Apple WebObjects 3.5 Tools And Techniques (Manual) User Manual Web Objects3.5Tools Techniques(Manual) Objects3.5 Tech
User Manual: Apple WebObjects WebObjects3.5ToolsAndTechniques(Manual)
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WEBOBJECTS TOOLS AND TECHNIQUES Apple,NeXT, and the publishers have tried to make the information contained in this manual as accurate and reliable as possible, but assume no responsibility for errors or omissions. They disclaim any warranty of any kind, whether express or implied, as to any matter whatsoever relating to this manual, including without limitation the merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. In no event shall they be liable for any indirect, special, incidental, or consequential damages arising out of purchase or use of this manual or the information contained herein. NeXT or Apple will from time to time revise the software described in this manual and reserves the right to make such changes without obligation to notify the purchaser. Copyright 1997 by Apple Computer, Inc., 1 Infinite Loop, Cupertino, CA 95014. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher or copyright owner. Printed in the United States of America. Published simultaneously in Canada. NeXT, the NeXT logo, OPENSTEP, Enterprise Objects, Enterprise Objects Framework, Objective-C, WEBSCRIPT, and WEBOBJECTS are trademarks of NeXT Software, Inc. PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems, Incorporated. Windows NT is a trademark of Microsoft Corporation. UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively through X/Open Company Limited. ORACLE is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation, Inc. SYBASE is a registered trademark of Sybase, Inc. All other trademarks mentioned belong to their respective owners. Restricted Rights Legend: Use, duplication, or disclosure by the Government is subject to restrictions as set forth in subparagraph (c)(1)(ii) of the Rights in Technical Data and Computer Software clause at DFARS 252.227-7013 [or, if applicable, similar clauses at FAR 52.227-19 or NASA FAR Supp. 52.227-86]. This manual describes WebObjects 3.5 Writing: Ron Karr Production: Gerri Gray Art: Karin Stroud With help from: Andy Belk, Craig Federighi, John Graziano, Ben Haller, Charles Lloyd, Jean Ostrem, Kelly Toshach, Greg Wilson Contents Table of Contents Contents iii Editing With WebObjects Builder 31 Setting Up WebObjects Applications 7 Introduction 33 The Component Window 33 The WebObjects Builder Toolbar 34 Introduction 9 Creating WebObjects Application Projects 9 Editing Modes 34 Choosing Assistance 11 Entering Text 36 Choosing the Programming Language 11 Creating Elements With the Toolbar 37 The Structure of a WebObjects Application Project 12 Adding or Deleting Items From a Project 13 Web Components 15 Classes 17 Menu Equivalents For Toolbar Commands 38 Selecting Elements 38 The Inspector 39 Structure Elements 40 Headers 17 Paragraphs 40 Other Sources 17 Lists 41 Resources 17 Headings 41 Web Server Resources 18 Horizontal Rule 41 Subprojects 18 Images 41 Supporting Files 19 Custom Marker 42 Frameworks 19 Libraries 20 Removing Elements or Text From a Container 43 Working With Tables 43 Non Project Files 20 Creating Tables 43 Opening an Existing Project 21 Table Editing Modes 44 Editing Your Project’s Source Files 21 Editing Your Component’s HTML and Declarations Files 23 Building Your Application 23 The Application Wrapper 25 Launching Your Application 25 Installing Your Application 26 Converting Old Projects 27 Performing the Conversion 28 Sizing Tables 45 Inspecting Tables, Rows, and Cells 46 Creating Hyperlinks 47 Setting Page Attributes 48 Setting Colors 49 Palettes 49 Creating and Using Palette Items 50 Changing a Palette Icon 52 Moving Your Images 29 v Working With Dynamic Elements 53 Introduction to Dynamic Elements 55 Attributes 55 Creating Dynamic Elements 56 Using the Toolbar 56 Dragging Elements into the Component Window 56 Using the Add WebObject Panel 57 The Object Browser 58 Creating Variables and Methods in WebObjects Builder 60 Adding Display Groups 63 Configuring the Display Group 65 Creating a Detail Display Group 67 Binding Elements 68 Creating Form-Based Dynamic Elements 72 Dynamic and Static Inspectors 73 Creating Other WebObjects 75 Dynamic Strings 76 Dynamic Hyperlinks 77 Repetitions 78 Conditionals 79 Custom WebObjects 81 Generic WebObjects 82 Dynamic Images 84 WOApplets 84 Reusable Components 85 vi Chapter 1 Setting Up WebObjects Applications Introduction To develop WebObjects applications, you use two primary tools: Project Builder and WebObjects Builder. These tools help you perform the major tasks required to develop your application Project Builder is an integrated software-development application. It contains a project browser, a code editor, build and debugging support, and many other features needed to develop an application. It helps you to: • • • Create and manage your project. Write code to provide behavior in your application. Build and launch your application. This chapter discusses the main features of Project Builder that you use when developing WebObjects applications. For more information on Project Builder’s other features, refer to its on-line help. WebObjects Builder is described in the chapters “Editing With WebObjects Builder” and “Working With Dynamic Elements”. This document refers to example projects located in the/WebObjects/Examples/ directory. Creating WebObjects Application Projects A WebObjects application project contains all the files needed to build and maintain your application. You use Project Builder to create a new project. 1. Launch Project Builder. To do this, launch ProjectBuilder.app, which is found in the NextDeveloper/Apps/ directory. On Mach systems, this directory is under the root directory /. On Windows NT, it is under %NEXT_ROOT%, an environment variable defined when you installed WebObjects (C:\NeXT by default). On Windows NT, you can launch Project Builder from the WebObjects program group in the Start menu. 2. Choose Project m New. 9 Chapter 1 Setting Up WebObjects Applications Set the project type here. Click to choose directory in which to create your project. The New Project panel has a Project Type pop-up list that lets you choose the type of project you want to create. WebObjectsApplication is shown by default. 3. In the Project Type pop-up list, make sure WebObjectsApplication is selected. Another type of project you may want to create is WebObjectsFramework. See “Frameworks” for more information. 4. Click Browse to specify your project’s location. Note: You can also type your project’s location and name directly in the Project Path text field. 5. Navigate to the directory in which to create your project. During development, you typically create a project in the /WebObjects directory. is your HTTP server’s document root, which you specified when you installed WebObjects. It is convenient to have your entire project under this directory so project resources can be located without going through the installation process (see “Installing Your Application”). However, when deploying your application, you can place parts of your project elsewhere, so that only those files needed by the web server are accessible to users. Choose WebObjects under the server’s document root. Type the project name here. Click here when finished. 10 Creating WebObjects Application Projects 6. Type the name of the project you want to create. 7. Click Save. The New Project panel shows the path you specified. 8. Click OK. The WebObjects Application Wizard starts. Choose level of assistance. Choose programming language. Click to proceed. Choosing Assistance If your application doesn’t access a database, you always choose None for Available Assistance. If your application accesses a database, you also choose None if you want to develop the entire application yourself. However, you may wish to use one of the levels of assistance that WebObjects provides. These forms of assistance are described in other documents: • • Information about Direct to Web. Information about the Database Wizard is found in “Creating a WebObjects Database Application” in Getting Started With WebObjects. Choosing the Programming Language WebObjects supports three languages: • • • Java Objective-C WebScript 11 Chapter 1 Setting Up WebObjects Applications Java and Objective-C are compiled languages. WebScript, which is based on Objective-C, is a scripted language. A scripted language allows you to make changes to your application while it is running. When you use compiled code, your application runs faster, but you must build your application before running it. Java files have the extension .java, Objective-C files have the extension .m, and WebScript files have the extension .wos. The language you choose in the Wizard applies to the following files: • The Main component. A component in WebObjects represents a page in your application (or possibly part of a page). When you create your project, Project Builder provides you with an initial component called Main. The component’s code file implements the behavior of the component. • The application and session code files. Application code contains variables and methods that affect the entire application. Session code contains variables and methods that affect a single user’s session. If, for example, you specify Java as your primary language, the Wizard will create the files Application.java, Session.java, and Main.java for you. You can mix languages in a project by choosing a different language when you create other components. The Structure of a WebObjects Application Project On disk, your project is a folder whose name is the project name. The project folder contains all the files in your project. The file PB.project is the project file. You can open a project by double-clicking this file. Double-click here to open your project. 12 Chapter 1 Setting Up WebObjects Applications Project Builder displays a browser showing the contents of your project. The first column lists several categories of files that your project may contain. The following sections describe these categories. Your project’s components. Double-click to edit in WebObjects Builder. Files in the selected component. Click to display their contents in Project Builder. Categories (“suitcases”) of project resources. Adding or Deleting Items From a Project As you work with your project, you’ll use Project Builder to create new items (such as components or classes) or to add files (such as images) that you created with other programs to the project. For items in certain suitcases (such as subprojects and frameworks), there’s a specific command to add them, discussed in the section about the suitcase. For other suitcases, you use the following procedures. To create a new item of a particular kind: 1. Select the appropriate suitcase in first column of the browser. 2. Choose File m New in Project. 13 Chapter 1 Setting Up WebObjects Applications Click here, then choose File->New in Project. Enter new file name here. The New File panel comes up with the suitcase you selected open by default. 3. Type the name of the item and click OK. The new item is added to your project. To add an existing item (for example, a component, a framework, or a source file) to a suitcase, first select the suitcase in the first column of the browser. Then either: • • • Double-click the suitcase. Double-click the suitcase icon at the top right of the browser window. Choose Project m Add Files. A panel called Add SuitcaseName appears, allowing you to find an item to be added to the suitcase. 14 The Structure of a WebObjects Application Project Double-click to add existing files to this suitcase. In addition, you can drag a file directly onto the suitcase icon in the browser, and the file is copied into the project and added to the suitcase. To delete items from a project: 1. Select one or more items in the browser. 2. Choose Project m Remove Files. A panel appears, giving you the option of removing the files from the project only or from the disk as well. Web Components A component represents a page, or part of a page, in your application. An application can have one or more components. Every application starts with a component called Main, which is shown in the second column of the browser as Main.wo. All components have the .wo extension. If you double-click a component, WebObjects Builder opens the component for editing. “Editing With WebObjects Builder” shows how to edit your component using WebObjects Builder. On disk, a component is represented as a folder with the .wo extension. Every component has several files that specify the component’s look and 15 Chapter 1 Setting Up WebObjects Applications behavior. The name of each one is the component’s name followed by a specific file extension. These are the files in the Main component: • Main.html is the HTML template for the component. This file contains HTML tags, just like any web page; in addition, it typically contains tags for dynamic WebObjects elements. • Main.wod is the declarations file that specifies bindings between the dynamic elements and variables or methods in your code. • Main.api is used for components that are reused by other components (see “Reusable Components”). • Main.woo is used to store information about display groups (if your project accesses a database) and encodings for HTML templates. You should never edit this file (it does not appear in Project Builder’s browser). To create a new component: 1. With Web Components selected in the first column of the browser, choose File m New in Project. 2. In the New File panel, type the name of your project and click OK. The WebObjects Component Wizard appears. 3. If you want the Wizard to assist you in creating a component with database access, choose Component Wizard from Available Assistance; otherwise choose None. See “Creating a WebObjects Database Application” in Getting 16 The Structure of a WebObjects Application Project Started With WebObjects for more information on using the Wizard with databases. 4. Specify the language for your component and click Finish. Classes The Classes suitcase contains Java and Objective-C classes. If your application’s primary language is Java, this suitcase contains the Application.java and Session.java files. If the primary language is Objective-C, it contains the files Application.m and Session.m. There is a class file for each component that uses Java or Objective-C, as well as any other classes you add to the project. You can specify that Java classes are client-side, server-side, or common classes. See “Subprojects” for more information on how to do this. Headers The Headers suitcase contains header files for projects that use ObjectiveC. Other Sources The Other Sources suitcase contains compiled code that doesn’t belong to a particular class. Resources The Resources suitcase contains files that are needed by your application at run time, but which do not need to be in the web server’s document root (and hence will not be accessible to users). It includes: 17 Chapter 1 Setting Up WebObjects Applications • • • • The Application.wos and Session.wos files, if your application’s primary language is WebScript Configuration files EOModel files Scripted classes Web Server Resources The Web Server Resources suitcase contains files, such as images and sounds that must be under the web server’s document root at run time. When developing your application, you place these files in your project directory and add them to the project (see “Adding or Deleting Items From a Project”). When you build your project, Project Builder copies the files in this suitcase into the WebServerResources folder of your application wrapper (see “The Application Wrapper”). Subprojects A subproject has the same structure as a WebObjects Application project. You can use subprojects to divide large projects into manageable chunks. When you create a new project, ProjectBuilder creates two subprojects (ClientSideJava and CommonJava) in your project folder. By default, they are not added to the Subprojects suitcase. If you need to use them, you must add them to the project. Then you can add your Java classes to the appropriate project as follows: • • • Add server-side Java classes to your top-level project. Add client-side Java classes to the ClientSideJava subproject. Add Java classes that are common to both client and server to the CommonJava subproject. Note: These subprojects have the makefile variables JAVA_IS_CLIENT_SIDE and JAVA_IS_SERVER_SIDE set in Makefile.preamble so that the appropriate Java code is generated when you build your project. To create a subproject: 1. Choose Project m New Subproject. 2. Specify the name of your subproject in the New Subproject panel and click OK. A subproject is created inside the project, with a similar structure to the top-level project. You can add items to the subproject in the same way that you add items to the top-level project. 18 The Structure of a WebObjects Application Project To add an existing subproject (such as ClientSideJava or CommonJava) to your project: 1. Double-click Subprojects in the first column of the browser. 2. In the Add Subprojects panel, navigate to the directory of the subproject you want to add and click Open. 3. Double-click PB.project to add the subproject to your project. Supporting Files The Supporting Files suitcase contains your project’s makefile (which you should not edit), as well as Makefile.preamble and Makefile.postamble, which you can modify in order to customize the makefile. You can add other files your project may need (such as Read Me documents) to this suitcase so that they can be edited in Project Builder. Frameworks A framework is a collection of classes and resources that an application can use. By storing items such as components and images in frameworks, you can reuse them in multiple projects without having to create multiple copies. 19 Chapter 1 Setting Up WebObjects Applications Every WebObjects Application project includes several frameworks by default. When you build, your application links with these frameworks. They are: • • • • • WebObjects: The basic WebObjects classes. WOExtensions: Extensions to the WebObjects framework. Foundation: Basic object classes that most applications use. EOAccess: The Enterprise Objects Access Layer. EOControl: The Enterprise Objects Control Layer. You can include additional frameworks in your project if you need to. To add an existing framework to your project: 1. Double-click Frameworks in the first column of the browser. 2. In the Add Frameworks panel that appears, select a framework to add and click Open. Frameworks are generally installed in the directory NeXT_ROOT/NextLibrary/Frameworks. In addition, you can create your own frameworks in order to share WebObjects components and resources across multiple applications. To create a WebObjects Framework: 1. Choose Project m New. 2. Select WebObjectsFramework from the pop-up menu. 3. Select the path where you want to create the framework. Once you have created a framework, you can add components, images, and other items to it in the same way that you would add them to a project. To have your framework be accessible by other applications, you must install it (see “Installing Your Application” for more information). See “Reusable Components” for more information on using components that live in frameworks. Libraries The Libraries suitcase contains libraries that your application links to. Non Project Files The Non Project Files suitcase is used for files that you have opened that aren’t part of the current project. 20 Editing Your Project’s Source Files Opening an Existing Project To open an existing project from Project Builder: 1. Choose Project m Open. 2. In the Open Project panel, navigate to the project folder and click Open. 3. Select the PB.project file and click Open. To open an existing project from the file system, double-click the PB.project file in the project directory. Project Builder launches (if it is not already running) and opens the project. Editing Your Project’s Source Files Every component in your project has a code file whose name is the name of the component followed by the appropriate extension (.java for Java, .m for Objective-C, and .wos for WebScript). Your project may use different languages for different components. Each component’s code specifies the component’s behavior. Each component is actually a subclass of the class WOComponent (or WebComponent, in Java). This class has standard methods (such as awake and init) that you may want to override (see WebObjects Developer’s Guide for more information on these methods). You can also write your own methods and bind them to dynamic elements in your component (see “Working With Dynamic Elements”, as well as the Dynamic Elements Reference, for information on binding dynamic elements). In addition to the component’s code, each project has an application code file (Application.java, Application.m, or Application.wos) and a session code file (Session.java, Session.m, or Session.wos). These files implement When you first create your project using the Wizard, you specify the language you want to use (see “Choosing the Programming Language”). This language applies to the application and session code, as well as to the code for your initial component, Main. Other components may be written in different languages. The location of your code in the project suitcases varies somewhat depending on the language used: 21 Chapter 1 Setting Up WebObjects Applications • If you use Java or Objective-C, all code files appear in the Classes suitcase. On disk, they live at the top level of the project directory. • If you use WebScript, the Application.wos and Session.wos files appear in the Resources suitcase. On disk, they live a the top level of the project directory. The component scripts (ComponentName.wos) appear in the component (ComponentName.wo) in the project and on disk. To edit your code, select the file name in the project browser. The code appears in the bottom pane of the browser. To save changes in your code, choose File m Save. Note: WebObjects Builder gets information from Project Builder about variables and methods in your code. If you add or delete a variable or method, WebObjects Builder doesn’t get the updated information until you save the file. 22 Editing Your Component’s HTML and Declarations Files Editing Your Component’s HTML and Declarations Files While you must use Project Builder to edit your components’ code or script files, you typically use WebObjects Builder’s graphical interface to generate the HTML and declarations files. You can, however, also edit these files using Project Builder. To edit a component in WebObjects Builder: 1. Select Web Components in the first column of Project Builder’s browser. 2. Double-click the component name (for example, Main.wo) in the second column. WebObjects Builder launches and opens your component in a window. See “Editing With WebObjects Builder” for information on using WebObjects Builder to edit your component. To edit a component in Project Builder: 1. Select Web Components in the first column of Project Builder’s browser. 2. Select the component you want to edit in the second column. 3. Select ComponentName.html or ComponentName.wod in the third column. The text of the file appears in the lower pane of the browser, where it can be edited. 4. Alternatively, you can double-click the file name or its icon at the top right of the browser, and the file opens in a separate window. Building Your Application You must build your application if your project contains any compiled code (Java or Objective-C). If your application uses WebScript only, you do not need to build. In this case, Project Builder runs a default executable (WODefaultApp) when you launch your application. Once you have built your application, you do not need to rebuild unless you have made changes to your compiled code. You can make 23 Chapter 1 Setting Up WebObjects Applications changes to your components (the .html, .wod, or .wos files) and test them without rebuilding. Note: When you are developing a framework, you must rebuild after any change, even for changes to scripts or images. Therefore, when developing a framework, it is probably best to develop it as an application project, and once it has been tested, move its reusable pieces into a framework. Project Builder has a toolbar with buttons you use to build and launch your application. Click here to open the Project Find panel. Click here to open the Launch panel. Click here to open the Project Build panel. Click here to open the Project Inspector. 1. Click in the toolbar to open the Project Build panel. 2. Click in the Project Build panel to build your project. Click here to set build options. Click here to “clean” the project (delete derived files). Click here to build your project. The Project Build panel displays the commands that are being executed to build your project. If all goes well, it displays the status message “Build succeeded.” 3. Close the panel. 24 Building Your Application The Application Wrapper When you build your project, Project Builder creates an application wrapper, which is a folder whose name is the project name plus the extension .woa. The application wrapper has a structure similar to that of a framework. It consists of the following: • The executable application. • The application’s resources. These include the application’s components as well as other files that are needed by your application at run time. • The application’s web server resources. When you build and install your application, Project Builder copies all the files from your Web Server Resources suitcase to a folder called WebServerResources inside the application wrapper. If you have client-side Java components in your project, these are also copied to the WebServerResources folder. Launching Your Application To launch your application: 1. Click in the toolbar to open the Launch panel. 2. Click in the Launch panel to launch your application. 25 Chapter 1 Setting Up WebObjects Applications When you launch your application, your machine’s web browser is launched by default and it accesses your application. To turn off this feature: 1. Click to bring up the Launch Options panel. 2. Select Environment and Command-Line Arguments from the pop-up menus. 3. Enter -browser OFF as a command line option. You can also launch your application directly from a command line. See Serving WebObjects for more information on command line options. Also, on Windows NT systems, you can launch your application by doubleclicking its executable file. When you build your application, Project Builder creates an executable file (ProjectName.exe) inside your application wrapper (.woa) directory. Installing Your Application Some files in a web application (such as images and sounds) must be stored under the web server’s document root in order for the server to access them. The remaining files (such as your components and source code) must be accessible to your application but not necessarily by the web server itself. In previous versions of WebObjects, it was typical to store the entire project under the web server's document root. This practice has advantages for turnaround time during development. However, in deployment, it presents the possibility of allowing users access to your source code. WebObjects 3.5 has a “split installation” feature that allows you to install only those files (such as images) that the web server must have access to under the document root. The remaining files can be stored elsewhere. The same procedure applies to installing WebObjects applications and WebObjects frameworks. To install: 1. Click to open the Project Inspector. 2. Under “Install In:”, set the path where the application wrapper will be installed. This should be NEXT_ROOT/NextLibrary/WOApps for applications and NEXT_ROOT/NextLibrary/Frameworks for frameworks. 3. In Makefile.preamble (in the Supporting Files suitcase), set the make variable INSTALLDIR_WEBSERVER to the path where your WebObjects applications 26 Converting Old Projects will reside under the document root, usually DocumentRoot/WebObjects. The file contains a line you can uncomment for this purpose. 4. In Project Builder’s Build panel, click . 5. From the Target pop-up menu, choose install. (By default, the target is set to woapp.) Select “Install.” 6. Click in the Build panel to install your application. The full application wrapper is copied into the “Install In:” directory, and a wrapper containing only the Web Server Resources is copied into the document root. See Serving WebObjects for more information about installing your application. Converting Old Projects Under version 3.5 of WebObjects, projects are organized differently than under previous versions. This section describes how to convert your old projects to the new organization so that you can work with them in WebObjects 3.5 and beyond. If your existing project is already a WebObjectsApplication project (that is, it was created by Project Builder and has a PB.project file), you can use Project Builder to convert your project. If your project does not have a PB.project file, you must create a new project and add your existing files to the appropriate suitcases. In version 3.5, the .woa extension is reserved for the application wrapper. Previously, the project directory itself had the .woa extension. Before converting your project, you should rename its folder to remove the .woa extension. 27 Chapter 1 Setting Up WebObjects Applications Performing the Conversion To convert your project, open it in Project Builder. (It’s a good idea to create a backup of your project before converting.) If your project was created prior to WebObjects 3.5, Project Builder detects that a conversion needs to be done. It reassigns the files in your project to new suitcases, as appropriate. It uses the file extension to determine what action to take; if there are files whose extensions it doesn’t recognize, it reports these at the end of the conversion, and you must manually assign those files to the appropriate suitcases. The following list summarizes the conversions that take place: • Components (with a .wo extension) are added to the Web Components suitcase. Note: Only components found in the top level of the project and each subproject are moved automatically. • Java code (.java) files are moved from the components into the Classes suitcase and stored at the top level of the project on disk. Note: Keep in mind that this may affect your source/revision control system. In addition, you are asked if you want to add two optional subprojects (ClientSideJava and CommonJava) to your project. You can use these to divide your Java code into client-side, server-side or common Java. See “Subprojects” for more information. • Resources (previously in the Other Resources suitcase) are put into two new suitcases. Images with known extensions are assigned to the Web Server Resources suitcase. Other resources are assigned to the Resources suitcase. Files with unrecognized extensions are left out and you are notified. • WOProject.plist is no longer used and is deleted if it is in the project. • Several new makefile variables have been added and are appended to your existing Makefile.preamble with default values assigned. • All existing subprojects are recursively converted in the same manner as the top-level project. In the conversion process, you are prompted to confirm each type of operation. In general, you should accept the default action for each prompt; otherwise, you will have to perform the action manually. Once the conversion has begun, there is no way to cancel it. If you choose not to convert at all, you may not be able to view some of your files, since they are assigned to suitcases that aren’t visible. 28 Converting Old Projects Moving Your Images After the project is converted, there are additional changes you may want to make in order to take advantage of the new features of WebObjects 3.5. In previous versions, images were stored inside the components themselves. To support the new “split installation” procedure, images should be stored in the Web Server Resources suitcase, so that the web server can access them at run time. (When you build your project, the items in this suitcase are copied to the WebServerResources directory inside the application wrapper.) When using the dynamic elements WOImage and WOActiveImage, you use their filename attribute to reference images inside the WebServerResources directory. You may also have images in a framework that can be shared by multiple applications. To access these images, use the framework attribute to specify the framework name. See “Working With Dynamic Elements” in this document and the Dynamic Elements Reference for more information. 29 Chapter 2 Editing With WebObjects Builder Introduction WebObjects Builder is an application that provides graphical tools for creating dynamic web pages (components). This chapter describes the basic procedures of creating your components’ content with WebObjects Builder. A web page consists of elements. WebObjects Builder allows you to add most of the common HTML elements to a component by using its graphical editing tools. You can type text directly into a component window and you can add additional HTML elements by using the buttons in the toolbar (or their menu equivalents). In addition, WebObjects allows you to create dynamic elements, whose look and behavior are determined at run time. This chapter focuses on basic editing tasks and the use of standard HTML elements. The next chapter, “Working With Dynamic Elements”, provides more specifics on using dynamic elements. The Component Window When you open a component, WebObjects Builder displays it in a component window. You create your component’s appearance graphically in the upper pane of the component window. The browser at the bottom of the window (known as the object browser) displays variables and methods your component uses. The toolbar at the top of the window contains several buttons you use to create the content of your component. WebObjects Builder also has menu commands corresponding to these buttons. 33 Chapter 2 Editing With WebObjects Builder Pop-up list switches editing modes. Click to inspect the selected element. These buttons change properties of selected elements or text. Click one of these buttons to create a specific element. Click to display the Palette window. Elements pop-up list switches the buttons displayed to its right. This window displays your component’s elements graphically. Object browser shows variables and methods in your application’s code. Pull-down menu lets you add variables, methods, and actions to your source code. Note: Depending on the width of the window, the toolbar may appear in two rows or one. The WebObjects Builder Toolbar At the left of the toolbar are three buttons: The pop-up list allows you to switch editing modes. See “Editing Modes”. The button brings up the Inspector window, which allows you to set various attributes of the currently selected element. The sections describing each type of element go into more detail on the Inspector. The button brings up the Palette window. See “Palettes” for more information on creating and using palettes. Editing Modes WebObjects Builder allows you to view and edit your page in two modes: 34 The WebObjects Builder Toolbar • Graphical mode shows a visual representation of your component, including its dynamic elements. The bottom pane, the object browser, lists the variables and methods that are defined in your scripts or code files. • Source editing mode shows the text of your component’s HTML template in the upper pane and the text of your declarations (.wod) file in the lower pane. In this mode, you can enter any HTML code. For example, you can include HTML elements that are not directly supported by WebObjects Builder’s graphical tools. The pop-up list at the left of the toolbar allows you to switch between graphical editing mode and source editing mode. When you choose source editing mode, the text of your HTML template (ComponentName.html) appears. When you add elements graphically, their corresponding HTML tags appear in this file. The HTML source for your component. Information about bindings is displayed here. As you can see, when you begin with a blank page, WebObjects Builder automatically inserts the necessary elements such as , , and for you. The bottom pane shows your declarations (Main.wod) file. When you bind variables to your dynamic elements, this file stores the information. Normally, you don’t edit this file directly. “Working With Dynamic Elements” shows how you use WebObjects Builder to create bindings. Refer to the WebObjects Developer’s Guide for more information on working with the declarations file. 35 Chapter 2 Editing With WebObjects Builder The Preferences panel provides several options for how text is displayed in both graphical and source editing modes. Choose Tools m Options to bring up the panel. For information on resource-handling preferences, see “Dragging Elements into the Component Window”. Set default fonts here. To change the encoding of your HTML document, choose one from this pop-up list. Click here to display formatting preferences for HTML and declarations files. Click here to display resource-handling preferences. Entering Text When you begin to edit a new component, the cursor (insertion point) appears at the upper left of the screen. You can begin typing text directly, and the text appears in the default font and size. If you press Enter, a line break (
element) is inserted after the line. If you want a paragraph element (), press Shift-Enter. See “Structure Elements” for information on other types of text elements. The top row of the toolbar contains a set of buttons that operate on the currently selected text. If no text is selected, they change the setting for any text typed in at the insertion point. : These buttons allow you to toggle the style of the currently selected text. You can set any combination of bold (), italics (), underline () and typewriter (fixed-width) font (). Note: The user’s web browser determines how these elements will actually be displayed when the application is running. : This pop-up list allows you to set the font size of the currently selected text. 36 Chapter 2 Editing With WebObjects Builder : This color well allows you to set the color of the currently selected text. To change the color, click on the border of the color well and select a color from the Colors panel. See “Setting Colors” for more information. : This button changes the selected text to a hyperlink. : This pop-up list allows you to center or justify text. Note: Version 3.5 of WebObjects Builder does not support Undo. It is recommended that you save components frequently as you are working. If you make a mistake and want to undo it, you can revert to the last saved version of the component. Creating Elements With the Toolbar To create HTML elements, you use the buttons on the bottom row of the toolbar (or at the right of the toolbar if your window is large). There are four groups of buttons, only one of which is displayed at a time. The pop-up list lets you switch the group of buttons that are displayed to its right. The groups are: • Structures . Use these buttons to create paragraphs, lists, images, and other static HTML elements. See “Structure Elements” for more information. • Tables . Use these buttons to create and manipulate HTML table elements. See “Working With Tables” for more information. • Dynamic form elements • Other WebObjects . Use these buttons to create other dynamic elements, which you can bind to variables and methods in your program to control how they are displayed. Some of these (such as hyperlinks) have direct HTML equivalents. Others are abstract dynamic elements, such as repetitions and conditionals, which determine how many times an element is displayed or whether it is displayed at all. See “Creating Other WebObjects” for detailed information. . Use these buttons to create form elements in which users enter information. WebObjects gives your application access to the data entered by users by allowing you to associate, or bind, these elements to variables in your application. See “Creating Form-Based Dynamic Elements” for more information. The general procedure for creating an HTML element is: 37 Chapter 2 Editing With WebObjects Builder 1. Place the cursor where you want the element to appear on the page. 2. Click the toolbar button representing the element you want. The element is placed at the cursor position. 3. Select the element (see “Selecting Elements”). In most cases, the element is already selected when you create it. 4. Bring the Inspector to the front by clicking it. If it is not open, click . In the Inspector, you can set various properties of the element. For example, you can change a paragraph’s type from plain to preformatted. It’s useful to be aware of what happens when you have text or other elements selected and you create a new element: • If the new element is a container element (that is, it can contain other elements), the selected elements are “wrapped” or contained inside the new element. • If the new element cannot contain other elements (for example, a horizontal rule or image), the new element replaces the selection. Menu Equivalents For Toolbar Commands All the toolbar buttons have menu equivalents. This document refers to the toolbar buttons, but of course you can use the menu commands as well: • The Elements menu contains equivalents for all the buttons that create elements (that is, the switchable toolbar). • The Format menu contains equivalents for the buttons that affect the selected text. • The Tools menu contains commands to open the Inspector and Palette windows (and other commands). Selecting Elements There are several operations you perform in WebObjects Builder that require you to select an element, such as copying, deleting, inspecting, or “wrapping” one element inside another. You select text elements as you would in most text-editing applications: by dragging, or by double-clicking words, or by triple-clicking lines, or by Shiftclicking. The selected text appears with gray shading. 38 The Inspector Some elements (such as text fields and text areas) can be selected simply by clicking them; they appear with a gray line underneath. Other elements (such as tables) require you to click outside the element and drag across it in order to select it. To select a range of elements, drag across them, or press the Shift key while clicking at the end of the range. The Inspector You use the Inspector to set HTML attributes of the elements in your component. To open the Inspector, click . The Inspector’s title and contents reflect the element you’ve selected in the component window. Each element has its own Inspector that allows you to set properties appropriate for the element. For example, the Heading Inspector shown here allows you to set the level of a heading element. Other elements have different properties that you can set. The element path. Click to inspect different elements in the hierarchy. Click here to make static elements dynamic and vice versa. Click here to set the heading level. 39 Chapter 2 Editing With WebObjects Builder The top of the window shows the element path to the selected element. Any element can be contained in a hierarchy of several levels of elements and can in turn contain other elements. Here, the element path shows that the heading element is contained in the page element, which is the top level of the hierarchy. When you click an icon in the element path, the appropriate Inspector for that element appears. In this case, if you click the page icon, the Page Attributes Inspector appears. (Note: If no element is selected, the Inspector shows Page Attributes by default.) The Make Dynamic button in the Inspector allows you to convert an HTML element into a dynamic WebObjects element. Dynamic elements have a Make Static button, which allows them to be converted to their static counterparts. This feature is discussed in more detail in “Dynamic and Static Inspectors”. Structure Elements By default, the switchable toolbar displays the Structure elements. Paragraph Heading Image List Remove Selection from Container Horizontal Custom Line Marker The following sections describe the elements you can create with these buttons. Paragraphs Click to create a new paragraph. If there is a text selection, the entire selection becomes a paragraph. You can use the Inspector to set the paragraph to one of the following tags: • • • • • 40 Plain (
) Preformatted (
) Address () Block quote () Division () Structure Elements Lists Click to create a new list. If there is a selection, each line in the selection becomes a list item (). By default the list is an unordered (bulleted) list ( ). You can use the Inspector to change the list to an ordered list (
). You can also change the way in which lists appear; for example, displaying an ordered list in Roman numerals (on browsers that support this feature). When typing in a list: • • • Press Shift-Enter to create a new list item. (If you simply press Enter, you will create a line break but no new list item.) Press Tab to create a new list nested inside the original list. Press Shift-Tab to move the nesting out one level. Headings Click to create a heading. By default, an
element is created. You can use the Inspector to change the level of the heading to between
and
. Horizontal Rule Click to create horizontal rule (
) element. You can use the Inspector to vary its height and width, and whether it is displayed in 3D. Images Click to add a static image (). A Select Image panel appears, allowing you to select an image file to display at the insertion point. The Inspector allows you to change the image’s properties, including its size, file path, and whether it uses an absolute or relative reference. Note: Any selected elements are replaced by the image. With static images, you must specify a known file path. You can also create a dynamic image, which refers to an image file that lives in your project or in a framework. See “Dynamic Images” for more information. To set an image for the page background, see “Setting Page Attributes”. 41 Chapter 2 Editing With WebObjects Builder Custom Marker Not all legal HTML elements can be created directly using WebObjects Builder’s buttons or menu commands. However, you can create any type of element using the custom tag. To create an HTML element using a custom marker: 1. Place the cursor where you want the element. 2. Click . appears in the component window. You can replace the text “Custom Marker” with the content of the element (if any). 3. In the Inspector, enter the tag’s name in the Marker field. 4. If the element doesn’t require an end tag, uncheck “Needs end marker.” 5. If the element has attributes you want to specify, click New Attribute, then enter the attribute’s name and value. Enter the element’s tag. Check if element requires end tag. Click to add an element attribute, then enter its value. For example, if you want to create aelement, you would create a custom marker and enter DL for its name in the Inspector’s Marker text field. Because “Needs end marker” is checked, the
end tag is inserted for you. 42 Working With Tables You can also enter source editing mode and type the marker and its text directly. Tip: To save a custom element so you can use it again, save it on a palette. See “Palettes”. Removing Elements or Text From a Container You can remove an element or text from a containing element. For example, if you’ve typed some text inside a form, but you decide you want the text to be outside the form: 1. Select the text. 2. Click or choose Elements m Promote Selection. This causes the text to be removed from the form. Working With Tables To work with tables, you use the Tables section of the switchable toolbar (or the equivalent commands in the Elements m Table menu). Add table Split cell horizontally Delete selected row Toggle between table structure/ content editing Split cell vertically Merge selected cells Delete selected column Creating Tables To create a table, click from the toolbar. A 2x2 table is created at the insertion point. Its width is 100% of the window. Click here to add a column. Click here to add a row. Double-click to enter content-editing mode. 43 Chapter 2 Editing With WebObjects Builder To add a column, click the icon at the upper right of the table. The column is added at the right of the table. To add a row, click the icon at the lower left of the table. The row is added at the bottom of the table. Table Editing Modes There are two “modes” that you can be in when working with tables. When you first create a table, you are in “structure editing” mode, indicated by the gray handles and icons. In this mode, you can select cells, groups of cells, or the entire table, and perform operations on them. The other mode is “content editing” mode, in which you can insert text or other elements (including other tables) inside table cells. In this mode, the gray handles and icons are not present. To change from structure editing to content editing mode, double-click in a cell. The cell’s contents are selected, and you can type or select an element from the toolbar to replace them. To change from content editing to structure editing mode, press Control and click in any cell other than the one that was selected. Alternatively, you can switch from one mode to the other by clicking in the toolbar. Also, after you’ve clicked anywhere outside a table, clicking in the table puts you in content editing mode; Control-clicking puts you in structure editing mode. In structure editing mode, you can: 44 • Select an individual cell by clicking it. • Select a row by clicking one of the gray handles at the end of the row. • Select a column by clicking the top cell in a column and dragging to the bottom. • Select additional cells by clicking them while holding down the Shift key. • Select the entire table, or any group of contiguous cells by clicking and dragging. • Delete a row by selecting it (or any cell in the row) and clicking • Delete a column by selecting any cell in the column and clicking . . Working With Tables • Split a selected cell horizontally by clicking or vertically by clicking . • Merge a group of selected contiguous cells into a single cell by clicking . Note: This command isn’t enabled unless the selected cells make up a group that could logically be merged into one cell. • Wrap an abstract dynamic element (conditional or repetition) around a selected row or cell (see “Repetitions”) by clicking dynamic element’s icon in the toolbar. In content editing mode, you can: • Type text in the cell. • Add another element inside a cell (by clicking its toolbar icon or using a menu command). In either mode, you can press Tab to move to the next cell to the right (or the first cell of the next row if in the rightmost column). Pressing Shift-Tab moves in the opposite direction through the table. A special case arises when you have embedded a table within a table cell. In this case: • To edit text in a cell in the embedded table, just click in the cell. • To select the embedded table or one of its elements, first click in the cell surrounding the embedded table, and then Control-click the embedded table to select it. Sizing Tables By default, the size of a table is determined by the contents of the table’s cells. If you type text (or insert other elements) inside a table cell, the cell’s width expands as necessary to fit the data. The width of any column, therefore, will be that of the widest cell in the column. Note: In WebObjects Builder, a cell does not resize until you have completed editing the cell and tabbed to another cell or moved out of the table. If you want to set the size of a table or cell explicitly, use the Inspector: • To set the width or height of a table, select the table and use the Table Inspector. You can enter values that correspond to HTML attributes controlling the size of the table. 45 Chapter 2 Editing With WebObjects Builder • To set the width or height of a cell, select the cell and use the Table Data Inspector. Changing a cell’s size affects the size of the column or row containing the cell. Inspecting Tables, Rows, and Cells An HTML table (