Request To Send) frame before the data frame. The Access Point sends back a CTS (Clear To Send) frame with permission to start the data transmission. This frame includes the time that this station is going to transmit. This frame is received by all the stations in the cell, notifying them that another unit will transmit during the following Xmsec, so they can not transmit even if the medium seems to be free (the transmitting unit is out of range). Channelization Using Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS), different hopping sequences are assigned to different co-located cells. Hopping sequences are designed so different cells can work simultaneously using different channels. Since hopping sequences and hopping timing of different cells cannot be synchronized (according to FCC regulations), different cells might try to use the same channel occasionally. Then, one cell uses the channel while the other cell backs off and waits for the next hop. In the case of a very noisy environment (multiples and interference), the system must hop quickly. If the link is quiet and clean, it is better to hop slowly, reducing overhead and increasing efficiency. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-14 User’s Guide Appendix 9.4. Radio Signal Propagation 9.4.1. Introduction This section explains and simplifies many of the terms relating to antennas and RF (Radio Frequency) used when dealing with an RF installation system. The following diagram depicts a typical radio system: Figure 9.6: A Typical Radio System A radio system transmits information to the transmitter. The information is transmitted through an antenna which converts the RF signal into an electromagnetic wave. The transmission medium for electromagnetic wave propagation is free space. The electromagnetic wave is intercepted by the receiving antenna which converts it back to an RF signal. Ideally, this RF signal is the same as that originally generated by the transmitter. The original information is then demodulated back to its original form. 9.4.2. RF Terms and Definitions dB The dB convention is an abbreviation for decibels. It is a mathematical expression showing the relationship between two values. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-15 User’s Guide Appendix RF Power Level RF power level at either the transmitter output or the receiver input is expressed in Watts. It can also be expressed in dBm. The relation between dBm and Watts can be expressed as follows: PdBm = 10 x Log Pmw For example: 1 Watt = 1000 mW; PdBm = 10 x Log 1000 = 30 dBm 100 mW; PdBm = 10 x Log 100 = 20 dBm For link budget calculations, the dBm convention is more convenient than the Watts convention. Attenuation Attenuation (fading) of an RF signal is defined as follows: Figure 9.7: Attenuation of an RF signal Pin is the incident power level at the attenuator input Pout is the output power level at the attenuator output Attenuation is expressed in dB as follows: PdB = -10 x Log (Pout/Pin) For example: If, due to attenuation, half the power is lost (Pout/Pin = 1/2), attenuation in dB is -10 x Log (1/2) = 3dB Path Loss Loss of power of an RF signal travelling (propagating) through space. It is expressed in dB. Path loss depends on: • The distance between transmitting and receiving antennas • Line of sight clearance between the receiving and transmitting antennas • Antenna height BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-16 User’s Guide Appendix Free Space Loss Attenuation of the electromagnetic wave while propagating through space. This attenuation is calculated using the following formula: Free space loss = 32.4 + 20xLog(FMhz) + 20xLog(RKm) F is the RF frequency expressed in Mhz. R is the distance between the transmitting and receiving antennas. At 2.4 Ghz, this formula is: 100+20xLog(RKm) Antenna Characteristics Isotropic Antenna A hypothetical, lossless antenna having equal radiation intensity in all directions. Used as a zero dB gain reference in directivity calculation (gain). Antenna Gain A measure of directivity. It is defined as the ratio of the radiation intensity in a given direction to the radiation intensity that would be obtained if the power accepted by the antenna was radiated equally in all directions (isotropically). Antenna gain is expressed in dBi. Radiation Pattern A graphical representation in either polar or rectangular coordinates of the spatial energy distribution of an antenna. Side Lobes The radiation lobes in any direction other than that of the main lobe. Omni-directional Antenna Radiates and receives equally in all directions in azimuth. The following diagram shows the radiation pattern of an omnidirectional antenna with its side lobes in polar form. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-17 User’s Guide Appendix Figure 9.8: Side View Figure 9.9: Top View Directional Antenna Radiates and receives most of the signal power in one direction. The following diagram shows the radiation pattern of a directional antenna with its side lobes in polar form: Figure 9.10: Radiation Pattern of Directional Antenna Antenna Beamwidth The directiveness of a directional antenna. Defined as the angle between two half-power (-3 dB) points on either side of the main lobe of radiation. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-18 User’s Guide Appendix System Characteristics Receiver Sensitivity The minimum RF signal power level required at the input of a receiver for certain performance (e.g. BER). EIRP (Effective Isotropic Radiated Power) The antenna transmitted power. Equal to the transmitted output power minus cable loss plus the transmitting antenna gain. Pout Ct Gt Gr Pl Cr Si Ps Output power of transmitted in dBm Transmitter cable attenuation in dB Transmitting antenna gain in dBi Receiving antenna gain in dBi Path loss in dB Receiver cable attenuation is dB Received power level at receiver input in dBm Receiver sensitivity is dBm Si = Pout - Ct + Gt - Pl + Gr - Cr EIRP = Pout - Ct + Gt Example: Link Parameters: Frequency: 2.4 Ghz Pout = 4 dBm (2.5 mW) Tx and Rx cable length (Ct and Cr) = 10 m. cable type RG214 (0.6 dB/meter) Tx and Rx antenna gain (Gt and Gr) = 18 dBi Distance between sites = 3 Km Receiver sensitivity (Ps) = -84 dBm BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-19 User’s Guide Appendix Link Budget Calculation EIRP = Pout - Ct + Gt = 16 dBm Pl = 32.4 + 20xLog(FMhz) + 20xLog(RKm) ≅ 110 dB Si = EIRP - Pl + Gr - Cr = -82 dBm In conclusion, the received signal power is above the sensitivity threshold, so the link should work. The problem is that there is only a 2 dB difference between received signal power and sensitivity. Normally, a higher margin is desirable due to fluctuation in received power as a result of signal fading. Signal Fading Fading of the RF signal is caused by several factors: • Multipath The transmitted signal arrives at the receiver from different directions, with different path lengths, attenuation and delays. The summed signal at the receiver may result in an attenuated signal. Figure 9.11: Multipath Reception • Bad Line of Sight An optical line of sight exists if an imaginary straight line can connect the antennas on either side of the link. Radio wave clear line of sight exists if a certain area around the optical line of sight (Fresnel zone) is clear of obstacles. A bad line of sight exists if the first Fresnel zone is obscured. • Link Budget Calculations • Weather conditions (Rain, wind, etc.) BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-20 User’s Guide Appendix At high rain intensity (150 mm/hr), the fading of an RF signal at 2.4 GHz may reach a maximum of 0.02 dB/Km Wind may cause fading due to antenna motion • Interference Interference may be caused by another system on the same frequency range, external noise, or some other co-located system. The Line of Sight Concept An optical line of sight exists if an imaginary straight line can be drawn connecting the antennas on either side of the link. Clear Line of Sight A clear line of sight exists when no physical objects obstruct viewing one antenna from the location of the other antenna. A radio wave clear line of sight exists if a defined area around the optical line of sight (Fresnel Zone) is clear of obstacles. Fresnel Zone The Fresnel zone is the area of a circle around the line of sight. The Fresnel Zone is defined as follows: Figure 9.12: Fresnel Zone R = ½ √ (λxD) R: radius of the first Fresnel zone λ: wavelength BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-21 User’s Guide Appendix D: distance between sites Figure 9.13: Fresnel Zone Clear of Obstacles When at least 80% of the first Fresnel Zone is clear of obstacles, propagation loss is equivalent to that of free space. 9.5. IEEE 802.11 Technical Tutorial The purpose of this chapter is to give technical readers a basic overview of the new IEEE 802.11 Standard, enabling them to understand the basic concepts, principles of operation, and the reasons behind some of the features and/or components of the Standard. The document does not cover the entire Standard and does not provide enough information for the reader to implement an 802.11-compliant device (for this purpose the reader should refer to the Standard itself). 9.5.1. Architecture Components An 802.11 LAN is based on a cellular architecture where the system is subdivided into cells. Each cell (called Basic Service Set, or BSS, in the 802.11 nomenclature) is controlled by a Base Station (called Access Point or, in short, AP). Although a wireless LAN may be formed by a single cell, with a single Access Point, (and as will be described later, it can also work without an Access Point), most installations will be formed by several cells, where the BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-22 User’s Guide Appendix Access Points are connected through some kind of backbone (called Distribution System or DS). This backbone is typically Ethernet but, in some cases, might be wireless itself. The whole interconnected wireless LAN, including the different cells, their respective Access Points and the Distribution System, is seen as a single 802 network to the upper layers of the OSI model and is known in the Standard as the Extended Service Set (ESS). The following diagram shows a typical 802.11 LAN including the components described above: Figure 9.14: Typical 802.11 LAN The standard also defines the concept of a Portal. A portal is a device that interconnects between an 802.11 and another 802 LAN. This concept is an abstract description of part of the functionality of a “translation bridge”. Even though the standard does not necessarily require it, typical installations will have the AP and the Portal on a single physical entity. This is also the case with BreezeCOM’s AP which provides both functions. 9.5.2. IEEE 802.11 Layers Description As in any 802.x protocol, the 802.11 protocol covers the Media Access Control Layer (MAC) and Physical Layer (PHY). The Standard currently defines a single MAC which interacts with three PHYs (all of them running at 1 or 2 Mbit/s) as follows: BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-23 User’s Guide Appendix • Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) in the 2.4 GHz Band • Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) in the 2.4 GHz Band, and • InfraRed 802.2 802.11 MAC FH DS IR Data Link Layer PHY Layer Beyond the standard functionality usually performed by MAC Layers, the 802.11 MAC performs other functions that are typically related to upper layer protocols, such as Fragmentation, Packet Retransmissions, and Acknowledges. 9.5.3. The MAC Layer The MAC Layer defines two different access methods, the Distributed Coordination Function and the Point Coordination Function: 9.5.3.1 The Basic Access Method: CSMA/CA The basic access mechanism, called the Distributed Coordination Function, is basically a Carrier Sense Multiple Access with Collision Avoidance mechanism (known as CSMA/CA). CSMA protocols are wellknown in the industry, the most popular being Ethernet, which is a CSMA/ CD protocol (CD standing for Collision Detection). A CSMA protocol works as follows: A station desiring to transmit senses the medium. If the medium is busy (i.e. some other station is transmitting) then the station defers its transmission to a later time. If the medium seems free then the station is allowed to transmit. These kinds of protocols are very effective when the medium is not heavily loaded since it allows stations to transmit with minimum delay. But there is always a chance of two or more stations simultaneously sensing the medium as being free and transmitting at the same time, causing a collision. These collision situations must be identified so the MAC layer can retransmit the packet itself, not by the upper layers, to avoid significant delay. In the Ethernet case, a collision is recognized by the transmitting stations which listen while transmitting and go into a retransmission phase based on an exponential random backoff algorithm. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-24 User’s Guide Appendix While these Collision Detection Mechanisms are a good idea on a wired LAN, they cannot be used on a wireless LAN environment for two main reasons: 1. Implementing a Collision Detection Mechanism would require the implementation of a Full-Duplex radio capable of transmitting and receiving at the same time, an approach that would increase the price significantly. 2. In a wireless environment we cannot assume that all stations can hear each other (a basic assumption of the Collision Detection scheme), and the fact that a station wants to transmit and senses the medium as free doesn’t necessarily mean that the medium is free around the receiver’s area. In order to overcome these problems, 802.11 uses a Collision Avoidance (CA) mechanism together with a Positive Acknowledge scheme, as follows: 1. A station wanting to transmit senses the medium. If the medium is busy then it delays. If the medium is free for a specified time (called Distributed Inter Frame Space (DIFS) in the standard), then the station is allowed to transmit. 2. The receiving station checks the CRC of the received packet and sends an acknowledgment packet (ACK). Receipt of the acknowledgment indicates to the transmitter that no collision occurred. If the sender does not receive the acknowledgment, then it retransmits the fragment until it either receives acknowledgment or is thrown away after a given number of retransmissions. 9.5.3.2 Virtual Carrier Sense In order to reduce the probability of two stations colliding because they cannot hear each other, the standard defines a Virtual Carrier Sense mechanism: A station wanting to transmit a packet first transmits a short control packet called RTS (Request To Send), which includes the source, destination, and the duration of the following transaction (i.e. the packet and the respective ACK), the destination station responds (if the medium is free) with a response control Packet called CTS (Clear to Send), which includes the same duration information. All stations receiving either the RTS or the CTS, set their Virtual Carrier Sense indicator (called NAV, for Network Allocation Vector), for the BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-25 User’s Guide Appendix given duration, and use this information together with the Physical Carrier Sense when sensing the medium. This mechanism reduces the probability of a collision on the receiver area by a station that is “hidden” from the transmitter to the short duration of the RTS transmission because the station hears the CTS and “reserves” the medium as busy until the end of the transmission. The duration information on the RTS also protects the transmitter area from collisions during the ACK (from stations that are out of range of the acknowledging station). It should also be noted that, due to the fact that the RTS and CTS are short frames, the mechanism also reduces the overhead of collisions, since these are recognized faster than if the whole packet was to be transmitted. (This is true if the packet is significantly bigger than the RTS, so the standard allows for short packets to be transmitted without the RTS/CTS transmission. This is controlled per station by a parameter called RTS Threshold). The following diagrams show an exchange between stations A and B, and the NAV setting of their neighbors: Figure 9.15: Transaction Between Stations A and B The NAV State is combined with the physical carrier sense to indicate the busy state of the medium. 9.5.3.3 MAC Level Acknowledgments As mentioned earlier in this document, the MAC layer performs Collision Detection by expecting the reception of an acknowledge to any transmitted fragment (Packets that have more than one destination, such as Multicasts, are not acknowledged.) BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-26 User’s Guide Appendix 9.5.3.4 Fragmentation and Reassembly Typical LAN protocols use packets several hundred bytes long (the longest Ethernet packet could be up to 1518 bytes long). There are several reasons why it is preferable to use smaller packets in a wireless LAN environment: • Due to the higher Bit Error Rate of a radio link, the probability of a packet getting corrupted increases with the packet size. • In case of packet corruption (either due to collision or noise), the smaller the packet, the less overhead it causes to retransmit it. • On a Frequency Hopping system, the medium is interrupted periodically for hopping (in our case every 20 milliseconds), so, the smaller the packet, the smaller the chance that the transmission will be postponed after dwell time. However, it doesn’t make sense to introduce a new LAN protocol that cannot deal with packets 1518 bytes long which are used on Ethernet, so the committee decided to solve the problem by adding a simple fragmentation/ reassembly mechanism at the MAC Layer. The mechanism is a simple Send-and-Wait algorithm, where the transmitting station is not allowed to transmit a new fragment until one of the following happens: 1. Receives an ACK for the said fragment, or 2. Decides that the fragment was retransmitted too many times and drops the whole frame. It should be noted that the standard does allow the station to transmit to a different address between retransmissions of a given fragment. This is particularly useful when an AP has several outstanding packets to different destinations and one of them does not respond. The following diagram shows a frame (MSDU) being divided to several fragments (MPDUs): BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-27 User’s Guide Appendix Figure 9.16: Frame Fragmentation 9.5.3.5 Inter Frame Spaces The Standard defines 4 types of Inter Frame Spaces, which are use to provide different priorities: • SIFS - Short Inter Frame Space, separates transmissions belonging to a single dialog (e.g. Fragment-Ack), and is the minimum Inter Frame Space. There is always at most one single station to transmit at any given time, therefore giving it priority over all other stations. This value is a fixed value per PHY and is calculated in such a way that the transmitting station will be able to switch back to receive mode and be capable of decoding the incoming packet. On the 802.11 FH PHY this value is set to 28 microseconds • PIFS - Point Coordination IFS, is used by the Access Point (or Point Coordinator, as called in this case), to gain access to the medium before any other station. This value is SIFS plus a Slot Time (defined in the following paragraph), i.e. 78 microseconds. • DIFS - Distributed IFS, is the Inter Frame Space used for a station willing to start a new transmission, which is calculated as PIFS plus one slot time, i.e. 128 microseconds. • EIFS - Extended IFS, which is a longer IFS used by a station that has received a packet that it could not understand. This is needed to prevent the station (which could not understand the duration information for the Virtual Carrier Sense) from colliding with a future packet belonging to the current dialog. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-28 User’s Guide Appendix 9.5.3.6 Exponential Backoff Algorithm Backoff is a well known method used to resolve contention between different stations wanting to access the medium. The method requires each station to choose a Random Number (n) between 0 and a given number, and wait for this number of Slots before accessing the medium, always checking if a different station has accessed the medium before. The Slot Time is defined in such a way that a station will always be capable of determining if another station has accessed the medium at the beginning of the previous slot. This reduces collision probability by half. Exponential Backoff means that each time the station chooses a slot and happens to collide, it will increase the maximum number for the random selection exponentially. The 802.11 standard defines an Exponential Backoff Algorithm, that must be executed in the following cases: • When the station senses the medium before the first transmission of a packet, and the medium is busy • After each retransmission, and • After a successful transmission The only case when this mechanism is not used is when the station decides to transmit a new packet and the medium has been free for more than DIFS. The following figure shows a schematic of the access mechanism: Figure 9.17: Access Mechanism BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-29 User’s Guide Appendix 9.5.4. How Does a Station Join an Existing Cell (BSS)? When a station wants to access an existing BSS (either after power-up, sleep mode, or just entering the BSS area), the station needs to get synchronization information from the Access Point (or from the other stations when in ad-hoc mode, which will be discussed later). The station can get this information by one of two means: 1. Passive Scanning: In this case the station just waits to receive a Beacon Frame from the AP, (the beacon frame is a frame sent out periodically by the AP containing synchronization information), or 2. Active Scanning: In this case the station tries to locate an Access Point by transmitting Probe Request Frames, and waits for Probe Response from the AP. Both methods are valid. A method is chosen according to the power consumption/performance trade-off. 9.5.4.1 The Authentication Process Once the station has located an Access Point, and decides to join its BSS, it goes through the Authentication Process. This is the interchange of information between the AP and the station, where each side proves the knowledge of a given password. 9.5.4.2 The Association Process Once the station is authenticated, it then starts the Association Process, which is the exchange of information about the station and BSS capabilities, and which allows the DSS (the set of APs) to know about the current position of the station). A station is capable of transmitting and receiving data frames only after the association process is completed. 9.5.5. Roaming Roaming is the process of moving from one cell (or BSS) to another without losing connection. This function is similar to the cellular phones’ handover, with two main differences: 1. On a packet-based LAN system, the transition from cell to cell may be performed between packet transmissions, as opposed to telephony where the transition may occur during a phone conversation, this makes the LAN roaming a little easier, but BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-30 User’s Guide Appendix 2. On a voice system, a temporary disconnection may not affect the conversation, while in a packet-based environment it significantly reduces performance because retransmission is then performed by the upper layer protocols. The 802.11 standard does not define how roaming should be performed, but defines the basic tools. These include active/passive scanning, and a reassociation process, where a station which is roaming from one Access Point to another becomes associated with the new one1. 9.5.6. Keeping Synchronization Stations need to keep synchronization, which is necessary for keeping hopping synchronized, and other functions like Power Saving. On an infrastructure BSS, this is achieved by all the stations updating their clocks according to the AP’s clock, using the following mechanism: The AP periodically transmits frames called Beacon Frames. These frames contain the value of the AP’s clock at the moment of transmission (note that this is the moment when transmission actually occurs, and not when it is put in the queue for transmission. Since the Beacon Frame is transmitted using CSMA rules, transmission may be delayed significantly). The receiving stations check the value of their clocks at the moment the signal is received, and correct it to keep in synchronization with the AP’s clock. This prevents clock drifting which could cause loss of synch after a few hours of operation. 9.5.7. Security Security is one of the first concerns that people have when deploying a wireless LAN. The 802.11 committee has addressed the issue by providing what is called WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy). Users are primarily concerned that an intruder should not be able to: • Access the Network resources by using similar wireless LAN equipment • Capture wireless LAN traffic (eavesdropping) The BreezeNET product line provides a patented enhanced roaming mechanism which allows stations to roam at speeds of 60 Km/h without losing or duplicating packets. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-31 User’s Guide Appendix 9.5.7.1 Preventing Access to Network Resources This is done by the use of an Authentication mechanism where a station needs to prove knowledge of the current key. This is very similar to Wired LAN privacy, in the sense that an intruder needs to enter the premises (by using a physical key) in order to connect his workstation to the wired LAN. 9.5.7.2 Eavesdropping Eavesdropping is prevented by using the WEP algorithm which is a Pseudo Random Number Generator initialized by a shared secret key. This PRNG outputs a key sequence of pseudo-random bits equal in length to the largest possible packet which is combined with the outgoing/incoming packet producing the packet transmitted in the air. The WEP is a simple algorithm based on RSA’s RC4 which has the following properties: • Reasonably strong: Brute-force attack to this algorithm is difficult because every frame is sent with an Initialization Vector which restarts the PRNG for each frame. • Self Synchronizing: The algorithm re-synchronizes for each message. This is necessary in order to work in a connection-less environment, where packets may get lost (as any LAN). 9.5.8. Power Saving Wireless LANs are typically related to mobile applications. In this type of application, battery power is a scare resource. This is the reason why the 802.11 standard directly addresses the issue of Power Saving and defines an entire mechanism which enables stations to go into sleep mode for long periods of time without losing information. The main idea behind the Power Saving Mechanism is that the AP maintains a continually updated record of the stations currently working in Power Saving mode, and buffers the packets addressed to these stations until either the stations specifically request the packets by sending a polling request, or until they change their operation mode. As part of its Beacon Frames, the AP also periodically transmits information about which Power Saving Stations have frames buffered at the AP, so these BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-32 User’s Guide Appendix stations wake up in order to receive the Beacon Frame. If there is an indication that there is a frame stored at the AP waiting for delivery, then the station stays awake and sends a Polling message to the AP to get these frames. Multicasts and Broadcasts are stored by the AP, and transmitted at a preknown time (each DTIM), when all Power Saving stations who wish to receive this kind of frames are awake. 9.5.9. Frame Types There are three main types of frames: • Data Frames: which are used for data transmission • Control Frames: which are used to control access to the medium (e.g. RTS, CTS, and ACK), and • Management Frames: which are frames that are transmitted in the same manner as data frames to exchange management information, but are not forwarded to upper layers (e.g. beacon frames). Each frame type is subdivided into different Subtypes, according to its specific function. 9.5.10. Frame Formats All 802.11 frames are composed of the following components: Preamble PLCP Header MAC Data CRC 9.5.10.1 Preamble This is PHY dependent, and includes: • Synch: An 80-bit sequence of alternating zeros and ones, which is used by the PHY circuitry to select the appropriate antenna (if diversity is used), and to reach steady-state frequency offset correction and synchronization with the received packet timing. • SFD: A Start Frame delimiter which consists of the 16-bit binary pattern 0000 1100 1011 1101, which is used to define frame timing. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-33 User’s Guide Appendix 9.5.10.2 PLCP Header The PLCP Header is always transmitted at 1 Mbit/s and contains Logical information used by the PHY Layer to decode the frame. It consists of: • PLCP_PDU Length Word: which represents the number of bytes contained in the packet. This is useful for the PHY to correctly detect the end of packet. • PLCP Signaling Field: which currently contains only the rate information, encoded in 0.5 Mbps increments from 1 Mbit/s to 4.5 Mbit/s. • Header Error Check Field: Which is a 16 Bit CRC error detection field. 9.5.10.3 MAC Data The following figure shows the general MAC Frame Format. Part of the fields are only present in part of the frames as described later. Figure 9.18: MAC Frame Format Frame Control Field The Frame Control field contains the following information: Figure 9.19: Frame Control Field BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-34 User’s Guide Appendix Protocol Version This field consists of 2 bits which are invariant in size and placement across following versions of the 802.11 Standard, and will be used to recognize possible future versions. In the current version of the standard the value is fixed as 0. Type and Subtype These 6 bits define the Type and SubType of the frame as indicated in the following table: Type Value Type Description Subtype Value b3 b2 Subtype Description b7 b6 b5 b4 00 Management 0000 Association Request 00 Management 0001 Association Response 00 Management 0010 Association Request 00 Management 0011 Reassociation Response 00 Management 0100 Probe Request 00 Management 0101 Probe Response 00 Management 0110-0111 Reserved 00 Management 1000 Beacon 00 Management 1001 ATIM 00 Management 1010 Disassociation 00 Management 1011 Authentication 00 Management 1100 Deauthentication 00 Management 1101-1111 Reserved 01 Control 0000-0001 Reserved 01 Control 1010 PS-Poll 01 Control 1011 RTS 01 Control 1100 CTS 01 Control 1101 ACK 01 Control 1110 CF End 01 Control 1111 CF End + CF-ACK 10 Data 0000 Data 10 Data 0001 Data + CF-Ack 10 Data 0010 Data + CF-Poll 10 Data 0011 Data + CF-ACK + CF-Poll 10 Data 0100 Null Function (no data) 10 Data 0101 CF-Ack (no data) 10 Data 0110 CF-Poll (no data) 10 Data 0111 CF-Ack + CF-Poll (no data) 10 Data 1000-1111 Reserved 10 Data 0000-1111 Reserved ToDS BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-35 User’s Guide Appendix This bit is set to 1 when the frame is addressed to the AP for forwarding to the Distribution System (including the case where the destination station is in the same BSS, and the AP is to relay the frame). The Bit is set to 0 in all other frames. FromDS This bit is set to 1 when the frame is received from the Distribution System. More Fragments This bit is set to 1 when there are more fragments belonging to the same frame following the current fragment. Retry This bit indicates that this fragment is a retransmission of a previously transmitted fragment. This is used by the receiver station to recognize duplicate transmissions of frames that may occur when an Acknowledgment packet is lost. Power Management This bit indicates the Power Management mode that the station will be in after the transmission of this frame. This is used by stations which are changing state either from Power Save to Active or vice versa. More Data This bit is used for Power Management as well as by the AP to indicate that there are more frames buffered for this station. The station may decide to use this information to continue polling or even changing to Active mode. WEP This bit indicates that the frame body is encrypted according to the WEP algorithm Order This bit indicates that this frame is being sent using the Strictly-Ordered service class.2 The Strictly-Ordered Service Class is defined for users that cannot accept change of ordering between Unicast Frames and Multicast Frames (ordering of Unicast frames to a specific address is always maintained). BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-36 User’s Guide Appendix Duration/ID This field has two meanings depending on the frame type: • In Power-Save Poll messages this is the Station ID • In all other frames this is the duration value used for the NAV Calculation. Address Fields A frame may contain up to 4 Addresses depending on the ToDS and FromDS bits defined in the Control Field, as follows: • Address-1 is always the Recipient Address (i.e. the BSS station that is the immediate recipient of the packet). If ToDS is set, this is the AP Address; if ToDS is not set, then this is the address of the end-station. • Address-2 is always the Transmitter Address (i.e. the station which is physically transmitting the packet). If FromDS is set, this is the AP address; if it is not set, then it is the Station address. • Address-3 is in most cases the remaining, missing address. On a frame with FromDS set to 1, Address-3 is the original Source Address; if the frame has the ToDS set, then Address 3 is the destination Address. • Address-4 is used in special cases where a Wireless Distribution System is used, and the frame is being transmitted from one Access Point to another. In such cases, both the ToDS and FromDS bits are set, so both the original Destination and the original Source Addresses are missing. The following Table summarizes the usage of the different Addresses according to ToDS and FromDS bits setting: To DS From DS Address Address Address Address DA SA BSSID N/A DA BSSID SA N/A BSSID SA DA N/A RA TA DA SA The only known protocol that would need this service class is DEC’s LAT. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-37 User’s Guide Appendix Sequence Control The Sequence Control Field is used to represent the order of different fragments belonging to the same frame, and to recognize packet duplications. It consists of two subfields, Fragment Number and Sequence Number, which define the frame and the number of the fragment in the frame. CRC The CRC is a 32-bit field containing a 32-bit Cyclic Redundancy Check (CRC) 9.5.11. Most Common Frame Formats 9.5.11.1 RTS Frame Format The RTS frame looks as follows: Figure 9.20: RTS Frame Format The RA of the RTS frame is the address of the STA on the wireless medium that is the intended immediate recipient of the next Data or Management frame. The TA is the address of the STA transmitting the RTS frame. The Duration value is the time, in microseconds, required to transmit the next Data or Management frame, plus one CTS frame, plus one ACK frame, plus three SIFS intervals. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-38 User’s Guide Appendix 9.5.11.2 CTS Frame Format The CTS frame looks as follows: Figure 9.21: CTS Frame The Receiver Address (RA) of the CTS frame is copied from the Transmitter Address (TA) field of the immediately previous RTS frame to which the CTS is a response. The Duration value is the value obtained from the Duration field of the immediately previous RTS frame, minus the time, in microseconds, required to transmit the CTS frame and its SIFS interval. 9.5.11.3 ACK Frame Format The ACK frame looks as follows: Figure 9.22: ACK Frame Format The Receiver Address of the ACK frame is copied from the Address 2 field of the immediately previous frame. If the More Fragment bit was set to 0 in the Frame Control field of the previous frame, the Duration value is set to 0, otherwise the Duration value is obtained from the Duration field of the previous frame, minus the time, in microseconds, required to transmit the ACK frame and its SIFS interval. BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-39 User’s Guide Appendix 9.5.12. Point Coordination Function (PCF) Beyond the basic Distributed Coordination Function, there is an optional Point Coordination Function, which may be used to implement timebounded services, like voice or video transmission. This Point Coordination Function makes use of the higher priority that the Access Point may gain by the use of a smaller Inter Frame Space (PIFS). By using this higher priority access, the Access Point issues polling requests to the stations for data transmission, hence controlling medium access. To still enable regular stations to access the medium, there is a provision that the Access Point must leave enough time for Distributed Access in between the PCF. 9.5.13. Ad-hoc Networks In certain circumstances, the users may wish to build up wireless LAN networks without an infrastructure (more specifically without an Access Point). This may include file transfer between two notebook users, co-workers meeting outside the office, etc. The 802.11 Standard addresses this need by the definition of an “ad-hoc” mode of operation. In this case, there is no Access Point and part of its functionality is performed by the end-user stations (such as Beacon Generation, synchronization, etc.). Other AP functions are not supported (such as frame-relaying between two stations not in range, or Power Saving). BreezeNET PRO.11 Series 9-40 User’s Guide
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