Methodological manual. ... Do not forget about the charts, websites, manuals, references, anecdotes, jokes, stories and advices on studying foreign languages.
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004.02:004.5:004.9
73+65.9+60.5
ISSN 2225-1545
77-45777 07 2011 .
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UDC: 378.001
Abdullayeva N.S. teacher of department of languages
faculty of agrology and business Andijan Branch of Tashkent State Agrarian University
Uzbekistan, Andijan
THE USE OF AUTHENTIC VIDEO MATERIALS IN THE FORMATION OF STUDENTS' COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN
NON-LANGUAGE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS
Abstract: In modern lingo didactics, there are many techniques and methods for the formation and improvement of communicative competence, while, due to the availability of digital materials and network technologies, the use of authentic video and audio materials becomes relevant.
Key words: formation, improvement, communicative competence, foreign languages, authentic video and audio materials.
There are various approaches to describing the structure and content of communicative competence. So, in one of the approaches, the following types of competencies are distinguished:
1. Linguistic (linguistic) competence - knowledge about the system of language, about the rules for the functioning of language units in speech and the ability to use this system to understand other people's thoughts and express their own judgments in oral and written form.
2. Speech competence includes knowledge about the ways of forming and formulating thoughts using language, as well as the ability to use language in speech. Some researchers also call this type of competence sociolinguistic, trying to emphasize the inherent ability of the owner of such competence to choose the necessary linguistic form and method of expression depending on the conditions of the speech act: the situation, communicative goals and the speaker's intentions.
3. Social competence is manifested in the desire and ability to enter into communication with other people, in the ability to navigate in a communication situation and build a statement in accordance with the speaker's communicative intention and the situation.
4. Sociocultural competence means that students know the national and cultural features of the social and speech behavior of native speakers their customs, etiquette, social stereotypes, history and cultures, as well as ways to use this knowledge in the process of communication.
5. Strategic (or compensatory) competence is a competence with the help of which a student can fill gaps in language knowledge, as well as speech and
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social experience of communication in a foreign language environment. Possession of it makes it possible, for example, when reading, to guess about the meaning of unknown words, starting from the context, situation or topic; when using the dictionary, select the desired translation of the desired word from several options, as well as understand the meaning of the word by familiar morphemes, such as a root, prefix or suffix.
6. Discursive competence refers to the student's ability to use specific strategies for constructing and interpreting a test.
7. Subject competence is the ability to navigate in the content plan of communication in a certain area of human activity.
The very concept of authentic materials appeared in the methodology not so long ago, which is associated with the modern definition of the goals of teaching a foreign language. Authentic materials in this work are materials created by native speakers for native speakers for non-educational purposes.
Speaking about the advantages of using authentic videos in foreign language classes with students, first of all I would like to note their attractiveness for students: watching videos, both fictional and documentary, both short and fulllength, is one of the favorite activities of young people at the present time.
The use of game videos in foreign language classes contributes to immersion in the natural cultural and linguistic environment in cases where students do not have the opportunity to do this directly by visiting the country of the target language.
Thanks to the use of authentic video materials in the classroom, several tasks are solved at once, associated with the development of various aspects of communicative competence:
1) language competence - the expansion of the lexical stock; development and improvement of listening skills (along with other types of speech activity); modeling of "immersion" in the language environment in educational conditions (mastering the intonation and tempo of lively conversational speech, acquaintance with the lively spoken language, idioms, phrasal verbs, dialects and socially limited vocabulary, with the peculiarities of the speech behavior of native speakers), that is, the film allows you to clearly represent the process of natural communication of native speakers.
8. In the linguistic aspect, authentic video materials are characterized by the originality of vocabulary: they contain many pronouns, particles, interjections, words with emotional connotations, phrases designed for the emergence of associative links, phraseological units, fashionable words; and the originality of the syntax: the brevity and lack of development of sentences, fragmentation, the presence of structure-dependent sentences used independently. During viewing, some language units are effectively assimilated due to associations arising in connection with certain characters or actors, their gestures, facial expressions, mood, appearance
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2) linguistic and cultural competence - familiarity with regional information;
3) socio-cultural competence - familiarity with the cultural characteristics of a particular country; aesthetic development and expansion of the horizon of transnational ideas about beauty, the experience of interpersonal communication.
A feature film as a means of forming lingo-socio-cultural competence in foreign language classes at a non-linguistic university.
The main tasks in the development of communicative competence with the help of authentic videos include:
expansion of vocabulary by presenting new lexical units or consolidating previously learned ones;
presentation or consolidation of grammatical norms; work on pronunciation using emphasis on sounds, stresses, intonation based on imitation of actors' speech; formation and consolidation of listening and speaking, reading and writing skills; acquaintance with cross-cultural information (customs, traditions, norms of etiquette, etc.), mastering the national-cultural specifics of language communication; training the ability to determine the type of communicative situation, type of discourse, functional style of speech and select adequate communication methods. The sociocultural background of authentic video materials is realized through a productive vocabulary, which includes the most communicatively significant lexical units common in typical communication situations, including evaluative vocabulary for expressing one's opinion, colloquial cliches, as well as words with a national and cultural component: background and non-equivalent vocabulary; the realities associated with rest, pastime, leisure, the realities of everyday life. They allow students to penetrate into another national culture, to master the everyday vocabulary of a native speaker. Thus, the use of authentic videos can activate the development of all the main components of communicative competence. In our opinion, play video is especially effective, since it offers students additional emotional motivation to master the material and develop communication skills. In pedagogy and methodology, there are many definitions of the concept of "communicative competence", however, most of them boil down to understanding communicative competence as the ability of students to carry out effective speech activity in accordance with the goals and situations of communication within a certain field of activity in compliance with the norms of social interaction inherent in a particular national culture. The formation of communicative competence occurs both in the process of natural communication and through specially organized training.
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Working with authentic video material is divided in our program into three main stages: pre-viewing, while viewing and after-viewing, the latter being divided into control and creative stages. The main purpose of the exercises at the preview stage is to prepare the ground for further work, increase the level of motivation and interest of students, involve them in active activities, set up thinking on the desired topic, activate the existing knowledge on the topic, vocabulary and grammar in order to make the work on the next levels more simple and effective. The goal of the second stage is to assimilate basic and specific information, and the third is to control the understanding of the film and further work with video material to develop speaking and writing skills.
List of used literature: 1. Isupova M.M. The use of non-fiction authentic video materials in teaching a foreign language to students of non-linguistic universities // ISOM. 2016. No. 22. S. 148-153. 2. G.T. Qodirova. Linguistic and communicative competence in learning language. International conference., 2016, p.441. 3. N.A. Odilova., M.U. Irgashev. Information and communication technology in language learning. International conference., 2016, p.439. 4. Safonova V.V. Communicative competence: modern approaches to multilevel description for methodological purposes // What is argued about in language pedagogy. - M .: Evroshkola, 2004 .-- 236 p.
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UDC 373.24
Abduramonova S.Sh. 2nd year master's degree student
in Preschool Education Mamasoliyeva Sh.Kh.
2nd year master's degree student in Preschool Education
ASSIGNMENT OF PEOPLE'S FAIRY TALES AND THE FORMATION OF LIBRARY IN CHILDREN THROUGH MASS MEDIA
Abstract: This article highlights the role of fiction in educating children, inculcating universal values in folk tales through the media, and instilling a love of reading in children from an early age.
Keywords: Mass media, well-rounded personality, intelligence, technology, communication, artistic taste, value, humanity, creative thinking, reading, television.
Education is a complex process and plays an important role in our lives. It is the duty of all teachers to teach the young generation who are thirsty for knowledge, to teach them to find their place in life. We know from history that our ancestors were famous all over the world for their intelligence. Despite the fact that centuries have passed, their works are based on deep meaning and great ideas. These works will help educate our youth. "Education is for us a matter of life or death, salvation or destruction, happiness or disaster" A. Avloni. Indeed, the upbringing of the younger generation as morally, mentally, physically and spiritually well-rounded individuals has for centuries been a matter of serious debate and one of the most important issues among the advanced representatives of mankind. At a time when our country is developing rapidly, we can see progress in education. Today, changes in education are the foundation for future children. In the context of modern education, increasing the activity of children in the educational process requires the use of new innovative technologies. The purpose of any education is to develop students' knowledge and skills. This is an important factor in starting education from childhood. The development of children's folk tales through the media and television, depending on their age, allows them to quickly save information.
It is based on a more visual assimilation of information from fairy tales, which includes a variety of fairy tale books, children's magazines and instructional multimedia. It is difficult to impress today's children by simply reading. We need educators who think creatively in educating children, in inculcating universal values through fairy tales. First of all, every educator should be able to use information and communication technologies in their work, be able to work with the Internet, use the electronic library and its information in the field of education.
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They should have enough information about which pages the information is relevant to the field of education, about the educational portals operating in the country.
The educator makes extensive use of the press and books, which are the main sources of education and upbringing of children. The book is recognized as a tool that responds to everything, according to the little ones. The purpose of children's books is to develop the emotions that nature has given them. The indirect effect of such books should be on the children's emotions, not their minds.
In fiction, fairy tales serve as a powerful, effective tool for educating children mentally, morally, and aesthetically, and have a tremendous impact on the development and enrichment of children's speech. Books play an important role in the formation of artistic taste. It is important that books are ageappropriate, not only in terms of subject and content, but also in the way they are told and decorated. Books for toddlers, especially 2-3 year olds, focus more on the effect of pictures than words. The child reinforces the content of the book in his memory by "reading" the pictures in the book to his friends, adults and puppets. The bright, beautiful pictures in the book nurture children's artistic taste
Today, in preschool educational institutions, it is important to acquaint children with works of art, to increase their love for fairy tales, in accordance with the requirements of the state and, of course, in the framework of 5 important initiatives put forward by the President. being carried out. The fourth initiative is aimed at raising the morale of young people, the organization of systematic work to promote reading among them. Fostering a love of books, independent thinking, and a broad outlook from the childhood of the next generation will lay a solid foundation for their well-being. It plays a key role in the formation of a perfect person. In the "State requirements for the development of primary and preschool children" it is the requirements for the development of reading skills of preschool children, the child is interested in books and reading, and the expected results are:
2-3-4 year olds have an understanding of books; asks adults to read a book; reads books appropriate for his age; identifies the relationship between pictures and words in a book; recognizes the familiar fairy-tale characters from the pictures. 4-5 year olds react to the story they are listening to and ask adults questions; can recite the main points of a work based on pictures; can name a work after listening to an excerpt from a work of art; knows the Mosshers by heart; uses the book carefully. 5-6 years old knows the first sound of a word; reads the book independently; distinguishes sounds; words can be articulated; rhymes words; uses dialogic form of speech, asks questions; memorizes and expresses poems; authors of favorite fiction, fairy tales and short stories and their names; correctly uses the tone of expression; Find words related to letters. 6-7 year olds tell other children the content of the book they remember; uses simple and complex sentences in speech; words can be divided into syllables; forms words from syllables using syllable cards; has an understanding of words, sounds,
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syllables, speech; reads forewords, book titles, captions, etc .; knows the name of the genre of children's literature (fairy tale, poem, story); knows the names of famous writers and poets.
A number of reforms being carried out in our country today are aimed at further developing the educational process for the development of the next generation, who are well-rounded, physically and spiritually healthy, broadminded and have high human qualities. The revival of our history, national traditions, values, the growing sense of identity among young people is worthy of the strength of the need for information, the rapid development of society, the age, the ability to express their knowledge among the world's youth. The role of the media and the press is invaluable.
In short, the inculcation of folk tales in the educational process serves the spiritual development of children through the media and enhances their knowledge and thinking.
References: 1 Sh. Mirziyoyev. Resolution "On measures to further improve the system of preschool education in 2017-2021." T., 2016. 2 Order of the Minister of Preschool Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On approval of the State requirements for the development of primary and preschool children of the Republic of Uzbekistan" 2019 June 18 B. 20 3 Kadyrova F.R., Toshpolatova Sh.Q., Kayumova N.M., Azamova M.N. "Preschool pedagogy" Tashkent: "Sparks of literature" - 2019. - P. 169 4 Sodiqova Sh. "Preschool pedagogy". "Garden of thinking" T .: 2013. 5 P. Yusupova. "Pedagogy of preschool education". Handbook 1993
Internet sites: 1. www. tdpu. uz. 2. www. pedagogue. uz.
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Abdusalomov U.S. teacher of the Faculty of Military Education
Boltaboyev A. teacher of the Faculty of Military Education
of Fergana State University Uzbekistan, Fergana
GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MILITARY COMMITTEES OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN
Annotation: This article informs about, the formation and unification of the military team, as well as the fact that each team which has its own characteristics, the great influence of the fighting spirit in the military team, and any difficulties encountered with this fighting mood victory, as well as the factors that determine the socio-psychological environment in the military community.
Keywords: military community, collective opinion, moral value, serviceman, mood, tradition, economics, politics, ideological reasons, spiritual.
In the process of formation and unification of the community, a common system of spiritual values is created. Spiritual values shape the mindset of the military community. A team opinion is a set of opinions that members have about an issue. Military activity is carried out in a military team, and in the process of this activity, the division of labor between the servicemen is of great importance. The public opinion in the units of the Armed Forces of our country is fully consistent with the public opinion in the whole society. This is a key factor in strong military discipline and high combat readiness. If servicemen have teamspecific skills and competencies, interactions, as well as teamwork, will be effective, uninterrupted, and conflict-free. Each team will have its own structure. The position of the members in a certain position, the relationship between them, forms the structure of the team. In teams with a stable structure, the position of each serviceman is also strong and gives good results.
A team mood is a set of feelings that a team member has about an event. The mood of the team is very influential and it is the motivation for the behavior and activities of the military. Some types of team mood (passion, confidence in success, high mood) are a factor in its success, while others (bad mood, lack of self-confidence, boredom, sadness and dissatisfaction), on the contrary, reduce the team's chances.
In addition, military teams have their own traditions. It is a tradition to preserve a characteristic of a team over time. Events that occur in society in general, and in the community in particular, in interactions and relationships between people, often take the form of a custom or tradition. The mood in a military unit, its activities and lifestyle, the commander's leadership style, and the
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specific behaviors of military personnel can also rise to the level of tradition. Traditions are universal, national, regional and collective. They serve as a kind of social "glue" in the team: it is the traditions that keep the team together. At the same time, it gives the team a sense of identity and charm. Traditions are divided into labor, sports, martial arts, and so on.
A unique socio-psychological environment also characterizes the community. Socio-psychological environment (microenvironment, moral environment) is a complex concept, which includes the feelings of each serviceman, the degree of satisfaction of their social needs (communication, mutual respect, friendship, abilities) level of performance, etc.), and the mood of the team. A set of emotions and experiences that occur in all or most members of a team at the same time is called team spirit. If the mood of an individual depends equally on physiological and other social factors, then the mood of the community is primarily the result of the whole system of social relations (economic, political, ideological, and spiritual). Social life is determined by the material and spiritual conditions of human life.
Mood is a moving element of psychology and changes very quickly. A person's mood can quickly spread to others and "nourish" them. This is where the socio-psychological law of imitation applies, according to which, along with the positive, the negative also spreads quickly (for example, bad behavior, stupid fashion etc.). Bad moods are common among military personnel. It has no ideological reasons, but psychological reasons. The best way to prevent negative moods is to introduce statutory requirements in the unit, properly organize service, work and rest, as well as provide comprehensive care for military personnel. It is important to regularly inform servicemen about the situation in our country and in the world. First, commanders need to have confidence and alertness in their work. They need to be able to detect and prevent in a timely manner the negative moods that have just emerged in one or more military personnel. The military traditions formed in the teams are a source of positive mood: military oath, military parade, weapons and military equipment inspection, evening visit, enlistment of young soldiers, celebrations, exchange of guards, handing over the battle flag to the military unit tribe
Another factor that determines the socio-psychological environment in a military community is reputation (prestige or prestige), which is a specific form of relationship. Reputation is the socio-psychological influence of one person (group) on another person (group). For example, the influence of a leader or commander on his subordinates, the teacher on his students, the team on the individual, and the influence of higher organizations on lower organizations. With the emergence of a group, a phenomenon of prestige also emerges and it becomes an integral part of interpersonal communication. The reputation of a unit commander is a key condition for success in strengthening military discipline among servicemen and in training and educating them. It is important to
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remember that a reputable commander has more influence than a non-reputable commander does.
Nevertheless, a reputation can never be gained through violence. Reputation is the product of existing relationships in the community as well as the positive qualities of the individual. Reputation always reflects respect for that person, confidence in his strengths and abilities. Another important aspect of reputation is that without it, no organizational activity can be carried out in society and in a particular military unit.
Reputation has the power of persuasion. Having it can have a powerful effect on those around you. Confidence in a person of prestige in the team is the unifying factor of this team. Any team can have not one, but several reputable people: a commander, a good specialist, military activists, an athlete, and so on. There are also many such soldiers. The reputation of an ordinary serviceman is a measure of his high position among his colleagues, based on respect, experience, knowledge, skills, moral, psychological and physical qualities. However, it is unfortunate to note that we have become accustomed to understanding the role of adults or commanders in the concept of prestige in life. Such a one-sided view of prestige contradicts the principle of educating servicemen in the community. It is the privileged servicemen among the ordinary soldiers who have a great opportunity to train other members of the team. The presence of a large number of dignitaries in the military unit indicates the richness and diversity of the spiritual life of the community, its wide range of opportunities. It should also be noted that the presence of a large number of people with prestige in a community - a great influence - sometimes leads to the emergence of an unhealthy environment in this community - a small group of opposing parties can also cause As a result, the team is divided into small groups and weakened.
Discipline is also a specific socio-psychological phenomenon in military units, governed by general military rules and ethics, commands and instructions of commanders, social and public opinion, traditions, and prestige. Law and morality underlie any discipline, including military discipline. General military regulations govern military discipline, the relationship between servicemen, and how to act in certain situations that arise in the course of daily service activities.
The main conditions for a positive socio-psychological environment in the community are:
Stable team structure; Psychological compatibility between personnel; Everyone works for the overall result;
Experience has shown that the main reason for military discipline violations is that military personnel are partially or completely unaware of general military regulations. That is why it is so important for soldiers and sergeants to know the military regulations. His methodology plays an important role in teaching military discipline. Regulation training usually begins with an officer telling a
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story about them. He tells the young soldiers about the types of military regulations, their purpose, and their importance in combat training. Then it is time to study the individual articles and reinforce them with real-life examples. In addition, some officers go the wrong way in teaching the rules - they require the military to memorize certain articles or rules completely. This attitude leads to indifference to their duties and a weakening of their mental activity.
References: 1. M.Jorayev. Fundamentals of military pedagogy and psychology. Text of lectures. FSU, 2010 2. Sh.Tilavoldiyev, S.Kochkarov. Fundamentals of military patriotic education. Methodological manual. FSU, 2020 3. N.Boymurodov. Applied psychology. Study guide. Tashkent, 2008
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UDK 530.1
Achilova O.U. Xorazm viloyati Qo'shko'pir tumani
1-maktab fizika fani o'qituvchisi
"FIZIKA FANIGA HISSA QO'SHGAN OLIMLAR" MAVZUSIDA KONFERENSIYA DARSLARINI TASHKIL ETISH
METO`DIKASI
Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada "Fizika faniga hissa qo'shgan olimlar " mavzusida konferensiya darslarini tashkil etish meto`dikasi mavzusida yozilgan bo`lib, dars mashg`ulotlarini samarali tashkil etish va o`tkazishda zarur bo`ladigan nazariy ma'lumotlar keltirilgan.
Kalit so'zlar: sinfdan tashqari ishlarning mazmun mohiyati, sinfdan tashqari ishlarni tashkil etish metodikasi, kvant mexanikanikasining yaratilishiga asos slogan olimlar,statistik fizikaning rivojlanishiga hissa qoshgan olimlar.
Achilova O.U. physics teacher
1-school
"SCIENTISTS WHO CONTRIBUTED TO THE SCIENCE OF PHYSICS" METHOD OF ORGANIZATION OF CONFERENCE
CLASSES ON THE TOPIC
Abstarct: This article was written on the topic of "Scientists who have contributed to the science of physics" on the methodology of organizing conference lessons, and provides theoretical information that is necessary for the effective organization and conduct of lessons.
Keywords: The essence of the content of extracurricular activities, methods of organizing extracurricular activities, the basic slogan for the creation of quantum mechanics, scientists who have contributed to the development of statistical physics.
O`quvchilarni mehnatga ongli munosabatda bo`lish ruhida tarbiyalash ta`lim-tarbiya jarayonining vazifalaridan biridir. Bu masalani hal etishda sinfdan tashqari ishlarning ahamiyati muhimdir. Sinfdan tashqari mashg`ulotlar davomida uyushtiriladigan tajriba va kuzatishlar umumiy mehnat va amaliy ko`nikmalar hosil qilishda katta imkoniyatga ega. O`quvchilarni vatanparvarlik va baynalminallik ruhida tarbiyalash borasida ham fizikadan uyushtirilgan sinfdan tashqari ishlar katta imkoniyatga ega. Buyuk mutafakkirlarimizdan Ibn-Sino, Beruniy, Ulug`bek va boshqalarning qilgan ishlarini, ularning hayotlaridan lavhalarni yoki bo`lmasa XX asrda fizika sohasida U.Aripov, S.Azimov,
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R.Bekjonov va boshqa vatanimiz olimlari qilgan ishlarini sinfdan tashqari o`tkaziladigan tadbirlarda ko`rsatish, devoriy gazetalarda ma`lumotlar berish yaxshi samara beradi.Shuningdek,keyingi paytlarda vatanimiz fizik olimlari boshqa mamlakatlar olimlari bilan hamkorlikda ishlab erishayotgan yutuqlari haqida, bu yutuqlar turli millat vakillarining xamkorlikdagi ishining natijalari ekanligini o`tkaziladigan tadbirlar orqali o`quvchilar ongiga yetkaza olsak maqsadga erishgan bo`lamiz.
Maktablarda tashkil etiladigan hamda o`tkaziladigan sinfdantashqari mashg`ulotlar o`quvchilarning umumiy ta`lim va politexnik saviyasini oshirish, vatanparvarlik ruhida tarbiyalash, ijodiy tashabbuskorligini oshirish uchun keng imkoniyatlar ochib beradi. Shuningdek, o`quvchilarning fizika darsiga bo`lgan qiziqishini orttiradi. Sinfdan tashqari ishlar o`quvchilarning qiziqishlarini hisobga olgan holda tashkil qilinadi. Fizikadan tashkil etiladigan sinfdan tashqari ishlardan biri to`garaklardir. Fizikadan to`garaklarni nafaqat maktabda, shuningdek akademiklitsey, kasb-hunarkollejlarida ham tashkil etilsa, nurustiga a`lonur bo`ladi. To`garak bu sinfdan tashqari ishning muntazam shaklidir. Unda avvaldan tayyorlangan dastura sosida o`quvchilar qo`shimcha ma`lumotlar to`plamini oladilar, mavjud bilim va ko`nikmalarini chuqurlashtiradilar, hamda mustahkamlaydilar. Fizika to`garaklari tartibli ravishda o`tkaziladigan mashg`ulot hisoblanadi. To`garak a`zolari o`zgarmas bo`lib, to`garak a`zolarining umumiy majlislarida qabul qilingan dastur va jadval bo`yicha ishlaydi. O`qituvchiga darsga nisbatan sinfdan tashqari mashg`ulotni o`tkazish qiyinroq sinfdan tashqari ish o`qituvchidan katta ijodiy tashabbuskorlikni va amaliy tayyorgarlikni talab qiladi. Fizika o`qitishdagi ilg`or metodlar, yangiliklar sinfdan tashqari mashg`ulotlarda paydo bo`lgani tasodifiy emas. Fizikadan o`tkaziladigan to`garak ishining eng qimatlisi shuki, bunda o`quvchilar o`z bilimlarini amalda qo`llashni o`rganadilar, hayotga ishlab chiqarish mehnatida ishtirok etishga tayyorlanadilar. Zamonaviy fizika bir-biri bilan o`zaro bog`liq bo`lgan mexanika va akustika, molekulyar fizika, elektr, magnetizm. optika, atom va yadro fizikasi kabi bo`limlarni o`z ichiga oladi.Fizikaning rivojlanishi hamma vaqt boshqa tabiiy fanlar bilan chambarchas bog`liq bo`lib kelgan. Uning rivojlanishi biofizika, kimyoviyfizika, astrofizika, geofizika va boshqa fanlar yaratilishiga olib keldi. Elektronmikroskop rentgsnostruktura analiz qurilma sharidan foydalanish biologiya va kimyoda molekula hamda hujayralarni vizual kuzatish. Kristollarning tuzilishi, murakkab biologik sisgematarni o`rganishda qimmatbaho ma`lumotlarni olishga yordam berdi. Hozirgi kunda Respublikamiz Fanlarakademiyasi qoshidagi fizika-texnika ilmiy tadqiqot instituti, Yadro fizikasi instituti, U. O. Orifov nomidagi Elektronika ilmiytadqiqot instituti, boshqa qator ilmiy tekshirish institutlari va oliygohlarda fizikaning turli muammolarini hal qilishga oid ilmiy ishlar olibborilmoqda. O`zbek olimlari fizikaga oid darsliklar, ilmiy ommabop asarlar, atamalar lug`ati va boshqa adabiyotlar yaratdilar. Respublikamizda fizikafani rivojlantirishda U. O. Orifov, S. A. Azimov, S. U. Umarov, G`. E. Umarov, M. S. Saidov, M. M. Mo`minov,
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R. X. Mallin, A. Q. Otaxo`jayev. R. B. Bekjonov va boshqa olimlarning xizmatlari katta.Molekulyar fizika fizikaning turli agregat xolatlardagi jismlarning fizik xossalarini ularning molekulyar tuzilishlari asosida qarab chiqiladigan bo'limidir.
Molekulyar fizika jismni tashkil qilgan atomlar, molekulalar va ionlar xarakati va o'zaro tasirini o'rganish bilan bog'langan.Moddaning tuzilishi xaqidagi dastlabki tasavvurlar qadim zamonlardayoq paydo bo'lgan edi. Qadimgi grek faylasuflari bundan ikki ming yil oldin olamdagi xamma narsa bo'linmaydigan juda kichik zarra atomlardan tashkil topgan deb tasavvur qilgan edilar. Grek olimi Demokrit (E. A 460 370 yillar) quyidagicha yozadi: "xamma narsa atomlardan tashkil topgan ... narsalar bir biridan o'zlarini tashkil qilgan atomlar, ularning tartibi va vaziyatlari bilan farq qiladi ...". Qadimgi atomislarning moddaning tuzilishi xaqidagi tasavvurlari faqatgina faraziy tusga ega ekanligini xisobga olish kerak. O'rta asrlarda atomistik talimotning tarafdorlari davlat tomonidan ta'qib ostiga olingan, chunki ularning bu talimoti jismlarning xossalarini tabiiy sabablari bilan tushuntirib odamlarning yaratuvchisiga xudoga bo'lgan etiqodini yo'qotadi, deb o'ylaganlar 1026 yilda Fransiya oliy sudi atomistiktalimotni tarqatishni o'lim jazosiga maxkum etish xavfi ostida taqiqlab qo'ydi. O'rta asrda atomistik gipoteza cherkov taqibi ostida unutildi. Faqatgina XVII asrda I. Nyuton molekulalar fazoda bo'sh joyni to'ldirishga intilishi xaqidagi tasavvurdan kelib chiqqan xolda gazlarning kengayishini tushuntirib berishga xarakat qildi. XVIII asrda molekulyar kinetik nazariyaning jonkuyar tarafdori va targ'ibotchisi M.B. Lomonosov edi.
1738 yilda molekulyar nuqtai nazaridan gazlar bosimini tushuntirish uchun miqdoriy xisoblashlarni qo'llagan birinchi olimlardan biri peterburg fanlar akademiyasining azosi D. Bernulli edi.Fizikada molekulyar nazariyaning qat'iy ilmiy rivojlanishi taxminan XIX asrning ikkinchi yarmida boshlandi. Nemis fizigi R. Klauzius, ingliz fizigi J. Maksvell va Avstriya fizigi L. Bolsman atom molekulyar nazariyaga asos soldilar. Biroq, atom molekulyar nazariya mislsiz ilmiy natijalariga qaramasdan bir qator yirik olimlar tomonidan qattiq qarshilikka uchradi. E. Max va B. Ostvald kabi mashxur fiziklar XIX asr oxiri XX-asr boshida atomning mavjudligini inkor etdilar.
XX asr boshida atom molekulyar nazariyaning ishlanmasi ustida va uning tajribada tasdiqlanishida A.Eynshteyn, J. Perren, O.Shtern va boshqalar kabi mashxur fiziklar ish olib bordilar. Ular tomonidan molekulalarning real mavjudligini rad qilib bo'lmaydigan isbotlarigina olingan bo'lmay, balki ularning o'zaro tasiri va xarakatining qat'iy nazariyasi molekulyar kinetik nazariya (MKN) yaratildi.
O`quvchilarni fizika faniga qiziqtirish, bu fanni o`qitish sifat va samaradorligini oshirishda zamonaviy axborot va pedagogik texnologiyalaridann foydalanish qo`l keladi. Ular yordamida fizika fanidan o`quv eksprementlari, namoyish tajribalar, amaliy mashgulotlarni talab darajasida o`tkazish mumkin. O`quvchilarga faqat murakkab nazariy bilimlar berish emas, balki ularni yangi
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pedagogik va axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalanib, zarur o`quv materiallari asosida o`qitish, ularning mustaqil bilim olishini tashkil etish kerak. Biz yuqorida aytganimizdek, o`quvchilar va boshqa qatnashchilar xotirasida uzoq vaqt saqlab qolishlari uchun ma`ruzalar 56 minut atrofida bo`lib, savollar ham qiziqarli, aniq bo`lsa, o`quvchilar zerikib qolmaydi. Savollarni ham sharoitga qarab ko`paytirish yoki kamaytirish mumkin. Maktablarda tashkil etilgan bunday to`garak va bahs kechalari o`quvchilar qalbida Vatanimizning fan va texnika sohasida erishgan yutuqlaridan faxrlanish hissini uyg`otadi. O`quvchilar to`garakda va bahs kechasida respublikamiz olimlari, injener-texniklari erishgan va qo`lga kiritgan yutuqlari bilan tanishadi.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar: 1. Kudryavsev P.S, , Moskva, 1974 2. M.N.Rahmatov, Vatanimiz fiziklari, Toshkent, 1983 3. M.Ahadova, Orta Osiyolik mashhur olimlar va ularning matematikaga doyr ishlari, Toshkent, 1983 4. , Toshkent, 2000.
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UDC: 378.004
Ahmadjonova Sh.N. teacher of department of foreign languages faculty of agro engineering and hydro melioration Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Uzbekistan, Andijan
THE USAGE OF INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES FOR EFFECTIVE FL ACQUISITION
Abstract: The article analyze the opportunities and affectivity of using Internet and its tools such as Web application - social networking/blogging. This research work is modern and convenient for FL learners because Internet application deals with innovative technologies, which are used nowadays in a learning process. The ability of the individual users to collaborate, create, and share content with other users may prove especially useful for learning languages. Social networks have generally been used informally for noneducational social interaction purposes.
Keywords: internet, FL, online, site, network, motivation, communicative approach, linguistic abilities.
Th growth in global computr ntworks has spurrd a massiv incras in onlin forign languag larning. Far byond arlir stand-alon tutorial applications, th intractiv abilitis of computr-mdiatd communication tools has promptd th study of languag larning in txt-basd chat, massivly multipl onlin gaming and mobil dvics. In this work w invstigat th us of social ntworking sits to larn a forign language and th way thy ar usd in larning languags.
In modern society, due to the growing power of globalization, foreign languages are becoming increasingly important. Knowledge of foreign languages is a prerequisite for any specialist qualifications. Learning foreign languages allows a person to expand their communication capabilities, vision, improve the level of culture. English is still leading, which is associated with the creation of the world economic, informational, cultural space.
According to the need to study the question of how to teach the language, what methods to use, how best to organize the learning process it is necessary to carefully examine the process of learning a foreign language, to identify the particular social and biological factors that influence this process, and to establish similarities or differences in the study of a foreign language and mother tongue, to compare the in vivo study and intentional learning. All this is the subject of research for many years and we can highlight the following points. To successfully mastering a foreign language prerequisites are:
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motivation to learn; linguistic abilities, socio-cultural, intercultural competence, background knowledge; linguistic environment, providing an opportunity to acquire and use knowledge. New technologies offer great opportunities, provide tangible support, optimize the learning process. It is therefore necessary to turn to the experience of using electronic resources, multimedia abroad, to summarize the experience. Purposeful and systematic process of language acquisition should be based on the communicative approach, the form of the language person capable of crosscultural interaction, must develop language skills, i. e. ability to fluently, spontaneously and correctly express thoughts in a foreign language. Foreign languages facilitate international communication, display them on a qualitative level, promote economic development, cultural cross-fertilization, forming a tolerant attitude. Cross-cultural society needs a knowledge of languages and their teaching methods, need to continuously improve the knowledge, skills, competence program. Cross-cultural societies are products of globalization and internalization process. As w know on of th bst ways to larn anothr languag is through practic. Th bst form of practic is a dialog with somon that is vry proficint in th languag th studnts ar trying to larn. Part of thir courswork will includ practic chatting with othr popl on th sit. At th nd of ach unit, th studnt will work through a rviw of th matrial just covrd in th form of an intrsting tst. Th tst dos an xcllnt job of rinforcing what is alrady larnd through word matchs, and tst translations of both writtn and spokn words and phrass. Studnts practis communication skills on th sit by rcording thir spch onlin. Thr ar dialogs on th sit. Aftr having listnd to th dialog thy ar to pronounc thos phrass in grn colour and snd th rcording to nativ spakrs for fdback. Also thr is opportunity to communicat with nativ spakrs onlin via wb cam or charts. Social Larning - Languag partnrs - sarch for popl who ar nativ spakrs of th targt languag and practis through languag xchang:
Q & A - ask languag rlatd qustions and gt answrs from th community;
Groups - study togthr in groups. Discuss topics surrounding cultur, languag acquisition, topics of intrst. Work togthr to gt hlp from popl studying th sam languag. Podcasts and vidos - listn to or watch vidos about diffrnt cultural and linguistic aspcts to improv languag ability.
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I think that the Internet helps in teaching foreign languages and that the sites on the teaching and learning of foreign languages are used by teachers of foreign languages. The Internet has sample opportunities for teaching foreign languages. Teachers of foreign languages can create forums, blogs, sites for learning FL, teach FL via the Internet. Some of them created own accounts, where other people study FL and it is necessary for teachers FL to know how to use the Internet and how to work with the Internet in teaching FL. Social networking sites follow teachers FL to help students to study FL and nowadays these teachers understand that Internet can be useful in their professional activity. Teachers of foreign languages are the creators of the site on studying of foreign languages. These sites should be necessarily tasks, video lessons, audio lessons, books, dictionaries, translators, teaching to writing, grammar, speaking, listening, reading, pronunciation and vocabulary. Should also be diagrams, tables, forums, blogs, discussions, discussion on these sites. Do not forget about the charts, websites, manuals, references, anecdotes, jokes, stories and advices on studying foreign languages. You can add a conversation guides, poems, stories, memorizing words, tests, expressions, phrases, idioms, quotations, aphorisms, movies, cartoons, texts, dialogues, topics, monologues. Add programs, books, cards, games, crosswords articles and news. Unfortunately, many sites do not have the recommendations and tips for independent study of a foreign language. This is of course, wrong. Sites on studying of FL are different. But they are interesting for people. These sites are free and paid. But they should be free, because not all have the opportunity to pay for using these sites order to learn a foreign language. However, the Internet can not be and should not be the only source of teaching a foreign language. I advise you not to dwell only on the Internet in learning a foreign language. The more so that there are other means of teaching FL. Internet is just an additional tool of teaching FL, but there is availability of and relevance of learning materials, authentic materials. FL teacher can easily and quickly find a variety of materials on the Internet when they prepare materials for lessons. On Web sites for the study FL these same teachers write articles in a foreign language, conduct online lessons for other people. For example, for students. Teachers and students should follow ntiqutt ruls. If teachers of foreign languages will not follow these rules, there will be no efficiency of using the Internet in teaching foreign languages.
List of used literature: 1. Levada Center. Innovative and entrepreneurial potential of society. [Electronic resource] - Access mode. URL: https://docplayer.ru/30403016Innovacionnyy-i-predprinimatelskiy-potencial-obshchestva-obsledovanielevada-centra-po-zakazu-cmi.html (Date of treatment 01/11/2019). 2. Umin E. A. Foreign - easy and with pleasure. - M.: Scarab, 1993.
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3. Belyanin V.P. Neuro-linguistic programming and teaching foreign
languages.
4. [Electronic document] / V. Belyanin // Moscow Psychological Journal. No.
1. 2004.
5. Egamberdiyeva D.U. The essence of the method of video-english. Conference
materials. 2016.
6. Smelova L. Business course program for profile-oriented (economic)
education of schoolchildren in grades 10-11 who study English. - [Electronic
resource]
-
Access
mode. URL:
http://eng.1september.ru/article.php?ID=200700211 (Date of treatment
01/11/2019).
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UDC: 378.1
Alimova X.T. teacher of department of foreign languages faculty of agro engineering and hydro melioration Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Uzbekistan, Andijan
PROJECT METHOD AS A NEW METHOD OF TEACHING AND LEARNING ENGLISH
Abstract: The project methodology provides not only a solid assimilation of the educational material, but also the intellectual and moral development of students, their independence, goodwill towards the teacher and each other, sociability, and the desire to help others. The rivalry, arrogance, rudeness, and authoritarianism so often generated by traditional pedagogy are incompatible with this technology.
Key words: project methodology, development, innovative technologies, educational process, students, foreign languages, teacher.
In the 21st century, the intensification and modernization of education requires the introduction of such innovative technologies that pursue the goal of creative education of the individual in the intellectual and emotional dimensions. Such innovative technologies are: developmental learning, design, problem learning, level differentiation, test system, game learning, immersion in a foreign language culture, learning in cooperation, self-education and autonomy, integration. With this target setting, cognitive universal actions are one of the leading components of the educational standard. This is explained by the fact that one of the components of a child's mental development is his cognition, which implies the formation of a scientific picture of the world, the ability to manage his intellectual activity, mastery of methodology, strategies and methods of teaching, the development of representative, symbolic, logical, creative thinking, productive imagination, memory, attention, reflection.
The technology of problem-based learning involves the independent solution of cognitive and creative tasks through critical rethinking and augmentation of knowledge and skills; and allows you to realize the conditions for the formation of cognitive universal actions in students: creating an atmosphere of co-creation in communication, the inclusion of the child's emotional sphere, personal interest of the student, joint search for truth, selfassessment, self-correction, self-sufficiency.1
In the process of "learning teaching" there is a constant interaction between teacher and students. Each of the students carries out the teaching, which
1 Irgashev M.U. Information Technology In The Process Of Learning A Foreign Language In A Non-Linguistic University//Economy And Society. 6(73) -S.: 2020.
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has a pronounced personal coloring, in different ways: one cannot demonstrate the assimilation of knowledge, the other, on the basis of previous experience, on the contrary, shows phenomenal abilities, and the third has mastered a certain style of attitude to the subject and stubbornly "does not want" study. It is impossible to deny the personal perception (or not perception) of the teacher by the student and vice versa, which also affects the progress in learning.2.
The project method is a way to achieve a didactic goal through a detailed development of a problem, which should end with a very real, tangible, practical result. The basis of the project method is learning in the course of drawing up and executing projects, that is, some educational tasks that students solve in their imagination or in practice and have specific goals.
In the pedagogical encyclopedia it is noted that "the project method is a learning system in which students acquire knowledge and skills in the process of planning and performing gradually more complicated practical tasks - projects".
The project method originated in the 1920s. in agricultural schools in connection with the idea of a labor school developing there more and more broadly. In the USA, Great Britain, Belgium, Israel, Finland, Germany, Italy, Brazil, the Netherlands and many other countries, where the ideas of the humanistic approach to education by George Dewey, his project method was widely disseminated and gained great popularity due to the rational combination of theoretical knowledge and their practical application for solving specific problems of the surrounding reality in the joint activities of learners. "Everything that I learn, I know what I need it for and where and how I can apply this knowledge" - this is the main thesis of the modern understanding of the project method, which attracts many educational systems seeking to find a reasonable balance between academic knowledge and pragmatic skills.
Project learning was aimed at finding ways, ways of developing active independent thinking of the child, in order to teach him not only to memorize and reproduce the knowledge that the school gives, but also to be able to apply it in practice. The general principle, thus, on which the project method was based, was to establish a direct connection between the educational material and the life experience of students, in their active cognitive and creative joint activities in practical tasks (projects) while solving one common problem.
The project method reflects the basic principles of a personality-oriented approach, humanistic pedagogy, which are also declared as priorities in all regulatory documents.
Nowadays, the project method is used because it makes it possible to consider the problem in its development, using the latest pedagogical technologies.
The project method always presupposes a problem. The project method is always pragmatic in nature: it involves not a simple consideration, research of the
2 N.A. Odilova. The role of The competency format for presenting the Results of professional education//Economy and society. 6(73) -S.: 2020.
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designated problem, not just a search for ways to solve it, but also the practical implementation of the results obtained in a particular product of activity.
The ratio of the problem and the practical implementation of the results obtained and the solution or consideration makes the project method so attractive for the education system.
Method is a didactic category. This is a set of techniques, operations of mastering a certain area of practical or theoretical knowledge, one or another activity. This is the way of cognition, the way of organizing the process of cognition, achieving the set didactic goal.
Instructional design is the process of working on an educational project, the process of achieving the intended result in the form of a specific "project".
By definition, a project is a collection of certain actions, documents, preliminary texts, an idea for creating a real object, subject, creating a different kind of theoretical product. It is always a creative activity.
The project method in school education is viewed as a kind of alternative to the classroom system. The student's modern project is a didactic means of enhancing cognitive activity, developing creativity and at the same time the formation of certain personal qualities.
The project method is a pedagogical technology focused not on the integration of actual knowledge, but on their application and acquisition of new ones. The active involvement of the student in the creation of certain projects gives him the opportunity to master new ways of human activity in the sociocultural environment.
The project method is based on the development of cognitive and creative skills of students, the ability to independently design their knowledge, the ability to navigate in the information space, the development of critical thinking.
The project method is always focused on the independent activity of students - individual, pair, group, which students perform for a certain period of time. This approach is organically combined with the group approach to teaching.
The project method always presupposes the solution of some problem, which envisages, on the one hand, the use of various methods, on the other hand, the integration of knowledge, skills from various fields of science, technology, technology, and creative fields. Working according to the project method involves not only the presence and awareness of a problem, but also the process of its disclosure, solution, which includes clear planning of actions, the presence of a plan or hypothesis for solving this problem, a clear distribution of roles (if we mean group work), i.e. .e. tasks for each participant, subject to close interaction.
The project method forms students' communication skills, a culture of communication, the ability to formulate thoughts in an accessible and concise manner, to tolerate the opinions of communication partners, to develop the ability to extract information from different sources and process it using modern computer technologies, creates a language environment that contributes to the emergence of natural needs in communication in a foreign language.
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The project form of work is one of the most relevant technologies that allow students to apply the accumulated knowledge of the subject.
Students expand their horizons, the boundaries of language proficiency, gaining experience from its practical use, learn to listen to foreign language speech, understand and hear each other when defending projects
Person-centered learning by means of a foreign language presupposes, on the one hand, the use of educational communication, cooperation and active activity of the student in the classroom, and on the other hand, the teacher needs to find a way to "introduce a real foreign language into the class, include the student in real language communication, without leaving the classroom, simulate the real process of entering the culture in educational process.
References: 1. Irgashev M.U. Improving the quality of training of students with use of information technologies //Economy and society. 6(73) -S.: 2020. 2. N.A. Odilova. The role of The competency format for presenting the Results of professional education//Economy and society. 6(73) -S.: 2020. 3. Matyash N.V. Project method of teaching in the system of technological education // Pedagogy. - 2000. - No. 4. 4. Pavlenko I.N. The use of project methods in teaching older preschool children // Foreign languages at school. - 2003. - No. 5.
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UDC: 378.30
Almatova N.A. teacher of department of foreign languages faculty of agro engineering and hydro melioration Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Uzbekistan, Andijan
PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF VISUAL AIDS IN TEACHING ENGLISH
Abstract: In the article, advances in science and technology now allow schools and universities to widely use modern means of visual teaching. Visualization in teaching a foreign language is: filmstrip, film, computer, games, audio recording, video recording, tables, pictures, speech patterns, diagrams, cards, etc.
Key words: technology, process, information, science, computer, games, audio recording, teaching.
If you take a retrospective look at the history of the development of civilization, it is not difficult to establish that people have always resorted to the use of auxiliary means for the success of teaching the younger generation. So, for example, data from archaeological excavations indicate that in very distant times, parents taught their children to count with the help of multi-colored pebbles, animal bones and other objects. At a later time, as it became known from literary sources, our colleagues who lived in ancient society, when teaching literacy, used waxed tablets, on which they wrote with a pointed metal rod - a stylus. By the way, this word (stylo), meaning "eternal feather", has survived in modern French.
The significant progress of science and technology in the 19th century, the further development of the capitalist mode of production led to the industrial revolution, as a result of which many new technical devices and machines appear, including those designed to serve the sphere of human life. If you take a retrospective look at the history of the development of civilization, it is not difficult to establish that people have always resorted to the use of auxiliary means for the success of teaching the younger generation. So, for example, data from archaeological excavations indicate that in very distant times, parents taught their children to count with the help of multi-colored pebbles, animal bones and other objects. At a later time, as it became known from literary sources, our colleagues who lived in ancient society, when teaching literacy, used waxed tablets, on which they wrote with a pointed metal rod - a stylus. By the way, this word (stylo), meaning "eternal feather", has survived in modern French.
The significant progress of science and technology in the 19th century, the further development of the capitalist mode of production led to the industrial revolution, as a result of which many new technical devices and machines appear,
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including those designed to serve the sphere of human life. If you take a retrospective look at the history of the development of civilization, it is not difficult to establish that people have always resorted to the use of auxiliary means for the success of teaching the younger generation. So, for example, data from archaeological excavations indicate that in very distant times, parents taught their children to count with the help of multi-colored pebbles, animal bones and other objects. At a later time, as it became known from literary sources, our colleagues who lived in ancient society, when teaching literacy, used waxed tablets, on which they wrote with a pointed metal rod - a stylus. By the way, this word (stylo), meaning "eternal feather", has survived in modern French.
The significant progress of science and technology in the 19th century, the further development of the capitalist mode of production led to the industrial revolution, as a result of which many new technical devices and machines appear, including those designed to serve the sphere of human life. 3 The first technical means; training were light projection devices, which projected images applied to transparent glass, in a darkened room on a white wall or a special screen. A candle, a kerosene or an electric lamp could be used as a story of light. How much the demonstration of static images was a miraculous act for that time, can be judged by the name of the device itself. - "magic lantern" (laterna magica).
The history of more or less widespread use of technical means in teaching foreign languages begins in the first and second decades of our century, when the "miracle of the century" appeared - a gramophone record.
The development of radio engineering, the commissioning of broadcasting radio stations led to the fact that already in the 30s of this century, the radio centers of London and Berlin began broadcasting lessons, respectively, of English and German for students of foreign languages on their own. However, the imperfection of the detector radio receivers of that time, the low power of radio stations, which in this connection sent educational radio broadcasts over short distances, did not allow teaching foreign languages with the help of radio on a large scale. 4.
A little later, the world witnessed new outstanding inventions - first electromechanical, then optical sound recording on (film), and in the 40s-50s magnetic sound recording, the use of which, according to the general opinion prevailing among many of our foreign colleagues, opened a completely new era in teaching languages in general and foreign languages in particular. Giving a more restrained and at the same time realistic assessment of this teaching tool, it should be noted that it, like other aids, has its strengths and weaknesses, and therefore its use should always be methodologically justified. At present, the technicalization of the educational process continues to intensify; vigorous
3 Usmonova Sh.R. Features of using information and communication technologies in English lessons //Economy And Society. 6(73) -S.: 2020. 4 Irgashev M.U. Information Technology In The Process Of Learning A Foreign Language In A Non-Linguistic University//Economy And Society. 6(73) -S.: 2020.
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attempts are being made to significantly increase the efficiency of teaching by using teaching machines of various types thanks to the means of television, both broadcast and, in particular, closed-circuit television. The time is not far off when video recording will firmly enter the teaching and educational process in foreign languages as an auxiliary tool with great didactic and psychological capabilities, and in the future, the introduction of highly effective simulators that will be able to analyze the sounding speech and offer the student appropriate corrections.
Having considered in general terms the development of tendencies - more and more intensive use of auxiliary means in teaching foreign languages - let us dwell further on the very concept of auxiliary means ".
In determining this, it is necessary, first of all, to proceed from the very large range of available means, both non-technical and technical. In accordance with this, it is impossible to refer to auxiliary teaching aids only traditional means of visualization - tables, pictures, diagrams, etc., which, in fact, are not special for teaching foreign languages and therefore are widely used in the study of many other educational subjects. On the contrary, it is necessary to refer to the special means first of all those that show their specificity precisely in teaching languages. This refers to the means of auditory visualization, i.e. background materials of various types. Other technical devices can also be classified as auxiliary devices, including such complex ones as electronic classrooms, electronic computers, etc., if they are used in teaching a foreign language. Therefore, it is necessary to include all teaching instruments as auxiliary means, i.e. from handouts of didactic material (cards with letters, syllables, words, numbers, speech samples) to the most complex radio-electronic devices (phono halls, electronic classrooms, electronic computers).
If all the means of teaching foreign languages at our disposal are grouped on the basis of certain characteristics, then we can describe their classification, represented, as is often done, in various types. Due to the fact that assistive devices can have a wide variety of characteristics that are often not decisive (size, color, purposefulness, static, dynamism, with or without the presence of language material, with or without a "built-in" program of speech actions, etc.) etc.), then it seemed more appropriate to take as a classification basis the most general criteria in terms of content, one of which is the method of demonstration, due to the presence or absence of a technical device. Thus, based on this criterion, all training tools can be divided into non-technical and technical. But this classification is still too general, so it turned out to be necessary to determine the presence of a number of subtypes that would have methodological significance, which would ultimately contribute to an increase in the effectiveness of the educational process.
When learning a foreign language, the above feelings do not play a significant role, at least in the non-advanced stages of learning. Consequently, the dominant channels of the individual's sensory system in the process of mastering a foreign language remain two - auditory and visual, which in certain cases
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function simultaneously. This gave us the basis to distribute the variety of teaching aids into the corresponding subgroups, depending on the channel of receipt of educational information.
List of references: 1. Usmonova Sh.R. Features of using information and communication technologies in English lessons //Economy And Society. 6(73) -S.: 2020. 2. Irgashev M.U. Information Technology In The Process Of Learning A Foreign Language In A Non-Linguistic University//Economy And Society. 6(73) -S.: 2020. 3. Tigrov SV Personality-oriented tasks in the process of forming the design skills of university students: dis. Cand. ped. sciences. Lipetsk, 2004., p. 13 4. Federal State educational standard of basic general education. Approved by order of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Russian Federation dated June 25, 2018 No. 01/1884 [Electronic resource]
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UDK 914/919
Amanov A.K. PhD student at Urgench State University Scientific adviser: Atadjanov I.Sh., c.g.s. associate professor Urgench State University
THE ROLE OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES IN THE ECONOMY: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE AND UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: This article discusses the history of the formation of special economic zones (hereinafter - SEZ) in the world and in our country, as well as political, legal and socio-economic relations in the process of their development. It is also noted that today the role of SEZs in the world economy is growing, they are organized in a wide range of areas, and the volume of production and services is constantly growing. This reveals that this modernizing form of the economy is considered a promising direction not only in the world, but also in Uzbekistan.
Key words: market segments, customs procedures, customs extraterritoriality, investment, free zone, high-tech free economic zone, "fish producer" free economic zone, tourist free economic zone, pharmaceutical free economic zone, agro-economic zone, technopark.
INTRODUCTION International experience shows that the basis for the rapid formation of special economic zones (hereinafter referred to as SEZs) in the world is targeted investment in them. The large inflow of investments into SIZs is directly related to their attractiveness or the conditions created for investors there. Today, SEZs are playing an increasingly important role in the global economy as a highly productive producer and service provider. Historically and legally, the term "special economic zones" refers to the existence of a customs extraterritorial regime (ie, a special customs regime) in a particular area. But if we talk about the current concept of "special economic zones", as a modern interpretation of economic relations, it embodies all the elements of the special legal regime, its socio-economic and legal-political aspects. In world practice, the terms "special economic zones" and "free economic zones" are not the same and reflect two different stages in the historical evolution of economic zones in the world.
MATERIALS AND METHODS The issues of organization, development, management and attraction of foreign investments in various types of SEZs were discussed by a number of foreign scientists EFAvdokushin, V.D.Andrianov, V.I.Butikov, T.P.Danko, Y.S.
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Druzik, V.I.Zimenkov, S.A.Rybakov, J.B.More , Studied by R.Kumari,
G.Abuselidze, T.Farole, G.Akinsi and others.
At the same time, a group of economists and economic geographers of our
country, including K.X.Abdurahmanov, A.M.Abdullaev, A.V.Vahobov,
N.X.Khaydarov, D.G.Gozibekov, N.R.Kuzieva, SH.K.Dadabaev, G.G.Nazarova,
X.X.Khalilov,
S.S.Mirzalieva,
S.F.Rahmonova,
N.G.Karimov,
N.N.Oblomurodov, M.A.Raimjanova, SH.I.Mustafakulov, B.B.Valiev,
A.A.Ostonakulov, Sh.S.Juraev in the scientific works The essence of free
economic zones, their organization foreign experience, theoretical and practical
aspects of attracting foreign investment to the national economy through free
economic zones, their future prospects have been scientifically studied.
The economic literature created by the above scholars gives different
descriptions of free economic zones. In particular, the Russian economist V.D.
Adrianov describes: "Free economic zones are part of the national territory and
provide ample opportunities for solving economic problems." [6]
A.A. Ostanakulov also described the free economic zone as an area created
for the use of the economy as a regional method of diversification and the
introduction of modern technologies in the economic structure.
In accordance with the Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Special
Economic Zones", called "free zones" in foreign and domestic scientific literature
and legislation, this concept was approved on February 17, 2020 in our country.
May 19, 2020. "Special Economic Zones." Moreover, when the term "special
economic zone" is used in this law, the concept of "free economic zone" is
understood as one of its directions.
The Law of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On Special Economic Zones"
defines SEZs as follows:
special economic zone - an area with special boundaries and a special legal
regime for the rapid socio-economic development of the region in order to attract
foreign investment and domestic investment, high technology and management
experience [1].
SEZs maximize profits and reliability for investors as the most important
factor influencing the movement of capital and the outflow of foreign capital to
the SEZ. The territory of a special economic zone is not defined as a territory
politically or geographically. It is part of an economic space that has a system of
incentives and incentives for doing business.
According to the definition of the International Convention on the
Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures (Kyoto, May 18, 1973),
a free zone is a part of the state territory where goods are considered as objects
outside the national customs territory and they are ordinary customs control and
not taxed. In general, a special economic zone is a part of a country with special
business conditions for national and foreign populations. [4]
SEZs are an important institution of the world economy and, as a means of
shaping the national economy, are a non-traditional form of participation in the
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international division of labor for many countries. As mentioned above, SEZs are now well integrated into world economic practice and are an integral part of international economic relations. If the country's economic situation is not attractive to foreign investors, one way to attract them is to create SEZs with a number of benefits in the country. We can also know this by the countries that make them up and the total number of SIZs in them.
Currently, there are more than 6,000 SIZs in more than 170 countries. In Uzbekistan, for example, a number of SEZs have been established since independence, and many of them are still operating.
It should also be borne in mind that not all FEZs give only positive results. For example, Uzbekistan has faced some problems with the introduction of FEZ for the first time. These efforts began in the 1990s with the formation of a free economic zone in Samarkand specializing in tourism. In addition, these cases were repeated in "Jizzakh" (1996), "Samarkand" (1997), "Nukus" (1998). The reason for these problems is that forensics, forecasting, and the use of the institute's expertise have not been used by experts to study the problem and the possible adverse events. [3]
However, later Navoi FEZ, Angren SEZ and Jizzakh SEZ were established in the country with high potential and unique advantages.
The first free economic zone in the country is the Navoi free economic zone. The recent decree provides for the establishment of new high-tech production facilities in the economic zone, the rapid development of communications, road transport, social infrastructure and logistics services. [2]
Figure 1. The first free economic zones of Uzbekistan
Not all SEZs can be considered as the "locomotive" of regional economic growth and development. Examples include some SEZs and some farm SEZs. On this basis, it is important to assess the real importance of SEZs for the economy of the region in which they are located.
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Currently, there are 26 SEZs of 7 types in Uzbekistan, 12 of which are high-
tech free economic zones:
1. FEZ «Navoi»
7. FEZ «Hazorasp»
2. FEZ «Angren»
8. FEZ «Termez»
3. FEZ «Jizzakh»
9. "Namangan" EIZ
4. FEZ «Urgut»
10. FEZ «Chirakchi»
5. FEZ «Gijduvon»
11. FEZ «Nukus»
6. FEZ «Qoqon»
12.FEZ «Sirdaryo»
There are also 7 pharmaceutical free economic zones: 1. FEZ « Zomin-farm » 2. FEZ « Kosonsoy-farm » 3. FEZ « Sirdaryo-farm » 4. FEZ « Boysun-farm » 5. FEZ « Bostanliq-farm » 6. FEZ « Parkent-farm » 7. FEZ « Andijan-farm »
(Nukus-farm free economic zone is now transformed into Nukus free economic zone).
There are also tourist SEZ "Charvak", SEZ "Tashkent-sport", "baliq ishlab chiqaruvchi" SEZ "Lower Chirchik", agro-industrial zones "Bukhara" and "Koson" and technoparks "Almazor" and "Yashnaabad".
SEZs are created to attract local and foreign capital, expand exports, increase foreign exchange earnings, introduce new technologies, improve the balance of payments, and ultimately form the national economy and bring it closer to the world economy.
DISCUSSIONS AND RESULTS Attracting investment resources will have a positive impact on the overall development of the region. However, it is important to understand that foreign investment can have a contradictory effect on the region's economy. The SIZs will accelerate the growth of the region, strengthen the regional economy through technological renewal of the industrial structure, or the formation of high-tech industries, as well as competitive pressure on domestic producers in relevant market segments. Control over the activities of business entities in the SEZ is regulated by a special law, as well as: regulation of customs duties, taxation, administrative regime, licensing, visas, banking, property relations (land ownership in the SEZ) law), providing guarantees for investors, and managing a private zone. In this regard, as an important part in the development of an open economy, there is ample opportunity to further strengthen the flow of investment in the Uzbek economy, in particular, foreign investment, the establishment of free economic zones, which are actively developing in world practice. It is important
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to study the experience of foreign countries in attracting foreign investment through free economic zones. [5]
Today, SIZs are faced with: creating the most modern infrastructure, reducing administrative barriers, optimal customs and tax regimes, regional specifics and preferences - this is the promotion of innovative developments, the involvement of high-tech enterprises focused on the processing industry and the creation of competitive products with a high share of value added, as well as the implementation of import substitution ideas, innovative technologies, high-tech industries and the creation of new products, although the existing SIZs are partial they are fulfilling these requirements. Of all the possible options for the introduction and formation of an innovative economy, it is desirable to create the most promising industrial and innovative technological zones.
CONCLUSION Special economic zones created in Uzbekistan, as well as around the world, are: - creation of new jobs as a result of inflow of domestic and foreign investments; - further improvement of existing developed industries, as well as the development of lagging industries; - increase the country's production capacity for export-oriented products and reduce the demand for imported products; - further improvement of living standards, as well as the emergence of competition between existing enterprises; - can lead to positive results, such as the absence of currency fluctuations. This will lead to a comprehensive socio-economic development of the country's regions and, consequently, to an increase in the living standards of the population. Based on this situation, it is economically and socially important that the SEZs in Uzbekistan are the future, and that in the coming years in the regions of the country will be created new areas with such special privileges.
References: 1. O`RQ-604-sonli O`zbekiston Respublikasining "Maxsus iqtisodiy zonalar to`g`risida"gi Qonuni Toshkent. 2020-yil 17-fevral 2. Mirziyoyev Sh.M. Buyuk kelajagimizni mard va oliyjanob xalqimiz bilan birga quramiz. Toshkent. "O'zbekiston" 2017 3. Astanov SH.R. Erkin iqtisodiy zonalar mamlakat iqtisodiyotini rivojlantirish manbai sifatida Huquqiy tadqiqotlar jurnali 2017 6. 4. K.M. : . -2017. 5. Karimqulov J.I. BRICS mamlakatlarida erkin iqtisodiy hududlar orqali xorijiy investitsiyalarni jalb etish mexanizmi. Xalqaro moliya va hisob" ilmiy elektron jurnali. 2, aprel, 2019 yil 1 6. .. . «» 1997, ( 3), S: 42.
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Atakhanova G.O. English teacher
at TashDAU Nukus branch
TEACHING ENGLISH TO BLIND STUDENTS
Annotation:Throughout the years that I taught English to the blind I had to answer many questions asked by people who had no experience dealing with the blind.Of all the subjects teaching English to the blind is the easiest. Having said so there are one or two things teachers who are not trained to teach the blind may need to know before they can be an effective teacher to a blind student.
Key words: Technological help, textbooks, blind students, experiences,exposure.
Understanding degrees of blindness
First and foremost the teachers have to understand the visual condition of
their blind student. The teachers do not need to understand the medical
implication of the blind student's blindness, just how much residual vision he or
she has.
Is he or she totally blind?
Does he or she have some sight left that he or she may be able to read
big print?
Eighty percent of learning is through sight.
Whatever amount of residual vision that is left of a blind person should be
utilised to the maximum. So students with partial vision should be encouraged to
read big print books.
Understanding the background
The next thing to do is to learn the background of the student. How and
when he or she became blind. If the blind student became blind when he or she
was, for example, at the age of eight or nine, he or she has certain visual memory.
He or she will conceive ideas and images differently from someone who was blind
at
birth.
Setting up a readers serviceWhen confronted with a totally blind student do not
despair. Read teaching material to the blind student and get him or her to Braille
the material before lessons. The problem of a shortage of material in Braille has
always plagued teachers for the blind.
Textbooks could never be brailled in time for my blind students. I always
had to cope with one chapter at a time. But from my experience I can say that
setting up a readers service for the blind is never too difficult. Just spread the word
that there is a need for a pool of volunteers to read books into tapes or to blind
students and there will be many volunteers.
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Technological help Also, nowadays there is computer software that is able to download material and transcribe it into Braille dots. The machine for brailling out the dots is quite expensive though. Not knowing Braille is the least problem of teachers who are not specially trained to teach the blind. Technology can overcome that problem. Blind students can be trained to use the computer. There is sound synthesis software such as text to speech and voice recognition that can be installed on the computer. This software varies in price, but there are a number of programs which can be downloaded for free. In the classroom When in the classroom the blind student cannot see the board so the teacher has to be more vocal and say out every word he or she puts on the board including direction of where the words are. For example, teaching the format of a letter say out, 'On the left hand corner of your page you write the address. The address of this college is number twenty-nine, Green Lane'. Remember the blind student cannot see the board but he or she can hear well. When plans or diagrams are used, you can emboss them for your students by sticking string to cardboard. Here teachers may have to use their ingenuity. Reactions of other students I also tell teachers that the blind students in the class should not disrupt the lessons too much, meaning that the teacher should carry on as usual except for slight adjustments. Having a blind student in the midst of sighted students brings out the best of the sighted students. I have seen many sighted students come forward willingly to help their blind classmates and they even take the blind students on outings around the town. Things generally work out fine. One of my blind students was the top student of the graduating class. Teaching tips I have used talking books and taped dialogues for reading comprehension lessons. I use real objects in my lessons. I brought in kites when the reading passage was about kites. I took my students to the kitchen and we had a lesson on how to prepare sandwiches and how to make tea. I took my senior students to a lower court to record the proceeding of court cases. I was able to do all these things because there were usually only eight to nine students in a class. Blind students may be visually impaired but their other senses are intact, so teachers of the blind should utilise the other senses. Learning a language is very much tied up with culture, exposure and experiences. Blind students may not be able to acquire exposure and experiences the same way as sighted students. So teachers of the blind may have to do a little more than other teachers. Bring experiences and exposure to the blind students.
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Conclusion Well, basically, a blind student is a student first and blind or visually impaired second. Like many others things, blind students learn the importance of colours through their association with the sighted. The approaches towards teaching English to blind students are the same. When a blind student is out in the sighted world studying side by side with sighted students he or she is usually able to adapt to his or her environment. All the teacher needs to do is talk to the blind student and ask him or her whether there is any special requirement.
Referens: 1. Anderson Th., Forrester K. Reading then Writing: From Source to Essay. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1992 523 p. 2. Brumft C. Communicative Methodology in Language Teaching. Cambridge University Press, 1992 166 p. 3. Delahunty G., James C. Language, Grammar and Communication: A course for teachers of English. New York: McGraw-Hill Inc., 1994.442 p.
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DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2020_1_79_38 : 911.6 (575.172)
Baltabaev O.O. PhD student
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Ajiniyaz Nukus, Uzbekistan
THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE TAKHTAKUPIR TOPONYMY
Annotation. This article studied the origin of the name of Takhtakupir district, located in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. The etymology of the toponymy has been studied from historical and other scientific sources. Every geographical name has its own history of origin. The place names are one of the unique monuments of the people, nations and peoples with an ancient history. Because they themselves represent a world of history and destiny.
Key words: Takhtakupir, toponymy, geographical name, etymology, hydronym, oykonym
Introduction. Geographical place names or toponymy (Greek: topos place, onima - name) - this field is studied not only by geographers, but also by historians, philologists, cartographers, ethnographers. The toponyms of our country have both historical and modern features, the existence of a separate naming system. As we all know, most geographical names arise from the natural geographical features of a region. However, geographical place names can appear even if no geographical feature is reflected in them. This is why studying the etymology of geographical names gives us a lot of information.
The aim of the research. The history of the origin of any toponymy, its meaning and the etymology of which language it belongs to have long been of interest to many. The toponyms of our country, which have a centuries-old history, like all national toponyms, have been formed in harmony with the history, culture and way of life of our people during our long historical past. Toponyms of our country are also toponyms with a long history that require in-depth scientific research. The main purpose of our research is to analyze and study the etymology of the toponymy of Takhtakupir in the territory of the Republic of Karakalpakstan on the basis of scientific sources.
Methods. Toponyms are studied mainly in geography, linguistics, history. Therefore, many facts of toponymy can be correctly interpreted only when many materials with different content - geographical, linguistic and historical materials are involved. Geographers, linguists and historians such as H. Hasanov, K. Abdimuratov, S. Koraev, M. Mirakmalov, T. Nafasov, T. Enazarov, K. Seytniyazov, K. Hakimov conducted scientific research in the scientific study of toponyms of our country. We also studied their research methods in depth during our research and based their scientific views on our research. However, the
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etymological method was widely used in writing this article. Etymology (Greek: etimon - truth, the original meaning of the word, logos - science) - the study of the origin of the word, its original true meaning.
Results and discussion. The toponymy of each historical period differs from the toponymy of other periods in terms of meaning and grammatical structure. Because a historical event that takes place in any territory is sealed in the form of geographical names. For this reason, the study of toponyms has been of interest to researchers in identifying four interrelated aspects, which include:
1. Date of origin of the place name; 2. Variable meanings of place names; 3. Geographical features of the place; 4. How the place name came to be and who gave it its name. Geographical place names are of great social and political importance both internationally and nationally, as they carry national, cultural and historical information. This is why we gain so much information through the scientific study of geographical names. Takhtakupir is a district located in the North-East of the Republic of Karakalpakstan, in the North-West of the Kyzylkum desert and in the South-East of the dried-up Aral Sea. Takhtakupir district borders with the Republic of Kazakhstan in the North-East, Navoi region of the Republic of Uzbekistan in the East, Ellikkala and Beruni districts of the Republic in the South, Karauzyak and Muynak districts in the West. Land area is 21,12 thousand km2. The population of the district is 40,200. Takhtakupir district was first formed on May 10, 1928. In 1963 it was united into Chimbay district and on December 29, 1965 it was again separated as Takhtakupir district. According to experts, the toponymy Takhtakupir appeared more than a century ago. The Takhta is the board, the kupir - it is a bridge, a device, built on the water, to pass from shore to shore. The history of the origin of the name is connected with the construction of the bridge from the board. A century ago, a branch of the Kuvonchjarma canal, which brought water to the present-day Takhtakupir district, was called Bosay. People on both sides of the river inhabited it. A bridge to the river was very necessary for the people of the two sides to come and go with each other, and the elders of the people, united and in consultation, embarked on this important and worthy work. Hojamet Bolis led the construction of the bridge. All the people came to the hashar. Craftsmen from Chimbay are brought to build the bridge, mainly the long trees of Qosbauli's son Qalimbetboy were used in the construction of the bridge. Construction of the bridge took place during the winter months. Because the main building material was made of wood (timber), the bridge came to be known as a wooden bridge - Takhtakupir. The bridge was built in 1904 (in some sources it was 1903. It is known that the construction of the bridge began in the winter of 1903 and was completed the next year). Conclusion. From the etymology of the toponymy Takhtakupir we can see the unity of our people, their love of work. Despite the fact that the geographical name arose more than a century ago, the geographical name has not lost its
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significance, meaning and content. Today, one of the most pressing issues facing us is the study of geographical names that have been preserved for many years, such as the toponymy Takhtakupir, and inculcate in the minds of the younger generation the unity and diligence of our people through such geographical names. Therefore, it is necessary to study the toponyms of our country, to conduct scientific etymological research on each toponymy.
References: 1. Abdiev ., Reymov . Takhtakupir designation. Tashkent. Turon-Iqbol, 2019. (in Karakalpak) 2. Abdirahmanov . Toponymy and etymology. Almata. G'ilim, 1975. (in Kazakh) 3. Ayimbetov H. Takhtakupir is on a great road. Nukus, Karakalpakstan, 2007. (in Karakalpak) 4. Ayimbetov N. Origin of the term Takhtakupir. "Takhtakupir tani" newspaper. 10-11(5955-5956). 14 April 2018. (in Karakalpak) 5. Enazarov .J. Toponyms of Uzbekistan: lexical bases and ways of etymological research. Dissertation for the degree of Doctor of Philology. Tashkent, 2006. (in Uzbek) 6. Kunnazarov . Cities and districts of Karakalpakstan. Nukus, Bilim, 2006. (in Karakalpak) 7. Pahratdinov K.., Serikbaeva .S. History of naming of Takhtakupir district. International scientific-practical conference "The future of technical and humanitarian science". 8 June 2018. (in Kazakh) 8. Seitniyazov K.M. Place names of the northern districts of the right bank of Karakalpakstan. Dissertation for PhD in Geography. Tashkent 1998. (in Russian) 9. Takhtakopir district passport. 2020. (in Karakalpak)
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Baxodirova Sh.B. O`zMU xorijiy filologiya fakulteti lingvistika (o`zbek tili) mutaxassisligi magistranti
MAKTABGACHA TA'LIM JARAYONIDA BOLALAR OG`ZAKI NUTQINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH
Annotatsiya: bolalarda nutqiy funksiyalarning o`zlashtirish jarayoni davri, avtonom nutqning paydo bo`lishi, tilning semantik tomonlarini rivojlantirish, bolalar nutqini o`stirishda turli metodlardan foydalanish;
Kalit so`lar: ijtimoiy vaziyat, avtonom nutq, emotsional kechinmalar, lingvistik kashfiyot, obyektiv faoliyat, folklor, ermak o`yinlar (testoplastika, qum o`yinlari, rasmli o`yinlar);
Bahodirova Sh.B. graduate student of the Faculty of Philology of the National University of Uzbekistan in the field of linguistics
IMPROVING THE ORAL SPEECH OF CHILDREN IN PRESCHOOL EDUCATION
Abstract: the period of the process of assimilation of speech functions in children, the emergence of autonomous speech, the development of semantic aspects of language, the use of various techniques in the development of children's speech;
Keywords: social situation, autonomous speech, emotional experiences, linguistic discovery, subject activity, folklore, fun games (testoplasty, sand games, games in pictures);
Ma'lumki, go`dak ijtimoiy hayotga kirib kelishi bilan uning nutqi ham jamiyatga moslashib boradi. Bolaning atrof-muhitga bo`lgan qiziqishini qondirish uning ijtimoiy muhit bilan yanada kengroq tanishishiga imkon beradi. Maktabgacha bo`lgan davrdagi yosh - bu bolani aqliy rivojlanishining o`ta muhim va mas'uliyatli davri hisoblanadi. Bu bola tomonidan dunyoni faol bilish davridir. Ushbu davrda bola yaqinda yurib, makonni o`rganishga harakat qiladi, unga endi joyida qolish qiyin - har qanday obyekt uni o`ziga tortayotgandek tuyuladi. Ushbu davrda bola va kattalar o`rtasidagi aloqa yanada kuchayadi.
Bola tomonidan nutqiy funksiyalarning o`zlashtirilishi jarayoni uning maktabgacha yosh davrida uch bosqichda amalga oshadi. Birinchi bosqich (tug`ilganidan boshlab 9 oylik davrigacha)da go`dak atrofidagi kattalarning nutqini tushunmaydi va o`zi ham so`zlay olmaydi. Biroq bu bosqichda kelajakdagi nutqni o`zlashtirishga zamin hozirlanadi. Ikkinchi bosqich (9 oydan 3
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yoshgacha) nutqning shakllanishi bosqichi. Bu davrda bolalar kattalar tomonidan qo`llanadigan oddiy, sodda shakldagi so`zlarni tushunishga harakat qiladi, o`zi ham dastlabki so`zlarni talaffuz qila boshlaydi. Uchinchi bosqich 3 yoshdan 7 yoshgacha bo`lgan davrni o`z ichiga oladi. Bu bosqichda bola kundalik hayotda faol qo`llanadigan nutq birliklarini to`liq o`zlashtiradi va ulardan muloqot jarayonida keng foydalanadi.[1, 15-b]
Bugungi kunning asosiy o`rganilayotgan sohalaridan biri bu nutqning rivojlanishi.
R.S.Nemovning ta'kidlashicha, «taxminan uch yoshga to`lganida, bolaning xotirasi, idroki, tasavvur va e'tibori insoniy xususiyatlarga ega bo`la boshlaydi. Ammo asosiy narsa shundaki, bola ma'lum bir yoshda asosan uning keyingi xulqatvori, intellektual va shaxsiy rivojlanishiga ta'sir qiladigan mahoratni egallaydi. Bu tilni tushunish va odamlar bilan muloqotda faol foydalanish qobiliyatidir ».[3]
V. S. Muxinaning fikriga ko`ra, "bolaning kattalar bilan muloqot shakllarining obyektiv faoliyatni o`zlashtirishi bilan bog`liq holda yuz beradigan o`zgarishlari, uning kichik yoshda rivojlanishi uchun katta ahamiyatga ega".[2]
D. B. Elkoninning ta'kidlashicha, «xuddi obyekt harakati rivojlanib borgani kabi nutq ham shakllanadi. Kichik yoshdagi bola uchun so`z vosita bo`lib xizmat qiladi, uni boshqa vositalarga qaraganda tez-tez ishlatadi, shuning uchun nutqning intensiv rivojlanishi mavjud ». [8, 277-b]
G.A.Uruntayeva so`zning kommunikativ funksiyasini shakllantirishning uch davrini ajratib ko`rsatdi:
1) Vaziyatning asosiy tarkibiy qismi obyektdir. Bola unga harakatni mimik va intonatsion-ekspressiv hissiy tarkibiy qismlar bilan hamrohlik qiladi, uning ma'nosi kattalarga ta'sir o`tkazishdir. Agar urinishlar muvaffaqiyatsiz bo`lsa, unda ular norozilik ifodasiga, yig`lashga aylanishi mumkin;
2) Voyaga yetgan kishi vaziyatning tarkibiy qismiga aylanadi. Bola ko`zlarini mavzudan kattalarga qaratadi va ikkinchisida to`xtaydi. Obyektga yetib borishga urinishlar imo-ishoralar bilan almashtiriladi. Bola kattalarning e'tiborini uning urinishlariga qaratishga intiladi;
3) Vaziyat markazi so`zga o`tkaziladi. Bola kattalarga qaraydi, artikulyatsiyaga diqqat bilan qaraydi. So`zni talaffuz qilish uchun birinchi urinishlar paydo bo`ladi, bola artikulyatsion-talaffuz tasviriga qaraydi. Yetarli bo`lmagan nutq testlari yo`qoladi va bola kerakli so`zni - obyekt nomini aytadi. Bunda kattalarning narsalarga nisbatan harakati nazarda tutiladi.[6, 89-b]
Shunday qilib, biz nutq paydo bo`lgan vaziyat bolaning kattalar bilan mavzuli hamkorligini anglatishi kerak degan xulosaga kelishimiz mumkin. Bunday hamkorlikda kattalar bola uchun nutq vazifasini qo`yadi, bu esa bolaning xatti-harakatlarini qayta qurishni talab qiladi: tushunish uchun bola to`liq aniq so`zni aytishi kerak. Bu shuni anglatadiki, bola kattalarga murojaat qilishi, u aytayotgan so`zni ta'kidlab, boshqalarga ta'sir qilish uchun ishlatishi kerak.
O`zbekiston Respublikasi tarbiyachi va psixologlarining yosh bolalarda og`zaki nutqni rivojlantirish bo`yicha psixologik-pedagogik tajribasini tahlil qilib,
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biz shunday xulosaga keldikki, yurtimizning ayrim hududlarida o`rta va katta maktabgacha yoshdagi bolalarda nutqni rivojlantirishga ko`proq e'tibor qaratilmoqda. Keling, ushbu uslubiy ishlanmalarni ayrimlarini batafsil ko`rib chiqaylik:
Maktabgacha ta'lim tarbiyachisi (Surxondaryo viloyati, Termiz shahri) Eshqobilova Sohiba N., nutqning rivojlanishi bolaning hissiy taassurotisiz mumkin emasligini ta'kidlamoqda.
«Ona tili, milliy madaniyat tarixiy jihatdan bolaning hissiy qo`shilishlari, fikrlash va nutq qobiliyatlarini rivojlantirish uchun qulay muhit bo`lib kelgan. Qadim zamonlardan buyon o`zbek xalqiga bu sohada folklor yordamga keladi bu xalq tomonidan jamoat tomonidan yaratilgan va uning ko`p asrlik tajribasi va dunyoqarashini aks ettiradigan folklor san'atining maxsus sohasi. Shu bilan birga, bolalar nutqini erta yoshda rivojlantirish uchun eng qulay manbalardan biri bu jumboqlar, maqollar, bolalar o`yinlari, qofiyalar, qo'shiqlar kabi kichik folklor shakllari ».
Eshqobilova Sohiba N., shuningdek, bolalarda o`z-o`ziga xizmat qilish ko`nikmalarini shakllantirishda va gigiyena ko`nikmalarini tarbiyalashda, atrofdagi dunyo va uning hodisalarini o`rganishda, bolalarda ijobiy histuyg`ularni yaratishda bolalar she'rlaridan foydalanadi.
Tarbiyachi ta'kidlaganidek: "Bolalar bog`chalari bilan ishlash faqat bolalar bog`chasi devorlari bilan chegaralanmasligi kerak. Bu tizimli bo`lishi kerak, shundagina u bolaning so`z boyligi va ijobiy his-tuyg`ularini rivojlantirishda ijobiy ta'lim natijalarini beradi".
Bolalar bog`chalari orqali bola atrofdagi dunyo bilan og`zaki tanishishga kirishadi, uzluksiz kognitiv faoliyat uchun asos yaratiladi. Barkamol avlod 269 MTM tarbiyachisi (Toshkent shahri, Olmazor tumani) Haydarova G.S., bolalarni folklorning kichik shakllari bilan tanishtirish, artikulyatsiya apparati harakatchanligini rivojlantirishga, nutqning talaffuz tomonlarini rivojlantirishga yordam beradi deb hisoblaydi. Artikulyatsiya apparati harakatchanligini rivojlantirish uchun darslar taqlidli, o`ynoqi xarakteriga ega bo`lishi kerak. Masalan, O`rmon orqasidan, tog`lar ortidan, qorbobo chana minib kelmoqda "Bolalar ertagini o`qiyotganda, men bolalarga tillarini chertib, otga o`xshab chayqalishni taklif qilaman tovushini artikulyatsiya qilishga tayyorgarlik ko`ramiz yoki, bo`ri va yettita bola ertagini aytib bergandan keyin men bolalarga bo`ri qanday uvillashini ko`rsatishni taklif qilaman (lablaringizni naychadek cho`zing va ovoz chiqaring (U-U-U).
Bola hayotining uchinchi yilida uning muloqot doirasi kengayadi: bola nafaqat yaqin odamlari bilan, balki boshqa kattalar bilan, shuningdek bolalar bilan muloqotni boshlaydi. Ushbu davrda nutq ko`rsatmalarini bajarish qobiliyatining rivojlanishi sodir bo`ladi. Og`zaki ko`rsatmalar bolaning xatti-harakatlarini tartibga solishga yordam beradi. Og`zaki ko`rsatmalarni bajarayotganda bolaning xatti-harakatlari qabul qilingan vaziyat bilan emas, balki kattalarning so`zlari bilan belgilanadi.
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"Ma'lumki, maktabgacha yosh davrida bolaning asosiy faoliyati o`yin hisoblanadi. Shu sababli u muloqot jarayonidagi savol-javoblardan o`yin sifatida foydalanishi ham mumkin. Biz bolalar nutqiga xos bunday xususiyatlarni tadqiq etish maqsadida Malika Abduxalilova (4 yosh)ga quyidagi savol bilan murojaat qildik:
-Nima uchun bugun bog`chaga bormading? -O`shanga. Siz o`qishga bordizmi? -yo`q. -Nimaga? -O`shanga. Ushbu holat bola uchun qiziqarli bo`lib tuyulganligi boisu kulib yubordi. Oradan olti kun o`tganidan so`ng Malika bilan suhbatlashdik. U muloqot jarayonida berilgan barcha savollarga o`shanga,-deb javob berdi. O`zbek bolalar nutqi ustida olib borilgan kuzatuv natijalariga tayanib shuni ham ta'kidlash joizki, ayrim hollarda "o`shanga" so`zi bolaning ruhiyatidagi salbiy o`zgarishlar yoki "nima uchun?" degan savolga aniq javob topa olmaganligi tufayli vaziyatdan chiqishni yengillashtirish vositasi sifatida xizmat qiladi. Aslida bola javob berishning bu usulini kattalar nutqidan o`zlashtiradi".[1, 96-b] Yosh bolalar bilan ishlashning eng samarali usuli bu folklorning kichik shakllaridan foydalanishdir. Bolalar bilan birgalikdagi mashg`ulotlarda xalq o`yinlaridan foydalanish, qo`shiqlar ijro etish, jumlalar ularga katta quvonch baxsh etadi. Vizual usullar guruhiga kuzatishlar, ekskursiyalar, rasmlarni, illyustratsiyalarni, fotosuratlarni, o`yinchoqlarni tomosha qilish kiradi. Bolalar narsalar bilan o`ynashadi, masalan, "Telefon" o`yini, bola o`yinchoq apparatlaridan foydalanganda, onasi, otasi yoki ertak qahramonlarini chaqira oladi. "Telefon" o`yini bola nutqining rivojlanishini rag`batlantiradi, o`ziga bo`lgan ishonchni shakllantiradi. I.P.Pavlov, A.A.Leontyev kabi olimlar bolaning motor harakati qanchalik baland bo`lsa, uning nutqi shunchalik rivojlanib borishini isbotladi. Nozik motorikani rivojlantirish uchun o`yinlar va mashqlar bola nutqining rivojlanishini rag`batlantiradi. Bolalarning nutqini faollashtirish uchun ishda samarali faoliyatdan (modellashtirish, chizish, loyihalash) foydalanish katta ahamiyatga ega. Nutqni rivojlantirish zamonaviy maktabgacha ta'lim tizimining ustuvor yo`nalishi hisoblanadi. Psixologik va pedagogik adabiyotlarni tahlil qilish, O`zbekiston Respublikasi tarbiyachilari va psixologlari tajribasini umumlashtirish bir qator xulosalarga imkon beradi: 1. Ushbu tadqiqot muammosi bo`yicha tegishli adabiyotlarni o`rganish yosh bolalar nutqi rivojlanishining mohiyati va xususiyatlarini aniqlashga imkon berdi. Nutqni o`zlashtirish jarayoni bir necha bosqichlardan o`tishini aniqladik:
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1) Dastlabki bosqichda bolada nutq tovushlariga nisbatan barqaror selektiv munosabat shakllanadi va fonemik eshitish shakllanadi;
2) Nutq paydo bo`lish bosqichida nutqni intensiv tushunish, nutq uslublarini o`zlashtirish mavjud;
3) Og`zaki muloqot bosqichida bola ona tilining grammatik tuzilishini, uning so`z boyligini o`zlashtiradi.
Bolaning birinchi so`zlari yordam yoki talab bo`yicha talaffuz qilinadi, shuning uchun o`qituvchi yosh bolalar bilan ishlashda bolalar rivojlanishining yoshi va individual xususiyatlarini hisobga olishi muhimdir.
2. O`zbekiston Respublikasi MTM tarbiyachilari va bir qator olimlarning ish tajribalarini tahlil qilish va umumlashtirish asosida shuni ta'kidlash mumkinki, tarbiyachilar, psixologlar va logopedlarning aniq, kasbiy muvofiqlashtirilgan va o`ylangan ishi, to`g`ri tashkil etilgan rivojlanish muhiti, bolaga individual yondoshish va ota-onalar bilan hamkorlik yosh bolalarda nutqni muvaffaqiyatli rivojlantirish uchun zarur shart-sharoitlardir.
Nutqni rivojlantirish bo`yicha yosh bolalar bilan ishlashda tarbiyachilar quyidagi usullardan foydalanishlari maqsadga muvofiqdir:
1) O`yinlar o`ynash (mobil, didaktik); 2) Folklorning kichik shakllaridan foydalanish (bolalar o`yinlari, qo`shiqlar, hazillar, topishmoqlar, ertaklar, she'rlar); 3) Noan'anaviy usullar (testoplastika, qum terapiyasi, rasmli o`yinlar, mozaykalar). Ushbu usullardan yosh bolalarda og`zaki nutqni rivojlantirish bo`yicha tarbiyachi va o`qituvchilarning ishlaridan foydalanish istalgan natijaga erishishga yordam beradi
Adabiyotlar: 1. Qurbonova M.A. "O`zbek bolalar nutqi leksikasining sotsiopsixolingvistik tadqiqi" monografiya Toshkent; 2014-y; 2. . . : , , : . . 5- ., . . : , 2000. 456 . 3. . . : . . . : 3 . . 2. . 3- . . : , 1997. 608 . 4. . . : . . : ; , 2009. 460 . 5. . . : . . . . . . . : , 2003. 368 . 6. . . : . . . . . 5- ., . . : , 2001. 336 . 7. . (1-3 ) // . 2012. - 12. . 67-71.
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8. . . : . . . . . 3- ., . . : , 2006. 384 .
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UDC 81-13
Mekhriban B.B. trainer teacher
Nukus state pedagogical institute Uzbekistan, Karakalpakistan
STYLE AND STYLISTICS: FUNDAMENTALS
Abstract: Stylistics is a systematic way of exploring a literary text especially the language of a text and tries to explain how language creates meaning, style and certain effect. The study of stylistics is considered as one of the significant tools to analyze a literary piece from the point of view of language. There are a number of scholars who are engaged in the interpretation of different genres of literature such as prose, poetry, drama, short story and one-act-play with the help of Stylistics. The interpretation of poetry is possible with the help of some of the important terms in stylistics.
Keywords: style, stylistics, literature, classical, investigation, rhetoric, poetic.
According to Mikhail Bakhtin, "style enters as one element into generic unity of the utterance" [1: 64], and the study of styles of language may only be productive when their generic nature is taken into consideration. From this point of view, stylistics may be viewed as a discipline included into discourse genre studies. Therefore the object of stylistics is not only the regularity of the choice and use of language means, as Bakhtin saw it, but first of all it is the study of types of organization of speech production and its realization in a singular text or group of texts. In the present chapter of our study we are going to turn to the notions of style and stylistics as we believe that a brief acquaintance with these notions and their peculiarities will be helpful for the further analysis whose objectives were stated before.[1:121]
First of all, what is style? The term "style" is a polysemantic one. The Latin word "stylus" meant originally a style or writing instrument used by the ancients in writing on waxed tablets. Already in Classical Latin the meaning of the word was extended by the process of metonymy to signify the manner of expressing one's ideas in written or oral form. The word later acquired a further meaning, the distinctive or characteristic mode of presentation, construction or execution in any art, employment or product: the fine arts, sport, etc. A glance into a dictionary of present-day English will show that the word "style" is used in about half a dozen principal meanings : a way something is done, design of clothes/hair, being elegant, style of book/painting/building, use of language; etc. [2:1294] The definition of style as the ability to speak and write well, i.e. a practical or utilitarian approach to problems of linguistic and literary expression, has been especially widespread in English-speaking countries. Until about the
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early 1950s the problems of what is today known as stylistics were dealt with in British and American textbooks under the heading of 'Good English' or 'Rhetoric'.
Stylistics is a branch of linguistics which investigates the entire system of expressive resources available in a particular language. It is a relatively new linguistic discipline. The word "stylistics" was firstly attested in the Oxford English Dictionary only in 1882, meaning the science of literary style, the study of stylistic features. However, the first reflections on style can be dated back to the ancient times. Ancient rhetoric and poetics, which are considered to be the predecessors of stylistics, treated style as a specific mode of expression, the proper adornment of thought. The orator or poet was expected to follow the norms of artful arrangement of words, to use model sentences and prescribed kinds of "figures" in order to achieve particular expressiveness. After the ancient period the normative approach dominated in style investigations. The first attempts to evaluate and interpret the expressive possibilities of a national language were done in "The philosophy of style" [1852] by G. Spenser, "Zur Stylistik" [1866] by H. Steinthal, " a" [1895] by A.N. Veselovskyi, " " by F. Buslajev, " " [1905] by O. Potebnya. In 1909 the Swiss linguist Charles Bally published his "Traité de stylistique française" ["French stylistics"] where he rejected the established normative approach to style and developed linguistic stylistics.
According to Ch. Bally the subject of stylistics is everything emotional and expressive in language and in speech. As a separate linguistic discipline stylistics began to form only in the 20-30s of the XXth century. In modern linguistics the term stylistics is employed in a variety of senses. But in general stylistics is defined as a branch of linguistics which studies the principles and effect of choice and usage of different language elements for rendering thought and emotion under different conditions of communication [3:7].
The object of stylistic study is so varied and complex that it is difficult to give a simple and generally acceptable definition of style. In the course of the historical development of a language evolves various functional subsystems each of which is characterized by the predominant use of specific words and expressions, grammatical forms and constructions, and certain phonetic features. Such functional subsystems or linguistic styles are limited to definite spheres of human activity, e.g. one distinguishes the styles of scientific prose, official correspondence, journalism, poetry, informal conversation, etc. in English.[4:11]
A language style may be tentatively defined as a more-or-less coherent system, a subsystem (or microsystem) within a language, consisting of certain lexico-phraseological, grammatical and phonetic resources of that language which are used selectively and purposefully to express ideas in a given situation. The study of language styles is the concern of linguo-stylistics. Put in another way, linguo-stylistics is a branch of linguistics which deals with the expressive
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and stylistic means of language, their relations to the idea or ideas expressed , and the classification and peculiarities of the existing styles of a language. Linguo-stylistics is an auxiliary (ancillary) discipline which attains its full purpose only when used as a tool to perfect the learner's knowledge of a foreign language or in analyzing a work of literature. The ultimate aim of any linguo-stylistic analysis is the all-round comprehension of written or spoken utterance. It should be pointed out that there is a considerable amount of overlap between linguostylistics and literary stylistic studies. The latter are concerned first and foremost with the manner in which an author or literary current tends to use the expressive resources of language to convey ideas. The emphasis here is on the study of how a given linguistic form serves to render the ideological, emotional and artistic content of a work of literature. Linguo-stylistics is interested primarily in the expressive devices of language from the linguistic aspect and helps to shed light on a number of linguistic problems, such as lexical and grammatical synonymity, the semantic structure of words and phrases, etc. Linguo-stylistics and literary stylistics complement each other and together they constitute what may be called general stylistics. Stylistic analysis explores the uniqueness of a text to point out which patterns of language are used particularly. It involves comparisons of the language of the text with the language used in conventional types of discourse. Stylistics also attempts to establish principles capable of explaining the particular choices made by individuals and social groups in their use of language, such as the production and reception of meaning, socialization, critical discourse analysis and literary criticism. Stylistics focuses on the expressive properties of linguistic units, their functioning and interaction in conveying ideas and emotions in a certain text or communicative
context. In conclusion, present-day stylistics studies have gradually taken a strict systematic character. Increasing interest is also apparent in the quantitative aspect, where statistical and numerical counts of word frequency, etc. And the use of electronic computers has given stylistics a more exact basis than hitherto. With the advent of large corpora of machine readable texts the outlook for computerassisted stylistic analysis appears to be especially promising. Apart from the study of cases of disputed authorship, it is now becoming easier to undertake studies of the influence of one author on another. Although still somewhat inchoate and unorganized, 1inguo-stylistics is obviously a vigorous young discipline whose development in the coming decades has serious and far-reaching implications for the advance of linguistic science as a whole.
References: 1. Bakhtin . . Retrieved June 12, 2013.http://www. umer. Info/BiliotekBuks/Literat/bahtin/slovr om.php. 2. Hornby A.S. Oxford Advanced Learner`s Dictionary of Current English 6th edition, Oxford University Press,2000:
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3. .. . : . : , , 2002. 384 . 4. Lehtsalu U. , Liiv. G. . Mutt O, An introduction to the English Stylistics 1973 151p. 5. Prasannata Ramtirthe, Style and stylistics: an overview. Pune research world, an international journal of interdisciplinary studies, Vol-I issue 4, 2017. 6.Bakhtin . . Retrieved June 12, 2013.http://www. umer. Info/BiliotekBuks/Literat/bahtin/slovr om.php 7. Encyclopedia Britannica www.britannica.com. 8. The Burns Encyclopedia online http://www.robertburns.org/encvclopedia.
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UDK 7.03
Bobobekova J.A. 21 school teacher of English language Jizzakh region, Sharaf Rashidov District
Melibayeva M.S. student of 21-school Sharaf Rashidovsky district of Jizzakh region, Uzbekistan
FAMOUS PEOPLE OF UZBEKISTAN
Annotation: The article analyses the lifes, works, contributions of the Uzbek scholars to the development of sciences
Keywords: Abu-Rayhon Beruniy, Al-Khorezmi Muhammed Bin Mussa, Alisher Navoi
Abu-Rayhon Beruniy Abu-Rayhon Beruniy a remarkable scientist, amazing with variety of his scientific interests, boldness of idea, the author of more than 150 works devoted to actual issues of natural sciences, philosophy, history, philology, great encyclopaedist the thinker, the humanist of the Middle Ages epoch. Outlook of Abu-Rayhon Beruniy was formed at the end of X the beginning of XI century in Central Asia. He was born on 2 Zu-ul-hidja in 362 (on September 4, 973 A.D.) in suburb of Kyat, former feudal capital of Khorezm. On the native land he has received good education and from a youth began his scientific activity. Due to political events in Khoresm Beruniy left the native land and approximately in between 998-1004 lived in Gurgan, at southeast coast of Caspian Sea. At this time he has done a great work «Monuments of the past generations ». In about 1005 Beruniy came back to Khorezm, where at a court yard of the Khorezm king Abu Abbas Mamun ibn Mamun (1009-1017) occupied honorable position. In 1017 Mahmud Gaznavi (998-1034) has subordinated to himself Khoresm, and in the same year Beruniy together with some other scientists had been compelled to follow the conqueror to Hansa where he stayed up to the end of his life. Despite the unfavorable conditions for him in the capital Mahmuda, Beruniy was entirely given to scientific researches. Together with the army of sultan, Beruniy had several times visited India. He has taken advantage of the trips for studying this country and as a result, by 4030 he had written an outstanding composition on India. Earlier, in 1025 Beruniy finished "Geodesy". To sultan Masud (1030-1041), the receiver Mahmud, Beruniy has devoted his main work on mathematics and astronomy « Masudov kanon». At government of the subsequent sultan Masud (1041 - 1048) written the big work on mineralogy, and at the end of a life "Saydan". He died in Gazna 2 Radjab 440. (on December 11, 1048).
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Al-Khorezmi Muhammed Bin - Mussa (783 - 850) Nickname Al Khorezmi specifies his native land the Central Asian state Khoresm (nowadays territory of Uzbekistan), Bin Mussa "son of Mussa", and one of nicknames of the scientist Al Madjusi speaks about his origin from a sort of magicians (on Arabic "madjus"). It shows also, that one of sources of knowledge of Mohammed Al was science prior to Islamic Central Asia the keepers of which were magicians. He managed in Baghdad the library of wisdom House of some sort of the Baghdad academy at caliphate of Al Mamun. There were the arithmetic treatise « The Book about the Indian account », the algebraic treatise « The Brief book about calculation of algebra and almukabal», astronomical tables and a geographical path. Both mathematical treatises have been translated into Latin language of medieval Europe and served for a long time as the basic textbooks on mathematics. Nickname Al-Khorezmi in the modified form has turned to a nominal word "algorithm" and all over again meant all system of decimal item arithmetics. Subsequently this term has received a wider sense in mathematics as a rule performing operations in certain order. Thus, actions « Al - Djebr» and "Al-Mukabala" have replaced with themselves transfer of nowadays-used equation members from one part of the equation into another and reduction of similar members. These two operations have allowed Al Khorezmi to transfer any algebraic equation of the first and second degree into initial forms which Al Khorezmi has six. Unlike Greeks who, certainly, also solved quadratic equations, but solved in geometrical way, Al Khorezmi used drawings only for explanation of the rhetorical decision validity. He could solve any quadratic equation by his general rule (finding positive roots). If Greeks had geometrical solutions the method Al Khorezmi was almost algebraic. This is an enormous step forward in comparison with geometrical algebra of Greeks. In the arithmetic treatise Al Khorezmi basically followed the Indian samples, and from him the Europeans have got familiar with the Indian methods of recording the numbers, that is the use of zero and location of figures values. The algebraic path differed from both works, that of Indian mathematicians, and Greeks. It can be believed, that in this book Al Khorezmi followed local traditions and own results. If the majority of Greeks did not see necessity to apply the scientific knowledge to practical needs, the main desire of Al Khorezmi was to place a science to serve to humankind and to adapt it for the practical purposes. In Algebra Al Khorezmi has a section about trade and commercial transactions, with problems on a threefold Rule. Thus, for the first time in a history of mathematics in the treatise of Al have appeared the general rules of solving the quadratic equations. Alisher Navoi An ingenious poet and the thinker, the musician and the artist, the teacher and the scientist, a great statesman and one of the most cultural persons of his
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time. Alisher Navoi was the conventional head of the cultural life of Herat, the patron of numerous representatives of sciences, arts and cultures. "Due to Alisher many people have received literary and art education and talent strengthening and there is no any other patron and the tutor of people as Alisher". - wrote Babur Alisher Navoi was born on February 9, 1441 in the city of Herat, the capital of Huroson State.
From the childhood Alisher was interested in reading the works of classics of Persian-Tadjik literature: Saadi, Attar and others. According to Navoiy himself, such poets as Lutfi Sheikh Kemal Turbati have directed, assessed the verses written by him. Navoiy studied at the most educated people of that time, took part in their highly intellectual and deeply instructive conversations.
Having no family, no children, no successors, the poet spent a significant part of his huge wealth for charity. He has constructed a lot of educational institutions, hospitals, a caravansheds, channels, bridges and roads.
In Herat maintained the closest relations with the great Tadjik poet and thinker Abdurrahman Dzhami (1414 - 1492) who was his closest friend, the adherent, the teacher and the spiritual instructor. Friendship of Navoiy and Dzhami remain in a history for ever as a bright symbol of friendship between Uzbeks and Tadjiks.
By the time when Navoiy became one of the outstanding persons in Hurasan, having received a honorable post at a court yard, he already had reputation of the masterly master of a verse. The generosity of his talent was that the poet has captured all versions of lyrical works created by peoples of the Muslim East during many centuries. Gazals and kitas, tarjibans and rubai in what genre would not act , he proved everywhere with shine boundless opportunities of his talent and skill.
Many known representatives of the literature, art and science of second half 15 the beginning of 16 century, as a token of deep respect for Alisher Navoi and in gratitude for his support, devoted to him their works.
The image of this versatile and talented person historically is not separable from the broad audience of his contemporaries, friends, admirers and direct pupils poets and musicians, scientists and architects, calligraphers and artists, historians and the writers, who defined their activity as cultural blossoming of Herat « epoch of Nabvoiy ».
has died On January 3, 1501 in Herat. All Herat saw off to last way its favorite poet and the wise figure. The mourning concerning Alisher Navoi's death lasted during the whole year - so great was the love to the person who has devoted all talent and skills to the people who had been indefinitely loved by him.
Alisher Navoi's literary heritage is very huge. In it we find the set of fine poems, epic products, scientifically philosophical pathes, literary researches, biographies of scientists, poets, philosophers, works on a history, on linguistics.
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On the top of poetic creativity of Navoi is creation of "Hamsa" a cycle from five poems: « Confusion just », « Layli and Madjnun», « Farhad and Shirin», « About seven wanderers », « Wall of Iskandar».
The spiritual heritage of the remarkable son of Uzbeks presently gets to be known internationally, it becomes the property of everyone, to whom the interests of the world, friendship and nations unity is valuable.
Used literature: 1. https://www.marakandatravel.com/en/about-uzbekistan/uzbekistan generalinfo/famous-persons/index.html 2. https://study.by/poleznaya-informatsiya/sistemy-obrazovaniya/468/
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UDK 811.111
Bobobekova J.A. 21 school teacher of English language Jizzakh region, Sharaf Rashidov District
Turgunova Sh.J. student of 21-school Sharaf Rashidovsky district of Jizzakh region, Uzbekistan
EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN GREAT BRITAIN TYPES OF SCHOOLS
Annotation:Children's education in England is normally divided into two separate stages. They begin with primary education at the age of five and this usually lasts until they are eleven. Then they move to secondary school, there they stay until they reach sixteen, seventeen or eighteen years of age.
Keywords: education, grammar schools, technical schools, modern schools
All British children must stay at school from the age of 5 until they are 16. Many of them stay longer and take final examination when they are 17 or 18. Before 1965 all children had to go through special intelligence tests. There were different types of state secondary schools and at the age of 11 children went to different schools in accordance of with the results of the tests.
State schools are divided into the following types: -Grammar schools. Children who go to grammar schools are usually those who show a preference for academic subjects, although many grammar schools now also have some technical courses. -Technical schools. Some children go to technical schools. Most courses there are either commercial or technical. -Modern schools. Boys and girls who are interested in working with there hands and learning in a practical way can go to a technical schools and learn some trade. -Comprehensive schools. These schools usually combine all types of secondary education. They have physic, chemistry, biology laboratories, machine workshops for metal and woodwork and also geography, history and art departments, commercial and domestic courses. There are also many schools which the State doesn't control. They are private schools. They charge fees for educating children and many of them are boarding schools, at which pupils live during the term time. After leaving school many young people go to colleges or further education. Those who become students at Colleges of Technology (called "Techs") come from different schools at different ages between 15 and 17. The lectures at such colleges, each an hour long, start at 8,15 and end at 4,45 in the afternoon. British Schools Schooling is voluntary under the age of 5 but there is some free nursery school education before that age. Primary education takes place in
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infant schools for pupils ages from 5 to 7 years old and junior schools (from 8 to 11 years). Some areas have different systems in which middle schools replace junior schools and take pupils ages from 9 to 11 years.
At the age of 16 pupils take school-leaving examinations in several subjects at the Ordinary level. The exam used to be conducted by eight independent examining boards, most of them connected with the university. This examination could also be taken by candidates at a further education establishment. This exam was called the General Certificate of Education (GCE). Pupils of comprehensive school had taken the examination called the Certificate of Secondary Education either with or instead of the GCE.
A GCE of Advanced ("A") level was taken two years after the Ordinary level exam. It was the standard for entrance to university and to many forms of professional training. In 1988 both examinations were replaced by the more or less uniform General Certificate of Secondary Education.
The private sector is running parallel to the state system of education. There are over 2500 fee-charging independent schools in GB. Most private schools are single-sex until the age of 16. More and more parents seem prepared to take on the formidable extra cost of the education. The reason is the believe that social advantages are gained from attending a certain school. The most expansive day or boarding schools in Britain are exclusive public schools like Eton college for boys and St. James' school for girls.
Universities and Colleges in Great Britain. Full courses of study offer the degree of Bachelor of Art or Science. Most degree courses at universities last three years, language courses 4 years (including year spent aboard). Medicine and dentistry courses are longer (5-7 years). Students may receive grants from the Local Education Authority to help pay for books, accommodation, transport, and food. This grant depends on the income of their parents. Most students live away from home, in flats of halls of residence. Students don't usually have a job during term time because the lessons called lectures, seminars, classes of tutorials (small groups), are full time. However, many students now have to work in the evenings. University life is considered «an experience». The exams are competitive but the social life and living away from home are also important. The social life is excellent with a lot of clubs, parties, concerts, bars. There are not only universities in Britain but also colleges. Colleges offer courses in teacher training, courses in technology and some professions connected with medicine. Educational System in the USA The general pattern of education in the USA is an eight-year elementary school, followed by a four-year high school. This has been called 8--4 plan organization. It is proceeded, in many localities, by nursery schools and kindergartens. It is followed by a four-year college and professional schools. This traditional pattern, how ever, has been varied in many
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different ways. The 6--3-- 3 plan consists of a six-year elementary school, a three-year junior high school, and a three-year senior high school. Another variation is a 6--6 plan organization, with a six-year elementary school followed by a six-year sec ondary school
The elementary school in the United States is gener ally considered to include the first six or eight grades of the common-school system, depending upon the orga nization that has been accepted for the secondary school. It has been called the "grade school" or the "grammar school
There is no single governmental agency to prescribe for the American school system, different types of orga nization and of curriculum are tried out.
The length of the school year varies among the states. Wide variation exists also in the length of the school day. A common practice is to have school in session from 9:00 to 12:00 in the morning and from 1:00 to 3:30 in the af ternoon, Monday through Friday. The school day for the lower grades is often from 30 minutes to an hour shorter. Most schools require some homework to be done by ele mentary pupils. Elementary Schools, High Schools and Institutions of Higher Learning
Elementary Schools, High Schools and Institutions of Higher Learning There are eight years of elementary schooling. The elementary school is followed by four years of second ary school, or high school. Often the last two years of elementary and the first years of secondary school are combined into a junior high school. The school year is nine months in length, beginning early in September and sometimes a shorter one in spring. There are slight variations from place to place. Students enter the first grade at the age of six and attendance is compulsory in most states until the age of sixteen or until the student has finished the eighth grade. The elementary schools tend to be small. The high schools are generally larger and accommodate pupils from four or five elementary schools. A small town generally has several elementary schools and one high school. In some rural communities the one-room country school house still exists. Here may be found from five to twenty-five pupils in grades one through eight, all taught by the same teacher. Admission to the American high school is automatic on completion of the elementary school. During the four-year high school program the student studies four or five major subjects per year, and classes in each of these subjects meet for an hour a day, five days a week. In ad dition, the student usually has classes in physical educa tion, music, and art several times a week. If he fails a course, he repeats only that course and not the work of the entire year. Students must complete a certain number of courses in order to receive a diploma, or a certificate of graduation.
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Used Literature: 1. https://www.learnenglish.de/culture/educationculture.html 2. Leach A.F. The Schools of Medieval England. London : Methuen & Co. Ltd., 1915. - 376 p. 3. Taylor T. A New Partnership for Our Schools // Report of the Committee of Enquiry. London : HMSO, 1977. - 597 p.
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Boboyev M.K. student History faculty of Fergana State University
HASHIM IBN HAKIM (MUKANNA) AS A HISTORICAL PERSON
Annotation: This article provides information about the Muqanna uprising in the land of Turan during the Arab rule and the personality of Muqanna. In addition, the Arab government in power and its specificity, as well as the main factors that led to popular discontent, were discussed in detail.
Keywords: Muqanna, white-clad, Turan, Arabs, Tabari, Islam, Samarkand, Kesh, Hakim, Movorounnahr, Khorasan, Abbasids, Arab Caliphate, Uprising.
The Arabs had conquered almost the entire territory of Central Asia and began rule over this country by the middle of the eighth century. Arabic began to be used as the state language. The local population was widely encouraged to convert to Islam. It is no secret that Hashim ibn Hakim, who lived in the history of Turan and Iran during the Arab rule and played an important role in a number of historical events, has different views on Muqanna. It is well known that written sources provide us with information about historical events, past individuals and their activities. It is said that in the time of Muqanna, as in the countries subject to the Arab caliphate, the position of the Arabic language in political and scientific relations in our country was strong. For this reason, Arabic sources, as well as their subsequent Persian translations and other sources, can provide us with valuable information about this historical figure. In particular, written information about Muqanna is given in Muhammad Jarir Tabari's (839-923) "History of Prophets and Kings", Abu Bakr Narshahi's (899-959) "History of Bukhara", Ibn al-Asir's (1160-1233) "Perfect History" and others is cited in many other similar works. They negatively assessed Muqanna's personality and activities. Even today, there are a number of articles, information and opinions in the press and on the Internet that are very negative about Muqanna. In advancing their views, the authors rely mainly on the Arabic or Persian sources we have listed above, as well as on data from the scientific literature created decades ago. In this sense, it should not be overlooked that the above-mentioned written sources were written mainly in palaces, initially defending the interests of the Arab or Muslim class in the hands of the official government, while later sources preferred the ideological interests of local ruling dynasties and Sunni sects. For example, the aforementioned historian, philosopher, jurist, and poet, Muhammad Jarir Tabari, grew up in an Islamic environment from an early age and was brought up on the basis of these values. His History of the Prophets and Kings was completed in 914, one hundred and thirty years after Muqanna's death. His work on the interpretation of the Qur'an has also survived to this day. Tabari is one of the most
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respected Sunni historians. Another of the authors who gave a complete assessment of Muqanna's personality and his rebellion is, as mentioned, Abu Bakr Narshahi. He wrote his History of Bukhara in Arabic in 943-944, thirty years after Muhammad Jarir Tabari, and dedicated it to the Samanid ruler Abu Muhammad Nuh (943-954).
It was natural for Abu Bakr Narshahi, who wrote a century and a half after the time of Muqanna, to rely on the writings of other authors in covering the subject. According to the historian, he covered the subject of Muqanna on the basis of information obtained from Abu Ishaq Ibrahim Suli's Akhbori Muqanna. It is difficult to say exactly how Abu Bakr Narshakhi used the primary source, what was corrected and what parts were removed in his later editions and abridgments, as this work has not reached us, and the "History of Bukhara" itself has been edited and abridged several times in recent centuries. In any case, we now have at our disposal not the original of the "History of Bukhara" written in Arabic, but a Persian edition, which was later reworked in different periods.
Based on the above two sources, the following information about Muqanna can be obtained. For example, Muhammad Jarir al-Tabari writes that Muqanna's real name was Hashim ibn Hakim, a village near his native Marw. Abu Bakr Narshahi said that Muqanna was from Balkh. The reason why medieval historians give such information is probably that Muqanna's native village was located between Marv and Balkh.
It is also incorrect to consider these areas as lands that have nothing to do with the history and statehood of the Uzbek people, as some modern authors interpret today. It is well known that Merv, Balkh, Juzjan, Herat and many surrounding regions have long been closely connected with the history of the Uzbek people and statehood.
Hashim ibn Hakim used to cover his face with a veil because his face was ugly and one eye was blind. That is why he got the nickname "muqanna" in Arabic, which means "masked". There are also reports that Muqanna took part in Abu Muslim's revolt against the Umayyads who ruled the caliphate (747-750). According to Abu Bakr Narshahi, Abu Ja'far al-Dawani (754-775), one of the Abbasid caliphs, became the commander of the Khurasan army at a time when the struggle for power was just beginning to appear in the political arena. He was later promoted to the post of minister of the Arab Caliphate's viceroy in Khorasan, Abduljabbor Azdi (757-759).
He wrote letters to people with great influence in the surrounding lands, demanding that they confess. People began to follow Muqanna. He formed an army consisting of various ethnic groups, nomads and settlers. Abu Bakr narrates that Narshahi Muqanna's father was a general. It is also possible that he himself won the trust of the Turkic peoples who were leading the military at that time because he was a military man for some time. However, the sources do not contain records of his ethnicity.
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According to Muhammad Jarir Tabari, Muqanna, who revolted in Khorasan, propagated the idea of the migration of spirits and claimed that such a spirit had migrated to him as well. However, due to the strong position of the Arabs in Khorasan, Muqanna fled there with thirty-six supporters. Abu Bakr Narshahi, on the other hand, writes that he "misled" many people in Khorasan and came to Movarounnahr to gather his followers.
Crossing the Amudarya, Muqanna came to Kesh province, where he managed to gather a large number of henchmen and settled in one of the mountain fortresses, calling on the nomadic forces for help. Thus, the Muqanna revolt covered the whole of Movarounnahr. The rebels, who chose local white clothing against the black paint on the official dress of the Abbasid-ruled caliphate, called them "white-clad".
Muqannas also visited Bukhara and Samarkand. In the wake of the movement's rise, Caliph Muhammad Mahdi (775-785) sent a number of his military commanders against him. Mu'adh ibn Muslim, the leader of them and the viceroy of Khurasan, fought against the rebels for two years and did nothing.
In 775-776, Muqanna's supporters captured the Navokat fortress around Kesh. According to information left by Abu Bakr Narshahi, in the 8th century, the people of the village of Subah in Kesh Province, under the leadership of their peasant Amr, killed an Arab nobleman and joined the Muqanna uprising and openly converted to his religion.
During the reign of Musayyab ibn Zuhayr, who succeeded Mu'adh ibn Muslim, the rebels began to be defeated by the Muslims. As a result of the siege of Kesh Fortress in 163 / 779-780, they were exhausted. Muqanna felt defeated and all of them perished because of poisoning himself and his wives. The Muslims invaded the fortress, beheaded him and sent him to the Caliph Muhammad Mahdi, who was in Aleppo at the time.
It should not be forgotten that the written sources written by the supporters of the Muqanna movement and reflecting their views are not in the hands of us, i.e. the scientific community, more precisely, they have not been identified so far. Therefore, in analyzing Muqanna's personality and rebellion, it is not correct to rely solely on information from Muslim sources, which are written only in a onesided way, condemning him and evaluating his activities. The Muqanna movement is, to a certain extent, a historical event that expressed the dissatisfaction of the people of that time, the people, with the Arab invasion, oppression and oppression. In this sense, this uprising can be called the liberation struggle of the peoples of the country. It is also not permissible to deify the Arab administration that ruled our country at that time and to describe them as individuals with the qualities of today's arrogant Muslims. This is because there is a lot of information in the sources about the inequality, oppression, additional taxes and duties imposed on the non-Arab population by the Abbasids.
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References: 1. Abu Bakr Narshahi "History of Bukhara" 2. Ibn al-Asir, "Perfect history", T.: "Uzbekistan", 2006 3. Muhammad Jarir Tabari "History of Prophets and Kings" 4. Abu Rayhan Beruni, "Monuments of Ancient Peoples" T .: "Science", 1968 5. UzME. First volume. T.:2000 y
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UDC 657.423: 005.337 Bohdaniuk O.V., PhD
Associate Professor of the Department of Statistics and Economic Analysis National University of Life and Environmental Sciences of Ukraine Ukraine, Kiev
CLASSIFICATION OF INCOME FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES AS A BASIS FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF ITS ACCOUNTING AND ANALYSIS
Annotation. The article considers the classification of income, which is one of the important components of enterprise management, which is enshrined in the relevant regulations and recognized by individual researchers and scientists. It is investigated that clear structuring of incomes of enterprises promotes full understanding of their economic content and essence, correct definition of structure, comprehensive assessment of a tendency of change in time and acceptance of optimum and reasonable management decisions.
Key words: income, classification, accounting, analysis, Ukraine
Income management of the entity requires reasonable detailed classification based on the grouping of income by certain characteristics for the purposes of accounting, analysis and control. Therefore, classification is the most important element for building an income management system.
In order to generate income and calculate its amount in accounting allocate income from: sales of products, goods, other assets acquired for sale; provision of services; use of the company's assets by other individuals and legal entities, resulting in interest, dividends, royalties, etc.
Such scientists as F. F. Butynets and N. M. Malyuga [1] propose to divide the income from operating activities according to the economic content of the operations that form them. They distinguish the following types of income: income from sales (which include income from sales; income from services rendered and work performed; income from the sale of fixed assets; income from the sale of intangible assets in the form of royalties; income from sales of inventories, low-value and perishable items, foreign currency, etc.) and nonoperating income generated during operating activities (income from fines, penalties, from the write-off of accounts payable that arose during the operating cycle after the expiration of the statute of limitations, income from gratuitous current assets, etc.). This division of income from operating activities makes it possible to more clearly analyze them in the enterprise.
Accounting Standard 15 "Income" recommends the classification of recognized income in financial and management accounting by the following groups: income (revenue) from sales of products (goods, works, services); other operating income; financial income; other income; extraordinary income [2].
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Accounting proposes to divide the income of the enterprise on the terms of their recognition in the financial statements for income for the reporting period and income for future periods. The former include income to be received and received in the reporting period, as well as those that were to be received, but for various reasons were not received in the reporting period. The second category is formed by income that was not subject to receipt in the reporting period [3, p. 94].
In order to effectively manage the income of the enterprise in practice, it is important to divide it according to the nature of taxation. For this purpose, income that is subject to taxation and income that is not subject to taxation in accordance with the provisions of the Tax Code of Ukraine are distinguished [4].
For the purpose of taxation, the company's income is recognized and classified by national Standards. It should be noted that in accounting recognized income of the enterprise is classified according to a wider list of groups than in accounting to determine the object of taxation in the Tax Code of Ukraine ( Fig.):
INCOME OF ENTERPRISE
income (revenue) from sales of products (goods, works, services)
other operating income
account 70 account 71
operating income
financial income other income
ACCOUNTING
account 72, 73
account 74
other income
TAX CODE OF UKRAINE
Fig. Classification of income according to accounting and Tax Code of Ukraine
According to the Tax Code of Ukraine (TCU), income is divided into: "income from operating activities" and "other income". P. 135.4. Art. 135 TCU provides a definition of income from operating activities, which is recognized in the amount of contractual (contractual) value, but not less than the amount of compensation received in any form, including the reduction of liabilities of the enterprise. This group includes two categories of income (paragraphs 135.4.1. and 135.4.2.) - income from the sale of goods, work performed, services rendered, including the remuneration of the commission agent (attorney, agent, etc.) and income of banking institutions. In particular, the TCU states that it refers to the
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income of banking institutions (paragraph 135.4.2. Article 135). This has a positive effect on the classification of income by the taxpayer and allows to clearly define the procedure for recognizing such income. All other income, the register of which is not limited, belongs to the group "other income".
Thus, the type of operating activity of the enterprise, which generates its income, is one of the important features of the classification, which is enshrined in the relevant regulations and recognized by individual researchers and scientists. Thus, according to this classification feature distinguish income from the main activities of the agricultural enterprise and income from other types of its operating activities. Such classification of incomes from operating activity is the basis of formation of the report on financial results of the enterprise.
Consider two more classification features of enterprise income from operating activities, in addition to the above.
The first of these additional features should be used to classify operating income by level of management. For this purpose it is offered to allocate:
1) income generated by the results of a particular transaction; 2) income generated by individual centers of responsibility ("income centers", "profit centers") of the enterprise; 3) income generated by the enterprise as a whole. The second of these additional features should classify income from operating activities of the enterprise according to the level of price risk of their formation. On this basis, distinguish: 1) income from operating activities, which are formed under conditions of minimal price risk; 2) income from operating activities, which are formed under conditions of average market price risk; 3) income from operating activities, which are formed under conditions of high price risk. This distribution of income will more clearly coordinate their formation with the relevant types of pricing policy for certain types of operating products of the enterprise, as well as provide measures for forms of price risk insurance in order to obtain the planned income from operating activities. Thus, the classification of income from operating activities of enterprises is of great importance for both financial and management accounting. Clear structuring of enterprise revenues contributes to a full understanding of their economic content and essence, the correct definition of the composition and structure, a comprehensive assessment of the trend over time and the adoption of optimal and sound management decisions.
References: 1. .. oo oo o o . . 2016. 12.1 (40). . 647-650.
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2. () 15 ,,":
29 1999 ., 290
URL: http://www.zakon.rada.gov.ua
3. . .
.. . . 2009. 10. . 91-95.
4.
URL:
http://zakon4.rada.gov.ua/laws/show/2755-17?nreg=2755-17&find
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Bokiyev M. assistant
of Andijan State Medical Institute Mamazulunov N. assistant
of Andijan State Medical Institute
SOME BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE PRODUCTS OF METALLOCENES
Annotation: The article provides information about ferrocene and its derivatives containing iron, as well as biologically active substances containing ferrocene
Keywords: ferrocene, cyclopentadiene, ferrostimulants, siacrine, bioglue, ferrocerone
Kili and Poson synthesized in 1951 a specific compound of cyclopentadiene, disiclopentadienyltemyl, often called ferrocene. It can be obtained from a magnesium compound of cyclopentadiene and iron (II) chloride (I), cyclopentadiene with heated Fe (II) and iron (II) chloride (III) in the presence of Na, freshly cracked cyclopentadiene (IV) [1].
2
+ Fe
II
H2
Fe
2
+ Na , FeCl2
- 2 NaCl III
+2KOH KCl, H2O
FeCl2 4H2O + 2C5H6 IV
+ FeCl2 MgBr2, MgCl2
2 C5H5 I
MgBr
Ferrocene is a complex organic compound containing iron (Fe), a metalloorganic substance with a sandwich structure.
In 1952, as a result of X-ray structural analysis, E. Fisher in Germany, G. Wilkinson in England and R. Woodward in the United States proposed to name dicyclopentadienyltemir "Ferrocene" and also its structural formula. According to this structure, the Fe atom is located between two symmetrical cyclopentadienyl (C5H5) rings [2].
Ferrocene can even be obtained from some amine bases (diethylamine) by deprotonation (V), iron from pentacarbonyl (VI), and other metallocenes (VII) [3].
Several scientists, including the German scientist W. Schlyogl, the American scientist R. Woodward, the Russian A. N. Nesmeyanov, N. S. Kochetkova, contributed to the development of ferrocene chemistry with their
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students. These scientists have found that ferrocene can easily enter into reactions such as exchange and aggregation, just like aromatic hydrocarbons [2-4].
A.N. Nesmyanov studied in detail the ability of ferrocene to react with aryldiazonium, and showed that the reaction can form ferrocene compounds with different structures [5].
Lutle et al proposed the arylation reactions of ferrocene in the presence of sulfuric acid [6].
As a result of the research, aryl derivatives containing halides, nitro and carboxyl, alkyl, acetyl, cyanide groups were synthesized, isolated and their structure was studied.
The purely isolated metallocene derivatives can be summarized as follows:
R Fe
R= OCl, OCH3, OC2H5, o COOCH3, p- COOC2H5, m- COOC2H5, O CH2OH, m=COOH o=CH3, p=CN
The arylation reaction of ferrocene was studied in detail by A. Kasahara and others, and the reaction of the following structure was carried out. As a result, dialysic arylaldehyde salts and other derivatives of ferrocene were synthesized, and their structure was studied by IR, NMR, and MASS spectra [7].
1) N2
COOH
Fe
Fe
2) CH3OH H2SO4
COOCH3 MnO2 COOCH3
Fe
CHO
CHO
Through these reactions, the ferrocene, represented by metallocenes, exhibits aromatic properties by easily exchanging its hydrogen for other functional groups according to the environment. An example of this is ferroquine, which is widely used in the treatment of anemia:
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HN
N CH3
CH3 Fe
Cl
N
In the scientific laboratory "Commodity Chemistry" of Andijan State University biostimulators "Ferrostimulators", "MAXIX", "MAKSIT", "ADUMAX", "Ferbek-P" and "Ferbek-PD" were synthesized and put into practice. These biostimulants not only accelerate the growth of the plant, but also have a positive effect on seed germination and overall development of the plant, and increase productivity by 3-4 s / s.
One of the medicinal properties of ferrocene compounds is that they can treat several diseases at the same time. For example, ferrocene-containing substances such as ferrocerone, askin, siacrine AP-1, siacrine AndMos [8, 9]. In particular, ferrocerone has been shown to be effective in the treatment of severe anemia, as well as in the treatment of anemia. Or the sodium salt of pferrocenylphenol has been proven to cure not only anemia but also colds. Its main features have been proven to be significantly superior to existing analogues in the world, as well as its ability to treat radiation sickness, one of the most serious problems of our time. pia-ferrocenylphenol-based siacrine bioelements were obtained. These bioelements differ from their cyanacrine-based analogues in several respects. The glue does not stick to the hands of surgeons and medical devices. The rate of transition to the working position is 1.5-2 times faster, which prevents the formation of various pus on the operated surface. Accelerates tissue to a normal life cycle. It is obvious that the physiological activity of ferrocene and its derivatives, their low cost, allows them to benefit greatly from their widespread use in the national economy. Based on the above, it can be concluded that ferrocene-based many of the new chemicals obtained show high biological activity. The main reason why ferrocene derivatives exhibit such positive properties can be explained by the fact that its structural structure is close to that of the gem, which is the most active compound in the cells of living organisms.
It is known from the biochemical literature that heme-containing enzymes are actively involved in the metabolic process in all living organisms. In particular, the cytochrome system is one of the key enzymes in the final stages of the redox process in the cell, the final product of metabolism - the formation of water and carbon dioxide. That is, without this cytochrome system, the metabolic process in cells and tissues will not end. This means that ferrocene-based drugs are involved in cellular metabolism and may be involved in the regulation of certain processes in living organisms.
References: 1. Kealy T.J, Pauson P.L - Nature, 1951, Vol. 168, r.1039
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2. Nesmeyanov A.N., Perevalova E.G., Golovnya R.V., Shilovtseva L.S. - About alkylferrocenax and fer-rotsenilamine - DAN USSR, 97, 459-461 (1954) 3. Jump up to: a b Wilkinson, G. (1956). "Ferrocene". Organic Syntheses. 36:31 doi: 10.15227 / orgsyn.036.0031 .; Collective Volume, 4, p. 473 4. Nesmeyanov A.N., Perevalova E.G., Golovnya R.V., Shilovtseva L.S. - About alkylferrocenax and fer-rotsenilamine - DAN SSSR, t. 102 3, 535- 538 (1955) 5. Nesmeyanov A.N. - "Substitutions in the ferrocenenuc - leus" Proc. Royal Soc. (London), 246, 495 (1955). 6. Little W. F., Lynn K. N., Williams R.- Novel Side Reaction Accompanying the Arylation of Ferrozene. An Example of Free Radical Sudstation. J. did., Vol. 30055 (1963) 7. Askarov IR, Khojimatov MM, Kirgizov Sh.M., Otakhonov QQ - "Synthesis of some aromatic compounds of metallocenes" Scientific Bulletin, (AUL) 2, 42,43-p (2014). 8. Abdulloyev O.Sh. Iron-containing biostimulants, their classification and certification: dis. .. chemistry f. fals. Doc (PhD): 02.00.09 // Abdulloyev O.Sh. Andijon, 2018. - P. 123. 9. Askarov I.R., Kyrgyzov SH.M. Ferrocene and its prospects in agriculture. // Problems and prospects of classification and certification of goods on the basis of chemical composition. Scientific-practical conf. materials. - Tashkent, 2013. - P. 327-331.1
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Bozorov E.H. professor
O'zbekiston Respublikasi Fanlar Akademiyasi Yardo Fizikasi instituti f.-m.f.d. Jo'rayev M.Qa. ass.
Buxoro Muhandislik Texnologiya instituti "Elektr mexanikasi va texnologiyalari"
DUNYODA YADRO ENERGETIKASI TARAQQIYOTI RIVOJLANISHINI AMALIY AHAMIYATINING INNOVATSION
TEXNOLOGIYALARDAGI BOSQICHLARI
Annotatsiya: Maqolada qayta ishlangan statistik ma`lumotlar asosida dunyoda atom energetikasining rivojlanish tendentsiyalari pedagogik tahlil qilingan.Bugungi kunda dunyo nafaqat yadroviy energetikaning resurs bazasini kengaytirish, balki boshqa energiya manbalariga nisbatan raqobatbardoshligini ta`minlash bilan birga yadro chiqindilari, yadro qurollarini tarqatmaslik muammosini hal qilishga imkon beradigan istiqbolli xavfsiz yadro texnologiyalarini rivojlantirishga katta e`tibor qaratmoqda.
Kalit so`zlar: atom energetikasi, yadro texnologiyasi, reaktor, yadro xavfsizligi
Bazarov E.J. professor
Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan Institute of Physics Juraev M.K.
"Electromechanics and Technology" Bukhara Institute of Engineering and Technology
STAGES OF THE PRACTICAL SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR ENERGY IN THE WORLD IN
INNOVATIVE TECHNOLOGIES
Annotation: The article provides a pedagogical analysis of trends in the development of nuclear energy in the world on the basis of processed statistical data. In conclusion, it is concluded that today the world pays great attention to the development of promising safe nuclear technologies that allow not only to expand the resource base of nuclear energy, but also to solve the problem of nonproliferation of nuclear waste and nuclear weapons, while ensuring its competitiveness in comparison with other energy sources
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Keywords: nuclear power engineering, nuclear technologies, reactor, nuclear safety
O`zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti Shavkat Mirziyoyev 2020-yil 27 fevral kuni "Pedagogik ta'lim sohasini yanada rivojlantirish chora-tadbirlari to`g`risida"gi qarorni imzoladi.
Maskur qarorda mamlakatimizda ta'lim-tarbiya tizimini yangi bosqichga ko`tarish, pedagog kadrlar tayyorlash sifatini ilg`or xalqaro standartlar asosida takomillashtirish va oliy pedagogik ta'lim bilan qamrov darajasini oshirish borasida izchil chora-tadbirlar amalga oshirish ko'zda tutilgan5.
Ushbu qarorga muofiq oliy ta'limda yadro energetikasi fani mavzularini o'qitishda har bir talaba bilan alohida ishlab, uning ichki kompetentsiyasidan kelib chiqqan holda tanlangan pedagogik metod asosida mavzuning qanchalik dolzarb ekanligini tushuntirish kerak. Dunyoda yadro energetikasi taraqqiyoti rivojlanishining amaliy ahamiyati innovatsion texnologiyalardagi bosqichlari mavzusini talabaga yetgazishda alohida ochib berilgan mohiyatini "toifalash jadvali" orqali tushuntirib o'quvchiga didaktik metod bo'yicha eslab qolishi, o'zining shaxsiy fikrlarini ayta olishi va o'rgangan terminlari haqida kengroq tushuncha paydo bo'lishiga olib keladi. Hozirda yangi pedagogik texnologilar o'quvchilarni individual fikrlashiga yordam beradi. Bu esa kelajakda yadro energetikasi fanining moxiyatini o'rganishda muhim omil bo'lib xizmat qiladi. Tadqiqotning maqsadi yadroviy texnologiyalarni rivojlantirishning global tendentsiyalari sharoitida atom energetikasini rivojlantirish istiqbollarini yangi pedagogik innovatsion texnologiyalar asosida didaktik usul bilan tatqiq qilish. Ushbu maqsadni amalga oshirish uchun:
Taqqiqotni aniq asoslash; To'g'ri pedagogik texnoligiyani tanlash; Maqola dolzarbligini innovatsion tatqiqotlash zarur. Mavzuning pedagogik ahamiyati haqida so'z borganda, an`anaviy energiya (hozirda foydalanib kelinayotgan barcha turdagi energiya ishlab chiqarish)ning sezilarli darajada resurs va ekologik cheklovlari bilan yonilg`i va energetikaga bo`lgan dunyo talabining o`sishi, o`sib boradigan va qazib olinadigan yoqilg`ining iste`molini barqarorlashtiradigan energiya ehtiyojlarining muhim qismini olishga qodir bo`lgan yangi energiya texnologiyalarini o`z vaqtida tayyorlashni talab qiladi. Ushbu texnologiyalarga yangi yadro texnologiyalari va atom energetikasining (1-rasm) afzalliklarini tarqatish va bugungi kunda unga xos bo`lgan kamchiliklardan xoli etish vazifasi yuklatilgan. [2].
5 O`zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidenti PQ-4623 2020 yil 27 fevral qarori www.lex.uz
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1-rasm. Atom elektr stansiyasi ko'rinishi.
IAEA-ning yadro xavfsizligi bo`yicha harakatlar rejasi davlatlar va boshqa tegishli tashkilotlar (xususan, Butun jahon yadro assotsiatsiyasi, Xalqaro yadro agentligi, Yevropa yadro tadqiqotlari tashkiloti, Yadro energetikasi agentligi va boshqalar) tomonidan amalga oshiriladigan yadro xavfsizligi infratuzilmasini mustahkamlashning asosiy elementidir. Tinch atom energetika ob`ektlarini ishlatish xavfi to`g`risida davom etayotgan munozaralarga qaramay so'nggi yillarda jahon atom energetikasining rivojlanishi ijobiy tendentsiyalar bilan ajralib turadi [3]. Bu xususan ko'plab mamlakatlarda yangi reaktorlarning faol ravishda qurilishi va mavjud modernizatsiya qilinishidan dalolat beradi. Bugungi kunda atom energiyasi dunyoda ishlab chiqarilayotgan elektr energiyasining 11.5 foizini tashkil etadi va "Xalqaro energetika" agentligining prognozlariga ko`ra uning ulushi barqaror o`sib borayapti. Shuning uchun ham atom energetikasi istiqbolli yo'nalishlardan biri bo'lib qolmoqda. An`anaviy energiya manbalari bilan taqqoslaganda atom energetikasi yuqori mahsuldorlikka ega (xususan yadro yoqilg`isi) issiqlik effektini yaratmaydi, chunki bu ekologik talablar bo`yicha energiya ishlab chiqarishning eng toza usuli hisoblanadi. Har yili Yevropadagi atom elektr stantsiyalari 700 million tonna CO2 emissiyasining (2-rasm) oldini oladi, yoqilg`ini qayta ishlatish imkoniyati mavjud (yangilanishdan keyin).dunyoda atom energiyasidan foydalanishning maqsadga muvofiqligiga ishonch sezilarli darajada o'sdi [4].
2-rasm. Yadro(Atom) reaktori ishlashi printsipi.
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Biroq, bir qator mamlakatlar mavjud bo`lgan va yangi atom elektr stantsiyalarini qurishdan bosh tortganiga qaramay, dunyo atom energetikasi rivojlanishida ijobiy tendentsiyalar mavjud. Xususan, Osiyo va Sharqiy Yevropaning bir qator mamlakatlari barqaror iqtisodiy o`sishga, energetik xavfsizlikka va chiqindilar va karbonat angidrid (CO2) miqdorini kamaytirishga intilib, kelajakda atom energetikasini rivojlantirishni davom ettirmoqdalar. Atom energetikasini keng miqyosda rivojlantirish rejalari bir qator sabablarga bog`liq: dunyo aholisining doimiy ko`payishi va ishlab chiqarishni jadal sanoatlashtirish hisobiga energiya resurslariga bo`lgan talabning o`sishi; tovar bozorlariga kirish uchun raqobatning kuchayishi; an`anaviy energiya tashuvchilar zaxiralarining to`liqligi va ular uchun narxlarning muqarrar ko`tarilishi, shuningdek neft va gaz eksport qiluvchi mamlakatlarda siyosiy beqarorlik; atrof-muhitni global isishga olib keladigan zararli gazlar, chiqindilar nuqtai nazaridan himoya qilish zarurati, tashqi omillardan mustaqil ravishda energiya ta`minoti resurslarini yaratish istak paydo bo'la boshladi [5].
Shu bilan birga sohaning rivojlanishiga sezilarli darajada to`sqinlik qiladigan ob`ektiv omillar mavjud. Bundan tashqari, atom energetikasining xavfsizlik muammolarini uning insonga va atrof-muhitga ta`siri nuqtai nazaridan ham, ishlatilgan yadro yoqilg`isiga ishlov berish muammosini ham hal qilish zarur. O`tkazilgan ilmiy ishlarning tahlili shuni ko`rsatadiki, olimlar "Atom energiyasining kelajagi tugagan yadro yoqilg`isini qayta ishlaydigan tezkor reaktorlarsiz tasavvur qilib bo`lmaydi" degan fikrda.Ular uran zaxiralaridan yanada samarali foydalanishga va atrof-muhitni muhofaza qilish muammolarini hal qilishga imkon beradi.
2000-yillarning boshidan asosan Osiyo-Tinch okeani mintaqasidagi atom elektr stantsiyalarining keng miqyosli qurilishi tufayli atom energetikasi o`sib bormoqda. Dunyoda eskirgan atom elektr stantsiyalarining tez yopilishi qayd etilmoqda, sanoat ob`ektlari xavfsizligini davlat va xalqaro tartibga solish talablari kuchaymoqda. Qoldiq yoqilg`ilar (neft,tabiiy gaz va ko`mir) dunyoning aksariyat ehtiyojlarini qondirishda davom etayotgani inkor etilmasligi kerak chunki, boshqa energiya manbai hamyonbopligi, samaradorligi va ishlab chiqarish ko`lami bo`yicha ularga teng kela olmaydi. Shu bilan birga, qazilmaydigan yoqilg`ilar orasida energiya iste`molidagi atom energiyasining ulushi asta-sekin bo`lsa ham o`sib bormoqda. Butunjahon yadro assotsiatsiyasi 2016 yilda global atom energetikasi quvvati 2030 yilda 26,7 foizga (494 GVt gacha), 2035 yilda 40 foizdan (546 GVt) oshishini prognoz qilmoqda (yuqori stsenariy). Taxmin qilinishicha, 2050 yilda yadroviy potentsial 964 GVtni tashkil etadi va bu dunyo elektr ta`minotining 24 foizini ta`minlaydi. Uchinchi va to`rtinchi avlodlarning standart reaktorlariga, shuningdek tezkor reaktorlarga tezlashtirilgan o`tish tufayli atom energiyasining o`sishi mumkin [6].
Bugungi o'sib kelayotgan yosh avlodni tayyorlashda yadro energetikadan foydalanishni qanchalik to'g'ri tushuntirilsa rivojlanib borayotgan yurtimizga chiqindilardan xoli energiya ishlab chiqara olishimizga ishontira olamiz. Har bitta
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oliy o'quv yurtilarida shu yo'nalishda ish olib borayotgan professor o'qituvchilarimiz aniq maqsadga erishish uchun yadro energetikasini turli metodlar orqali tushuntirib borishmoqda (1-jadval). [7,8].
Bunga misol qilib, talabalar mavzu mohiyatini "Toifalash jadvali" orqali quyidagicha tushuntirish mumkin.
Jadvalni to'ldirishning qoidasi 1. Toifalar boyicha malumotlarni taqsimlashning yagona usuli mavjud emas. 2. Bitta mini - guruhda toifalarga ajratish boshqa guruhda ajratilgan toifalardan farq qilishi mumkin. 3. Talim oluvchilarga oldindan tayyorlab qoyilgan toifalarni berish mumkin emas bu ularning mustaqil tanlovi bola qolsin.
1-jadval. "Toifalash jadvali" metodini yadro energetikasi sohasiga qo'llanilishi.
Toifalash jadvali
Yadro energetikasi
Avzalliklari
Muammolari
Kamchiliklari
Arzon energiya
Muqobil suv manbasi
Xafli
Ekolagik toza
Katta quvvatli energiya
Tabiiy joylashuv
Katta miqdorda radiatsiya
Katta miqdorda suv zaxirasi
Bexato harakat
Mavzu mohiyatini talabarlarg aniq yetkazishimiz uchun.Ushbu metod samaradorligi juda yuqori.Hayotimiz juda ham tez raqamlashirish jarayonini boshidan kechirmoqda. shuni inobatga olgan holda har bitta muammoga yechim topish barobarida uni qanday qilib yetkazish muammolarini ham hal qilishimiz zarur.Yadro energetikasi O'zbekistonda eng yosh energiya manbasi hisoblanadi.Shuning uchun bu yo'nalish metodikasi yoritishda asosan Yevropa mamlakatlarining pedagoglar erishgan bu boradagi yutuqlarini to'liqligicha o'rganib uni talabalarga yetkazish maqsadga muofiqdir.Har bir ilim
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maskanlarida maqsad bitta: bozor iqtisodiyotiga mos raqobatbardosh kadrlar tayyorlash.Shu o'rinda Prizidentimiz Shavkat Mirziyoyev 2020 yilga belgilangan elektr energiyasini ishlab chiqarish, taqsimlash va etkazib berish bo'yicha choratadbirlarni to'liq va sifatli amalga oshirish zarurligini o'z nutqlarida ta'kidladilar.
Adabiyotlar ro'yxati: 1. O`Zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining "Pedagogik ta'lim sohasini yanada rivojlantirish chora-tadbirlari to`g`risida"gi 2020 yil 27 febraldagi PQ-4623 sonli Qarori. 2. . ; . ., . ., .., . ., . ., . . . . . 2012. 535 . 3. . ., . . . . -- 2012. -- 36 . 4. : . : http://www.world-nuclear.org/ «»: . : http://www.rosatom.ru/ -- 2016: 5. . .., .., .. , 1989 6. (IAEA). -- 70 . -- [ ]. : 7. Azizxujaeva N.N. Pedagogik texnologiyalar va pedagogik mahorat. T.: CHulpan. 2013. - 200 bet. 8. Xakimova M.F. Pedagogik texnologiyalar. O`quv qullanma. T.TDIU.,2013
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Bozorov E.H. professor
O'zbekiston Respublikasi Fanlar Akademiyasi Yardo Fizikasi instituti f.-m.f.d. Rustamov S.Sh. ass.
Buxoro Muhandislik-texnologiya instituti "Elektr mexanikasi va texnologiyalari"
DUNYODA YADRO TEXNOLOGIYALARI RIVOJLANISH BOSQICHLARINING PEDAGOGIK TAHLILLAR ORQALI
ASOSLASH
Annotatsiya: Mamlakatda yadro texnologiyalar orqali nafaqat arzon elektr energiyasini olish va yadro texnologiyalaridan samarali foydalanish imkonini berishi hech kimga sir emas. Shuning bilan birga, yadroviy texnologiyalar energetika sohasiga taalluqli bo`lmagan sohalarda misol uchun: Inson salomatligi, qishloq xo'jaligi, oziq-ovqat maxsulotlarida ham qo`llash yuqori samara beradi desak mubolag'a bo'lmaydi. Zero, mamlakatda yadro texnologiyalaridan foydalanish yadroviy tibbiyot rivojlanishiga ham turtki bo`ladi. Yadro texnologiyalari fanini o'qitish esa talabalarga yadro texnologiyasidan oqilona foydalanish va mamlakatdagi sohaga oid manba'larni metodika orqali yetkazishdan iborat.
Kalit so'zlar: Yadro texnologiyalari,reaktor, radioaktiv, ionlash, atom, neytron, diagnostika, radioizotop, nurlanish, yadro tibbiyoti.
Bazarov E.J. professor
Institute of Physics Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Uzbekistan
Rustamov S.Sh. acc.
"Electromechanics and Technology" Bukhara Institute of Engineering and Technology
JUSTIFICATION OF THE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF NUCLEAR TECHNOLOGIES IN THE WORLD THROUGH
PEDAGOGICAL ANALYSIS
Annotation: It is known that the use of nuclear technology in the country will allow you to get cheap electricity. However, in areas where nuclear technology is not part of the energy sector, for example: in the use for human
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health, agriculture and food, it is no exaggeration to say that the application will be very effective. The use of nuclear technologies in the country will also contribute to the development of nuclear medicine. Nuclear technology training will involve students in the intelligent use of nuclear technology and the provision of methodological resources to the country.
Keywords:Nuclear technologies, reactor, radioactive material, ionization, atom, neutron, diagnostics, radioisotope, radiation, nuclear medicine.
Mamlakatimizni ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy rivojlantirish bo'yicha ustuvor vazifalarga muvofiq kadrlar tayyorlashning mazmunini tubdan qayta ko'rib chiqish, xalqaro standartlar darajasida oliy ma'lumotli mutaxassislar tayyorlashga zarur shart-sharoitlar yaratish maqsadida O'zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2017 yil 20 apreldagi «Oliy ta'lim tizimini yanada rivojlantirish chora-tadbirlari to'g'risida»gi PQ-2909-sonli qarori qabul qilindi [1].
Mazkur qaror bilan oliy ta'lim darajasini sifat jihatidan oshirish va tubdan takomillashtirish, oliy ta'lim muassasalarining moddiy-texnika bazasini mustahkamlash va modernizatsiya qilish, zamonaviy o'quv-ilmiy laboratoriyalari, axborot-kommunikatsiya texnologiyalari bilan jihozlash bo'yicha Oliy ta'lim tizimini 2017 -- 2021 yillarda kompleks rivojlantirish dasturi tasdiqlandi.6
Dunyoda yadro texnologiyalari rivojlanish bosqichlarining pedagogik tahlillar orqali asoslash mavzusini yoritishda har doim eng samarali metodni tanlash lozim, chunki innovatsion texnologiyalar talabalarda individual fikrlash, berilgan muammoga yechim topish va bu muammoga nisbatdan o'z fikrini bayon etib izohlashga qaratilgan. Mavzuni ochib berishda biz klaster metodidan foydalansak maqsadga muvofiq bo'ladi.
Klaster pedagogik ilg'or metod bo'lib maqsadni aniq belgilash va unga yechim topishga to'gri yo'l orqali harakatlar ketma-ketligida olib borish imkonini beradi.
Mavzuni dolzarbligidan kelib chiqqan holda pedagogik texnologiyani qanchalik aniq tanlasak mavzu muammolariga shuncha aniq yechim topamiz [2].
Tadqiqodning maqsadi: Dunyoda yadro texnologiyalari rivojlanish bosqichlarini pedagogik tahlillar orqali asoslash. Mavzuni yoritishda innovatsion pedagogik texnologiyalarning eng maqbul variantini qo'llash. Pedagogik texnologiyalar yordamida mavzu yuzasidan bilim va ko'nikmalarni aniq va ravon bayon etish. Bugungi kunda yadroviy texnologiyalar nafaqat qurol va elektr energiyasi, balki bu insonga taalluqli bir qator muammolarni hal qilish uchun yangi imkoniyatlar ekanini anglash mumkin. Yadro sanoatining tarixi radioaktivlik,
6 O'zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2017 yil 20 apreldagi «Oliy ta'lim tizimini yanada rivojlantirish choratadbirlari to'g'risida»gi PQ-2909-son qarori.
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izotopiya, ionlashtiruvchi nurlanishning turli xil turlari, majburiy bo'linish, tabiiy
radioaktiv elementlarni aniqlash, yangi texnogen elementlar va izotoplarni olish
usullarini ishlab chiqish bilan boshlanadi. Bu borada yangi fanlar yadro fizikasi
va radiokimyo barpo etish muhim ahamiyat kasb etadi [3].
Hozirgi kunda yadro texnologiyalari: yerda, yer osti, suv va suv ostida,
havoda va kosmosda va hamma joyda yadro ishlaydi. Mamlakatimiz atom sanoati
mutaxassislari mamlakatimizda faoliyat yuritib, import o'rnini bosishning
zamonaviy sharoitlarida o'z yangi ishlanmalarini qanday amalga oshirish haqida
fikr yuritmoqdalar.
O'tgan o'n yilliklar davomida bizning olimlarimiz, sanoatimiz va
shifokorlarimiz inson hayotining muhim sohalarida yadro texnologiyalaridan
samarali foydalanish sohasidagi yutuqni amalga oshirish uchun zarur salohiyat
to'plashdi. Mutaxasislar tomonidan yaratilgan texnologiyalar va ishlanmalar turli
sohalarda keng qo'llanilmoqda. Misol uchun tibbiyot, qishloq xo'jaligi, oziq-ovqat
sanoati, hosildorlikni oshirish uchun
(1-rasm)
bug'doyni
qayta
ishlash
texnologiyasi, bug'doyni saqlash
muddatini ko'paytirish uchun
urug'larda maxsus oldindan ishlov
berish usullari mavjud. Bular
mutaxassislar tomonidan yaratilgan
va mahalliy rivojlanishga
asoslangan.
Janubiy
mamlakatlardan xushbo'y qalampir
va boshqa ziravorlar ko'pincha turli
xil infektsiyalarga moyil bo'lgan
mahsulotlar keltiriladi. Yadro
texnologiyalari barcha shunga
o'xshash bakteriyalar va oziq-ovqat
kasalliklarini yo'q qilishga imkon
beradi.
Radiatsiya bilan davolash
onkologiyada eng samarali
usullardan biri bo'lib hisoblanib
olimlarimiz hozirda bemorlarning
davolanish darajasini oshirishga
imkon beradigan turli xil eng yangi
texnologiyalar ishlab chiqmoqdalar.
Ilg'or texnologiyalar mavjudligiga
qaramay, bunday markazlar mamlakatning bir necha shaharlarida faoliyat
ko'rsatmoqda. Bugungi kunda noyob yadroviy texnologiyalarni joriy etish
jarayoni jadal davom etmoqda [4].
(2-rasm)
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Nurlangan materiallarni qayta ishlash va izotoplarni ajratish bilan yadro texnologik siklining (YTS) energiya samaradorligini oshirish, odamlarning hayotini o'zgartirish imkonini berdi. Yadro tibbiyot sohasidagi shifokor va texnik xodimlar butun dunyo bo'ylab radioizotoplarni barqaror yetkazib berishga yoki radiofarmasevtik preparatlar va radiatsiya texnologiyasidan xavfsiz foydalanishga bog'liq bo'lgan, ko'plab proseduralarni amalga oshirdilar.
Yadrolarni noenergetik qo'llashning yana bir yo'nalishi texnologik o'simliklar ishlab chiqarish, qishloq xo'jaligi zararkunandalari va suv ta'minoti kabi mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqarish va qayta ishlash sohasida radioizotoplar va radiatsiya nurlanishidan foydalanish bilan bog'liq mintaqaviy izlanishlar hisoblanadi. Xalqaro atom energiyasi agentligi (radiologiya) barcha manfaatdor davlatlarga yadro bilimlarini aniqlash, baholash, rivojlantirish va yetkazib berishga ko'maklashish bilan shug'ullanadi. Osiyoda qishloq xo'jaligi ekinlari o'sishi (yashil inqilob) kabi texnologik ishlar natijalari keng ma'lum [5].
Bundan tashqari yadro texnologiyalari yadro reaktsiyalaridan ionlashtiruvchi nurlanishdan foydalanishga imkon beruvchi muhandislik yechimlari to'plami hisoblanadi.
Yadro texnologiyalarining ba'zi yo'nalishlari: * Kimyoviy elementlarning yadrolarining energiya chiqarish bilan bo'linishi yoki birlashishi qobiliyatiga asoslangan texnologiyalar. * Ionlashtiruvchi nurlanishni olish va ulardan foydalanishga asoslangan texnologiyalar. * Kerakli xususiyatlarga ega bo'lgan moddalarni ishlab chiqarish uchun sanoatga xos texnologiyalar. * Yadro tibbiyot texnologiyalari. * Qishloq xo'jalik maxsulotlarini saqlash va himoyalash texnologiyalari [7]. Mavzuni ochib berishda talim oluvchilarga klaster metodi orqali tushuntirib berish fanga bo'lgan qiziqishlarini oshiradi va fikrini jamlashga yordam beradi. «Klaster» metodi Klaster metodi pedagogik, didaktik strategiyaning muayyan shakli bo'lib, u ta'lim oluvchilarga ixtiyoriy muammo (mavzu) lar xususida erkin, ochiq o'ylash va fikrlarni bemalol bayon etish uchun sharoit yaratishga yordam beradi. Mazkur metod turli xil g`oyalar o'rtasidagi aloqalar fikrlash imkoniyatini beruvchi tuzilmani aniqlashni talab etadi. «Klaster» metodi aniq ob'ektga yo'naltirilgan fikrlash shakli sanaladi. Ushbu metod muayyan mavzuning ta'lim oluvchilar tomonidan chuqur hamda puxta o'zlashtirilguniga qadar fikrlash faoliyatining bir maromda bo'lishini ta'minlashga hizmat qiladi [8]. Guruh asosida tashkil etilayotgan mashg`ulotlarda ushbu metod guruh a'zolari tomonidan bildirilayotgan g`oyalarning majmui tarzida nomoyon bo'ladi. Bu esa guruhning har bir a'zosi tomonidan ilgari surilayotgan g`oyalarni uyg`unlashtirish hamda ular o'rtasidagi aloqalarni topa olish imkoniyatini yaratadi.
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Stil va stil g`oyasiga muvofiq ishlab chiqilgan «Klaster» metodi puxta o'ylangan strategiya bo'lib, undan ta'lim oluvchilar bilan yakka tartibda yoki guruh asosida tashkil etiladigan mashg`ulotlar jarayonida foydalanish mumkin.
Yadro energetikasi
Oziq ovqat maxsulorlari
Geologiya
Yadro texnologiyalari
Biologiya
Yadro tibbiyot
Qishloq xo'jalik sohasi
(3-rasm). Klaster metodi
Adabiyotlar ro'yxati: 1. O'zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining 2017 yil 20 apreldagi «Oliy ta'lim tizimini yanada rivojlantirish chora-tadbirlari to'g'risida»gi PQ-2909-son qarori 2. Azizxujaeva N.N. Pedagogik texnologiyalar va pedagogik mahorat. T.: CHulpan.2013. - 200 bet. 3. .., .. : . :, 2008. 128 . 4. : , , : . / ... .., .., .. : , 2012. - 180 . 5. .. . . : , 2011. -- 560 . -- ISBN 978-5-9221-1306-9. 6. ..60 : /.. , . ;
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.: 2013.312 . 7. : , , , -, : I - ; - -. - : , 2010. 260 . 8. Xakimova M.F. Pedagogik texnologiyalar. O`quv qullanma. T.TDIU.,2013.
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Choriyeva M.Qi. researcher
of Bukhara State University
LIFE AND LITERARY HERITAGE OF ABDURAHMON TAMKIN BUKHARI
Annotation: This article is about the life and literary heritage of Abdurahmon Tamkin, a prolific poet, poet and one of the leading scholars of his time, who lived and worked in the late XIX and early XX centuries. Most of his works are written in Tajik, but there are some poems written in Uzbek and Arabic, which show that Tamkin is fluent in all three languages.
Methods: Comparative-typological, contextual analysis, biographical methods were used in the analysis of the life and literary heritage of Tamkin Bukhari.
Abdurahmon Tamkin Bukhari lived and worked in the late 19th and early 20th centuries he was a prolific writer, a brilliant poet, and one of the leading scholars of his time. Ahmad Donish Tamkin, an enlightened scholar of his time, was one of the great poets and praised his work. Shahin, Muztarib and Tamkin were the first poets of that time.
As for the first source: "In the works of nineteenth-century writers such as Afzal Makhdumi Pirmasti and Haji Nematullo Mukhtaram, there is abstract information about the Bukhara poet Tamkin, or more precisely, misinformation that distorts the truth." Tajik scientist Askar John Fido writes [6, 3]. In fact, these comments do not provide accurate information about Tamkin. Because Tamkin's work has not been studied in Uzbek literature yet. We will try to address this issue as much as possible. The second source is Tamkin's works, in which the poet makes some references to himself. If we keep these signs in our focus and look at the memory of the poet's students, we will find similarities and closeness. Because of this harmony, clarity about the poet's life and work can be achieved. Jafarov, a student of the poet, played an important role in putting an end to various opinions about the life and work of A. Tamkin. In Jafarov's writings: "Dar sanai 1905 melody (equivalent to 1322 AH) I studied in the garden of Bukhara, in the garden of Haji Makhdum. Alassaboh bo Hoji Mahdum ba hovlii domullo Abdurahmoni Tamkin raftem. Domullo was a humble and gentle man. Sinni sharifi eshon karib boi panjohu se rasida bud... ". From this information it is clear that if the poet was 53 years old in 1905, it means that he was born in 1851-1852 in the Boyrabofi district of Bukhara. His father was Mulla Abdukhaliq. Tamkin lived in Bukhara. He was educated in Bukhara
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madrassas and lived in his hometown, where he was very pleased to study science and described his peaceful life as follows:
"Bihisht joi tu, Tamkin chi joi reb dar o' Ki monda bog'chaye yodgor az padar ast". Translation: "Paradise is your Tamkin, your door is the gate of heaven, The garden here is a memorial to your father. " Results and discussion. Boyrabofon neighborhood, where Abdurahmon Tamkin lived, is one of the largest guzars in Bukhara. This neighborhood was founded in 1846. However, the name of the guzar was Boriyabofon, and there was a mosque named after Haji Qurban. Boyrabofon mahalla is also called Besh kappa. Later, the guzar was named after the people who were engaged in weaving mats. Boyrabofon mahalla was large and densely populated. They speak Turkish. The population of the mahalla is divided into two groups: Uzbeks from Khorezm in the southern part of the mahalla, and Turkmens from Charjoi in the northern part. They moved by order of King Murad. Shah Murad won a battle with the Khorezm khan and brought some of the Khorezmians to the city center, but due to lack of space, he gave them a place here due to the density of the population. Some Turkmen fled to Karakul district due to lack of space. Khorezmian and Turkmen Khidir-Hellenes used to live together. However, during the reign of Amir Alimkhan, each nation chose its own elder and was divided into two. Both groups are engaged in weaving. They also had their own bazaars in Guzar. Many residents of the neighborhood also did soap making. According to 1927 reports, there were 107 farms in Guzar with a population of 420 people. In 1929, it merged with the neighboring Chorbakkoli gate Samarkand, Olim Khoja guzars and became known as Samarkand guzar. Now this guzar is again called by its old name - Boyrabofon [1, 28-30]. Abdurahmon Tamkin Bukhari lived and worked in this neighborhood all his life and left a legacy of beautiful works and exemplary way of life to our people. Tamkin taught at the Dorushshifo madrasah in Bukhara. It is known from the works of the poet that before he became a teacher, he was an imam and worked in the affairs of state. In the year 1315, Hazrat Zillil Alamin (Amir Abdulahad) became a member of the Ahl al-Fazlu Kamal Jirvapazir in the memory of the Prophet (peace and blessings of Allaah be upon him). Bo hama vusuli ne'mat va ihsani kasir ba katar sar karda va amoratpanohon muvojib va atima az noni ehsani kasir bo shahdu shiri nomzad va khosog megardid "[2, 8-9]. Molistan consists of 17 bytes, written in the form of an anthem to the Emir of Bukhara Abdullah Khan, and written in the continental genre. In addition, another hymn of Tamkin is dedicated to Abdullah Khan. The work is 71 bytes long and is called "Ganji shoygon" ("King of the Kings"). It was during these years that the poet believed that the causes of all oppression and ignorance were the amirs around him. He called on Amir Abdullah not to believe them and to be religious. Ashkam az mijgon ba ro'yam obro'yam rext rext,
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Obro' barbod shud, durri nako'yam rext-rext [4, 11]. (Tears well up in my eyes, My reputation was ruined, my dreams fell to the ground). Amir Abdullah also paid close attention to the poet. However, due to the provocations of the people, the poet gradually lost sight of the Emir. No matter how much the poet expects blessings, the Emir will not get what he expects. Eventually, Tamkin's trust and asylum were replaced by endless hatred and he left the palace. He is so disappointed in his courtiers that he does not even want to face them. He even expressed this desire through a story in Molistan. Tamkin's literary heritage is rich and prolific. He has created in all genres. For example, he wrote in qasida, ghazal, muhammas, qita, fard, chiston, problema and hajw. Most of his works are written in Tajik, but some of his poems are written in Uzbek and Arabic, indicating that Tamkin is fluent in all three languages.Through the work of A. Tamkin, a brilliant representative of the Bukhara literary environment of the XIX-early XX centuries, it is possible to say that the literature of this period reached the school level as a brilliant literature.
References: 1. Regional State Archive, fund 37, opis 1, case 9; delo 254 .. 2.Navodiri Ziyaiya. Signature No. 183, Gajinai Dastkhathoi East AFRSS Tajikistan. 3. Tamkin. Moliston. Signature throne number 337. I Sh. Own-n. Sheet 8-9. 4.Tamkin. Devon. Manuscript number. 111.. 5. Tamkin. Ruboiyot. Yes. 32.
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UDC: 378.1.99
Egamberdiyeva D.U. teacher of department of languages
faculty of agrology and business Andijan Branch of Tashkent State Agrarian University
Andijan, Uzbekistan
PROBLEMS OF LEARNING DIALOGUE AND ITS STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS
Annotation: The article highlights the problem of learning dialogue and language, gives a detailed analysis of the structural components of dialogue and presents an original approach to learning language through dialogue.
Key words : dialogue, language, communication, structure, communicative move, communicative step, dialogical move, dialogical act, speech act.
Dialogue analysis is a young, developing area of scientific research, but it already has its own traditional directions.
Language is just one of the semiotic means by which people communicate with what surrounds them. The fact that a dialogical orientation in the humanities is inevitable is debatable. Interest in dialogical theory is growing in wide circles. We cannot say that a dialogical orientation has appeared until we understand what dialogue means. Experts agree and disagree about what the dialogical theory boils down to.
In many European languages, the term "dialogue" has different meanings. The Greek word dialogos comes from the verb dialegesthai "to make a conversation," which in turn is related to the verb legein , meaning "to speak, to speak," and also to "gather." Such an origin, expressed in a verb, can remind of "dialogue" as a process or practice, and not just an abstract thing.
The lively activity and rich palette of research works on the problems of dialogue testifies to the promise of its analysis. And even more important than quantitative dynamics is the fact that prerequisites for new, more specific theoretical and methodological research in some aspects are being discovered .
One of these aspects in the study of dialogue is the problem of articulating the dialogical text.
P.V. Zernetsky [3] distinguishes speech units of five levels: speech act, speech step, speech process, speech interaction and speech transaction. Under the speech step, he understands the minimum independent unit of speech activity, consisting of speech (s) act (s) with a single illocutionary force, and under the speech process - the speech (s) step (s) of the communicant from the moment of entering into communication to change the speaker. However, there is no clear functional and structural boundary between these terms: even in the definition, a
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speech move is equated to a speech step. To understand what is important and what is secondary, we will give definitions to each phenomenon.
A dialogue is a conversation, an exchange of information between two people.
A speech act is the smallest unit of speech activity. Since a speech act is a type of action, then in its analysis, essentially the same categories are used that are necessary to characterize and evaluate any action: subject, goal, method, tool, means, result, conditions, success, etc.
The subject of a speech act - the speaker makes a statement, as a rule, calculated on the perception of his addressee - the listener. The statement acts simultaneously both as a product of a speech act and as an instrument for achieving a certain goal. Depending on the circumstances or on the conditions in which the speech act is performed, he can either achieve the set goal and thereby be successful, or not achieve it. To be successful, the speech act must at least be appropriate. Otherwise, the speaker will face communicative failure, or communication failure.
The communicative step is the minimum unit of dialogical communication, due to the general strategies and tactics of building a dialogue. 7
A communicative move is a functional and structural unit, a unit of dialogical communication. Unlike commune kativnogo communicative act (interactive) course is a verbal or nonverbal action of one of the participants, the minimum significant element, developmental interaction promoting the communication to the common communication target [5]. The communicative move can be verbal or non-verbal.
Communicative acts - are implemented, although not necessarily, through illocutionary acts - so in this unit combines the functions of element the "atom" of interaction and illocutionary: obvious attempt to give a speech act interactional and even inter-subjective content.
Dialogic unity is a combination of adjacent replicas, interconnected not only in meaning, but also structurally. The use of ready-made phrases usually associated with greetings, thanking, apologizing, congratulations, and so on. They give dialogical speech emotional.
The dialogical move is the largest monologue unit of dialogue. In accordance with the principle of hierarchical composition, a dialogical move consists of dialogic acts-steps.
The dialogic act , or step , is the minimum segment (relative in meaning) unit of dialogue.
Taking into account and analyzing all of the above, it becomes clear that dialogue is a large phenomenon, consisting of dialogical unity , which are a combination of the speaker's remarks, which in turn are subdivided into dialogical
7 Nosirova M.K. Formation of foreign language communicative competence of students in the framework of modular program. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020.
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moves , implying the largest monologic units of dialogue. In turn, the dialogical move consists of dialogical acts or steps , which are the minimum segment (correlated in meaning) units of dialogue.
A communicative act is a conversation between people, the number of which may be different. In this case, we are talking not only about dialogue, but also about polylogue. In any case, the structure of the communicative act remains unchanged. But it is worth noting that the structure of the communicative act is different from the dialogical structure. A communicative act is a process of communication and exchange of remarks, which in turn is subdivided into communicative moves , that is, a functional-structural unit of communication, and moves consist of communicative steps , which represent the minimum unit of communication. Studying the dialogue, we, of course, focus not only on communication in general, but on dialogical communication.
If we consider a speech act , as any utterance of the speaker, then this definition can be understood as a communicative move, a communicative step, a dialogical move and a dialogical act. But among themselves, these phenomena are not identically equal. It can be concluded that the speech act is a means of communication in the communication of people.
Literature: 1. Nosirova M.K. Formation of foreign language communicative competence of students in the framework of modular program. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020. 2. .. . .. . . . 2019., . 131-132. 3. iryigitov B., Nosirova M.Introduction & Purpose of the project: software facilities in translation. International conference., 2016, p.268. 4. iryigitov B., Nosirova M.Introduction & Purpose of the project: software facilities in translation. International conference., 2016, p.268. 5. Searle J.R. Classification of illocutionary acts // New in zarub, ling. Issue 17: Theory of speech acts. - M .: Progress., 1986. S. 170-194. 6. Edmonson JA Great expectation: an intensive self-analysis Text. / JA Edmonson, F. Plank // Linguistics and Philosophie 2., 1978. S. 373-413.
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Ergashev A.A. assistant of the Department of Food Technology
Najmitdinova G.K. assistant of the Department of Food Technology
Fergana Polytechnic Institute
FEATURES OF DIFFERENTIATED TEACHING OF CHEMISTRY
Annotation: Till this day, the use of systematic and step-by-step education has been shown to increase lesson effectiveness and be understandable to students. It is also important that chemistry courses are organized on the basis of differentiated education. This article gives some information about it.
Keywords: chemistry stratification, stratification principle, stratified education.
Ergashev A.A. kafedrasi assistentlari
Najmitdinova G.K. Farg'ona politexnika instituti oziq-ovqat texnologiyasi
kafedrasi assistentlari
KIMYONI TABAQALASHTIRILGAN O'QITISHNING XUSUSIYATLARI
Annotatsiya: Bugungi kunga qadar tizimli va bosqichli ta'limning qo'llanilishi sababli dars samaradorligining oshishi, o'quvchilar uchun tushunarli bo'lishi isbotlangan. Kimyo o'quv kursini ham tabaqalashtirilgan ta'lim asosida tashkil etilishi juda muhim ahamiyatga ega. Mazkur maqolada shu haqda bayon etiladi.
Kalit so'zlar: kimyoni tabaqalashtirish, tabaqalashtirish tamoyili, tabaqalashtirilgan ta'lim.
Kimyo fanining mazmunini, kimyoviy tushunchalarni asta-sekin rivojlanib borishi asosida, ma'lum tizimga solinishining o'zi, kimyo fanini o'qitishda o'quvchilarni rivojlantiruvchi vosita bo'lib xizmat qiladi. Bu borada o'quv jarayonining faollik xususiyati ham muhim ahamiyatga ega. Kimyoning barcha bo'limlari birin-ketin rivojlanib boruvchi tushunchalar bilan o'zaro bog'langan bo'lib, bu ularni bir butun tizimga birlashtiradi. Kimyo kursida atom-molekulyar ta'limot, davriy qonun, anorganik va organik moddalarning tuzilish nazariyasi, elektrolitik dissotsilanish nazariyasi kabi ta'limotlarning qo'shilib borishi fan mazmunining tuzilishi rivojlantiruvchi ta'limda asos bo'lib xizmat qilishidan
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dalolat beradi. Bu borada faqat kuchaytirilgan savollar yetarli bo'lmay, aniq ma'lumotlarni davriy ravishda umuiylashtirish talab etiladi.
Umumlashtirish bu fikrlash faoliyatining yuqori darajasidir. Qolgan barcha fikrlash usullari o'quvchilarni umumlashtirishni o'rgatishga tayyorlaydi. O'rganilgan ob'ektlar orasidagi bog'liqliklar izlansa, shunda umumlashtirish amalga oshadi. Umumlashtiriluvchi manba kimyoviy masalalar, qiziqarli ma'lumotlar yoki turli o'qitish metodlari bo'lishi mumkin. Eng qimmatli jarayon o'quvchilarning mustaqil ishlarida amalga oshirgan.
Ta'lim tizimida kimyo fanini o'qitishda maxsus umulashtiruvchi mavzular bor. Masalan, anorganik moddalarning asosiy sinflariga doir bilimlarni umumlashtirish, anorganik kimyoga doir bilimlarni umulashtirish, organik kimyoga doir bilimlarni umumlashtirish kabi mavzular o'tiladi va savoljavoblar, genetik bog'lanishga doir mashq va masalalar yechish orqali mustahkamlanadi. Bilishning oxirgi bosqichi umumlashgan bilimlarni aniqlashtirish va amaliyotga bog'lashdan iboratdir. Shuni ham yodda saqlash kerakki, nazariyaga haddan ziyod berilish, rivojlanishga olib kelmay, sxolastik tasavvurlarni shakllanishiga olib keladi. Kimyo ta'limida faol rivojlantiruvchi vositalarga quyidagilar kiradi:
muammoli o'qitish;
ko'rgazmali va texnik vositalardan keng foydalanish; bilimlarni tizimli nazorat qilish;
mustaqil ishlarning har xil turlari; kimyoviy masalalar tizimi;
o'quvchilarga differensial yondoshish. O'quv jarayoning eng muhim vazifalaridan biri uning rivojlantiruvchi xususiyatga ega bo'lishidir. O'quv jarayoni o'zining rivojlantiruvchi vazifasini muvoffaqiyatli bajarish uchun, kimyoviy mavzularning mazmuni maxsus uslubiy ishlov berishni, o'quv jarayonini o'ziga xos tashkil etilib, har bir o'quvchining psixologiyasiga chuqur kirib borishni talab etadi. Rivojlantiruvchi ta'limning murakkabligi shundan iboratki, o'quvchilarning rivojlanishi har kimda alohida o'ziga xos xususiyatga ega bo'lib, ular bir xil natijaga turli yo'llardan boradi va bu yo'llar turlicha vaqt talab etadi. Kimyo o'quv fanining mazmunini sistemali yozilishi ham kimyoni o'rganishda o'quvchilarni rivojlantirish vositasi bo'lishi mumkin, chunki uning asosida kimyoviy tushuncha va bilimlarning bosqichma bosqich rivojlantirish yotadi, shuningdek o'quv jarayonining faolligi ham rivojlantirish vositasi bo'la oladi. Sistemalilik maktab kimyo kursi dasturida aniqlangan bo'ladi va u sinfdan sinfga tomon o'quvchilarning rivojlanish darajasi oshishini ko'zda tutadi, o'quvchilarning moddalar va ularning o'zgarishlari to'g'risidagi tassavurlarni boyitib borilishi quyidagicha yondashadi. Kimyo kursining nazariy masalalarini bunday kuchaytirilishi bilimlarni sistemali shakllanishiga sharoit yaratadi. Kimyo o'qituvchisi o'quvchilarni umumlashtirish ko'nikmasini shakllantirishi zarurdir. Misollar keltiramiz, kimyoviy reaksiyalarning sinflari, jarayonlarning belgilari, anorganik moddalar
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sinflari orasidagi genetik bog'lanishlar, organik moddalar orasidagi genetik bog'lanishlar va har bir mavzuga doir bilimlarini umumlashtirish talab etiladi. Bulardan tashqari rivojlantiruvchi o'qitishga sharoit yaratuvchi vositalarga o'quv jarayonini faol olib borish, muommoli o'qitish, ko'rgazmalilik asosida dars o'tish, o'quvchilarga differensial yondashish va boshqalar kiradi.
Differensial yondashish shundan iboratki, har bir o'quvchining o'ziga xos xarakteri, bilim darajasiga qarab turli topshiriqlar, beriladi. Ma'lum mavzu bo'yicha beriladigan savollarning qiyinchilik darajasi ortirib boriladi. O'quvchilar birinchi navbatda qiyinroq savollarga javob berishga harakat qiladi. Javob topish uchun adabiyotlardan foydalanadi. Dars jarayonida o'quvchilarning rivojlantirishning eng muhim zamonaviy vositalari va metodlariga muommali o'qitish, axborot va innovatsion texnologiyalar kiradi.
Differensial yondoshuvning ma'nosi shundan iboratki, o'quvchilar ma'lum metodlar va didaktik vositalar asosida ularning o'zlashtirishi hamda rivojlanishiga imkon beruvchi guruhlarga ajratiladi (tabaqalashtiriladi). Differensiatsialash har xil xususiyatlarga qarab amalga oshirilishi mumkin. Ko'pincha o'qituvchilar sinf ichida o'zlashtirish darajasiga qarab tabaqalashtirishdan foydalanadi. Differensiyalash mavzularni mustahkamlash, takomillashtirish, natijalarni nazorat qilish hamda mustaqil ishlarni tashkil etish jarayonlarida yaqqol namoyon bo'ladi. Yangi mavzularni tushuntirishda agar butun guruh o'zlashtirish darajasi birbiriga yaqin o'quvchilardan shakllantirilgan bo'lsagina saviyasiga ko'ra differensial yondoshuvni amalga oshirish mumkin. Masalan, fanni chuqurlashtirib o'qitiladigan guruhlar yoki oddiy guruhlar (yoki past o'zlashtiruvchilar).
O'qituvchi differensial yondoshuvni amalga oshirishda har xil guruhlar uchun murakkablik darajasi turlicha bo'lgan topshiriqlarni tanlab olishga harakat qiladi. Bu jarayonda ko'pchilik o'qituvchilar tomonidan bir xatolikka yo'l qo'yiladi. Past o'zlashtiruvchi o'quvchini yengil topshiriqlar berish yo'li bilan o'rgatish mumkin, lekin bu bilan uning aqliy rivojlanishini sekinlashishiga ham sabab bo'lish mumkin. Bundan tashqari yengillashtirilgan topshriqni yuqori baholash, o'quvchining o'z bahosini noto'gri talqin qilishiga olib kelishi mumkin. Bu hol qolgan o'quvchilarga nohaqlikdek ko'rinishi natijasida ularning darsga va fanga bo'lgan qiziqishlari susayishiga olib kelishi mumkin. Bunday vaziyatdan chiqish uchun Latviyalik metodist I.Ya.Trepsh qiyinlik darajasi ortib boruvchi topshiriqlardan foydalanishni tavsiya etadi. Savollar qiyinlik darajasi ortib borish tartibida tuziladi. Birinchi savolga javob berish uchun faqat reproduktiv (esda saqlab qolgan) javob, ikkinchisi uchun taqqoslash, uchinchisi uchun o'zaro bog'liqliklarni analiz (tahlil) qilish, to'rtinchisi uchun bilimlarni umumlashtirish hamda keng ko'lamli bog'lanishlarni aniqlash kerak bo'ladi. Baholash jarayoni ham yengillashadi hamda haqqoniy ravishda amalga oshadi.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar: 1. O`tkir zehnlilar kitobi. B.Akbarov, M.Primqulov. Toshkent "O`zbekiston"2015.
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2. Fayzullaeva D.M., Ganieva M.A., Ne`matov I. Nazariy va amaliy o'quv mashg'ulotlarda o'qitish texnologiyalari to'plami / Met.qo'll. O'rta maxsus, kasbhunar ta`limida innovatsion ta`lim texnologiyalari seriyasidan T.: TDIU, 2013. 3. Ro'zieva D., Usmonboeva M., Holiqova Z. Interfaol metodlar: mohiyati va qo'llanilishi / Metod.qo'll. T.: Nizomiy nomli DTPU, 2013. 4. Avliyakulov N.X., Musaeva N.N. Modulli o'qitish texnologiyalari. T.: Fan va texnologiyalar nashriyoti, 2007 5. www.ziyonet.uz
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Fayazov O.A. the Ministry of Innovative Development
of Uzbekistan Kadirova R.A. the Ministry of Innovative Development of Uzbekistan
THE IMPACT OF DECENTRALIZATION OR DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY ON THE REGIONAL DISPARITY
Abstract: this research aims to identify the correlation between decentralization and regional disparity and assess the possible effect of decentralizing governance for reducing the level of regional disparity in Uzbekistan.
Index terms: Decentralization, delegation, authority, governance, regional disparity, administration.
Recently, the decentralization process has become one of the most be discussed political and economic issues. A lot of developing countries have initiated or considered to initiate, on some shapes of transfer of political power to local authorities (Dillinger, 1994). Not coincidentally, almost simultaneous transformations were defined as "management revolution". The search for new approaches to the organization of the public administration system led to the abandonment of the traditional type of managerial rationality (in its classical, Weberian interpretation) and the actualization of the processes of selforganization and self-management of social systems, and also increase the social efficiency of public administration. Modern concepts of new public management (`new public management') and management (`governance') focus on high effectiveness of public administration, political pluralism in the decision-making process, delegation of authority to lower levels of the management hierarchy, more balanced distribution of power, responsibility and accountability, development and expansion of civic participation (Trofimova, 2011).
In decentralization the main task of the government is to provide local communities with the opportunity to independently solve their problems and control the quality of public services provided. This approach is consistent with the core values of the local self-governance - autonomy (decentralized governance), democracy (civic participation) and efficiency (proximity of power to the population). State transfers public service functions non-governmental (commercial and public) organizations, reserving the functions of control and development of a common strategy.
According to Armstrong & Taylor (2000) there are plenty of reasons which might describe the augmenting interest in decentralization. The belief that
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decentralization can effectively increase efficiency of public finance is the first reason. The second one is against reaction to the centralized bureaucratic processes not only developing countries, but also in OECD countries. The third is the demand for democratic reforms which might encourage public participation in social-economic policy and administration.
Nevertheless, there are many contradictions in explanation of outcomes of decentralization, because the assessment itself relies on political, social and economic factors. For instance, some authors (Zhang & Zou (1997), Freinkman & Yossifov (1999), Lin & Liu (2000)), who had made national research about the correlation of decentralization and regional growth, came to conclusion that decentralization had a positive effect on economic development in India, China and Russia, whereas Zhang & Zou (1998) and Xie, Zou, & Davoodi (1999) have concluded the opposite for the USA and China. But all the scholars have come to one agreement that the initial factor of the decentralization is a good "quality" of the local government and elaborated implementation steps. As Olum (2014) stated, "Decentralization cannot be successful in developing countries if it is implemented without the establishment of proper planning and accountability mechanisms. Short of these measures, decentralization can reallocate power and resources in a way that leads to power struggles and renewed conflict, an occurrence that is counterproductive to the very essence of decentralization".
Torissi et al. (2015) described how devolutionary procces operates and its impact to the regional disparity in Italy, but the scheme can be considered as a general description (Figure 6). Decentralization, by vixinity to the citizens and stengthened accountibility of local administrations, accompanied by a developed social structure and civil society, obliquely promotes socioeconomic progress and spawn aggregate and self-reinforcing appearance, in which economic dynamism raises its validity and thus feeds back into the devolutionary push (Calamai, 2009).
Enhanced legitimacy
Devolution
Institutional performance
Social capital Regional Policy Trade openness
...
Regional convergence
Figure 1. Link between devolution and regional disparities in Italy.
In addition, the relationship between the level of economic development and the degree of fiscal decentralization of its fiscal system, as a essential part of
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whole decentralization proccess, is obvious. It is expressed in the following trend: the higher the degree of fiscal decentralization in the region and the municipality, the higher their level of economic development. A positive correlation has also been established between the degree of fiscal decentralization in the region, per capita tax revenues and the level of economic development.
The government of Uzbekistan and state administrative bodies are characterized by a high degree of centralization. Main problems about government accountability and transparency remain in spite of gradual changes. The President and the Cabinet of Ministers possess powers, and the system which empowers ministries and local authorities is limited.
Today Uzbekistan is actively discussing plans to introduce the practice of developing regional development strategies using the tools of integrated planning and active involvement in the planning process of representatives of local authorities and the private sector.
According to UNDP, the integrated programs and projects would subsequently allow to combine the most important tasks for socio-economic and environmental development in one systematic document, namely in the development strategy of the region. On the one hand, it will make it possible to reduce existing sectoral programs developed at the central level, on the other, it will increase the role of local authorities in planning the development of regions taking into account the interests and needs of each region.
Such an integrated approach in local development will further allow achieving rational distribution and efficient use of resources, creating new jobs and increasing incomes of the population, providing affordable and high-quality social services for health care, education, etc. The regional development strategy provides an opportunity to link a comprehensive picture of the available human, material and production resources with the most important socio-economic tasks at the local level, and to determine the development priorities of the region for the medium and long term.
Thus, mutually beneficial cooperation of local government bodies, business entities, NGOs and other civil society institutions aimed at achieving the goals and solving specific tasks of a specific region of an economic, social or environmental nature will enhance the legitimacy of the adopted policy measures and which means national prosperity.
References: 1. Dillinger, W. (1994). Decentralization and its Implication for Urban Service Delivery. Urban Management Programme Discussion Paper No.16. 2. Trofimova, I. N. (2011). ( ) / Transformation of relationaships between central and local government in the process of management decentralization . Ars Administrandi. 3. Armstrong, H., & Taylor, J. (2000). Regional Economics and Policy.
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4. Zhang, T., & Zou, H. (1997). Fiscal decentralization, the Composition of Public Spending, and Regional Growth in India. Development Research Group Working Paper.
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UDC: 378.30.1
Gulomjonova M. teacher of department of foreign languages faculty of agro engineering and hydro melioration Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Uzbekistan, Andijan
THE ROLE OF DISTANCE LEARNING IN THE ORGANIZATION OF INDEPENDENT COGNITIVE ACTIVITY OF STUDENTS
Abstract: Distance education is increasingly associated with a closed learning system, in which the main means of communication, learning and information transfer is INTERNET. Developed in 1991, Web technology is becoming the environment where distance learning fits in most naturally and effectively, not excluding the use of FTP, e-mail, etc.
Keywords: distance learning, individual learners, Web technology, foreign language, language learning, knowledge.
The analysis of the main pedagogical methods of modern education based on computer and telecommunication technologies shows that the content of pedagogical activity in the new educational system differs significantly from the traditional one. This requires specific knowledge, skills, and abilities from the teacher.
First, course development activities become much more complex as their technological basis is rapidly evolving. It requires the teacher to develop special skills, methods of pedagogical work. In addition, modern information technologies put forward additional requirements for the quality of the developed educational materials, mainly due to the openness of access to them for both a large number of trainees and teachers and experts, which in essence enhances control over the quality of these materials.
Secondly, the peculiarity of the modern pedagogical process is that, unlike traditional education, where the teacher is the central figure, the center of gravity, when using new information technologies, is gradually shifted to the student (learner), who is actively building his educational process, choosing a certain trajectory. in a developed educational environment.
In these conditions, the most important function of the teacher is to support the student in his activities: to promote his successful promotion, help in finding and mastering the necessary information, to facilitate the solution of emerging problems.
Thirdly, the provision of educational material in modern education requires more active and intense interactions between students than in a traditional classroom, where generalized feedback of the teacher with the whole class
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prevails, and the interaction of the teacher with an individual student is rather weak.
Thus, in connection with the use of modern computer and telecommunication technologies in the field of education, there are significant changes in teaching activities, the place and role of the teacher in the educational process, its main functions. The following changes can be noted as the primary functions:
- complication of course development activities; - the need for special skills and techniques for developing training courses; - strengthening the requirements for the quality of educational materials; - increasing the role of the student in the educational process; - strengthening the student support function; Significant changes are taking place in teaching due to the use of new information technologies in the distance education system. If in traditional education the teacher devoted most of his time to lecturing, now the teacher must: 1. To develop the content of the course on a new technological basis. 2. To help the student navigate through the vast and varied educational information and find a suitable educational trajectory for him. 3. Ensure active interaction of the trainee both with the teacher himself and with other trainees during the discussion of the course issues. Each of these core teaching activities has specific challenges. Thus, the development of courses based on new technologies requires not only fluency in the subject and its content, but also special knowledge in the field of modern information technologies. Thus, in the course of the educational process, not only special pedagogical, but also technological skills, experience of working with modern technical means are needed. A characteristic feature of education management based on new information technologies is the organization of the educational process based on the division of labor. Without it, it is impossible to achieve a significant increase in the number of students, and hence the manifestation of economies of scale, i.e. increasing the efficiency of the educational system due to economies of scale of its activities. 8 The economies of scale are one of the main sources of increasing the efficiency of the new educational system, the formation of which requires significant expenditures on the formation of its technological base. Not a teacher of the old educational system, equipped with new technical and technological means, but a teacher of a new specialization with its inherent nature of activity and place in the general system of division of labor can ensure the effective functioning of the distance learning system.
8 Egamberdiyeva D.U. The account of individual features of students in the process teaching english language. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020.
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Thus, the organization of teaching activities based on the division of labor is an integral part of the management of the modern educational system, which is carried out on the basis of a systematic approach to the processes of its development.
As follows from the above analysis of the content of pedagogical activity in the distance learning system based on new information technologies, the main specializations of teachers in this system are as follows:
- course development specialist, i.e. course designer; - facilitator - a specialist who helps students find and implement their educational trajectory in the developed educational material; - a tutor is a specialist in the interactive delivery of training courses, interaction with students during the study of course materials; - specialist in methods of monitoring learning outcomes, responsible for organizing and conducting tests, tests, exams. - the possibility of teacher feedback with each student. Accessibility and openness of education is another of the main advantages of DL. Distance learning provides us with the opportunity to study remotely from the place of study, without leaving our home or office. This allows a modern specialist to study almost all his life, without special business trips, vacations, combining with the main activity. Studying anytime, anywhere allows students not only to stay in their familiar environment and maintain their usual rhythm of life, but also to develop an individual training schedule. At the same time, focusing on training in the evening and on weekends. Distance learning is recognized as one of the cheapest ways to get education, primarily by reducing the cost of moving, living in another city, reducing the cost of organizing the courses themselves (no need to pay for the classroom, fewer attendants, the cost of teachers can be reduced etc.). 9 Another advantage of distance learning is access to quality education. The freedom and flexibility of this way of acquiring education offers new opportunities for choosing a course of study. It is very easy to choose several courses from different universities, from different countries. You can study at the same time in different places by comparing courses with each other. There is an opportunity to study in the best educational institutions, using the most effective technologies, from the most qualified teachers. A person can study remotely incognito, due to various reasons (age, position, position, shyness, etc.). Distance learning provides an opportunity to get education for people with disabilities and people with various disabilities. As practice shows, when using distance learning, an educational institution receives a larger number of foreign students, universities have the opportunity to increase the number of students by attracting distance students from other countries and cities.
9 Egamberdiyeva D.U. The account of individual features of students in the process teaching english language. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020.
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DL is more individualized in nature. The student himself determines the pace of learning, can return several times to individual lessons, skip individual sections, etc. The listener studies the educational material during the entire study period, and not only during the session, which guarantees deeper residual knowledge. Such a training system forces the student to study independently and acquire self-education skills. As the experience of many universities shows, a distance student becomes more independent, mobile and responsible. Without these qualities, he cannot learn. If they did not exist initially, but the motivation for training is great, they develop and upon completion of the training specialists come out who are really in demand on the market. Distance learning makes the learning process creative and individual, opens up new opportunities for the student's creative self-expression.
During the learning process, the student documents the learning process. He can have the course itself, e-mails with the teacher and he can refer to them later, as needed.
Using modern technologies and distance learning, we are given the opportunity to easily form virtual professional communities (for example, communities of teachers), communicate among teachers, discuss problems, solve common problems, exchange experience, information, etc.
One of the main disadvantages of distance learning is the lack of direct faceto-face communication between students and the teacher. When there is no person nearby who could emotionally color knowledge, this is a significant disadvantage for the learning process.
Distance learning imposes a number of its own requirements on the organization of the educational process, such as the need for a personal computer and Internet access, high requirements for setting the task for training, process administration, organization of student motivation. Distance learning requires tough self-discipline, and the result directly depends on the independence and consciousness of the student. As a rule, students feel a lack of practical training. There is no constant control over students.
List of used literature: 1. Egamberdiyeva D.U. The account of individual features of students in the process teaching english language. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020. 2. Majidova Z.A. The cognitive aspect of using phraseological units in teaching translation. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020. 3. Usmonova Sh. Study of scientific technical transfusion in non-linguistic educational university. International journal. Moscow.2019. 4. Matkarimova G. Formation of the english scientific competence in students of non-factual faculties. International journal. Moscow.2019.
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Haknazarova Z.U. 21 school teacher of English language Jizzakh region, Sharaf Rashidov District
AMERICAN HOLIDAYS AND TRADITIONS
Abstract: the article tells about holidays and traditions in the United States of America. The so-called legal holidays include Christmas, New Year's Day, Martin Luther King Day, President's Day, Memorial Day, Independence Day, Thanksgiving and others.
Key words: customs, traditions, holiday, ceremonies, sweets, families, celebrations, presents, religious holidays.
American Holidays is an introductory survey of the historical and social background of American holidays. People in every culture celebrate holidays. Although the word "holiday" literally means "holy day," most American holidays are not religious, but commemorative in nature and origin. Because the nation is blessed with rich ethnic heritage it is possible to trace some of the American holidays to diverse cultural sources and traditions, but all holidays have taken on a distinctively American flavor. In the United States, the word "holiday" is synonymous with "celebration! "
Christmas is a religious holiday celebrated on the 25th of December. On this day Americans celebrate the birth of Jesus Christ and sing Christmas carols. Another important tradition is sending Christmas cards. People start sending cards to their relatives and friends early in December. Going home for Christmas, is another good tradition. Christmas is considered to be a family celebration and every person must come back home on this day. This means that at Christmas, American houses are full of aunts, uncles, cousins and other relatives who might not see each other for a year. Americans put up a Christmas tree and decorate it with toys and sweets. There are religious ceremonies at churches on Christmas Day and families usually attend them. The Christmas table is very big. You can see turkey, ham, sweet potatoes, pies and other food. In the morning children hurry to the Christmas tree to look for presents. They hang big colourful socks for Santa Claus to put presents inside. Everybody starts unwrapping presents and thanking each other.
New Year's Day is celebrated on the 1st of January, but Americans begin celebrating it on the 31st of December. There is a big celebration in Times Square in New York City on this day. New Year's Day is not as widely celebrated as Christmas. On January 1 Americans visit friends, relatives and neighbours. There are parties and a lot of food. People watch television together and write New Year's resolutions. Throughout the country, parties are traditionally thrown on New Year's Eve, Dec 31st, to bring in the New Year. Times Square, in New York
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City celebrates with a giant ball drop, which is broadcast all over the world. At the stroke of midnight on New Year's Eve people will kiss, honk car horns, bang pots and pans; blow whistles and make sounds with other noisemakers. The song "Auld Lang Syne" is played at the stroke of midnight to ring out the old and bring in the new. Some eat a soul food of black-eyed peas and rice called Hoppin' John. Cake and champagne are also consumed for "good luck". On New Year's Day, the popular sport of American football is televised all day long and special parties called Football Parties are thrown. Popular foods of the day are: beer, soda, large sandwiches up to 5 feet long called submarine sandwiches, potato chips, potato salad, pizza, pretzels, nuts, and candy. Those who do not watch football usually go shopping. Stores refer to the wives of men who watch the sports programming as Football Widows to dramatize the popularity of the sport. Happy New Year!
President's Day is the combined celebrations of the birthdays of George Washington and Abraham Lincoln. The original version of the holiday was in commemoration of George Washington's birthday in 1796 (the last full year of his presidency). In 1796, many Americans celebrated his birthday on the 22nd of February, and by the early 19th century, Washington's Birthday had taken firm root in the American experience as a bona fide national holiday. Then along came Abraham Lincoln, another revered president and fellow February baby (born on the 12th of the month). The first formal observance of his birthday took place in 1865, the year after his assassination, when both houses of Congress gathered for a memorial address. While Lincoln's Birthday did not become a federal holiday like George Washington's, it did become a legal holiday in several states. Apparently, while the holiday in February is still officially known as Washington's Birthday (at least according to the Office of Personnel Management), it has become popularly (and, perhaps in some cases at the state level, legally) known as "President's Day". This has made the third Monday in February a day for honoring George Washington and Abraham Lincoln, as well as all the other men who have served as president. (Yes, it is true. All of our presidents have been men, so far.)
Memorial Day is on the last Monday of May. On this day Americans honour the memories of their dead relatives. This day is also the beginning of summer. Americans go to relax at the beach or go to the mountains.
St. Patrick's Day honors Saint Patrick. It is also a celebration of Irish culture. In many cities there are St. Patrick's Day parades. In New York City, it is celebrated with a parade down Fifth Avenue, with people drinking "col1" beer and eating corned beef and cabbage, traditional Irish foods. Most people, Irish or not, wear col1 on this day.
Today Americans play small tricks on friends and strangers alike on the first of April. One common trick on April Fools Day, or All Fool's Day, is pointing down to a friend's shoe and saying, "Your shoelace is untied." Teachers in the nineteenth century used to say to pupils, "Look! A flock of geese!" and point up. School children might tell a classmate that school has been canceled. Whatever
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the trick, if the innocent victim falls for the joke the prankster yells, "April Fool". Most April Fools jokes are in good fun and not meant to harm anyone. The cleverest April Fools joke is the one where everyone laughs, especially the person upon whom the joke is played.
Independence Day is one of the most important holidays in America. It is celebrated on the 4th of July. On this day in 1776 the Declaration of Independence was signed in Philadelphia. There are picnics, parades and fireworks all over the country on Independence Day. Americans do not work: they have day-long picnics with their favourite food like hot-dogs, hamburgers, potato salad and others.
Halloween is a holiday celebrated mostly by children and the young. On the 31st of October they dress as vampires, witches and ghosts and go from house to house saying trick or treat. People should give them a treat otherwise, the children will play a trick on them.
Thanksgiving is one of the popular American holidays, too. It is celebrated on the fourth Thursday in November. This holiday dates back to the time when the first settlers, the Pilgrims, came to America. Their first winter was very hard, they had little food. In spring, the Indians taught them to plant and grow new crops, hunt and fish. The following autumn the colonists made a great feast for the Indians. At Thanksgiving American families gather and spend this day together. The traditional Thanksgiving food is roast turkey, pumpkin pies, cranberry jelly, ham, sweet potatoes, and other delicious food.
The United States is a young country, but it has a lot of great old and new holidays that are fun to celebrate.In the U.S., we refer to the months of November and December as "the holiday season" because of the major holidays celebrated from Thanksgiving to New Year's Day. The United States is a nation of many cultures that has adopted holiday customs from across the world, and we've developed a few of our own that stand out. Here's a handy guide to those traditions and customs of USA people.
Black Friday is one of them. You may have seen it on TV the day after Thanksgiving in the U.S., crowds gather at stores across the country in the early hours of the morning in search of the best discounts on presents for the holidays. The event got its name from a phrase used in business "in the black" which means that a company has made a profit.
Father's Day commemorates and celebrates Dad. It is a day to not only honor your father, but all men who have acted as father figures in your life whether as Stepfather, Uncle, Grandfather, or "Big Brother." Mrs. John B. Dodd, of Washington, first proposed the idea of a "father's day" in 1909. Mrs. Dodd wanted a special day to honor her father, William Smart. William Smart, a Civil War veteran, was widowed when his wife died in childbirth with their sixth child. The first Father's Day was observed on June 19, 1910 in Spokane, Washington. At about the same time in various towns and cities across America, other people were beginning to celebrate a "father's day." In 1924, President Calvin Coolidge
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supported the idea of a national Father's Day. Finally in 1966, President Lyndon Johnson signed a presidential proclamation declaring the 3rd Sunday of June as Father's Day.
The U.S. is home to people from all over the world, and holiday celebrations are no different. Whether you are an international student spending the holiday season in the U.S. for the first time or the fifth time, these traditions are sure to get you into the spirit.
List of used literature: 1. https://www.studyusa.com/en/a/1812/a-guide-to-holiday-traditions-in-the-us 2. https://www.internationalstudentguidetotheusa.com/articles/holidays_custo ms.php 3. U.S. Diplomatic Mission to Germany /Public Affairs/ Information Resource Centers. Updated: December 2008
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Hamroyeva I.E. EFL teacher
42 secondary school Uzbekistan, Bukhara, Jondor
TEACHING STRATEGIES FOR YOUNG LEARNERS
Abstract :The article introduces teaching strategies for young learners how effective ways teach them .Today teaching strategies are important for all over the world teachers.
Keywords: Demonstration, Choral Drill, Look and Say, Pictorial Illustration, Verbal Illustration, Association, Questioning, Storytelling is effective for early foreign language classes strategies
Teaching English, especially for young learners (710 ages), should be enjoyable, interesting, repetitive and understandable. In doing so, there should be appropriate strategies for teaching English. Some strategies that can be applied in the classroom are the so-called, Songs, Pictorial illustration and TPR (Total Physical Response games, activities). These strategies try to introduce some language skills or components in an action. Using of them can be benefit to develop and improve listening and speaking skills that can be an option to learn grammar and vocabulary patterns easily. As it is known, at these ages children start to discover world broadly and their psychical and mental abilities are at the stage of developing. Around the world the term of young learners' age is differentiated. In most countries the primary school age is defined from 7 to 10. According to Piaget, children are active learners and thinkers. In addition, they are curious in learning as well as in discovering. Learning and teaching any language is challenging process and requires great patience. Young learners tend to have a lot of physical energy and more involved in visual learning, physical and social interaction. For the first time teaching young learners seems to be simple action but it demands more experience and knowledge that assist to make effective teaching. Making lessons more interesting for them is one of the most essential parts in teaching.Young learners will learn best if the people involved in the teaching process facilitate the learning and take into account the way young learners learn into the teaching practices. Piaget (1967 cited in Mc Closkeey, 2002), suggested that children developed through specific stages, they are: Sensory-Motor Stage (from 02 years) in which children seems to learn through physical interaction with the world around them. Pre-operational stage (from 27 years) when children need concrete situations to process ideas. Concrete Operational Stage (from 711 years) in which children begin to conceptualize and do some abstract problem solving, though they still learn best by doing. Formal Operational Stage (from 1115) in which children are able to use abstract
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thinking. Another expert, Vygotsky (1978, cited in Hughes, 2009) believed that language was central to the cognitive development of children, that it was instruction provided by an adult that helped children learn and develop. Donaldson (1978, cited in Hughes, 2009) stated that children were able to cognitively develop by trying to make sense of the experiences that they had, and by asking questions and trying things out, or hypothesizing. Chomsky believed that learning was innate, in the sense that every child has an innate capability to learn a language. attention to sound and prosody (the `music' of an utterance), whereas older children (1214 years) are more attentive to cues of word order. Furthermore, Moon (2000:3) pointed out that young learner learns foreign language: Through being motivated. It depends on the teacher's style. I the teacher motivated them they would learn fast or quicker. By listening and repeating. By imitating the teacher. They want to please the teacher. They feel embarrassed when they make mistakes. By doing and interacting with each other in an atmosphere of trust and acceptance, Through a variety of interesting and fun activities for which they see the purpose. Through translating sentences into their own language. Other teaching strategies for primary level of students by Bonnie Piller and Mary Jo Skillings California State University, San Bernardino USA: Demonstration, Choral Drill, Look and Say, Pictorial Illustration, Verbal Illustration, Association, Questioning, Narration, Read and Say.
Strategy 1: Demonstration Demonstration includes the use of real objects, performing actions, using gestures, and facial expressions. It is used for presenting words like toy, bracelet, or hat. Demonstration can be used for sentence patterns that stand for concrete ideas. For example, saying «I am looking at my watch», or «I am cleaning the chalkboard» while performing these actions. The teaching strategy includes the teacher doing the demonstration and students practicing with feedback from the teacher. Demonstration is important. Demonstration builds connections between new knowledge and what the child already knows.
Strategy 2: Choral Drill In Choral Drill the children all chant together following along as the teacher leads. It is the repeating of poems, nursery rhymes, the alphabet, an alphabet song, sentence patterns, and vocabulary lists. Children repeat the melody and rhythm. Choral Drill presented speaking aloud and verbatim memorization. This occurred in unison or in the form of echo recitation. The purpose was for transfer to the long-term memory. Current brain research supports the idea of speaking aloud 1Speaking generates more electrical energy in the brain than just thinking about something (Bower, 2003; Perry, 2004). Choral drill is also a powerful way to cause over-learning to occur. Over-learning, that is, continuing to recite after something is memorized, creates deeper memory traces that make for longer retention (Banich, 1997; Ridley Smith, 2004). This poem was heard: School is over, Oh, what fun! Lessons finished, Play begun. Who'll run fastest, You or I? Who'll laugh loudest? Let us try. (Children laughed loudly)
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Strategy 3: Look and Say Look and Say is the technique of students listening to the teacher and looking at the object or print, then repeating a word or sentence after the teacher. Children either watch as the teacher points to the words on the chalkboard or individually point to the print on a page or in a textbook.
Strategy 4: Pictorial Illustration Pictorial illustration is the use of blackboard drawings, diagrams, sketches, match-stick figures, photographs, maps, and textbook illustrations. These are used for presenting words and structures that stand for concrete ideas. Strategy 5: Verbal Illustration Teachers at each level used Verbal Illustration. Sometimes this was simply giving a phrase or sentence that showed the typical use of the word in context, as in «the sky is blue». Strategy 6: Association Association was used for presenting vocabulary items. Teachers used Association for synonyms, antonyms, and simple definitions. For example, blossom -- flower (synonym) diligent -- hardworking (synonym) fresh -- stale (antonym) lad -- means a boy (definition)
Strategy 7: Questioning Questioning is another strategy that is used in lessons at all levels. It is used in the introduction. The questioning section of the lessons appeared to be for the purpose of developing thinking processes for concept formation. The Questioning strategy resembles the strategies described in the classic work of Hilda Taba (1967), in which she postulates that thinking can be taught. In Taba's inductive thinking model, questioning is used for concept formation, interpretation of data, and application of principle.
Storytelling is effective for early foreign language classes Storytelling can be effective for teaching English to young learners for the following reasons given by Wajnryb (1986): The purpose of telling a story is genuinely communicative. Storytelling is linguistically honest. (It is oral language, meant to be heard.) Storytelling is real!(People do it all the time!) Storytelling appeals to the affective domain. Storytelling caters to the individualwhile forging a communityin the classroom. Storytelling provides listening experiences with reduced anxiety. In addition, conducting lessons with physical activities gives considerably high results in developing language skills comprehensively. Playing games has a significant role in the second language acquisition process. With the help of games children can also learn social skills: sharing, working as a team and helping each other. Playing games in the classroom develops the ability to cooperate, to compete without being aggressive, and to be a good loser. There will be expected that with the help of games and physical response teacher is able to create environmentally friendly atmosphere in language learning and to get students' attention. Also Schneider and Crombie (2003) announced a motto of multi-sensory techniques that is `Hear it, see it, say it, write it, act it out' and make learning as active as possible. It is not refutable repeating the most effective factor in getting success in learning procedure. In general, children learn better when they are actively involved in lessons. However, in the view of diverse learning styles and preferences children display different results. For this reason properly
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designed lessons may become efficacious in solving problems related to teaching process.
References: 1. Piaget, J. (1970). Science of Education and the Psychology of the Child. New York: Orion Press. 2. McCloske, Mary Lou. 2002. Seven Instructional Principles for Teaching Young Learners of English. Symposium, San Diego. http://home.comcast.net/~educoatlanta/Handouts05/McCloskey_TESOL_Symposium02.pdf accessed on 29 September 2009 3. Annie Hughes and Nicole Taylor, Research Seminar Papers (2011). Teaching English To Young Learners: Seventh International TEYL 4. Hughes, Annie. 2009. An Introduction to Teaching English to Young Learners. http://www.ed2go.com/elt_demo/3te_demo/L02.htm, accessed September 10, 2009. 5. Slatterly, M., & Willis, J. (2001). English for primary teachers. Oxford: Oxford University Press. , . . Teaching strategies for young learners (7 10 ages) / . . . -- . -- 2017.
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UDC: 378.16
Irgashev M.U. Senior teacher of department of foreign languages faculty of agro engineering and hydro melioration Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Uzbekistan, Andijan
SPECIFICITY OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING OF STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES IN A HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION
Abstract: The article reveals the subject of specifics of disabled students' vocational training on the principles of their full integration into educational space and a justification of the ways of their overcoming in pedagogical, psychological, organizational and managerial aspects.
Keywords: inclusive education, students with disabilities, specifics of disabled students training.
Problems arising in the process of vocational training of a student with disabilities can be conditionally divided into two groups: the first will include problems related to the content and effectiveness of the student with disabilities, the second - difficulties associated with the student's personality traits that affect the results his training. It is these two aspects that constitute, in our opinion, the psychological and pedagogical specificity of vocational education of students with disabilities and work with them in the university [1, 2, 4].
In the personal aspect of the problems of vocational training of students with disabilities, the following personality characteristics are distinguished: difficulties in establishing interpersonal contact with fellow students, teachers, signs of a passive and often egocentric position; low level of independence; immaturity of the sense-motivational sphere; dependence on loved ones; overestimation of external indicators of general academic performance to the detriment of the quality of orientation in the mastered professional field. The listed characteristics, firstly, reduce the quality and effectiveness of educational activities of a student with disabilities, do not allow to fully engage in the subject space of professional activity; secondly, they make it difficult for a young person to enter the student body, to establish full-fledged professional and interpersonal relations. Taken together, these conditions form a psychologically uncomfortable situation of professional and personal development of a disabled student, which affects the success of his education and physical condition.
At Agrarian institute, the organization of the educational process is carried out on the principles of full integration of students with disabilities in order to obtain higher education in accordance with the specialty and the state educational standard on an equal basis with all students.
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Purpose of the article: to identify the specifics, difficulties and barriers to vocational training of students with disabilities. To achieve this goal, the Academy conducted questionnaires and interviews of teachers and students with disabilities, integrated into the environment of communication with healthy students.
A questionnaire survey of the academy employees was carried out in order to study the awareness of teachers and staff about the typological characteristics of students with disabilities, the peculiarities of their education, as well as to identify common problems that exist in interaction with students with disabilities. 10[1, 2, 4]
The objective of the research is to analyze the specifics of vocational training of students with disabilities and substantiate ways to overcome them in pedagogical, psychological, organizational and managerial aspects. 11[1, 2]
At the time of the study, 75 students with disabilities are studying at the agrarian institute, 84.4% with disabilities. The questionnaire survey allowed us to identify the problematic field associated with teaching disabled students. In 42 teachers and 75 students with disabilities took part in the questionnaire survey. In the course of the study, we analyzed the attitude of teachers to the fact that students with disabilities receive education at the Humanitarian and Pedagogical Academy. It was found that: positive attitude - 95% of respondents; are indifferent - 4%; take for granted - 1%. The overwhelming majority of teachers have a positive attitude towards teaching disabled people at the university, which should contribute to the successful adaptation of this category of students in the university environment.
The study of teachers' awareness of the presence of students with disabilities in their groups showed that: 85% of respondents know that disabled people are studying in their study groups; no - 10%; I don't know - 5%. These data indicate that teachers are sufficiently informed about the presence of disabled students in academic groups. At the same time, 40% of the respondents noted that they need additional information about the characteristics of students caused by disability; 50% noted that there is no such need; 12% - found it difficult to answer.
Of interest is the data on the sources from which teachers receive information about students with disabilities. The following sources of information on the presence of disabled students in academic groups are: personal observations - 70% of respondents; students with disabilities themselves inform 8%; dean's office employees - 38%; Center employees inform - 50%. As experience shows, students with disabilities themselves rarely tell teachers about the presence of a disability, which does not always have a beneficial effect on their learning process. This conclusion is confirmed by the data of the
10 Abdullayeva N.S. Improving motivation of students when learning a foreign language in non-language higher education institutions. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73): 2020. 11 Ahmadjonova Sh.N. The use of neuro linguistic programming in the process of learning foreign languages. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020.
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questionnaire survey: only 8% of students with disabilities inform the teacher about the presence of a disability and discuss the specifics of mastering the content of a particular academic discipline. A significant part of the respondents notes that they receive information about the presence of disabled students in the academic group through personal observations - 65% of respondents. We believe that the possibility of assuming the presence of disability using personal observations is valid only for students with severe visual and musculoskeletal impairments. In other cases, documentary evidence of a disability is required.
A positive attitude towards students with disabilities contributes to their positive socialization in the university environment. Answers to the question: "What attitude do students with disabilities evoke?" were distributed as follows: sympathy, pity - 10%, positive attitude, respect - 40%, attitude to all students 25%, undecided - 10%. Due to the fact that 60% of the respondents noted that in the process of work there are difficulties of various nature, we analyzed and systematized them.
Among the main difficulties, teachers identify the following: a low educational base of students with disabilities, an overestimation of their capabilities, results and quality of work, frequent complaints of difficulties, the requirement of indulgence in disability and the expectation of help, a high level of infantilism, the sensitivity of disabled students when establishing contact, the desire blaming others for your misfortunes. Thus, teachers associate the bulk of the difficulties arising in the process of teaching students with disabilities with the psychological characteristics of students.
According to the respondents: the state of health of students with disabilities is reflected in their educational activities - 85%; the quality of educational activity of disabled students does not depend on the state of health 12%; I don't know - 3%. Teachers note that a significant part of the difficulties in educational activities are associated with the cause of the health disorder and the severity of the disease. This is especially true for students with visual impairment, musculoskeletal system, serious somatic diseases. The state of health of students with disabilities affects educational activities in terms of psychological problems, the ability to record lectures, perform written work and difficulties in the independent development of additional information on the discipline. Some teachers note another side of this process, namely, improperly organized educational activities can negatively affect the health of a student with disabilities.
References: 1. Abdullayeva N.S. Improving motivation of students when learning a foreign language in non-language higher education institutions. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73): 2020. 2. Ahmadjonova Sh.N. The use of neuro linguistic programming in the process of learning foreign languages. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020.
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3. Brante T. Professional fields and truth regimes: In search of alternative approaches // Comparative Sociology. 2010. N. 9. p. 843886. 4. Evetts J. Organizational and occupational professionalism: The legacies of Weber and Durkheim for knowledge society // C. Marcuello, J. L. Fados (Eds.) Sociological essays for a global society: cultural change, social problems and knowledge society. Zaragoza: Prenas Universitarias de Zaragoza. 2006. p. 6179. 5. N.A. Odilova. M.U. Irgashev. Information and communication technology in language learning. International conference., 2016, p.439. 6. Kamynina T. P., Moiseeva E. V. Information culture as the basis of professional activity competence of the future specialist / / III international scientific and practical conference - restoration. Ufa: BSPU Publishing house, 2011.
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UDC 911.3:33
Isayev A.A., candidate of geographical sciences docent
Andijan State University Uzbekistan, Andijan
THE IMPACT OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ON THE FORMATION OF TRANSPORT
CORRIDORS
Annotation. The article reveals the geographical position of transport in Uzbekistan, the emergence, formation and some aspects of the directions of development of transport corridors of the republic.
Keywords: Geographical location, Central Asia, transit, corridor, export, import.
Land transport is well developed in accordance with the geographical location of Uzbekistan. The development of transport is primarily based on its geographical location, relief and location of productive forces. In particular, the crossing of the ancient trade route was an important factor in the formation of the transport network of the republic. It should be noted that the location and development of the Republic's transport is greatly influenced by its unique geographical location in the center of Central Asia. It is surrounded by Kazakhstan to the north and west, Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan to the east, and Turkmenistan to the south. There is no access to direct waterways.
It is known that the geographical location, topography and geological structure of the region play an important role in the formation of the transport network. From this point of view, the transport network and types of Uzbekistan are very different from neighboring republics.
The surface structure of Uzbekistan stretches from west to east, from west to east to 1430 km, and from north to south to 925 km. Samarkand, Navoi and the Republic of Karakalpakstan are bordered on South Kazakhstan, Kyzyl-Orda and Mangistau regions of Kazakhstan, and in the south Bukhara, Kashkadarya and Surkhandarya, Khorezm regions are bordered on Dashovuz and Lebab regions of Turkmenistan. To the east, it is bordered on Osh, Jalal-Abad and Batken regions of Kyrgyzstan. The regoins of the Fergana Valley are bordered Jalal-Abad region of the Kyrgyz Republic to the north and northeast, to the northwest Sughd region of the Republic of Tajikistan, and to the southeast Batken region of Kyrgyzstan.
One of the important features of the borders of the regions is that the borders between the neighboring republics pass through the plains. The roads that connect them therefore intersect through economically well-developed areas from ancient times. In general, the economic-geographical and geopolitical position of the republic has an impact on the formation and appearance of its transport system.
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Currently, the foreign trade of the Republic of Uzbekistan is carried out through the following main transport corridors:
Corridor 1 in the direction of the ports of the Baltic States (transit through Kazakhstan and Russia) Klaipeda (Lithuania), Riga, Liepaja, Ventspils (Latvia), Tallinn (Estonia);
Corridor 2 in the direction of the European Union (EU), via Belarus and Ukraine (transit through Kazakhstan and Russia) Chop (Ukraine) and Brest (Belarus) border;
Corridor 3 to the port of Ilichevsk in the Ukraine (via transit from Kazakhstan and Russia), with access to the Black Sea;
Corridor 4 in the direction of the Transcaucasian corridor, known as the TRACECA corridor (via transit from Turkmenistan, Kazakhstan and Azerbaijan), with access to the Black Sea;
Corridor 5 to the Iranian port of Bandar Abbas (via transit from Turkmenistan), with access to the Persian Gulf;
Corridor 6 in an eastern direction through the Kazakhstan-China border (Dostiq / Alalshankou) till the eastern ports of China, as well as till the ports of Nakhodka, Vladivostok and others in the Far East;
Corridor 7 - to Chinese ports (via transit from Kyrgyzstan) with access to the Yellow, East China and South China Seas;
Corridor 8 due to the settlement of order to the Afghan problem a transit from Afghanistan opens up new prospects for the development of alternative southern transport corridors to the Iranian and Pakistani ports of Bandar Abbas, Chahbahar (Islamic Republic of Iran, IRI), Gwadar and Karachi (Islamic Republic of Pakistan, IRP).
The revival of the Great Silk Road was in 1995-2000, and a new route was added to it. In particular, on December 13, 1991 in Ashgabat, the leaders of Uzbekistan, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Turkmenistan agreed to jointly build the Tajan-Serakhs railway. The construction began in 1992 and in 1997 the construction of the 295 km long Tajan-Serakhs-Mashhad road was completed. The 130 km section of the railway is in the territory of Turkmenistan and 165 km in the territory of Iran.
Through these railways, Central Asian countries can access the ports of China on the Pacific coast and the Persian Gulf countries, and Europe through the Mediterranean.
The Tashkent-Farob-Tajan-Serakhs-Mashhad-Bandar Abbas (4122 km long) corridor is especially important for Uzbekistan. It is estimated that 5.3 million tons of cargo will be transported annually in this direction. The construction of this road from the Chinese ports on the Yellow Sea to Istanbul will significantly reduce the distance. If the Trans-Siberian Railway was 14,000 km at this distance, it is now 9,500 km in the Central Asian region. This road not only reduces the cost of transported goods, but also ensures its timely delivery.
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Construction of the Tajan-Serakhs-Mashhad railway began in 1992 and was
completed in 1996.
As the Trans-Asian Highway connects East Asia with Europe via the
Central Asian transport system, European countries are also taking a keen interest
in this direction. One of the alternative routes is the Uzbekistan-Kazakhstan-China
route and it runs from Tashkent - Almaty - Taldykorgan - Druzhba - Alashankou
- Urumqi to the Chinese ports of Lianyungang, Qingdao and Shanghai.
According to available data, freight traffic using new alternative corridors
has been reduced from 5,700 km to 3,700 km from nearby ports in Uzbekistan,
and 50% of exported cargo is transported through these roads (Kamolov S. T.,
2001, p. 65-68). In addition, the climate of the region allows it to be used year-
round. We spend more than $100 per ton to transport Uzbek cotton to Ukrainian
ports via Kazakhstan and Russia, while the cost is $55 when transported via
TRACECA (Arziev F., 1998).
The launch of new routes also means that the great legacy of Uzbekistan to
world culture - the Great Silk Road - is being rapidly restored. One of them is the
TRACECA (Transport Corridor Europe Caucasus Asia) project, which is part of
the TACIS (Technical Assistance to the Commonwealth of Independent States)
program, that is the Europe-Caucasus-Asia transport corridor. The
implementation of this project directly applies to Uzbekistan.
Transport corridors should be economically safe in the first place. To this
end, the countries concerned are interested in the directions that do not pose a
threat to security.
In short, we can point to the following routes that allow Uzbekistan to
access the sea:
to the port of Karachi (Indian Ocean) through Afghanistan and
Pakistan;
Turkmenistan and Iran to the Mediterranean Sea through Turkey;
China12;
to the ports in the Far East through the territory of Kazakhstan and
the Transcaucasian corridor, which leads to the Black Sea and the
Mediterranean Sea via Turkmenistan-Caucasus. This corridor also allows access
to European countries using the Danube River;
to Pacific ports through Kazakhstan-Russia;
to the seas of the Arctic Ocean, Europe through Kazakhstan-Russia; to
the Baltic countries using Latvian ports;
to China and its seaports through Kyrgyzstan.
The revival of the Great Silk Road has been dubbed the "transport artery"
of the new Europe-Caucasus-Asia. The above highways and railways further
12 Under the third option, experts recommend the following route: Tajikistan-Kyrgyzstan-China is a railway in the southeast direction, Yangiabad-Ergashtom-Kashgar-Urumqi route is the closest distance connecting Central Asian countries to China.
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enhance the global importance of highways of international importance. As part of them, roads in our country are developing in a unique way.
References: 1. Arziev F. The Great Silk Road Development Path // "Vatanparvar" newspaper, September 12, 1998, num. 109 (1061). 2. Kamolov S. Development of transport systems of Uzbekistan and the birth of the great rural route // Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Information bulletin by num.1. T., 2001. p. 65-68. 3. Schlichter. S. B. Transport factor of regional integration // New factors of regional development. M., 1999. p. 56-63.
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UDC 800
Ishankulov Sh.U. teacher of the department of Foreign Languages
KEEI Kashkadarya region, the city of Karshi
Niyozova Yu.T. teacher of the department of Foreign Languages
KEEI Kashkadarya region, the city of Karshi
TEACHING LISTENING COMPREHENSION
Annotation: This article outlines reasons for getting students to listen in English, the kind of listening that teachers use in classrooms, factors that make listening difficult, types of classroom listening materials, examples of listening material, dealing with listening problems.
Key Phrases: Listening performance; listening materials; redundancy; listening to tapes; spontaneous speech; script dictation; listening problems;
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Reasons for getting students to listen in English. One of the main reasons for getting students to listen to spoken English is to let them hear different varieties and accents rather than just the voice of their teacher. In today's world, they need to be exposed not only to one variety of English (British English, for example) but also to varieties such as American English, Australian English,
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Caribbean English, etc. Despite the desirability of exposing students to many varieties of English, however, common sense is called for. The number of different varieties will be a matter for the teacher to judge, based on the students' level, where the classes are taking place etc. But even if they only hear occasional (and very mild) varieties of English, which are different from the teacher's, it will give them a better idea of the world language, which English has become. The main method of exposing students to spoken English (after the teacher) is with using by taped material, which can exemplify a wide range of topics. The second major reason for teaching listening is that it helps students to acquire language subconsciously even if teachers do not draw attention to its special features. Exposure to language is a fundamental requirement for anyone wanting to learn it. Listening to appropriate tapes provide such exposure and students get vital information not only about grammar and vocabulary but also about pronunciation, rhythm, intonation, pitch and stress. Lastly, just as with reading, students get better at listening the more they do it! Listening is a skill and any help we can give students in performing that skill will help them to be better listeners.
The kind of listening that teachers use in classrooms. The debate about the use of authentic listening material is just as fierce in listening as it is in reading. If, for example, we play a tape of a political speech to complete beginners, they will not understand a word. You could argue that such a tape would give them a feel for the sound of the language, but beyond that, it is difficult to see what they would get out of it. If, on the other hand, we give them a realistic (though not authentic) tape of a telephone conversation, they may learn much more about the language and start to gain confidence as a result. Listening demands listener's engagement, too. Long tapes on subjects which students are not interested in at all will not only be de-motivating, but students might well `switch off' and once they do that it becomes difficult for them to tune back to the tape. Comprehension is lost and the listening becomes valueless. Everything depends on level, and the kind of tasks that go with a tape. There may well be some authentic material, which is usable by beginners such as pre-recorded announcements, telephone messages etc. Advanced students may benefit from scripted material if it is interesting and subtle enough and provided the tasks that go with it are appropriate for their level. Since listening to tapes is a way of bringing different kinds of speaking into the classroom, we would want to play different kinds of tape to them, e.g. announcements, conversations, telephone exchanges, lectures, `plays', news broadcasts, interviews, radio programs, stories read aloud etc.
Factors that make listening difficult. As teachers are preparing lessons and techniques that are exclusively for teaching listening, a number of special characteristics of spoken language need to be taken into consideration. Students need to pay special attention to these characteristics or factors because they influence the understanding of speech and can even make listening comprehension very difficult. These factors are the following.
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1. Clustering - In written language we are conditioned to attend to the sentence as the basic unit of organization. In spoken language, we break down speech into smaller groups of words. In teaching listening comprehension, therefore, you need to help students to pick out manageable clusters of words; or they will err in the other direction in trying to attend to every word in an utterance.
2. Redundancy - Spoken language, unlike most written language, has a good deal of redundancy. The next time you are in a conversation, notice the repetitions, rephrasing, repetitions, elaborations, and little insertions of "I mean" and "you know" here and there. Such redundancy helps the hearer to process meaning by offering more time and extra information. Learners can train themselves to profit from such redundancy by first becoming aware that not every new sentence of phrase will necessarily contain new information and by looking for the signals of redundancy.
3. Reduced forms - While spoken language does indeed contain a good deal of redundancy, it also has many reduced forms. Reduction can be phonological, morphological, syntactic, and pragmatic. These reductions pose significant difficulties especially to classroom learners who may have initially been exposed to the full forms of the English language.
4. Performance variables (hesitation, topic change) - In spoken language, except for planned discourse, hesitations, false starts, pauses, and corrections are common. Native listeners are used from very young ages to such performance variables while they can easily interfere with comprehension in foreign language learners. Everyday casual speech by native speakers also commonly contains ungrammatical forms. Some of these forms are simple performance slips.
5. Colloquial language - Learners who have been exposed to standard written English and/or "textbook" language sometimes find it surprising and difficult to deal with colloquial language. Idioms, slang, reduced forms, shared cultural knowledge are all manifested at some point in conversations. Colloquialisms appear in both monologues and dialogues.
6. Rate of delivery - Virtually every language learner initially thinks that native speakers speak too fast! Actually, the number and length of pauses used by a speaker is more crucial to comprehension than sheer speed. Learners will nevertheless eventually need to be able to comprehend language delivered at varying rates of speed and, at times, delivered with few pauses. Unlike reading, where a person can stop and go back to reread something, in listening the hearer may not always have an opportunity to stop the speaker. Instead, the stream of speech will continue to flow!
7. Stress, rhythm, and intonation - The prosodic features of the English language are very important for comprehension. In addition, intonation patterns are very significant not just for interpreting such elements as questions and statements and emphasis but more subtle messages like sarcasm, insult, solicitation, praise, etc.
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8. Interaction - Classroom techniques that include listening components must include instruction in the two-way nature of listening. Students need to understand that good listeners (in conversation) are good responders.
Types of classroom listening materials: 1. Reactive Sometimes you simply want a learner to listen to the surface structure of an utterance for repeating it back to you. While this kind of listening performance requires little meaningful processing, it nevertheless may be legitimate, even though a minor, aspect of an interactive, communicative classroom. This role of a listener as merely a "tape-recorder" must be very limited. The one role that reactive listening can play in an interactive classroom is in brief choral or individual drills that focus on pronunciation. 2. Intensive Techniques whose only purpose is to focus on components (words, phonemes, intonation, discourse markers) of discourse may be considered to be intensive as opposed to extensive in their requirement that students single out certain elements of spoken language. Examples of intensive listening performance include: Students listen for cues in certain choral or individual drills. The teacher repeats a word of sentence several times to "imprint" it in the students' mind. The teacher asks students to listen to a sentence or a longer stretch of discourse and to notice a specified element, e.g., intonation, a grammatical structure. 3. Responsive - A significant proportion of classroom listening activity consists of short stretches of teacher language designed to elicit immediate responses. The students' task in such listening is to process the teacher talk immediately and to give an appropriate reply. Examples include: Asking questions ("How are you today?" "What did you do last night?"). Giving commands ("Take out a sheet of paper and a pencil."). Seeking clarification ("What was that word you said?"). Checking comprehension ("So, how many people were in the park?"). 4. Selective - In longer stretches of discourse such as monologues, the task of the student is not to process everything that was said but rather to scan the material selectively for certain information. The purpose of such performance is not to look for global or general meanings, necessarily, but to be able to find important information. Selective listening differs from intensive listening in that the discourse is in relatively long lengths. Examples of such discourse include:
· Speeches. · Media broadcasts. · Stories and anecdotes. Techniques promoting selective listening skills could ask students to listen for:
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· People's names. · Dates. · Certain facts of events. · Location, situation, context, etc. · Main ideas and/or conclusion. 5. Extensive - This sort of performance, unlike the intensive processing described above, aims to develop global understanding of spoken language. Extensive act could range from listening to lengthy lectures to listening to a conversation and deriving a comprehensive message or purpose. Extensive listening may require the student to use other interactive skills for full comprehension. 6. Interactive - Finally, there is listening performance that can include all five of the above types as learners actively participate in discussions, debates, conversations, role-plays, and other pair and group work. Their listening performance must be integrated with speaking. Examples of listening material. The teaching of listening skills will follow the methodological model in the same way as for the teaching of reading skills. But training students in listening skills presents problems for both teacher and student which are not found with reading material. Listening as a skill certainly shares many similarities with reading. But the differences are there, too. Most importantly, the text itself is different. A written text is static. It can be consumed at the speed of the reader, and be read repeatedly. Not so spoken text: if it is on audio or video tape, it can be repeated, but it still happens at its speed, not the listener's. Of course, in conversation a listener can ask the speaker to repeat what is being said. However, the same is not true of a lecture you are listening to. Spoken language differs markedly from written text too. We have already discussed factors that make listening difficult. You should bear in mind that such speech phenomenon as hesitation reformulation, redundancy, pauses, reduced forms, and topic change and a natural part of spontaneous speech. Listening for details and writing a Script Dictation. One way of having students listen to a tape in a detailed way is to give them a script dictation. This means that students are given the tapescript with some of the words blanked out. All they have to do is fill in the words. It is easy to create script dictations. Let us imagine that students have already listened to the text about National Gallery and answered the questions. The teacher now asks the students to try to fill in the gaps before listening to the tape again. They can be extremely useful in reminding students of the difference between written prose and the way people speak. Tapes, which the teacher makes, are often the most exciting ones for the teacher and the students to use. A warning needs to be given, however. In the first place, it is difficult to get good quality on some tapes and tape machines. Dealing with listening problems. As we have already said, listening can cause problems. In general, these can be summarized as panic and difficulty. Students often panic when they see the tape recorder because they know that they
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are faced with challenging task. Two things are guaranteed to increase that panic! The first is to refuse to play a tape more than once and the second is to expose an individual student's lack of success in the listening. It is usually a good idea to play a tape all the way through on a first listening so that students can get an idea of what it sounds like. If students have listened to a tape to answer a comprehension task it can be very threatening for the teacher to point to individuals and ask them for their answers to questions especially when they know that they don't know! Some teachers and students find that listening to tapes is extremely difficult, especially when tapes are long. Yet we may want to use long extracts because they contribute to our overall teaching plan and because the topic is interesting. If the tape is difficult, there are a number of things you can do to make it easier.
· Give students the first third of the tapescript. They can read it at home if they want. In class, they discuss how the story is going to end or what is going to happen.
· Preview vocabulary. Choose a small number of key words that students do not know. Teach them to the students before they listen.
· Use the tapescript. In general, it may be a good idea for the students to look at the tapescript after the first couple of times listening if they are having difficulty in coping with the tape. You could also cut the tapescript into paragraphs or even smaller pieces which they have to put in the right order as they listen to the tape.
These are just some ideas to make your listening activities more motivating and more successful, especially where there are difficulties.
Real education must consider the whole child and the purpose of human life and civilization. Real education must acknowledge the spiritual and emotional development of the child; the importance and influence of the arts and real happiness on the education process; and integrate them into the curriculum and evaluation process.
In summary, after completing this article, you should be able to name eight factors that make listening difficult, name and describe six types of classroom listening materials, give examples of listening materials, explain how teachers can deal with listening problems in the classroom, and design your own listening exercises.
Additional Literatures: 1. . . 6 I // . 1992. 1. . 36-43. 2. . . . // . 1990. 1. . 29-32. 3. . . // . 1984. 6. . 24-29.
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4. Douglas B. H. Teaching by principles: an interactive approach to language pedagogy Longman, 2000. 480 p. 5. Harmer J. How to Teach English [new ed.] Pearson Longman, 2007. 288 p. 6. Ishonqulov Sh. U., Ziyatov A.T. Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Development: Modern Science International scientific journal 11, Vol. II, 2020. pp. 224-226
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UDK -1751
Ishonkulov Sh.U. An English teacher of the "Foreign languages" department Karshi Engineering Economic Institiute
Tursuniyozov D.O. An English teacher of the "Foreign languages" department Karshi Engineering Economic Institiute
TEACHING SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE
Annotation: In this article, it is outlined different methods of teaching English. It is also informed that every teacher should use interesting and productive methods of teaching English. They will help to improve students' knowledge. English lessons will be interesting for every learner. Our future generation must be intelligent and harmounsly developed.
Keywords: The deductive approach, the inductive approach, the inductive approach, explaining meaning, teaching grammar;
When we ask students to concentrate on specific aspects of language, we will usually choose some way of explaining the form and meaning of that language before asking for student repetition as part of a controlled practice phase of the lesson sequence. This explanation, repetition and practice is a form of what we have called study. Sometimes we will spend a lot of time on this language focus, and students will be involved in quite a few minutes of repetition. At other times, once our students' attention has been drawn to the language in question, they may well be able to move quickly to a stage of personalization or even full activation. In such cases, the study element has been brief because it has met with almost instant success. How long we have to spend on language study will depend on who the students are, what their level is and what elements of language we are asking them to study.
The deductive approach In a deductive approach, students are given explanations or grammar rules, for example, and then, based on these explanations or rules, they make phrases and sentences using the new language. In the following example, elementary students are going to focus on the present continuous tense. The teacher starts by showing them pictures of people doing certain actions (painting a house, fixing the roof, cutting the grass, etc). He or she then models a sentence about one of the pictures (`He's painting the house') before using a series of devices to draw the students' attention to the grammar of the present continuous. The students then repeat the second sentence. The teacher now cues the students with a prompt (`paint') and the students have to say `He's painting the house', or `fix' and they say `He's fixing the roof'. They then use
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what they are learning to make sentences about the other pictures, and as they do so, the teacher corrects where necessary. It can be seen that this explain and practice approach to teaching aspects of the language system looks very much like a straight arrows sequence in which the order of elements is engage -- study -- activate. It suits some students and language points very well.
The inductive approach In a so-called inductive approach, things happen the other way round. In other words, instead of going from the rules to the examples, students see examples of language and try to work out the rules. Thus, for example, after students have read a text, we might ask them to find examples of different past tenses and say how and why they are used. This boomerang-type lesson (where the elements occur in the sequence engage -->· activate ->· study) is especially appropriate where language study arises out of skills work on reading and listening texts. If we want students to understand how speakers in informal conversation use certain phrases as delaying tactics (or to buy `thinking' time) we might after letting them listen and respond to someone speaking spontaneously get them to listen again, but this time reading a transcript of what is being said.
That is what we would do explain and practice sequence. However, in an inductive approach we prefer the students to find this information out. If we are teaching `body language', therefore, instead of telling students which verbs like `wave', `clench', `wag', etc collocate with which nouns such as `hand ', `arm ', `teeth', `fist', etc, we can send them to monolingual learners' dictionaries or computer corpuses to see if they can work it out for themselves. Such discovery activities ask students to do the work rather than having everything handed to them on a plate by the teacher or a grammar/ vocabulary book. Discovery activities suit some students very well; they enjoy working things out. It is generally easier for more advanced students to analyze language using discovery procedures than it is for complete beginners. The boomerang sequence is often more appropriate with students who already have. Teaching the language system a certain amount of language available to them for the first activation stage than it is with students who can say very little.
Explaining meaning One of the clearest ways of explaining the meaning of something is to show it. If we hold up a book, point to it and say `book ... book', its meaning will be instantly clear. For actions, we can use mime: if we are teaching `He is running', we can mime someone running. At other times, we can use gesture. We can demonstrate superlative adjectives, by using hand and arm movements to show `big ... bigger ... biggest', and many teachers have standard gestures to explain such things as the past, or the future. We can also use facial expressions to explain the meaning of sad, happy, frightened, etc. We can use pictures to explain situations and concepts (for example, a picture of someone coming away from a swimming pool with dripping wet hair to show `She has just been swimming'). We can use diagrams too. Many teachers use time lines to explain time, simple versus continuous and aspect. For example, if we want to explain the present perfect continuous tense, we can use a timeline to demonstrate
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`I've been living here since 2004'. If we can't show something in one of the ways mentioned above, we can describe the meaning o f the word. For example, a `generous' person is someone who shares their time and their money/possessions with you. `Nasty' is the opposite of `nice'. A `radish' is a kind of vegetable. If describing meaning is not appropriate, we can list vocabulary items to explain concepts. For example, if we want students to understand the idea of the `caring professions', we can list a number of jobs such as `doctor', `nurse', `social worker' and `counselor' to explain the phrase. We can also use check questions to make sure students have understood correctly. If they are learning how to make third conditional sentences and one o f the examples is `If she'd missed the bus, she would have been late for work', we can ask the students questions such as `Did she miss the bus?' and `Was she late for work?'. A way of making meaning absolutely clear, of course, is to translate words and phrases. Sometimes this is easy; all languages have a word for `book'. Sometimes, however, it is more complex; many languages do not have an absolute equivalent for the English phrase `devil may care attitude' and translating idioms such as `to pull the wool over someone's eyes' means having to find an LI equivalent, even though it may be constructed completely differently. The trick of explaining meaning effectively is to choose the best method to fit the meaning that needs to be explained. In fact, most teachers use a mixture of some or all of these techniques. However, check questions are especially important since they allow us to determine if our explanations have been effective.
Teaching grammar One way of teaching grammar is to use an explain and practice procedure such as we have described above. So, for example, if we want to teach the present simple for habitual actions, we can show elementary students pictures of someone with an interesting occupation (in this case a marathon runner). After talking about running (`Would you like to run?', `Do you take exercise?', etc), the students see the following pictures. We point to the first picture and model the sentence `She gets up at half past five'. Now we draw the two hands together and say `gets,.. gets ... listen, she gets . . . '). Then we model the sentence again and get the students to repeat it chorally and individually. Students now look at the second picture and we try to elicit the sentence (that is get them to produce it, rather than give it to them) `She has breakfast at six o'clock'. If necessary, we model this sentence too, isolating `has'. Students repeat this second sentence chorally and individually. We now start a cue-response drill where we say `half past five' and the students say `She gets up' or `six o'clock', for them to say `She has breakfast'.
Real education must consider the whole child and the purpose of human life and civilization. Real education must acknowledge the spiritual and emotional development of the child; the importance and influence of the arts and real happiness on the education process; and integrate them into the curriculum and evaluation process. An integrated education of this nature will enable the students
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to connect through shared emotional experiences and to reach their full potential as the images of their higher selves, the divine.
In summary, there are different methods of teaching English. Every teacher should use interesting and productive methods of teaching English. They will help to improve students' knowledge. English lessons will be interesting for every learner. Our future generation must be intelligent and harmounsly developed.
References: 1. Caffo, A., De Caro, M. F., Picucci, L., Notarnicola, A., Settanni, A., Livrea, P., Lanciona G. E., & Bosco, A. (2012). Reorientation deficits are associated with amnestic mild cognitive impairment. Am J Alzheimers Dis Other Demen, 27(5), 2. Jeremy Harmer. "How to teach English" Pearson Education Limited 2007 3. . . . . . . : , 1991. 223 . 4. Scrivener J. Learning teaching / J. Scrivener. Macmilian Heinemann, 2002. 218 p. 5. Ishonqulov Sh. U., Ziyatov A.T. Emotional Intelligence and Spiritual Development: Modern Science International scientific journal 11, Vol. II, 2020. pp. 224-226
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Izzatillayev A.A. master of the Department of Uzbek Linguistics
Faculty of Foreign Philology National University of Uzbekistan
Correspondent of Tribuna.uz
THE IMPORTANCE OF SPEECH ACTS IN ADVERTISEMENT CONCERNING TOURISM
Annotation: The article discusses the role of advertising in the development of tourism and the importance of speech acts in them. Advertising tourism is compared and offers are given in foreign and Uzbek .
Keywords: tourism, advertisement, advertising texts, speech act, directive, assertive, commissive
At the beginning of the 21st century, research in Uzbek linguistics based on the anthropocentric paradigm began to appear. These works are mainly reflected in the fields of sociolinguistics, cognitive linguistics, pragmalinguistics, psycholinguistics. M.Kh. Hakimov's doctoral dissertation on pragmalinguistics "Pragmatic interpretation of the text in the Uzbek language" for the first time spoke about the theory of speech act. The study of the text and the perceptual factor requires a different approach to the object of study, in particular, semantic, psychological, pragmatic, cognitive and linguocultural. Accordingly, the need for the study of advertising texts in linguistics is growing. After all, the XXI century - the century of science and technology - is difficult to imagine without advertising.
Speech acts are given special attention in the advertising texts of travel firms or agencies in foreign countries. A speech act is an address made by a speaker to a listener for a specific purpose in a specific environment. Speech acts affect the listener or the reader. There are classifications of speech acts by J. Austin, J. Syrl and other scholars. In particular, Sierle classified speech acts as follows:
1. Assertives (assertions) -- to convince of something; 2. Directives (desires) -- motivation for something; 3. Commissions (promises) _ making promises and striving to keep them; 4. Expressive (verbal etiquette) -- verbal actions that have the meaning of behaving in a team and expressing their attitude to someone's behavior; 5. Declarations -- are verbal acts about changing situations in reality. Assertives, directives and commissions from above play an important role in advertising texts. Advertising texts are the main source of attraction for the listener (reader), that is the tourist. For example, below we will focus on the acts in it through some advertisements.
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1. "Your story starts here. Meet the day with red rocks. " Sedona, Arizona, is famous for its white rocks. These rocks appear red at sunrise. Directive and assertive acts were used to encourage tourists to visit the city and enliven the beautiful scenery in front of them.
2. "Change your world outlook and thinking in the Virgin Islands." Millions of tourists have been attracted by writing this advertising text under the most beautiful picture of the Virgin Islands. If it weren't for the text and only the picture itself, the number of tourists would probably be less than expected.
3. "When it comes time to travel, age can't be a barrier." The purpose of the advertisement is to attract the attention of elders through the directive, to invite them to travel. And with this text, of course, the desired result can be achieved. Advertising like this can have a profound effect on elderly persons, who demonstrate aging as a cause of everything.
Are there any promotional texts in Uzbekistan that are attractive in the field of tourism? Unfortunately, no. Even most travel agencies or travel agencies have no notion how important advertising texts are. You can hardly see texts which attract traveller's attention in advertisements regarding to tourism. For example, if you look at advertisements for trips to Samarkand or Khiva, you will see a picture of one of the historical monuments with the text "Travel to Samarkand", "Travel to Khiva". Or the price of the tour will be recorded. Of course, the price is important. But tourists don't just decide based on whether the price is cheap or expensive. Not everyone travels out of pocket. First of all, the tourist should see an advertisement about the destination and be motivated.
Uzbekistan is second to no other country in terms of historical and architectural monuments. Most tourists are not aware of this. The reason is that we have enough problems and shortcomings in the text of advertisements and headlines. In order to increase the number of tourists in the XXI century, to develop tourism, there is a lack of pictures in Samarkand or Bukhara. Most of the visitors to our country are from the CIS countries. This means that our ads do not reach the whole world, or even when they do, they do not attract. We need to pay attention to the text of the advertisement, to look at it as a lucrative business too.
For example, how to advertise our famous cities? Here are some examples. 1. Samarkand. "If you don't believe in our power, look at the buildings we have built." If this text advertises a picture of the most beautiful monuments in the city, it can increase the number of tourists. The directive in the text can be justified. 2. Bukhara. "Tall buildings. For those who are looking for wonder." The monuments in Bukhara may not be beautiful as compared with the monuments in Samarkand, but they are high. In the text above, the advertisement also turns into an effective promotion from a dry image by directive. 3. Khiva. "Get out of your house and visit our palaces. The fortresses of Khiva are open to you. " In this text, too, the motivating speech act serves some sort of effectiveness.
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In short, development is not possible if each sector goes its own way. The integration of sciences, fields is very important. If we take a linguopragmatic approach to tourism, it will bring great benefits to the country, both materially and spiritually. Significant advertisement will turn into one of the main ways to develop the tourism.
References: 1. Azimova I.A. "Psycholinguistic study of the semantic perception of newspaper texts in Uzbek language". Doctor of philosophy philology, - T .: National University of Uzbekistan, 2008. 2. Hakimov M.X. "Pragmatic interpretation of the text in Uzbek language", Doctor of philosophy philology - Tashkent: FA TAI of the Republic of Uzbekistan, 2001. - 283 p. 3. Safarov Sh.S. Pragmalinguistics / Sh.S.Safarov - T .: "National Encyclopedia of Uzbekistan", 2008. 4. Serl J.R. "Classification of illocutionary acts". J.R. Serl // "News in foreign linguistics": Vol. 17. The theory of speech acts. - M.: Progress, 1986 .-- S. 182.
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UDK 331.45
Sulaymanov S., Doctor of Technical Sciences professor of the Department of Technosphere Safety
Tashkent State Transport University Kamilov Kh.M.
basic doctoral student (PhD) Tashkent State Transport University
Uzbekistan, Tashkent
RESULTS OF INTEGRAL SCORE ASSESSMENT OF TRAIN DISPATCHERS BY SERIOUS AND STRENGTH OF WORKING CONDITIONS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE SINGLE DISPATCH CENTER OF UZBEKISTAN RAILWAYS JOINT STOCK COMPANY)
Annotation: The article describes the values, parameters, levels of hazardous and harmful factors of production in the Single Dispatch Center, taking into account the rooms where train dispatchers operate, the technical means they use (radio, PC, VDT, etc.) and the type and volume of work performed. Based on the results of the certification of working conditions in the workplace, using tools and methods of control and measuring equipment that provide sufficient reliability for detection, the results of the integrated score assessment of the working conditions of dispatchers by indicators of severity and stress. On the basis of the map of working conditions of the workplace, the category of severity of working conditions of train dispatchers,
Keywords: train dispatchers, working conditions, labor, weight, strain, fatigue, ability to work, certification, classes, integral points, assessment.
The role of railway transport in solving the problems of rapid development and optimal placement of the country's production capacity, bringing the economy to a new level of quality is invaluable. It should be noted that the solution of these problems lays a solid foundation for the steady rapid growth of the country's GDP and the well-being of the population [1].
Uzbekistan's railways are the most important transport artery in the country's economy. Today, the increase in the flow of passengers and freight, both inside and outside the country (neighboring and foreign countries), is further increasing the demand for rail transport. Efficient use of the railway system, ensuring the uninterrupted flow of passengers and freight leads to a sharp increase in the responsibility of train dispatchers of the Single Dispatch Center of JSC "Uzbekistan Railways" to make clear and alternative decisions in standard and non-standard situations and ensure their implementation [2,3]. The sharp increase in the responsibility of dispatchers and the huge flow of information that must be analyzed in decision-making are leading to a significant increase in the severity and stress of their working conditions [4,5,6]. Therefore, the development and
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implementation of organizational, technical, economic and sanitary-hygienic solutions to study the working conditions of train dispatchers and ensure their full compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements, to ensure the safe movement of passenger and freight trains on schedule and is of practical importance.
During the certification of working conditions of train dispatchers, hygienic assessment of harmful and harmful hazardous production factors included in the working conditions maps of the workplace was measured using equipment, hygienic assessment of working conditions was carried out, recording the complex effects of hazardous and harmful factors. The results of the measurement and study of the harmful factors of the production environment and the labor process are included in the table of general assessment of working conditions in the workplace in terms of the degree of harmfulness and risk [7]. Then, a comparison of the established norms of harmful factors was made for the following workplaces: by relatively high harmful classes and levels; The total value of working conditions belongs to class 3.2, 3. The combined effect of 3 or more harmful factors in class 1; At values of 2 and more harmful factors belonging to classes 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, working conditions were assessed, respectively, by one degree higher class [8].
An analysis of the results of hygienic assessments of train dispatchers at the Single Dispatch Center based on the results of workplace attestation [8] showed that their working conditions are classified as 2.0 in terms of actual concentrations of harmful substances in the workplace, noise, infrared, ultrasound, vibration and radiation levels. 3.1 class, microclimate indicators in the cold period of the year, lighting environment of production rooms, 2.0 class on atmospheric pressure, 3.2 class on the severity of the work process, 3.3 on the effect of work process stress. belongs to the class [9].
The working conditions in the workplaces where train dispatchers work, according to the results of the general hygienic assessment, correspond to class 3.3 [9].
The complex effect of weight and stress on the working conditions of train dispatchers was assessed using the integrated scoring method. In this case, the scores were determined for the harmful and harmful factors of working conditions of classes 3.1, 3.2 and 3.3, taking into account the time of exposure of each factor. 2.4 points for exceeding the permissible level of noise in the workplace (RED), 5 points for performing work movements (with fingers) during the shift (stereotype), 5 points for the body in an awkward position (awkward posture) during the shift, the object 3 points for the duration of the observation period, 2.4 points for the size of the observation of the object, 3 points for the duration of continuous work during the shift, 6 points for the occurrence of nervous stress [10].
Based on the results obtained, the evaluation of the workload of train dispatchers based on integral points of labor and stress characteristics using the following formula
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identified [10]:
a, degree
where xmax is the maximum value of the factor points taken into account in the assessment, xmax = 6 points; n is the total number of factors, n = 7; xi is the score of the i-factor being taken into account, i = 1,2,3,... n, which are the sum
of the scores,
based.
Evaluation of the weight of labor activity by the value of integral points showed that the severity of the activity of train dispatchers is the sixth category [10].
The total sum of the harmful factor factors taken into account
based, train dispatchers can determine the percentage value of
fatigue that occurs during a shift. In this case, it is advisable to use the empirical formula developed by researchers [10]:
here:
-the total sum of the scores of the factors taken into
account; 15.6 and 0.64 - regression coefficients;
According to the calculation, the fatigue of dispatchers during the shift is
18%. The percentage value of the work capacity of train dispatchers during the
shift by the numerical value of the fatigue state was determined using the
following formula:
R = 100 U = 82%,
where: U = 18% - fatigue state, in percent; 100% - the ability of the
dispatcher to work in comfortable working conditions, in percent;
In conclusion, the integrated scoring method was used to determine the
quantitative values of quality indicators of working conditions, in which the
weight and strain of working conditions of train dispatchers is 6 degrees, fatigue
is 18%, working capacity is 82%, working conditions of train dispatchers. It is
advisable to pay an additional 12% overtime (compensation) [10].
References: 1. MM Ziyaeva. Ways to increase the role and efficiency of "Uzbekistan
Railways" in the market of services // Scientific electronic journal "International
Finance and Accounting" 2018 2.
2. Suyunbaev Sh.M. Effectiveness of the implementation of automated
workplaces for train dispatchers // Proceedings of the international scientific-
practical conference "Problems of increasing the efficiency of modern production
and energy efficiency." - Andijon: AnMI, 2018. - 66-70 p.
3. S. Sulaymanov, XM Kamilov. Analysis of the results of video timing of the
work of the train dispatcher (on the example of the train dispatcher of the single
dispatch center of the joint-stock company "Uzbekistan Railways") // Vestnik
TashIIT 2019 god 2, P. 215-220.
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4. Rashidov V. A., Buronov IB Izuchenie tyajesti i napryajennosti trudovogo protsessa poezdnyx dispetcherov jeleznoy dorogi // Molodoy uchenyy 2016 god 8.6, S. 10-12; 5. Kuznetsov VG, Zakharov DV Approach to the assessment of the information load of the train dispatcher // Stroitelstvo, Materialovedenie, Mashinostroenie 2017 god 101, S. 135-140. 6. A.V. Vlasova. Coefficient of load UVD dispatcher as an indicator of the level of safety of polyotov // Scientific Bulletin of GosNII GA, 22, 2018-S.103-108. 7. Regulations of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the procedure for certification of workplaces on working conditions and the risk of injury to equipment" // Resolution of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated September 15, 2014 No 263, Tashkent, 2014; 8. The results of the certification of JSC "Uzbekistan Railways" on the working conditions and the risk of injury to equipment // Tashkent 2018; 9. S. Sulaymanov, XM Kamilov. Analiz rezultatov otsenke usloviya truda poezdnyx dispetcherov yedinogo dispetcherskogo sentra Aktsionernogo Obshchestvo «O`zbekiston temir yollari» // : . S. 204-206. 10. PN Solonshchikov, RM Gorbunov. Safety of labor on the working mestax. Uchebnoe posobie. Kirov. 2015g.-35-38 p.
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UDC 80
Kholmurodova N.Sh. Uzbekistan State World Languages University
Uzbekistan, Bukhara
PILGRIMAGE SITE ''KHUZHAI SAROB ATA''
Annotation:In the developing world tourism is becoming the most valuable and invested sector.Improvement of shrines and sanctuaries , development of tourism, especially domestic tourism have become one of the most urgent tasks today.Understanding history will eventually help raise morale, strengthen culture and most importantly increase pride in the spirit of the nation.
Keywords: Pilgrimage tourism,Jizzakh region, Zaamin district, Khuzhai Sarob Ata,Mavlono Muhammad Peshagory and tourist facilities.
Uzbekistan has a great deal of historical places , so tourism in our country is developing day by day.One of such historical sanctuaries is located in Zaamin district of Jizzakh region .This historical shrine is named "Khuzhai Sarob Ata".
At the crossroads near the village of Pishagar, Zaamin district , there is one the outstanding pilgrimage sites.The locals call this locality " Khuzhai Sarob Ata" (translated from Persian as " master of the source of water"). This place of worship is shrouded in greenery , trees and a poly garden , and at the time of guests' stay their souls will be filled with light and purity. Peace and the absence of adversity , as if they would recede from visitors to the places and time will stop and be filled with light and grandeur. A little higher you can watch the tomb of the saint and a mosque is spread out around Volizi which gives these places extraordinary grandeur and hospitality.
Of course, you ask whose coffin is in these places and the answer is very simple, the coffin is one of the most prominent thinkers of antiquity Mavlono Muhammad Peshagory.According to some sources , the thinker of antiquity was born in 1321.You can find information about the outstanding person in the annals of "Rashkhat-ul ainulkhayet" which belongs to Fakhriddin Ali ibn Voiz al Kosifiy.According to these data, the religious views of Mavlono Muhammad Peshagory was born in 700 according to the Christian calendar while many knew him under the names "Khozhai Ser-ob" or "Khozhai Sar-ob".
It is said that Mavlono Muhammad Peshagory arrived in these places from distant lands and remained to live on this earth untill the end of his life.It is surprising that this person did not choose this locality for nothing , since the presence of mountain springs, beautiful nature good-natured people forced Mavlono Muhammad Peshagory to stay here and continue to carry the banner of thought among the local people.Among the local elders, legends are heard that Mavlono Muhammad Peshagory built a small house and began to work on this land , taking the name "Peshagory" that is " From Peshagor" which gave him the
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opportunity to get closer to local customs and traditions. Untill the last days of his life, Khuzhai Sarob Ata lived in a small settlement
where he was engaged in gardening , growing grapes and was engaged in teaching young people craft and honest work.
Among the people they are famous for their charisma and have a beneficial effect on human health.If someone warms up water from a given stream , do not hesitate that the water flowing in these streams and springs will become lifegiving moisture for those who suffer and will help cure clean mountain streams that are known to be an ailment.
Incredibly, the water flowing in the stream like a mirror of the soul, makes it possible to enjoy the incredible taste of pure water and cool the fervor of even the most hated inhabitants.Sacred fish swimming in the springs play in the water, enjoying the gifts of nature and bread crumbs provided by the pilgrims.
This is what testifies to the purity and fragrance of these places . With independence, the pilgrimage place Mavlono Muhammad Peshagory became the center of ecotourism, here you can meet guests both from neighboring region and from abroad.A huge contribution to the development of the infrastructure of the shrine was made by the residents of the village of Pishagor A.Ilashev, Y.Akhmedov and S.Karshiboev. With their help from 1997 to 2001, the shrine itself occupies more than 2 hectares of land.
Of course, independence has given us the opportunity to study our stories in more detail, to preserve the heritage of our fathers , to recognize and be proud of who our ancestors were and today when the people of our immense country believe in tomorrow, we with rich pride can declare the presence of a truly historical heritage of the Uzbek people.
We can see many such places in the area as they tell stories from ancient times.The improvement of housing conditions not only by the government but also by the people living in the area enables them to reach their full potential and offer cultural leisure, as everyone in the area believes that their lifestyle is inextricably linked with them
References: 1. www.zomin.uz 2. www.google.uz 3. www.zomin.jizzax.uz 4. O.Burgutli.Tashkent 1996.
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9 Khusainov O.Dj. researcher
of Karshi Engineering Economic Institute (KarEEI) Uzbekistan
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM PROVIDING SERVICES TO
THE LIVESTOCK NETWORK IN THE CONDITIONS OF INNOVATIVE ECONOMY
Annotation: the article describes the socio-economic features of the development of infrastructure serving the livestock sector in an innovative economy
Keywords: innovative economy, livestock farming, infrastructure, services, efficiency, socio-economic problems, innovative development
In the period after the refusal of administrative orders in the agrarian network of the Republic and the transition to the development of free market relations, the livestock sector has been developing mainly on the account of the private network, the state orders for the cultivation of livestock products have been abolished, in most cases the state has paid little attention to the development The main attention was paid to the implementation of measures for the development of cotton and grain-growing agricultural enterprises, the development of service entities belonging to this sphere.
As a result, today 90-94% of livestock and livestock products grown in the country are transferred to farms. At the same time, there has been a decline in the establishment and development of livestock services. It was noted that the main service sectors in the field of production have been established and formed for cotton and grain farms.
In recent years, special attention has been paid to the development of infrastructure serving the livestock sector. In this regard, the Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated January 29th, 2020 "On additional measures to support the livestock sector by the state" is the basis for addressing important issues. In this regard, there is a growing need to develop infrastructure that serves the livestock sector.
From the point of view of the goals of regional economic development, the livestock sector can increase the income of rural families through the strengthening of the food base, the system of service to the sector, the development of livestock processing, by easing the problem of employment in the region is necessary to create opportunities to solve both economic and social problems.
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Global climate change, pasture degradation, population growth and increasing demand for food will make more efficient use of available resources, in particular, the systematic use of service infrastructure in the production of livestock products needs to be improved.
It is known that without the innovative development of service infrastructure, it is impossible to achieve positive results in the livestock sector. In this regard, it is necessary to improve the functioning of service infrastructure in the regions, including the provision of breeding and veterinary services, rationbased feeding, organization of product processing and similar activities. To solve these problems, it is important to ensure the innovative development of systemic service infrastructure in the livestock sector.
In the conditions of innovative economy, the process of developing the infrastructure system serving the livestock sector can give the expected result only if it is carried out directly in conjunction with the process of production development. At the same time, it is necessary to implement measures, which include the following issues:
planning of the volume of livestock production, resource supply and sales of products and strategic directions of development of the industry should be carried out in parallel with the development of the services sector;
The development of the production, transportation and processing and sale of livestock products should be accompanied by the improvement of the system of lending and financing of services;
In establishing a system of various services to livestock farms, it is necessary to consider the issues of professional development, economic incentives for the system of income generation on farms;
Improving the system of material and technical resources for the production, storage and processing of livestock products, encouraging the import of modern equipment and technologies should be applied simultaneously to the direct services sector;
It is expedient to implement comprehensive programs, including the development of various services to the industry, along with measures to encourage the introduction of advanced agricultural technologies and the achievements of agricultural science in the field of production, processing, quality control of livestock products.
The development of infrastructure facilities serving the livestock sector and ensuring their effective operation should be carried out not only under the protection of the problems of business entities, but also under the protection of the state. This is because the enterprises of the system that serve the sector, such as the agricultural sector, are constantly in need of state support and protectionist policies.
At the same time, the state will have to take measures that meet the requirements of market relations and take into account the specifics of rural areas and the industry. Including:
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In the organization of infrastructure facilities serving the livestock sector, it is necessary to take into account the level of specialization of the regions, as well as the high efficiency of infrastructure facilities;
Livestock network service infrastructure take into account the degree of specialization of territories, the establishment of infrastructure facilities need to provide for high efficiency;
It is advisable to make extensive use of economic, financial and legal incentives to ensure the sustainability of existing service providers.In particular, preferential loans for the production infrastructure, the tax system and other similar economic and financial incentives should be introduced on a regular basis.
Given that the deep specialization of production infrastructure serving the livestock sector will increase the quality of services and reduce prices, it is necessary to create a legal and organizational framework for the emergence of free and healthy competition in the services sector.
The development of service infrastructure sectors depends not only on the conditions created for them, but also on the conditions created for the development of farms. Therefore, it is necessary to take into account this feature in regulating the development of infrastructure entities serving the livestock sector.
Expanding the conditions for the development of infrastructure for the livestock sector, increasing the share of services in GDP(grossdomestic product), increasing the number of people employed in the service sector, especially in rural areas, an important area of employment, personal assistants, farmers and livestock keepers and on this basis it should be noted that the income of the population will increase.
References: 1. Campbell, R. M., Stanley, L. B., Sean, M. F. (2012). Microeconomics: Principles, Problems and Policies. (pp.392-395). NewYork. TheMcGrawHillCompanies, Inc. 2. Vakhabov, A.V., Khajibakiev, S.H., &Muminov, N.G. (2010). Foreign investment. Tutorial. Under the general editorship of Doctor of Law, Professor AV Vakhabov (Ed.). (p.256). Tashkent: Finance. 3. Kuznetsova, A.I. (2010). Infrastructure: Issues of theory, methodology and applied aspects of modern infrastructure arrangement. Geoeconomicapproach. Ed. 2nd. (p.456). Moscow: KomKniga 4. Fayzieva Sh. Development of livestock farms and increase of their efficiency. Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences. T., 2001. 157 5. Jennings P.G.A. "Livestock Production in Unfavorable Economic Environments" USA-2006. 6. Mallabaev T.S. Ekonomicheskie problem intensifikatsii skotovodstva: dis. dra econ. science. - T., 1984. - 364 p
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7. Rashidov J.X. Problems of service development in the context of deepening
economic reforms in agriculture. Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of
Economic Sciences - T., 2004. - 158 p.;
8. Rahmatullaev A.I., Khusainov, O. Dj. (2020). Ways of innovative
development of animal husbandry. ISJ Theoretical&AppliedScience, 02 (82),
445-450
9. Collection of statistical indicators of achievement national SDGS in the
republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent, 2019 y.
10. Sh.Sh.Fayzieva, N.M.Jalilova The role of innovation in the development of
entrepreneurship in agriculture [ ]. Economics. 1
(44). 2020 ( : 06.12.2020 URL: https://economic-
theory.com/images/PDF/2020/44/Economics-1-44-A.pdf
11. Abdurakhmanov K.Kh., Mukhitdinov E.M., Shakarov Z.G., Nabiev O.A.,
Amanov O.A. Labor migration and its impact on employment of population //
. 2019. 4-2 (82). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/labor-
migration-and-its-impact-on-employment-of-population ( :
19.12.2020).
12. manov O.. THE IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN
ENSURING EMPLOYMENT [ ]// .-
2020.- 12(79) ( : 14.12.2020).- URL: https://a78cf8ac-3ef5-
4670-8fcd-
a900ec94fdfb.filesusr.com/ugd/b06fdc_274dd51640744059aa540e946f304bdf.p
df?index=true ( : 16.12.2020)
13. Fayzieva Shirin Shodmonovna,Yuldasheva Shakhribonu. (2020). Ways to
solve problems in attracting investments in the country's agrarian
sector. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(08), 163-
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Retrieved
from
http://sersc.org/journals/index.php/IJAST/article/view/25335
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9 Kolesnikova Yu.S., candidate of economic Sciences Institute of management Economics and Finance Federal state Autonomous educational institution
of higher education "Kazan (Volga region) Federal University" Russia, Kazan
DIGITALIZATION OF INDUSTRY AS A VECTOR OF A NEW DIGITAL SPACE
Abstract: The article deals with the issues of digitalization of production, its main concept and goals. The author proves the effectiveness of digitalization on the example of successfully functioning enterprises. The results of the study can be used to develop the processes of digitalization of industries and strengthen their focus on the growth of competitive advantages and technological development of regional spatial and sectoral structures in the digital economy.
Keywords: innovation, competitiveness, industry, digital economy, digitalization.
In the modern economy, the digitalization of industry is evidenced by the use of new types of equipment, which include: robotic devices, waste-free and unpopulated technologies, flexible processing complexes, automatic production facilities, unmanned vehicles, automated technical and technological platforms at various stages of the production process, equipped with digital sensors, sensors, etc. Computer and information systems, digital and network technologies due to the high quality, speed and reliability of transmission, storage and processing of digital signals and other properties ensure the adoption of timely decisions aimed at increasing labor productivity, competitiveness, development of innovations and their implementation in production processes.
Digitalization of industry is the concept of a new digital space, a single system that integrates production machines, systems for ensuring the life and safety of the enterprise, that is, all the electronics of the organization. Sensors and sensors make it possible to combine various physical objects into a virtual network in which they can interact with each other without human intervention.
The most important advantage of digitalization is to increase the productivity of the enterprise by reducing the time required to develop a new product, release it to the market and deliver it to the consumer, as well as to optimize the resources of the company, which increases the efficiency of its work as a whole. The modern concept of digitalization of enterprises was first outlined back in 1996 in the book "Being Digital" by Nicholas Negroponte, who at that time headed the MIT Media Lab company. However, then it was only about theory, only now there is a technical opportunity to put into practice the ideas of a digital enterprise. In modern conditions, there is a real need for digitalization of
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industrial enterprises, since the problem of processing huge amounts of data that occurs in large industries can only be solved by using machines. Modern technologies enable machines not only to perform automatic actions, but also to interact with each other in different areas of the enterprise. Summarizing the above, we can say. that we are talking not only about the automation of individual stages of production, but also about the introduction of digital technologies in the end-to-end process, which includes not only production stages, but also related financial and organizational activities. The new approach provides mobility, increases the speed of decision-making and increases the variability of processes depending on the needs of the client. Digital transformation of the enterprise. As mentioned earlier, for the transition to a digital enterprise, it is necessary to conduct General digitalization and integration of production and other processes vertically, starting from product development and ending with production, logistics and in-service maintenance. However, there is also a need for horizontal integration, which goes far beyond one organization and covers both the firm itself and its partners, suppliers and customers.
Digital transformation using a variety of modern technologies should be based on an appropriate digital platform. A digital platform is understood as a set of digital data, models and tools that are information and technologically integrated into a single automated control system for the target subject area, in addition, this platform should organize the interaction of stakeholders among themselves. It is very important to emphasize that for the transition to a digital form of business, it is necessary to conduct a digital transformation of the enterprise, which implies the use of the entire pool of modern ICT technologies to radically increase the productivity and value of enterprises. Perhaps it is better to put it another way: a radical increase in the productivity, competitiveness and value of enterprises today is possible with the parallel digitization of business processes and their fundamental reengineering (BPR, Business Process Reengineering).
If earlier in production only optimization of its separate phases or stages was considered, today within digital transformation and creation of the digital enterprise the end-to-end process including not only purely production stages from idea, development, design, purchases before production, but also the accompanying financial activity, work of personnel, logistics, operation, support, partner network, subcontractors, etc. is analyzed. After all, the main goals of digital transformation are to increase the speed of decision-making, increase the variability of processes depending on the needs and characteristics of the client, reduce the number of employees involved in the process (that is, decision-making and value creation chains). In General, sociality, mobility, Analytics and "clouds" are the Foundation on which a digital enterprise is built. And it is quite logical that this results in a potentially higher level of labor productivity, collaboration, cooperation, control, support and, accordingly, predictability of the result of work. And the timing and cost of launching new products are sometimes reduced
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significantly. All this is done in the name of radically increasing the profit, competitiveness and market value of the enterprise. And if you do not see what exactly can seriously increase the competitiveness of the enterprise, then the question of payback or targeted use of investments in digital transformation immediately arises. This issue will be especially important for monopolies. The digital enterprise provides for the digitalization and integration of vertical processes throughout the enterprise, from product development and procurement to production, logistics and in-service maintenance. In turn, the horizontal integration of the digital enterprise goes beyond internal operations and covers suppliers, consumers and all key partners throughout the value chain. It uses a variety of technologies, from tracking and monitoring devices to comprehensive planning integrated with real-time execution. All this is done on the basis of the corresponding digital platform and all together makes up the so-called digital ecosystem of a digital enterprise.
Summarizing all the above, a radical increase in the production volume and value of the enterprise, as well as its competitiveness in the market, is possible only if all business processes are digitally transformed. Digitalization of an industrial enterprise. Before digitalization of companies, it is necessary to conduct comprehensive research in advance, which will allow you to know in advance how modern concepts and technologies can affect their business. It is necessary to have accurate data on the capacity and capabilities, the General condition of the target enterprise, in order to correctly set the goals of digital transformation and achieve a positive result in the end.
To create a program for digitalization of industry, you must first answer the following questions:
I. what can digitalization give? II. What are its goals for the enterprise? III. At what stage of digital transformation is the organization currently at, which of the technologies used can be saved? IV. What kind of digitalization work can the company perform on its own, and for which it will need the help of specialists? Subsequently, the list of questions expands, there is a need to choose the appropriate tools, software and technical solutions. However, at the first stage, it is necessary to decide whether such a transformation can currently lead to positive results for the company and whether such a transition will be economically justified. What does digitalization bring? The benefits of digital transformation are best seen in examples. One of the most successful projects implemented to date can be considered a project of Siemens, where not only develop, but also apply smart systems. The Corporation has launched an electronics plant in Amberg, which specializes in the production of industrial controllers. The company produces more than 1,000 products with a volume of about 12,000,000 controllers annually.
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More than 75% of all work performed is carried out by works and automated machines, production is integrated with the design subsystem-design systems transmit all the necessary data about technological processes directly to production. The codes printed on the models inform the equipment about the technological route and the requirements for each operation performed. This technology allows you to achieve a product quality indicator at the plant at the level of 99.999%.
Every day, more than 50 million records of a production and technical nature are created in production, which can be used to track the entire life cycle of manufactured products.
By implementing IOT in production, companies seek to convert the benefits of Industry 4.0 technologies into clear business indicators. For example, the manufacturer of machine tools, the Japanese Corporation FANUC, reduced equipment downtime and thereby received $40 million more revenue for the year. In the production of Stanley and Black tools & Decker after the introduction of IoT, the number of defects and marking errors decreased by 16%. And Singaporebased electronics maker Flextronics has reduced power consumption at its plants by 20%.
If we talk about global cases, one of the most striking examples is the Chrysler plant in Toledo, which produces more than 700 car bodies every day. At the same time, 259 German KUKA robots are involved, which "communicate" with 60,000 other devices and machines. And all this data exchange and storage is organized in a cloud environment. As a result, the productivity and flexibility of such a plant is significantly increased, not to mention the efficiency of process management.
Our research has shown several reasons for Uzbekistan's lagging behind the leading countries in the field of digitalization:
1. economic Instability exacerbated by the effects of the pandemic. There are few manufacturers of high-quality hardware in the country: processors, sensors, modems, etc. , and foreign products are expensive and sometimes simply unavailable for the domestic market.
2. Lack of clear standards. For the effective development of the high-tech market, it is necessary to have standards in the field of IoT, which are only beginning to appear in domestic legislation. Individual processes are not at all structured at the state level, which greatly hinders the introduction of digital technologies.
3. Lack of qualified specialists The country's educational system lags behind the development of the digital technology market and does not have time to provide interested companies with high-quality personnel. 4. The Desire of the business to make a quick profit Many domestic companies are interested only in the most liquid projects, which in the short term will be able to bring a large income. In Western countries,
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corporations are happy to invest billions of dollars in projects with a payback
period of 30 years; in our country, companies try to invest only in technologies
that will pay off in two years. Therefore, digitalization is generally less attractive
for domestic businesses.
Unfortunately, many enterprises cannot yet realize the full potential of
digitalization and the possibilities of switching to new technologies [6,7,10].
The digital transformation project is best complemented by the use of the
"digital maturity model" as a basis for determining the current state and desired
state, in terms of the main areas key to sustainable business.
Thus, the successful implementation of digitalization of industry will
contribute not only to the transition to a digital economy, taking into account
modern realities, but also to increase the position of Uzbekistan in the relevant
world indices and ratings, as well as to strengthen the country's image in the
international arena. It is important that our state takes its rightful place in the world
economy thanks to technology and innovation.
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yuritish-uchun-tadbirkorlik-mu-itining-zamonaviy-olati-va-uni-samarali-
nazorat-ilish-muammolarini-ba-olash-zbekiston
6. Bessière, D., Charnley, F., Tiwari, A., & Moreno, M. A. (2019). A vision of
re-distributed manufacturing for the UK's consumer goods industry. Production
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7. Davlyatova, G.M., and ets. (2020). Marketing as the main factor in
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Kulliyev O.A. teacher of the Department of Economics
Jiyanov L.N. teacher of the Department of Economics
Bukhara State University
INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT AND AGRICULTURAL APPROACH TO AGRICULTURE
Annotation: Agricultural organizations are developing facilities for processing agricultural raw materials.
Keywords: agro-industrial complexes, development, agricultural development, cluster, entrepreneur, raw materials, technologies, competition.
Qulliyev O.A. "Iqtisodiyot" kafedrasi o`qituvchilari
Jiyanov L.N. Buxoro Davlat universiteti "Iqtisodiyot" kafedrasi o`qituvchilari
QISHLOQ XO`JALIGIDA INNOVATSION RIVOJLANISH VA KLASTERGA YONDASHUV
Annotasiya: Qishloq xo'jaligi tashkilotlari qishloq xo'jaligi xom ashyosini qayta ishlaydigan quvvatlarni rivojlantirish masalalarini hal qiladi.
Kalit so'zlar: agrosanoat majmualari, rivojlanish, qishloq xo'jaligini rivojlantirish, klaster, tadbirkor, xom ashyo, texnologiya, raqobat.
Mamlakatda olib borilayotgan iqtisodiy islohotlar O`zbekiston Respublikasining milliy iqtisodiyotini jahon iqtisodiyotiga munosib o'rin egallashga qaratilgan. Buning uchun ikkita asosiy shartga rioya qilish zarur: birinchidan, jahon iqtisodiy hamjamiyatida hukmronlik qiladigan tamoyillar va mexanizmlar islohotlar uchun asos bo'lishi kerak;
Ikkinchidan, islohotlarni amalga oshirishda avvalgi rivojlanish xususiyatlari va mamlakat iqtisodiyotining hozirgi holati, aholining milliy madaniyati va o'zini tutish xususiyatlari, transformatsiya davri davomiyligi va mamlakat taraqqiyotini shakllantiruvchi boshqa omillar va sharoitlar hisobga olinishi lozim. Ushbu tamoyillar hududlarda agrosanoat majmualarini (AIK) yangi boshqaruv tizimini yaratish orqali amalga oshirilishiriladi.
O`zbekiston Respublikasi mustaqil davlat sifatida O'zbekiston fuqarolarining farovonligi va erkinligini, mamlakatning iqtisodiy tiklanishini, innovatsion jamiyatni yaratish va mehnat unumdorligini o'sishi asosida ichki
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iqtisodiyotning o'sishi va farovonligini ta'minlashi kerak bo'lgan islohotlarni amalga oshirishi juda muhim va asosiy vazifalardan biri.
Yangi boshqaruv paradigmasining qoidalari islohot qilinayotgan iqtisodiyot va butun jamiyatning ob'ektiv ehtiyojlarini aks ettirishi kerak. Buning asosiy, muhim jihatlarni yangi boshqaruv tizimini qurishda foydalanish. Bu esa mamlakatimizning rivojlanishning innovatsion barqaror yo'liga o'tishiga yordam beradi.
Dastlabki bosqichda klaster yaratishning eng qiyin lahzasi uning aktivlarini shakllantirish bo'yicha tadbirkorlar o'rtasida kelishuvga erishishdir.
1. Mintaqani rivojlantirishning uzoq muddatli strategiyasi 2. Mintaqani ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy rivojlantirishning uzoq muddatli dasturi 3. Mintaqani ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy rivojlantirishning o'rta muddatli dasturi 4. Mintaqalararo integratsiya tashabbuslari 5. Shaharlararo integratsiya tashabbuslari 6. Mintaqalararo hamkorlik tashabbuslari 7. Qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlarini ishlab chiqarish va klasterlarni tashkil etish bo'yicha mintaqalararo kooperatsiya va tashabbuslar Klaster yaratishda iqtisodiy manfaatlarni birlashtiruvchi omillar quyidagilar bo'lishi mumkin: 1) tovar bozorida yagona narx siyosatini olib borish; 2) uning ishtirokchilari tomonidan tovar va xizmatlar ishlab chiqarish hajmini kengaytirish; 3) yagona marketing siyosatini olib borish; 4) innovatsion texnologiyalarni joriy etish - mahsulot ishlab chiqarish va ularni tovar bozorlarida sotish integratsiyasi va kooperatsiyasi natijasida. Qanday bo'lmasin, mamlakat mintaqalarida qishloq xo'jaligi mahsulotlarini klasterlash hududlarning ixtisoslashuvini hisobga olish zarurati bilan bog'liq. Qishloq xo'jaligi klasterlarini tashkil qilishda tashkilot madaniyati (korporativ madaniyat), boshqaruvni demokratlashtirishning turli shakllari, xodimlarning foydani taqsimlashda, mulkchilikda, boshqaruvda, etakchilik uslubi va etakchilikni tanlashda ishtirok etishi kabi omillarga e'tibor qaratish lozim. Oziq-ovqat xavsizligini, mustaqilligini ta'minlashga intilayotgan har bir davlat milliy qishloq xo'jaligi holatiga befarq emas albatta. Mintaqaviy hukumat qishloq xo'jaligi ishlab chiqaruvchilari uchun etarli darajada daromad olish uchun zarur shart-sharoitlarni ta'minlashga, shuningdek samarali iqtisodiy va ijtimoiy siyosat orqali ularning rivojlanish barqarorligini ta'minlashga intilishi kerak. Mamlakatdagi mavjud vaziyat o`rganib quyidagilarni tavsiya qilish mumkin: 1. Qishloq xo'jaligi tashkilotlari qishloq xo'jaligi xom ashyosini qayta ishlaydigan quvvatlarni rivojlantirish masalalarini hal qiladi. Bu qishloq aholisini oziq-ovqat bilan ta'minlashga yordam beradi. Qishloqning ijtimoiy infratuzilmasi rivojlanish uchun mablag'larni shakllantirishga qaratilgan mintaqaviy darajadagi iqtisodiy mexanizm kerak.
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2. Qishloq xo'jaligi sohasini davlat tomonidan qo'llab-quvvatlashning asosiy elementlari quyidagilar bo'lishi kerak: qishloq tovar ishlab chiqaruvchilarini mavjud kredit resurslari bilan yanada ta'minlash, mahalliy tovar ishlab chiqaruvchilarga nisbatan keng imkoniyatlar yaratish:
3. Agrosanoat majmuasi tizimidagi faoliyatni klaster asosida to'g'ri kombinatsiyasi raqobatdosh ustunlikni va uning barqarorligini, shu jumladan axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalanish orqali ta'minlaydi. Shuni ta'kidlash kerakki, axborot inqilobi raqobatga quyidagi yo'llar bilan sezilarli ta'sir ko'rsatadi:
- soha tarkibini o'zgartiradi va raqobatning yangi qoidalarini belgilaydi; - kompaniyalarga mahsuldorlik bo'yicha raqobatchilardan ustun bo'lish uchun yangi imkoniyatlar berish orqali raqobat ustunligini yaratadi; - ko'pincha kompaniyadagi mavjud jarayonlar va operatsiyalar asosida butunlay yangi biznes turlarini yaratadi; - biznes jarayonlaridagi o'zgarishlarning yo'nalishi va tartibini, xususan qishloq xo'jaligi klasterlarini tashkil etish orqali belgilaydi; - xodimlarning malakasini doimiy ravishda oshirish zarurati uchun sharoit yaratadi. Ijtimoiy-iqtisodiy tizim sifatida mintaqaviy strategik menejment uchun ijtimoiy, ekologik va iqtisodiy tarkibiy qismlarni hisobga olish kerak, ularning oxirgisi hal qiluvchi hisoblanadi. Mintaqaviy strategik boshqaruv tizimini shakllantirishda ta'sirning tegishli darajasini aniqlash eng muhim ahamiyatga ega. Hokimiyat va boshqaruvning vakolatlari doirasida amalga oshiriladigan boshqarish ob'ekti bo'yicha iqtisodiyotning ishlashining umumiy shartlari, shuningdek, boshqariladigan ob'ektga ta'sir o'tkazish jarayonida ishtirok etadigan resurslar miqdori bilan belgilanadi.
Adabiyotlar: 1. : , . . 74-77 bet. 2020 9 . 2. . 3. ( ). 4. www.edu.uz. 5. www.ziyonet.uz. 6. www.agriculture.uz
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9 DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2020_1_79_151
Kurbonov A.B. Associate Professor of the Department of innovation economics
of the Karshi Engineering and Economic Institute Karshi
Jalilova N.M. Senior Lecturer Department of innovation economics Karshi Engineering and Economic Institute
Karshi Safarov K.B.
master of the Karshi Engineering and Economic Institute
Uzbekistan, Karshi
DIRECTIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF AGRICULTURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Abstract: The article analyzes the theoretical views of economists on the formation of the category of entrepreneurship. The features of the development of entrepreneurship in agriculture are also studied. The factors influencing the formation and development of agribusiness property are analyzed. In the context of the Republic of Uzbekistan, forms of ownership of agricultural enterprises are based. Scientifically grounded proposals and recommendations have been developed to increase the role of cooperation in the formation of property in agriculture.
Keywords: entrepreneurship, creativity, business, private-individual entrepreneurship, private-corporate entrepreneurship, partnership, agroindustrial complex, small business, cluster, cooperation, households.
One of the main tasks of economic reforms in countries is to improve the welfare of the population, and the material basis of economic growth is production, which ensures the effective organization of small business and private entrepreneurship. For this, it is necessary to improve organizational, economic and private relations, as well as to correctly solve existing problems. This requires a deep understanding of the socio-economic nature of entrepreneurship. The approach of modern economists to the problem of entrepreneurship has a special place. Based on their research, the analysis of the essence of entrepreneurship can be divided into the following areas: The first area - entrepreneurship - is an independent economic activity aimed at making a profit.
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The second direction is the achievement of high production efficiency based on relationships in the implementation of new combinations of resources, without denying the goal of making a profit from entrepreneurial activity.
The third direction is that a creative approach is needed to manage the movement of resources of entrepreneurial activity. These include D. V. Busygin [2], V. D. Kamaev [3], I. N. Gerchikova [4], F. M Rusinov [5] and others. In the studies of these scientists, entrepreneurship is reflected not as a simple labor activity, but as a creative activity. Thus, these authors have divided entrepreneurship into three integral, interrelated components.
Based on the above suggestions and recommendations, we can say that entrepreneurship is a production, service activity that includes the process of pooling and mobilizing resources, management based on innovation and risk for profit.
Entrepreneurship is an activity in which, in connection with the production of goods and services, the actual use of personal or other material and monetary resources, that is, capital, is carried out. Therefore, entrepreneurship is associated with the function of capital.
Small business and private entrepreneurship is an important component of a market economy. This is a mass basis and element of the market competition mechanism. The development of a market economy without entrepreneurship, including small business, is impossible even to act.
In our opinion, business and entrepreneurship are economic categories that represent economic relations between business entities. Business is a primitive economic category in relation to entrepreneurship and has a number of characteristics. These include: business participants seeking profit or utility; to this end, they seek to make efficient use of capital property and the function of capital; feel the economic risk, danger; they will be businessmen, masters of their craft, proactive, innovative, with a culture of economic relationships, skills; business participants will benefit from collaborative interaction.
Thus, business as an economic category is a set of relationships between people in the conduct of economic activities in order to make a profit. This set of relationships includes property, direct production, exchange, and customer relationships.
Since entrepreneurship is one of the key aspects of business, in our opinion, it represents a secondary productive relationship compared to business relationships. These relationships are associated with the production and service activities of people in order to make a prof
Entrepreneurship, like other forms of business, requires the following conditions:
-economic independence and independence. An entrepreneur can use his full economic potential only if he is able to act freely;
- Striving for innovation, creativity, entrepreneurship. Only then will he become an entrepreneur when he improves his business, adapting to the changing
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requirements of the market, can only if he has an idea of renewal, and also brings it to life;
- an inclination to take risks, a sense of property responsibility, etc. Also, unlike business, entrepreneurship requires deep knowledge in the production of goods and services, professional skills. Entrepreneurship is manifested in state, non-state, including private, mixed forms of ownership. Non-state forms include private-individual and privatecorporate entrepreneurship. In turn, the subject of private entrepreneurship will be based on their own and hired labor. Private-corporate entrepreneurship is manifested as a partnership, mixed, leased enterprises. Individual entrepreneurship includes private entrepreneurship, family businesses, self-employment based on their own labor, private and hired labor. The collective form of entrepreneurship includes state, agricultural cooperative enterprises, partnerships and self-governing firms, joint-stock companies, labor collective enterprises, etc. Individual and collective forms of entrepreneurship are distinguished depending on the level of organization. Individual entrepreneurship includes private entrepreneurship, family businesses, self-employed, self-employed, private and hired labor. The collective form of entrepreneurship includes state, shirkat farms, corporations, partnerships and self-governing firms, labor collective enterprises, joint stock companies, etc. According to the field of activity, entrepreneurship has the forms of production, service provision, commercial activity and commercial intermediation. The form of entrepreneurship in the form of small, medium and large businesses, depending on the number of employees employed at the enterprise. Depending on the level of business organization, its manifestation in one form or another depends on a number of factors. Organizational, organizational form of entrepreneurial activity, first of all, the entrepreneur's personal interest, the desire to declare oneself; secondly, the field of activity; third, the amount of cash; fourthly, it depends on the propensity to take risks [7]. Each form of entrepreneurship has its own advantages and disadvantages. For example, individual entrepreneurship is its simplest form; all organizational and managerial work is performed by one person. For example, individual entrepreneurship is its simplest form; all organizational and managerial work is performed by one person. For example, individual entrepreneurship is its simplest form, all organizational and managerial work is performed by one person, that is, the simplicity of the organization. He assumes all responsibility and a strong economic incentive, that is, the receipt of all profits by one person. In this case, the entrepreneur conducts production and commercial activities only at his own discretion, that is, not associated with the need for coordination in decision-
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making. But the entrepreneur assumes all the responsible risks associated with his business.
Consequently, the bankruptcy of the entrepreneur is determined, the risk of loss of property is high. This type of entrepreneurship is widespread in areas of economic activity that do not require large financial and material resources to start a business and are not technologically complex. Sole proprietors are people who are inclined to take risks and are able to take on all the dangers.
Partnership entrepreneurship is more common in areas that require slightly more financial and material resources and have a more complex technological base than sole proprietorship. This form of entrepreneurship is organized by a number of persons who jointly own and operate an enterprise. The main rights here belong to all partners. They exercise effective control over each other's activities.
One of the modern forms of entrepreneurship is the corporate form. It operates mainly in the form of a joint stock company. The share of each of its participants is determined by the number of shares belonging to him [8]. The most important advantage of this form of business is the very limited liability of shareholders, the separation of the function of capital, that is, the separation of capital from property, the ability to raise additional funds by issuing shares. Such societies mainly predominate in spheres of economic activity that require more financial and material resources, technologically large scale and a complex material and technical base.
In the process of working in a free market economy, small business changes the form and types of organization, and under the influence of its capabilities and the external environment, it can move from one form to another. In developed and developing countries, small business and private entrepreneurship perform several key functions. By creating new jobs, it balances the social costs of necessary structural changes in the economy. In the process of introducing the principles of a market economy in Uzbekistan, it is also necessary to develop small business and private entrepreneurship, and consistently study the experience of foreign countries in this direction.
In Uzbekistan, the economic policy pursued by the state aimed at building a democratic society, a fully functioning market economy based on the priority of private property, should include the development of small business and private entrepreneurship in today's economic development strategy.
As a result of economic reforms in the agro-industrial complex, economic entities were formed on the basis of various forms of ownership, and some objects of property were privatized and transformed into private-individual, privatecorporate forms of entrepreneurship. In the field of agricultural production of the agro-industrial complex, first of all, corporate farms have been created, including farms, dekhkan farms. Cultural, household and trade facilities in the service sector were privatized and operated as private enterprises, production infrastructure facilities were transformed into joint stock companies MTZ,
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MMTP, fertilizer supply, seed supply, fuel supply. Agricultural processing enterprises were transformed into joint stock companies due to their large production capacity and technology. In this area, only small enterprises for the processing of vegetables and fruits have been formed.
The interdependence of the activities of economic entities based on different forms of ownership in the field of the agro-industrial complex creates agrarian relations.Agrarian relations are relations between various entities involved in the production, processing, sale and production of agricultural products.
The activities of all economic entities in the agricultural sector lead to the formation of agribusiness, since agribusiness differs from the entrepreneurial movement in other sectors. Because on the basis of this industry is the production of agricultural products in connection with land relations. This means that in the agro-industrial complex there are features of the organization of private entrepreneurship.
Effective organization of the current and future activities of small enterprises and private entrepreneurs working in the agro-industrial sector, the ratio must be ensured. The efficiency of the current and future activities of small businesses and private entrepreneurs operating in the agro-industrial sector depends on the ratio of profit and cost.
In our opinion, due to the interdependence of the agro-industrial complex, it is advisable to establish cooperation that unites industries, and this cooperation is based on the material base of large farms and small processing enterprises towards infrastructure enterprises. This cooperation is organized on the basis of financial mergers of enterprises of the agro-industrial complex and is the basis for the development of agricultural producers and processing enterprises.
Members of the cooperative are small enterprises of the agro-industrial complex, united by functional areas of production. It is carried out by the executive body on the basis of the decision of the created council of the cooperative. For example, agriculture uses about 2500 agricultural machines, and not all of them can be purchased by one small enterprise. MSCI do not have the opportunity to purchase agricultural equipment.
The state also lacks the ability to supply sophisticated agricultural machinery to every region. Because the development of agriculture in itself does not provide stability in the country. Other industries also need development. It can be encouraged by the state only through organizational, legal, economic and financial incentives
In such a situation, it is possible to combine the capabilities of small businesses and become self-sufficient on a cooperative basis. The members of the joint cooperative in the field of technology and technology will voluntarily pool their financial resources for the purchase of agricultural machinery, the purchase of processing equipment, the purchase of the necessary equipment for infrastructure enterprises.
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The use of equipment and technologies obtained from the accumulated financial resources is fully used by the property owners by decision of the council of the cooperative, the members of the cooperative are provided with benefits in their services. Small businesses that are not members of the cooperative are charged a full service fee. The profit from this is deducted from the costs of organizing and operating the cooperative and distributed among the owners in accordance with their contribution. It is advisable to apply this order of interaction in other functional combinations.
References: 1. .: ,1995.155 . 2. .. : .: «-» 1997.-608 . 3. . : - .-.: «», 2007-496. 4. ... ..:,2007.418. 5. .. . :1999 27-28 . 6. Kurbonov A. B., Shoxo'jaeva Z. S. Sustainable development of the agrarian sector depends on the efficient use of water resources //International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology. 2019. . 8. . 6. . 5123-5126. 7. . // Economics. 2020. 1 (44). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rol-malogo-biznesa-v-innovatsionnoydeyatelnosti ( : 14.11.2020). 8. Amanov O.A. Ways of regulation, condition and employment trends of the population of the republic of Uzbekistan. Journal of Management Value & Ethics. India. ISSN: 2249-9512 Vol 8, 2, 2018..98-106. URL: https://www.jmveindia.com/journal/APRIL-JUNE_18.pdf 9. , // International Journal of Innovative Technologies in Economy. 2018. 5 (17). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/innovatsionnye-podhody-razvitiyapredprinimatelstva ( 10. Kh, Abdurakhmanov K., et al. "Labor migration and its impact on employment of population." - 4-2 (82) (2017). URL: https://research-journal.org/economical/labormigration-and-its-impact-on-employment-of population/ doi:10.23670/ IRJ.2017.82.4.028
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UDC: 378.004
Majidova Z.A. teacher of department of foreign languages faculty of agro engineering and hydro melioration Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies,
Andijan, Uzbekistan
THE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF E-LEARNING, TECHNOLOGIES OF DISTANCE LEARNING
Annotation: The article considers the stages of development of e-learning, technologies of distance learning. The analysis of software requirements for elearning is carried out. ICTs develop the parameters of the educational sphere with various programmable technologies and ways of improving students. Also disassembled various software and methodological complexes.
Key words: e-learning, distance learning, technologies of e-Learning, education, computer, formation, factors.
Recently, the concept of e-Learning has become widespread in the world, meaning the process of learning in electronic form through the Internet.
The transition from the traditional form of education to teaching based on computer technology took place over two decades. Since the emergence of large archives located on machine-readable media, the idea of using this material for educational purposes has appeared more and more often.
To a greater extent, such a transition became possible with the development of the global Internet, which made it possible to send any amount of data over long distances, freely communicate with network users online, post information on the Internet, thereby making it available to everyone.
The stages of development of e-learning can be represented in the following sequence:
1) courses on CD-ROMs; 2) distance learning; 3) e-learning technology Each of the subsequent stages includes the technologies of the previous one. Historically, CD-based courses were the very first. Their main advantages were: an innovative idea, presentation of thematic information on a machine-readable medium, methodologically well-organized training, interactive opportunities, ease of use, accessibility. As disadvantages, we can note: the limited course, the complexity of creation, the lack of the possibility of modification. The next stage - distance learning, which represents a different educational approach, made it possible to eliminate the above disadvantages and thereby brought a number of additional opportunities to e-learning. In distance learning,
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the basis of the educational process is the purposeful active independent work of the student, who has the opportunity to gain knowledge in a convenient place for himself, at an individual pace, with the available set of special teaching aids with the ability to contact the teacher.
Distance learning is characterized by the following positive aspects: flexibility of the training schedule, an individual learning path that matches your own needs and capabilities; an objective methodology for assessing knowledge, independent of the teacher.
In turn, this form of training also gives teachers additional opportunities to provide students with educational material, i.e. it becomes possible to reach a larger number of students without increasing the load. It becomes obvious that with all the advantages noted, distance learning quickly gained immense popularity in the educational environment. Large corporations have gradually become interested in this form of training, rightly noting that distance learning will allow them to quickly, efficiently and relatively inexpensively, and also, importantly, improve the qualifications of their personnel without interrupting production.
Distance education is a rather popular and promising form of education. To use it as efficiently as possible, a theoretical and technical base of the appropriate level is required. And also an important role in the success of the educational process is played by the interest of the participants in this form of education.13 [1]
The use of the Internet in education, the variety of topics of online courses, ways of their implementation have led to the emergence of a broader term "eLearning".
The European Commission defines e-Learning as "the use of new multimedia and Internet technologies to improve the quality of learning by improving access to resources and services, as well as remote knowledge sharing and collaboration."
Today, e-learning is understood as a form of education that uses interactive electronic means of providing information: CDs, local area networks, the global Internet. Solving its original task of learning remotely via the Internet, e-Learning technology is also an excellent additional means of full-time education and can be a good way to improve the quality of training in the traditional form of education.
The technology used is the effectiveness of distance learning. The capabilities and characteristics of the distance learning technology used are aimed at ensuring the maximum possible efficiency of interaction between the teacher and the learners within the framework of distance learning.
The main groups of e-learning tools are: authoring software products (Authoring Packages); content management systems (CMS);
13 X. Alimova. Modern methods of using information technologies in lessons //Economy And Society. 6(73) S.: 2020.
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Learning Management Systems (LMS); LMS Moodle is a tool environment for developing both individual online courses and educational websites. The project is based on the theory of social constructivism and its use for teaching. The system can create and store electronic educational materials and set the sequence of their study. Due to the fact that access to Moodle is carried out via the Internet or other networks, students are not tied to a specific place and time, they can move through the material at their own pace from anywhere in the world. The electronic format allows using not only text but also interactive resources of any format as a "textbook". All course materials are stored in the system, they can be organized using labels, tags and hypertext links. Moodle is focused on collaboration. The system provides a lot of tools for this: wiki, glossary, blogs, forums, workshops. At the same time, training can be carried out both asynchronously, when each student studies the material at his own pace, and in real time, by organizing online lectures and seminars. The system supports the exchange of files of any format - both between the teacher and the student, and between the students themselves.14 [2] Moodle creates and stores a portfolio of each student: all submissions, teacher grades and comments, forum posts. Allows you to control the "attendance" - the activity of students, the time of their academic work in the network. As a result, the teacher spends his time more efficiently. It can collect statistics on students: who downloaded what, what home buildings they made, what test scores they got. Thus, to understand how the students understood the topic, and with this in mind, offer material for further study. Moodle has solutions for all possible learning management tasks. If there is no ready-made solution yet or it is imperfect, the functionality of the system can be easily expanded.15 [3]
List of references: 1. X. Alimova. Modern methods of using information technologies in lessons //Economy And Society. 6(73) -S.: 2020. 2. Aldashev I. Use the specific properties of the computer, allowing you to individualize the educational process and turn to fundamentally new cognitive means //Economy And Society. 6(73) -S.: 2020. 3. Qodirova G.T. The use of computers to improve the professional level of teaching and learning//Economy and Society. 6(73) -S.: 2020. 4. Gulomjonova M. Introduction Of Remote Learning Technologies In Organization Of The Educational Process Of Higher School. International journal. Questions of science and education. 32(82). p.71. 5. UNESCO World Report on Communication and Information 1999-2000. - M. 2000.
14 Aldashev I. Use the specific properties of the computer, allowing you to individualize the educational process and turn to fundamentally new cognitive means //Economy And Society. 6(73) -S.: 2020. 15 Qodirova G.T. The use of computers to improve the professional level of teaching and learning//Economy And Society. 6(73) -S.: 2020.
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Makhammadjonov T.A. assistant of the department of biological chemistry
Andijan State Medical Institute Andijan, Uzbekistan
Makhammadjonova F.A. Shahrixon tumani 28-maktab o'qituvchisi
Andijan, Uzbekistan Tajiddinov S.S.
Peshku tuman Ekologiya va atrof muxitni muxofaza qilish bo'limi inspekori
Bukhara, Uzbekistan
SUBJECT AND TASKS OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY
Annotation: This article discusses the goals and objectives of biological chemistry, the relationship of this science with other disciplines and the main directions of biological chemistry.
Key words: biological chemistry, disciplines, goals and objectives,
Biological chemistry is the study of chemical processes in all living organisms. These processes consist of the constant exchange of substances and energy in the organism, its tissues and organs, the cell and its constituent structures. Before studying metabolism, it is necessary to get acquainted with the substances that change in the composition of different organisms. Biological chemistry is the study of the chemical structure and properties of proteins, nucleic acids, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins and inorganic compounds, their distribution and location in various parts of the body, including the cell and its elements.
Biochemistry is the study of the structures, functions, and laws of synthesis of proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleic acids, and other biomolecules. Molecules that differ in complexity and size are called biopolemers, and monomers are their constituent units. Each polymer biomolecule is made up of different units. For example, a protein polymer is made up of 20 different amino acids. Biochemistry is the study of the chemical properties of the most important biomolecules (and especially important enzyme-catalytic processes). This article provides a broad understanding of cell metabolism and the endocrine system. Other areas of biochemistry: genetic coding, protein synthesis, signals transduction in the transport process in the cell membrane. The main purpose of biochemistry is to understand the relationship of biological molecules to processes in living cells.
The main task of biological chemistry is to solve basic, general biological problems at the molecular level. One must not only know about ecosystems, but also be able to protect and use them.
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Biochemistry consists of 3 sections: Static biochemistry. Dynamic biochemistry. Functional biochemistry. Static biochemistry is the study of the chemical composition and properties of substances that make up a living organism. The main issues of this section are studied by bioorganic chemistry. Dynamic biochemistry analyzes all the changes in the body, from the reception of substances to their release in the form of final products. Functional biochemistry is the study of the chemical processes that take place in organs and tissues, depending on their function. All branches of biological chemistry are interconnected and are parts of modern biochemistry. Biological chemistry is divided into human and animal biochemistry, plant biochemistry and microchemistry of microorganisms. As biological chemistry is a field between biology and chemistry, it is based on the knowledge and ideas of the two sciences. This science emerged as a separate science at a certain stage of development of biological and chemical sciences. It is believed that the first understanding of biological chemistry began with the experiments of the famous French scientist Lavoisier (1743-1794) in the late eighteenth century. His classical research on oxidation and the role of oxygen in this process led to the discovery of the chemical basis of the "burning" phenomenon in the body. Lavoisier concluded that the reaction absorbs oxygen, releases carbon dioxide, and generates heat. The great medieval scholar and physician Abu Ali ibn Sina (980-1037) in his work "Laws of Medicine" described the classification of chemicals used in medicine, the "fluidity" of the body and the substances in the urine. People's natural desire to understand the causes of diseases and to seek drugs against them has aroused interest in the processes that take place in living organisms. Biochemistry is taking a new place in pharmaceutical practice. In particular, enzymes, which are biological catalysts, are used in industry for the synthesis of drugs (eg, steroid hormones). Prospective ways to produce natural medicines using genetic engineering are being considered. Knowledge of the biochemistry of microorganisms has made it possible to create convenient and cost-effective methods of industrial production of drugs such as amino acids, nucleotides, nucleosides, vitamins, antibiotics. Methods for rapid and specific analysis of drugs using enzymes as analytical reagents have been developed. As in other fields of science, due to the expansion and deepening of the problems of biological chemistry, new branches have emerged and independent networks have emerged. In recent years, membrane biochemistry, neurobiochemistry, analytical biochemistry, quantum biochemistry and others have joined the ranks of enzymology, vitaminology, endocrinology. However, the fundamental changes that have taken place in the biological sciences over the last quarter of a century are due to the unprecedented success of genes, cells, protein
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engineering, and biotechnology in general, born of molecular biology, molecular genetics, and the development of these wonderful fields.
Determining the relationship between the structure of molecules of proteins and nucleic acids and their biological function is one of the earliest but most important advances in molecular biology, the youngest branch of biology based on biochemical data.
Thus, modern biochemistry is on the verge of unraveling the deepest mysteries of life processes, solving the problems of protein synthesis, metabolism and offspring management. The solution of these important tasks provides a theoretical basis for solving the most serious human problems, such as cancer, viral diseases, hereditary diseases and cardiovascular diseases, prolonging human life.
Biochemical research and their methods. Since the work of biochemists is related to living objects, they will have to use high-level methods to isolate a substance, perform a number of additional processes to carry biological molecules to the usual physicochemical analysis. The order of processes in the separation of substances from biological material is approximately as follows:
1. Homogenization. 2. Ultracentrifugation. 3. Extraction. 4. Analysis (re-extraction, heat treatment, dialysis, sedimentation, electrophoresis, chromatography). Biological chemistry is derived from a number of mixed sciences, which still maintain an integral relationship with them in the study of living nature, but at the same time remain a unique and independent science, and the relationship between the structure of substances and their functions. , the study of the exchange of chemical compounds in living organisms, the formation of energy in living systems, the mechanisms of control of physicochemical processes in organisms, tissues, cells, molecular mechanisms of transfer of genetic information in living organisms, etc. function.
References: 1. R.A. Sobirova, O.A. Abrorov, F.X. Inoyatova, A.N. Aripov, "Biological chemistry ». New Generation, 2006 2. https://hozir.org/ 3. https://uz.wikipedia.org/
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9 DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2020_1_79_163
Mamajonova G.A. Senior Lecturer
Department of General Technical Sciences and Labor Education Andijan State University Kholmatova M.A. teacher Saidnazarova T.M. Andijan State University
Department of General Technical Sciences and Labor
HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY
Annotation: this article provides information about the formation and history of technology as a science, the development strategy of technology, the innovations that have been and are being implemented in science.
Keywords: technology, technological means, new technologies, history of technology, evolutionary stage of technology, tools, processing methods, automatic control, adjustment systems, computing technology, information technology, technology development period, technology development.
"Technology" is a scientific discipline that develops and improves the methods of obtaining, processing and processing of materials or semi-finished products. According to historical sources, the science of "Technology" also appeared in ancient Greece. During this period, this meant that the artisan achieved the art of making things, under the guidance of his master (through practice), through his own diligence and natural ability.
The emergence of "technology" as a science - in the XVII century, the emergence of industrial production led to the rapid development of metallurgy, machinery, including industrial equipment, steamships, locomotives, firearms. The production of such complex and labor-intensive machines and equipment could be organized only on the basis of clearly developed technological documentation of the technological process. These documents describe the complex processes of obtaining, processing, processing ways and means of raw materials, semi-finished products and products, which are interrelated, sequential and precise actions, operations, and the achievement of the planned result are given. This will be the basis for expanded and mass production. In our time, technology is understood as the art of doing a certain thing. In order to master it, it is necessary to study the technological documentation in detail.
Before humanity was formed into a nation and a people, it began to engage in labor. While labor and profession were initially considered the mainstay of
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survival, as the later stages of development took root, the profession also began to be pursued for material gain. Even in the tenth century, the development of special industries, the development of industries that could provide large populations with the necessary items, is a clear proof of this. This field has been developing in huge countries for many centuries. Historically, in the IX-XII centuries, handicrafts developed especially widely at a time when the economic ties of our people with foreign nations were growing. According to historical sources, the inhabitants of the so-called urban areas were engaged in 32 different trades. At the time of the first census in 1897, most of the major cities in the country were:
- 64% of the population of Namangan; - 52% of Kokand; - 54% of the population of Chust; - 50% of the population of Margilan were independent professionals. In the XII-XV centuries in Movaunnakhr and Khorasan the science of craft and its development reached a high level. In particular, the archeological excavations carried out in our republic show that the field of handicrafts developed in our region two thousand years ago, during which time handicrafts became an independent branch among the largest division of labor. Crafts such as blacksmithing, jewelry, coppersmithing and tin-making have been the most widespread since ancient times, and one of the most widespread ancient crafts is woodworking, which is practiced in many ancient cities of the country, including Bukhara, Khorezm and Samarkand. is still preserved and passed down from generation to generation. Doppidoz (hat betting) is also one of the professions that is deeply rooted in the blood of the Uzbek people and enriched with new ideas in the modern world. In addition, there are various professions made of leather, shoemaking, baking, confectionery, butchery, culinary professions formed on the basis of large weddings, which have been formed and developed for many years. In the early twentieth century, as a result of technological advances, a new craft sewing - emerged on the basis of the emergence of sewing machines. Therefore, the demand for vocational training and vocational guidance has existed for a long time, and the history of this science dates back to the distant past (in the 3rd millennium BC). At that time, graduates of the Babylonian school of scribes were tested and assigned to positions based on their level of education. Mirza, a well-trained man, was a central figure in Mesopotamian civilization: he measured fields, divided property, played musical instruments and sang. Different countries had different methods of vocational guidance and testing. In Egypt, recruits were interviewed and their biographies, education, appearance, and communication skills were tested. Thus, the acquisition of a profession and vocational training has long been considered important, but officially professional counseling agencies began to appear at the beginning of the century.
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Historically, one of the first decrees of the former Soviet Union on public education - the "Regulations on the Unified School of Labor" - considered labor education as an important factor in education, the full development of the individual. In addition, in recent years, serious attention has been paid to the vocational guidance of the younger generation, and a number of laws have been implemented to develop the teaching of labor education. In 1977, "On further improving the education and training of secondary school students," in 1984, "On improving labor education, training of schoolchildren, their training in career choice." "On the organization of socially useful, productive work."
Approved by the former Soviet government in April 1984 and implemented in practice, the "main directions of the reform of general education and vocational schools" were aimed at improving the efficiency and quality of labor training of students. The reform envisages a doubling of the number of hours devoted to the training of students, the establishment of a common profession in schools, and as a result, students will be able to take one of the public professions before starting work, as well as career choice. slightly increased demand.
During the years of independence, the country has undergone significant changes in the field of education, on the basis of the laws "On Education", "National Training Program" manuals and other manuals were created. A number of research and pedagogical scientists in the country are studying the introduction of pedagogical technologies in the educational process. The First President of the Republic of Uzbekistan I.A. Karimov stressed that "providing the educational process with advanced pedagogical technologies" is an important task in the implementation of the National Program. The organization of the process of technological science plays an important role in the system of continuing education in the country in the implementation of the social order for the training of competitive professionals in various fields, the creation of conditions for their acquisition of high knowledge and skills, the organization of highly qualified specialists in the production process. If we analyze the education system of a number of developed countries today, we can see that serious attention is paid to technical processes. The development of our country depends on the sphere of production, the development of the sphere of production depends on the qualifications of specialists.
It is the combination of intellectual and physical knowledge, skills and abilities of students in the field of technology and the development of sensory skills in technical work, as well as the world of professions, difficulties and disparities in choosing a profession, factors to consider when choosing a profession. information about is given as the main goal of science. This means that the focus on the science of technology will allow not only technical colleges, but also young people to make a conscious choice of their profession, taking into account all aspects. By increasing the interest of students who have chosen the right profession, that is, by improving the quality and effectiveness of education, we will be able to train mature, world-class professionals. These specialists
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directly contribute to the development of the country by developing production processes.
It can be said that the purposeful use of modern educational technologies and tools in the organization of technology lessons, the introduction of innovative pedagogical technologies will increase students' interest in science, to have a clear idea of the implementation of the objects of labor in practical training It opens up a wide range of opportunities for the formation of in-depth knowledge, skills and competencies in the conduct of labor operations.
Today, developed countries around the world are moving from agricultural production to industrial production, that is, to a state of automated industrial production based on new techniques and technologies. The technical potential of specialists plays an important role in the development of production. The basic skills of manufacturing professionals are taught in technology classes in general secondary schools.
References: 1. Muslimov N. et al. Technology of formation of professional competence of teachers of vocational education. - T .: "Science and Technology". 2013 2. Bekmurodova S. A new approach to teaching technology. Methodical Manual. Ò .: RTM, 2017. 3. Karimov I. Technologies of labor education teaching. Ò .: TDPU, 2013. 4. Muslimov N.A., Sharipov Sh.S., Qoysinov Î.À. Labor education teaching methodology, career guidance. Textbook. Ò .: TDPU, 2014. 5. Sharipov Sh.S., Qoysinov Î.À. et al. Teaching technology and the use of innovative technologies in the organization of psychological services.
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UDC: 378.004
Mamatov R.R. assistant of the department of Uzbek language, pedagogy and
physical culture Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technology
Uzbekistan, Andijan
USING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATIONAL ELECTRONIC RESOURCES WHILE PLANNING A FOREIGN
LANGUAGE LESSON
Abstract: Each lesson should ensure the achievement of practical, educational, educational and developmental goals through solving specific problems. Therefore, the first thing a teacher should start with is defining and formulating lesson objectives based on the teacher's book.
Key words: educational standards, quality of education, innovative activity of the higher education.
A lesson is the main link in the learning process, in which the solution of specific practical, educational, educational and developmental tasks is carried out, ensuring the achievement of final goals. The peculiarity of the FL lesson is that it is not an independent unit of the educational process, but a link in a chain of lessons. In this cycle of lessons, the dynamics of the educational process is carried out: what was the goal of the previous lesson becomes a means of the next one, which determines the close relationship of lessons and ensures progressive movement towards the final educational goals16
A foreign language lesson has its own specifics, which is determined by the very content of the subject, the practical orientation of teaching and the fact that a foreign language acts not only as a goal, but also as a means of teaching.
Planning is an essential part of the job. In the field of teaching a foreign language, the objectives of the program can be achieved only with regular work according to a strictly planned and thoughtful plan.
Each lesson should ensure the achievement of practical, educational, educational and developmental goals through solving specific problems. Therefore, the first thing a teacher should start with is defining and formulating lesson objectives based on the teacher's book. In it, as a rule, practical tasks are formulated, which can easily be given a specific look by linking them with certain linguistic material, for example:
train students in the use of new vocabulary (words are indicated); to learn to perceive by ear a dialogical text (text is indicated);
16 Irgashev M.U. Modern pedagogical technologies as a resource of the modern lesson, ensuring the development of educational standards. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020.
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teach to conduct a conversation on a topic (the topic is indicated); to systematize students' knowledge of prepositions (prepositions are listed); teach students to read to themselves and make a plan for the text they read; teach to express your opinion using the following expressions (listed); learn to read the text based on guesswork, etc. Planning a foreign language lesson using new information technologies requires compliance with certain didactic principles and scientific and methodological provisions, formulated in traditional didactics and filled with new content thanks to information technologies. Planning a foreign language lesson should be considered: as an element of the general training system; as a single whole, consisting of many components of the learning process (teacher, student, educational information tool, educational material). We must not forget that a lesson in terms of its goals and didactic structure is a very mobile and rather flexible form of organizing classes, it is in constant development and changes depending on the availability of a material base and the emergence of new educational electronic resources. Therefore, taking into account the principle of development into a projected lesson the possibility of constant expansion and renewal of its system of tasks (developing, teaching, educational) and means of achieving them should be laid. The use of NIT in foreign language lessons in the educational process fundamentally changed the approach to assessing the information skills of a teacher, which until recently were mainly associated with the ability to transmit information to students. Today, the level of information skills of a foreign language teacher is determined not only by communication skills, but also by the ability to use a computer as a source of information. From this point of view, the level of formation of analytical, predictive and projective skills of a foreign language teacher is very important, aimed at assessing the quality of educational electronic resources (OER) and the effectiveness of their application in the educational process. The information presented in the OER should be assessed based on the general didactic principles of scientific nature and the availability of its presentation, the possibility of adaptation to the individual capabilities of the student, etc. Often the overload of the content of the OER, the abundance of secondary material lead to the loss of the main one among the unimportant details. Therefore, when preparing for a foreign language lesson and analyzing the OER, it is necessary to select and use information, highlighting the primary, backbone, focusing the attention of students on basic concepts and laws. Thus, the use of information and communication technologies (ICT) in foreign language lessons is quite relevant for the development of the student's
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personality and the formation of information and communication competencies in students: the ability to compare the advantages and disadvantages of various sources of information, choose the appropriate technologies for its search, create and use adequate models and procedures for studying and processing information, etc.
The effectiveness of personality development is directly proportional to the individualization of students' activities during training. In the pedagogical process based on ICT tools, the principle of individualization is implemented primarily through the hypertext technology of presenting unstructured free growing knowledge. Unlike other models of information presentation, hypertext technology is focused on processing information not instead of a person, but together with a person, i.e. becomes copyright. The convenience of its use lies in the fact that the student himself determines the approach to the study or creation of material, taking into account his individual abilities, knowledge, level of training. In addition, hypertext contains not only information, but also mechanisms for its effective search.
Thus, hypertext is associated with the real possibilities of building an education system based on NIT tools, which makes it possible to radically change the methods of obtaining new knowledge through a more effective organization of the cognitive activity of students, which will undoubtedly contribute to the consciousness and activity of students.
Long-term pedagogical experiments show that the effectiveness in the development of creative abilities of students also directly depends on the use of the opportunities and means of their self-government. Everything that schoolchildren in the course of educational activities are able to do without outside help, they must do on their own. To a large extent, this principle is realized only when using information technology.
A foreign language lesson is a complete piece of work on training, during the cat. the achievement of certain practical, general educational and educational goals is carried out. Achievement of these goals is carried out by performing preplanned individual and individual-group tasks based on the means and teaching methods used by the teacher. The essence of the lesson lies in its speech orientation.
When planning a lesson, the teacher should be especially careful about its initial stage. The success of the whole lesson and the psychological mood of the class depend on how brightly, unconventionally he starts the lesson, how easily he "introduces" the students into the atmosphere of foreign language communication.
References: 1. Irgashev M.U. Modern pedagogical technologies as a resource of the modern lesson, ensuring the development of educational standards. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020.
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2. Mamatov R.R. A. The quality of higher education as an object of systemic research: lecture-report. Moscow: Research Center for the Problems of the Quality of Specialist Training, 2002. 3. Vostrikov AS et al. Quality management system in a technical university: Experience of the Novosibirsk State Technical University // University Management: Practice and Analysis. 2003.
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UDC: 378.1
Matkarimova G. teacher of department of foreign languages faculty of agro engineering and hydro melioration Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Uzbekistan, Andijan
ANALYSIS OF PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY IN CONDUCTING DIDACTIC GAMES IN ENGLISH LESSONS IN ORDER TO INCREASE
INTEREST IN THE SUBJECT
Abstract: From variety of methods, methods of stimulating and motivating learning are distinguished into a special group. A valuable method of stimulating interest in learning is the method of using various games and game forms of organizing cognitive activity.
Key words: pedagogy, education, game, didactic, methods, students, pupils, to play, teaching.
Learning is the most important and most reliable way to get a formal education. Reflecting all the essential properties of the pedagogical process (twosidedness, focus on the all-round development of the personality, the unity of the content and procedural sides), teaching at the same time has specific qualitative differences [2, 156].
Learning, like any other process, is associated with movement. It like an integral pedagogical process, has a task structure, therefore, movement in the learning process goes from solving one educational problem to another, advancing the student along the path of knowledge: from ignorance to knowledge, from incomplete knowledge to "transfer" of knowledge, skills and abilities, because learning is a two-way process in which teachers and students interact closely: teaching and learning.
Didactic games are a type of games with rules specially created by pedagogy in order to teach and educate learner. As mentioned above, games are aimed at solving specific problems of teaching students, but at the same time, the educational and developmental influence of play activities is manifested in them. The need to use didactic games as a means of teaching pupils at secondary school age is determined by a number of reasons:
1) Play activity as a leader has not lost its significance One can agree with Lev Semenovich Vygotsky, who wrote that "at school age, the game does not die, but penetrates into relations with reality. It has its own internal continuation in school education and work." Hence it follows that reliance on play activity, play forms and techniques is an important and most adequate way of involving learners in educational work.
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2) The mastering of educational activity, the inclusion of learners in it is slow (many learners do not know at all what "learning" is).
3) There are age characteristics of learners. Associated with insufficient stability and voluntary attention, mainly the involuntary development of memory. The predominance of the visual-figurative type of thinking. Didactic games just contribute to the development of mental processes in learners.
4) Insufficiently formed cognitive motivation. The main difficulty in the initial period of education lies in the fact that the motive with which the pupil comes to school is not related to the content of the activity that he must perform at school. The motive and content of educational activities do not correspond to each other. The content that the pupil is taught at school should encourage learning. There are various difficulties in adaptation when a learner enters school (mastering a new role - the role of a student, establishing relationships with peers and teachers).
The use of the potential of play in pedagogical work is largely associated with the professionalism and creativity of the teacher himself. In order to successfully organize learners's games, he must have a kind of "sense of play", developed creative imagination and, in addition, a certain amount of knowledge and practical skills in the field of methodology of play. It is this knowledge that is lacking for most teachers working with learners of primary school age. Therefore, the success of the development, teaching and upbringing of primary schoollearners in general, as well as the final result of the professional activity of teachers will depend on how fully they will be prepared for:
developing an optimal strategy and tactics for including play in the lesson and its use in extracurricular and extracurricular work with learners;
conducting a psychological and pedagogical examination of games, a prospective and final analysis of their impact on various aspects of learner development;
creative arrangement of traditional and design of new, "pedagogical" games, design of integral game programs.
The value of the game in the psychological and pedagogical context is obvious, however, the teacher does not ignore its absolute right in the life of student, that is, towards it with some caution, distrust, and apprehension. One of the main and common reasons for this position is the mistaken belief that the school is intended to teach, not play with him, which is equivalent in their view. The fact remains - a significant part of the teacher is not ready and does not know how to play with their students, it is easier and more convenient for them to teach them. Thus, at school there is a problem of increasing interest in learning, in particular, in the English language, which is one of the most difficult and by no means the most interesting.
Practical work was carried out on the basis of the theoretical approaches of advanced teachers and psychologists to solving the problem of increasing interest in English language lessons among learners, relying on the pedagogical
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conditions for organizing and conducting games in English language lessons, which enhances interest in this subject. In the course of practical work, the following diagnostic techniques were carried out:
Monitoring student activities; Conversation with the teacher;
Questioning among students, who helped to identify the presence of this problem in the classroom and track the results obtained in the course of conducting and organizing lessons.
Education should be developmental, aimed at the formation of the cognitive interests and abilities of students. In this regard, playful forms of learning, in particular, didactic games, are of particular importance.
Didactic games provide an opportunity to develop in students the arbitrariness of processes such as attention and memory. Game tasks have a positive effect on the development of ingenuity, resourcefulness, ingenuity. Many games require not only mental, but also volitional efforts: organization, endurance, the ability to follow the rules of the game.
The main thing is that the game is organically combined with serious, intense work, so that the game does not distract from the study, but, on the contrary, contributes to the intensification of mental work.
Bibliography: 1. Karpova E.V. Didactic games in the initial period of study. Popular manual "Academy of Development", Yaroslavl, 1997. 2. Irgashev M.U. Modern pedagogical technologies as a resource of the modern lesson, ensuring the development of educational standards / - Journal: " " -M., 6(73) 2020. 3. Babansky Yu.K., Slastenin V.A., Sorokin I.A. and others. Pedagogy: a textbook for students of pedagogical institutes / Education, Moscow, 1988. 4. Podlasy I.P. Pedagogy: a textbook for students of higher pedagogical educational institutions, Education Humanitarian publishing center VLADOS, 1996.
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9 Mukhammadiyeva Kh.K.
Department of Pedagogy of Primary Education The Faculty of primary education and physical trainingTeacher of the
Tashkent State Pedagogical University named after Nizami
DEVELOPING INTELLIGENCE IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN THROUGH THE USE OF PERSON-CENTERED TECHNOLOGIES
Abstract: What today's children will be like tomorrow depends in many ways on how this period, called childhood, went, and what it brought into the mind and heart from the environment. we provide feedback on the development of intellectual development in preschool children and a positive study of world experience.
Keywords: research, constructor, nervous system, plot, enlightenment, scientific observation, principles of child rearing, pedagogical approach.
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UDC: 378.004.1
Muxitdinova F.R. teacher of department of foreign languages faculty of agro engineering and hydro melioration Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Uzbekistan, Andijan
EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON USING NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PROCESS OF LEARNING A FOREIGN
LANGUAGE
Annotation: The process of informatization of education, supporting the integration tendencies of cognition of the regularities of subject areas and the environment, actualizes the development of approaches to the use of technical and didactic potentials of information technologies for the development of the student's personality, increasing the level of his creativity, developing the abilities for alternative thinking, the formation of skills for developing strategies for searching for educational and practical tasks.
Key words: informatization of education, development, program, foreign language, English lessons.
New multimedia technologies give a high effect of teaching a foreign language if they are supported by advanced teaching methods.
The main types of work with a personal computer (PC) in English lessons can be divided into two groups: the use of educational and cognitive programs on CD and the creation of programs in various applications by the teacher himself with further use in the classroom when explaining the material or when working out and checking it.
The use of educational and cognitive programs on CD is the most affordable way to use a computer both in the classroom and outside the classroom.
Language acquisition through play is one of the basic principles of the learning system. Various multimedia games help expand vocabulary, introduce you to English grammar, teach you to understand speech by ear, and write correctly.
Multimedia capabilities allow you to listen to speech in the target language, adapting it in accordance with your level of perception, and the regulation of the sound speed allows you to break phrases into separate words, in parallel comparing the pronunciation and spelling of words. Using a microphone and automatic pronunciation control allows you to correct your phonetic skills.
Each program contains a task, the desire to solve which creates a positive motivation for learning. The assimilation of educational material occurs without any outside motivation.
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To work with the whole class, programs are used that assume the possibility of children's participation in the learning process. The teacher works at the keyboard, and the students jointly discuss the material that is displayed on the screen. Students during such a lesson are divided into groups where they work together, and the teacher, analyzing the conclusions made by them, enters the result into a computer.
Among the most successful programs of this type, it should be noted Triple Play Plus (Multimedia Teacher 3), released back in 1997. With its help, you can teach children listening comprehension, moreover, they learn to read, pronounce correctly at three levels, which makes it possible for the teacher to compare (in the presence of a microphone) the speech of students with the standard, as well as assimilate the analyzed voice to the characteristics of the speaker (choice - man / woman / child). The most successfully used part of the program is the physical description. Students are invited to create a composite of the person represented. With the help of a mouse or a microphone, you can assemble a portrait and work out all the vocabulary to describe the appearance. For a more complete development of the topic, the program has other interesting options for tasks and games. Performing an assignment on a drawing, which is a mosaic of parts of the human body, an extensive vocabulary is worked out. This disc contains material to describe the dwelling. With its help, prepositions are worked out. Students should find cards or household items located in the room (kitchen). The disc contains the following topics: Food and Drink; Numbers: Home and Office: Places and Transportation; People; Activities. There are three levels for each topic.
Among the most widely known programs on CD is the "Professor Higgins" CD recommended by the RF Ministry of Education. The program is designed for individual student work in phonetics and grammar. This disc has found application in the following types of work:
- Practicing phonetics (with a microphone) at the initial stage of training .. - Setting the pronunciation of proverbs tongue twisters (with a microphone). - Individual test on the studied grammatical topics, which vary in level of difficulty, allowing you to work out the same grammatical material with students of different grades, taking into account their preparation. Euro Talk discs have, as stated, three levels: Elementary, Intermediate, Advanced. They are used for individual material development. The most interesting is the opportunity to issue students with an "international certificate", since when a certain number of points is collected, the program (if there is a printer) prints a certificate for the surname entered into the program, even with the signatures of the leaders of the Euro Talk group. It is convenient to use this disk in the early stages of training, first with the strongest students in the group. At the senior stages, the Learn to Speak English program (2 CD) was successfully used for a comprehensive development of vocabulary topics. The
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discs, consisting of 30 lesson topics, have a wide range of dialogues, exercises, games on these topics, as well as videos about US cities. Moreover, the teacher can demonstrate video clips with or without English subtitles. When using this program for two or three lessons, you can comprehensively work out the existing topics.
The use of training programs on CD in the process of teaching a language is the simplest, which does not require large expenses and serious preparation. Any teacher who knows how to work in the Windows operating system will be able to cope with them without any problems. 17
The specificity of the subject of foreign language determines the active and appropriate use of the computer in the classroom. The leading component of the learning content of the foreign language is teaching various types of speech activities: speaking, listening, reading, writing. A training computer program is a simulator that organizes the student's independent work, controls it and creates conditions under which students independently form their knowledge, which is especially valuable, because knowledge obtained in a finished form very often passes by their consciousness and does not remain in their memory.
Self-creation of programs requires more serious preparation. They can meet a wide variety of requests. It is here that the individuality of a person, his vision of the material, manifests itself. These programs can be the main help in the work on teaching foreign languages. The teacher creates a presentation, taking into account specific students, their abilities, thus, student-centered learning is carried out.
The use of presentations in the classroom makes it possible to animate, change and highlight the most significant elements using color, font, tilt, size. So, for example, when explaining the formation of questions in English, students see how to gradually rebuild a sentence from a narrative to an interrogative one. If necessary, you can repeat this or that stage. In addition, photos, diagrams or tables can be added to the presentation, which further enhances the impact. With sufficient experience, creating a presentation in Microsoft Power Point takes an average of one to three hours, depending on the complexity of the material. In addition to Microsoft Power Point, teaching materials for use in the classroom can be created in Microsoft Word. Documents and templates are used successfully in teaching practice to test memorization of vocabulary. The presence of a speller at the computer in this case is not a facilitating factor, but an auxiliary means of teaching spelling correctness, as it enhances the processes of memorizing the visual image of lexical units.
Summarizing the experience of using a computer and multimedia technologies in foreign language lessons and after school hours, we can conclude:
- multimedia technologies accelerate the learning process:
17 X. Alimova. Modern methods of using information technologies in lessons //Economy And Society. 6(73) S.: 2020.
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- they contribute to a sharp increase in student interest in the subject; - improve the quality of assimilation of the material; - allow you to individualize the learning process; - make it possible to avoid subjectivity of the assessment. The programs created by the teacher himself are not designed for any abstract student, but for those specific children whom the teacher teaches. Thus, the introduction of computer technology creates the preconditions for the intensification of the educational process. They allow in practice to use psychological and pedagogical developments, providing a transition from mechanical assimilation of knowledge to mastering the ability to independently acquire new knowledge. Computer technologies contribute to the disclosure, preservation and development of trainees' personal qualities.
List of references: 1. 1 X. Alimova. Modern methods of using information technologies in lessons //Economy And Society. 6(73) -S.: 2020. 2. Qodirova G.T. The use of computers to improve the professional level of teaching and learning//Economy and Society. 6(73) -S.: 2020. 3. Polat E.S. Internet at foreign language lessons // IYASH, 2001. - 2. - p. 25 - 29. 4. Zakharova I. G. Information technologies in education: Textbook. manual for stud. higher. ped. study. institutions. M., 2003
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UDC 930.85
Nasriyeva D.A. dosent
Buxoro Davlat Universiteti magistranti Ilmiy rahbar f. f.n. M.M.Jo'rayeva
L`EPOQUE DES LUMIERES EST UN RENNAISSANCE DE LA SOCIETE FRANÇAISE
Annotasiya: Fransiya davlati tarixi va fransuz adabiyotida Ma'rifat davrining o'ziga xos xususiyati va o'rni.
Kalit so'zlar: ma'rifat davri, adabiy oqimlar, fransuz ensiklopediyasi, qayta tug'ilish.
Actuellement, apprendre une langue étrangère est très important, la littérature est considerée le miroire du peuple. Apprendre la littérature, c`est apprendre la vie sociale du peuple..La littérature française se place aux premiers rangs dans la littérature du monde. Dans le monde il n`y a pas des gens qui ne connaissent pas la littérature française et les écrivains français. Beaucoup d`oeuvres et courants littéraires français sont devenus à leur façon des tournants et critères. Les idées qui y compris la littérature, sont influencées par les événements historiques, par la situation politique. Parce que la littérature est considirée le miroire de la mode de vie du peuple. Nous ne pouvons pas imaginer la littérature mondiale sans la littérature française et ses mouvements littéraires. Dans l`histoire de la littérature française nous pouvons rancontrer les mouvements littéraires. Chaque mouvement possède la importance historique.
J'ai analysé le mouvements littéraire « les Lumières» et ses représentants. Ce courant a une grande importance historique dans la littérature et dans l`histoire française. Parce que ce mouvement a reformé la littérature et la société française.
J'ai noté que ce mouvement est une grande histoire de l`histoire française. Parce que les philosophes des Lumières se servent des habitants pouvres français.
Je trouve que l`époque des Lumières est un rennaissance de la société française. Dans cette époque les représentants de ce mouvement a créé l`Encyclopédie est un recueil de 71 818 articles, répartis en 17 volumes. Cette oeuvre qui est vendue à 25 000 exemplaires avant 1789, est un triomphe de la raison et du progrès pour permettre le bonheur humain.
Les Philosophes conseillent une conception démocratique de l`instruction et ils défendent également l`idée de l`égalité devant l`impôt. Je crois que c`est un grand succès des français dans l`histoire.
Dans cette époque les repésentants des ce courant ont composé premierement les dictionnaires linguistique, philosophique et l`Encyclopédie française.
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D`après moi, ils ont dénoncé en particulier la torture, l`esclavage et la peine de mort, dans son Dictionnaire Philosophique. Pour lui, il faut organiser la vie sociale selon les vraies valeurs terrestres, c`est-à-dire la propriété et la liberté humaine qui permettent le progrès. Il combat l`oppression intellectuelle et morale, en particulier la justice expéditive pour raison d`État.
J`ai l`impression que les idées des Lumières et leur conception de l`homme et de la société ont inspiré les bourgeois cultivés qui ont mené la Révolution française. Les régimes politiques qui suivent la Révolution: monarchie constitutionnelle, république, sont issus de leurs réflexions. Ces idées ont permis l`abolition de la torture et une plus grande équité dans la société française puis, à terme, à l`abolition de l`esclavage.
L`application violente des principes des Lumières ont également conduit au régime de la Terreur pendant lequel ont été commises des dizaines de milliers d`exécutions arbitraires, d`hommes, femmes et enfants qui ne partageaient pas l`idéal révolutionnaire. Leurs idées anti-religieuses ont mené à une tentative d`éradiquer l`Église et le christianisme dans son ensemble, au nom d`une conception matérialiste de l`homme.
J`espère que les représentants des Lumières ont fait tous les possibilités pour se developper au people français.
La bibliographie: 1. Encyclopédie I et Encyclopédie II (Garnier Flammarion) 2. Montesquieu, Lettres Persanes (lettres 12 à 14, 33...) 3. Voltaire, Dictionnaire philosophique (Égalité, Religion, Du juste et de l'injuste ...) 4. : 4- . . .: - , 1976. 5. .. // . . 1, ., . , 1946. 6. www. ccdmd.qc.ca.fr 7. www. françaisfacile.fr 8. www. google.fr
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Nishonova K.Sh. master's degree in 2nd degree from Fergana State University
DIDACTIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR PROFESSIONAL SOCIALIZATION OF FUTURE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS
Annotation: The article provides an opportunity for primary school teachers to acquire the qualities of professional competence and approach through didactic methods. Develop the skills of young teachers in primary school. They should make recommendations on how to raise the quality and effectiveness of education to a new level, the introduction of modern teaching methods.
Keywords: Science, development, teaching aids, electronic didactic tools, pedagogical innovation.
In independent Uzbekistan, according to the "National Training Program" and the Law "On Education", it is a priority of the state as a structural and integral link. Indeed, the rapid growth of information due to the rapid development of science and technology has led to a high level of pedagogical and professional skills for the primary education system, which is the main foundation of continuing education. requires the training of creative teachers.
The ongoing educational reforms in our country, in contrast to traditional forms of education, have developed effective forms and methods of organizing the educational process in the primary education system, which serve to ensure the formation and development of young people as harmoniously developed individuals. output allows the creation of scientific views, pedagogical theories and didactic materials that lead to the optimization of the pedagogical and psychological foundations of education for children of primary school age. The Concept of Higher Education of the Republic of Uzbekistan defines the tasks of the specialist as follows: "The ability of the specialist to work in creative teams, training in management and marketing, economic development of new technologies, their social and cultural These ideas also apply to teachers, because the fundamental changes taking place in our society, our access to market relations, make the teacher aware not only of professional knowledge, but also of economic, legal and technical knowledge. It is also important to focus on the primary school teacher.
Professional skills of primary school teachers and requirements to them:
Textbooks, manuals, methodical recommendations, methods and mechanisms of organization of the educational process, created on the basis of the ideas recognized in the concept of primary education, the effectiveness of
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education in primary school, depends on innovative ideas and tools of teaching, of course.
However, it should be noted that in this pedagogical process, the role of an elementary school teacher with high pedagogical skills and professional knowledge, who can create problem situations during the lesson and offer solutions, is of particular importance. If the primary school teacher pays more attention to the basic principles and general laws of the natural and social sciences, their place and importance in human society, the differential aspects of education, the primary school teacher - with methods a set of armed psychological knowledge, with a thorough knowledge of the scientific and theoretical foundations of mathematics, mother tongue, nature, human and social education, factors and means to increase the effectiveness of education, based on the age (physiological and psychological) characteristics of the child pays attention. aspects, i.e. integral learning. In addition, the primary school teacher should be able to control the direction of the child's play activities in the educational activities, to feel responsible, to make the right decisions in some problematic situations, to plan time, o He is also a responsible educator who teaches students. to form the qualities of attention to desires, as well as perceptions of a promising future, while appreciating goodness. Another important quality of an elementary school teacher is that he organizes his educational activities on the principles of the interdependence of primary and secondary education and the interdependence of primary education. Today, there are many problems in the work of primary school teachers in urban and district schools, including shortcomings in the use of non-traditional teaching methods in the teaching of private subjects in primary education; uncertainties in the assessment of students' knowledge; inability to feel the psychological state of students and consequently motivate them to the learning process; inability to provide interdisciplinary communication in the learning process; cases of non-compliance with didactic principles are not fully understood. It is impossible to talk about the quality and effectiveness of education in primary school without finding a positive solution to these problems.
The fact that in the former USSR there is a whole system of pedagogical colleges and educational institutions, which prepares teachers who teach students in grades 1-4, is evidence of the low assessment of primary education. However, the simple logic requires that the most mature and experienced coaches be hidden in an elementary school where the child's outlook, taste and potential are formed, "he said. part-time special sections were opened, the primary education system was enriched with modern textbooks and literature, didactic materials. However, this is not available in all schools. For example, some high schools have philologists or other graduates who do not know the methods of primary education. Another reason for the low level of knowledge of primary school teachers is the lack of training in higher education.
Potential primary school teachers cannot be taught special courses, such as "The modern concept of natural science", "A unique view of the structure of the
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universe" or "Innovative pedagogical technologies", "Start on the basis of information technology." Organization of the educational process in the classroom "is a secondary subject. Young students turn to elementary school teachers with all their science and social science questions to help them understand the natural phenomena they see around them and the words they hear from adults with their curiosity about everything. High school students, unlike them, do not ask a physics teacher questions in mathematics or biology. This requires that primary school teachers are well versed in all areas of science. requires the provision of systematic knowledge in the field of interdisciplinary relations in the preparation of primary school teachers. To organize pedagogical activity, a teacher must master such disciplines as pedagogical theory, philosophy, sociology, cultural studies, religion, children's anatomy and physiology, psychology, and political science. The elementary grades also have a science subject and require knowledge of the laws of physics for the correct interpretation of phenomena does. It is also technologically advanced in the educational process today, development of an approach to cybernetics in teaching pedagogy.
Another important aspect is that the essence of the teaching profession and its role in the development of society, as well as the main features of the teaching profession are formed through the science of pedagogy. Designing the educational process in primary school teachers, mastering pedagogical technology, communicative qualities and research activities studies have explored low levels of skills at this level
The reasons for this should be as follows: - Student team of future teachers during pedagogical practice lack of attention to individual communication with; - lack of ability to design the learning process; - interactive training of future teachers enough attention; - Insufficient knowledge of the theory and practice of pedagogy Training of primary school teachers based on experience and analysis and the following suggestions for optimizing the requirements for them We think the implementation is expedient. Therefore, modeling the process of improving the system of preparation of students for the formation of social activity skills is based on the requirements that are important in the organization of the process of development of professional training, social activism of future primary school teachers. It can be recommended as a template for the use of advanced methods, which reflects the stages and functions of the organization of the process, as well as the provision of feedback. that is: - Among the methods and approaches used in the development of knowledge, skills and abilities to improve the system of preparation of students for the formation of social skills, as well as the tasks performed in the formation of self-development skills 'ensure continuous integration;
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- Targeted use of tools to shape and develop students' needs and interests and self-development skills to increase their social activism;
Such a gradual transition will both increase the professional socialization of teachers and allow young people to become educated.
Conclusion. During the writing of this article, I came to the conclusion that we need to create the highest possible conditions for primary school teachers. The reason is that they prepare the next generation, ie young children, for life, on the other hand, they give them basic education. With this in mind, we need to provide them with a variety of teaching methods and improve their skills every year.
References: 1. Mirziyoyev Sh.M. We are determined to continue our path of national development step up / Volume 1 / - T .: NMIU of Uzbekistan, 2017. 2. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "On the Strategy of further development of the Republic of Uzbekistan". - T .: Adolat,2017. 3. Abdukarimov H., Jumayev A. Socially active and qualified competitor practical bases of personnel training. // Modern teaching, research and problems.
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9 Normamatov I.B. researcher
of Karshi Engineering Economic Institute (KarEEI) Uzbekistan
REDUCTION OF EXTERNAL BANK CIRCULATION OF CASH AS A COMPULSORY CONDITION IN DEVELOPMENT OF PAYMENT BY
CHEQUE IN COUNTRIES OF CIS
Annotation: External bank circulation of cash in countries of CIS serves as a source of deepening the inflation process so far as the main part of population's expenditures are paid with cash. At present distrust of economic agents to national bank system, promotes to widening of shady economics and external bank circulation in countries of CIS. Practically there exist some factors, creating unfavorable situation for efficient activities of commercial banks, as a result, these banks are simply becoming obliged to do a low qualitative service for their clients and by this way are losing confidence of the companies.
Today, one of the most actual problems of bank systems in countries of CIS, is that commercial banks are not performing in time the demands of their clients considering about obtaining cash devices.
Keywords: payment order, check, documentary letter of credit, clean collection, documentary collection, liquidity, commercial bank, overdraft, security, priority of payments.
External bank circulation of cash in countries of CIS serves as a source of deepening the inflation process so far as the main part of population's expenditures are paid with cash. At present distrust of economic agents to national bank system, promotes to widening of shady economics and external bank circulation in countries of CIS. Practically there exist some factors, creating unfavorable situation for efficient activities of commercial banks, as a result, these banks are simply becoming obliged to do a low qualitative service for their clients and by this way are losing confidence of the companies.
The results of the study by A. Yurov showed that, firstly, there is a direct relationship between cash circulation and the economy; secondly, improving the organization of cash circulation will lead to a reduction in non-banking cash circulation18.
18 Yurov A.V. Cash circulation during periods of recession and economic recovery // Money and credit. Moscow. 2011. - No. 1. pp. 37-45.
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According to G. Panova, E. Valetdinova, ensuring the optimal balance between cash and non-cash money is important in reducing the volume of nonbanking cash turnover19.
According to S. Meshchenko, the minimum cash growth was to serve the shadow sector in a stable economic situation and significant economic growth20.
1. Non-observing the principles of bank secrets. Though in many countries of CIS there exists the Law "About bank secrets" which must guarantee safety of information considering as a bank secret, commercial banks practically can't observe the rule in most cases. Because lawkeeping organs (courts, prosecutors' offices) have full access to the information on bank accounts even in conditions such as not having attitude to excitement from criminal action. Besides that, local government bodies and collaborators of tax inspection can also acquire such information without specific efforts. Having information about bank accounts of clients, third persons can entirely use them for unconscientious purposes. Such a practice decreases the stimulus of many enterprises connected to bank and creating favourable climate for the introduction of shady business. 2. Strengthening the role of tax agents in banks. On the base of existing a number of legislative acts, today commercial banks are obliged to do functions of tax organs. In the presence of clients by debts in budget and external funds, commercial banks in compulsory order transfer monetary devices from accounts of their clients for paying encashment charges of taxation and external budget funds. Such a practice is contrary to confidentiality of the facts of bank clients and by this way undermines the trust to banks. 3. Untimely performing of duties. Today, one of the most actual problems of bank systems in countries of CIS, is that commercial banks are not performing in time the demands of their clients considering about obtaining cash devices. It is known when in economics of countries there exists still unrealized potential, presence of decreased inflation can stimulate economic growth, and don't' have negative effect to purchasing power of national currencies. However, if the index of inflation begins to grow in high level, say, for example, more than 20 % a year, it is already difficult to control and it tends to acquire chronic forms. As a result of high inflation, population doesn't want to keep their savings in national currencies. Capital is used for purchasing "stable foreign currencies" and by this way the cost of national currency falls. Besides that, purchasing power begins to pass to the state, as well as it will use money, which are edited by central banks. This is inflation tax. Elaborating effective money-credit and fiscal politics requires the exactness in the price of such key statistic indexes as the volume of output and the level of
19 Panova G.S., Valetdinova E.N. Limitation of cash circulation in the fight against the shadow economy // Vestnik MGIMO. - Moscow, 2014. 1. pp. 147 20 Meshchenko S.V. Modeling the influence of the shadow sector of the economy on the need for cash // Scientific and technical statements of St. Petersburg State Polytechnical University - St. Petersburg, 2011. - No. 1. - S.260.
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unemployment, and the presence of small size of production in shady economics results in distortion of these facts. It includes facts about activities of shady economics in official statistics of national accounts. Persons, engaging in elaboration and conducting politics, and collaborators of state bodies for making decisions about distributing resources must acquire information about number of persons engaging in shady economics, rapidness of conducting and the scale of this activity.
However, to estimate the scales of shady economics is rather difficult. In certain account, people, engaging in half activities, strive all attempts not to discover. A number of investigations show that tax regime seems to have a great influence to widening the shady economics. In Austria, loading straight taxes (including payments on social securities), have more influence to the growth of shady economics; the next by the level of influence, is the number of normative acts, concerning companies and workers, and also the difficulty of tax systems. This situation can be observed in Scandinavian countries, Germany, and the USA. Measures of state regulating, these such as demanding on license, trade barriers, normative markets of labour and others, can increase the cost of working force for companies in official economics. Employers in official economics, putting main part of additional expenses, connected to these measures of regulating on their workers actively are urging them to pass to shady economics, where can be avoided of these expenses.
State bodies must engage in improving the observance of laws and regulative acts, instead of engaging in increase their quantities. Shady economics, as a rule, have small sizes in countries where strong and effective institutes of state management work. High level of regulating economics with weak and discretional use of laws creates favorable land for shady economics.
As the operation of shady economics is usually conducted in exact form, increase of activeness in this sphere, as a rule, brings to extending of demand for cash and, in turn, to widening external monetary circulation. As a result, monetary bodies will be in difficulty to estimate consumes of economic subjects by cash. At present, the fact is that in the republic more than 60% of money mass consist of cash devices, gives opportunity to suppose about exist of vast number of cash operations of shady business, which in no where is taken into account and don't transfer by bank channels.
Table 1 Specific cash in the structure of the monetary aggregate M2
Japan Australia Russian Uzbekistan
2016 y. 7,3 5,3 20,1 25,2
2017 y. 7,3 5,4 19,9 26,6
2018 y. 7,2 5,3 9,8 27,6
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The data presented show that in 2016-2018 in Japan Australia, the specific total cash in the M2 structure was low and stable.
In 2016-2018, in Russia and Uzbekistan, the specific total cash in the M2 structure was high. This is due to the presence of non-banking cash turnover and the underdevelopment of non-cash payments.
To our mind, it is necessary to take these measures, capable to decrease external circulation of cash:
1. Dismissal of commercial banks control functions and denying interference to their operational procedures (refusing to conduct the registration of debtor's and creditor's debts of clients; cancellation of practices performing charges of tax and other inspectorate organs; not to place on commercial banks carrying on forecast indexes by entering cash devices, which also decrease access of bank clients to cash devices and confuse timely conducting their monetary transactions).
2. To provide the liquidity of commercial banks, timely carrying on demands of clients, connected to the access to cash and money transfers.
3. To provide full observation of principles of bank secrets, this provides banks with any information about their clients on exact legislative conditions.
4. Gradually to equalize the heaviness of tax payments for different categories of tax payers, to decrease groundless individual privileges, to strengthen tax laws more than transparency. To provide neutrality of taxes according to inflation, organizational law forms, connected to basic and circulative devices, the period of production circles, to improve co-operation of tax administrations and tax payers. Those who at present pays taxes in time, must observe facilitation of tax press.
5. To decrease tax obligations to fund of salary payments, to decrease the rate of single social tax of enterprises. These measures permit to decrease cost price of production and decrease prices, and also increase s the volume of investments at the expense of private sources.
Bibliography: 1. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated November 29, 2017 "On the establishment of the Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan" // Collection of Legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, December 4, 2017, No. 48, Article 1179 2. manov O.. The Importance Of Digital Technologies In Ensuring Employment [ ] // .-2020. - 12 (79) ( :14.12.2020).-URL: https://a78cf8ac-3ef5-4670-8fcda900ec94fdfb.filesusr.com/ugd/b06fdc_274dd51640744059aa540e946f304bdf.p df?index=true ( : 16.12.2020) 3. Amanov O.A. The main directions of modernization of the rural labor market. Monograph. - Tashkent: "Science and technology", 2014. P.77. 4. Narmamatov Ixtiyar Baxtiyarovich (2020) "Development of Non-Cash Payments: Problems and the Ways to Solve Them", International Journal of
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Advanced Science and Technology, 29(9s), pp. 4193 - 4195. Available at: http://sersc.org/journals/index.php/IJAST/article/view/16787 (Accessed: 19 December2020). 5. Amanov O.A. Ways of regulation, condition and employment trends of the population of the republic of Uzbekistan. Journal of Management Value & Ethics. India. ISSN: 2249-9512 Vol 8, 2, 2018..98-106. URL: https://www.jmveindia.com/journal/APRIL-JUNE_18.pdf
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UDC: 378.14
Nosirova M.K. Senior teacher of department of foreign languages faculty of agro engineering and hydro melioration Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Uzbekistan, Andijan
PRACTICAL USE OF TEACHING METHODS FOR TEACHING GERMAN IN THE LESSON
Abstract: When teaching German as a second language after English, you must rely on the general principles that apply when teaching any foreign language. Despite the fact that these principles have much in common, they still have some modification in relation to the second foreign language, taking into account the specificity of the learning conditions, for example, the presence of three languages in contact during the learning process, extensive experience in learning a foreign language, etc.
Key words: second language, German, principles, learning process, speech activity, communication, material, method, training, competence.
The article highlights the reasons that affect the negative attitude of students to a foreign language, these include:
1) Lack of systematic and in-depth clarifications about the importance of learning foreign languages;
2) Incorrect teaching, which does not stimulate logical and meaningful memorization of language material, but orientates students only to intuitive understanding. Students accustomed to a system of work based on the principle of conscious learning cannot come to terms with a method of working on a language that contradicts their usual focus in working on other subjects. As a result, they become convinced that a foreign language is some kind of special subject that requires primitive, uninteresting forms of work;
3) Inability of the teacher to organize work depending on the different levels of education. The methodology of teaching a foreign language should be rebuilt at different stages of work, of course, in accordance with the age characteristics and the increased volume of students' knowledge.
4) Lack of tangible practical results of work on the language among students. Students, after several years of studying a foreign language, not seeing the practical results of this study, are disappointed and come to the conclusion that their work on the language is useless, which, of course, does not contribute to an increase in interest in the subject being studied.
5) Lack of timely individual assistance in the event of a backlog of students. The most essential principles are as follows:
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1. As in teaching any foreign language, communicative goals predetermine the general methodological approach to teaching. But since the students already have experience in learning English, mastering German is carried out by them more consciously, they can compare both certain linguistic phenomena of English and German, and the organization of the learning process. Pupils studying English and German have more developed reflection (looking at themselves from the outside, the desire to give themselves an account). That is why the general methodological principle in teaching German can be defined as communicativecognitive, where the cognitive aspect is subordinate to the communicative one, and it manifests itself where it is necessary to find any analogies that facilitate assimilation, or, conversely, to identify differences in order to avoid interference.
2. The entire educational process should be focused on the student's personality, on his development, independence, on taking into account his capabilities, needs, interests.
When teaching German, there are even more prerequisites for this than when teaching English, thanks to the experience of learning a foreign language, a later start of education (from the seventh grade of a school with an in-depth study of English) and, thus, a more conscious approach to learning the language.... For some students, it is necessary to create conditions for faster progress, while others should be given the opportunity for repetition and training. 21
A German lesson is a logically completed part of the work of teaching a language, the main goal of which is to achieve certain goals of a practical, general educational and educational nature. To achieve a positive result in the implementation of these goals, it is necessary to do pre-planned exercises and tasks, based on the means and teaching methods laid out by the teacher. The essence of the lesson depends on the speech orientation.
A German lesson can only be complex, that is, it should contain a variety of types of work and study different aspects of the language. During the lesson, students should demonstrate vigorous speech activity.
Learning German will be faster and easier if:
rely on similarities with English, as well as find support in the native language;
use a linguistic guess (about the meaning of a word, grammatical form), relying on the context, on the familiar parts of the word;
notice differences in linguistic phenomena and ways of expressing thoughts;
transfer to a new language the ability to work (find the meaning of a word in a dictionary, use a paraphrase, perform various exercises, etc.).
21 N.A. Odilova. Foreign language communicative competence and its features of formation in a non-linguistic university. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020.
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Nowadays, active learning is reproached for the lack of a clear theoretical concept, for mixing different approaches and methods under one name (in particular, there is no generally accepted classification of methods). 22
Language games are designed to form lexical skills and train the use of language phenomena at the preparatory, pre-communicative stage of mastering a foreign language. The game is currently considered one of the most effective methods of teaching a foreign language. They contribute to the creation of a verbal communication environment in the lesson, arouses interest in learning a foreign language.
It is important to note one more important circumstance. Practicing teachers, using active learning methods, note the presence of certain barriers that prevent their use. In the article by C.C. Bonwell and T.E. Sutherland, "Continuity of active learning: the choice of activities to enhance student learning in the classroom", the following barriers are identified when using active learning methods:
difficulty in presenting a large amount of material in the classroom. active learning takes too much time to prepare the lesson; the impossibility of using active teaching methods in a large audience; the possibility of negative consequences: the attitude of colleagues to new approaches; the impact of student assessment on teacher performance; influence on promotion. There is another barrier - this is the resistance of students to new approaches and methods. Moreover, the more experience of educational activities of students, the more resistance can be met in the classroom. The educational process is the most difficult moral relationship between a teacher and a student, in which the corresponding, defining feature is the upbringing of a sense of honor and dignity. The task of each teacher is to skillfully and sensitively, persistently and demandingly educate the mental and moral strength of the child, help him to comprehend learning as work that requires a lot of stress, and is joy only when the child overcomes difficulties on his own and achieves success. ... Not to force a child to study, but to arouse interest in acquiring knowledge - this is the task of every teacher.
Literatures: 1. N.A. Odilova. Foreign language communicative competence and its features of formation in a non-linguistic university. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020. 2. Irgashev M.U. Modern pedagogical technologies as a resource of the modern lesson, ensuring the development of educational standards. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020.
22 Irgashev M.U. Modern pedagogical technologies as a resource of the modern lesson, ensuring the development of educational standards. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020.
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3. N.A. Odilova., M.U. Irgashev. Information and communication technology in language learning. International conference., 2016, p.439. 4. G.T. Qodirova. Linguistic and communicative competence in learning language. International conference., 2016, p.441. 5. Mets, N. A. the Linguistic basis of describing the Russian language in order to teach it as a foreign language / N. A. Mets. - Moscow, GIRYAP, 2003.
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UDC: 378.6
Nuritdinova Yo.A. teacher of department of foreign languages faculty of agro engineering and hydro melioration Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Uzbekistan, Andijan
THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROBLEMATIC APPROACH IN TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES AT SCHOOL
Annotation: The relevance of the work is substantiated both by the need of pedagogical science in the theoretical development of issues of implementation of teaching students to communicate in their native and foreign languages, and by the need of domestic higher education for new approaches and methods aimed at the formation of an active creative personality who can find a solution to a problem in problem situations, which is facilitated by problem learning.
Key words: teaching, competence, approach, education, problem, learning, foreign languages, method.
Problem-based learning is a type of developmental learning, which combines the systematic independent search activity of students with their assimilation of ready-made conclusions of science, and the system of methods is built taking into account goal-setting and the principle of problematicity, the process of interaction between teaching and learning is focused on the formation of students' cognitive independence, stable motives to learning and thinking abilities in the course of their assimilation of scientific concepts and methods of activity, determined by the system of problem situations.
Problem-based learning currently has several varieties, depending on which goal is singled out by the teacher as the main one. So, this can be the assimilation of knowledge, skills and abilities by students, then the teacher guides and directs the process of resolving problem situations, and by increasing the independence and personalization of the knowledge gained, they are more assimilated by students than with explanatory-illustrative and reproductive methods, and the educational process is activated due to the greater interest from the students problem-based learning turns into an improvement in teaching methods and the structure of educational material.
Problem-based learning can be close to developmental learning, if its task is to develop the intelligence of students - by increasing the independence of students when resolving problem situations, active cognitive activity is formed, freedom in the use of methods of mental action is achieved. 23
23 Majidova Z.A. The cognitive aspect of using phraseological units in teaching translation. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020.
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In theory, all these goals are recognized in problem learning, but in practice, the teacher independently builds one or another hierarchy when structuring educational material, developing a methodology and implementing the educational process.
With the help of problem-based learning in FL lessons, you can: · To reveal the individual inclinations of each student; · To teach to observe, to research, to activate mental activity, because there are no ready-made answers to questions in any textbook; · Teach to listen and hear each other, to respect the opinion of the interlocutor; · To interest students in the knowledge of the surrounding world; In teaching foreign languages, problem learning is the predominant use of the research reflex of self-development in the educational process due to such a way of teaching as search. Reliance on the research reflex increases the motivation for learning a foreign language. That is why it is necessary to widely use the techniques of problem-based learning to achieve success in educational activities. Problem-based learning offers the following techniques to the foreign language teacher: - Problematic presentation - the introduction of new material, in the process of which a teacher or a textbook shows the way to solve a problem; - Problem heuristic conversation - a series of interrelated questions from the teacher or questions contained in the textbook to students. In each such question there is a problem, without solving which it is impossible to proceed to the next stage of search activity. A series of interconnected problematic questions leads to the assimilation of the material of the next lesson. Problematic tasks-tasks can be performed if the goal to be achieved, the subject of the action to be manipulated, and finally, the mode of action, i.e. how to solve it. 24 Problematic questions - suggest the presence of some knowledge from the material covered. Thus, problematic questions can be excellent for organizing control and verification. Problematic remarks are used to switch students' attention to the content of their speech. Problem situations are situations that induce speech actions. Driving factors can be: 1) tasks; 2) standard situations; 3) prompting remarks.
24 Usmonova Sh. Study of scientific technical transfusion in non-linguistic educational university. International journal. Questions of science and education/ Moscow.2019. p. 105.
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In pedagogical theory, it is believed that the productive cognitive activity of a student in a problem situation and, accordingly, the process of problem learning can be reduced to the following main characteristic stages.
- the emergence (formulation) of a problem situation; - awareness of the essence of the difficulty (contradiction) and problem statement (formulation of the problematic task); - finding a way to solve a problematic task by iterating guesses, hypotheses, etc. with an attempt at appropriate justification; - proof of the hypothesis; - checking the correctness of the problem solution. Along with the problem situation, scientists also single out a problem question (or task) as an important concept of the problem approach in teaching. A problem task is characterized by a contradiction between the available knowledge and known methods of action, on the one hand, and the requirements of the tasks, on the other. Therefore, his decision is associated with the search for new ways of acting. In conclusion, it should be noted that problem learning stimulates the personal activity of students, which ensures an active attitude to knowledge, systematic and persistent students, and, of course, a positive result in teaching foreign languages. Students become more sociable, know how to substantiate their point of view, find their own way of expressing thoughts and feelings. Self-control is shown when performing practical tasks. The behavior of students in the team changes: they behave more actively, listen to each other, defend their point of view. Problematic teaching in school practice appeared due to the research search for creatively working teachers who are not satisfied with the dullness and monotony of traditional combined lessons. And the specificity of teaching foreign languages is such that the development of new knowledge, unfamiliar layers of culture is more active in the conditions of resolving the contradiction between what the child already knows and what he has to master. A modern specialist needs to be aware of the development of his field in world practice. The maximum development of communication skills is the main, promising, but very difficult task facing teachers and teachers of the English language. To solve it, it is necessary, on the one hand, to master new teaching methods aimed at the development of all four types of speech activity, the formation of linguistic, sociolinguistic and pragmatic competences, and on the other hand, to create fundamentally new educational materials with which you can teach people to communicate effectively in English language. At the same time, of course, it would be wrong to rush from one extreme to the other and abandon all the old methods of learning English: from them all the best, useful, time-tested ones must be carefully selected. Its effectiveness, in addition to knowledge of the English language, depends on many factors: conditions, situations and culture of communication, the rules of
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speech etiquette, speech behavior, knowledge of non-verbal forms of expression (facial expressions, gestures), the presence of deep background knowledge and much more [5, 93-97].
Working with information in English requires the formation of certain intellectual skills: the ability to analyze information, select the necessary facts, building them in a logical sequence, the ability to put forward arguments and counterarguments.
Therefore, the process of teaching English can be effectively updated by problematizing the educational process using information sources.
Teaching a foreign language in today's rapidly changing conditions involves the use of methods of activating and problematizing language education.
The problem in teaching English is manifested, as in the selection of information support for the educational process.
A problematic approach to teaching English can be carried out for all types of speech activity (speaking, reading, writing). At each stage, a system of exercises can be used based on the problem situation. When performing these exercises, visual and auditory visualization plays a huge role, which allows you to diversify the options for problem situations. To create a learning situation, you need to know the components that make up its semantic content. The components of the semantic content of the situation include the following: purpose, participants, place and time of communication.
References: 1. Majidova Z.A. The cognitive aspect of using phraseological units in teaching translation. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020. 2. Usmonova Sh. Study of scientific technical transfusion in non-linguistic educational university. International journal. Questions of science and education/ Moscow.2019. p. 105. 3. Matkarimova G. Formation of the English scientific competence in students of non-factual faculties. International journal. Moscow.2019. 4. Egamberdiyeva D.U. The essence of the method of video-English. Conference materials. 2016. 5. Majidova Z.A. Innovative methods and approaches in learning and teaching foreign language in foreign methodology. Moscow. 2019. 6. G.T. Qodirova. Linguistic and communicative competence in learning language. International conference., 2016, p.441. 7. N.A. Odilova., M.U. Irgashev. Information and communication technology in language learning. International conference., 2016, p.439.
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Ochilova M.Sh. Senior teacher of literature in the native language
of NDKI academic lyceum
ALISHER NAVOI'S MYSTICAL VIEWS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE UNIVERSE AND MAN (ON THE EXAMPLE OF
"SAB`AYI SAYYAR")
Annotation: This article deals with the philosophical analysis of the universe, the creation of being, man and the events related to it in the epic "Sabayi Sayyar", which is part of the epic "Khamsa".
Keywords: mysticism, being, idea, thinker, enlightenment.
The classical heritage, which has become an invaluable addition to the treasury of world literature, has nurtured generations for centuries and will continue to do so. Alisher Navoi created immortal works and created a great philosophical school in the history of culture of the peoples of Central Asia with his philosophical-aesthetic, enlightenment views and ideas. The great thinker and humanist, from his predecessors Ahmad Yassavi, Sakkoki, Khorezmi, Lutfi, and other contemporary artists, speaks with respect and respect for the history of philosophy and the philosophy of that time. wrote a number of works reflecting the processes and left a good name for himself as a literary critic, philosopherliterary critic. The praise chapter of the epic "Sab'ai Sayyar", which is part of the epic "Khamsa", contains the following:
Yo`q edi odamiki bor etting, Kishilik birla e`tibor etting. Yo`q ham etsang ani-o`q etgungdur, Bor qilgungduru yo`q etgungdur.25 [1.277] That is, you created a person who did not exist and paid attention to the person. It is up to you to create it and to destroy it. The mind of the slave is weak in these works of truth. Indeed, man does not know what it is to make nonexistence exist and to destroy existence. He is helpless, amazed only at what Allah has created. The poet Erkin Vahidov once said: "Alisher Navoi's poems contain not only beautiful allusions and deep philosophical thoughts, but also magic and celestial melodies that amaze the mind."26 We can observe this situation in the above verses as well. The epic depicts the artistic expression of the state of love, in which the love trade destroys the whole body. Ishq sensen dog`iyu oshiqsen,
25 Alisher Navoi "Complete collection of works", 10 volumes, 7 volumes. -Tashkent, page 277. In the following
pages, where the same source is used, the page number is placed in the quotation itself. 26 Erkin Vohidov. Shoiru she'ru shuur. - Tashkent, 1987. p.47.
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Yana ma`shuqluqqa loyiqsen. Ayni ma`shuqluqda jilvai zot, O`zini ko`rgali tilab mir`ot [1.279] Love is you and you are in love. You deserve to be loved. Beautiful person wants a mirror to see himself in love. On the philosophical basis of the mystical worldview, God is not a cause that exists outside the world, but is considered an inseparable unity with the universe. Sensenu sendin o`zga xud nima yo`q, Gar ko`runsa sen o`lg`ung ul nima-o`q. Hech nima yo`q sen eding mavjud, Ham sen ulg`ung bori bo`lub nobud.[1.280] If you go, there is nothing but you, even if it is visible, you are in it. There was nothing, you existed. You are alive, and the rest are doomed. According to Hazrat Navoi, all the worlds of sophistication in the world are aimed at serving people, and all the subtleties and facets of this sophistication are reflected in the beauty of God. He embodies in his philosophical views the fact that his spiritual image and moral qualities are determined by how much he benefits the people. Ey ko`ngil, boqmag`il jahon ishiga Kim, jahonn qilmadi vafo kishiga. Bu ulug`roq kesak erur bu jahon Ki, erur ko`pragi suv ichra nihon.[1.613] O soul, do not act according to the affairs of the world, for no one has fulfilled it yet. This world is a huge chunk, most of which is hidden in the water. When a person is deceived by the blessings of the world, he goes down into the abyss. Everything in the world is temporary. The lump cannot stand in water, it is likely to melt for a while. Human life is as extinct as a water-soluble shell. The character of Navoi Bahrom is changed by the details of the events that are part of the main stereotype. When the king was drunk and he was not aware of what was being done, he explained by examples that calamities would befall the people. At the end of the epic, the main philosophical idea is stated. Saidbek Hasanov says: "He notes that human life is short and fleeting, and that it should be spent only for good. This idea is the main ideological direction of Navoi's epic. 27For this reason, although love is embodied in events as a central concept, the main idea is focused on human perfection. In the example of the image of Dilorom in the epic we can see a progressive approach to the problem of women. In conclusion, the study of the world and man in the great thinker Alisher Navoi's "Sabai Sayyar" is a way to open the horizons of the study of creative philosophical views, as well as the impetus for positive changes in our modern social situation.
27 Saidbek Hasanov "Seven Gifts of Navoi" p.131
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References: 1. Alisher Navoi "Complete collection of works", 10 volumes, 7 volumes. Tashkent, page 277. 2. Erkin Vohidov. Shoiru she'ru shuur. - Tashkent, 1987. p.47. 3. Saidbek Hasanov "Seven Gifts of Navoi" p.131
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UDC: 378.30
Ochilova N.S. teacher of the department of interfaculty foreign languages
faculty of foreign languages Andijan State University Uzbekistan, Andijan
ORGANIZATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS USING DISTANCE LEARNING
Abstract: Distance education seems to be especially important for English with its vast territory, uneven population density and the location of university centers. However, the use of DL in practice without appropriate methodological training can lead to discrediting of DL as a form of education. Lack of a unified concept, lack of practical experience often lead to completely opposite views on this form of education: from reduction to a set of means and methods of transferring educational information to its absolutization, to the appearance of ideas about creating a virtual educational institution, etc.
Key words: distance learning, educational processes, practical, methods, virtual, organization.
In modern conditions, there is a growing need for the formation of a flexible distributed system of lifelong education, with the help of which a person is provided with access to world information resources and databases and the opportunity to continuously improve his professional skills throughout his life. Such a system allows a person to be professionally mobile and creatively active. This opportunity is provided by distance education, which is one of the most actively developing areas.
The process of organizing distance learning among students of various educational institutions.
The modern orientation of higher education towards the formation of competencies as the readiness and ability of the future professional to work and communicate involves the creation of didactic and psychological conditions in which a participant in the educational process can show not only intellectual and cognitive activity, but also a personal social position, his individuality, which allows him to express yourself as a subject of learning. In this regard, distance learning as a special form of organizing cognitive activity, focused on increasing the efficiency of the educational process, achieving high results, is of particular importance in the professional training of future specialists; strengthening of cognitive motivation, formation and development of general cultural and professional competences of future specialists.
In pedagogical practice with traditional forms of education, well-known forms of education have developed. When teaching social and humanitarian
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disciplines, the most common received: lectures, seminars, laboratory classes, tests, term papers, exams, independent work, etc. All of them take place with certain specifics in the LMS both in the contact and non-contact periods of training.
At present, methodologists believe that pronunciation training should be conducted throughout the entire period of language learning, although the role of this work and its nature should change at different stages of training.28
1. The goals of distance education can be formulated as follows: introduction of the latest educational technologies into the learning process and the creation of a modern educational space through this; stimulation of independent search work of students, guided by teachers; a gradual transition from reproductive education to a more modern creative. To achieve these goals, distance learning initially must solve a number of fundamental problems. In a rather general form, they can be formulated as follows. In the distance learning mode, knowledge certification is carried out by sending the student electronic control tests and measurement materials. Previously, the problem was to establish the reliability that the task was completed by the student himself, without the help of other people. Now this problem has been solved with the help of new communication tools (such as Skype, an Internet telephony program with video calling and video conferencing capabilities). Thanks to them, knowledge control can be carried out in real time, including in the process of communication between the teacher and the student "face to face." Control in the educational process consists in checking the course and results of the theoretical and practical assimilation of the educational material by the students. Assessment of knowledge, skills and abilities acquired in the course of distance learning is of particular importance due to the lack of direct contact between the student and the teacher. The role and importance of objective and multi-criteria forms of knowledge quality control is increasing. A feature of control in the LMS is the need for additional implementation of the functions of identifying the student's personality to exclude the possibility of falsification of training. Organization of feedback from the student. This is important for the timely adjustment of the educational process by the teacher [3]. Learning management is one of the most challenging tasks in distance learning. It includes the synchronization of all educational activities, recruiting groups of students, dosing the load between teachers, issuing various certificates and other organizational activities. This task is feasible with the help of modern technologies.
28 Matkarimova G. Pronunciation training is based on methodological principles. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020.
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A significant expansion of the functionality of Moodle is achieved through the integration of a subsystem for organizing webinars / web conferences. In addition to language support and design templates, Moodle also allows you to connect the following types of modules:
1) course elements; 2) administrator reports; 3) types of tasks; 4) authentication plugins; 4) blocks; 5) course formats; 6) reports on courses; 7) database fields (for the course element "Database"); 8) course subscription plugins; 9) filters; 10) assessment reports The special role of distance learning in the formation of professional skills and abilities of future specialists is emphasized in the Federal State Educational Standard for Professional Education of the Third Generation. Thus, the increasing demands of society and employers for a modern professional, a change in the tasks of vocational training associated with the implementation of a competency-based approach, raise the question of the need to study the educational potential, theoretical foundations and methodological support of distance learning in the process of professional training of a modern professional.29 Currently, DL is widely used traditional regulated forms of education: lectures, seminars, consultation examinations, independent work, etc. The specificity of the use of these forms in DL is manifested in the frequency of their use in the educational process and the predominant use of new information technologies[3]. Information-receptive and reproductive teaching methods are currently most often used in English DL practice, and among the teaching aids printed, computer and audio-video materials. Printed training materials for the discipline for preschool education should contain at least: recommendations for independent study, the main text, control tasks, training tasks, an explanatory dictionary of terms. In general, training according to the manual should provide the trainee with a minimum of access to additional literature. The pedagogical potential of interactive learning in the system of professional training of a teacher, which consists in the possibility of activating the subject experience of the future teacher and including it in active cognitive and communicative activities to solve educational and professional problems, requires further study.
29 Matkarimova G. The use of the phonetic exercises to develop of speech skills in English lessons. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020.
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Distance education is defined as education that is fully or partially carried out with the help of computers and telecommunication technologies and means. The subject of distance education is removed from the teacher and / or teaching aids and / or educational resources. The interaction of the teacher and students with each other occurs at a distance, without losing the components of the educational process and is implemented through Internet technologies. Based on this, distance education, first of all, implies a high development of information and communication tools.
List of references: 1. Matkarimova G. Pronunciation training is based on methodological principles. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020. 2. Matkarimova G. The use of the phonetic exercises to develop of speech skills in english lessons. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020. 3. Usmonova Sh. Study of scientific technical transfusion in non-linguistic educational university. International journal. Moscow.2019.
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UDC: 378. 62
Odilova N.A. teacher of department of foreign languages faculty of agro engineering and hydro melioration Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Uzbekistan, Andijan
USE OF INNOVATIVE METHODS IN PROFESSIONAL DISCOURSE OF A TEACHER OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES
Abstract: The article is devoted to the problem of using innovative methods and different active forms at foreign language lessons at school. In article various active methods are considered, but the most effective method in our opinion is the method of organizational-training game which promotes intensive training of memory, development of creative imagination and communicative skills of learners. The given innovative methods promote development of informative activity of students that in turn is defining stimulus, motivation and interest to studying a foreign language.
Keywords: education, students, process, educational complex, innovative methods, linguistic games, organizational-training game, communicative skills, modernization of the education, knowledge.
Now in modern didactics there is a burning search of effective paths to develop students' informative forces and abilities. During an epoch of rapid development of industrial forces, scientific and technical progress, volume of the arriving information, life puts in the forefront in school training a problem of activation of informative (cognitive) activity of learners. The maximum development of the creative approach to any activity, development of the initiative, activity and independence in all members of a society is the requirement of today's life. The beginning of formation of these qualities should be necessary at school. Informative activity of learners at school is a necessary stage of preparation of young generations to life and work. The primary goal of any teacher is to search and find new methods and means of perfection of a lesson which would lead to activation of informative activity of learners. Doctrine activation can be presented as a line of activity of learners on the decision of problems with use of the most various sources of knowledge [ 1, 48].
Informative activity is effective force of formation of the person of the pupil in educational process as it promotes occurrence of the intellectual response to process of knowledge and provides cognitive-emotional responsiveness of the learners in informative process. At the present stage of development of a society the foreign language for many people is a vocational training component. However, despite presence of enormous requirement for mastering by learners by foreign languages, the contradiction between the purpose of training to a foreign
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language at school and real results is observed; On termination of obligatory employment at school many never more are reverted to language studying; knowledge degree is reduced only to primitive level; the foreign language at comprehensive school for many is the poor progress factor. One of paths of the decision of this problem is an application of such means, forms and the training methods which introduction essentially variants lesson frame, the form of activity of learners and learning, raises efficacy of teaching and educational process [4, 55].
Modernization of the maintenance of formation at the present stage of development of a society is not in the last instance connected to innovative processes in the organization of training to foreign languages.
The main task of modern training not only to yield wide formation, but also to arrange the person of the growing up person to independent acquisition of knowledge, to constant tendency to go deep into knowledge area, to form proof informative motives of the doctrine, informative interest is basic of which. For formation of informative interest of learners there are variety of factors, including search of methods and forms of the organization of educational activity matters. Does not raise the doubts that fact that the problem of the teacher consists in finding and development of such forms of work which would aggregate the teacher and learners in one creative collective e, would raise a role of independent work, activity of learners in all process of study.
From this point of view the major problem of school formation of highgrade citizens of the country. And on decisions of this problem in many respects depends, than the schoolboys will be engaged, what trade will select, and where will work. The school cannot yield the person a store of knowledge on all life. But it in a state to yield the schoolboy the basic basic reference points of the basic knowledge. The school can and should educe informative interests and abilities of the learners, to impart to it the key competences necessary for the further selfeducation.
Today in the attention center the learners, its person, unique private world. Therefore the main objective of the modern teacher to choose methods and forms of the organization of educational activity of learner which optimum correspond to an object in view of development of the person.
Last years the question on application of new information technology at high school is even more often brought up. It not only new means, but also new forms and the teaching methods, the new approach to training process. A main objective of training to foreign languages is formation and development of communicative culture of pupils, training to practical mastering by a foreign language.
As has shown the analysis of the scientifically-methodical literature on the yielded problem that the problem of the teacher consists not only in creating conditions of practical mastering by tongue for each learners, to choose such methods of training which would allow each learners to display the activity, the
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creativity, but also to stir up informative activity of the learners in the course of training to foreign languages. In our opinion, such modern pedagogical technologies as training in cooperation, the design procedure, use of new information technology, Internet resources help to realize the personal-oriented approach in training, provide an individualization and differentiation of training taking into account abilities of children, their level of education.
We consider that the most successful variant at the decision of the problems set forth above is the effective utilization of innovative methods and training receptions at foreign language lessons at school in the form of organizationaltraining game.
It is known that games on a foreign language it is the special kind of the didactic stuff used for the purpose of increase of informative interests of learners, but language game, as a rule, contains not only the entertaining information. Comprehension new knowledge and abilities "is disguised" in the form of game that promotes intensive training of memory, development of creative imagination, strengthening of skills of dialogue. Submergence on language medium and application of game technologies allows mastering great volume linguistic information for rather short time.
As the primary goal of a language subject is formation of basic communicative abilities on the foreground questions of research of motivation and efficacy of game act. Game voluntary business to force to play it is impossible, game it is possible to carry away only children the criteria and assessments, the preferences. How to make so that the offered game has cleared in children interest to learn a foreign language and the activity gradually passing from game to the educational?
Own understanding of the yielded problem it is visible in the following. Game, as well as other forms of activity should be under construction on certain principles. Accordingly the knowledge of the main rules of the organization of game activity will predetermine its success. Taking into account the told we will evolve some the basic requirements shown to carrying out of linguistic games which we try to adhere in the work:
1. Intriguing and entertaining purposes; 2. Availability of game to all children; 3. Aesthetic appeal of game; 4. The right of participants of game to an error and a freedom in choosing of actions; 5. Competitive character of game. The purposes put in the name of linguistic game, should be opened and at the same time intriguing. In the instruction to game on the foreground it is necessary to put forward allure and singularity of forthcoming actions, appeal of a net result. Provocation, i.e. artificial excitation of interest, considerably raises motivation to game, promotes emotional enthusiasm. Such approach will allow
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on the offer: we Will play in words? hear in the answer the joyful consent: we Will play!.
Linguistic games should be accessible to all children have worked an indispensable condition participation of all and everyone. Linguistic games should be "beautiful" and draw attention of potential participants not only the maintenance, but also the form. It is a question of the thought over design of a requisite (the table with texts of proverbs, tongue twisters; bright posters with the plotting of plants etc.; schemas models for construction of offers; a map, etc.) and an interior (tour agency, cafe, shop etc.). For this purpose skillfully enough to dispose of a board, paints and to involve extra linguistic stock (a barrel a whirly, clothes elements, accessories, flowers, foods etc.). The kind of the premise decorated with attributes, according to a game situation, softens an emotional pressure and helps participants to be adjusted on game. 30
The game purpose: to dilate a linguistic and cultural urological outlook of learners, to make active a regional geographic stuff (names of the countries English-speaking).
Game conditions: children sit down in a circle. The first says the name of the English-speaking country, the second retries the first name and adds the.
Game conditions: the leader suggests competing commands in a definite time «to collect a bouquet» English primroses, having chosen their names from the presented list of words.
The positive emotions invoked by game, the dialogue inherent in organizational-training games, in a complex with suggestive delivering of stuff form the informative interests of learner promoting informative and communicative activity of learners, to involuntary mastering of the information speaking another language.
It is possible to assert that all modern innovative technologies are directed on increase of activity of learners: the true got by inherent stress of efforts, has huge informative value. The activation of educative-informative activity lifted on level of creative processes, more all expresses reformative character of activity. Its creative character is always connected with something new, to change of a stereotype of actions, activity conditions. The main thing satisfaction activity that congenially influences both motives, and on doctrine means, and on adaptability of learners to dialogue with the teacher, with schoolmates, on building of the congenial attitudes in activity. 31
Thus, it is possible to ascertain that purposeful and regular use presented above technologies at training to a foreign language promotes realization of following purposes such as, to perfection of abilities of learners in oral and written speech, to dilating of an outlook of trainees, development of communicative
30 X. Alimova. The importance of exercises in the comprehensive training in all types of speech activity. 6(73) -s.: 2020. 31 Muxitdinova F.R., Hudayarova O.Z. Structural and content Characteristics of texts and increasing the various types of oral work. " ". 2019. p. 116.
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skills, abilities to work with the dictionary and other sources, stimulates schoolboys to be active, educes at them interest, imagination.
List of references: 1. X. Alimova. The importance of exercises in the comprehensive training in all types of speech activity. 6(73) -s.: 2020. 2. Muxitdinova F.R., Hudayarova O.Z. Structural and content Characteristics of texts and increasing the various types of oral work. " ". 2019. p. 116. 3. Axmadjonova Sh.N. Developing speaking aspect of students. . 2019., p. 211. 4. Irgashev M.U. About the problem of motivation of educational activity of students in the conditions of education in the university. Moscow: 2019.
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UDC 372.881.111.1
Ostonova R.F. EFL teacher 23secondary school
Uzbekistan, Bukhara, Jondor
MOTIVATIONAL IMPACTS FOR EFFECTIVE VIRTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING
Abstract: The article introduces motivational impacts for effective online education process that deal with losing interest, satisfaction and motivation among learners during global critical period. By looking broadly motivational constructs, the impacts of sources, interaction, digital tools and course projects as a process of motivating developments.
Keywords: Motivational impacts, motivational constructs, motivation sources, online interaction, digital tools, online activities and projects.
Fresh ingredient make the food tasty and enjoyable and it serves for human health and development. If the process of preparing food is done by updated technology and tools, it will be handful and economize the time. In this way, we may compare the impact of say with effective virtual teaching and learning. Today's world is involving learners and young generations to be driving force of virtual atmosphere. One of the major problems among virtual teachers comment on is lack of student motivation. By defining Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English, Motivation refers eagerness and willingness to do something without needing to be told or forced to do. It refers that without sufficient stimulant, young minds even with distinctive talents are not able to accomplish objectives. Motivation is the "engine" of learning.(Paris& Turner,1994) Motivation can influence what we learn, how we learn, and when we choose to learn( Schunk &Usher,2012) Compared to classroom learning environment more and more students are losing interest and motivation by running virtual lessons. Studies show that explore motivation to learn in online contexts are limited in both numbers and scope . Studies used task choice, cognitive effort, persistence, skill, and achievement to measure motivation. (Bekele,2010). Feelings of isolation (Paulus & Scherff, 2008), frustrations with the technology (Hara & Kling, 2003) and time constraints due to other responsibilities (Keller, 1999) have all been identified as factors influencing students' decisions to withdraw from online courses. However, poor motivation has also been identified as a decisive factor in contributing to the high dropout rates (Artino, 2008; Keller, 2008). Therefore, student motivation is considered a crucial factor for success in online learning environments (Artino, 2008; Keller, 2008) and is a primary reason for the current study. Collectively, these factors point to the need to reconsider motivation to learn in technology-rich environments.(Maggie,2016).
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"Motivational constructs" was identified by Zornei(2001) in order to make students realize the fact that intrinsic\extrinsic and integrative and\instrumental are two motivational constructs that complement each other. They are connected through their relation to the same motivational construct ,but on the other hand , they are connected through their interrelated features which can be well intertwined and rooted within one individual. "Intrinsic motivation is defined as the doing of an activity for its inherent satisfactions rather than for some separable consequence(Ryan & Deci,2000b, p56). Intrinsic motivation often results from the challenge, interest or fun an individual derives from an activity. Intrinsic motivation has also been identified as an important characteristic of online learners (Shroff, Vogel, Coombes, & Lee, 2007). Huett (2008)also suggests that online learner are more intrinsically motivated compared with their on-campus counterparts at both undergraduate and postgraduate level. The characteristics of independence, self-direction and intrinsic motivation have long been associated with distance learners (Moore, 1989).In contrast, "extrinsic motivation is a construct that pertains whenever an activity is done in order to attain some separable outcome" (Ryan & Deci, 2000a, p. 60). In other words, intrinsic motivation is associated with undertaking an activity for the enjoyment or interest inherent in it. Extrinsic motivation is associated with a source outside the activity itself, such as undertaking a course of study to improve future career prospects.
The impact of source is believed to be satisfactory motivation and supported student's encouragement as well as identified motivation sources (Reber.2005,Gary"Lee"Frantz,2000). James W.King identified that , most sources were related to:
Technologies and multimedia
Organization and course quality Website construction, online interaction
Accomplishing tasks, knowledge acquisition The impact of interaction among participants is considered as dominant motivational development in virtual learning. Interaction has been used in online learning to denote anything from clicking on a link to interpersonal dialogue among many participants(Nicholas,2008).Moore identified three types of interaction in earlier generations of distance education, namely: leanerinstructor, learner-content, learner-learner interaction. The former ,learnerinstructor interaction refer to exchanges that occur between learners and the teacher are characterized by attempts to motivate and interest the learner. They also provide a mechanism for feedback allowing clarification of misunderstandings .Seven types of distance learning settings was identified by Thach and Murphy(1995): 1) establishing learning outcomes; 2) providing feedback; 3) facilitating information presentation; 4) monitoring and evaluating student progress;
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5) facilitating learning activities; 6) facilitating discussions; 7) determining learning needs and preferences Leaner-content interaction describes the intellectual process that occurs between the learner and the resources associated with the topic of study (Moore,1989).With the rapid development of technology ,learners can now choose from a huge variety of information at any time or from any place. But n order to interact with content ,learners need to be able to access relevant and appropriate resources which frequently, requires guidance from the teacher(T.Anderson,2006) Learner-learner interaction take place between leaners taking a course together(Moore,1989).This can include processes such as sharing information and understandings, working together to interpret and complete activities, solving problems, and sharing opinions or personal insights. The impact of digital tools is considered by learners to use the necessary technological tools to learn online has also been found to be related to performance(Moos&Azevedo,2009).It is the fact that ,the technology itself is viewed by some as inherently motivating because it provides a number of qualities that are recognized as important in the fostering of intrinsic motivation, namely challenge, curiosity ,novelty and fantasy(Lepper&Malone,1987).Juwah argues that for learners to participate and positive peer interactions ,they need know how to effectively use the digital tools and must understand how to learn. Bekele presumed that if students perceive technologies as easy/friendly, they would accept and use them, which then might affect their motivation and satisfaction. Perceived or actual use of technologies might also affect success. If users have dependable access to different technologies, that should have a favorable impact. Moreover, online collaborations and communications are possible only when one has multiple tools at hand. Thus, a/synchronous technologies and multimedia presumably impact successfulness along with skill/experience factors. Technology factors is the most visible in virtual teaching and learning process. The impacts of course projects and activities Implemented interactive projects and activities among students in the online course are group or peer group assignments. Randomly, teachers assigned students into different groups. These groups or peer remain stable up to till the end of the course. Completing the project hand in hand by group or peer helps corporate and sustain mutual motivation and experience. Virtual based projects and activities focuses on collaborative skills as they accomplish assignments. Creating such interactive atmosphere electrify learners to become involved, interact with information and acquire knowledge. Dr. Hossein Arsham (Hopkins University) believed Web-based courses that engage and empower students increase their enjoyment and encourage them to share and participate in their learning process. The Internet can make it much easier for students to work
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together. However, in collaborative learning the following is necessary for successful teamwork. The team must be a real team, rather than a team in name only.
It has compelling direction for its work. It has an enabling structure that facilitates teamwork.
It operates within a supportive educational context. It has expert teamwork coaching. Motivation affects the demonstration of critical thinking skills and acquisition as well as it has been identified as a attributive factor in electrifying and providing a sense of community and achievement in Online-Supported learning. Picking up focal points of the article, not only technology attributes, course elements, contents, interaction, program quality but also project related activities reportedly motivated students . Compared to classroom learning environments, The scope of virtual teaching and learning process is less structured and leaner-focused .Taken together, project-oriented impact in online learning demands stable effort and persistence. Students who encounter obstacles related to support, technicalities and higher-order thinking skills have a higher motivation by persistence.
References: 1.Artino, A. R. (2008). Motivational beliefs and perceptions of instructional quality: Predicting satisfaction with online training. Journal of Computer Assisted Learning, 24(3), 260-270. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2729.2007.00258.x 2.Bekele, T. A. (2010). Motivation and satisfaction in internet-supported learning environments: A review. Educational Technology & Society, 13 (2), 116-127. 3.Dornyei,Z(2001) Motivation and Second language Acquisition.Second Language Teaching and Cirriculum Centre, University of Hawaii at Manoa
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Pirnazarova R. metodist «Barkamol avlod»
c. Nukus
SATIRICAL JOURNALISM, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND THE VALUE OF WATER
Annotation: This article focuses on social issues, namely ecological and water problems that are described in the compositions of T.Jumamuratov, including his satirical works. The poet of satires feels the importance of ecological problems in Karakalpakstan and highlights it in his literature works. The relationship and communication between people come in the first place. In his works the evil attitude of people to nature, social changes, the emergence of the term "human ecology", the sudden changes in nature are described. The author describes that any kind of issue arises as a result of this relations with a journalistic pathos.
Key words: satire, publicism, ecology, issue, water, people, social, nature.
In his book The Third Wave, Western futurist Alvin Toffler divides society into three groups and describes them. The first society: from ancient period to XIX century agrarian society. In this society, land ownership came first. Whoever owns the land is considered rich.
The second society is an industrial society. Whoever had the equipment was powerful.
The third society is the information society. In this case, those who have the information were the judges. All the conveniences, because civilization is in the city, everyone aspired to the city, tried to be educated, technical. Noisy and narrow streets began to crowd people, especially educators. Now they are interested in nature and quiet places.
In turn, humanity once again proved that it can not do without nature, without inspiration from nature.
Ecology is the biological science that studies the interaction of living organisms with the center of life. In modern times, ecology has become a science that studies the relationship between nature and society. It shows that man and nature are inextricably linked. Deterioration of the ecological situation significantly reduces the quality of life of people.
So, we are living in an information age where the advantages of nature are very clear. However, one example of the contradiction of life, in an age of increasing value of nature, is the high level of psychology that harms nature. When talking about the pros and cons of globalization, the negative side is the "increase in environmental problems."
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During the writing of the work, I noticed a number of personalities of Tileubergen Zhumamuratov, both in relation to environmental issues.
In almost all works of poet, water, river and sea are the main ideas. He wrote a lot about water, rivers and seas. For example, "On the wave", "In Muynak", "By the sea", "Island", "To the fisherman", "Fishermen's union", "In the middle of the ocean" and others.
In the creation of the image of the poet, in simple words, in the utterance the concepts of water, river, sea, ocean, waves pass through like a "golden thread".
In the work of poet there are ecological problems in prose journalism speeches, articles, poetic journalism, satire. For example, speeches on the Aral Sea exercise, satirical journalism such as "Do not play too much with the sea", "The hot story we saw.
And the discovery is a great memory, reminiscent of the Aral Sea, which was flooded by the creation of Tileubergen Zhumamuratov. Tileubergen Zhumamuratov, a poet who wrote about the Aral Sea in the most beautiful way and wrote about it with the greatest skill.
T. Zhumamuratov's creations are like a sacred bird, and the spring breeze passes from generation to generation with a different symbol.
From the lyrics of poet written in the 1940s, we can see that he was a great satirist with a burning heart.
Surprisingly, Tileubergen Zhumamuratov wrote a feuilleton in 1947, "Don't play too much with the sea." The events that led to the feuilletons "Do not play too much with the sea", "The hot story we saw" are, as mentioned above, the indifference of the people, the resulting problems.
Here we can clearly see the appearance of officials, who were negligent in their duties.
This means that Tileubergen Zhumamuratov has long felt the ecological problem.
His satire describes unfavorable events that preventing to the development of the life of our people. The arrogance of the individual in the management of the kolkhoz was a case of disregard for public property. And T. Zhumamuratov's satire did not fail to touch the guilty person.
«We used to memorize and recite all the poems of T. Zhumamuratov published in the newspaper, "said Kudaibergen Zhumaniyazov, a teacher in the Republic of Karakalpakstan.
In the play "Don't play too much with the sea" Auez is left behind, Vasilchuk and Baishek are lazy and negligent, Shora batyr's prey is left in the field, he is a hunter. Sarsen swelled the poppies, taught Sait as well, and followed in his footsteps. And Nikolai is a sleeper, he is careless. Makhambet, Ajims go duck shooting. It is said that Tazhibai drank vodka without leaving the market.
Usually, the poet create his work with love, and it can be caused by life events which should not be told about it. He confirms it himself.
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In the winter of 1949, in the "Mashankol" area of Moinak, the collective farmers produced a lot of fish, and due to the negligence of the fish trust, some fish were lost. And without realizing their responsibility, they only blame the heads of individual points, the recipients, and offer them to the places of punishment. At that time, Tileubergen was working in Nukus.
The poet got acquainted with these materials and wrote a feuilleton for the newspaper "Kyzyl Karakalpakstan" entitled "Korgen isti ettik bayan". The feuilleton was published in a newspaper in January 1950.
1968, at an international conference, a world program called "Man and the Biosphere" was adopted. It adopted for the first time an international program on the protection and rational use of biosphere bioresources, which received an appropriate environmental description.
In 1971, the first European Conference was opened in Switzerland, where the issues of "Environmental Center", "Nature Protection" were discussed. In 1972, about forty different decisions were made in Sweden on environmental education and training, and in 1977 on environmental education and training in Georgia.
Today, 85% of human diseases are caused by the unfavorable environment (dust, dust). The first people to blame for the destruction of nature. This exercise deals with medical ecology. To summarize, these connections are called "HumanSociety-Nature". Here is an example. We see the attitude of people and society as a whole to nature. Our teacher Malika Zhumamuratova made a video for the lesson "Theory of the Information Society".
It shows that a beautiful girl is standing, she looks beautiful, she is carefree, she doesn't care about anyone, she can not speak... A man from abroad came around the girl and smeared mud on her face. The second one came and looked at it and threw a bigger stone. The next ones pulled out their hair and glued the jars and waste. Then a Kamaz came and overtook the girl. The girl is suffocating. None of the people who saw it said, "Don't do that." The beautiful girl became blind and miserable because of people. Nobody thought about it and worried. This girl is a symbol of nature. Human cruelty to nature has put him to death. Nature is speechless. But there is a soul. He gave all he had to humanity, not half of his soul, as the mother's love for the baby.
But mankind has stolen, deceived, eaten, and acted dishonestly. He did not see each other's faults, nor did he see them, nor did he know them. Satisfaction, conscience, and conscience were left aside. We have destroyed the Aral Sea, tested the ozone layer, filled the oceans with waste. Instead, we are increasing the number of diseases and suffering ...
Thales: "The liquid element of the whole world is water, and everything that happens in nature is made of water, and they are transformed into water by the action of the whole world. This is because it is said that the earth is made of water. The earth is round, flat, and floats in the water like a ship surrounded by oceans. Water is the permanent and material source of everything in the world, it
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is eternal, but it is said that something and the gifts that come from it are temporary. According to him, this world, the world is material eternity. It did not exist out of nothing and will not disappear from the bar, "he said. These ideas are the philosophy of Palestine about water. A number of scientists have studied the properties of water and have come to the following conclusions: Water improves or worsens depending on the nature of the information it receives. Water that received good, well-informed information did not duplicate each other, formed wonderful crystals, and water that heard bad news did not form any crystals.
Human ecology is not defined as a stable science as a new ecological science, and there are various opinions about it in the world literature. Human ecology teaches the most effective ways to solve political and economic problems and improves people's living conditions.
The solution to the problem of human ecology is, of course, legal literacy and moral integrity, which are the main regulators in the democratization of the governing and executive generation.
The lack of these qualities is a stumbling block to the progressive thinking of every age.
By changing nature, people create a new environment. The Center for Human Ecology studies the favorable and unfavorable impact on human life.
In short, man cannot predict the future without knowing the past. As a result, there is an exercise in ecology and culture. This is the relationship between ecology and humanity. The very principles of morality here are enshrined in law and international law. This is the connection between ecology and law.
References: 1.htths// ru/ Wikipedia/org/ wiki/ . 2. . .,2002 3. .. . 4. ,2- ,2012 5.. , , «» 6.. , , «», 7. ., . , , 2018 8. , ., «» ,2005
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Polvonov Kh.N. assistant professor of Karshi branch of TUIT
Khamrayev J. assistant professor of Karshi branch of TUIT
Jurakulov Sh.B. assistant professor of Karshi branch of TUIT
THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF CLOUD PRODUCTION
Abstract: Very few people imagine that the concept of "cloud technologies" is not at all an unattainable area of IT technologies, but something that many people use on a daily basis. Cloud computing (eng. Cloud computing) is a technology of distributed data processing, in which computer resources and the provision of power to the user as an Internet service. The term "cloud" is used as a metaphor based on the image on the site of a diagram of a computer network, or as an image of a complex infrastructure that hides all the technical details.
Keywords: cloud computing, cloud structure, cloud computing functions, cloud product.
Cloud production is a new interdisciplinary field, involving technologies and concepts such as network production, production networks (MGrid), virtual production, flexible production, the Internet of Things and, in fact, cloud computing. Cloud production reflects both the model of "unity of distributed resources" and the model of "distribution of integral resources."
The concept of "cloud production" can be given the following definition this is a model of universal, convenient access to the general fund of redeployable production resources (software, equipment, production facilities) at the right time and with the ability to quickly obtain a finished product with minimal management costs and with minimal interaction between the supplier and the customer.
In cloud production, distributed resources are encapsulated in cloud services and managed centrally. The client can use the cloud services at his discretion. The cloud user can receive various services: design training, design, production, testing, management and services related to any other stage of the product life cycle.
Consider the architecture of the cloud production system (Fig. 1). As shown in the figure, a hypothetical cloud production system consists of many subsystems - "layers". Each of the layers contains software, hardware, technical, organizational, mathematical software separately or their combinations.
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Fig. 1 - Cloud Production Architecture.
The functioning of the cloud production system begins at the corporate level (Enterprise cooperation application layer), which addresses the issues of versatile cooperation between industries and enterprises. Various enterprises, divisions and departments work under the general management of the software of the portal level (Portal layer) and the software of the cloud production system (Application layer). Here, the bulk of the tasks of human-machine interaction are carried out.
The most significant and time-consuming layer in this "pie" is the core cloud service layer, which combines all software and organizational and technical tools into a single production cloud (for example, receiving and processing applications, technical control, access rights management, planning, monitoring, capacity deployment, optimization, etc.). The effectiveness and efficiency of the entire production model depends on the functioning of this subsystem.
At the level of the virtual resource layer (Resource virtualization layer), production resources and capacities become "virtual" (more precisely, they create virtual copies through which communication with physical equipment is carried out) and encapsulated in the production cloud. The essence of encapsulation is to hide from "outside interference" the structure of the production site and to reduce the interactions between the cloud and production equipment to the use of strictly predefined methods and commands.
The connection layer (perception layer) provides data exchange between physical objects in the local network.
The resource layer contains all production resources and capacities encapsulated in services and available to the client upon request.
Outside the hierarchy are three subsystems, which simultaneously ensures the functioning of all other systems. This is a knowledge base, security system and a higher-level data exchange network (Internet, regional networks, etc.).
The subjects of the "cloud" production system are: a service provider (provider), which provides its production resources to the client, an operator who manages the platform, its maintenance and maintenance, and, directly, the client
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himself who receives the necessary production capacity at the right time for a certain time fee.
Problems and development prospects The new concept of industrial production is several steps ahead of the current opportunities of both industry and information technology, sets a good vector in the development of these industries. Cloud production offers a transition from an obsolete production-oriented industry model to a service-oriented model. The key concepts are "production as a service", "design as a service", "management as a service", etc. With the advent of powerful and affordable production services on the market, new opportunities for small businesses appear: the financial threshold for entering the market for newcomers is significantly reduced due to the possibility of obtaining production capacity in the right amount on a temporary basis, "for rent". In addition, there is access to powerful, reliable technologies that are easily scalable and rapidly deployable. Industrial giants also win: idle equipment does not make a profit, and by placing it at the disposal of the "cloud" it is possible to ensure almost constant loading. In addition, a centralized industrial cloud management system, collaboration with other major market players will allow to achieve peak performance, implement and develop the latest technologies in the shortest possible time and in the most efficient manner. The prospects for the new approach are very huge, but on the way to implementing such a system, enterprises will have to solve a number of serious problems: - for the full-scale functioning of the cloud industry, the entire production cycle, from the warehouse of stocks to the warehouse of finished products, should be 100% automated; - it is necessary to develop schemes for the technical control of projects at each stage of their implementation, starting with the technical specifications, ending with the shipment of finished products. This is due to the fact that potential customers of the system do not have access to detailed information about the production system, in addition, numerous production units encapsulated in the service make up an extremely difficult structure to understand, and customers may simply not have special knowledge in a particular technology field; The concept of "cloud industrial production" demonstrates the enormous potential of the opportunities that the integration of information technologies in industry reveals, in the future it will be presented in the form of a completely new model, which is based on the synergy of classical industry and high technology. Each level of the cloud production system poses a number of challenges for industrialists, for the solution of which significant investments, knowledge and experience of large companies in the field of cloud computing will be required, many new jobs will be created for specialists in new industries.
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With the transition to a service-oriented industry, humanity receives an impetus in the development of a resource-oriented economy, it gets the opportunity to more rationally distribute production capacities and labor resources, the planning task becomes easier, the means of production themselves become goods that are easily divisible and exploitable.
References: 1. Xun Xu. From Cloud Computing to Cloud Manufacturing // Elsevier. Robotics and Computer-Integrated Manufacturing. Vol. 28, Issue 1, February 2012, p. 7586. 2. Tao F., Zhang L. et al. Cloud manufacturing: a computing and service-oriented manufacturing model // Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part B: Journal of Engineering Manufacture, Institution of Mechanical Engineers, London, UK, 2011, vol. 225, no. 1
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Polvonov X.M. Farg'ona politexnika instituti
O'zbekiston
KALSIY XLORAT DEFOLIANTINI OLISHDA TEXNOLOGIK HISOBLAR
Ushbu maqolada soda zavodi distiller chiqindisi xlorlangan aralashmasini natriy xlorati bilan konversiya qilib ikki suvli kalsiy xlorat olish jarayoni qaytar siklik usulda «100-1»-«100(20)»-«20(110, 20-1)»-«20» sxema bo'yicha amalga oshirilishi mumkim ekanligi ko'rsatib berilgan.
Tayanch so'zlar: paxta, defoliatsiya, distiller suyuqligi, xlorlash, konversiya, Eneke indeksi, xloratlar.
Polvonov Kh.M. Fergana Polytechnic Institute
Uzbekistan
TECHNOLOGICAL CALCULATIONS FOR CALCIUM CHLORATE DEFOLIANT
The study showed that the process of obtaining two aqueous calcium chlorates by converting a chlorinated mixture of distilled waste from a soda plant with sodium chlorate can be carried out according to the scheme «P100-1»«R100(P20)»-«R20(R110, P20-1)»-«M20»
Keywords: cotton, defoliation, distillate, chlorination, conversion, Eneke index, chlorates.
Hozirgi kunda mamlakatimiz qishloq xo`jaligida ham chuqur tarkibiy o`zgarishlar amalga oshirilmoqda. Murakkab ob-havo sharoitiga qaramasdan, bu yil fermer va dehqonlarimizning fidokorona mehnati va omilkorligi tufayli 2020 yilda Respublika bo'yicha 1 million 78 ming gektar sug'oriladigan maydonda g'alla, 1 million 33 ming 629 gektar maydonda paxta etishtirildi.
Defoliatsiya jarayonini o`tkazish etishtirilgan hosilni sovuq tushmasdan oldin o`z vaqtida, tez va sifatli yig`ib terib olishni ta'minlaydi. Defoliatsiyadan keyin qator orasiga yorug`lik tushishi, issiqlik va havo aylanishi yaxshilanadi, natijada ko`saklarning etilishi va ochilishi tezlashadi. Defoliatsiya sababli yig`im terim ishlarining unumdorligi yaxshilanadi. Biroq, Respublikamizda mahalliy xom-ashyolar asosida olinadigan yuqori samaradorli defoliantlar ishlab chiqarish mavjud emas va bu muammo hozirda juda dolzarbdir.
Mamlakatimizda ishlab chiqarilayotgan va qishloq xo`jaligida keng miqyosda qo`llanilayotgan magniy xlorat defolianti tarkibida 42%gacha ta'sir
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etuvchi modda hamda oz miqdorda fiziologik aktiv bo`lmagan magniy va natriy xloridlari tutadi. Xloratlar guruhi defoliantlarining yana bir vakili kalsiy xloratdir. Ushbu defoliant ilgari Rossiyadan olib kelingan va Respublikamiz qishloq xo`jaligida keng qo`llanilgan. Suyuq kalsiy xlorat-xlorid defoliantini ishlab chiqarish Usolskdagi "Ximprom" ishlab chiqarish birlashmasida amalga oshirilgan. Suyuq kalsiy xlorat-xlorid defoliantining fizik-kimyoviy xossalari qoniqarsiz edi. Mahsulotda ta'sir etuvchi modda kalsiy xlorati miqdori 28,0% dan ortmas, kalsiy xloridi esa 25-26% ni tashkil qilardi.
Ammiakli usulda kalsinirlangan soda ishlab chiqarish jarayonida ko`p miqdorda zararli chiqindi distiller suyuqligi paydo bo`ladi. Xar bir tonna soda ishlab chiqarishda 8÷10 m3 distiller suyuqligi hosil bo`ladi. Distiller suyuqligi tarkibida kalsiy va natriy xloridlari, kalsiy sulfat va kalsiy gidroksidlarini tutgan eritma bo`lib, komponentlarning umumiy miqdori 15-16%ni tashkil qiladi. Distiller suyuqligini qayta ishlashning istiqbolli usullaridan biri - uni yuqori konsentratsiyali kalsiy xlorat defolianti olishda ishlatishdir.
Shuni ta'kidlash joizki, soda ishlab chiqarishdagi ekologik muammolarning istiqbolli echimlaridan biri -chiqindilarni qayta ishlash orqali yuqori sifatli mahsulotlar, jumladan, paxta defoliatsiyasi uchun ishlatiladigan yuqori samaradorli kalsiy xlorat defoliantini ishlab chiqarishdir. Xlorlangan aralashma va natriy xloratini suvli muxitdagi konversiya jarayonini tadqiq qilishda olingan natijalar [2] kalsiy xlorat defoliantini xlorlangan aralashma tarkibidagi kalsiy xloridi va natriy xloratini 1:2 nisbatida, 100oC haroratda, bug`latish bilan birga olib boriladigan konversiya jarayoni maqsadga muvofiq ekanligini ko'rsatadi. Suyuq va qattiq xoldagi kalsiy xlorat defoliantini xlorlangan aralashma va natriy xloratini konversiya qilib olish jarayonini xisoblarini keltiramiz.
Xlorlangan aralashma va natriy xloratini konversiya jarayonini asoslash diagrammasi rasm 1.da keltirilgan. 100oC xaroratda natriy xloratini tarkibida ekvimolyar miqdorda kalsiy xloridi tutgan xlorlangan aralashma bilan aralashtirganimizda tarkibi 4.4 rasmda «100» nuqta bilan aniqlanuvchi pulpa xosil bo'ladi. Eneke indeksi bo'yicha «100» pulpa koordinatasi 1 mol tuzlarga ion-ekvivalentda quyidagicha 2Na+- 0,4852; Ca2+- 0,5148; 2Cl- - 0,4853; 2ClO3- 0,5147; H2O - 6,6731.
Konversiya jarayoni umumiy tenglamasi quyidagicha: a(26,61% CaCl2+8,15%Ca(ClO3)2+2,73%NaCl+62,51%H2O)+bNaClO3=
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Bundan =0,5579; b=0,4421. Demak, 0.5579 mol xlorlangan aralashmani 0,4421 mol natriy xlorati bilan aralashtirib, 100oCda to'yinguncha qaynatilganida, natriy xlorid cho'kmasi tutgan 1 ME (molyar birlik) «100» pulpa xosil bo'ladi. Pulpani qattiq va suyuq fazaga ajratgatdan so'ng natriy xlorid va rasm 4.4da koordinatasi «100» nuqtaga mos keluvchi eritma xosil bo'ladi:
Kationlar, anionlar va suv bo'yicha xususiy tenglamalarni tuzamiz:
Tenglamalarni echib quyidagilarni olamiz: a=0,6551; x=0,3449; z=3,4552.
Shunday qilib, 3,4525 suv bug'lahadi, «100» pulpani filtrlaganimizda 0,3449 mol natriy xlorid ajraladi va 0,6551 ME «100» eritma xosil bo'ladi. «100» eritmani 20oC sovitilganida natriy xlorat cho'kmali 0,6551 ME «20» pulpa xosil bo'ladi. Ushbu pulpa koordinatasi «100» eritma koordinatasiga to'g'ri keladi. Xosil bo'layotgam eritma tarkibi NaClO3 «100» liniya bo'yicha davom etib, «20» nuqtaga to'g'ri keladi (rasm 1).
«20» eritma koorditanalari ion-ekvivalenda 1 mol tuz uchun quyidagicha 2Na+- 0,0595; Ca2+- 0,9405; 2Cl- - 0,2565; 2ClO3- - 0,7435; H2O - 5,8796.
0,6551 «100» eritmani 100 dan 20 gacha sovutish jarayoni tenglamasi:
Kationlar, anionlar va suv bo'yicha xususiy tenglamalarni tuzamiz:
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Tenglamalarni echib quyidagilarni olamiz: a=0,5473; x=0,10776.
Rasm 1. Suyuq va qattiq xoldagi kalsiy xlorat defoliantini olish jarayonini asoslovchi diagramma.
Demak, 0,6551 «100» eritmani 100 dan 20 gacha sovitilganda 0,6551 «20» pulpa xosil bo'ladi, ushbu eritmani filtrlaganimizda 0,10776 mol natriy xlorat va 0,5473 ME «20» eritma xosil bo'ladi. Ushbu eritma tarkibida 53,25% kalsiy xlorat, 7,58% kalsiy xlorid, 2,41% natriy xlorid va 36,75% suv tutadi. Olingan eritma kristallanish xarorati +8oC bo'lgan, och sarg'ish rangli eritma bo'lib tayyor kalsiy xlorid defolianti xisoblanadi.
Kristall xoldagi ikki suvli kalsiy xlorat olish uchun 0,5473 ME «20» eritmadan bir qism suvni bug'latish talab qilinadi. Shuning uchun qaynash xaroratida va vaqtga bog'liq ravishda 0,5473 ME «20» eritmadan suvni bug'latish jarayoni tadqiq qilindi (rasm 2).
Olingan ma'lumotlar shuni ko'rsatadiki, «20» eritmadan suvni bug'latib, eritma konsentrasiyasini oshirib borish bilan eritmaning qaynash xarorati ortib boradi. 0,5473 ME «20» eritmadan 41,98-42,12% suv bug'latilganida 0,5473 ME «100» eritmada xosil bo'ladi. Eritna qaynash xarorati 100 dan 110gacha ko'tariladi. Suvni bug'latish vaqti 23-25 minutni tashkil qiladi.
Ushbu eritma tuzli qismining koordinatalari 1 mol tuz uchun 0,5473 «20» eritma bilan bir xil bo'ladi. 1 mol tuz uchun suv miqdori o'zgaradi xolos. «20» eritmani bug'latish jarayoni tenglamasini tuzamiz :
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Kationlar, anionlar va suv bo'yicha xususiy tenglamalarni echib =0,5473;
z=1,3550 qiymatlarni olamiz. Demak, 0,5473 «20» eritmadan 1,3550 mol suvni bug'latib, 0,5473 «110» eritmani xosil qilamiz, uni 110oC dan 20oCgacha sovitilganda ikki suvli kalsiy xlorat cho'kmasi tutgan «20-1» pulpa
xosil bo'ladi.
Rasm. 2. «20» eritmadan suvni bug'latish kinetik egri chisig'i.
Ushbu pulpa koordinatalari rasn 1.da 0,5473 «110» eritmaga to'g'ri keladi. Pulpani filtrlaganda kristall xildagi qattiq ikkisuvli kalsiy xlorat va konversiya siklining boshiga qaytariluvchi «20» eritma xosil bo'ladi.
0,5473 «110» eritmani sovutish jarayonini tenglamasini tuzamiz :
Suv va xar bir ion bo'yicha xususiy tenglamalarni tuzib va ularni echganimizda =0,2907; =0,2566. Shunday qilib, 0,5473 ME «110» eritmani sovitganimizda xosil bo'lgan 0,5473 «20-1» pulpani filtrlasak 0,2566 mol ikki suvli kalsiy xlorat va 0,2907 ME «20» aylanma eritma xosil bo'ladi.
«20» aylanma eritmani qo'llab olib boriladigan konversiya jarayoni uchun sarflanadigan xlorlangan aralashma va natriy xlorat miqdorlarini aniqlaymiz.
Konversiya siklini muvozanatda ushlab turish uchun natriy xloridli pulpani ajratilganidan keyin 0,6551 ME «110» eritma xosil bo'lishi kerak. Xisoblar natijalari ko'rsatishicha konversiyada koorditalari 2Na+-0,4354; 2+-0,5646; Cl-0,4354; ClO3--0,5645; 2-4,8456 bo'lgan 0,9117 ME pulpa xosil bo'lishi kerak.
Konversiya jarayoni tenglamasini va ionlar xamda suv bo'yicha xususiy tenglamalarni tuzamiz:
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Xususiy tenglamalarni echib quyidagi natijalarni olamiz x=0,2566; y=0,3644. Demak, 0,9117 «100-1» pulpani olish uchun 0,2907 ME «20» eritmaga 0,3644 mol natriy xlorati va 0,2566 mol xlorlangan aralashma qo'shish talab qilinadi.
0,9117 «100-1» pulpani ajratganimizda 0,6551 «100» eritma va 0,2566 (m) mol nariy xlorid xosil bo'ladi. Bunda 3,14369 mol (z) suv bug'latilishi kerak.
Davomida 0,6551 ME «100» eritma yiqoridagi usullar orqali ikki suvli kalsiy xlorati olishda foydalanilishi mumkin.
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Rasm 3. Kalsiy xlorat defolianti olishning balansli prinsipial sxemasi.
Shunday qilib, soda zavodi distiller chiqindisi xlorlangan aralashmasini natriy xlorati bilan konversiya qilib ikki suvli kalsiy xlorat olish jarayoni qaytar siklik usulda rasm 3.da ko'rastilgan «100-1»-«100(20)»-«20(110, 20-1)»-«20» sxema bo'yicha amalga oshirilishi mumkim ekan.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar: 1. , , , 2002-2006 . , 2002. 96 . 2. .., .., .., .. - - . Universum: : . 11(68). 3. ., . «», 2019. 96 . . . . http://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/category/1168, 14-26. 3. .., .., .., .. . Universum: . 4(73). 1. ., . «», 2020. 72 . . . . http://7universum.com/ru/tech/archive/category/473, 18-25.
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Pulatova M. master of Plant Protection (biological method)
Tashkent State Agrarian University
APPLICATION OF ENCARSIA PARASITE AGAINST TYPES
Annotation: Satisfying the demand of the population for food and industry for raw materials remains one of the most important tasks facing our country today. The successful accomplishment of this task depends in many respects on the efficient use of all the reserves of agricultural production. This is because many pests, diseases and weeds cause damage and destruction of plants, which reduces plant productivity. One such pest is the whitefly, which is currently being treated with precursors.
Keywords: Whitewash, organic products, agriculture, greenhouse, weeds, pyrethroid.
The main direction of obtaining a clean ecological product in agriculture is the biological properties of the soil, the management of the life of living organisms in it, the number and quality of soil organisms, the stability of their populations and the organization of agro-technical measures, biological management. In the 1980s, S.A. Alimukhamedov and B.P. The Adashkevichs brought the whitefly parasite Enkarsia and erythromycin to our homeland from Israel and propagated it in greenhouses. Later, these parasites spread to greenhouses in Tashkent region and cotton fields in Khorezm region. The importance of the parasites mentioned above is enormous today.
Much of the evidence proven in practice in strategic plant protection requires less use of pesticides in protecting crops from pests. In particular, about 900 biolaboratories and bio-factories have been set up in Uzbekistan for the mass reproduction of trichogramma, bracon, enkarsia, pseudophicus and other productive entomophagous and their control against pests of cotton, vegetables and other agricultural crops. lib, systematic control of crop fields not only drastically reduced the amount of pesticides applied, but even limited the use of insecticides in some areas. Natural ecosystems are free of pests and weeds. Even agrocenoses have more beneficial species than harmful ones. Therefore, it is important not to reduce the number of species that control the natural state, but to keep their population stable. It should be noted that the biological method is not useful if the biological method is applied to the area where it is used, and the areas close to it are treated with pesticides.
Enkarsia is a small bee. Its body length usually does not exceed 6 millimeters. In men, the head and chest are black, in women the abdomen is painted light yellow. The reproductive model of these insects is parthenogenesis, in which female gametes develop without fertilization, so males make up more
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than two percent of the total population and appear only with a sharp deterioration in weather conditions. Under favorable conditions, the total duration of development of the insect is about two weeks, but when the air temperature drops to + 18 ° C, it can be delayed up to a month. Enkarsia is excreted every 2 weeks in the form of infected pupae at a rate of 5-6 pieces / 2m and 10-15 pieces / 2m for pest control. Environmental conditions: Optimal environmental conditions for entomophagous: air humidity up to 60-70%, temperature 26-29 ° C. At temperatures above 30 ° C or humidity above 90%, the productivity and survival rate of entomophagus decreases. The lowest temperature limit for the use of a parasitoid ditch is 1314 ° C, but with a decrease to 17 ° C, Encarsia search activity is significantly reduced.
The main method of reproduction in encarche is parthenogenesis; males (usually about 2% of the total population) appear only under the influence of low temperatures during development. The female lays about 10-15 eggs per day in the bodies of whiteflies and pupae. The developmental duration of encarcation from egg to imago is 15 days at 26 ° C and 32 days at 18 ° C. Infected pupae darken or appear black spots on the dorsal side, making it easier to monitor entomophagous and assess the level of pest control. Adults emerge from infected pupariums. The bee also feeds on hemolymph of honey and algae larvae, piercing them with ovaries. Encaria is able to find prey at a distance of 15-20 meters. Too much honey can interfere with the movement of the entomophagous. The effectiveness of the use of Enkarsia is affected by the duration of daylight hours (preferably 16-18 hours), brightness of light (7 thousand lux and more), humidity and temperature in the greenhouse.
Entomophagous culture does not tolerate treatment with insecticides of the pyrethroid group. Every year, with the onset of the spring-summer season, many insect pests wake up and begin to live an active life. Nowadays, due to the deterioration of the ecological situation, agricultural plant growers are trying to use biological means of protection, and for this purpose are increasingly using useful representatives of the animal world. Entomophagy is characteristic of a large number of insects that use pests as a food source for their offspring as a phenomenon of their own consumption, thereby limiting their reproduction.The method allows to avoid pollution of the environment, as these plants are treated with pesticides and do not cause dependence on pests.
One of the most striking representatives of entomophagous is the encarsia bee (lat. Ecarsia formosa Gah.) - a parasitoid insect that destroys the population of white larvae that damage flowers, ornamental plants and vegetables (especially tomatoes and cucumbers), so it can The pincha is used in greenhouses, greenhouses and greenhouses.The adult insect (imago) feeds on honey and the hemolymph of the larva, which is perforated by its ovipositor (hemolymph is a fluid that circulates in the internal vessels and intercellular spaces of the "host insect"). During the day, one female of the parasite is able to lay 10 to 15 embryos larvae in the body and pupae (pseudococci) and lays 60 to 100 eggs in just one
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season. From the embryo of the encarche develops a larva, which pupates inside the shell of the host. As a result, the pupae that infect the entomophagous embryo darken, which allows immediate detection of larvae infected with the parasite. The ideal conditions for the reproduction of these entomophagous - the ambient temperature is +28 ° C, relative humidity is 70% and the length of the day is 1618 hours. It should be borne in mind that when the air temperature in the greenhouse is above +30 ° C and the humidity level exceeds 90%, as well as when it drops to +14 ° C, the activity of the enkaria and its survival rate decreases sharply. It is worth noting that adult insects (imago) can find white larvae at a distance of up to 20 meters.In this case, mainly the third and fourth drops of the pest are infected with pupae.
Regarding the question of how to control encarcation, I think the following should be done: When the adult whitefly population is first found in fields and greenhouses, when the number of adult pests (imago) is still low, encarcation can be started a week before planting . In case of severe infection, entomophagous puppets should be placed in beds every two or three meters, so that their total number per square meter should be at least three to five.
If the infection of whitefly larvae in the field or greenhouse accounts for about 40% of the total population of the pest, the introduction of encarcation should be considered successful. If, after the parasites are activated, the greenhouse infection remains high enough (more than 70% of the larvae have never been infected by the ensar), observe the ratio of ten to fifteen white larvae of one parasite at the start of the next flight. need Such a model of access provides complete control over the pest during the growing season.A more successful spread of this entomophagous is facilitated by a sufficiently high temperature inside the room, good lighting of the greenhouse, timely detection of infectious foci, and speed of response to the mass appearance of pests. As a natural cousin of whiteflies, we can mention mainly specialized parasites Encarsia (Encarsia form osa).
List of references: 1. National report on the state of the environment and use of natural resources in the Republic of Uzbekistan. T. 2012. 2. A. Ergashev, T. Ergashev "Ecology, biosphere and nature protection", Tashkent, 2010 3. H. Tursunov, T. Rakhimova, "Ecology", Tashkent, 2014. 4. A. Ergashev, T. Ergashev, "Agroecology", Tashkent, New Century Generation, 2006
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UDC: 62.278
Qiryigitov B.A. teacher of department of chemistry and phyisics Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Uzbekistan, Andijan
CHARACTERIZATION DIFFERENT METHODS OF APPROXIMATION AND INTERPOLATION AND THEIR
IMPLEMENTATION IN MATHCAD AND MATLAB
Annotation: Computer modeling, as a type of technology, is currently one of the most important factors in accelerating scientific and technological progress. Today it is almost impossible to do design and calculation by hand.
Key words: computer, MathCAD, system, computer science, physics, mathematics, mechanics, astrophysics, mathematical formulas and signs.
MathCAD is a powerful software package for solving various mathematical problems with the ability to program. The MathCAD system occupies a leading position among all other mathematical systems. In addition to performing its mathematical functions, the MathCAD system is a very good text and graphic editor, in many respects not inferior to specialized programs.
MathCAD is a mathematical system in which the description of the solution of problems is set using the usual mathematical formulas and signs. The use of MathCAD in solving applied problems of a technical nature made it possible to dramatically increase the speed of calculations and the level of complexity of tasks. The skills and experience acquired during the execution will be important in graduate design, as well as engineering and scientific activities.
Computer modeling systems allow solving many issues and problems related to various industries, such as computer science, physics, mathematics, mechanics, astrophysics and others. In our case, using computer modeling systems such as MathCAD and Matlab, we investigate the mathematical model of the RLC circuit.
Using the Mathcad system, calculate the values of the functions of current in a circuit and voltage across a capacitor in a given electrical circuit under the influence of given values of current, voltage and EMF. Investigate the effect of a variable inductance on the minimum voltage across a capacitor.
In a broad sense, a numerical method is understood as a set of a discrete model implemented on a computer and a computational algorithm that allows solving a discretized problem. One and the same mathematical model can be associated with many discrete models and computational algorithms, i.e., numerical methods. When choosing a numerical method, it is necessary to take into account two groups of requirements:
the discrete model must be adequate to the mathematical model;
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the numerical method must be correct and implementable on the computer.
To ensure the adequacy, the discrete model must have the properties of the convergence of the numerical method, the implementation of discrete analogs of conservation, and the qualitatively correct behavior of the solution. The convergence of the numerical method, for example, means that as the step of dividing the integration interval decreases, the accuracy of the numerical integration increases. Various mathematical models are expressions of physical conservation laws, therefore, for a discrete model, conservation laws must also be satisfied. Qualitatively correct behavior of a discrete model means that due to the discrete nature of the model's behavior, some details of the behavior of the real system are not lost. The correctness of the numerical method means that the discrete problem must be unambiguously solvable and resistant to errors in the initial data and calculation errors.
When using analytical methods, the solution to the problem can be expressed using formulas. In particular, if mathematically the task is to solve the simplest algebraic equations, differential equations, etc., then the use of techniques known from the course of mathematics immediately leads to the goal. Unfortunately, in practice, these are too rare cases. The main tool for solving complex mathematical problems in accordance with are numerical methods that make it possible to reduce the solution of a problem to the execution of a finite number of arithmetic operations on numbers; the results are obtained as numerical values. Many numerical methods were developed a long time ago, but when calculating manually, they could only be used to solve not too time-consuming problems. When using analytical methods, the solution to the problem can be expressed using formulas. In particular, if mathematically the task is to solve the simplest algebraic equations, differential equations, etc., then the use of techniques known from the course of mathematics immediately leads to the goal. Unfortunately, in practice, these are too rare cases.
In engineering practice, it is often necessary to obtain an analytical functional dependence from the results of an experiment given by a tabular function. This process is called approximation or approximation.
Interpolation uses the values of some function, given at a number of points, to predict the values of the function between them. In Mathcad, you can either connect data points with straight lines (linear interpolation) or connect them with cubic polynomial segments (cubic spline interpolation).
Unlike regression functions, interpolation functions define a curve that exactly passes through specified points. Linear prediction is about using existing data values to predict values outside of them. Mathcad has a function that allows you to predict future data values based on existing data.
Application of the Mathcad and Matlab system for the study of a mathematical model of an electrical one, which includes an EMF source, resistance R, capacitance C and inductor L.
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Complete problem statement with the use of the Mathcad system:
Calculate the values of the voltage functions on a capacitor in a second-order circuit with a step action E (t). Plot these functions
Investigate the response of the oscillating circuit to external influences at various values of the variable inductance parameter. Construct graphs of functions of voltage across a capacitor for different values of a given variable parameter in one field.
Calculate the analytical approximating function of the dependence of the minimum voltage value on the inductance according to the research results of the previous paragraph. Build graphically the original and approximating dependencies.
As a result of the work, he investigated the use of the MathCAD system for studying the mathematical model of the RLC circuit, calculated the values of the functions of the current on the coil and the voltage on the capacitor at various EMF. Has built graphs of these functions. Investigated the influence of the values of the variable parameter on the form of the voltage function in the circuit. Constructed a summary graph of all obtained stress functions in one field. An analysis of the results obtained showed that the voltage directly depends on the change in the capacitor inductance.
In the course of the completed work, a study was made of the mathematical model of the electric RLC circuit using the computer mathematics systems MathCAD and Matlab.
The use of mathematical modeling using the latest computer technology helps to greatly facilitate the most complex mathematical calculations. Over time, the latest developments in the field of computer modeling are expanding their application in a wide variety of areas of human activity.
The emergence of products such as MathCAD and Matlab and their improvement is driven by the need to perform complex mathematical calculations. These systems can greatly facilitate the work in the field of complex and timeconsuming mathematical calculations.
In conclusion of this work, I studied the mathematical model of the RLC circuit, and also studied the computer modeling systems MathCAD and Matlab.
References: 1. Bessonov L.A. Theoretical foundations of electrical engineering. Electric circuits: Textbook for electrical engineering, energy, instrument making. specialist. universities. 7th ed., Rev. and add. - M .: Higher school, 1978. -528 p. 2. Qiryigitov B.A. Installing The Web Application Creation Environment // Economics and society. - 2020. 3. Tarasik V.P. Mathematical modeling of technical systems, -Mn .: DesignPRO 1999 - 640 p. 4. Stephen Schafer. HTML, XHTML and CSS. The user's Bible, 5th edition = HTML, XHTML, and CSS Bible, 5th Edition. - Moscow: Dialectics, 2011.
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UDC: 37.16
Qodirova G.T. teacher of department of foreign languages faculty of agro engineering and hydro melioration Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Andijan, Uzbekistan
THE MODERN METHODS OF TEACHING BASIC LANGUAGE SKILLS
Abstract: Effective language training includes all four language skills: listening, speaking, reading and writing. All of them are important and can not give preference to only certain types when learning a foreign language. But it is an aid in the capture of oral language and reading. It should be borne in mind that when we talk about writing as an independent form of speech activity, then it is about writing.
Key words: Effective language training, educational process, teacher, classroom work, development, technology.
The main skill of FL learners is writing. A writing system is an organized regular method (typically standardized) of information storage and transfer for the communication of messages (expressing thoughts or ideas) in a language by visually (or possibly tactilely) encoding and decoding (known as writing and reading) with a set of signs or symbols, both known generally as characters (with the set collective referred to as a "script"). These characters, often including letters and numbers, are usually recorded onto a durable medium such as paper or electronic storage/display, although non-durable methods may also be used, such as writing in sand or skywriting [3].
A. Budagov defines a theory of writing - written speech. Written speech includes two types of speech activities: productive (writing) and receptive (reading). Written speech has no means of sound and intonation. Writing and written speech act primarily as a means and a goal of teaching, while learning a foreign language.
Written speech is also a basic form of existence of speech in the scientific, journalistic, formal, business and artistic styles.
2. Listening is the main goal of learning. In accordance with the requirement to base line language skills, work on three types of listening:
a) listening with a full understanding of the text perceived by ear (listening for detail);
b) listening with a total coverage of content, i. e, with only a basic understanding of information (listening for the main idea);
c) listening for becoming desired or information of interest (Listening for specific information);
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Listening - a complex process of perception and understanding of speech by ear. Listening may be the aim, and the means of education. This type of speech activity plays an important role in the initial stage in the achievement of practical, developmental, educational and instructional purposes, and serves as an effective means of teaching the English language. For listening does not significantly so immediately understand the foreign-language speech (this is fully practically unlikely) as the ability to achieve understanding, correct verbally responding to emerging interference. Bim created the following objectives of listening:
Generate mechanisms listening: the ability to distinguish phonemes; the ability to distinguish intonemy; the ability to discriminate rhythmic patterns; to keep in mind the speech chain of different length; to predict the content of the speech on the grounds of a formal speech. Learning to understand the main content of relying on visual motor visibility, as well as gestures, facial expressions, rhythm, intonation and emotional support. Listening allows you to implement educational, educational and developmental goals. It allows you to teach people to listen closely to the sounding speech, the ability to anticipate the shape semantic content of an utterance and thus foster a culture of listening not only foreign, but also in their native language. The educational value of formation of ability to understand speech at the hearing, is that it has a positive effect on the development of memory, and most of all auditory memory that is so important for learning a foreign language. Listening is composed of perceived ability to differentiate sounds, integrate them into meaningful complexes, keep them in mind during the hearing, to carry out a probabilistic forecasting, and based on the situation of communication, understand the perceived sound chain. The process of perception is in a certain normal rate, characteristic of a normal pace, peculiar to that language, from different sources, with natural disturbances of speech and non-speech character. The next step of forming learning skills is reading. Reading - motivated, receptive, indirect form of speech activity flowing at the domestic level, aimed at extracting information from the written text of a fixed flowing through the processes of visual perception of any short-term memory and encoding information. When learning a foreign language, reading is seen as an independent kind of speech activity has a leading position in its importance and availability. It performs the following functions: imparts skills of independent work. text is often acts as a basis for writing, speaking and listening. educational objectives (ethics, philosophy, values).
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expanding horizons. Instills a love of books. To achieve these objectives it is necessary to attach to the reading of fiction, journalistic, scientific and professional literature in a foreign language. The basis of learning to read the following principles allocated S. K. Folomkina: learning to read - this is the voice of learning, ie communication, not just a way to screen readers; learning to read should be constructed as a cognitive process; reading instruction should include, along with the receptive and reproductive activities of students; learning to read involves reliance on the mastery of language structure. Speaking as a kind of speech activity is primarily based on language as a means of communication. Language enables communication between communicating because it is understood as the one who communicates information, encoding it in the meanings of words selected for this purpose, and the one who receives this information by decoding it, ie deciphering these values and changing based on the information their behavior. According to Lazareva speaking has many characteristics of activity, that means speaking has also the object and the result [3]. Belogrudova (2004) also said that each vocal activity depends on the situation, conditions (circumstances, result), in which acts this saying. Speaking - is verbal communication, ie verbal communication process with the help of language. Means of verbal communication are the words with assigned to them in the public experience of values [3]. The simplest kind of speech is a dialogue, that is, conversation, the interlocutors supported jointly discuss and decide any questions. Galskova and Getz wrote that dialogical speech is the form of speaking when occurs the exchange of sayings between two or more faces. The second type of speech - a monologue that says one man, referring to another or to many people who hear it: this is the story of a teacher, a detailed recitation, report, etc. Also Galskova and Getz said: " in comparison with dialogical speech, monological is characterized by it's hugeness, that deals with the content of saying, availability of definite constructions and grammatical framing. Monologue speech has greater compositional complexity, requires completion of thought, greater respect for the rules of grammar, rigorous logic and consistency in describing what to say uttering a monologue. Methods which help to develop speaking skills - direct and communicative language teaching. The direct method, sometimes also called natural method, is a method that refrains from using the learners' native language and just uses the target language.
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All countries share the right information with each other. English languagelanguage of the world, the international language of communication. Internet also facilitates teaching. Also more and more people learn foreign languages. History of the Internet is very interesting. The Internet is used in teaching, education, learning, educational process, pedagogical process. Internet is very useful in teaching activities and teaching practice. But it is necessary to use the Internet in moderation and wisely. I made analysis of the role of foreign languages and the Internet. We have studied the information about modern methods of teaching the four basic skills in a foreign language: speaking, listening, writing and reading. But we should not forget about grammar, vocabulary and pronunciation. Because teachers of foreign languages have opportunities to teach speaking, reading, writing, listening, grammar, pronunciation and vocabulary. Foreign language teachers must teach students to all aspects of a foreign language. This is a very important and necessary, about this not necessary to forget.
List of references: 1. A guide to course and diploma design for electrical and energy specialties: textbook. manual. for stud. universities / under the editorship of V.M.Blok. M.: Vyssh. school, 1981. 304 p. 2. Egamberdiyeva D.U. The account of individual features of students in the process teaching english language. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020. 3. Moiseeva EV The study of foreign languages in the development of the Bologna process // P All-Russian (with international participation) scientificpractical conference "John novation competence and creativity in research and teaching of languages and kultur.- M .: RSSU 2011. 4. Usmonova Sh. Study of scientific technical transfusion in non-linguistic educational university. International journal. Moscow.2019. 5. Matkarimova G. Formation of the english scientific competence in students of non-factual faculties. International journal. Moscow.2019. 6. Sinitsina, GN Development of competence in project activities among students of technical specialties [Text]: dis. Cand. ped. Sciences: 13.00.08: protected 03/18/03: approved. 23.10.03. / Galina Nikolaevna Sinitsina. Orenburg, 2003. 187 p. - Bibliography: p. 165-181.
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UDC: 308.31.
Qoraboyeva N. teacher of department of foreign languages faculty of agro engineering and hydro melioration Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Uzbekistan, Andijan
THE ROLE OF FUNCTIONAL-COGNITIVE DICTIONARY IN DESCRIBING VARIOUS PHRASEOLOGICAL LEVELS
Abstract: The article deals with phraseological categories, phraseological units, their functions in the general system of language and the role of functionalcognitive dictionary in describing various phraseological levels.
Key words: phraseological units, collocations, cognitive, idioms.
At the present stage of the development of phraseology, the interest of researchers in the development of such theoretical directions is especially relevant, which will make it possible to look in a new way at the rich phraseological material accumulated over the centuries, turning to the problem of phraseological modeling, the mechanisms of creating phraseological units, constructing the concept of phraseological units, their mental image.
The further development of phraseology, as V.N. Telia points out, consists in the development of new methods of description, developed in line with the grammar of the generative type and therefore "splicing" the methods of lexicology and syntax, on the one hand, and on the other, paying attention to such problems as conditions references, pragmatic functions, role in a speech act. Phraseology found itself within its own taxonomic boundaries, playing the role of an iron curtain between it and lexicology. Requires de-preservation of the phraseology itself and the integration of its results into the general description of the language in action [2, 52-53].
The functional-cognitive dictionary [3] contributes to the solution of this problem, since phraseological units are given in it against the background of extensive lexical material, which allows us to determine their nominativetaxonomic and cognitive functions, as well as their place in the general language system. The volumetric lexical background reveals a deep isomorphism between the nominative means of the language and phraseological categories that fill them in lexico-syntactic ways.
This functional-cognitive dictionary includes several categories of phraseological units. First, these are phraseological combinations, or lexical collocations. In this section of the dictionary, various types of related meanings are given, which make up a special set of phraseological units. Among them are substantive-adjective combinations: evil fate, bitter fate, tragic fate, sentimental conversation, peace negotiations, a loud phrase, an emergency situation, age-old
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traditions, a dog's life, untimely death, tragic death, sudden death; verb-nominal combinations: pull out of the throat, publicize, criticize, etc.; combinations with the metaphorical use of words: corridors, echelons of power, a wooden ruble, a sphere of activity, a field of enlightenment, a bear's corner, white light, a gift of fate, pitch hell, earthly paradise, etc .; various types of language clichés, "speech patterns", for example, formulas for greeting, politeness, opening a conversation, gratitude, offers of services, advice, etc .: best wishes, good hour, happy journey; happy New Year; to tell the truth, to tell the truth, to say all the best, do not remember dashingly, etc. A large place in the dictionary is occupied by lexical idioms as the core of phraseology. Idioms are equivalent to words in terms of their integral nominative function and are expressively colored. For example: to live below the poverty line, to drag out a miserable existence, to fight off home, to break a comedy, to bend one's soul, to fight like a fish on ice, to barely make ends meet, to let fog, in all honesty, pour out your soul, turn your soul out to a stranger, show your heels hitting your finger in the sky.32
Phraseologisms supplement the nominative inventory of the language with the missing evaluative and expressive means, idioms are always richer in details [2, 84]. They, as a rule, describe such aspects of the designated phenomena, events, realities that remain not fixed in the main nominative units of the language. So, in the cognitive sphere of speech, not all signs of speech activity are expressed, and, naturally, they are supplemented by idioms. In idioms, participants in the situation are involved who are not represented among the main parametric characteristics, for example, instrumental act, ants, tongue, ears, means of articulating speech throat, pharynx, teeth, mouth: tongue loosened, keep his mouth shut, open his tongue, bite his tongue, porridge mouth, tongue braided, it broke off the tongue, screaming at the top of the throat, at the top of your voice, tearing your throat, tearing your throat / throat, bawling / bawling, squeezing through your teeth; tongue poorly / well suspended; weak on the tongue, long tongue, tongue without bones, tongue like a pomelo. Wed also: prick up ears, hang ears, ears on top of the head, buzz all ears, sing in someone's ears; give free rein to the tongue, it broke off the tongue, the devil pulled the tongue, chatter (grind, ruffle, scratch) with the tongue, call out the tongue, shut up the mouth, pull the tongue, the tongue does not turn, shorten the tongue. The listed idioms express such additional meanings as prohibition, involuntary, unintentional action, intensity, undesirability of action, quantitative, qualitative signs.
The specifics of the phraseological significance of the components of the phraseological unit, which manifests itself in their dependence on the corresponding denotative situation and the situation of use, as well as dependence on the figurative structure of the phraseological unit: someone has a tongue without bones, "someone is too talkative, speaks too much," someone's tongue
32 Ahmadjonova Sh.N. The use of neuro linguistic programming in the process of learning foreign languages. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020.
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itches -or "I want to say something, to speak uncontrollably." Further, the author rightly emphasizes the anthropocentric nature of phraseology and its organic connection with active cognitive activity. In his opinion, the features of phraseological semantics are entirely determined by speech-thinking processes. Reflected in the minds of denotative situations, being associated with already existing knowledge, develop certain schemes of those situations that are actualized by means of secondary nomination. It is necessary for a phraseological designation of a speech-thinking element to reproduce in memory a direct unobservable situation or object [1, 248-256].
In all areas of the dictionary, there is an interaction of units of the lexical and phraseological levels. Phraseological units increase the cognitive potential of the paradigmatic class and cause a significant complication of the content and replenishment of the volume of the cognitive sphere. So, in the sphere of "living" phraseological units appear in different blocks, increasing their volume.
There are numerous phraseological units that express the theme of death: to lay hands on oneself, play in a box, give up the ghost, ghost out, end your days, give your soul to God, give up your ends, say goodbye to life, retreat into eternity, breathe your last breath, stretch your legs, to leave life, go to a better world, go to the grave, fall asleep in eternal sleep, put a bullet on the forehead; to lay on the spot, to bring to the grave, to put up against the wall, to wipe off the face of the earth, to drive into a coffin, to knock out the spirit, to release the guts, to bury.33
With the help of phraseological units, phrases of being are transmitted: to enter into life; to stand with one foot in the grave, to breathe in incense, at death, on his deathbed, at the last gasp, the hour of death, at the end of days, in the declining years, until the grave, until the end of days, until the grave, until death, until the last breath ... The initial phase of the predetermination of being (fate) is expressed by phraseological units: to be born in a shirt, in a shirt; be born under a lucky star; written in the family.
Some phraseological units convey aspects of life support: to run aground, rolling around like cheese in butter, skipping bread for kvass, sitting on bread and water, dragging out a miserable existence; fatalities: by the will of fate, irony of fate, tempt fate; find a way out of the situation, origin and kinship: no clan and tribe, no clan or tribe, seventh water on jelly, blue blood; age: sand is pouring, not the first youth, old and small, in years, in years, years have passed, in old age; locality: under the open sky, under the moon, between heaven and earth, a place under the sun, at the end of the world, white light, in the next world, assessments: drink a bitter cup to the bottom, not see the white light, live like a bird of heaven, live in perfect harmony, eat someone else's bread.
Being most often vivid, figurative-emotional, expressive-evaluative means of the Russian language, it is phraseological units that contribute to the creation of a meaningful, expressive picture of the world, the originality of which lies in
33 Jalolov Sh.U. Russian language of business communication in the contemporary cultural and educational space. International journal. Questions of sciences and education. 11(95). 2020.
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the perception of sensually tangible, visual images based on associative perception and perceived against the background of a holistic generalizedfigurative meaning phraseological unit.
References: 1. Ahmadjonova Sh.N. The use of neuro linguistic programming in the process of learning foreign languages. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020. 2. Jalolov Sh.U. Russian language of business communication in the contemporary cultural and educational space. International journal. Questions of sciences and education. 11(95). 2020. 3. David Crystal. English as a Global Language, Moscow: Ves Mir, 2001, 240 p. 4. Medvedev R. The phenomenon of globalization and the languages of the CIS // Russian newspaper. 2005.15 November . 5. Wikipedia . URL: ru.wikipedia.org 6. Encyclopaedia Britannica. Britannica Book of the Year. Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica, 2002.
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UDK 625.03
Sadullaev B.A. student
Astanaliev E.T. student
scientific advisor: Suyunbaev Sh.M., c.t.n. Tashkent state tranport university
JAPANESE METHOD FOR FORMATION OF MULTI-GROUP TRAINS
Annotation: The problem of tracks for formation of pick-up trains, with the analysis and proposal of possible solutions, is considered in the paper. The results obtained show that the current practice in solving this issue has not been appropriate, that it does not provide good results and, hence, that it has to be changed.
Key words: technical cargo stations, Pick-up train formation methods, number and length of tracks
The Japanese method has been popular in technical freight yards due to a specific track solution. This method requires three shunting tracks, where the final feeder train forming takes place. The tracks must be interlinked with appropriate crossovers (most often with simple crossovers (Figure 1a) or double crossovers (Figure 1b)). Furthermore, all these tracks must have a downward grade of 2.5 and must be equipped with track brakes, radars, and axle counters. The central delivery track is usually by 50 to 80 mm higher then the end tracks, so that wagons can easier move to end tracks, depending on their use. In marshalling or classification yards, such track solutions can be:
- with only one track structure on which the final sorting is operated for all trains,
- with several track structures, where the number of such structures corresponds to the number of feeder trains to be formed at a particular yard, with several truck structures that are defined depending on the needs and expected effects.
This solution enables wagon sorting and grouping according to appropriate intermediate stations in a single classification effort, so that this phase is followed solely by grouping according to the order of intermediate stations. In the end, we could state that this solution is generally characterized by an increase in investment due to use of additional crossovers and track brakes, while on the other hand significant savings are made by shorter downtime of wagons.
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Radar
Axle counter
Retarder
Figure 1.Technical solutions for forming feeder trains by Japanese method: a) with simple crossovers; b) with double crossovers
The technology for final feeder train sorting by means of the Japanese Method does not depend on the number of track structures contained in the system of these yards, but rather on the technical track solution, i.e. on the use of crossovers (simple crossovers (Figure 1a) or double crossovers (Figure 1b)). Here it is important that in each track group the central track assumes the role of delivery track, while two end tracks are used for wagon collection by intermediate stations. This is why both end tracks must have the number of parts that corresponds to the maximum number of intermediate stations at a distribution section for which feeder trains are formed (e.g. in Figure 2, there are 10 parts at end tracks (5 on each track) on which feeder train forming is possible for ten intermediate stations). The method of wagon forming or wagon collection at sections, and by intermediate stations, depends on crossovers used:
- if simple crossovers are used, then the use of parts at end tracks must correspond to the order of intermediate stations (on one side 1, 2, ..., 5, and on the other 6, 7, ..., 10, or on the one side 1, 3, ..., 9, and on the other 2, 4, ..., 10);
- if double crossovers are used, then the use of parts at end tracks can be arbitrary.
This solution enables wagon sorting and grouping according to appropriate intermediate stations in a single classification effort, so that this phase is followed solely by grouping according to the order of intermediate stations.
In the end, we could state that this solution is generally characterized by an increase in investment due to use of additional crossovers and track brakes, while on the other hand significant savings are made by shorter downtime of wagons.
Brief presentation of the Japanese Method The technology for final feeder train sorting by means of the Japanese Method does not depend on the number of track structures contained in the system of these yards, but rather on the technical track solution, i.e. on the use of crossovers (simple crossovers (Figure 1a) or double crossovers (Figure 1b)). Here
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it is important that in each track group the central track assumes the role of delivery track, while two end tracks are used for wagon collection by intermediate stations.
This is why both end tracks must have the number of parts that corresponds to the maximum number of intermediate stations at a distribution section for which feeder trains are formed (e.g. in Figure 2, there are 10 parts at end tracks (5 on each track) on which feeder train forming is possible for ten intermediate stations). The method of wagon forming or wagon collection at sections, and by intermediate stations, depends on crossovers used:
- if simple crossovers are used, then the use of parts at end tracks must correspond to the order of intermediate stations (on one side 1, 2, ..., 5, and on the other 6, 7, ..., 10, or on the one side 1, 3, ..., 9, and on the other 2, 4, ..., 10);
- if double crossovers are used, then the use of parts at end tracks can be arbitrary.
This solution enables wagon sorting and grouping according to appropriate intermediate stations in a single classification effort, so that this phase is followed solely by grouping according to the order of intermediate stations.
In the end, we could state that this solution is generally characterized by an increase in investment due to use of additional crossovers and track brakes, while on the other hand significant savings are made by shorter downtime of wagons.
Radar
Axle counter
Retarder
Figure 2. Track use during feeder train forming by Japanese method a) for solution with simple crossovers; b) for solution with double crossovers
Based on research conducted in this paper, and the corresponding analysis of results, the following conclusions can be made:
- Regardless of the method used, the process of feeder train forming can be relatively easily modelled and simulated by means of any programming language.
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- Results of the model used show the real situation with regard to the use of analyzed methods, and point to a number of errors in the current design and operation of technical freight yards. That is why these results can be used as an additional argument for making significant technical and investment decisions during the design and operation of either new or renovated technical freight stations.
- Significant new indicators as to the use of these methods can be developed by broadening the base of input elements, and through additional analyses. A separate report (study) should be prepared in that respect.
- The establishment of this model has created favourable conditions, and has given an additional encouragement, for the participation of wider public and the authors themselves in the further development of the model through future study of this or other similar problems.
Method name
Parameters for application
Basic characteristics
Advantages
Disadvantage
Japanese methods
The technical solution for rail
Three shunting tracks mutually connected to a larger number of track connections
With briefly stopping
wagons achieve significant savings
Increase in investments due
to the use additional links of track and of
track brakes
References:
1. Ivi, M.; Markovi, M.; Markovi, A.: Effects of the application of
conventional methods in the process of forming the pick-up trains, Yugoslav
Journal of Operations Reseach, 17(2007)2, 245-256
2. Zeleny, M.: Multiple criteria decision making, Mc Graw-Hill, New York,
1982.
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9 Shaniyazova D.S.
senior teacher of the Department of Pedagogics, Psychology and Education Management of Kashkadarya RCRPEDPQ
THE ROLE OF SPEECH IN IMPROVING THE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF A PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHER
Annotation: This article focuses on the speech skills of an elementary school teacher and focuses on the teacher's speech culture, ways to realize the potential of primary school students by following the rules of speech.
Keywords: primary education, speech culture, speech technique, speaker, diction, facial expressions, pantomime.
Pedagogical activity is a profession that has been glorified since ancient times and requires a high level of skill, knowledge, patience and a culture of communication.
When a school introduces a child to the world of enlightenment, it must first teach him emotional cognition, and then mental, moral, and aesthetic cognition. We all know that a schoolboy tends to imitate his teacher and try to be like him in every way. In particular, it mimics the culture of the teacher's behavior, speech, and dress. One of the most important features of the effective organization of education is the high level of teacher speech culture. Therefore, the teacher should be very attentive to his speech when dealing with students.
Even in the works of Eastern thinkers in history, ideas about language, speech, speech etiquette are reflected. Therefore, if we take Mahmud Kashgari's "Devonu lug'atit turk", it says "Erdam bashi til", that is, "The tongue is the initial process of polite". With the help of this proverb, the thinker has brilliantly expressed the wise meaning that the beginning of human etiquette and morality can be seen in language and speech.
Alisher Navoi, the sultan of the Ghazal dynasty, skillfully summarized his thoughts on speech, speech etiquette, speech culture, and the art of speech. For example:
- One of the factors that determine a person's morality is his words and speech: the taste of water is like ice, the taste of soup is like salt, and the goodness of a person is like words.
As mentioned above, among the skills in the effective organization of pedagogical activity, the ability to speak is important for the teaching profession, because the transfer of information from teacher to student is mainly through secondary signals, the nature of speech. The teacher's speech should be focused on the students in all situations and situations, such as when explaining the material, listening to the students' opinions, analyzing and reprimanding them. To
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be a speaker, to be truthful in one's speech without using false words, that is, not to use words improperly in one's speech, is only to make one's speech beautiful. rather, it is necessary to enjoy the speech of the sages and learn from them.
Primary education is the first stage of the educational process, during which the child's abilities are realized, using all the possibilities. It is important to take into account the pedagogical, psychological and physiological characteristics and intellectual abilities of students in the speech of the primary school teacher. From the 1st grade onwards, the teacher's speech should be narrated with such skill that it stimulates students' thinking, interest and attention, and gives correct and clear answers to the questions asked. The teacher should use all the possibilities in his speech to develop the speech of the students, to overcome the shortcomings in it as a result of working with such students individually, without hasty conclusions even about children with some speech defects. Examples from life experience show that by practicing speech, its shortcomings are overcome. The great orator Demosthenes, for example, overcame his dumbness by practicing and became the great orator of ancient Greece.
Speech technique is one of the most important aspects of a teacher's speech. Many systems of exercises on speech techniques have been developed today, and every skilled teacher who has mastered this system can impart knowledge to the students through his speech and achieve the desired result. This requires a lot of attention and constant work from the teacher. The teacher sometimes has to speak at length during the explanation of the material. At this time, there is redness of the face, shortness of breath and a number of changes in the blood vessels. So breathing technique is one of the most important aspects of a teacher's speech.
When speaking and reading, you need to get more air, save it, and refresh it more often. Exhaling during speech breathing takes longer than taking in air.
Another important aspect of a teacher's speech is the uniqueness of the voice. We know that a person's voice can change over the years, and sometimes there are cases of voice distortion. There are several reasons for this. For example, sound stress can lead to sound distortion. In practice, this figure is as high as 50 percent in many areas, especially among teachers. Studies have shown that low-pitched explanations are more effective than high-pitched explanations. We can see in the views of our scholars that speaking out loud all the time always has negative consequences. For example, Abu Ali ibn Sina, in his Laws of Medicine, said: "Not paying attention to the voice leads to the loss of the voice, and the loss of the voice leads to the failure of the respiratory system. To do this, start reading aloud and gradually increase it after a while, but do not continue reading aloud for a long time" , he wrote.
In addition, the teacher should pay attention to his / her own diction when speaking (Diction is the ability to pronounce the speaker clearly and intelligibly). Only then will every word and sentence of the teacher's speech be pronounced clearly.
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Another key feature of teacher speech is that it is consistent with mimicry and pantomime. Mimicry is the expression of the emotional and mental state of one's mind. Sometimes a teacher's facial expressions and gestures are more powerful than what he or she is trying to say. Students learn what their teachers want to say from their facial expressions. Therefore, the teacher should be able to use facial expressions only for educational purposes and hide their personal experiences. Facial expressions are mainly represented by eyebrows, eyes and lips. It is through these details that the teacher expresses surprise, calmness, indifference, joy, eloquence, fear, and other psychological states. The most important thing is that in any case, the teacher's point of view should be with the students.
Pantomime is the movement of the body, arms and legs, and gestures. In this case, first of all, the teacher must know the aesthetics of posture during the lesson and be free from negative habits, namely: swaying back or forth, throwing weights from one leg to another, playing with hands unrelated to the lesson. It is not possible to scratch, clear the throat, dig out the ears or teeth.
In short, speech plays an important role in the professional development of an elementary school teacher. Such a teacher can be a good teacher only if his speech, pronunciation, diction, pantomime and mimicry are combined with it and he has a deep reserve of professional knowledge.
References: 1. Alisher Navoi Mahbub ul - kulub. - T .: Gafur Gulam Publishing House, 1993, p.79. 2. Abu Ali Ibn Sino. Laws of Medicine:. Volume 1 -T .: A.Kodiriy, 1992, p.302. 3. Kaikovus "Nightmare", - Tashkent .: 2006, chapter 7, page 48. 4. Artikov A. Speech culture and public speaking. - T .: 2002. 5. The official telegram channel "For public educators".
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DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2020_1_79_251 UDK: 631.158.658
Shokhuzhaeva Z.S., candidate of economic sciences associate professor
Department of Innovative economy Karshi Engineering and Economics Institute
Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi city Donaeva F.B.
trainee researcher Karshi Engineering and Economics Institute
Republic of Uzbekistan, Karshi city
EFFECTIVENESS OF AGRARIAN AND ECONOMIC REFORMS IN AGRICULTURE OF UZBEKISTAN
Abstract: This article describes the process of agrarian reform in agriculture, its priorities, directions, the essence of the economic measures taken, the effectiveness of the results achieved in the implementation of reforms and proposals and recommendations to radically improve public policy to further deepen agrarian reform.
Keywords: agrarian reforms, modernization and diversification of the food industry, land reclamation, water-saving technologies, modern technologies, crop rotation system, innovative technologies.
Sustainable development of the country's economy, modernization of society, the development of democratic processes and, in many respects, the effectiveness of agriculture and reforms in it.
The deepening of reforms in the agricultural sector is reflected in the transition to and support of new forms of management, a number of measures to improve the living standards of the rural population. The main link in the ongoing reforms in the agricultural sector is property relations.
In a situation where real market relations prevail; the property right of every individual is a naturally necessary norm. Property law is the socio-economic basis of society, and this right is given to property owners. The first stage of economic reforms implemented by the Republic of Uzbekistan since independence has been devoted to property relations.
Reforms in agriculture can be divided into the following stages, (table 1).
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Table 1
STAGES OF ONGOING REFORMS IN THE AGRICULTURAL SECTOR OF THE COUNTRY34
Stages
Naming of stages
Adopted laws
Achievements
Phase 1 (19901995)
The stage of creation of the legal basis of agrarian and economic relations in agriculture
"On Land", "On Cooperatives", "On Lease", "On Farming"
The conditions have been created for the formation
of a multi-sectoral economy
Phase 2 (19962000)
Reform phase in several areas of the agricultural sector
"On farming", "On dehkan farm"
Deepening reforms in the market economy during
this period The legal basis for this has been fully created
Phase 3 (20012008)
The stage of organization of agricultural production
"On Farming" (new edition), 2004 August 24
Phase 4 (2009 to present)
Stage of innovative development of
agricultural production
"On amendments and additions to the Tax Code
of the Republic of Uzbekistan", December
30, 2019
It paved the way for freedom of production and economic law in agriculture was given Particular attention was paid to the creation of a complete cluster model and cooperation system, which would include an
integrated chain of agribusiness.
The process of reforms in the village during the years of independence can be divided into four stages, depending on the priorities, directions, the nature of the economic measures taken.
The first phase of economic reforms from the early years of the republic's independence until 1995.
This stage is characterized by ensuring the stabilization of agriculture in the country and the creation of the first foundations for the transition from a planned economy to a market economy.
The second phase of the reforms covered 1995-2000, this stage is characterized by the creation of an institutional framework for reform, a system of laws and regulations. An economic mechanism has been created to ensure the main goal of the reforms.
The third phase of reforms, including 2001-2008, is this phase: - The priority of protection of the rights of agricultural producers; - Expansion of economic freedom of agricultural producers and improvement of the pricing system for government products;
34 Suggested by the author
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- Commencement of reorganization of large agricultural enterprises, primarily low-profit and loss-making enterprises on the basis of transformation into farms;
- Construction of a system of infrastructure serving farms. In the third stage of economic reforms, the process of transforming lowprofit and loss-making companies into farms was organized. In the fourth stage of the reforms in agriculture, that is, in the stage we are proposing, drastic changes have taken place. In 2008-2010, the optimization process was carried out and as a result, the size of farmland was optimized The area under cotton was halved (from 2 million to 1.2 million hectares), and the vacant area was allocated for food crops. Grain and food independence in general: grain production increased by 1 million tons between 1990 and 2016. and 8.2 mln. tonnaga. fruit and vegetable products 4 mln. 19 million tons tons; Per capita consumption of meat in 2016 compared to 1990 increased by 1.7 times (174.3%), milk - 2 times (201.2%), vegetables - more than 2 times (205.7%), fruits - 3, 6 times (359.5%) and potatoes - 5.2 times (519.3%); Fruit and vegetable processing has doubled in the last 5 years. Also, the Action Strategy for the Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan for 2017-2021 identifies the following tasks on "Modernization and accelerated development of agriculture.": 1.3-fold increase in agricultural production, reducing its share in GDP from 17.5% to 13.5%; Increased crop yields in agriculture through the introduction of advanced agro-technologies, resource-saving methods, development of selection and seed systems. At the same time, increase the efficiency of mineral fertilizers by 15%, reduce water consumption by 12%; 1.5 times increase in fruit and vegetable production, 1.4 times increase in potato production, 1.3 times increase in melons and grapes; Improving the breeding work, strengthening the fodder base, increasing the number of breeding farms by 2.5 times, the area of fodder crops by 1.3 times as a result of modern technologies and modernization; 1.3 times increase in the number of livestock, 1.3 times in the production of meat and dairy products due to modern equipment of veterinary stations, improving the quality of services; Paying special attention to the development of poultry and fisheries, increase the number of poultry by 1.8 times and establish 670 fish farms; As part of measures to expand storage capacity and processing capacity of agricultural products, the production of canned fruits and vegetables by 1.7 times, canned meat by 2.2 times, sausage products by 1.8 times, dairy products by 1.1 times., Increase 9 times;
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Improvement of reclamation of 1.4 million hectares of land at the expense of projects for the construction, reconstruction and repair of reclamation facilities, installation of drip irrigation systems and the purchase of reclamation equipment at the expense of the Irrigated Land Reclamation Fund;
Important strategic forecasting tasks have been identified, such as expansion of the fleet of agricultural machinery, their qualitative renewal, provision of farmers with effective agricultural machinery, improvement of service quality.
This is primarily due to the rapid development of industrial industries and services in the economy of our country.
Therefore, we believe that the following should be implemented as priorities for accelerating reforms in agriculture:
Sustainable economic development and improvement of farms; Improving the reclamation of irrigated lands and the use of water-saving technologies in the use of water resources; Development of seed and selection work; Implement a livestock development program; Growing quality and competitive products in fruit and vegetable growing; Efficient use of land plots on farms; repair and modernization of processing enterprises. However, we believe that the shortcomings and problems in the implementation of reforms in the agricultural sector are as follows: The science-based crop rotation system is not well established in the efficient use of agricultural land; Lack of development of natural and climatic conditions of the regions and corresponding varieties in the development of the plan of effective placement of agricultural crops; Lack of widespread introduction of innovative technologies in the efficient use of water resources; Incomplete fulfillment of contractual obligations in the enterprises of the procurement, service and supply system; Incomplete accounting on farms, economic relations between procurement and service organizations, etc. As a result of the reforms, investment projects on construction, reconstruction and modernization of new processing plants equipped with the latest high-tech equipment for deep processing of agricultural products, production of semi-finished and finished food and packaging products have been implemented: infrastructure for storage, transportation and sale of agricultural products, agrochemicals, financial and other modern market services has been further expanded;
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to further improve the reclamation of irrigated lands, to develop a network of land reclamation and irrigation facilities, to introduce intensive methods of agricultural production, first of all, modern water and resource-saving agro-technologies, and to widely use high-yield agricultural machinery.
As a result of radical economic reforms and structural changes in the agricultural sector of the country, the main financial indicators of agriculture are growing steadily from year to year.
The analysis shows that the dynamics of the average annual stable growth rate of gross agricultural output for the past 2014-2016 was ensured. In particular, this figure was 105.4% in 2005 and 106.6% in 2016. The decline in the share of agricultural GDP in the country's GDP from 26.3% in 2005 to 17.7% in 2014 is positive.
However, by 2017, the growth rate of gross agricultural output was 102%, and in subsequent years, growth rates have not stabilized. Because the real data of the State Statistics Committee has been released to the public, and the indicators of the real results of the economy of the republic have become known. But even though agriculture did not achieve sustainable performance, it did not work at a loss. With a positive result, in 2018, the agricultural sector was joined by forestry and fisheries, and the final result, ie the gross output of agriculture, forestry and fisheries, began to be calculated. As a result, the share of the industry in GDP in 2018 was 47.9%, and in 2019 - 28.1%.
The Republic will lay the foundation for the development of agriculture through the modernization of agriculture, the introduction of structural changes and innovations, and will ensure the country's food security and competitiveness in production.
In recent years, great attention has been paid to increasing the volume of agricultural production, which is the mainstay of food security in the country.
In particular, extensive, well-thought-out work has been done to optimize the composition of arable land, the introduction of new and advanced technologies in production, the improvement of crop varieties and livestock breeds, the radical improvement of seed and selection work.
References: 1. Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. 4486 "On measures to further improve the water resources management system." 09.10.2019 2. Analyzed on the basis of data from the Ministry of Water Resources of the Republic of Uzbekistan. 3. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PF-4947 "On the Action Strategy for the further development of the Republic of Uzbekistan". 07.02.2017. 4. Source: www.lex.uz.
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5. Z.S.Shoxujaeva. Economic efficiency of water resources use in the agricultural sector. Monograph. T .: "Economy and Finance" Publishing House, 2012. 135 pages 6. Z.S.Shoxujaeva, A.B.Kurbonov. Sustainable Development Of The Agrarian Sector Depends On The Efficient Use Of Water Resources. International Journal of Engineering and Advanced Technology (IJEAT) ISSN: 2249 8958, Volume8 Issue-6, August 2019. 7. Z.S.Shoxujaeva. Foreign experience in agriculture on the use of water resources. Economics Magazine # 1 (44), 2020 p. 19-23. 8. Z.S.Shoxujaeva. Prospects for agricultural development in the conditions of modernization of the economy. Monograph. Q .: Nasaf Publishing House, 2020. 200 pages.
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UDC 332.142.4
Samira Yaser Shomul master's student
Faculty of Tourism Damascus University
Syria, Damascus
ANALYZING THE REALITY OF THE TOURISM SECTOR IN SYRIA BETWEEN BEFORE AND DURING THE CRISIS (2011-2018)
Abstract: The concepts of political problems and the crisis appear to be inconsequential to the tourism industry, however a nearby assessment and examination of the meeting points and the impact on tourism reveals otherwise. The tourism sector in Syria of late confronted numerous challenges and difficulties during the crisis that ultimately led to the sector's deterioration due to terrorist acts. This research deals with an analysis of the reality of the tourism sector during the years of the crisis (2011-2018) and a comparison between this reality and the reality of the sector before the crisis. Research topics that arise from the available studies include the effects of crises and political instability on tourism demand, in addition to studying the impact of using tourism as a political tool, and the effects of political violence on tourist destinations. As well as discuss the administration's efforts to revitalize the affected tourist destinations. This research seeks to establish what is known about the relationship between crises and tourism, in addition to discussing terrorism as a tourism crisis. On the other hand, highlighting the characteristics of the tourism environment and the role of terrorism in reducing the benefits and gains that can be gained from the tourism industry, in addition to submitting proposals to manage the demand for tourist destinations during tourism crises.
Keywords: terrorism, political instability, Syrian crisis, international tourism, crisis management.
Introduction: After tourism has grown and the impact of the tourism sector has increased in the Syrian service economy, and after the rates of supply and demand and the contribution to the development of services and the national economy from 2003 to 2010 reached high levels [5, 6], the repercussions of the crisis began to affect the components of the Syrian economy, so that the tourism sector is the first sector affected by the crisis in a way. Direct, and for the return of this sector's activity to remain directly and chiefly dependent on the return of the security and safety factor, and the possibility of the return of investment in Syria. However, there are still many important questions that have not been answered enough, for example: How does the administration of the tourism sector manage the crisis of terrorism or political conflict? , What was the reality of the tourism sector in Syria
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before the crisis, and how did this reality become after eight years of the crisis? What is the impact of the Syrian crisis on investment in the tourism sector, and on governmental spending on this sector? What is the impact of the crisis on the tourist facilities?
The effect of warfare on the vacationer environment. The interest of researchers and analysts in the components or elements of that environment has prompted the rise of the idea of frameworks where the travel industry association could be viewed as a framework whose assets are gotten from contributions from the general environment , to give them then again as yields as the travel industry and inn administrations. There may likewise be open doors for the association to acquire from the environment in which it works and the dangers or imperatives it might confront. This requires the requirement for pre-administration preparation and the advancement of fitting administration procedures and arrangements to manage them [1]. The tourism industry environment is affected by various ecological elements, for example, the serious climate, the economic climate, the world of politics, the regular habitat and the natural environment, the mechanical and technological environment, the examination of chances and dangers (analysis of opportunities and threats), and the social and cultural environment [3].
SWOT analysis of the tourism sector [4]: Analysis of the internal environment: - Strength point : The rich and distinctive natural assets (geographical location, climate, rivers, lakes and desert, caves, nature reserves), which still characterize Syria despite the effects of the crisis on many of these areas. The human components and the great spread of Syrian folklore (singing and music). The rich and varied archaeological assets (castles, ancient cities, and religious shrines....). The great diversity in the products of traditional crafts and ancient industries. The regionally distinguished Syrian cuisine is a good attraction at the international level [5]. The presence of many hotels with different levels covering a large area of Syria, in addition to restaurants and other tourism services, which are still able to cover all areas despite the damage that afflicted many establishments during the crisis [2]. Adequate infrastructure from the road network, three airports (after the return of Aleppo airport), and ports that help attract tourism investment [5]. Presence of public and private airlines, and many public and private banks. Graduating acceptable numbers from private tourist centers, hotels, and institutes of the Ministry to work in Tourist establishments [6].
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The spread of some free services for tourism, information centers and
tourist police headquarters in most of Tourist areas.
The conclusion of agreements and memoranda of understanding with a
number of Arab and foreign countries and with some concerned parties in the
sector, in addition to the agreements concluded before the crisis, according to
which work was not canceled during the crisis [5].
The existence of an acceptable level of standards regulating
qualification, classification, licenses and tourism services (and they have been
constantly amended to fit international standards, despite the crisis and its effects
on the tourism sector).
Simplifying the procedures followed to obtain a tourist building permit,
which leads to encouraging tourism investment and accelerating work rates to
shorten time and reduce the number of required documents [4].
Weaknesses Points:
The tourism sector in general in Syria suffers from weaknesses that
extended before the crisis and exacerbated during the crisis, which were mainly:
Weak domestic tourism as a result of high costs, especially
accommodation costs compared to neighboring countries, which are mainly due
to the low average per capita income in Syria. This problem has exacerbated
during the crisis despite the constant attempts to provide a tourist product suitable
for domestic tourism that the Ministry of Tourism has made over the years of the
crisis [5].
The low rate of tourism spending by Arab and foreign tourists in Syria,
compared to neighboring countries due to poor services that meet the desires of
tourists, in addition to the lack of basic services in tourist sites, especially
archaeological
ones.
This point continued during the crisis and worsened, especially with regard to
religious tourism areas (which It turned out to be the main and only tourism
product during the crisis period) [6].
Most of the tourism projects are concentrated in the major and main
governorates as a result of the lack of resources and services needed to establish
investment projects in promising tourist areas, especially the coastal and central
areas [5].
The previous focus of the promotion and marketing policies on the
Western European markets and the neglect of the BRICS countries' markets, the
effects of which were evident during the crisis period by the sharp decline in the
number of tourists and the inability to compensate this number from other
markets, especially the markets of friendly countries [5].
Weakness in the content of promotional materials with regard to data,
information on visa facilities and travel procedures, addresses of suppliers and
producers of tourist trips, especially during the nation's period where we have
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witnessed major changes and constant instructions and circulars that led to a loss of information for the tourist.
Weakness in the participation of tourist NGOs, the local community and the private sector in promoting tourism [8].
The absence of mechanisms to observe the customs and traditions of the visitor's behavior while in the country and the preservation of the environment, in addition to the absence of directives about military sites or points of contact and engagement, which made tourists lose a sense of security during the nation's period, even in somewhat recovering areas.
Weakness in marketing products, crafts and traditional industries. Poor performance of tourism and travel offices in terms of organizing, promoting and marketing tourist trips internally and externally. The poor level of tourism services in the archaeological and religious sites and museums [5]. Weakness in the technical and specialized professional level of graduates of tourism hotel schools and institutes, and in the level of training courses held, compared to the international level, especially a, there are many points in the tourism service that is an international language that must be mastered by the tourism service provider [7]. Weakness in identifying priorities and obstacles to tourism development, and delays in issuing land acquisition plans. Delay in setting standards and standards for food, beverages and handicrafts. Delay in the completion of the electronic tourism geographic information system GIS. The absence of mechanisms that maintain the security of tourists and tourist health, the absence of entertainment and entertainment games, electronic reservation services, and mechanisms for accepting credit cards. The multiplicity of the supervisory authorities over the work of the tourism facilities, which results in duplication of the measures taken. Pollution of beach, rivers and lakes waters, which negatively affects tourism. Tampering and encroachment on archaeological sites by the local population, as a result of the lack of cultural, archaeological and tourist awareness, which increased dramatically during the crisis period, exposing many sites to systematic looting and destruction. Poaching, cutting and burning forests and natural reserves [6]. Encroachment on the lands of the property of the Ministry, especially the coastal strip. The large and indiscriminate spread of unclassified furnished apartments in tourist areas, which increased during the crisis period.
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Central in preparing and implementing the Ministry's plans and promotional activities, and the weak participation of the relevant authorities in the tourism sector in their preparation [5].
Internal environment analysis: - Opportunities [4]: The return of stability, security and safety to all parts of the country. The presence of a large number of countries that have a positive image of Syria that helps to re-attract tourists from it. The international reputation of the name Syria (even in a negative form), which can be transformed into an opportunity by using sound scientific and promotional means. Encouraging religious tourism and giving it importance as a continuous tourism resource, taking advantage of the continuation of religious tourism despite the security conditions the country is going through. Enhancing the role of the private sector and the local community in developing and activating the tourism sector, and making use of the private sector to invest in hotel and tourism training and rehabilitation [5]. The possibility of the return of global and international tourism management companies to manage tourism facilities owned by the private and public sectors. The cooperation of the concerned authorities in facilitating and simplifying the procedures for tourism investment through the creation of a single window. Expanding the tasks of the Syrian Company for Tourism as a developer in the tourism development areas [5]. Take advantage of Syria's geographical location to link common and integrated tourist routes with some neighboring countries. Improving the participatory environment for the tourism sector through the cooperation of all parties related to the tourism sector and activating the principle of effective participation in the decision and implementation regarding the promotion of the tourism product (Cultural, environmental, religious ....). - Threats and challenges: Fear of tourists and their reluctance to come to Syria as a result of the current situation. The disappearance of all tourist and archaeological sites and the inability to recover many of the archaeological collections that were lost in the crisis. The absence of real estate plans certified by the Ministry of Tourism, explaining on them in a detailed and accurate way the places (roadblocks, military zones, places of prevention of construction) and the most suitable areas for establishing investment projects.
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The Ministry's stop to participation in the activities, conferences and seminars of both Arab and foreign organizations, including the Arab Ministerial Council for Tourism, the World Tourism Organization, and the Organization of Islamic Cooperation has been suspended, which led to the failure to benefit from the financial and in-kind assistance provided by these organizations to finance tourism projects. It only participates in tourism activities, seminars and conferences organized by UNESCO.
Suspending cooperation with a number of foreign agencies, including the French Development Agency, the European Commission, the United Nations Development Program, the Spanish Agency for International Cooperation, and the Japanese International Cooperation Agency, which provides assistance to the ministry in several areas.
Large numbers of tourist establishments are out of service due to damage, financial or operational reasons, or because they are located in unsafe areas. More than 500 public and private tourist establishments have been damaged. Full or partial [2] [8].
Delayed departure of stalled projects belonging to the private sector and B.O.T [5].
The lack of necessary funding for the reconstruction of public and private sector facilities and tourist buildings.
The absence of international management companies for hotel establishments in the country.
The multiplicity of agencies involved in issuing tourism licenses, which exceed 15 entities and ministries [5].
The multiplicity of agencies responsible for managing the tourism product (cultural tourism, ecotourism, religious tourism, river tourism, beach tourism, and cave tourism).
The delayed issuance of the land use plan and regional planning plans, which affects the tourism planning for the development of tourism projects.
The emigration of large numbers of hotel and professional tourism cadres with high experience abroad and a general weakness in the professional level of available labor and the instability of their situation.
Some educational and training institutions have been out of service (Deir Ezzor Institute - Deir Ezzor High School - Raqqa High School - Idlib High School - Palmyra High School) and the major sabotage that many tourist educational institutions have been subjected to (Aleppo Institute - Aleppo High School - Homs High School - Hasaka High School - Daraa High School) [6].
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Results of the previous analysis and study:
Comparison in terms of:
Touristic product
Tourism sector inputs
Tourism environment
Numbers of arrivals
Before the crisis
The tourism product varied to include (cultural, entertainment, therapeutic, religious, environmental, adventure and safari, gastronomic ...). The inputs of the tourism sector at this stage were integrated, in terms of the requirements for establishing a tourism activity, despite its need for development, especially with regard to infrastructure, in order to provide a more mature tourism product for tourists, and to allow the sector to make the most of the tourism spending.
The tourism environment at this stage was tending to be more stimulating and encouraging tourism investment, and significant and remarkable facilities were provided that led to a period of great prosperity for the tourism sector. Including Syria on the global tourism map and greatly increasing the demand for the Syrian tourism product. The number of arrivals increased as a result of the previous points, and the increasing interest in the tourism sector nearly doubled between the beginning of the study in 2003 and until 2010, just before the crisis.
During the crisis
The limitation of the tourism product, as a result of the crisis, to (mainly religious).
The inputs of the tourism sector have been affected greatly at this stage, especially with regard to the infrastructure that qualifies for the establishment of a tourism activity, in addition to the safety factor that is the basis for the tourism activity, the infrastructure has been subjected to systematic destruction of a method that weakened the capacity of the Syrian tourism product and tended in some stages to a complete disruption of tourism activity. Government interest in tourism decreased during this stage, as a result of the decrease in the contribution of tourism to the domestic product due to the effects of the crisis and insecurity on the Syrian tourism product, and despite several measures taken to reduce the effects of the crisis on the tourism sector, the lack of data and the absence of managing the tourism crisis scientifically led to a decline followed a very slow start of recovery during the studied phase. The decline in the numbers of arrivals in large proportions is closer to collapse, due to the effects of the crisis, in addition to the impact caused by what we talked about in the previous point in terms of weakness in the tourism crisis management experience, which led to the marginalization of the tourism sector, and that the great delay in numbers and statistics was a major cause of inability To plan in light of clear and instantaneous data.
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Strategies adopted at the total level (Ministry plan)
The strategies followed at this stage started from all the previous points, to work on developing a tourism product and tourism paths that fit the new trends of the tourism demand, and highlight the privacy of Syria and the diversity of its resources, and this strategy was based on accurate information about the trends of the tourism market, the behavior of tourists and tourist destinations, and taking advantage of all opportunities In order to achieve the above, the strategy worked to secure an appropriate and attractive investment climate for tourism investments, to rehabilitate tourist attractions to suit both internal and external tourism, and a move was also directed to raise the level of tourism cadres by paying attention to tourism training and rehabilitation, and many other points, all of which contribute to the realization of the tourism plan. Scientific, studied and based on the availability of a robust and updated information structure in a continuous form commensurate with the information structure in that period.
The strategies followed during this period (despite its positiveness, awareness of the importance of tourism as an important and basic component of the Syrian economy, and its continuation of the approach that was followed before the crisis) were characterized as reactive strategies, so that the crisis has left clear effects on the tourism sector, And it led to its great retreat, and the departure of Syria from the global tourism map, and the management of the tourism sector during this period and despite its positive decisions that it tried to keep pace with these changes, lacked a plan for managing the crisis in a scientific way based on the literature on this topic, and on the experiences of countries that have gone through circumstances. Similar, and the main reason for the absence of this plan and being satisfied with the strategy of decisions taken in response to the effects of the crisis is the absence of accurate data related to the tourism sector, the delay in receiving these numbers to the ministry, and the delay in the ministry's implementation of the required statistics, to be in its best annual terms, which led to the inability to build A scientific plan based on accurate information and data that, if available, would have avoided many of the effects of the crisis on the tourism sector as a whole. It has tourist markets and new types of tourism, faster than what happened during this period already.
References: 1. Hilal, Mohamed Abdel-Ghani Hassan, Skills of Crisis Management - The Crisis between Prevention and Control, Cairo, 2001. P.26. 2. ICROM, Preservation of Cultural Heritage in the Arab Region "In Issues of Preservation and Management of Heritage Sites." 1st floor, Sharjah, 2016. 3. Research, Documentation and Publishing Secretariat, Crisis Management from an Administrative Perspective, Sudan: The Higher Institute for Zakat Sciences, 2004. P.12.
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4. Pearson. C. M. and Clair, J. A, Reframing Crisis Management; Academy of Management Review, 1998. P.11. 5. Interviews in the Syrian Ministry of Tourism, the Minister of Tourism, and the assistants of the Minister of Tourism, the Directorate of Planning and International Cooperation, the Legal Affairs Directorate, the Tourism Control and Quality Directorate, the Tourism Promotion Directorate, the General Authority for Tourism and Hotel Training, the Tourism Facilities Directorate, 2018-2019. 6. Syria, Syrian Statistical Group for the years 2003 - 2018, Central Bureau of Statistics. 7. The book of conditions for preparing the national electronic transactions system, published on the Ministry of Communications and Technology website. 8. WTO World Trade Organization. (1999). Impacts of the Financial Crisis on Asia's Tourism Sector. Madrid
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Sodiqova G.G'. 2-bosqich magistranti (boshlang'ich ta'lim) FarDU Ta'limva tarbiya nazariyasi va metodikasi
BOSHLANG`ICH SINF O`QUVCHILARINING MUSTAQIL O`QISH KO`NIKMALARINI SHAKLLANTIRISH METODIKASI
METHODOLOGY OF INDEPENDENT READING SKILLS FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS
Annatasiya.Maqolada o'quvchilarni o'qish malakasi bilan qurollantirish bilan bir qatorda kitobni mustaqil o'qiy oladigan, uni tushunadigan, ma'lum bir mavzuga oid kitoblarni tanlay oladigan, gazeta va jurnallami ham mustaqil o'qiydigan faol kitobxonni tarbiyalash haqida fikrlar keltirilgan.
Kalit so'z.Sinfdan tashqari o'qish,o'qish malakasi,faol kitobxon,badiiy kitob.
Maktab o'quvchini o'qish malakasi bilan qurollantirish bilan bir qatorda kitobni mustaqil o'qiy oladigan, uni tushunadigan, ma'lum bir mavzuga oid kitoblami tanlay oladigan, gazeta va jurnallami ham mustaqil o'qiydigan faol kitobxonni tarbiyalaydi. Shu jihatdan sinfdan tashqari o'qish ( STO`) tarbiyaning asosiy quroli sifatida xizmat qiladi, ko'p narsani bilishga havasni orttiradi. STO'ning maqsadi o'qish malakalarini takomillashtirish, kitob tanlay oladigan, muntazam kitob o'qiydigan, o'qilgan kitobni to'g'ri baholay oladigan ongli kitobxonni tarbiyalashdir.
Maktablarda 1959-yildan boshlab maxsus STO' darslari tashkil etilgan. STO` darslari 1-2 - sinfda haftada 1 marta, 3-4-sinfda 2 haftada 1 marta o'tkaziladi. Savod o'rgatish jarayonida esa haftadagi oxirgi alifbe darsining 17 - 20 daqiqasi ajratiladi.
Sinfdan tashqari o'qish o'quv dasturi bilan chambarchas bog'liq bo'lib, unda ko'zda tutilgan maqsad va vazifalarni amalga oshirishda yaqindan yordam beradi. Buning uchun o'quvchilarda kitobxonlik madaniyatini tarbiyalash, ularni oddiy kitobxondan ijodkor kitobxon darajasiga ko'tarish talab etiladi. O'quvchilarda kitobga havas uyg'otishda har bir bolaga yakka tartibda yondashish, shaxsiy qiziqishlarini hisobga olish zaair. Bolalarda kitob ustida ishlash malakasini shakllantirish ularda kitobxonlik madaniyatini tarbiyalashning muhim omilidir. Bunda o'qish uchun ajratilgan soatlardan foydalaniladi. Badiiy va ilmiy-ommabop asarlar mustaqil ravishda va izchil o'qib borilsagina, o'quvchilarning dunyoqarashini shakllantirish va kengaytirishga xizmat qiladi. Sinfdan tashqari o'qish tanish bo'lmagan mualliflarning kitoblari muqovasi, titul varag'i, kirish so'zi, mundarijasi va
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suratlariga qarab asarning taxminiy mazmunini aniqlashga o'rgatish vazifasini amalga oshirishga xizmat qiladi.
Sinfdan tashqari o'qish darslarining asosiy vazifasi o'quvchida badiiy kitoblarni o'qishga havas uyg'otish, o'qigan kitoblari yuzasidan kundalik yurita olishga o'rgatish, bolalar adabiyotining mashhur adiblari hayoti va ijodi bilan elementar tarzda tanishtirish hisoblanadi.
Bolalarda ezgulikka muhabbat, yovuzlikka nafrat uyg'otish, ularning bog'lanishli nutqini o'stirish, adabiy-estetik tafakkurini yuksaltirish sinfdan tashqari o'qish darslarining ham tub mohiyatini tashkil etadi.
STO' darslarining muhim vazifalaridan biri mustaqil o `qish malakalarini tarbiyalash hisoblanadi. Buning uchun mustaqil bajarish uchun topshiriqlar berish, qiziqarli mashq turlaridan foydalanish, eng yaxshi insholarni, taqrizlarni, yozuvchi haqida to'plangan ma'lumotlarni o'qitish, ,,Tez aytish ,, Topishmoqlar topish", ,,If odali o`qish ", ,,Maqollar aytish musobaqasi", ,, Ertak to`qish ", ,,Bilimdonlar anjumani* kabi ko'rik-tanlovlar tashkil qilish, muayyan mavzular bo'yicha savol-javoblar uyushtirish, o'yin tarzidagi ish turlaridan foydalanish zarur. O'qilgan asarlar yuzasidan suhbatlar o'tkazish, ,,Kitob haftalig i" tashkil etish, asarlar asosida kichik insholar yozishni mashq qilish yaxshi samara beradi. STO' sinfda o'qish bilan uzviy bog'liq ravishda uyushtiriladi.
Sinfda o'qish STO' uchun zarur bo'lgan o'qish malakalarini shakllantiradi, o'quvchilaming o'qigan asarini tushunishga o'rgatadi, lug'atini boyitadi. STO' qiziqarli va o'ziga jalb etadigan faoliyat bo'lib, bolalarning bilim doirasini boyitadi, qiyoslash uchun material beradi. Sinfda o'qish -- hayotga tayyorlash vositasi, sinfdan tashqari o'qish esa hayotning o'zidir. Hozirgi paytda boshlang'ich sinf o'quvchilari uchun sinfdan tashqari o'qishga mo'ljallangan ,,Kitobim - oftobim" (1--3-sinflar uchun) nomli qo'llanmalar ham chop etilgan. Sinfdan tashqari o`qish bosqichlari STO' darslari o'quvchilarda mustaqil kitob tanlash va o'qish malakalarini shakllantiradi. Mustaqil o'qish malakasini shakllantirish
3-bosqichga bo'linadi: 1. Tayyorlov bosqichi. Bu 1-sinfning savod o'rgatish davriga to'g'ri keladi. Unga darsning bir qismi -- 17--20 daqiqasi ajratilgani uchun ,,STO` mashg'uloti" deb yuritiladi. U ning o'ziga xos xususiyatlari shundaki, o'qituvchi asarni o'zi tanlaydi, asarning kichik hajmda bo'lishiga va boshqa kitob tanlash tamoyillariga e'tibor beradi. Asarni o'qituvchining o'zi o'qib beradi. O'quvchilar asarni eshitishga, eshitganlarini idrok etishga, ularga soddagina baho berishga, asar mazmuni bilan sarlavhasining mosligini aniqlashga, asar mazmunini hikoya qilib berishga o'rgatiladi. Bu bosqichda o'quvchilar o'qish gigiyenasi va kitobga qanday munosabatda bo'lish bilan tanishadilar. 2. Boshlang'ich bosqich. Bu 1-sinfning 2-yarim yilligiga to'g'ri keladi. Bu bosqichda haftada 1 marta 45 daqiqalik dars uyushtiriladi. Asarni
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o'qishdan oldin o'quvchilar asar nomi va uning muallifi bilan tanishadilar,
rasmlarini tomosha qiladilar, daftarlariga u haqda soddagina qilib asar
muallifini va nomini yozadilar. Asar elementar tarzda tahlil qilinadi.
Tanlangan asar (kitob) yaxshi o'qiydigan o'quvchiga maxsus tayyorgarlikdan
so'ng o'qitiladi. Asarning oson o'qiladigan o'rinlarini bo'sh o'qiydigan
o'quvchilarga o'qitish ham mumkin. Bu ularda o'qishga qiziqish uyg'otadi.
Bu bosqichda o'quvchilar har xil tezlikda bo'g'inlab o'qiydilar. Shuning uchun
o'qituvchi bu jarayonda har bir o'quvchiga individual yondashishi, kichik
kitobxonni kitobni mustaqil o'qishga o'rgata borishi lozim.
3. Asosiy bosqich. Bu bosqich 2--4-sinflarga to'g'ri keladi. Bu davrda
o'quvchilaming o'qish malakalari mustahkamlanadi. Bunda o'quvchilaming
sinfdan tashqari o'qiganlari baholanadi. Baholashda dastur talablariga
asoslaniladi: o'qigan kitoblarining sifat o'zlashtirishiga, miqdoriga, o'qigan
kitobiga munosabat bildira olishiga e 'tibor beriladi. Bunda o'quvchilar
muayyan mavzuga doir bir necha asarlarni o'qib keladilar, ularning ayrim
o'rinlarini ifodali o'qib beradilar, o'qigan asarlarini o'zaro taqqoslaydilar.
STO'ning bosqichlari, dastur talablari, tarbiyaviy vazifalari
o'quvchilaming qiziqishlari bilan belgilanadi. Masalan, tayyorlov bosqichida
kichik hajmdagi asarni o'qituvchi o'qib bersa, o'qilganlar yuzasidan suhbat,
qayta hikoyalash o'tkazilsa, boshlang'ich bosqichda butun sinf o'quvchilari bir
xil kitob bilan
ta'minlanadi, barcha o'quvchilar bitta matn ustida
ishlaydilar. Bunda bitta yozuvchi yoki bir mavzudagi asarlar ko'rgazmasi
tashkil qilinadi. Asar ichda o'qishga topshirilishi, albomlar tayyorlanishi,
kinofilm va diafilmlardan parchalar ko'rsatilishi, musiqiy daqiqalar o'tkazilishi
hamda asar mazmuni yuzasidan ijodiy rasmlar chizdirilishi ham mumkin. Bu
jarayonda kitobni saqlash maqsadida uni o'rash o'rgatiladi, ,, Ertaklar bayrami,,
Ifodali o'qish tanlovi"o'tkaziladi.
Asosiy bosqich yakunida kichik yoshdagi o'quvchilar faol kitobxon
uchun zarur bo'lgan yaxshi o'qish ko'nikma va malakalarini egallashlari, eng
muhimi, ularning kitob hamda mustaqil o'qishni yaxshi ko'rishlariga erishish
juda muhimdir.
Sinfdan tashqari o`qish uchun kitob tanlash tamoyillari metodikaning
vazifalaridan biri STO` uchun kitoblar tanlash, o'qiladigan adabiyotlar
ro'yxatini tavsiya qilish, yillik o `quv rejasi va dars tuzilishi namunalarini
ishlab chiqishdir.
Kitobni targ`ib qilish. STO'ga tavsiya qilinadigan asarlar ro'yxati sinfga
yoki maktabning maxsus joyiga osib qo'yiladi, ular vaqtivaqti bilan yangilab
turiladi, to'ldiriladi, ko'rgazmalar tashkil qilinadi. O'qituvchi maxsus suhbatlar
uyushtiradi.
2. Yakka tartibdagi yordam va kundalik tekshiruv. O'quvchilaming
o'qigan kitoblari yuzasidan suhbat uyushtiriladi, o'qilgan kitoblar hisobga
olinadi. Shaxsiy fikrlar aniqlanadi, uy kutubxonalari bilan tanishiladi, ota-
onalar bilan suhbat o'tkaziladi.
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3. STO` yuzasidan ommaviy ishlar. Adabiy ertaklar, viktorinalar, yozuvchilar bilan uchrashuvlar, adabiy ekskursiyalar uyushtiriladi, ular uchun maxsus tayyorgarlik ko'riladi. 4. Kutubxonaga yozilish. 1-sinf o'quvchilari o'qituvchining tavsiyasi bilan kutubxonaga a'zo bo'ladi. Bu jarayonda o'qituvchi va kutubxonachi hamkorlikda ish olib borishi maqsadga muvofiq bo'ladi. 5. O'quvchilaming o'qiganlarini hisobga olish. Bunda ulaming kitobxonlik kundaligidan foydalaniladi. 1-sinf o'quvchilari 2-yarim yillikdan boshlab kitobxonlik kundaligiga yozuvchining ismi, familiyasi va kitob nomini, 2-sinfda esa unga nashr etilgan joyi va yilini qo'shib yozadilar. 3--4-sinflarda o'qigan kitobining qisqacha mazmunini yozib, unga taqriz va o'z mulohazalarini ham qo'shishlari mumkin. O'quvchilaming o'qigan kitoblari og'zaki tarzda ham hisobga olinadi: ular o'qiganlari yuzasidan sinfdan tashqari o'qish va sinfda o'qish darslarida, yakka tartibdagi suhbatlarda gapirib beradilar.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar: 1. O'zbekiston Respublikasi Prezidentining "O'zbekiston Respublikasini yanada rivojlantirish bo'yicha Harakatlar strategiyasi to'g'risida "gi Farmoni.-T:Xalq so'zi,2017-yil 8-fevral 2. Safo Matjonov,Xolida G'ulomova, Sharofat Yo'ldosheva ,Sharofjon Sariyev".Ona tili o'qitish metodikasi".Toshkent."Nosir"nashiryoti 2009. 3. Ishmuxamedov R.J., Yuldashev M. Ta'lim va tarbiyada innovattsion pedagogik texnologiyalar. T.: "Nihol" nashriyoti, 2013, 2016.279b. 4. Sayidahmedov N.S. Yangi pedagogik texnologiyalar. T.: Moliya, 2003. 172 b. 5. S.Matjononov, X.G'ulomova,Sh. Sariyev Z.Dolimov. O'qish kitobi. 4-sinf uchun darslik.Qayta ishlangan va to'ldirilga 6-nashri.
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9 DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2020_1_79_270
Tojibaeva N. Andijan Agriculture and Agri-technologies Institute
Uzbekistan
ENSURING FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF FARMS IN UZBEKISTAN
Abstract. The article focuses on ensuring the financial sustainability of farms in Uzbekistan through the efficient use and management of financial resources. Today, the farms operating in Uzbekistan are engaged not only in the production of agricultural products but also in the storage, processing, and packaging of agricultural and livestock products, as well as in the supply and demand of consumers in rural areas. It should be noted that the provision of services further increases the financial stability of the economy. One of the important tasks facing farms in the current situation is to form an optimal amount of current assets.
Key words: Financial analysis, financial stability, financial indicators, financial resources, economic competence of farms, Uzbekistan
Introduction. In a known market economy, farms tend to use the limited resources available. This is because of the slight negligence of farms in such conditions can lead to the loss of financial resources. Efficient use and management of financial resources on farms is one of the most important tasks today.
The third priority of the Action Strategy for the five priority areas of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2017-2021 is called "Priorities for economic development and liberalization", which includes the development of financial and lending standards. [1].
The broad introduction of market relations in Uzbekistan and radical improvement of mechanisms of financing and mutual settlements in agriculture, on this basis, to improve the financial and economic condition of agricultural producers and their service structures, increase profitability, ensure sustainable growth of production, diversify production. The emphasis on development has made the issue of improving working capital management one of the most pressing issues [2].
The urgency of this problem is primarily since the development of production on farms should be based on market demand, not on the state order. This is because the main requirement of the Uzbek government is that farms should be able to generate additional funds or income through diversification - the development of new production sectors. The income should serve to ensure the financial sustainability of farms. Financial stability, on the other hand, requires
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the formation of a new structure of working capital and its management based on the principles of a modern market economy. This is a new problem for many farms operating in the country, and failure to study it promptly will lead to the bankruptcy of financial enterprises and their financial incapacity. Therefore, the study of this problem and the development of scientifically based recommendations and conclusions on it is one of the current research topics of scientific and practical importance today.
As a result of the development of the farming leaning, more than 160,000 farms have been formed in the country in recent years, and today they are effectively operating in more than 10 areas. The most gratifying thing is that more than 12,000 heads of farms are under 30 years old, and more than 6,000 farms are headed by women. Multi-sector farms have increased by 45 percent in the last two years, bringing their number to 75,000 today. Only because of this, hundreds of thousands of new jobs have been created in places, in remote villages. As a result of economic reforms and the development of the farming movement, 8,377,000 tons of grain have been grown in the country this year. [3]
The Land Code, the Law "On Farming", the Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated October 27, 2003 "On the Concept of Farm Development in 2004-2006", the Law "On Farming in Uzbekistan" Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated February 28, 2018 No PP-3575 "On arrangements to radically improve the system of financing the cultivation of raw cotton and grain" and many other legislative acts were adopted [2].
Financial privileges and facilities are provided to enterprises operating in the agricultural sector. As a result, the position of these enterprises in the production of agricultural products is maintained at a reasonable level, and favorable conditions are created to ensure financial stability [4].
Research methodology. The development of diversified production opens up opportunities for farms to use working capital. However, the financing of new types of production and ensuring its efficiency requires farm managers to develop its normative levels based on the forecast of future profits, depending on the level of productivity of factors of production. At the same time, taking into account the fact that the normative levels adopted in science, ie the coefficients are adapted to the activities of industrial enterprises, require farms to study based on the characteristics of crops or industries.
Today, the farms operating in Uzbekistan are engaged not only in the production of agricultural products but also in the storage, processing, and packaging of agricultural and livestock products, as well as in the supply and demand of consumers in rural areas. It should be noted that the provision of services further increases the financial stability of the economy. One of the important tasks facing farms in the current situation is to form an optimal amount of current assets. Farms are highly dependent on climatic and environmental conditions, and they must be provided with current assets and use them effectively. Because the implementation of agro-technical measures, delays in the
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cultivation and sale of products is directly related to the organization of working capital, planning, and financing, as well as the provision of farm management with accounting data.
The financial condition of business entities is a complex concept that reflects the interconnectedness of all elements of the financial relations that arise in the course of its economic and commercial activities. The financial condition of business entities is characterized by the sources of placement and use of funds and their formation. To determine the financial position, a financial analysis is conducted, which includes:
- express analysis of financial condition (analysis of the structure of assets and liabilities, the state of property, reserves and expenses);
- financial stability analysis; - analysis of financial results of activities; - analysis of profitability and business activity. The financial condition of business entities is also characterized by a set of indicators that reflect the process of formation and use of national resources. The results of financial and economic activities are not only in the focus of attention of business entities, workers and employees, but also in the spotlight of its business partners, the state, financial, tax authorities and others. All this increases the importance of conducting an analysis of the financial condition of business entities and its importance in economic processes. The purposes of financial analysis are: - identification of changes in a financial position as well as factors affecting sustainability; - assessment of qualitative and quantitative changes in the financial situation; - assessment of the financial condition of business entities for a particular item; - identification of the main directions of changes in the financial situation and others. The analysis of the financial condition determines and evaluates the profitability of the product sold by business entities, its working capital, financial stability, balance sheet liquidity, solvency and creditworthiness. Ensuring the financial stability of the enterprise is of particular importance in determining the economic parameters of the enterprise, including financial parameters (indicators), their analysis. To do this, it is necessary to use a system of indicators. Financial stability and its provision first, describes not only the capital structure of individual farms but also the financial condition of farms as a whole; - Secondly, it is a complex indicator of the activity of farms, based on the profitability and repayment of debts, the ability of farms to finance their activities, and the rapid development of resource turnover;
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- Thirdly, it reflects the results of production and financial activities of farms and reflects the systemic process of harmonization of these results, taking into account the feedback between them;
-Fourth, it provides the highest return on investment through the management of the working capital of farms.
From the approaches to financial stability and its provision and assessment in the economic literature, it can be concluded that the financial justification of financial stability and its provision and the classification of its indicators requires an approach based on the specific characteristics and specialization of the object. Based on the specific characteristics of farms, it is expedient to classify financial stability and its provision into absolute and relative indicators (financial ratios).
It is expedient to interpret the system of absolute indicators of financial stability and its provision as a surplus or shortage of sources of funds that form reserves and costs, which arise in the form of the difference between the volume of reserves and expenditures.
In order to provide a broader picture of the financial condition of farms, in addition to the absolute indicators to assess the financial stability of farms and its security: absolute liquidity ratio; solvency ratio (current liquidity); financial independence ratio; own and borrowed capital ratio; own working capital ratio; turnover ratio of receivables; turnover ratio of accounts payable; balance sheet profit margin ratio; it should be limited to coefficients such as the net profit margin.
Through the above-mentioned absolute and relative indicators of financial stability and its provision, it is possible to rationally assess the financial stability of farms, which play an important role in ensuring the financial stability of farms, developing and implementing organizational and economic mechanisms.
Conclusions. Based on the above, it should be noted that today in Uzbekistan in ensuring the financial stability of farms it is necessary to increase the level of use of fixed and circulating assets and their economic efficiency, as well as the effective use of an appropriate system of indicators. At present, the level of use of fixed and circulating assets, their efficiency does not fully meet the demand. Because farms with low levels of fixed assets are not fully provided with them, incentives for their use are weak. To increase the level and efficiency of their use, it is necessary to provide farms with such tools in full and in proportion, to increase the serviceability of fixed assets, to use them wisely throughout the year, to improve financial incentives, to develop their market.
References: 1. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan PF-4947 "On the strategy of further development of the Republic of Uzbekistan". February 7, 2017. 2. Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PP-3574 of February 28, 2018 "On measures to radically improve the system of financing the production of raw cotton and grain."
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3. Resolution of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. PP-149 of February 28, 2018 "On measures for the widespread introduction of market mechanisms in agriculture." 4. Speech of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan "The results of the main work done in 2017, which is a new stage of our development, and the priorities of socio-economic development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2018" dated 22.12.2017. 5. Nafisa Tadjibaeva. Ensuring financial stability of farms on the basis of effective working capital management. Master's thesis on specialty "Management in agriculture". Andijan, 2018. 6. ., .. . . . 18 (152), 2017, II. . 164-166. ISSN 2072-0297. 7. O.Shermatov, B.Nosirov, R.Imomov, M.Qobulova. Problems of effective usage of lands in agriculture for ensuring food security. South Asian Journal of Marketing & Management research, 10 (4), p. 71-76. ISSN: 2249-877X. 8. U.Sangirova, B.Nosirov, B.Rakhmonova. Properties and potential of walnut growing in Uzbekistan. JournalNX - A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal, ISSN: 2581-4230, Volume 6, Issue 5, Page No. 140-146. https://journalnx.com/papers/20150963-potential-of-walnut.pdf.
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DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2020_1_79_276 UDK 914-919
Turdimambetov I.R., Doctor of Science in Geography Associate Professor
Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh Uzaqbaev Q.K., Doctoral Candidate
Nukus State Pedagogical Institute named after Ajiniyaz Oteuliev M.O., Doctoral Candidate
Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh
TERRITORIAL FORMATION OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION OF
THE REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN
Annotation: This article analyzes the problems of geographical location of kindergartens and schools, their coverage of kindergarteners and schoolchildren, and gives some recommendations for their improvement.
Keywords: services, educational institutions, education, kindergarten, school, mile
Introduction. The education system, which is one of the spheres of public services, is the basis of the development of any state. Because the highly classified labor force that drives the economy emerges as a result of the education system. In the history of the world or today, the countries with the strongest education system are the most developed countries in the world. Supporting "smart" people with strong innovative abilities, who have widely implemented innovations in the education system, is the basis for the comprehensive development of these countries. We can see that the education system in the developed countries of the world is different from other countries, the priority of science, along with theory, is that practice is very well organized.
President address to the Oliy Majlis of the Republic of Uzbekistan on January 24, 2020, he said, "First of all, science and high spirituality are needed to raise the level of knowledge, not only of our youth, but of all members of society. Where there is no knowledge, there will be backwardness, ignorance and, of course, misguidance" [1].
As a result of the President's special attention to the education system, great tasks and the accumulated problems are being solved in this section.
The location, development of organizations of the education system and the study of their territorial differences are studied in the Geography of education and the Geography of services, which is a branch of Socio-economic Geography. If there is an education system in any region or area, its subject is the education system in that area, i.e. pre-school education, general secondary education institutions, and secondary special, professional education. Activities of
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educational institutions, postgraduate education institutions, retraining and
professional development organizations and the number of students in them, the
regional specificity of the number of out-of-school students are description of
their peculiarities [4].
Education is the main branch of social services to the population. This
system in our country: pre-school education (kindergartens), general secondary
education (general secondary schools), secondary special, professional education
(academic lyceums, professional colleges, technical schools near higher
educational institutions), higher education (Higher Education Institutions),
postgraduate education, retraining and professional development and out-of-
school education systems.
Materials. Preschool education institutions are the beginning of the
education system, which plays an important role in the educational upbringing of
children. There are 809 kindergartens in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, of which
419 are located in cities and 390 in rural areas [5]. The capacity of kindergartens
to receive children is 68,651 children, and today 94,826 children are upbringing
education. That is, 26,175 children were placed in additional rounds due to lack
of places in kindergartens. The admission of kindergartens in cities is 35,698
children, in which 58,758 children are accepted, the level of involvement of
kindergartens is 164.6%. The number of children admitted to kindergartens in the
villages is 32953 children, in which 36068 children are placed or the level of
involvement of kindergartens is 109.4%.
Table 1
Preschool education system
Name
Total
Hence, In the city In the village
The total number of preschool education institutions
809
419
390
- child acceptance capacity
68651
35698
32953
- number of the upbringing children
94826
58758
36068
- number of coverage by capacity, %
138,1
164,6
109,4
- number of foster children
4333
2632
1701
hence non-state kindergartens
411
197
214
- child acceptance capacity
14441
7617
6824
- number of the upbringing children
13294
7009
6285
- number of coverage by capacity, %
92,1
92,0
92,1
- number of foster children
534
Preschool children aged 3-6
155561
73267
82294
Involvement of children in preschool educational institutions (%)
61,0
80,2
43,8
Results and discussion. In terms of districts, the number of children aged 3 to 6 in Nukus is 23032. There are 19,203 children in 12,950 places in 99 kindergartens in the city. Kindergarten enrollment in the city is the second highest in the country after Muynak district.
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It is known that large service areas are located in densely populated areas.
The system is of high quality, high level of service and everyone uses the services
provided to the population in an orderly manner. Their impact force is expressed
in terms of service radius and is calculated using the following formula:
=
Sr
1000
Here: - service radius;
Sr - a certain type of service area;
- the number of service providers of a particular type;
The rate of transition per meter per 1,000 kilometers [3].
The geographical location of kindergartens in district centers or villages
differs from that in kindergartens in Nukus. For example, the area of Nukus is 220
km2, the number of kindergartens is 99. These indicators can be used to determine
the average service radius of kindergartens. To calculate this, we use the following
formula:
Sr =
=
220 99
=
14,8 99
0,15 1000 = 150
In Nukus, the average service radius of each kindergarten is 150 meters or
0.15 kilometers. This is a relative average, and the population density in the Nukus
Mahalla Citizens' Assemblies varies.
According to this indicator, Nukus district has an area of 940 km2 and 29
kindergartens.
Sr =
=
940 29
=
30,6 29
1,06 1000 = 1060
The average service radius of each kindergarten in Nukus district is 1060
meters or 1.06 kilometers. This indicator may decrease in Akmangit village, the
center of the district, and increase in Kerder, Kutankol, Tok taw Rural Citizens'
Assemblies.
There are currently 344,042 school-age pupils in the Republic of
Karakalpakstan, who are fully covered by education. There are 725 general
secondary schools, 22 music schools, 22 children's and youth sports schools in the
country. There are 197 general secondary schools, 20 music schools, 22 children's
and youth sports schools in the cities, and 528 general secondary schools and 2
music schools in the villages. There are no sports schools for children and
adolescents in rural areas. This prevents rural children from joining sports and
music sections. Attending in cities sports schools or music sections can make it
difficult to go long distances, live, and so on.
There are currently 9 HEIs in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, including
Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh and Nukus State Pedagogical
Institute named after Ajiniyaz, with 28,451 bachelors and masters student. The
capacity of these higher education institutions is 17124, and 11327 students need
additional classrooms.
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Conclusion. Based on the above, there are shortcomings in the geographical location of education in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. In order to eliminate them, it is necessary to work in accordance with international norms. For example, if kindergartens and schools are built due to the high population density in the cities, it is advisable to establish small kindergartens and schools due to the low population density in the villages and the long distance between the villages. It is clear that the establishment of music schools, sports schools for children and adolescents in rural areas will create opportunities for future world champions and world-renowned musicians in these villages.
References: 1. Address of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan to the Oliy Majlis (in Uzbek) 2. Komilova N.Q., Jumaxanov Sh.Z., Mirzaaxmedov X.S., Toshpo'latov A.M. Sotsial va madaniy geografiya. T.: O'zMU, 2019. 246 p. 3. Nazarov M., Tojieva Z. Ijtimoiy geografiya. : 2003. 4. - . Nukus, 2020. 5. Ballieva R., Oteuliev M. Peculiarities of the ethnotourism development in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. Materials International Scientific and Practical Conference. Protection and Rational Use of Natural Resources of the South Aral Sea Region. Pp. 206-210
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UDK 004.02:004.5:004.9
Turopova L.S. senior teacher Karshi State University Ismoilova M.K.
teacher Karshi State University
TEACHING GRAMMAR CREATIVELY AT ELEMENTARY LEVEL
Annotation: After independence of the Republic of Uzbekistan all spheres of life has been developed swiftly. Teaching grammar methods has also enhanced interests of researches and common people in a great extant. The translation, being one of the most important means of interlingua communication, is indispensable in the process of integration to the world community at all levels. In global life people always have interests to other communities` worldview. The deep penetration to cultural heritage of any country cannot exist without clear understanding of works of literature.
Key words: grammar, level, learn, text, language, remember, teacher, term.
English level A1 is the first level of English in the Common European Framework of Reference (CEFR), a definition of different language levels written by the Council of Europe. In everyday speech, this level would be called "beginner", and indeed, that is the official level descriptor in the CEFR, also used by EF SET. In practice it is possible to be at a pre-A1 level of English. A student who is just beginning to learn English, or who has no prior knowledge of English, is at a pre-A1 level.
An A1 level of English would be sufficient for very simple interactions, for example as a tourist in an English-speaking country. An A1 level would not be sufficient for other academic or professional purposes.
According to the official CEFR guidelines, someone at the A1 level in English:
Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at the satisfaction of needs of a concrete type.
Can introduce herself and others and can ask and answer questions about personal details such as where she lives, people she knows, and things she has.
Can interact with other people in a simple way provided the other person talks slowly and clearly and is prepared to help.
The Common European Framework of Reference for Languages (CEF or CEFR) was put together by the Council of Europe as a way of standardising the levels of language exams in different regions. It is very widely used internationally and all important exams are mapped to the CEFR.
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There are six levels: A1, A2, B1, B2, C1, C2. These are described in the table below.
CEFR English levels are used by all modern English language books and English language schools. It is recommended to use CEFR levels in job resumes (curriculum vitae, CV, Europass CV) and other English levels references. We list here the CEFR descriptors for language proficiency level with the approximate equivalent to other global English evaluation schemes- Cambridge ESOL, Canadian Language Benchmarks / Canadian English Language Proficiency Index Program (CLB/CELPIP), Canadian Academic English Language Assessment (CAEL), BULATS, IELTS and TOEFL.35
English language levels description: English Basic User (A1, A2) A1 (Beginner) A2 (Elementary English) English Independent User (B1, B2) B1 (Intermediate English) B2 (Upper-Intermediate English) Proficient English User (C1, C2) C1 (Advanced English) C2 (Proficiency English) Identify your level with free English placement test Start the free pre-test A levels- English Basic User English test A1 (Beginner) Can understand and use familiar everyday expressions and very basic phrases aimed at the satisfaction of needs of a concrete type. Can introduce him/herself and others and can ask and answer questions about personal details such as where he/she lives, people he/she knows and things he/she has. Can interact in a simple way provided the other person talks slowly and clearly and is about the grammatical constructs of the language in question. The theme of our qualification paper is "Teaching Grammar in A1 level". The Creative Grammar Practice section provides ideas for a deeper and more personalised familiarisation with these items, always with an element of individual creativity. Each lesson ends with the creation of a learner text - a permanent and original record of the grammar, in the form of a story or a poem for example.36 Teaching Grammar Creatively works without explicit grammar rules like class-books normally do. The idea behind it is that especially younger learners need to learn more subconsciously. This is called Awareness-raising, meaning the students discover the language and find the rules for themselves while the teacher
35 https://tracktest.eu/english-levels-cefr/ 36https://books.google.co.uz/books/about/Teaching_Grammar_Creatively_with_CD_ROM. html?id=3eAlsbBT9LoC&redir_esc=y
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only provides a frame in which the learners work. This learner-led method is said to be more efficient because these self-done discoveries of rules lead to a reorganisation of the learner's knowledge. Thus the learners have a higher possibility to remember the rules and apply them correctly. The ability of applying rules subconsciously, rather than knowing them by heart, is the main goal of the whole approach. 2 3. Language Awareness Activities The Language Awareness activities or lessons are divided into three sections called Discovery, Consolidation and Use. This model sounds like the traditional Presentation, Practice and Production method which is often used in schools today, but the authors explain the differences between both ideas. (Gernegross p.7 ff) Because of the learner-led approach, the term Discovery is more appropriate than Presentation is as the learners are given data or are confronted with problems and then discover the according grammar themselves, instead of learning precisely what a teacher "presents" to them. According to the author, Practice mainly involves the learners in repeating given structures without really realizing how the given structures work. This is where Consolidation uses another way. Instead of simply repeating things or having a speaking practice, students will be confronted with understanding tasks. "For example, students may be asked to read (or listen to) a series of sentences some including structure X and some including structure Y and to match these sentences with the appropriate picture." (Gernegross p.7) The last section is Use. Contrary to Production, Use means not only that learners produce something concerning the taught grammar, but develop a personalized use. This means students use the new learned item in a context that is important to them. According to the author, language is only memorable when it has been owned. 4. Creative Grammar Practice Creative Grammar Practice provides further practice of grammar with focus on the individual creativity of the learners. Thus, students are thought to be more motivated. This section is also divided into a total of four smaller sections: Lead-in activities, Presentation of model text, Reconstruction of model text and Text creation. Lead-in activities are meant to be a sort of warm-up for the students and for getting ready to work in a foreign language. Presentation of model text is the presentation of a short text which shows the target structure and clarifies its function. In the section Reconstruction of model text learners shall remember the model text and recreate it from a gapped version for example. "[...] By remembering the model text the students can experience a felling of success and gain ability in using structure(s) accurately." (Gernegross p.9) Finally, Text creation lets students create their own texts within the frame of the model text. This can be done in several ways: groups, orally, written... 3 5. Theory in practice After briefly explaining the theory behind Teaching Grammar Creatively, there will now be a look on how a chapter of grammar looks like. For this purpose the topic Adjectives/Adverbs (Gernegross p.97 ff.) was chosen. Like most of the units, the topic is subdivided into sections A and B analogue to Language Awareness Activity and Creative Grammar Practice. The suggested time of both sections is approximately 50 minutes, thus a
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little longer than the usual class session. Section A starts with the aims of the unit, followed by the first sub-section Discovery. Herein, the teacher is asked to write the words good and well on the board. Now, students shall fill the gaps of the sentences He cooks ___ and his food smells ___ with the two words. After this, other adjectives and adverbs shall be given that could fill the gaps. Now, the teacher is adviced to "highlight the difference between the kind of words that go into the first slot [...] and the kind of words that go into the second slot [...]." (Gernegross p.97) After this explanation, the learners should complete other gapped sentences. Now the sub-section Consolidation starts. The teacher is advised to write down several adverbs and adjectives and read out a given text that includes gaps again. The learners are supposed to find appropriate adjectives or adverbs for the gap. This could also be done as a kind of competition between groups of learners. Finally, the sub-section Use concludes the first section. The teacher is supposed to write sentence frames on the board: What makes you feel...? / What makes you react...? And give a list of words that could complete each frame. After this, learners shall prepare questions to ask one another in pairs or groups and finally report on some of their conversation. This is the end of section A. Section B starts with advices for the teacher telling him which given texts should be copied. These texts are given on an accompanying CD. The four tasks of text work consist mainly in recreation and gap-filling. Concluding this section, the learners are supposed to go through the texts again and write out adjectives and adverbs. Finally, they shall write their own small texts similar to the ones they worked with. This completes the mainsection Adjectives/Adverbs.
Literature Review Most people, when they hear the word grammar, think of lots of useless, boring rules that they were forced to learn in school. However, recent studies in language teaching shows that if grammar is presented in a creative way it can be an enjoyable learning experience where learners subconsciously 'pick up' grammar of a language. Many educators and teachers now believe that grammar is a necessary and a desirable part of classroom language learning. Apart from the four language skills listening, reading, writing and speaking, grammar and vocabulary are considered as two more important skills. According to Davit Crystal, "grammar is the study of the way words, and their component parts, combine to form sentences"(Crystal 1985, p.141). This definition suggests that the vast majority of people of this world know grammar but they are not aware of it. According to Brurnfit and Johnson, "The important point is that the study of grammar as such is neither necessary nor sufficient for learning to use a language" (Brumfit and Johnson, 1979,p.165). Therefore, grammar is the basic of any language and cannot be ignored in language teaching. In teaching grammar some general considerations are how to integrate grammar teaching into communicative methodology, which is aimed at developing ones competence, the level at which grammar is taught (elementary, intermediate, advanced), and what precise method the teaching should follow. And these have further implications about the choice of grammatical structures to present, what
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kind of grammatical description to use, whether to use an inductive or deductive approach, what the role of practice might be and what forms of practice are appropriate for different types oflearner.
Effective and creative grammar teaching: One of the most important teaching tools is lesson plan. In case of teaching grammar creatively, the PPP framework is helpful. A PPP lesson is divided into three phases: Presentation, Practice and Production. So it is not only presenting the grammar item then practicing it and lastly producing it, but also doing it in a creative and effective way that makes the whole learning successful.
To sum up, rather than leading students towards memorizing and repeating rules, students should pick up the rules of the language on their own from the context. In that case, teachers should teach grammar in a creative way where real life situation or activities will take place. Here are some examples of creative activities for elementary level students, which incorporate not only grammar but other skills as well.
Eefective methods in teaching grammar. Today, we live in a society that prizes literacy and is willing to adapt to more effective methods to achieve the best results in teaching grammar. Through these methods learners can pay their attention, increase the vocabulary, effectiveness, quickness of wit, attentiveness and the main thing is to assimilate the lesson with the interest and learn by heart grammar rules and vocabulary.37
Diagramming Sentences. One of the older forms of teaching grammar, diagramming sentences, first appeared in the 19th century.38 This method involves visually mapping the structures of and relationships between different aspects of a sentence. Especially helpful for visual learners, this method disappeared from modern teaching at least 30 years ago. Different forms of diagramming are used to visualize sentences, but all organize the functions of a sentence in a way that illustrates the grammatical relationships between words. More recently, diagramming sentences has had small pop-culture resurgence in prints of famous opening sentences and websites that allow you to diagram to your heart's content.
Learning through Writing. This method is often used in schools in the U.S. and Canada. Students are encouraged to explore language through creative writing and reading, picking up correct grammar usage along the way. If there are specific problems with certain grammatical rules, these are covered in a more structured lesson. An emphasis is now being placed upon language acquisition over language learning, as it has been observed that learning grammar by memorization does not work well and that students are better able to recognize and understand grammatical rules when lessons are more interactive (they have to apply these rules in their own writing). Repeated practice is also important and easily achieved through creative or personal writing exercises. This article, posted
37 Jie, X. (2008) Error theories and second language acquisition [Electronic version]. USChina foreign language, 6(1). 38 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/eefective-methods-in-teaching-grammar-4
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by THE ATLANTIC, suggests that to better equip future adult writers, teachers in the 21st century should consider dropping outdated grammar teaching techniques in early education and opt for learning through writing techniques.
Inductive Teaching. The inductive method of teaching grammar involves presenting several examples that illustrate a specific concept and expecting students to notice how the concept works from these examples39. No explanation of the concept is given beforehand, and the expectation is that students learn to recognize the rules of grammar in a more natural way during their own reading and writing. The main goal of the inductive teaching method is the retention of grammar concepts, with teachers using techniques that are known to work cognitively and make an impression on students' contextual memory.
Deductive Teaching. The deductive method of teaching grammar is an approach that focuses on instruction before practice. A teacher gives students an in-depth explanation of a grammatical concept before they encounter the same grammatical concept in their own writing. After the lesson, students are expected to practice what they have just been shown in a mechanical way, through worksheets and exercises. This type of teaching, though common, has many people--including teachers--rethinking such methods, as more post-secondary level students are revealing sub-par literacy skills in adulthood. As one former teacher states, deductive teaching methods drive many students away from writing because of the tediousness of rote learning and teacher-centered approaches.
Another method of teaching grammar is to incorporate interactivity into lessons. Using games to teach grammar not only engages students but also helps them to remember what they've learned. This method allows teachers to tailor their lessons to the different learning styles of students. For instance, each student can be given a large flashcard with a word on it, and the students must physically arrange themselves into a proper sentence.
Over the years, many methods have been developed for teaching grammar and have been built upon, abandoned, or combined, all with the same goal in mind--teaching students how to communicate effectively and understand how to use the English language. Regardless of how grammar is taught, a well-rounded understanding of English grammar is the most important factor in improving the literacy of students.
"The task of science is shaping our future directions of tomorrow, the laws of nature, the show the way it is. Science must be the means, by force, driving forward the development of societies."40
Formation of the young specialist takes place in university classrooms, and time-consuming process of training based on the methods of teaching effectiveness that ultimately determines the skill level of the future specialist. The
39 https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/eefective-methods-in-teaching-grammar-4 40 Jie, X. (2008) Error theories and second language acquisition [Electronic version]. USChina foreign language,
6 (1).
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fruitfulness of the joint activity of the teacher and the student depends on the correct problem solving:
a) Setting teaching objectives, and the consequent motivation for the student
b) The accomplishment of certain materials' contents c) The control of knowledge. Teachers should support their students when they want to resolve everyday problems that refers to learning languages, especially on learning grammar. There are several models of pedagogy study: 1) Passive -- student acts as the "object" of study (listening and watching) 2) Active -- student acts "subject" of learning (independent work, creative tasks) 3) Interactive -- inter (mutual), act (act). The learning process is carried out in a continuous, active cooperation of all students. Students and teachers are equal subjects of study.41 Teaching students' grammar rules without giving the students an opportunity to use these rules will not help them use English in real life. Language teachers and language learners in many non-native countries are often frustrated by the disconnect between knowing the rules of grammar and being able to apply those rules automatically in listening, speaking, reading, and writing. This disconnect reflects a separation between declarative knowledge and procedural knowledge. Native English speakers learn grammar rules from hearing and listening from the real situations.42 In many English classrooms, teachers often set aside a particular time slot that is dedicated to the study of grammar. Such periods often focus on different points of grammar, such as tense, active and passive voice, or reported speech. Grammar is something that runs through just about every aspect of language. Even the simplest sentences have grammar. Our curriculum may require us to teach stand-alone grammar lessons, and it's important to introduce various grammar points and topics so that the students have a richer understanding of the mechanisms of language. In English classes we often include music of English feature. These highlight the structure of grammar and stress patterns of the key everyday expressions that are presented. As learners are keen to learn these high frequency expressions, it is well worth making sure that they know exactly how to use them with the correct of using grammar. For example, if we deal to Present Simple and Present Continuous the Beatles' songs are available: Here comes the Sun Here comes the Sun
41 [ ]. : https: //www.educationworld.com/a_lesson/lesson/lesson33/ ( : 02.07.2018). 42 [ ]. : https://www.inklyo.com/methods-of-teaching-grammar/ ( : 02.07.2018).
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And I say
It's alright
Little darling.
I feel that ice is slowly melting
Little darling.
To check the learners how to understand these two tenses we can use
interactive ask-answer methods such as: Here comes the Sun. Who comes here?
Where does the Sun come from? In addition, I say it is all right. What do I say? I
feel that ice is slowly melting. What is slowly melting? How is ice melting? What
is ice doing? Testing your grammar for learners of Intermediate and Upper-
Intermediate levels will be fruitful, in which a text is given to put the events into
chronological order. What happened first? What happened last?
As I am interested teaching grammar to young learners I usually use the
text-book "Developing Grammar in Context" by Mark Nettle and Diana Hopkins
in which exercises have been added the activities of interaction as: brainstorming,
cluster, games such kind of feeling jar, how to place the order of adjectives, ready-
made picture, case-studies and others. These activities focused on how
grammatical concepts can be practiced with fun in the classroom.
For conclusion, I want to argue that it will be worth to teach grammar by
interesting interactive grammar activities, which are designed for pre-grammar,
while-grammar and post-grammar stages. In pre-grammar stage, we can use
declarative approach to explain all features of certain grammar function with
helping interactive methods. In while-grammar stage, we can gain and fix of new
grammatical combination and in post-grammar stage, students are led to follow
grammar accuracy in speaking with using some interactive methods.
The list of used literature:
1. [
].
:
https:
//www.educationworld.com/a_lesson/lesson/lesson33/ ( :
02.07.2018).
2. Alexander, L.G. (1991). Longman English Grammar. Essex: Pearson
Education Limited.
3. Asher, J. (1997). Learning Another Language through Actions: The
completete. Teacher's Guide Book. Los Gatos, Calif.: Skz Oaks Oroductions.
4. Carter, R. and McCarty, M. (2007). Cambridge Grammar of English.
Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.
5. Fangjie zhang. (1993). Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary of Current
English with Chinese Translation. Beijing: The Commercial Press, Oxford
University Press.
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UDK 37.02
Umarova R.U. Andijon davlat universiteti o'qituvchisi
TA'LIM TIZIMIDA SMART TEXNOLOGIYASIDAN FOYDALANISH SAMARADORLIGINI OSHIRISH
Annotatsiya: Ushbu maqolada ta'lim tizimida o'quvchilarning intellektual salohiyatini rivojlantirishda smart texnologiyasining ahamiyati to'g'risida fikrlar bayon etilgan. Dars jarayonida smart texnologiyani qollash natijasida oquvchilarning intellektual salohiyati va ilmiy nazariy bilimi yanada mustahkamlanadi. Shuning bilan birgalikda, ta'limda axborot va kommunikatsiya texnologiyalar va zamonaviy pedagogik texnologiyalarni joriy etish ta'limni yanada boyitish, takomillashtirishga olib keladi.
Kalit so`zlar: ta'lim, axborot texnologiyalari, smart texnologiyasi, informatika, innovatsiy, pedagogik texnologiya.
Umarova R.U. teacher
of Andijan state university
IMPROVING THE EFFICIENCY OF USING SMART TECHNOLOGIES IN THE EDUCATION SYSTEM
Annotation: This article discusses the importance of intelligent technologies in the development of the intellectual potential of students in the education system. The use of smart technology in the classroom further enhances the intellectual potential and scientific and theoretical knowledge of the students. At the same time, the introduction of information and communication technologies and modern pedagogical technologies in education will lead to further enrichment and improvement of education.
Keywords: education, information technology, smart technology, informatics, innovation, pedagogical technology.
XX asrning 90-yillaridan boshlab axborotlashtirish sohasi keskin rivojlanib ketdi. XXI asr axborotlashtirish va kommunikatsiya asri, deyish ananaga aylandi. xborotlashtirish nima va uning vazifalariga nimalar kiradi, uning asosiy xususiyatlari qanday, degan savollar jamiyatdagi har bir fuqaroni qiziqtirishi tabiiy. Chunki inson faoliyatini axborotsiz tasavvur qilish qiyin.
Kundalik turmushda turli korinishdagi axborotlar masalan, matnli, grafikli, jadvalli, ovozli (audio), rasmli, video va boshqa axborotlar bilan ishlashga togri keladi. Har bir turdagi axborot bilan ishlash (yigish, saqlash va
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h.k.) uchun turli texnik xarakteristikalarga ega bolgan axborot qurilmalari kerak boladi.
Mikroelektronika ishlab chiqarish texnologiyasining rivojlanishi va zamonaviy protsessorli kompyuterlarning yaratilishi axborotlarni qayta ishlash imkoniyatlarini kengaytirmoqda.
Hozirgi kunda talim sohasida oqitishni kompyuterlashtirishga katta etibor berilmoqda, chunki zamonaviy oqitish texnologiyalaridan dars jarayonida foydalanish katta ijobiy natijalar beradi. Oqitishni kompyuterlashtirish (axborotlashtirish) yoki axborot texnologiyalaridan foydalanish dasturiga quyidagilarni kiritish mumkin:
talim tizimining barcha pogonalarida axborotlashtirishni yetakchi boginligini taminlash;
barcha sohalar boyicha bilim berishda axborotlashtirishni rivojlantirishni loyihalash va yaratish (monitoring);
axborotlashtirish sohalarida meyoriy bazalarni yaratish (ilmiymetodik birlashmalar va h.k.);
texnik taminot kompyuterlar, axborot texnologiyasining boshqa qurilmalari, ularga xizmat korsatish uchun kerakli materiallarni yaratish;
telekommunikatsiya tarmoqlari; taminot resurslari (dasturiy taminot, internetdagi axborotlar majmui, malumotnomalar va h. k.). xborot texnologiyasidan foydalanish va uni biror-bir sohaga tatbiq etish oz ichiga qator vazifalarni oladi. Quyida axborotlashgan faoliyat obektlari haqida soz yuritamiz. Bunday obektlarga sonlar (olchash va modellashtirish natijalari), matnlar, tasviriy axborotning statistik va dinamik ifodalari, rasmlar, chizmalar va animatsiyalar, ovozli obrazlar (yozilgan ovoz, musiqa) va boshqalar kiradi. Foydalanuvchining mustaqil va ongli ravishda olib boradigan faoliyatiga axborot obektlarini yaratish, zarur axborot obektlarini izlash, axborotlarni yigish, tahlil qilish va ajratib olish, tashkillashtirish, kerakli korinishda tasvirlash, axborot obektlarini (matn, suhbat, rasm, oyin va boshqa korinishda) uzatish, modellashtirish, loyihalash, obektlarni rejalashtirish va boshqalar kiradi. Talim tizimida yoshlarga zamonaviy bilim berishda innovatsion texnologiyalarning orni beqiyos. Dars jarayonida ilgor pedagogik texnologiyalarni qollashda hamda zamonaviy uslublar talimning sifat va samaradorligini oshiradi, raqobatdardosh kadrlar tayyorlashga xizmat qiladi. Har bir dars, oquv predmetining oziga xos texnologiyasi bor. Oqituvchi va talabaning maqsadi ijobiy natijaga erishish ekan, darsda qanday texnologiyadan foydalanish ular ixtiyorida. Oqituvchining mahoratiga qarab, kompyuter bilan ishlash, film, tarqatma material, plakat, axborot texnologiyasi, turli adabiyotlar, puxta loyihalangan interfaol usullar qollash mumkin. Mavzu materialini bayon etish paytida oquvchilarga savollar berish ham yaxshi samara beradi. Bunda oqituvchi oquvchilarning materialni qanday
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ozlashtirganliklarini bilib oladi. Shu bilan birga, oquvchilar oqituvchining istagan paytda sorab qolishini bilib, uni diqqat bilan eshitadilar. Oquvchilarni oqituvchiga savollar berishga odatlantirish oquv materialining muvaffaqiyatli ozlashtirilishiga yordam beradi. Shuningdek, oquvchilarning fikrlash qobiliyatini oshiradi. Oquvchilarni faollashtirish, ularda otilayotgan darsga qiziqish uygotish ham pedagogga bogliq.
Oquvchilar savolni butun material yoki uning ayrim qismlari bayon etib bolinganidan keyin berishlari kerak. ks holda savollar oqituvchini asosiy fikrdan chalgitishi, natijada bu metodik usul foyda orniga zarar keltirishi mumkin.
Oquvchilar charchashi oqibatida kopincha ularning diqqat-etibori va faolligi pasayadi, buni oquv materialini bayon etishda hisobga olish zarur. Uzoq vaqt etiborni jalb etish ham charchatadi, oquvchi oqituvchining sozlarini diqqat bilan eshita olmaydi, chalgiy boshlaydi. Oquvchilar darsdan charchamasligi, diqqatini darsga jalb qilish usullaridan biri dars otish uslubining xilma-xil bolishida. Tajribali oqituvchilar oquvchilar ozlashtirishi qiyin bolgan materialni darsning birinchi yarmida, takrorlash, oquvchilardan sorash va bilimlarni puxtalashni darsning ikkinchi yarmida otkazadilar. Keng kolamli islohotlarning muhim bogini innovatsiyalar bugun har bir sohada bolgani kabi talim tizimida ham ozining afzalliklarini namoyish etmoqda. Innovatsiyalar dolzarb, muhim ahamiyatga ega bolib, bir tizimda shakllangan yangicha yondashuvlardir.
AKT rivojlanishining zamonaviy bosqichida nafaqat klassik talim texnologiyalari, balki yelektron talim (e-learning) ham qanoatlantira olmaydigan yehtiyojlar kuzatiladi. Ayni vaqtda ye-learning tizimidan Smart (ingl. -- aqlli, mushohadali, harakatchan) ye-learning hamda Smart Yeducation (aqlli talim) ga otish jarayoni bormoqda. Bu konsepsiya talim sohasining barcha jarayonlarini, shuningdek, bu jarayonda qollaniluvchi barcha usul va texnologiyalarni kompleks modernizatsiyasini mujassamlashtiradi. Smart konsepsiyasi talim kesimida ozi bilan birga, «aqlli taxta», «aqlli yekran», ixtiyoriy nuqtadan Internetga chiqish kabi texnologiyalarni shakllantiradi. Ushbu texnologiyalarning har biri kontentni ishlab chiqish jarayonini yangidan qurish, yetkazib berish va aktuallashtirish imkonini beradi. Natijada talim olishni nafaqat sinfda, balki uyda, ish joyida, jamoat joylarida, dam olish joylarida ham amalga oshirish mumkin boladi. Bunda talim jarayonini baholovchi asosiy yelement sifatida faol talim beruvchi kontent maydonga chiqadi. Uning asosida vaqt va fazo tushunchalari tosigidan holi qiluvchi yagona repozitor yaratiladi.
Smart talim konsepsiyasi -- mavjud manbalarga tez moslashuvchanlik, multimedianing maksimal xilma-xilligi, tinglovchining saviyasi va talabi darajasiga tezkorlikda moslashuvchanlikdan iborat. Kompetentlikning uzluksiz rivojlanishi, bilimlarni doimiy osishi va yangilanib borishi zamonaviy talim tizimidagi dolzarb muammolardan hisoblanadi. Sababi bilimni rivojlantirish uchun yendi inson kapitalining tasiri kamlik qila boshlaydi. Bu kabi masalalarni
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hal qilishda nafaqat talim muhitining ozini, balki talim tizimining tarkibi, instrumentlari, usullari tubdan ozgartirilishi shart. Analitik kompetensiyalar, kompleks muammolarni yechish mahorati, yangi goyalarni rivojlantiruvchi -- innovatsion xususiyatlar, ozaro kommunikatsiya madaniyati kabi bilimlarni takomillashtirish zarur. Chunki ananaviy talim parametrlari asosida bilim berish insonlarni Smart -- jamiyat uchun tayyorlamaydi (1-rasm). Oz navbatida, Smart -- texnologiyasisiz, innovatsion faoliyat yuritib bolmaydi. Agar talim shu yonalishda ortda qolsa, u tormozlanib, qotib qoladi.
Hozirgi kunda, oquv darslarida, multimedia vositalaridan foydalangan holda, Microsoft Power Point yoki Macromedia Flash dasturiy paketlarida tayyorlangan taqdimotlarni qollash oddatiy holga aylanib bormoqda, biroq shu bilan birga, talim sohasiga shunday interfaol texnologiyalar kirib kelmoqdaki, ular slayd-shou turkumidagi taqdimotlarni siqib chiqarmoqda. Axborotlarni talabalarga yangi interfaol uskunalar (interfaol taxta -- Smart Boards, interaktiv display -- Sympodium) yordamida uzatish, maruzachiga dars jarayonining ozida taqdimotlar yaratish imkonini beradi. Interfaol Smart Boards taxtalariga maxsus markerlar yordamida yozish, oquv materiallarini namoyish yetish, yekrandagi tasvir ustidan yozma sharhlar berish mumkin. Shu bilan birga, interfaol Smart Board taxtasiga yozilgan malumotlarni magnit tashuvchilarda saqlanib qolib, ularni bosib chiqarish, darsga kelmagan talabaning yelektron pochtasiga yuborish amalga oshiriladi. Maruza davomida Smart Board taxtasida yaratilgan oquv materiallini yesa, ornatilgan videokoderga yozib olib, kop martta qayta qollanishi mumkin.
Albatta bugungi kunda interfaol smart taxtalar imkoniyatlaridan maksimal foydalanish uchun maxsus dasturiy taminotlar (Smart Notebook, Bridgit, Synhron Yeyes) ishlab chiqilgan. Mazkur dasturiy taminotlar har birining oz imkoniyatlari mavjud. Masalan, Smart Notebook matnlar va obyektlar bilan ishlaydi, axborotlarni saqlaydi, yozma harflarni bosma harflarga aylantiradi. Bridgit dasturi taqdimotlarni tez va osonlik bilan butun dunyoning turli nuqtalaridagi hamkorlarga tarqatadi, oz hujjatlariga taqrizlar oladi. Buni amalga oshirish uchun oqituvchi chiqishidagi muhim pozitsiyalarini umumiy «ishchi stol»da ajratib kosatishi bilan shu onning ozidayoq, dastur real vaqtda, barcha konferensiya ishtirokchilari oynasida paydo boladi. Synhron Yeyes (sinxron koz) dasturiy paket yordamida oqituvchi barcha oquvchilarni kuzatib turishi, oquvchilar ishchi monitorlarini yekranga chiqarishi, blokirovka qilishi, interfaol taxta yordamida oquv materiallarini, darsliklarni, testlarni yuborishi va jarayonni nazorat qilishi mumkin.
Yangi pedagogik texnologiyalarning afzalligi shundaki, unda mashgulotlar muvaffaqiyatli otishining 80 foizi talim jarayonini togri loyihalashtirish, tashkil etish va uni amalga oshirishga bogliq.
Innovatsion talim oqituvchi faoliyatini yangilash, talim-tarbiya jarayonini maqbul qurish bilan birga, oquvchi va talaba yoshlarda bilimga
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chanqoqlik,
hurfikrlilik, vatanparvarlik va insonparvarlik tuygularini
shakllantirishga ijobiy tasir korsatadi.
1-Rasm43.
Foydalanilgan adabiyotlar: 1. " " . // - . . . 1997. 2. .. - . // 1, - 2012, - . 29-32. 3. Umida Aripova Smart ta'lim texnologiyasi, Toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti, infoCOM.UZ Jurnali 2017 yil.
43 Umida Aripova Smart ta'lim texnologiyasi, Toshkent axborot texnologiyalari universiteti, infoCOM.UZ Jurnali 2017 yil.
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UDC: 378.1
Usmonova Sh.R. teacher
of department of foreign languages faculty of agro engineering and hydro melioration Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Uzbekistan, Andijan
THE USE OF MODERN EDUCATIONAL AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING ENGLISH LANGUAGE
Abstract: The article presents the methods and practices of the use of ICT, design and technology research in the learning process. It is currently impossible to imagine a lesson without the use of ICT. The term ICT is directly related to information technology of education, which consists in the process of preparing and transmitting information to the student, the means of which is a computer. At the same time, we form in students information and technological competence the willingness to use, reproduce, improve the means and methods of obtaining and reproducing information in electronic form, the ability to use modern computer technologies.
Key words: foreign language, network resources, sites and materials, development, new information technologies.
Information material in the practice of any teacher is a multimedia presentation. The advantages of presenting new material with its use are clear to everyone: saving time in the lesson, visibility, attracting the attention of students. Undoubtedly, high-quality preparation and demonstration by the teacher in the classroom of presentations is necessary, but this is an indicator of the teacher's information competence. And it is important for us to form this competence in the student. Almost every student has a computer at home and has certain skills to work with it. The task of the teacher (not only of computer science) is to develop these skills within the framework of their subject.
Methods used directly in the lessons of the English language and in extracurricular activities for the formation of information competence:
Search and collection of information - work with reference books, the Internet, e-mail. The ability to search for information on the Internet in a classroom where there is no stationary computer allows the use of a laptop and 3G Modem.
Information processing - ordering information, drawing up plans for the text, tables and other forms of visualization, analysis and generalization of information obtained from training materials, discussion.
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Conducting a lesson in a computer science classroom allows all students to be involved in information processing at the stage of learning new material. Students are encouraged to structure the educational material in a form convenient for them: plan, abstracts, table, diagram.44
The use of the simulator significantly saves time in the lesson, allows you to immediately get the result, identify gaps and organize the necessary assistance for students in eliminating them, forms the ability to work with the test.
Information transfer - preparation of reports, messages, posters, presentations for educational material, extracurricular activities. As an example, we can cite the preparation of presentation materials for literature lessons in the study of the work of writers of the XIX, XX centuries, extracurricular activities, preparation of abstract and competitions at various levels.
The transfer of information plays an important role in the formation of communicative competence. Complex methods - preparation and defense of an abstract (project), including drawing up a plan, conclusions, bibliography, participation in educational projects with their subsequent interpretation and public presentation of the results, educational research work, the release of student media.
The use of ICT tools was demonstrated at an open uneven-age lesson on the topic "Union less complex proposal" in the framework of the city seminar "The role of the deputy director in solving issues of informatization of an educational institution.45
The combination of traditional forms and methods of working with ICT makes it possible to significantly intensify the cognitive activity of students, forms the skills of self-control, mutual control, increases the quality of assimilation of the proposed educational material and the development of skills for completing USE tasks by consolidating and structuring educational information, and also develops the creative abilities of learners.
The results of the questionnaire, revealing interest in subjects, showed the following.
About 60% of students explain the choice of the English language and literature by the fact that it is interesting to find additional information themselves, prepare messages, and speak with them in front of the class. About 70% of the students noted that they are interested in solving problems in the classroom and at home, performing exercises, practical work, filling out tables, maps, diagrams.
It seems that these results are largely related to the use of ICT. The use of design, research technologies in the learning process and educational work
44 Egamberdiyeva D.U. Methods of using computer technology in the process of teaching English. . International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020. 45 Aldashev I. Modern information technologies in education is a new opportunity//Economy And Society. 6(73) -S.: 2020.
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One of the main goals of research developmental technology is the development of the personality of students on the basis of mastering the culture of research as a universal means of cognizing reality.
An important role in this case is played by the forms of conducting a lesson of the English language or literature: a lesson-conference, a lesson-research, a lesson-journey. One of the tasks implemented in these lessons is the development of a research type of thinking in schoolchildren.
The types of activities that form students' research skills: · study of literature on the topic, analysis of the information received (bibliography, abstracting, citation); · research planning (setting goals and objectives, choosing research methods, forecasting results); · research (observation, experiment, fixing the results, comparing the results with the planned); · registration and protection of research results (preparation of a report, writing an article, research work, protection of results in front of an audience). Undoubtedly, it is impossible to use all types of research activities in one lesson. The development of research skills takes place in stages. And here the activity approach in teaching, the use of heuristic methods, is seen as important, when the student, observing the linguistic material, himself formulates a rule or draws conclusions about the idea of a work of art. The knowledge gained in this way becomes the most valuable. The use of creative assignments in the lesson, searching for answers to a problematic question, working with additional literature, arguing for one's point of view also help to develop research skills. 46 The experience of such work in the classroom was presented to colleagues and the parental community in the form of a master class "Can we read at the forum of pedagogical workers." It should also be said about the use of individual and group design technologies, which provide for the complex nature of students' activities. I start teaching students to create small individual projects from the 6th grade. This is preparation for public speaking. There is practically no subject in which students do not have to speak in front of an audience. In addition, any teacher will say that most schoolchildren have difficulties when it is necessary to construct a statement in an official setting and pronounce it in front of the class. A rare student can consciously, emotionally present a message, report, essay. At best, it will be a memorized, emotionless speech, at worst - a speech read from a piece of paper. Therefore, one of the teacher's tasks is to form the student's ability to prepare a speech, pronounce it so as to convince, interest the audience [1,1]. Performance indicators can be the achievements of students:
46 Nuritdinova Y.A. The use of multimedia presentations when learning English. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020.
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· the acquisition by students of experience in creative, project, research activities (i.e., readiness to search for solutions to new problems, independent transfer of knowledge and skills to a new situation);
· creation of an individual portfolio of students based on the results of participation in competitions, conferences;
· increasing interest in the subject; · consistently high quality of knowledge on the subject; · 100% progress; · successful passing of exams; · participation and victories in competitions of various levels from school to federal; And also the demand for experience by teachers of a school, city, region (conducting master classes, open lessons, speaking at seminars).47
Literature: 1. Egamberdiyeva D.U. Methods of using computer technology in the process of teaching English. . International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020. 2. Aldashev I. Modern information technologies in education is a new opportunity//Economy And Society. 6(73) -S.: 2020. 3. Nuritdinova Y.A. The use of multimedia presentations when learning English. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020. 4. Qodirova G.T. The didactic concept of teaching based on computer technologies. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020. 5. Negroponte N. Being digital. New York. 1995. 6. Pelgrum W.J. The educational potential of new information technologies. Helsinki: SITRA 180. 1998.
47 Qodirova G.T. The didactic concept of teaching based on computer technologies. International scientific journal. Economy and society. 6(73) -s.: 2020.
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UDK: 32.09.34
Yusupov R.M., candidate of historical sciences associate professor
Andijan Institute of Agriculture and agrotechnologies Uzbekistan, Andijan Yusupova U.K.
Excellent public education teacher of historical science 38 - general secondary school Izkankan District Department of Public Education
Uzbekistan, Andijan
RULE OF LAW IN HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT
Annotation. In the article, historical development focuses on the development of the state of the normative fields of the periods, views of the great encyclopedic scholars of his time and their great works, the development of the Jam takes place in Allah.
Keywords: society, personality, culture, strategy, law, Avast, Islam religion.
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DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2020_1_79_302 UDK: 331.5:631 (575.1)
manov O.A., PhD docent Department of Innovative economy of Karshi Engineering and Economic Institute
Uzbekistan
THE IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN ENSURING EMPLOYMENT
Annotation. In this article, an analysis of the employment of the population on the rural labor market is carried out, current problems and tasks of employment of the population are considered and highlighted. Also, suggestions and recommendations were made to address the problem in the labor market.
Keywords: labor market, digital economy, labor resources, innovation, innovative employment, human capital, labor reserve, unemployment, employment, employment problem.
Introduction Innovative processes taking place around the world require the adaptation of each country's economic development strategy in this direction. The concept of human capital for sustainable socio-economic development of the national economy and the effective functioning of human resources are clearly defined role. At the same time, to ensure the sustainable development of the economy of the country depends on the reforms taking place in the labor market at the international level makes. As noted in the Address of the President to the Parliament of our country, "Today we are moving on the path of innovative development aimed at radical renewal of all spheres of life of the state and society. This is not in vain, of course. Because who will win in today's fast-paced world? A state based on a new idea, a new idea, innovation achievments. Innovation is the future. If we start building our great future today, we must start it on the basis of innovative ideas, innovative approaches." [1] Indeed, today we are embarking on a path of innovative development proposed at radically renewing all spheres of life of the state and society. Based on the changes in this area, the tasks set by the President, on January 12 this year, the Cabinet of Ministers adopted a resolution "On measures to create effective mechanisms for the introduction of scientific and innovative developments and technologies in production." The purpose of this decision is to improve the mechanisms of state regulation of innovation, improve the innovation environment, increase the efficiency and quality of research, create the necessary conditions for competitive scientific and practical results in domestic and foreign markets.
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In the context of economic liberalization, the state pursues an active socioeconomic policy to ensure employment of the able-bodied population, reduce unemployment, and regulate the labor market. Indeed, the use of labor potential, increasing its economic efficiency is an important source of joining the ranks of developed countries for the development of the national economy, improving living standards, and improving social life.
Referring to the structural analysis of innovative employment, which is a new type of employment, allows us to gain a deeper understanding of its overall formation, to determine the interdependence of its various levels of complexity, reversibility, flexibility, to study and evaluate structural changes, to identify objective causes gives
One of the main tasks in economic activity is to build a competitive economy in the Action Strategy for the five priority areas of development of Uzbekistan in 2017-2021, including the State Program "Year of Active Entrepreneurship, Support of Innovative Ideas and Technologies." Therefore, the training of competitive personnel in the labor market plays a very important role.
As the President of the country Sh.M. Mirziyoev noted, "Despite the need to employ 1.5 million people a year in our country, last year the Employment Assistance Centers employed only 248 thousand people or 16.5%. The main reasons for this are the outdated forms and methods of work, as well as the formality in solving employment problems "[1].
Today, more than 16,000 crimes, or one in four, are committed by unemployed citizens. Without addressing this problem, the intended results in crime prevention will not be achieved. To overcome this problem, every official must fully support businesses in the regions, help create new jobs, and take concrete measures to ensure self-employment of citizens. Therefore, one of the main tasks in our country is to "create new jobs and ensure the employment of the population, especially graduates of secondary special and higher education institutions, ensure the balance of the labor market and infrastructure development, reduce unemployment."
Literature review Foreign and national economic theories have extensive experience in the analysis of the labor market at the present time, despite the scientific concept of "labor market" continues to be a heated debate. For many years the leading scientific schools, representatives of the labor market, labor or labor, the domestic market, the company sold the presence or absence of the essence: the price of labor (wages) or value (the value of the work force), and a clear idea of the purpose, etc. they cannot come. [3] In particular, the number of supporters of the broad interpretation of the "labor market" as "a system of social relations, social norms and institutions that ensure the creation, exchange and use of labor" is growing. Among them are A.A Nikiforova and some other economists. show that it is necessary [4].
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Economic scientists Kh.X.Abdurahmonov confirmation of this idea: "Labor market re-occurrence of the labor force: all stages of its production (sociodemographic perspective, the emergence of new labor force), circulation (purchase and sale activities) The distribution of the workforce (social, occupational and regional distribution) and used in the field of labor migration stages of the relationship between the employee and employer social system must be understood "[5].
The textbook "Labor Market Infrastructure" by Sh.R. Kholmuminov and N.U. Arabov provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the interdependence of the labor market infrastructure and its components, a methodology for comprehensive assessment and forecasting of the effectiveness of its development, as well as governmental and non-governmental work. the main directions of formation and development of employment services have been identified. Also, a strategic concept has been developed to improve the organizational and economic mechanism of labor market regulation and increase the efficiency of labor market infrastructure development [6].
In the economic literature, along with the term "labor market" there is also the concept of "labor market". Often they are used in a sense. But it is necessary to find a reasonable answer to the question of whether these terms really mean the same thing or whether each of them has its own characteristics. In this regard, it should be noted that the former US Secretary of Labor tried to prohibit the use of the term "labor market" in official documents of the Ministry. According to him, the term "labor market" means that labor is sold and bought in the same way as grain, oil or metal. . On any given day, thousands of companies and thousands of employees will come to the market and try to implement this agreement. " [7]
This approach was supported by the Russian economist, scientist A.O.Kotlyar. He denied the existence of the domestic labor market and employees to hire contract labor market conditions of documents, recruitment probe later date because they do not have to make any changes to the property market, sold, and used the power of the business concerned. [8]
Proponents of the concept of a broad interpretation of the concept of "labor market" believe that such a restriction narrows the scope of labor relations and leads to the restriction of the whole process to job search. According to them, there is every reason to consider the "labor market" in a broader sense, because the set of "employee-employer" social relations are social partners at all stages in which they work together, all the situations that may arise in the economic system, including production. rate of decline, unemployment, closure of the enterprise, reduction of wages, and so on.
The above description of the first part of the market economy, the labor market, and secondly, the ability to work in the labor market (labor), and thirdly, buying and selling system, labor market, social and economic relations in the country.
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Methods of equalization and comparison, grouping and observation, statistical analysis, data collection, economic-mathematical, expert assessment, sociological research, drawing conclusions are widely used in the regulation of the rural labor market, data collection and analysis. It should be noted that research in the field of employment, labor market, mobilization of labor resources provides the necessary and reliable information to develop scientifically based programs of socio-economic development, to address social problems and conflicts that constantly accompany the work of employees.
Agricultural research, scientific analysis of the labor market on the one hand, and a real help to expand the existing knowledge about the reality, on the other hand, the employment of labor resources and related processes contribute to our society
Analysis and results The results of reforms in the development of small business and private entrepreneurship in our country are also reflected in the indicators of employment. The number of labor resources in the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2019 amounted to 18,672.5 thousand people, an increase over 2018 by 183.6 thousand people, or 1.0%. In 2019, the share of employment in small business and private entrepreneurship in total employment was 78.3%. The share of employment in the public sector in the total employed population in the country was 17.3%, and in the private sector - 82.7%. The number of economically active population in the structure of labor resources was 14357.3 thousand people (76.9% of the total labor resources), and the number of economically inactive population was 4315.2 thousand people (23.1%). The number of employed people in the country amounted to 13,520.3 thousand people, an increase of 1.7% compared to the same period in 2018 (Figure 1).
2500 2000 1500 1000
500
2032
2081
1722,21549,3
1624,1
1787,1 1425
1542,1
1055,9
756,3 475,1
1074
1001,3
547,1
0
Figure 1. Distribution of the number of labor resources by regions (January-December 2019, thousand people)
Source: Data of the State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan
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The forecast parameters of the State Program "Job Creation and Employment" in the country are the areas of employment by sectors and the need for employment in the regions, especially young people entering the labor market for the first time, structural changes in the economy and modernization of laborintensive industries. the resulting vacancies, as well as the demand for labor as a result of the development of industry, agriculture and other sectors of the economy, the service sector, private business and entrepreneurship.
The number of employed people in the country increased by 1.7% compared to the same period in 2018. The share of employment in small business and private entrepreneurship was 78.3%.
In 2019, the number of employed population in 2018, compared to the high growth rates in transportation and storage by 2,6%, financial and insurance activities, 2.4%, 2.1% in construction and 1.9% in trade. The share of employees in the context of economic activities in agriculture, forestry and fishing (27.3%), industry (13.5%), trade (11.0%), construction (9.5%) and education (8, 2%) (Figure 2).
the number of population employment
5%
21%
8%
5%
11%
26%
10%
14%
health and social security education transportation and storage trade construction industry Agriculture, forestry and fisherie others
Figure 2. The number of employed kinds of economic activity. (January-December 2019, the percentage share of the total)
Source: State Statistics Committee.
At the end of December 2019, the number of unemployed registered as job seekers in the Republic of Uzbekistan amounted to 14.4 thousand people, an increase of 2.9 times compared to the corresponding period of 2018 (5.0 thousand people).
According to the methodology of registration of the unemployed in need of employment, approved by the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan on May 24, 2007 No 106, the number of unemployed in January-December 2019
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amounted to 837.0 thousand people and the unemployment rate relative to the economically active population Was 5.8%.
According to the State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan, the number of people employed in the economy in January-December 2019 amounted to 13,520.3 thousand people, an increase over 2018 by 1.7%. Analyzing the number of employed in terms of economic activity, a significant increase in the number of employed compared to 2018 was observed in transportation and storage (2.6%), financial and insurance activities (2.4%), construction (2.1%), trade. (1.9%), in accommodation and catering services (1.7%). The main share of the employed population is in agriculture, forestry and fisheries (27.3%), industry (13.5%), trade (11.0%), construction (9.5%) and education (8.2%). ) sectors (Table 1).
Table 1 Distribution of the employed population by regions and types of economic activity
(January-December 2019, share in total items, in percent)
Regions
Agriculture, forestry and fisherie
industry construction
services
Republic of Karakalpagistan Andijan Bukhara Jizzakh Kashkadarya Navoi Namangan Samarkand Surxondaryo Sirdaryo Tashkent Fergana Khorezm Tashkent Across the country
29,9
9,4
9,3
51,4
26,8
13,9
7,3
52
30,2
13,3
15,2
41,3
41,8
9,8
6,7
41,7
28,1
8,4
13,9
49,6
22,3
26,9
12,3
38,5
25,2
12,3
8,9
53,6
28,4
12,2
7,2
52,2
36,9
6,4
8,8
47,9
48
9,2
6,7
36,1
26,2
19,9
9,5
44,4
27,6
16,9
7,9
47,6
35,6
8
9,5
46,9
0,9
19,1
11,2
68,8
27,3
13,5
9,5
49,7
Source: Compiled by the author on the basis of data of the State Statistics Committee of the Republic of Uzbekistan
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80
70
60
50
40
30
Agriculture, forestry and fisherie
20
10
industry
0
construction
services
The graph 1 shows that when analyzing the number of employed people in the Republic of Uzbekistan by region and type of economic activity, in Jizzakh (41.8% of the total number of employed in the region) and Syrdarya (48.0%) regions, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, Navoi (26.9%), Tashkent (19.9%) regions and Tashkent city (19.1%) industry, Bukhara (15.2%) and Kashkadarya (13.9%) regions construction and in Tashkent city (68.8%), Namangan (53.6%), Samarkand (52.2%) and Andijan (52.0%) regions.
Despite the role and importance of the agricultural sector in the economy of our country, the problems of the rural labor market have not yet been studied extensively and in depth. This is also understood from the fact that no clear scientific conclusions have been drawn on the nature of the rural labor market, its functioning features, functions, mechanisms and other aspects.
In our opinion, the rural labor market is an integral part of the national labor market, characterized by the fact that it is located in the countryside in the region, where agrarian relations predominate.
The main features of the rural labor market, in our opinion, are as follows:
monopsony of labor prices. It is known that a monopsony labor market means that one buyer (employer) has a large number of sellers (employees). Because, just as in some cities there is a single enterprise, in most rural areas the main economic entities - farms or agricultural enterprises - are the sole employers;
In contrast to urban labor markets, rural labor markets are characterized by low labor and mobility per unit area, low labor mobility due to underdevelopment of the housing market and social infrastructure;
Significantly longer duration of unemployment in rural areas than in urban areas. This is explained by the relatively slow pace of job creation in these areas. In particular, a significant increase in labor productivity as a result of institutional reforms in rural areas has led to the dismissal of excess labor [9].
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Rural labor market
Employment
Permanent full Effectiv Reasonable Open
Temporarily Seasonal Random
Farms
Innovation
Unmployment Optional Mandatory
Employee
Agrarian enterprises
Peasant farms
Figure 3. Features of the rural labor market Source: Developed by the author
"Innovative employment" is an improved form and form of labor activity based on the use of their intellectual abilities by the subjects of the rural labor market and ensuring the achievement of optimal employment.
As a manifestation of new types of employment in the rural labor market, new technologies of job or personnel search, creation of private business, labor mobility, innovative labor contracts, new forms of employment (leasing, employment in social funds, employment in virtual organizations, etc.) .k.); distance learning, direct innovative labor in enterprises, and so on.
World practice shows that there are two ways to build a national innovative economy:
1) "mastery" strategy or "chase" model. In this type of strategy, the investment policy will be mainly focused on the acquisition of new machinery and equipment, technical and technological re-equipment of production, the technological base of the national economy. As a result, the product will be
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competitive in world markets by increasing production rates and reducing costs. Most developing countries in the world have chosen this method;
2) "Multiplication" strategy or model of increasing existing scientific potential using its own scientific and technical potential. This model uses investment policy aimed at supporting and developing its scientific base. The country's economic policy, research, and the creation of new goods and services, production and financing of priority.
Uzbekistan has chosen the same second path, transforming the national economy into an innovative model of development, with a high share of innovation and intellectual contribution in production, competitiveness in modern and global markets, rapid development of industry, "smart agriculture", services, as well as a favorable investment and business environment. defined a strategic task of finding a solution. On the basis of the Action Strategy for the five priority areas of development of the Republic of Uzbekistan in 2019-2021 to create an effective system of incentives for innovative research, ideas, developments and technologies, development of IT infrastructure, digital technologies, in particular, "Smart Agriculture", "Smart City", "Smart Medicine" "Are being introduced. To this end, a completely new Ministry of Innovative Development was established [10].
In rural areas for the establishment of modern enterprise for the production of competitive products and above all, well-educated, experienced professionals to prepare.
In this regard, the President Sh.Mirziyoev also affirmed, "Today we have one of the most important issues of the agricultural science and practice away from each other, and in many cases corrupt.
One fact is well known to all: where there is no science and research, there will be no development, no rise, and, in general, the future of any industry.
"Unfortunately, over the last 20 years, we have not paid enough attention to the development of the agricultural sector on the basis of scientific achievements. Due to our negligence, the existing research institutes have fallen into a whirlpool of financial problems." [11]
Turning to the statistics, 8% of all students studying at the bachelor's degree in higher education in the country study in agriculture and water management, 4% in services (Figure 4).
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total amoun of students
humanitarian sphere production and technical area. health and social security
social sphere, economy and law Agriculture and Water Resources services sector
7% 4% 8%
42%
30% 9%
Graph. The total number of students studying at the bachelor's level in the field of study
As can be seen from the above diagrams, in 2019, 5594 graduates of higher education institutions, 1803 in the humanities, 1263 in the social sphere, economics and law, 1431 in production and technology, 668 in health and social care, 312 agriculture and water management, 117 of whom specialize in services. Therefore, in his speech on the newly established Day of Agricultural Workers, Mirziyoyev drew attention to the problem of shortage of staff in the agricultural sector and proposed to transfer from the 2018-2019 academic year to full-time budget grants for master's degree programs in narrow agricultural specialties.
Advances in science and technology are a key process in the production process that increases labor efficiency and leads to staff reductions. In recent years through the production process to increase the level of technical production process to increase the efficiency of labor. First of all, the energy of the production process, technical re-equipment of the enterprise modernization and maintenance activities.
Conclusions and Recommendations In summary, the rural population, despite the measures taken to increase the level of employment in this sector there are still serious problems. The agricultural sector has a significant impact on the use of labor resources due to its characteristics - seasonality, diversity of agricultural production, the impact of natural factors, the high share of manual labor, etc. At the same time, agriculture is a major consumer of labor due to low labor productivity in the sector, the irrationality of the natural structure of capital. The population of the rural employment rate is higher than in urban, nonagricultural jobs midst of spring planting, harvest labor shortages, particularly in
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FIG. This, in turn, the resuscitation of the supply and demand for manpower in the labor market, as well as the development of regional programs for employment on the basis of the need for effective measures to regulate.
Innovation to improve the level of employment in rural areas is desirable, in our view, the following measures:
the context of the actual situation in the labor market regions and districts to carry out the analysis, based on the employment of the regions to develop and coordinate the implementation of their programs. At each of the district's internal capacity, taking into account national traditions, natural and geographical location. This is faster and provides the flexibility to the labor market, and does not require spending unnecessary time and costs;
rural areas is self-employed, flexible forms of employment (part time, weekly, home-based work, home and crafts to expand the family business). This form of jobs to low-cost high results achieved;
creation of new jobs at the expense of rural areas (financial, tax cuts, interest-free loans, lease additional land, unused capacities and to support other methods). In this case, Uz.R. the legal benefits as part of a wider propaganda and recommended the organization of work;
to provide employment opportunities for the development of tourism in rural areas is also needed. Today in Kashkadarya region 1 thousand 311 objects of cultural heritage are registered, of which 1 thousand 41 are archeological, 200 are architectural, 43 are sculptures and 27 are monuments. Especially in Kitab, Shakhrisabz, Yakkabag, Guzar and Karshi districts there are many examples of our national heritage. Other districts of the province to increase the tourist areas of tourism, agro tourism, ethnographic tourism, hotel and service opportunities, tourist routes and protected areas in the region to improve the level of international standards, effective use of available opportunities, the development of ecotourism, Mubarak, Mirishkor district steppes time, such as the organization of a number of projects should be implemented;
Establishment of permanent cooperation between scientists, specialists of higher education institutions and research centers in this field, the use of their experience. As a result of the development of innovations, it is necessary to train new engineers-chemists entering the rural labor market, production technology, specialists working with equipment for biofuel production, installation of solar panels and batteries, botany, landscape design, installation of wind generators. The demand for these specialists is high in rural areas;
Funding from the state budget or the provision of soft loans to enterprises and organizations that increase scientific development and train highly qualified personnel;
Issuance of state orders to agricultural enterprises on a contractual basis for the implementation of research and development;
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Formation of special innovation centers in rural areas - techno parks, technopolises , business incubators, regional innovation funds.
We can see from the experience of the world, the creation of an innovative economy in the world in a single model. States have chosen their own development model of transition to the economy based on their capabilities. Even in developed countries, the transition to an innovative economy has not taken place in a short period of time. Therefore, there is no doubt that the innovative way of developing the economy of Uzbekistan will be a driving force of the country's competitiveness, a factor in improving the welfare of the population, employment.
Bibliography: 1. The President of the Republic of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyayev the country's socio-economic development in 2018 and the most important priorities of economic program for 2019, the results of the meeting of the Cabinet of Ministers extended //'s words, January 16, 2019, 11 (6705). 2. "The strategy for the further development of the Republic of Uzbekistan" On February 7, 2019, the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan No. UP-4947 Decree, Annex 1, paragraph 4.1. 3. Loktyukhina N.V. Some scientific basis of the labor market and employment theory // Man and labor, 2010, number 4. P.75. 4. Nikiforov A.A. Labor market: employment and unemployment. M.: International relations, 1999. P.89. 5. Abdurahmonov K.X. Labor economics and sociology. T .: Science and technology, 2012. P.89 6. Kholmuminov Sh.R., Arabov N.U. Labor market infrastructure. Study guide. T .: "Science and technology", 2016. 71-72 p 7. Ehrenberg R.D., Smith R.S. Modern Labor Economics: Theory and Public Policy. -M .: Moscow State University, 1996.S. 54. 8. Kotlyar A.E. Theoretical and methodological problems of the labor market and employment // Labor market and employment: modern problems of theory and practice. Series: "Point of View". - M .: RAGS, 2004. P.41. 9. Amanov O.A. The main directions of modernization of the rural labor market. Monograph. - Tashkent: "Science and technology", 2014. P.77. 10. Decree of the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan dated November 29, 2017 "On the establishment of the Ministry of Innovative Development of the Republic of Uzbekistan" // Collection of Legislation of the Republic of Uzbekistan, December 4, 2017, No. 48, Article 1179 11. http://president.uz/uz/lists/view/1331-Sh.M.Mirziyoev's speech at the solemn ceremony dedicated to the Day of Agricultural Workers 12. Statistical Bulletin of the Republic of Uzbekistan. Tashkent -2020. 13. Kh, Abdurakhmanov K., et al. "Labor migration and its impact on employment of population." - 4-2 (82) (2017). URL: https://research-journal.org/economical/labor-
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migration-and-its-impact-on-employment-of population/ doi:10.23670/ IRJ.2017.82.4.028 14. Amanov O.A. Ways of regulation, condition and employment trends of the population of the republic of Uzbekistan. Journal of Management Value & Ethics. India. ISSN: 2249-9512 Vol 8, 2, 2018..98-106. URL: https://www.jmveindia.com/journal/APRIL-JUNE_18.pdf
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Abakarov Sh.M. student
Ural Institute of Management - branch of RANEPA
THE MAIN PROBLEM IS IN THE HEALTH CARE OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Summary. This article examines the main problem in the health sector of the Russian Federation, namely the personnel deficit, as well as the reasons leading to this.
Key words: healthcare, health problems, medicine, doctors, personnel shortages in healthcare.
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Abdurakhmanova A.M. student of group 333YUM
Faculty of law Ranepa
Russia, Rostov-on-don
LEGAL REGULATION OF TAX DEBT COLLECTION IN THE SOVIET PERIOD
Abstract: the Article is devoted to the study of the features of legal regulation of debt collection for tax payments in the Soviet period. The article examines the legal acts adopted in the USSR in the period from 1923 to the 1990s, which determine the procedure for collecting tax arrears. The features of the undisputed and judicial order of recovery are determined.
Keywords: tax arrears, arrears, recovery, undisputed procedure, recovery mechanism
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Abdurakhmanova A.M. student of group 333YUM
Faculty of law Ranepa
Russia, Rostov-on-don
ECONOMIC AND LEGAL SIGNIFICANCE OF TAX ARREARS
Abstract: the Article is devoted to the study of the economic and legal nature of tax debt. The article defines the concept, composition and types of tax debt, its settlement, considers the categories of settled and unsettled tax debt, identifies the factors of formation of tax behavior of taxpayers, the consequence of which is the formation of tax debt.
Keywords: debt, tax debt settlement, a mechanism for the recovery
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Abdurakhmonov A. senior lecturer
Saypiddinov Sh. senior lecturer
Namangan Engineering and Technological Institute Uzbekistan, Namangan
PROFITABILITY DERIVED FROM THE USE OF CLEANING COTTON IN PRODUCTION
Abstract: One of the main tasks facing converters in the article is to increase production efficiency by upgrading equipment, producing high quality products, ensuring competitiveness, reducing waste and increasing the range of products.
Key words: Cotton cleaning, washing, raw materials, grade, grade, cost, operating mode, equipment.
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Abrorova N. F. teacher
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
DEFINITION OF CASE AND CASE ENDINGS IN KOREAN
Annotation: This article is about case and case endings in Korean. Since many languages have cases and endings and Korean is no exception. The article deals with cases and case endings and some of them are given in examples.
Key words: case, particle, ending, morphemes, auxiliary particles, falling particles.
e «» o a o a '' [gyeok] p po (). o o a e ('' [ju]), ('' [mokjeok]), e - ('' [bo]), a ('' [gwanhyeong]), ('' [seoeul]), a ('' [dokrib]), ('' [busa]) e.
cc o x ex o a, c , a e eope p a x o e o o a o[1:59-68].
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: 1. .. ( ) // «The 8 International Conference on Korean Studies Central Asian Association for Korean Studies» «Korean Studies and University Cooperation between Central Asian and Korea». . .: , 2008. . 59-68. 2. .. ( ) // «Korean studies» Vol. 10. . , 2008. . 71-91.
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3. .. // . .: , 2009, 2-. . 59-64. 4. .. 'eul/reul' // . .: , 2009. 3-. . 96-102 5. , , . 1. , - . 2005.
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K:619.616-035.1
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: Endometritis latensronica, , , , , , , , , .
Avezimbetov Sh.D., Candidate of Veterinary Sciences Associate Professor
Nukus branch of the Samarkand Institute veterinary medicine
METHODS OF TREATMENT AND LABORATORY EXAMINATION OF SECRET CHRONIC ENDOMETRITIS
Abstract: Latent chronic endometritis in the Republic of Karakalpakstan, morphological changes in the disease, causes of the disease, the difference between the inflammatory process of the uterine mucosa in chronic latent endometritis and catarrhal endometritis, drugs for the treatment of the disease, diagnostics, laboratory tests. The method of reading the reaction, optimal storage of animals is shown.)
Keywords: Endometritis latensronica, morphological, causative agent, fertilization, cycle, cyst, biopsy, toxic, estrus, exudate.
; - . - (Endometritis latensronica).
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: 1. Ata-Kurbanov Sh.B. Eshburiev B.M. Veterinariya akusherligi fanidan amaliylaborator mashg`ulotlar. Samarqand, 2009. 2. Ata-Kurbanov Sh.B., Eshburiev B.M. Hayvonlar ko`payish biotexnikasi. Samarqand. "N.Doba" XT, 2012. 3. .., .., .. . 2012. 4. Eshburiev B.M. Veterinariya akusherligi. Samarqand 2018.
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Aivazyan A.L. graduate student
KGU Russia, Kostroma
TAX RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE FOOD INDUSTRY
All enterprises, regardless of the specifics of their activities, need to be aware of the risks that may threaten their business. When managing tax risks, it is necessary to use legal schemes to minimize them. This article discusses a number of ways to minimize taxes as part of the risk management process.
Key words: tax risks, risk management, tax minimization.
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004.02:004.5:004.9 ..
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Aimukhanova S.A. master 1 st year student
of OSU Russian Federation, Orenburg Scientific adviser: Grebnev G.D., Candidate of Economic Sciences
Associate Professor of OSU
Russian Federation, Orenburg
METHODS OF ANALYSIS OF ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE AND PAYABLE
Abstract: The article examines the essence of the main methods of economic analysis of receivables and payables.
Key words: accounts receivable, accounts payable, economic analysis.
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Akramova Sh.G. senior researcher Research Center under Tashkent State University of Economics Uzbekistan, Tashkent
THE POSITION OF WOMEN IN THE LABOR MARKET IN THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN IN THE LIGHT OF GLOBAL TRENDS
Abstract: The article analyzes global trends of women's participation rate in the labor market. The main factors influencing the level of women's economic activity have been determined. The peculiarities of women's participation in the labor market of the Republic of Uzbekistan were studied and proposals were developed to create conditions for the self-realization of women.
Key words: labor market, women, economic activity, employment, unemployment, wage gap, economic development
, 20 . , , 25 , . , 1990 2019
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Alimova D. teacher
Samarkand State Institute of Foreign Languages
ANALYSIS OF THE CONCEPT OF "POLITENESS" IN KOREAN AND RUSSIAN LANGUAGES
Annotation: This article is devoted to the concept of "Politeness" in Korean and Russian. The article reveals the types of politeness. This article clearly shows the culture of communication between these languages.
Key words: Politeness, culture of speech, speech etiquette, Korean, address.
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DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2020_1_79_364 : 331.52 (575.1)
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Amanov O.A. associate professor of the department of innovative economics
Karshi engineering economic institute Jonuzokov N.B. master's student
of the Karshi engineering economic institute
IMPACT OF THE DIGITAL ECONOMY ON THE LABOR MARKET
Abstract: The article discusses the main indicators of employment in the labor market, the prospects for the transformation of employment in the context of the transition to the digital economy. The main current problems in the labor market and the factors that will lead to changes in the future are identified. Scientists and skeptics, analysts talk a lot about the fact that very soon a person can be replaced by a machine, but the work for a person will remain where he can work better than a machine. At the same time, the number of qualified people who will not be able to independently adapt to changes will also grow.
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Key words: digital economy, digitalization, labor market, employment of the population, employment and unemployment rate, labor productivity, information and communication sphere.
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: 1. .. : 5 // , 2017 2. . « », // 2017, 3. ... - , 2008 4. . . 2017 5. ... . , 2003 6. : . . 2013-2015 7. // Economics. 2020. 1 (44). URL:
" " 12(79) 2020
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https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rol-malogo-biznesa-v-innovatsionnoydeyatelnosti ( : 21.12.2020). 8. o // Economics. 2020. 4 (47). URL: https://economictheory.com/images/PDF/2020/47/the-role-of-cooperatio.pdf 9. Kh, Abdurakhmanov K., et al. "Labor migration and its impact on employment of population." - 4-2 (82) (2017). URL: https://research-journal.org/economical/labormigration-and-its-impact-on-employment-of population/ doi:10.23670/ IRJ.2017.82.4.028 10. Amanov O.A. Ways of regulation, condition and employment trends of the population of the republic of Uzbekistan. Journal of Management Value & Ethics. India. ISSN: 2249-9512 Vol 8, 2, 2018..98-106. URL: https://www.jmveindia.com/journal/APRIL-JUNE_18.pdf
" " 12(79) 2020
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DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2020_1_79_373 330.322.3
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Amanov O.A. associate Professor of the Department of Innovative Economics
Karshi Engineering Economic Institute Chulliev J.K.
master's student of the Karshi engineering economic institute
INCREASING THE EFFICIENCY OF HUMAN CAPITAL USE
Abstract: This article highlights important aspects of human capital for the economy. Family, business and government spending are sources of investment in human capital. This takes into account the costs of raising and raising a child in a family, so that he will receive a high income as a result of his future productive work.
The company is also interested in investing in human capital. Because an employee with high knowledge, skills and abilities makes a significant contribution to increasing the employer's income as a result of effective work in the enterprise.
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Key words: employment, unemployment, human capital, human capital development, informal employment
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: 1. 7 2017 4947 « ». 2. .. «2019 - ». 28 2018 . - .: , 29 2018 ., 271-272 3. Kh, Abdurakhmanov K., et al. "Labor migration and its impact on employment of population." - 4-2 (82) (2017). URL: https://research-journal.org/economical/labormigration-and-its-impact-on-employment-of population/ doi:10.23670/ IRJ.2017.82.4.028 4. // Economics. 2020. 1 (44). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/rol-malogo-biznesa-v-innovatsionnoydeyatelnosti ( : 14.12.2020). 5. O // Economics. 2020. 4 (47). URL: https://economic-theory.com/images/PDF/2020/47/the-role-ofcooperatio.pdf 6. Amanov O.A. Ways of regulation, condition and employment trends of the population of the republic of Uzbekistan. Journal of Management Value & Ethics. India. ISSN: 2249-9512 Vol 8, 2, 2018..98-106. URL: https://www.jmveindia.com/journal/APRIL-JUNE_18.pdf
" " 12(79) 2020
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Arutyunyan D.W. student
Bryuhanova G.D. professor SSU
Russia, Sochi
ECOTOURISM AS A FACTOR OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Abstract: Ecotourism is sustainable and nature-oriented tourism and recreation. Sustainability in tourism implies a positive overall balance of environmental, socio-cultural and economic impacts of tourism, as well as the positive impact of visitors on each other. Thus, those types of tourism activities that have the highest overall positive effect in terms of ecology, economy and social development are more sustainable.
Keywords: ecotourism, ecotourism, destination, national parks, specially protected areas, sustainable tourism
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Asadullaeva D.A., master of the Department of Forestry Tashkent State Agrarian Universitet
Qalandarov M.M. Professor Head of the Department of Forestry
Tashkent State Agrarian Universitet
STUDY OF INTRODUCTION OF CUPRESSUS SEMPERVIRENS IN CONDITION OF UZBEKISTAN
Annotation: The article is actual as it outlines the introduced evergreens growth in the conditions present in the country. C. sempervirens, especially its pyramidal shape, is widely used and deserves to be even more widespread in alley plantings, road casing, group planting, specimen plantings; it produces the finest monumental hedges, walls, and protective strips. Since cypress grows in a dense, it is welcome to cut the branches. And, with its rapid growth, it is also promising
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for forestry in the south and central part of Uzbekistan. Analysis and generalization of production experience in the creation of plantations in the Republic, that evergreen cypress is mainly used in urban plantings along the sides of the street and canals, highways, sidewalks, and, in some cases, grown in small areas.
Key words: continental climate, comfort, drought tolerance, durability, essential oils.
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Aronov E. K. senior lecturer Solieva M. B. Senior lecturer Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agricultural Technologies
INFLUENCE OF TEMPERATURE CHANGE ON PRODUCTIVITY AND QUALITY OF COCOONS DURING THE FEEDING OF WHITE
SILKWINE
Abstract: All vital processes of the silkworm - growth, development rate, life span, fertility, productivity, etc. - are manifested at normal temperatures. The average temperature of the silkworm is + 25-260C. Experiments have shown changes in the yield and germination of cocoons as a result of high or low temperatures during feeding of caterpillars and wrapping of cocoons, which negatively affects the physiology of certain organs in the larva's body, including the activity of the endocrine glands of the silkworm, which produces silk fiber.
Key words: silkworm, pikilotherm, temperature, humidity, silk glands, biological indicators, cocoon yield, productivity, technological indicators.
" " 12(79) 2020
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: [1]. , , , 1998. [2]. , - , , 2004 [3]. .., .., .., .. . , 2017., 232 . [4]. .., .. he importance of feeding silkworms under polyethylene. ACADEMICIA Vol. 10, Issue 10, October 2020. page no1169-1174. [5]. .., . . . II ... 22-24, 2014 (). [6]. T.S.Xudoyberdiev. B.R.Boltaboev. B.A.Razzakov. M.Sh.Kholdarov. "To The Fertilizer Knife Determination Of Resistance". //Asian Journal of Multidimensional Research (AJMR) // Vol 9, Issue 8, August, 2020. https://www.indianjournals.com/ijor.aspx?target=ijor:ajmr&volume=9&issue=8 &article=011
" " 12(79) 2020
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Axunbayev A.A., Candidate of Technical Sciences Associate Professor of the Department of Technological Machines and
Equipment Fergana Polytechnic Institute Republic of Uzbekistan, Fergana city
Rajabova N.R. Assistant Department of Technological Machines and Equipment
Fergana Polytechnic Institute Uzbekistan
Vokhidova N.X. Assistant Department of Technological Machines and Equipment
Fergana Polytechnic Institute Uzbekistan
STUDY HYDRODINAMICS OF FAST-SPINNING ROTOR DRIER
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Annotation: The paper studies the hydrodynamics of a rotary dryer with a fast-rotating rotor when drying fine materials. The curves of the system's response to disturbances were determined experimentally and the hydrodynamic parameters of the rotary dryer were determined. An equation for calculating a rotary dryer is given. The possibility of organizing a continuous mode of operation of the apparatus is shown.
Keywords: hydrodynamic regime, finely dispersed materials, disturbances, design parameters, continuous regime.
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Bazarov A. A. senior lecturer Ferghana Polytechnic Institute Uzbekistan, Ferghana
MERCURY IN UNDERGROUND AND LAND WATER OF THE PETROLEUM AND GAS REGIONS OF BUKHARO-KARSHI
Abstract: The article presents the results of analysis and comparison of groundwater deposits of the Bukhara-Karshi artesian basin and deposits of the oil and gas region.
Keywords: deposit, geochemistry of mercury, groundwater, basin, concentration.
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Bazikyan M.A. master's student Ural Institute of management-branch of Ranepa Russia, Yekaterinburg
ACTUAL ISSUES OF ECONOMY IN URBAN PLANNING
Annotation: The article deals with issues related to the modern approach to urban planning and problems that occur in this area. The economic aspect of these issues has also been studied in this paper.
Keywords: landscape design, territorial planning, urban planning, liability insurance Institute, self-regulation system.
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Bayazitova R.N. student
FSBEI of HE «Bashkir State University» Ufa
DEVELOPMENT OF THE OIL AND GAS SECTOR OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN
Annotation. One of the main strategic goals of the state is to improve the quality and standard of living of the population. The development of the regional economy depends on the activities of the oil and gas complex. The article presents the strategic development of oil production and oil refining in the Republic of Bashkortostan.
Key words: oil production and refining of the Republic of Bashkortostan, socio-economic development of the region.
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3. .., .., .. // European Social Science Journal. 2013. 8-2 (35). . 423-431. 4. .., .., .., .., .., .. : , , : / : . . . , 2013. 5. . - . 2018: . . / . ., 2018. 1326 .
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Bichurina I.R. «Saratov State Law Academy Russia, Sartov»
THE PROBLEM OF PASSIVE DEFENSE IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS
The article deals with the violation of one of the constitutional rights the right of the suspect (accused) to defense. Violations may also occur in the provision of passive protection by lawyers. The study suggests ways to solve the problem.
Keywords: defender, lawyer, defense, suspect, accused, constitutional rights, passive defense.
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: : 1. ( 12.12.1993 . 01.07.2020) // http://www.pravo.gov.ru, 04.07.2020.
59 - 18.12.2001 174- (. 31.07.2020) // . 2001. 52 (.I). . 4921; 2020. 31 ( I). . 5002
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2. - 18.12.2001 174- (. 31.07.2020) // . 2001. 52 (.I). . 4921; 2020. 31 ( I). . 5002. 3. 31.05.2020 63- (. 31.07.2020) « » // . 2002. 23. . 2102; 2020. 31 ( I). . 5027.
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Bogomazova V. A. master's student 3rd year
Kursk state University
SYSTEM OF ORGANIZATION OF INNOVATIVE ACTIVITY IN CORPORATE COMPANIES
Abstract: the problem of innovative activity of enterprises and corporations is currently being actively discussed. The introduction of various types of innovations encourages the company's management to make logical and necessary changes in the company's management structure. Also, such changes should be reflected in the methods of organizing the management of the entire enterprise.
Keywords: corporate finance, development strategy, management system, innovation activity, principles of innovation development
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: 1. . ., . . // . . 2019. 2. . 1723. 2. .., .. // . 2019. 11. .72-78. 3. .., .. // Young Scientist. 2016. 20(124). .361-363.
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Borisov A.V. student
Vahrameev Y.V. student
Zhitkov D.S. student
of Russian State University of Justice Scientific adviser: Vlasova E.L. Russia, Irkutsk
DIFFERENCES IN THE ORDER OF EDUCATION, ORGANIZATION AND COMPETENCE OF ZATO AND MO
Annotation: In article 1 of the Law of the Russian Federation of 14.07.1992 N 3297-1 (ed. of 29.06.2018)"About the closed administrative-territorial education" (hereinafter the Law 3297-1 of the Russian Federation) of this definition BUT.
BUT -- an administrative-territorial entity that has local self-government bodies and is established in accordance with the procedure provided for in article 2 of this Law in order to ensure the safe functioning of organizations located on its territory that develop, manufacture, store and dispose of weapons of mass destruction, process radioactive and other materials of an increased technogenic nature, military and other objects, for which, in order to ensure the country's defense and state security, a special regime for the safe operation and protection of state secrets is established, including special living conditions for citizens.
Keyword: Urban district - a type of municipalities; one or more settlements united by a common territory, which are not municipalities, in which local selfgovernment is exercised by the population directly or through elected and other local self-government bodies.
A referendum is a form of direct expression of the will of citizens, expressed in voting on the most significant issues of national, regional or local importance.
Charter - a set of rules governing the activities of organizations, institutions, societies, citizens, their relationship with other organizations and citizens, rights and obligations in various areas of government, economic or other activities.
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Commission - a group of persons or a body formed as part of a group of persons to perform any specific functions or conduct special events.
Authority - a limited right to use the resources of the organization and direct the efforts of some employees to perform certain tasks.
To better understand this issue, it is worth first identifying the differences, it is necessary to define a closed administrative-territorial entity (hereinafter ZATO).
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: 1. 06.10.2003 131- « » (. 18.04.2018) // - «». 2. 14 1992 . 3297-1 " - " (. 30.10.2017)// - «». 3. « », 17.09.2015. 119/20 //
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//http://komitet4.km.duma.gov.ru/. 4. https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/1-10-struktura-i-polnomochiya-organovmestnogo-samoupravleniya-v-zakrytyh-administrativno-territorialnyhobrazovaniyah-zato/viewer
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Botasheva A.D. 3rd year Master's student Faculty of «GMU and Political Science»
Budagova I.T., Ph. D. associate Professor of the Department of public and municipal
administration and political science Karachay-Cherkess State University
named after U. D. Aliyev Russia, Karachayevsk
THE IMPACT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC ON THE SHIFT IN THE POSITION OF SMALL BUSINESSES IN THE DOMESTIC MARKET OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Annotation: This article examines the significant impact of the current coronavirus pandemic COVID-19 on the change in the functioning of the small business segment in the domestic market of the country. The measures applied in the framework of state support for small business are considered and the degree of their effectiveness is evaluated.
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Keywords: small business, pandemic, COVID-19, government support, coronavirus, economy, business.
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Bochkov P.V., candidate of economic sciences associate professor
FGBOU VO Ural Institute of State Fire Service of EMERCOM of Russia Russia, Ekaterinburg Pervushin K.V. master student
FGBOU VO Ural Institute of State Fire Service of EMERCOM of Russia Russia, Ekaterinburg
MAIN SECURITY PROBLEMS OF MUNICIPAL CITY DISTRICTS
nnotation: This article discusses the main problems of the development of municipal urban districts in terms of the prevention and liquidation of natural and man-made emergencies.
Keywords: emergency situations, technogenic character, security, situation, municipal program.
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Burkut A. third year student of magistracy
accounting department RSUE (RINE)
Russia, c. Rostov-on-Don
FEATURES OF REFLECTION IN ACCOUNTING OF PAYMENT OPERATIONS
Abstract: The article discusses the features of accounting for transactions with employees on remuneration. Synthetic accounting for reflecting such transactions is highlighted. Requirements for documentary registration of accounting operations are presented.
Keywords: accounting, settlements with staff on remuneration, primary documents.
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Vsilyeva .I. Lecturer at the Department 44
of VI (VD)VU MO RF Moscow
SHORT NOTES ON THE ORCHESTRAL DRAMATURGY IN "REQUIEM" OF VYACHESLAV ARTYOMOV
bstract: The article presents arguments that substantiate the thesis that the means of orchestral expressiveness play an important role in dramaturgy of Artyomov's «Requiem». Their diversity and significance are considered.
Keywords: Artyomov, «Requiem», orchestra, timbre, dramaturgy.
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Vinokurov A. O. graduate student FSBEI of Higher Education "Sochi State University" Russian Federation, Sochi
RESORT FEE
Annotation: According to Art. 1 of the federal law of July 29, 2017 No. 214fz "on conducting an experiment on the development of resort infrastructure in the Republic of Crimea, Altai Territory, Krasnodar Territory and Stavropol Territory" in the Krasnodar Territory, an "experiment on the development of resort infrastructure in order to preserve, restore and the development of resorts, the formation of a single tourist space, the creation of favorable conditions for the sustainable development of the tourism sector (hereinafter - the experiment)."
The experiment is carried out by introducing in municipalities, the territories of which are included in the experiment territory, fees for the use of resort infrastructure (hereinafter referred to as the resort fee) for financial
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support of design, construction, reconstruction, maintenance, improvement and repair of resort infrastructure facilities.
Key words: resort tax, state policy, resort tax operator, legislation on resort tax administration, legal problems, tourism, resort tax operator.
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Gadoev A. Sharipova B. Gadoyeva G. Komilova X. Fergana State University
INFECTION OF DOMESTIC ANIMALS WITH SARCOSPORIDIA DEPENDING ON AGE
Annotation: The article presents the results of a study of the infection of some domestic animals living in various ecological conditions of the Republic of Uzbekistan with sarcosporidia, depending on age.
Key words and terms: sarcosporidium, parasite, sarcosporidiosis, extensiveness, intensity, in utero, micropreparation.
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Gadoeva A. Turkistanova M.
Gadoyeva G. Komilova X. Fergana State University
INFECTION OF PETS WITH SARCOSPORIDIA DEPENDING ON SEX
Annotation: The article presents the results of a study of the contamination of domestic animals living in various environmental conditions of the Republic of Uzbekistan with sarcosporidia, depending on the sex of the animals under study.
Key words: sarcosporidium, sarcosporidiosis, females, male, extensiveness, intensity of invasion, sporocysts, oocysts, reflex, parasite, affected.
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Gayipov A.R., master of Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology
Normuradov I.U. teaching assistent of Shakhrisabz branch of the Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology Tadjikhodjayeva U.B., candidate of technical sciences
docent Tashkent Institute of Chemical Technology
STUDY OF THE STRUCTURE CONDITIONS OF MODIFIED PHENOL-FORMALIDID OLIGOMERS ON THE PENOLOGICAL
COMPOSITION
Abstract: Recently, phenol-formaldehyde oligomers have been used in various fields, including as a binder in the production of composite materials, in the production of coatings, plastic products and other fields with various substances [1]. In our previous studies, we synthesized phenol formaldehyde oligomer modified on the basis of phenol-alcohol and hydroxyl-containing polyester-polyol synthesized in different molar ratios of formaldehyde to phenol [2].
Keywords: Modified phenol-formaldehyde oligomers; High molecular weight phenol-formaldehyde oligomers; sewing conditions; phenol alcohol; Ubbelode method drop temperature; gel fraction; thermosetting properties; hydroxyl retaining polyester-polyol.
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" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. Sushkova S.V., Levanova S. V. . Intensification of phenol-formaldehyde resins producing. 15 International Scientific Conference High-Tech in Chemical Engineering 2014», Zvenigorod, Sept. 22-26, 2014: Abstracts.-M.,2014.-.314. 2. .., .., .., .. .// , - - - . , 2020. 3. ., " ", . .. 2014,78 .()
" " 12(79) 2020
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Gaisina A.V. Supervisor: Buharbaeva L.Y., d.e.s.
professor Department of business Economics FGBOU VO "Ufa state aviation technical University»
STRATEGY OF DEVELOPMENT OF ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF THE ENTERPRISE "OMAS INTEGRATED" LLP
Abstract: The purpose of this work is to develop a strategy for the development of the company "Omas integrated"LLP. Assessment of the company's activity and market, as a result of which the company receives the necessary information to develop a long-term competitive strategy.
Keywords: Economics; strategy; socio-economic system of the effectiveness of the company's profitability.
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
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Gilmanova R.R. student
of the Institute of law Bashkir state University
Russia, Ufa Scientific supervisor: Nizamova G.Kh. Lecturer at the Department of Civil Law
Institute of law of Bashkir State University
Russia, Ufa
FEATURES OF TAXATION OF AN INDIVIDUAL ENTREPRENEUR
Abstract: This article analyzes the experience of taxation in foreign countries, substantiates the correctness of its partial use in the domestic taxation system. The article also defines the role of taxation of individual entrepreneurs at the present stage of development of the Russian economy.
Key words: tax, taxation, individual entrepreneur.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 466
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http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_19671/ ( : 05.11.2020).
76 : . URL: https://xn--h1ari.xn--p1ai/Main/StatisticalInformation (
: 05.11.2020).
77 24 2007 . 209- ( . ., 169-
08.06.2020). [ ]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_52144/ (
: 05.11.2020).
" " 12(79) 2020
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, , . .
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" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. 31 1998 . 146- ( . ., 219- 20.07.2020). [ ]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_19671/ ( : 05.11.2020). 2. 24 2007 . 209- « » ( . ., 169- 08.06.2020). [ ]. URL: http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_52144/ ( : 05.11.2020). 3. : . URL: https://xn--h1ari.xn-p1ai/Main/StatisticalInformation ( : 05.11.2020). 4. . . : 100 000 , . . : , 2018. 1376 .
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 469
343.98
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Gilmanova R.R. student
of the Institute of law Bashkir state University
Russia, Ufa Scientific supervisor: Faizullina A.A. Associate Professor at the Department of Criminology
Institute of law of Bashkir State University
Russia, Ufa
PRESENTATION FOR IDENTIFICATION
Abstract: This article discusses various points of view of determining the purpose of presentation for identification, analyzes the relationship between the categories of "task" and "purpose" of presentation for identification. It is also proposed to legislate the purpose of the investigative action under consideration.
Key words: presentation for identification, investigative action, purpose, objectives.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 470
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78 .., .. : . -- 2- . -- .: , 2016. . 125 79 «- » 18 2001 . 174- ( . . . 24 2020 . 6-) // - [ ]. URL: http://www.pravo.gov.ru ( : 05.12.2020). 80 . . : . 3- ., . . : , 2019. . 208.
" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. «- » 18 2001 . 174- ( . . . 24 2020 . 6-) // - [ ]. URL: http://www.pravo.gov.ru ( : 05.12.2020). 2. . ., . . : . - 2- . .: , 2016. 306 . 3. . . : . 3- ., . . : , 2019. 466 .
" " 12(79) 2020
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330
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Golovin A.A., Doctor of Economics Associate Professor Skiba M.S. student
South-Western State University Research Supervisor: Parkhomchuk M.A., Doctor of Economics
Associate Professor South-Western State University
QUALITY OF MUNICIPAL SERVICES TO THE POPULATION AND WAYS TO IMPROVE IT
Abstract: This article addresses the issue of evaluating the quality of municipal services rendered in electronic form. Receiving feedback from the applicant is an incentive for further improvement of this system.
Keywords: Municipal services, rendering, quality assessment, electronic form.
. , .
" " 12(79) 2020
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27.07.2010 . 210- « » , . « , , , . 210-, , » [1].
, , .
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" " 12(79) 2020
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- , ( , , , (, , , , ..)» [2].
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" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. . ., . . // . 2017. 6 (42). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/organizatsiya-i-otsenka-kachestvapredostavleniya-gosudarstvennyh-i-munitsipalnyh-uslug-v-elektronnom-vide ( : 18.11.2020). 2. .., .., .. / . . . . . : /; - . , . . -. -- : - . -, 2017. -- 139 . 3. .. // . 2018. 1 (25). . 62 - 66.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 476
336.717.13
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: , , , .
Gorbacheva N.A. student of the department «Economic informatics,
accounting and commerce» Gomel State University of Francisk Skorina
Republic of Belarus, Gomel Rodionova T.S. senior lecturer
Gomel State University of Francisk Skorina Republic of Belarus, Gomel
IMPROVEMENT OF THE CASHLESS PAYMENT SYSTEM IN THE BANK
Abstract: The article presents the main directions of development of the cashless payment system in the bank. The article proposes expanding the use of payment gadgets, as well as introducing daily balances for cashless payments into the organization of accounting. A new procedure for making instant payments in banks has been developed.
Keywords: bank, cashless payments, daily balance, instant payment system.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 477
(, ), . , (, . .), .
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1 , 24/7/365: . . . 13.12.2017 47/ [ ]. , 2020. : https://www.nbrb.by/payment/concept-instant-payment-service.pdf. : 05.12.2020.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 480
336.6
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: . . .
: , .
Gorbulinskaya A.P. master student
Academic adviser: Grebnev G.D., PhD in Economics Associate professor
Orenburg State University
ESSENCE OF THE FINANCIAL STATE OF THE ORGANIZATION
Abstract: The article deals with the definitions of the concept of the financial condition of the organization. The presented definitions are assessed from the point of view of completeness of reflecting the main characteristics of finance. The most accurate definition of financial condition is revealed.
Key words: financial condition, finances.
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: 1. . ., . . : . . : -, 2019. 214 . 2. - : / . [ .]. .: -, 2018. 366 . 3. . ., . . . .: , 2011. 272 4. . . . .: , 1994. 163 . 5. . . : . . .: -, 2020. 157 . 6. . . : . . : -, 2017. 575 . 7. 4- / . . [ .]. .: , 2000. 2659 . 8. . . : . . .: -, 2019. 284 . 9. : . / .. [ .]. .: -, 2013. 192 . 10. : / . . [ .]. .: - , 2012. 432 .
" " 12(79) 2020
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00 339.138 ..
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: CRM, CRM-. CRM- - , . , , , , , CRM- .
: CRM, , UTM-. IDENT,
Grigoryan A.R. student
Moscow University of finance and industry
APPLICATION OF CRM MARKETING FOR BUSINESS PROMOTION IN DENTISTRY
Abstract: An experienced manager has an idea about CRM marketing, but not everyone understands the benefits of CRM marketing. In this regard, the introduction of CRM marketing in small and medium-sized businesses is not a frequent phenomenon, although it will make the business more profitable and less financially costly. Having a huge amount of information about the client, the company can build a strategy for higher performance, which relates to marketing, trading and providing services, increasing profits, but only when the manager understands the principle of CRM marketing and enjoys all its advantages.
Keywords: CRM, Marketing, UTM-mark, IDENT, call-tracking.
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
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Gusev AV., Ph. D. Head of the Sector
JSC NII TP Russia, Moscow
ALGORITHMS FOR INDEXING GEOSPATIAL DATA IN MOBILE VEHICLE MONITORING SYSTEMS
Abstract: The application of statistical analysis methods in algorithms for constructing geospatial data indexing structures is considered. The results of numerical experiments are presented.
Keywords: Database, GIS, monitoring systems
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R- . . R- . , R*-. , , . . R-, N , (N+1) R-. , . , . , , . , . . , , . , , , . , , (), . , clR-, .. , , . clR- R-. , 7500 , 10 20 30 /. .
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" " 12(79) 2020
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914-919
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Djaksimuratov K., PhD Lecturer
Nukus branch of Navoiy State Mining Institute Embergenov N., PhD Lecturer
Karakalpak State University Aytmuratov A., master
of Nukus State Pedagogical Institute
RESEARCH OF CLIMATE - MELIORATION CONDITIONS OF THE ARAL REGION
Abstract. The formation of the climate in the Aral Sea region occurs mainly under the influence of continental Siberian and Arctic air masses with unstable climatic indicators over time. Changes in the conditions of groundwater in the Aral Sea region also depend on the degree of land melioration. To eliminate the causes of soil salinization, in addition to the above, groundwater drainage is
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 493
required with the obligatory drainage outside the irrigated territory (into the Aral Sea, Sarikamish depression).
Key words. Climate, air mass, air temperatures, ground waters, Aral Sea region, mineralization, irrigation, Amudarya river, reclamation, soil-grounds, soil salinization, vegetation cover.
, , , , [1]. 150200 . ( 1700 ) 10% [4].
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" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. .., .. . . " ", -, 1994. .76-88. 2. .. . , 1977. 248 . 3. .. . : . , 1936. 316 . 4. Sultashova O., Khudaybergenov Ya., Oteuliev M., Reimov M. Modeling of Temperature Mode of the Soil. International Journal of Psychosocial Rehabilitation. ISSN:1475-7192. Vol. 24, Iss. 4, April 2020, Pp. 6057-6068. DOI: 10.37200/IJPR/V24I4/PR2020416 5. Nauruzbaeva, G. T.; Embergenov, N. J.; and Oteuliev, M. O. (2018) "Study of the contemporary state of the environment and the status of population health in the conditions of Southern Aral Region," Karakalpak Scientific Journal: Vol. 2,
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 495
Iss. 1, Article 11. DOI: ISSN https://uzjournals.edu.uz/karsu/vol2/iss1/11
2181-9203
Available:
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 496
914-919 DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2020_1_79_497
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Djaksimuratov K., PhD. Nukus branch of Navoiy State Mining Institute
Uzbekistan, Nukus Oteuliev M.O.
Doctoral Candidate Karakalpak State University
Uzbekistan, Nukus Aytmuratov A.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 497
master student of Nukus State Pedagogical Institute
Uzbekistan, Nukus Bekmuratov A. master student
of Tashkent State Technical University Uzbekistan, Nukus
RESEARCH OF REGIME, RESOURCES AND USE OF UNDERGROUND WATER OF THE SOUTHERN ARAL SEA REGION
(REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN)
Annotation. The article presents the results of field and scientific research on the regime, resources and use of groundwater in the Southern Aral Sea region (Republic of Karakalpakstan). The hydrogeological conditions of aquifers and complexes change from the geological and engineering-geological human activity (irrigation, drainage, discharge of excess irrigation water into local relief depressions, etc.), which gives specific features to the development of modern hydrogeological processes in the entire range of Southern Aral Sea Region.
Key words: groundwater level, fresh lenses, routine observations, groundwater reserves, groundwater resources, hydrogeological research, brackish waters, water intake.
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: 1. .. . : 1988, . 195 . 2. .., .., . . , "": , -. 1983. 159 . 3. .., .. . 60- , -, 1992. .133-134. 4. Nauruzbaeva, G. T., Embergenov, N. J, Oteuliev, M. O. (2018) "Study Of The Contemporary State Of The Environment And The Status Of Population Health In The Conditions Of Southern Aral Region, Karakalpak Scientific Journal. Vol. 2, Iss. 1. 2018, -C. 29-31 5. Embergenov N.J., Oteuliev M.O., Karimbaev K., Madaminov X.R. The Importance Of Mineral Raw Material Resources In The Organization And Placement Of Industrial Sectors In The Republic Of Karakalpakstan. " " 10(77) 2020, -C. 59-62.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 501
004.02:004.5:004.9
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-
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: , , , .
Druzhinin A.A. student
Ermakov B.A., Candidate of Medical Sciences Associate Professor SSU Sochi
MODERN METHODS AND TECHNOLOGIES OF PROMOTION OF TOURIST SERVICES IN THE INTERNET SPACE
Abstract: The article talks about the development of the tourism industry. It requires market participants to have an appropriate level of development that will help maintain the competitiveness of participants. In this work, I would like to touch upon such an important point as the promotion of tourist services. Without considering this issue, it is difficult to identify what a tourist product is, what are its features, as well as the features of promotion on the market.
Keywords: tourism industry, development, internet technologies, promotion.
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Dustyarova S.N. lecturer of the Department "National idea and the basics
spirituality" Karshi state University
THE CONCEPT OF "SPIRITUALITY" IN DICTIONARIES AND IN MODERN SCIENTIFIC LITERATURE
Annotation: After Uzbekistan became an independent country, "spirituality" began to be analyzed and studied as a scientific concept. Since 1997, all universities in our country have begun to teach the subject "Fundamentals of Spirituality." Then they will have a fuller and deeper understanding of the essence of spirituality. It is important that this fact does not go unnoticed in future programs and textbooks of universities.
Keywords: spirituality, intellect, the evolving phenomenon of spirituality, science, society, philosophical, legal, scientific, artistic, religious, moral.
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: 1. . . .: "" , 2009. 2. . 1-, . 1969. 3. - . .: "" - , 1998. 5.Falsafa qisqacha izohli lug'at. T.:"Sharq" nashriyot-matbaa konserni bosh tahririyati, 2004. 6. . 5-, .: " " , 2003. 7.Ma'naviyat asosiy tushunchalar izohli lug'ati. T.: G'afur G'ulom nomidagi nashriyot-matbaa ijodiy uyi, 2009. 8. Karimov I.A. Yuksak ma'naviyat yengilmas kuch. T.: "Ma'naviyat" nashriyoti, 2008. 9. . . .: "" , 1999. 10. . . .: "" , 1999. 11. . M.: 1983-yil 12. . . 15. . . . .: , 2006. 16.Quronboev Q, Qo'chqorov V. Milliy g'oya va ma'naviy hayot. T.: "Ma'naviyat" nashriyoti, 2014.. 17.Hamdamova M. Ma'naviyat asoslari. T.: "Fan va texnologiya" nashriyoti, 2008. 18. . . .: "" , 1999. 19.Otamuratov Sadulla, Otamuratov Sarvar. O'zbekistonda ma'naviy-ruhiy tiklanish. T.:"Yangi asr avlodi"nashriyoti, "O'AJBNT" Markazi, 2003. 177-b. 20.Otamuratov Sadulla, Otamuratov Sarvar. O'sha manba, 178-b. 21.Karimov I.A. Yuksak ma'naviyat yengilmas kuch. T.: "Ma'naviyat" nashriyoti, 2008. 20-b.
.
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740 DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2020_1_79_514
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36.06.01 -
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Dyshekova V.F. 1st year postgraduate student
in the field of training 36.06.01 veterinary and animal science Of the Kabardino - Balkar state agricultural university
Russia, Nalchik Dadashev A.A., Ph. D.
professor of the Kabardino-Balkar state university
BIOLOGY IN THE CONTEXT OF TWENTIETH-CENTURY PHILOSOPHY AND METHODOLOGY OF SCIENCE
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Annotation: The work is devoted to understanding the transformations of the subject and method of biological Sciences in the context of philosophy and methodology of the XX century. Tracing the trends of inter-and transdisciplinary trends in modern science in General, special attention is paid to the humanitarization of biological Sciences. A change in the traditional manner of philosophical analysis becomes inevitable when considering such acute problems as the development and possibilities of genetic engineering, biogeocenosis engineering, and the interaction of the biosphere and humans. The need to solve these problems led to the formation of a new cluster of Sciences: ecoethics, bioethics, sociobiology, and biosemiotics.
Keywords: axiology, praxiology, biological object, home engineering, natural selection.
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1970-1980- ., ( «» . , « » . .), [5,9].
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" " 12(79) 2020
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Evstifeeva U.S. student of 3 years of study 23-ME
Nakonechnaya T.V.
ANALYSIS AND OPTIMIZATION OF CASH FLOWS OF THE ORGANIZATION
Abstract: The scientific article is devoted to the research analysis of the characteristics of the analysis and optimization of the organization's cash flows. The relevance of the study is due to the high practical role of cash flow management in ensuring the financial stability of the enterprise. In the conclusion of the work, the author found that the process of managing the organization's cash flows is formed from the initial analysis of the cash flows themselves, and then from the adoption of mechanisms aimed at its optimization.
Key words: cash flows; cash; cash flow analysis; optimization of cash flows; cash flow management.
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" " 12(79) 2020
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Ermolenko A.L. Head of the Department of Instrumentation and Score Reading
Military University Lyashenko V.V.
Docent of the Department of Instrumentation and Score Reading Military University
PRE-ORCHESTRA PERIOD OF RUSSIAN BRASS MUSIC
Resume: the article is devoted to the period of Russian brass music in the preceding formation of the brass band. The authors lead to the use of various types of ensembles of wind instruments, give a brief description of the musical compositions of this period.
Keywords: wind music, wind instrument ensemble, Paisiello, Canobbio, Zorin, Pashkevich, Bortnyansky.
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Esinova E.B. student
supervisor: Bairova N.I., Ph. D. Associate Professor
B. B. Gorodovikov Kalmyk State University Russia, Elista
STATE CONTROL AND SUPERVISION IN THE PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION SYSTEM ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE FEDERAL
SERVICE FOR SUPERVISION OF HEALTHCARE FOR THE REPUBLIC OF KALMYKIA
Abstract: the article analyzes the activities of the Federal service for supervision of healthcare in the Republic of Kalmykia, which performs control and Supervisory functions in the field of healthcare. The problems of control and Supervisory activities of the institution are identified and ways to solve them are presented.
Keywords: control, supervision, Roszdravnadzor, problems of control and supervision, solutions.
" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. , 2019 URL\\ https://08reg.roszdravnadzor.gov.ru/control/results 2. () 9 2020 URL\\ https://08reg.roszdravnadzor.gov.ru/drugs/qualitycontrol 3. https://08reg.roszdravnadzor.gov.ru/ ( 12.10.2020) 4. « »/ . /URL:http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_12097 1/ ( : 12.10.2020)
" " 12(79) 2020
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DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2020_1_79_532 914-919
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Eshimbetov U. Assistant Teacher of the Department of Methods of Teaching
Geography Nukus state Institute of the names of Ujeneza
Nauruzbayeva G. Senior lecturer of the Department of Economic and Social Geography
Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh Dolganov K.
accident-lecturer of the Department of economic and social geography Karakalpak State University named after Berdakh
METHODOLOGICAL ISSUES OF ANALYSIS AND FORECASTING OF INDUSTRIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE REGION, TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE RATIONAL USE OF MINERAL RESOURCES
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Abstract. The article deals with the methodological issues of analysis and forecasting of the industrial development of the region, taking into account the use of mineral resources. Revealing the resource potential of the region for further industrial development.
Keywords: mineral resources, forecasting, resource potential, comprehensive development, environmental results.
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9. Abdunazarov H.M., Choriev A.Q., Embergenov N.J., Oteuliev M.O. Issues of
human economic activity and environmental protection. .
11(78),
2020.
https://a78cf8ac-3ef5-4670-8fcd-
a900ec94fdfb.filesusr.com/ugd/b06fdc_8e57453909bc42f6bc78b57223fc66f2.p
df?index=true
10. Embergenov N.J., Oteuliev M.O., Karimbaev K., Madaminov X.R. The
importance of mineral raw material resources in the organization and placement
of industrial sectors in the Republic of Karakalpakstan. .
10 (77), 2020. 59-62
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 540
: 378.31 ..
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Jabborova S.T. teacher of the department of the uzbek language, pedagogy and physical
culture faculty of plant protection and agro chemistry Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Uzbekistan, Andijan
THE PROBLEM OF INCREASING STUDENTS INTEREST IN THE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AT HIGHER SCHOOL
Abstract: Currently, this problem is relevant, since the uniformity and stereo typedness of lessons reduce interest in learning, make the educational process boring and unpromising. And in higher school, such lessons are generally unacceptable. The Russian language is one of the most difficult and by no means the most interesting subjects at higher school. Therefore, it is necessary, even in elementary school, to develop students' interest in this subject, to make it as joyful and exciting as possible.
Key words: Russian language, students, interests, to increase, necessary, lesson, educational process, higher school.
" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. .. . . . 6 (73) -.: 2020. 2. .. . . . 6 (73) - .: 2020. 3. . « » - « » 5(9), , 2018.
107 .. . . . 6 (73) - .: 2020. 108 .. . . . 6 (73) - .: 2020.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 544
378.032.6 ..
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: , , . . , , , , , , , .
: , , , , , , , .
Jalolov Sh.U. teacher of the department of the uzbek language, pedagogy and physical
culture faculty of plant protection and agro chemistry Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Uzbekistan, Andijan
DIFFERENT APPROACHES TO CONTROL AND EVALUATION OF STUDENTS 'LEARNING ACTIVITY
Annotation: Control means identifying, establishing and assessing the knowledge of students, i.e., determining the volume, level and quality of assimilation of educational material, identifying success in learning, gaps in knowledge, skills and abilities among individual students and the whole class to make the necessary adjustments in the learning process, to improve its content, methods, means and forms of organization.
Key words: control, methods, learning process, organization, knowledge, skills, assimilation, learning.
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109 .. . . . 6 (73) - .: 2020.
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110 .. . . . 6 (73) -.: 2020.
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2. .. . . . 6 (73) -.: 2020. 3. . , 2001. 4. . , . 93, , 2001.
" " 12(79) 2020
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550.822
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Jamolov A.T. Leading specialist of the State Committee for Geology of the Republic of Uzbekistan Xakberdiyev X.M.
master's student of TSTU geologist
of JSC «Uraniumrametgeology» under the State Committee for Geology of the Republic of Uzbekistan Nabiyev T.U. master's student of TSTU
" " 12(79) 2020
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Tulyaev F.M. master's student
of TSTU
ENGINEERING-GEOLOGICAL CLASSIFICATION OF DRILLING FLUIDS FOR DRILLING
Abstract: For each type of drilling, it is necessary to use certain types of solutions. The same solution is not allowed to be used in all types of drilling. The more complex the well is, and the more complex the geological conditions of drilling, the more complex and better the drilling fluid should be. To prevent accidents during drilling, it is necessary to carefully develop the drilling fluid itself, and to arrange special chemical reagents.
Keywords: drilling fluids, salt hydrogels, aerated filtration reducers, alkalinity Regulators, demulsifiers, reagents that bind calcium and magnesium ions, defoamers, lubricants, emulsifiers.
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7. . / .. . - .: , 1981. - 239 . 8. . .. / .. . : . "", 2005. - 664 . 9. ..,.., .., ... // , 10 (108), 2, 2020,.18-21. 10. Nasirov U. F. Ochilov Sh. A., UmirzoqovA. A. Analysis of Development of Low-Power and Man-Made Gold Deposits //International Journal of Academic and Applied Research (IJAAR) ISSN. . 2643-9603. 11. Umirzoqov A. A., Jurayev S. J. KaramanovA. N. Economic and mathematical modeling of rational development of small-scale and man-made gold deposits //International Journal of Academic and Applied Research (IJAAR). 2020. . 4. . 4. . 75-77. 12. Hayitov O. G. et al. Prospects for the industrial use of coal in the world and its process of reproducing //Novateur Publication's JOURNALNX-A Multidisciplinary Peer Reviewed Journal. 2020. . 6. . 5. . 240-247. 13. Kazakov A. N. et al. Assessment of the Stress-Strain State of a Mountain Range //International Journal of Academic and Applied Research (IJAAR). 2020. . 4. . 6. . 17-21. 14. Nasirov U. F. Ochilov Sh. A., Umirzoqov AA Theoretical Calculation of the Optimal Distance between Parallel-close Charges in the Explosion of High Ledges //Journal of Advanced Research in Dynamical and Control Systems JARDCS. . 12. . 2251-2257. 15. Umirzoqov A. A. Karamanov A.. N., Radjabov Sh. K. Study of the feasibility of using intermediate buffer temporary warehouses inside the working area of the Muruntau quarry //International Journal of Engineering and Information Systems (IJEAIS). 2020. . 4. . 8. 16. G'afurovich K. O., Abdurashidovich U. A., Ogli B. A. O. Small Torch Progress In Prospects Gold Mining In Improving Countries //The American Journal of Interdisciplinary Innovations and Research. 2020. . 2. . 09. . 65-72. 17. Sultonovich M. M. et al. Technology Of Modified Sodium-Aluminum Catalysts For Nitrogen Gas Purification Systems //The American Journal of Applied Sciences. 2020. . 2. . 09. . 154-163. 18. Djurayevich K. K. et al. Complex Processing Of Lead-Containing Technogenic Waste From Mining And Metallurgical Industries In The Urals //The American Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2020. . 2. . 09. . 102-108. 19. ., ., .
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- - // . 2020. . 8-11. 20. ., ., . // O. 2020. . 56-59. 21. G'ofurovich K. O. et al. Justification Of The Need For Selective Development Of The Phosphorite Reservoir By Horizontal Milling Combines //The American Journal of Engineering and Technology. 2020. . 2. . 11. . 159-165. 22. Abdurashidovich U. A. The Condition Of General Development Of The Mineral Resource Base In Uzbekistan //The American Journal of Applied sciences. 2020. . 2. . 12. . 1-6. 23. . ., . ., . . //.: . 1975.
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Zulbukharova A.A., master of the Department of Forestry Tashkent State Agrarian Universitet
Qalandarov M.M. Professor Head of the Department of Forestry
Tashkent State Agrarian Universitet
GROWING PLATYCLADUS ORIENTALIS IN TASHKENT BOTANIC GARDEN
Annotation: The article is very relevant; it sets out agrotechnical measures for growing seedlings of the ornamental Platycladus orientalis with seeds in open soil conditions. We carried out silvicultural work in rows and between rows, it is provided watering and mineral fertilizing on time. At this moment, the seedlings of the P. orientalis grow normally. Taxation measurements were carried out in terms of height along the diameter of the P. orientalis one in the trial plots of the experiment. After that, we carry out agrotechnical measures in the experimental area.
Keywords: specific, wild-growing, ontogenesis, mulch, germination, accompany
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Ibragimov I.U. Associate Professor Namangan Engineering Technological Institute Uzbekistan, Namangan
ORGANIZATIONAL AND ECONOMIC MECHANISM OF SMALL BUSINESS MANAGEMENT
Annotation: The paper discusses the management mechanism - as a method of directing and organizing the activities of management systems to the goals of the system, relations that ensure the functioning of the organizational and economic system, is a combination of forms and means. He coordinates the relationship between the object of control and the subject. The control mechanism is formed so as to influence the activities of objects.
Key words: management mechanism, business, organizational and economic system, activity.
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: 339.138:658.562 ..
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Ibragimov I.U. Associate Professor Namangan Engineering Technological Institute Uzbekistan, Namangan
DEVELOPMENT OF THE USE OF THE CLUSTER SYSTEM IN THE EFFECTIVE MANAGEMENT OF BUSINESS ENTITIES
Annotation: The activity on the creation and development of a specific cluster is considered, called the cluster initiative. Thus, the cluster policy of a country or region can be viewed as a portfolio of cluster initiatives, optimized in terms of the impact and risk that will arise as a result of its implementation.
Key words: cluster, activity, economic management, management.
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: 1. . .- .: 1994. 144 . 2. . . .:1982.230 ., 55. . . . 1. .: 1998. 126 . 3. .. .: . 1980.-.217. 4. 57. .. . .: , 2006. .267;
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Ibragimova Sh. teacher
Ferghana State University Ismoilova Z. student
Ferghana State University
FORMATION OF METHODOLOGICAL COMPETENCE OF FUTURE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS
Abstract: Methodological competence, which is an important component of professional competence, plays an important role in the work of primary school teachers. The article deals with methodological competence, its components, tasks of methodological competence and ways of forming this competence in primary school teachers.
Keywords: competence, methodological competence, acmeological, innovative, cognitive.
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Ignatenko E.V. group student 12002033 Institute of Engineering and Digital Technologies
NRU "BelGU" Russia, Belgorod
Ignatenko P.V. group student 12002041 Institute of Engineering and Digital Technologies
NRU "BelGU"
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 579
Russia, Belgorod Gubkina L.A.
2nd year postgraduate student Institute of Engineering and Digital Technologies
NRU "BelGU" Russia, Belgorod
Gubkin A.V. group student 12002041 Institute of Engineering and Digital Technologies
NRU "BelGU" Russia, Belgorod
DESIGNING AN EXPERT CLOTHING SYSTEM USING ESWIN KNOWLEDGE BASE INTERPRETER
Abstract: This article describes the process of creating an expert system using the Clothes Advisor product based on the ESWin expert system shell. The expert system allows you to choose as a goal not only a recommendation for the selection of a style of clothing, based on the user's requirements, but also to request reference information.
Keywords: expert system, clothing selection, artificial intelligence.
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Clothes Advisor ESWin.
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Ikhnev V.S. student
Orenburg State University
ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL AND ECONOMIC RESULTS AND PROBLEMS OF IMPLEMENTING STATE PROGRAMS IN THE
SPHERE OF CULTURE OF SUBJECTS OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Abstract: The significance of all activities and services financed by the state within the framework of the sphere of culture is very high, since the functions of culture are to enrich a person spiritually and thereby influence the final economic results. An important problem that is touched upon in this article is the lack of a unified systematic classification of interconnected reporting indicators characterizing the results of the funded activities of the Volga Federal District state programs in the field of culture.
Keywords: subjects of the Volga Federal District; performance budgeting; Government program; target indicators; Expected results
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" " 12(79) 2020
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65.011
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Kamilova R.Sh., c.e.s. associate Professor of the Department "accounting"
Kuznetsova M.A. student 1k. 2g.
faculty of « Economics» FGBOU VO "Dagestan state University"
Russian Federation, Makhachkala
SOFTWARE PACKAGE "1C: ENTERPRISE". COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES
Abstract: In this article, the most common programs are considered, with the help of which automated accounting is carried out at enterprises, organizations or other economic entities. The comparative characteristics of software products are given.
Keywords: automated accounting, automated programs, computerization, management efficiency.
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: 1. " " 402- 06.12.2011 2. , . . 1: 8.0. / .. . - .: -, 2020. - 232 c.. 3. , . 1: / . . - .: , 2020. - 0 c. 4. , . 1C: / . . .: , 2020. - 256 c.
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Kamilova R.Sh., candidate of Economics associate Professor of the Department "Accounting, analysis and audit"
Magomedov A.G. 1st year student of the 2nd group of the master's degree
Faculty of Economics Federal state budgetary educational institution of higher
education "Dagestan state University" RD, Makhachkala
IMPROVING THE TAX ACCOUNTING SYSTEM
Abstract: This article discusses issues related to the further development of the tax accounting system in economic entities, the elimination of shortcomings and contraindications in some of its aspects. Convergence of this type of accounting and financial accounting. The main points requiring further correction and convergence between financial and tax accounting are disclosed. The key positions that are worth paying attention to are summarized.
Keywords: tax accounting, registers, tax, depreciation, investment deduction, average annual value of property.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 598
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: 1. 2 05.08.2000 117- (. 23.11.2020); 2. .. // . 2016; 3. .., .., .. -- // . . . 2017. No 2 (6). . 32-37; 4. .., .. 2015; 5. .. .. //. 2019 . 111-119.
" " 12(79) 2020
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65.011
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Kamilova R.Sh., c.e.s. associate Professor of the Department "accounting"
Kuznetsova M.A. student 1k. 2g.
faculty of « Economics» FGBOU VO "Dagestan state University"
Russian Federation, Makhachkala
SOFTWARE PACKAGE"SAIL" AND "INFIN-ASSOUNTS DEPARTMENT". COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS, ADVANTAGES AND
DISADVANTAGES
Abstract: In this article, the most common programs are considered, with the help of which automated accounting is carried out at enterprises, organizations or other economic entities. The comparative characteristics of software products are given.
Keywords: automated accounting, automated programs, computerization, management efficiency.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 602
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Kamilova R.Sh., candidate of Economics associate Professor of the Department "accounting, analysis and audit"
Magomedov A.G. 1st year student of the 2nd group
master's degree in Economics Federal state budgetary educational institution of higher education "Dagestan State University" of the Russian
Federation, Makhachkala
ORGANIZATION OF TAX ACCOUNTING AT THE ENTERPRISE
Abstract: The article discusses in detail the issues related to the construction of a system of tax accounting in the enterprise. It contains information about the specifics of accounting for the organization's property from the point of view of tax accounting. The procedure for preparing for the process of organizing tax administration of business operations is given. The main points concerning all tax work at the enterprise are concluded.
Keywords: tax accounting system, analytical registers, accounting policy for tax purposes, tax registers, direct and indirect expenses.
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Karimov N. senior Lecturer Department of Literature and Methods of its Teaching
JSPI Uzbekistan Karimova Z. Lecturer Department of Russian Language and Teaching Methods
JSPI Uzbekistan
PHILOSOPHY OF THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
Annotation: As a research task, the authors identified an attempt to study the concept of "Philosophy of the early Middle Ages", the relevance of the moral views of the great thinkers of the East.
Key words: Early Middle Ages, philosophy of the era, the Silk Road, Islamic philosophy, Hanafism, Asharism, Jabarism, Karism, Sifatiism, Murzhism, Mutaziliism.
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Kakhkharov M.M. associate professor Muminjonov M.M.
assistant Namangan Engineering Technological Institute
Uzbekistan, Namangan
PERCOLATION THEORY AND CLUSTERS
Annotation: The theory of percolation is considered, which allows expressing processes of different nature, while one of the parameters of the system gradually changes (concentration of something), the property of the system changes. Such a simple model is able to adequately represent, for example, the phase transition of paramagnets into ferromagnets, the process of epidemics, forest fires.
Key words: clusters, percolation, phase transition, composite materials.
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3. Lietnerski B.W. / Conduction mechanism in thick-film resistors // Rr. naux,
Inst. technal, electron. prod. - 1986, - N 34. - p. 4-17.
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Kakhkharov S.S. Associate Professor
Baromov B.M. assistant
Namangan Engineering Technological Institute Uzbekistan, Namangan
POLYMER STRUCTURES OF COMPOSITE MATERIALS
Annotation: The investigated Wiener boundary is a very rough estimate of the permeability, since it ignores the topology of the composite, the relationship between the filler particles, and other factors. However, it allows one to estimate the range of conductivity variation for a specific pair of composite materials and to estimate other transport characteristics
Key words: composite materials, conductivity, Wiener boundary, estimation of permeability.
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RUSSOWIA SOGDIANA (BGE). FEDSCH
: RUSSOWIA SOGDIANA
(BGE). FEDSCH ,
.
: Russowia sogdiana, ,
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Kodirov R. Sh. Mamazulunov N. Kh.
Botirov E. X. Yusupov M. M. Andijan State Medical Institute
RUSSOWIA SOGDIANA (BGE) FLAVONOIDS. FEDSCH
Abstract: In this article, RUSSOWIA SOGDIANA FLAVONOIDS (BGE). FEDSCH and the importance of its constituent substances in medicine, information on medicinal plants is provided.
Key words: Russowia sogdiana flavonoids, apigenin, quercetin, isorhamnetin, quercetin-7-0--d-glucopyranoside, isorhamnetin-7-0--dglucopyranoside.
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( Russowiasogdiana) 2016 . . . 96%- . , 1:1. - - , , -.
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(2). 15107(+302) .. 313-314 °, m 257, 268, 372 . 1- 13- - [6,7].
" " 12(79) 2020
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(3). 16127, + 316 (100%), . . 294-297 ° ( ), )m t 257, 270 , 371 . 1 (-d6, , ..): 3.85 (, , -3), 6.35 (, 2,0 , -6), 6.68 (, 2,0 , -8), 6.83 (, 9,0 , -5') 7.69 (, 2,0 9,0 , -6'), 7.58 (, 2,0 , -2'), 12.56 (, 5-) [6,7].
-7-0--D- (4) - 212012. . 245-247 °, m257, 266, 374 ; +NaOAc273, 390. - (Py-d5..): 3.87-4.60 ( ), 5.73 (, 6,5 , 1"), 6.69 (, 2,5 , -6), 6.91 (, 2,5 -8), 7.25 (, 8,5 , -5'), 7.96 (, 2,5 8,5 , -6') 8.50 (, 2,5 , -2).
4 5%- D- [7,8].
-7-0--D- (5) - 2222012, . . 250-252 °, m 255, 271, 327, 376 ; +NaOAc273, 390. - (Py-d5, , ..) 3.77 (, -), 3.90-4.57 ( ), 5.70 (, 6,5 , -1"), 6.72 (, 2,5 , -6), 7.02 (, 2,5 , -8), 7.24 (, 8,0 , -5'), 8.08 (, 2,5 8,0 , -6'), 8.14 (, -2'), 13.08 (. , 5-).
5 5%- D- [7,8].
(----D-) (6) - - 2120010 .. 222-224 °, m 272, 294, 339 . 13- (DMCO-d6, ..): 61.4 (-6"), 70.2 (-2"), 70.5 (-4"), 73.2 (-1"), 78.9 (-3"), 81.3 (-5"), 93.8 (- 8), 102.9 (-3), 103.5 (-10), 108.9 (-6), 116.1 (-3',5'), 121.3 (-), 128.3 (-2',6'), 156.4 (-5), 160.6 (4'), 161.2 (-9), 163.3 (-2), 163.7 (-7), 182.0 (-4).
6 FeCl3 D [7,9].
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: 1. .., .., .., .. : , , . : Synchrobook. 2013. 310 . 2. Middleton ., Kandaswami ., Theoharis .. The Effects of Plant Flavonoids on Mammalian Cells: Implications for Inflammation, Heart Disease, and Cancer. //Pharmacol. Rev. 2000. V. 52. P. 673- 751. 3. Flavonoids in Health and Disease. /Ed. by Catherine A. Rice-Evans, Lester Packer. New York: Marcel Dekker Inc. 2003. 458 p.
" " 12(79) 2020
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4. .. . // . 2004. . . . 16-19. 5. . . 1961. .6. . 386. 6. .., .., .., .. . : - '". 2007. 232 . 7. Mabry .., Markham K.R., Thomas .. The systematic identification of flavonoids. New York- Heidelberg-Berlin. 1970. 354 p. 8. .., O.B., .. . 1974. . 89. 9. Y. Kumarasamy, . Byresl, P. J. , A. Delazar, . Jaspars, L. Nahar, . Shoeb, S. D. Sarker. Isolation, structure elucidation, and biological activity of flavone 6-C-glycosides from Alliaria petiolata. Chem. Natur. Compounds. 2004. V. 40, . 2. P. 122-128.
" " 12(79) 2020
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: 378.30
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Komilova Z.Kh. teacher of the Department of Information Technologies
Fergana State University Uzbekistan, Andijan Nazirjonova F.S.
student of the Department of Information Technologies Fergana State University Uzbekistan, Andijan
USE OF INTERACTIVE LEARNING TECHNOLOGIES IN TEACHING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE IN HIGH SCHOOL
Abstract: Computers, networks, Internet are essential part of our everyday life. Our world day after day becomes more and more dependent from information technology. Today each company network has access to Internet, this creates big security problems, because for computer hacking does not requires physical access.
Key words: security problems, computer, network, Internet, development, information technologies, system.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 632
. . . .111
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111 .. . . 2019., . 120.
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; , , « » ( « », ). , , , - . , . . . , . - , , . , . - , , , , . , .
: 1. .. . . 2019., . 120. 2. [ ], 2013. - : http://www.utexas.edu/its/secure/articles/firewalls.php 3. Information System Security Associated [ ], 2013. : http://www.issa.org
" " 12(79) 2020
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338;004
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Komov D.A. student
Talanov A.D. student
Kuznetsov A.. student
Nikulin A.S. student
Research supervisor: Babaev D.B. IB of RANEPA
INFORMATION SUPPORT AND UNIFIED INFORMATION SPACE IN THE SPHERE OF STATE AND MUNICIPAL ADMINISTRATION
Abstract: This article deals with the issue of information support and a single information space in the field of state and municipal administration. The
" " 12(79) 2020
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authors ' works and their attitude to the information space in the field of Gimu are analyzed. The degree of legal regulation of official resources in Russia is assessed.
Keywords: unified information space, official resources, electronic document management system, ICT.
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2000 . 126 .
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004.02:004.5:004.9
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Konkova O.V. Donskoy State Agricultural University
TRENDS IN SOCIO-ECONOMIC GROWTH OF THE COUNTRY'S DEVELOPMENT
Annotation. Experts in the field of Economics argue that the previously imposed sanctions and Russia's retaliatory measures will gradually affect, and as a result will lead to a decrease in the market for domestic products abroad. Indicators of investment in various areas of our country's economy will be lower.
Keywords: national economy, economic sanctions, consequences of sanctions.
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" " 12(79) 2020
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Konkova O.V. Donskoy State Agricultural University
INTEGRATED APPROACH AND MODELING OF PHASES OF CYCLICAL PROCESSES IN RUSSIAN AGRICULTURE
Abstract: the article deals with the modeling of cyclical processes in agriculture in Russia, which should be based on an integrated transition that includes the strengths of the signal and modeling methods. Factors causing the crisis of the Russian economy changes in the rules of economic activity within the country in accordance with the obligations under the agreement with the WTO and the customs Union.
Keywords: crisis phenomena, financial flows, crisis, dynamics, cyclicity.
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" " 12(79) 2020
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Korotchenkova A.V. undergraduate
Alekseeva I.V., Phd in economics docent
USING DIGITAL ECONOMY TOOLS TO GENERATE FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR COMMERCIAL ORGANIZATIONS
Abstract: The article examines the problematic sides in the formation of reports on financial results, accounting statements. Analyzes the approaches of various researchers of economic phenomena to improve the efficiency of accounting and control. The article identifies the preconditions for reforming economic reporting according to the Western model and summarizes the positive and negative impact of innovation.
Keywords: accounting, management theory, digital economy, accounting, reporting, accounting system
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331.101.39 ..
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KPI
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Kochanova A.A. student
Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
Saint-Petersburg
KPI AS A MODERN TOOL FOR MOTIVATING ENTERPRISE PERSONNEL
Abstract: Personnel is one of the most important resources of any enterprise in modern conditions. In this regard, the activities of the management of enterprises should be aimed at improving the efficiency of using the capabilities of employees, which, as a result, requires the development of measures to increase the interest of staff in achieving the goals set for the organization. The latter circumstance requires the use of a key management function motivation. Increasing the motivational component in the activities of employees of the
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 658
enterprise requires the introduction of an individual approach to the development of a system of incentives, which is usually divided into material and non-material. One of the modern tools for motivating and stimulating staff is goal management and the development of a KPI system.
Key words: motivation, staff incentives, methods of motivation, management by objectives, KPI system
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: 1. .., .. KPI // . - 2019. - 9 (37). - . 40-48 2. .., .., .. KPI // . VIII - . - 2019. - . 382-391 3. . . , . .: , 2019. 340 . 4. .. KPI // . - 2020. - 2 (115). - . 1094-1100 5. .., .. KPI // . IV - . - 2019. - . 162-169
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 662
331.101.39 ..
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Kochanova A.A. student
Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration
Saint-Petersburg
MODERN PRACTICE OF PERSONNEL MOTIVATION
Abstract: Within the framework of the study, it is established that the managers of modern enterprises are guided by various concepts of motivational management. Each specific enterprise should use an individual system of personnel motivation, which takes into account the peculiarities of its functioning. At the same time, its development should be based on the strategic goals of the enterprise, the foundations of the corporate culture and other factors. Only in this case, it is possible to achieve an increase in the competitiveness of the enterprise by increasing motivational incentives and increasing labor productivity.
Keywords: motivation, types of motivation, non-material motivation, material motivation, bonus system, individual approach
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 663
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: 1. .. // : . - 2020. - . 45-50 2. .. // . - 2020. - . 3. - 1 (22). - . 103-105 3. .., .. // : . - . - 2020. - . 74-78
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Kochko N. A. 3rd year student Faculty of Law
of RSUP Russia, Irkutsk Semennikova V. V. 3rd year student Faculty of Law
of RSUP Russia, Irkutsk Kuvaldin V. D. 3rd year student Faculty of Law
of RSUP Russia, Irkutsk
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 667
Scientific supervisor: Vlasova E. L., Ph. D. Associate Professor
RESPONSIBILITY OF LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT BODIES TO INDIVIDUALS AND LEGAL ENTITIES
Abstract: The article analyzes the responsibility of local self-government bodies to individuals and legal entities
Keywords: legal responsibility, local self-regulation, power, law
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Kuzevanov .. physical education teacher
Altai Transport College Barnaul
METHODOLOGICAL RECOMMENDATIONS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE PLANNED RESULTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE WORK PROGRAM "PHYSICAL
CULTURE"
Abstract: The article gives methodological recommendations for the development of the planned results of mastering the work program "Physical culture" The author emphasizes the idea that when developing the planned results, the teacher of physical culture should focus on the sections of the program of the discipline and describe them at the level of: target settings; basic instructional activities and additional instructional activities.
Key words: academic performance, physical education, planned results, students.
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: 1. , . . : / . . , . . . 3- ., . : , 2019. 493 . 2. , .. : . .. / ... 2- ., . : «», 2017. 320 . 3. , .. : / .. . : , 2016. 214 . 4. , .. : / . . [ .]. : , 2019. 424 .
" " 12(79) 2020
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657.2 ..
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Kulakova O.A. master's degree 3rd year
38.04.01 "Economics" Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
"Kostroma State University" (KSU) Russian Federation, Kostroma
ON THE ISSUE OF THE RIGHT TO SIGN WHEN CONDUCTING ACCOUNTING BY A CONSULTING FIRM
The article discusses in detail the list of persons who have the right to sign in accounting by a consulting firm. Attention is paid to the normative regulation of the right to sign documents to a specialist of a consulting firm. The rules of law are considered regarding primary accounting, cash documents, as well as invoices.
Key words: consulting firm, signature right, primary accounting document, cash documents, invoice.
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
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Kulakova O.A. master's degree 3rd year
38.04.01 "Economics" Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education
"Kostroma State University" (KSU) Russian Federation, Kostroma
ANALYSIS OF CURRENT PROBLEMS IN THE JEWELRY INDUSTRY MARKET
The conducted research is based on the opinions of the heads of the jewelry industry enterprises. The aim of the study was the current situation in the jewelry market. The stagnation of the Russian economy, a decrease in the material wellbeing of citizens who change their priorities and have no money left for jewelry are the main problems of the jewelry industry.
Key words: jewelry, government regulation of the jewelry market, jewelry pricing.
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" " 12(79) 2020
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657
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Kulikov I.A. master student Academic adviser: Satalkina E.V., PhD in Economics Associate Professor Orenburg State University
OVERVIEW OF THE REGULATORY REGULATION OF ACCOUNTING OF EXPENSES IN THE MODERN ECONOMIC
CONDITIONS
Abstract: The article studies the normative regulation of the organization's expenses accounting. The shortcomings of the current legislation in the field of cost accounting are revealed.
Keywords: accounting, regulation, expenses
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5 [ ].: 29.07.1998 34 // : / . «. ». : , 1997-2020. : http://www.consultant.ru. 24.12.2020.
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336.6
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Kulikov I. A. master student Orenburg State University
ANALYSIS METHODOLOGY OF THE ORGANIZATION'S CREDITS DEBT
Abstract: The article discusses various author's methods of analyzing accounts payable and, on their basis, proposes his own, more universal and complex method.
Key words: accounts payable, complex methodology, economic analysis
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" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1 , . . / . . , . . // : . 2014. 2. . 20-30. 2 , . . / . . // Moretn Science. 2019. 9-2. . 41-44. 3 , . . / . . , . . , . . // . 2018. 13 (1). . 92-96. 4 , . . : / . . , . . , . . . : , 2018. 258 . ISBN 978-5-91256-413-0. 5 , . . : / .. . 7- ., . . : -, 2020. 608 . ISBN 978-5-16-011214-5.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 695
657
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Lagoda M.Yu. graduate student Scientific adviser: Tuyakova Z.S., Doctor of Economics
professor Orenburg State University
ANALYSIS OF THE EFFICIENCY OF THE USE OF MATERIAL RESOURCES
Abstract: The article examines the relevance of the rational use of material costs at the enterprise, studies the problem of the terminology used in accounting for material costs, analyzes the efficiency of the use of material resources on the example of the motor transport enterprise LLC "Orenburggaztrans". The main problems of rational use of material resources are formulated and recommendations for improvement are given.
Key words: efficiency, analysis, material resources, indicators, accounting.
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" " 12(79) 2020
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004.02:004.5:004.9
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Leps Y.S. student
Romanova L.M. Associate Professor
SSU Russia, Sochi
IMPROVING TECHNOLOGIES IN EXCURSION ACTIVITIES
Abstract: In the modern world, it is simply impossible to imagine life without information technology. They entered our life firmly, technologies are used in all spheres of human activity. Excursion activity was no exception: the introduction of various innovative technologies and their integration with the already familiar excursion activity are irreversible. Excursion tourism is one of the main types of tourism, which today does not lose its relevance and is developing in many countries of the world, and the excursion is one of the popular
" " 12(79) 2020
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tourist services. This article discusses innovative forms of excursion activity, provides a classification of innovative technologies.
Keywords: innovations, innovative technologies in tourism, tourism, excursion activity, excursion.
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: 1. .. // (). 2018. 3 (17). URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-metodiki-i-tehniki-provedeniyaekskursiy-v-aktivnyh-vidah-turizma ( : 25.12.2020). 2. - // . 2020. 3. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/turistsko-ekskursionnaya-deyatelnost-vorganizatsii-dosuga-podrostkov ( : 25.12.2020). 3. // . 2017. 2. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/tehnologiya-organizatsii-obrazovatelnoyekskursii ( : 25.12.2020). 4. . . // . 2019. 3. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/osobennosti-upravleniya-kachestvom-turistskoekskursionnyh-uslug ( : 25.12.2020). 5. // . . 2018. 1. URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/standartizatsiya-uslug-i-rol-dobrovolnoysertifikatsii-v-razvitii-turistskoy-otrasli-rossii ( : 25.12.2020).
" " 12(79) 2020
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338
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Lee A.A. master's student
at OSU Russian Federation, Orenburg Scientific adviser: Grebnev G.D., candidate of Economic Sciences
Associate Professor of OSU
Russian Federation, Orenburg
ANALYSIS OF RETAIL TURNOVER OF A TRADE ORGANIZATION ON THE EXAMPLE OF LLC «ALEXANDRIT»
Abstract: The article analyzes the trade organization's turnover. Key words: turnover, retail turnover, trade.
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. , . . : . / . . , . . . : . ., 2015. 231 . 2. , . . : . / . . . : , 2016. 544 . 3. , . . : . / . . , . . . : , 2015. 365 . 4. , . . : . / . . . : -, 2015. 407 .
" " 12(79) 2020
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5. , . . : . / . . . : -, 2015. 400 . 6. , . . : . / . . , . . . : , 2015. 248 .
" " 12(79) 2020
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339.138
- «» ,
COVID-19
. , , . . , .
: , , , , , COVID-19, , .
Li Sasha student
Moscow Financial and Industrial University «Synergy» Russia, Moscow
SPORTS MARKETING IN THE CONTEXT OF THE COVID-19 PANDEMIC
Annotation. The article deals with the actual problem related to the coronavirus infection that has taken over the world. It is said about its impact on the functioning of sports organizations in General, and on the marketing Department in particular. The principles which are given a successful marketer should follow to solve problems in these difficult times.
Key words: Coronavirus, marketing, sport, relevance, content, COVID-19, business, impact.
covid-19 .
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" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 715
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" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. .. [Cyberlrninka]// .-2019.- 5-1(63) ( : 12.11.2019).- URL: https://cyberleninka.ru/article/n/marketing-v-sporte/viewer ( : 18.12.2020) 2. .. : . .:. . 2010.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 717
336
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Litvina S.O. master's student of the Department of Master's
(business programs) Togliatti State University
IMPROVEMENT OF THE METHODOLOGY OF DETERMINING THE DISCOUNTING RATE FOR ESTIMATING THE VALUE OF ENTERPRISES BY THE INCOME APPROACH
Annotation. This article highlights the internal factors affecting the value of the enterprise, in the context of approaches to cost estimation. Based on this, a method is proposed for determining the discount rate for assessing the value of an enterprise, based on the cumulative method, within which risk factors are added when determining the risk premium, including the liquidity of the assessed company, the likelihood of bankruptcy of the company, the amount of credit risk, and the risk management system.
Keywords. Discount rate, business valuation, income approach, method of discounting cash flows, cumulative method, risk.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 718
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" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. . [ ]: / -- . .-- .: , 2017.-- 1339 c. 2. .. / .. // . 2017. 21 (155). . 192-195. 3. .. [ ]: / ..-- . .-- : , 2016.-- 233 c.-- : http://www.iprbookshop.ru/62363.html.-- «IPRbooks». ( 15.03.2020). 4. Harrison D. S. Business valuation made simple: It's all about cash // Strategic Finance. 2016 Vol 2. . 44-48. 5. Christopher Mercer Z. The Adjusted Capital Asset Pricing Model for Developing Capitalization Rates: An Extension of Previous 'Build-Up' Methodologies Based Upon the Capital Asset Pricing Model // Business Valuation Review. 1989. 4. P. 147-156 6. . . . : / . . . .: -, 2015. 216 . 7. .. . / .. // . - 2019. - 3 (31). - . 297-300. 8. .. : / .. // : . 2017. 1 (3). . 176-179. 9. .. / .. // : 21 : X - . «». 2016. . 10-14.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 724
336.6 ..,
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Likholetova N. V., PhD in economics associate Professor of Economics, philosophy and social Sciences
Don state agrarian University Russia, p. Persianovsky
IMPROVING THE PREPARATION OF A CASH FLOW REPORT IN AN AGRICULTURAL ENTERPRISE
Abstract: The relevance of the article lies in the fact that the analysis of cash flows is important for the correct organization of monetary circulation, settlements and lending, maintaining a balance between a high level of profitability of the organization and its sufficient solvency. The successful solution of financial problems that arise in agricultural organizations largely depends on improving the preparation of the cash flow report
Keywords: cash, agricultural enterprise, international financial reporting standards, cash flow statement, profit
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" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. , .. // : (15 2020 .), : , 2020. .54-58 2. , . // . 2013. 8. .22-26.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 729
004.02:004.5:004.9 ..
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: , .
Lukyanenko P.A. master's student
Russian Presidential Academy of National Economy and Public Administration Bryansk Branch Russia, Bryansk
LEGAL REGULATION OF INTERACTION BETWEEN THE AUTHORITIES OF THE SUBJECT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
AND LOCAL SELF-GOVERNMENT BODIES
Annotation: The main forms of interaction between state authorities of the subjects of the Russian Federation and local self-government, their content and system are considered.
Keywords: state authorities, local self-government.
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" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 730
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
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004.02:004.5:004.9 ..
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: , , , , , , R-, , PR.
Lusakueno J.K. Ural Institute of Management - branch of RANEPA
PUBLIC RELATIONS IN GOVERNMENT
The article is devoted to the importance of public relations in the activities of public authorities. Due to the process of the formation of new public relations in the country and the growing demand for the activities of public relations services.
Key words: public service, public administration, public, public authority, society, public relations, PR-service, public administration, public PR.
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" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 738
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. : / . .. . .: , 2011. 379 . 2. , .. / .. . .: , 2010. 341 . 3. , .. : / .. . .: , 2012. 352 . 4. , .. «» «»: / .. . - .: ; .: , 2011. 384 .
" " 12(79) 2020
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78.07 ..
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Lyashenko V.V. associate professor of the Department of Instrumentation and reading of
scores Military university Moscow
Kavtrev V.V. lecturer at the Department of Instrumentation and reading scores
Military University Moscow
RUSSIAN MILITARY MUSIC OF THE SECOND HALF OF THE 19TH CENTURY
Annotation: The reform of the military band in the second half of the 19th century had important consequences for the development of naval and army bands. The improvement of the orchestral composition, the abolition of a lot of harmony of wind instruments, the training of military bandmasters and other significant transformations in the military orchestral business of those years are considered in this article.
Keywords: Military music, conductor, inspector of music choirs of the Naval Department.
" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. . . . 1965. 2. - .. . , 1909.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 744
378.16.1 ..
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Madikhanova B.M. assistant of the department of Uzbek language, pedagogy and
physical culture Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technology
Uzbekistan, Andijan
THEORETICAL ASPECT OF TECHNOLOGIES OF TEACHING A RUSSIAN LANGUAGE AS A SECOND
Abstract: The relevance and openness of the problem of effective teaching Russian languages determined its relevance, and therefore, the choice of topic for this course work. The purpose of the work is also determined: to highlight the most rational methods of teaching a Russian language that can be used in the educational process. The subject of this article is the learning process and the students who are the subjects of this learning process.
Key words: educational process, students, education, teaching, methods, technologies, principles, communication.
, , , .
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 745
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. . . . . 11 (95) -.: 2020. 2. .. . . . 6 (73) - .: 2020. 3. . « » - « » 5(9), , 2018.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 748
:338
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Maystruk V.A. magister student North-West Institute of Management of the Russian Academy of national economy under the President of the Russian Federation Russia Russia, St.Petersburg
Dudin N.V. magister student North-West Institute of Management of the Russian Academy of national economy under the President of the Russian Federation Russia Russia, St.Petersburg
MODERNIZATION OF TECHNOLOGICAL MODELS OF THE OIL AND GAS COMPLEX OF WESTERN SIBERIA
The article discusses the prospects and features of the modernization of technological modes of the oil and gas complex of Western Siberia. Special attention is paid to technologies for increasing the efficiency of hydrocarbon extraction volumes from deep wells. Also considered are innovative developments in the field
" " 12(79) 2020
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of increasing the depth of oil refining. Special emphasis is placed on the need to assess the economic and technological efficiency of the measures being implemented.
Key words: oil, gas, production, well, technologies, Siberia.
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, : Ribeiro, Cássio G., Boul, Peter J., Emma Chiavaro, Junchen, Li; Xiucheng, Dong; Höök, Mikael; Jian, Gao; Shiqun, Li.
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: 1. .., .., .., .. , // - . 2019. 4(41). . 121-133. 2. .. // Colloquiumjournal. 2020. 6-2(58). . 20-22. 3. .. // . 2020. 8. . 108-120. 4. Fundamentals of enhanced oil recovery methods for unconventional oil reservoirs / Dheiaa Alfarge, Mingzhen Wei, Baojun Bai. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 2020. 361 . 5. Models for optimum decision making: crude oil production and refining / edited by Katta G. Murty. Cham: Springer, 2020. 286 . 6. Solarin, Sakiru Adebola An investigation of long range reliance on shale oil and shale gas production in the U.S. market // Energy: the international journal. 2020. Volume 195; 102-106. 7. .. // . 2019. . 27. 1. . 105113. 8. Models for optimum decision making: crude oil production and refining / Katta G. Murty, editor. Cham, Switzerland: Springer, 2020. 81 . 9. Mark J. Kaiser Petroleum refining: technology, economics, and markets. Boca Raton: CRC Press, 2019. 109 .
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 756
00 - 336.152
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Malysheva D.E. student
Orenburg State University Orenburg
THE PLACE OF PROGRAM-TARGET BUDGETING TOOLS OF ORGANIZATION OF INTERGOVERNMENTAL RELATIONS` MECHANISM IN THE SUBJECT OF THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
Annotation: The article is devoted to determining the place of government programs and national (regional) projects in intergovernmental relations. The purpose of the article is analyze the correlation between program-target budgeting tools and intergovernmental relations tools. The result of the research was a scheme of a mechanism for organizing intergovernmental relations using program-target budgeting tools.
Keyword: intergovernmental relations, program-target budgeting, government programs, intergovernmental transfers.
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" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 762
612.017.2: 616.12008.331.1-082 ..
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UZ-AVTO MOTORS
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Mamazhonova Z.K. assistant
of the department faculty therapy Khuzhamberdiev M.A. professor
of the department faculty therapy Kodirova G.I. docent
of the department faculty therapy Yuldasheva S.L. assistant
of the department faculty therapy Andijan State Medical Institute
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 763
Uzbekistan, Andijan
ASSESSMENT OF THE QUALITY OF MEDICAL CARE FOR ARTERIAL HYPERTENSION AMONG EMPLOYEES UZ-AVTO MOTORS IN ANDIJAN REGION
Resume. An assessment of the activity of the sympathoadrenal system is given and the types of individual resistance to the professional activity of industrial enterprises corresponding to the state of low, moderate and strong tension are determined. These types reflect a picture of a person's adequate adaptation to the impact of negative factors of extreme activity and a state of tension in real life conditions.
Key words: sympathoadrenal system, arterial hypertension, cardiovascular disease.
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, (, , / 2 ), .
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: 1. .. / .. // . -- 1990. -- 4. -- . 70-71. 2 .. / .. , .. , .. // . -- 1993. -- 2. -- . 10-14. 3. .. - / .. , .. , .. // . . . -- 2001. -- 4. -- . 3942. 4.Bristow M.R. -Adrenergic receptor blockade in chronic heart failure / M.R. Bristow // Circulation. -- 2000. -- Vol. 10. -- . 558-569. 5.Hines P.S. Novel epinephrine and cyclic cAMP -mediated action on BCAM/Lu dependent sickle (SS) RBC adhesion / P.S. Hines, Q. Zen, S.N. Burney [et al.] // Blood. -- 2003. -- Vol. 101 (8). -- P. 3281-3287.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 766
004.02:004.5:004.9
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Mamontova V. M. student
VSF FGBOU VO RSUP Irkutsk
Kuvaldin V. D. student
VSF FGBOU VO RSUP Irkutsk
Ulmasov M. A. student
VSF FGBOU VO RSUP Irkutsk
scientific supervisor: Vlasova E. L., Ph. D. Associate Professor
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 767
CULTURE OF MUNICIPAL LAW
Annotation. In this article, the legal culture of the activities of local selfgovernment bodies is considered. The problems that arise in municipal employees when considering issues of local importance, requests of citizens of municipalities and possible ways to improve the legal culture in the field of local self-government are analyzed.
Keywords: legal culture, local self-government bodies, municipal employee, citizens ' rights, local self-government.
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, 05.02.2014 2-, 01.07.2020 11-) //
01.07.2020. 31. . 4398. . 8. [
]
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http://www.consultant.ru/document/cons_doc_LAW_28399/c07038c724cae52fe
849aad193a0eac08bda5f93 ( : 14.12.2020).
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" " 12(79) 2020
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https://www.elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_26223675_79742257.pdf
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https://www.elibrary.ru/download/elibrary_21015067_90544564.pdf
(
: 12.12.2020).
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 772
004.02:004.5:004.9
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204-
: , . , -, - .
: , , , , , , .
Marufova Z. teacher
204-school Yashnobod District of Tashkent City
THE ROLE OF PLANT NAMES IN THE IMAGE OF SHARGANA BEAUTY
Annotation: The article deals with the verbalization of the concept of beauty in oriental poetry, especially in Lutfi's work. The use of plant names in the expression of the beauty of the mistress, the lexical-semantic, cognitive-pragmatic bases of connections between lexical units in the process of emergence of means of artistic image are analyzed.
Keywords: concept, plant, subjective evaluation, beauty, lexical-semantic field, verbalization, bayt.
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" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 773
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https://ziyouz.uz/ozbek-sheriyati/ozbek-zamonaviy-sheriyati/muxtor-
xudoyqulov/
" " 12(79) 2020
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3. .- . 2010 http://uz.denemetr.com/docs/768/index-34857.html 4. .. , "" . (PhD) . 2019 5. ., . ." : , " - . -, 2016. 6. https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guli_sumbul 7. "" - 3 , . 2020
" " 12(79) 2020
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: 53.01
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Mahmudov B.M. assistant
Holboev D.Zh. assistant
Namangan Engineering Technological Institute Namangan, Uzbekistan
SOLAR COLLECTOR DEVICES AND GROUPING
Annotation: The problem of creating collectors useful for the population is discussed. Since the use of a solar collector is very cost-effective, the solar collector generates so much energy during its lifetime that it covers several times more than the cost of manufacturing the device. To date, the government has made it possible to expand the creation of collectors that benefit the population.
Key words: solar collectors, thermal energy, solar water heaters, photovoltaic panels.
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" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 777
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" " 12(79) 2020
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// 12(67) 2019
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" " 12(79) 2020
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004.02:004.5:004.9 DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2020_1_79_781
..
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: , , , , , , , , .
Makhmudov O. T. applicant
Termez State University
FOREIGN EXPERIENCE IN DETERMINING THE RATING OF COMMERCIAL BANKS
Annotation: The article discusses the essence and features of the financial stability of commercial banks. The methods of assessing financial stability and the features of its use based on factors affecting financial stability in the rating system were investigated. The rating assessment methods used in the banking practice of developed countries were also studied. Given the conclusions and recommendations for improving the bank rating system.
Key words: bank, financial stability, investor, assets, capital, rating, rating activities, rating agencies, rating assessment.
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" " 12(79) 2020
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· (PATROL, ORAP, CAMELS) [3, 275]; · ((BAKIS); · (RATE, RAST); · (FIMS, SAABA); · .. [2, 275]. - . -
" " 12(79) 2020
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[2,59]. - . , . , , . , . - , , . , , , , , . , . . . 1 , .
" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
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, . . , .
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PATROL, 1993 . ( ) , . , , , . - . .
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- , ;
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: 1. .., .. / .. .: , 2013. 2. .. / - , ., 2005 3. , .., , .., , .. // . 2015. 12-4 (65-4). 4. , .. // . 2016. 21. . 367371.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 786
004.02:004.5:004.9 ..
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: , . , , , , .
: , , , , , .
Makhmudov V.V. assistant of the Department of Physical Education and Sports
of the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers Khodjanov A.R.
docent of the Department of Physical Education and Sports of the Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers
THE SOCIAL FUNCTIONS OF PHYSICAL CULTURE AND SPORT
Annotation: This article defines and gives information about physical culture - as a kind of culture, which is a process of human activity. The issue of solving problems aimed at improving the natural basis of man, as well as the social value of sports, was raised, which consists of a set of the most effective means and methods of physical education, as one of the main forms of training a person for labor and other necessary activities.
Key words: sport, physical culture, physical education, social value, selfregulation, process.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 787
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 789
, , , , . , , , . , (), , , ( ), , , .
: 1. .. « », , 4/1991. 2. .. « », , 1983. 3. .., .., « », .2, . . ( 2- .) . .,1976: -1 - ; -2 - .
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 790
331.5 ..
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:
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: ,
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Melentyeva O.A. student
FSBOU "Perm State Agrarian and Technological University named after academician D.N.Pryanishnikov," Russia, Perm Krai, Perm
PRODUCT QUALITY MANAGEMENT AT FOOD INDUSTRY ENTERPRISES
This article considers and reflects the current state of production at food industry enterprises.
Keywords: quality management, international standard of food safety management system
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" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 791
, , , . , TQM, , , ISO 9000.
ISO 9000 , TQM:
1. ; 2. ; 3. ; 4. ; 5. ; 6. , ; 7. . , , . , . , , , , . 1996 . ISO 14000, (EMS Environmental Management Systems). ISO 14001:2015 « . », , . . ,
" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 793
338.242.2
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: -, , , .
Milovidova V.S. student of magistracy 3 course Krasnogorsk Branch of RANEPA
RISK MANAGEMENT IN THE HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
Abstract: This article analyzes approaches to assessing and managing risks in healthcare, discusses the main stages of risk management, risk-oriented approaches in medicine. The value of risk management in the healthcare system is determined.
Keywords: risk-management, medicine, management, risk.
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" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 794
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 797
330.322.212
..
- ..
: .., ... - ..
: « ».
: , , , .
Mikhailov V.S. student
Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural Academy
Scientific supervisor: Aleksanov D.S., Ph.D. Russian State Agrarian University - Moscow Timiryazev Agricultural
Academy
FEATURES OF EVALUATION OF INVESTMENT PROJECTS UPGRADING SUGAR BEET PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY
Abstract: This article examines the procedure for investment analysis of projects for the modernization of enterprises of the sugar beet subcomplex on the example of JSC "Ulyanovsk sugar plant". Based on the results of the research, the features of the methodological approach were determined when evaluating investment projects to update the technology for processing sugar beet.
Keywords: investments, sugar beet subcomplex, investment analysis, sugar.
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" " 12(79) 2020
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Mitskevich N.O. student 2nd year faculty of Economics and Finance UE "Polessky state University" Minsk, Republic of Belarus scientific adviser: Kozlovskaya E. E. lecturer of the Department of banking and financial markets UE "Polessky state University" Minsk, Republic of Belarus
DYNAMICS OF THE REFINANCING RATE IN THE REPUBLIC OF BELARUS
Abstract: this article discusses the main instrument of monetary policy-the refinancing rate. Its dynamics in the Republic of Belarus for the period 2017-2020 is presented. The trend of changes in the refinancing rate is determined.
Keywords: refinancing rate, refinancing, interest rate policy, credit, deposit.
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: 25.12.2020.
" " 12(79) 2020
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339.92 DOI 10.46566/2225-1545_2020_1_79_811
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Morozov M.K. student
Research advisor: Shestopalova N.S., PhD in Economic sciences Mytischi Branch of Bauman Moscow State Technical University
CURRENT TRENDS OF FOREIGN DIRECT INVESTMENT IN THE WORLD
Annotation. The article is devoted to modern trends of foreign direct investment in the world. The author comes to the conclusion that there are structural changes of investment flows and a tendency towards a decrease of their volume, which are explained by the crisis trends in global trade and economic relations.
Key words: investment climate; international trade; international investment; direct foreign investment; transnational corporations.
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" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 811
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2019-rus.pdf ( 30.10.20).
" " 12(79) 2020
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6. . ., . . // . 2018. 4 (12). . 153-159.
" " 12(79) 2020
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Muminova N.M. teacher of the department of the uzbek language, pedagogy and physical
culture faculty of plant protection and agro chemistry Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agro technologies
Uzbekistan, Andijan
WAYS TO ACTIVATE ACTIVITIES IN RUSSIAN LANGUAGE LESSONS
Abstract: This process is accompanied by significant changes in the pedagogical theory and practice of the educational process. New goals of education require updating its content, searching for such forms of education that will make it possible for their optimal implementation. They can master the abundance of subject knowledge in the absence of interest and meaningfulness of the study among students only through the exploitation of their memory and obedience.
Key words: knowledge, students, technology, learning, teaching, Russian language.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 818
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" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. .. . . . 6 (73) -.: 2020. 2. .. . . . 6 (73) - .: 2020. 3. .. // . - 5. - 2001. . 187. 4. : . , 2004.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 821
: 62-1/-9
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Muradov A.A. dotsent
Namangan engineering-technological institute Republik of Uzbekistan, Namangan
ANALYSIS OF THE MECHANISM OF CLOSING PLATES OF KNITTING AND STITCHING MACHINES
Abstract: In this article, considered the question of clarifying the parameters of the movement of the working organs of knitting and piercing machines, taking into account technological and constructive conditions.
Keywords: Knitting and piercing machines, technological conditions, machine, loop-generator system, needle, law of motion, flexible element.
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" " 12(79) 2020
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2.Muradov A.A. Pirnazarov A.U. Flexible joined needle mechanism for knitting stitch-bonding machines. ".5 (25), 104-106,. 2017, 3. .. " - ". . . . ., -., 1990. 4. .. . 2016.4
" " 12(79) 2020
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Myakotina A.S. a student of the specialty 3rd year faculty of training specialists for the judicial system (faculty of law) of the russian state university of justice
Russia, Irkutsk Zayasnikova I.A. student specialist 3rd year faculty of Training Specialists for the Judicial System (Faculty of Law) of the Russian State University of Justice
Russia, Irkutsk
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 827
CURRENT ISSUES IN PROPERTY MANAGEMENT OF MUNICIPAL EDUCATION
Abstract: Municipal property forms the economic basis of local government. Therefore, the issues of formation of effective management and disposal of municipal property are priority for municipalities. Bodies of local selfgovernment on behalf of the municipality independently own, use and dispose of municipal property. This is so thanks to the Constitution of the Russian Federation, federal laws and norms of local self-government bodies.
Keywords: Municipal property, municipal law, local government department, municipality.
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: 1. , .. . . / .. . - .: , 2018. 2. , . . / .. , .. . - .: , 2019. 3. , . . / .. . .: , 2018. 4. 06.10.2003 N 131- (. 09.11.2020) " "
" " 12(79) 2020
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Nabiev M.Ya. senior lecturer
Sodikov T.B. assistant
Namangan Engineering Technological Institute Uzbekistan, Namangan
SOLAR DRYING COTTON
Annotation: Drying drums, which are currently used in cotton factories for drying raw cotton, are investigated, in addition to consuming a large amount of electricity, they can be used to dry raw cotton, as well as 1 ton of cotton. consuming a lot of fuel to dry cotton, the overall size is not economically viable.
Key words: cotton drying, tumble dryers, solar collector, collector efficiency, solar energy, thermal energy
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" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 835
5 11. , , 12 . 12 , 26 . 5 11. , , 12 . 12 , 26 . 5 11. , , 12 . 12 , 26 . , «» . . , , , , , 27.
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" " 12(79) 2020
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// 12(67) 2019
https://iupr.ru/osnovnoy_razdel__12_67__2019/
5. ., ., «-
» // 12(67) 2019
https://iupr.ru/osnovnoy_razdel__12_67__2019/
6. ., . , . //
12(67)
2019
https://iupr.ru/osnovnoy_razdel__12_67__2019/
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// 12(67)
2019 c
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 838
: 639.33 .., « »
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Nasritdinov K.M., candidate of Historical Sciences Associate Professor of the Department of Humanities of the Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnology
the Republic of Uzbekistan Urolov S.G.
Assistant of the Department of Humanities of the Andijan Institute of Agriculture and Agrotechnology
the Republic of Uzbekistan
AGRICULTURE OF UZBEKISTAN DURING THE SECOND WORLD WAR
Resume: In the article, the authors analyze the history and development of agriculture in Uzbekistan during the Second World War of the twentieth century on the basis of archival documents, scientific and historical sources and literatures.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 839
And also in the article, the authors reveal the essence and reasons, objective and subjective difficulties in agriculture, show the historical picture of the heroic labour feat of rural workers, draw the appropriate scientific conclusions.
Keywords: World War II, fascism, agriculture, irrigation, folk extensive development path, plenum, hectare, crop rotation, cotton kenaf, sugar beet labour resources, evacuation, workday, mill, ketmen, shovel, scrap, earthworks, irrigation system, irrigation.
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. V () 1941 , , . , 1942 . 521,8 . , 5,5 . 1941 . 15 . , 70 . , . 19,8 [2.V.-2, 44,151], 1942 . 130 000 [3.B. -169].
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" " 12(79) 2020
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004.02:004.5:004.9
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Nedrigailova A.P. GOAU of the Kursk region
"Kursk Academy of State and Municipal Service" Russia, Kursk
SOCIAL SPHERE
Abstract: This article discusses the definition, goals and components, as well as the legal framework of the social sphere.
Key words: social sphere, population.
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. - https://fzrf.su/zakon/ 2. .. 2003 . https://dlib.eastview.com/browse/doc/4995799 3. . ., . ., . . : . - .: .- 2004. 4. .. - - 11 (30) - 2016 - https://www.iupr.ru 5. .. - , , 2012, 1 - http://www.vestnykeps.ru/0112/30.htm
" " 12(79) 2020
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004.02:004.5:004.9
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Niyazmatova N. B. lecturer of the Department of pedagogy
primary education TSPU them. Nizami
IMPROVING THE METHODOLOGY OF TEACHING TECHNOLOGY STUDENTS BASED ON INTEGRATED LEARNING
Annotation. The modern period of development of world pedagogy dictates the need to put an end to the education of young people, their acquisition of narrow professional knowledge in the profession, to have a wide range of integrated knowledge in the system of continuing education, including in the system of general education.
Keywords. Integration, technology, primary education, methodology, efficiency.
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" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 847
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142 .., . - .: - 2009. .55
" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. « » ( - . 1997, ., «») 2. . ( . 1997, «») 3. .., .., .. «» ., «» 1998 . 4. ., . « » 1996 7 5. .., , . « » ., «» 1986 . 6. .. . . 2003 .
" " 12(79) 2020
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7. .. (). - .: , 2006. 8. .., . « » .: - 2009.
http//www. pedagog.uz. http//www. ziyonet.uz.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 854
661.872
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Noibjonova Kh.M. assistant
Andijan state medical institute Uzbekistan
BIOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF IRON
Abstract: This article discusses the biochemical properties of iron. Keywords: iron, iron ore, hemoglobin, heme, anemia.
(, , , , , , ). -- : 4% (.) . : , , . Fe3O4 -Fe2O3, 2Fe2O3*3H2O FeCO3.
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" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. .., . . 1999. c. 24-70. 2. C.C.Koc. .-.:1990 . 3. M.M. Mirkomilova. Analytical chemistry.-T.:1996 y. 4. N.T.Olimxojayeva Bioorganic and physic-colloidal chemistry.-T.:2005.
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 856
663.1.16
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Noibjonova Kh.M. assistant
Andijan state medical institute Uzbekistan
PROPERTIES OF VITAMINS
Abstract: This article discusses the chemical properties and uses of vitamins.
Keywords: vitamins, allergy, synthetic vitamins.
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 858
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Norkobilov M.N. Head of the Department of Physical Education and Sports
Tashkent Institute of Irrigation and Agricultural Mechanization Engineers
PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND STUDENTS' KNOWLEDGES
Annotation: In this article given information about the basics of development, which includes the principles of physical education among students. The work reveals the essence of the content of physical culture and its aspects. The work is based on the strategy of priority directions of state policy in the field of physical education of students, reflecting the increase in the number of highly complex systems and technologies, informatization of all spheres of society.
Key words: physical culture, structure, physical education, sports for students, aspects, one-sidedness and fragmentation.
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Ognev P.N. 3rd year student VSF FSBEI «Russian State University
Justice» Russia, Irkutsk Dorzhieva A.B. 3rd year student VSF FSBEI «Russian State University
Justice» Russia, Irkutsk Scientific adviser: Vlasova E.L., candidate of Pedagogical
Sciences Associate Professor
MUNICIPAL LEGAL RESPONSIBILITY
" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 863
Annotation: This article is devoted to the study of municipal and legal responsibility as part of the institution of responsibility of bodies and officials of local government. The analysis of the theoretical provisions and legislation of the Russian Federation regarding the problems of isolation and delineation of municipal and legal responsibility is carried out. The opinion on the representation of municipal legal responsibility as an independent form is supported.
Keywords: legal responsibility, municipal legal responsibility; subjects of municipal legal responsibility.
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Oripova N., candidate of Pedagogical Sciences Associate Professor
Head of the Department of Preschool Education Karshi State University Uzbekistan Narzieva L. master's degree student Karshi State University.
SOCIO-HISTORICAL AND PEDAGOGICAL PROBLEMS OF PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT
Abstract: This article presents an analysis of socio-historical and pedagogical problems of mastering a profession, as well as philosophical, pedagogical approaches to mastering a profession in the views of scientists from folk pedagogy and Central Asia.
Keywords: profession, Avesto, hadith, science, honesty, religion, ethics.
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www.iupr.ru 868
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" " 12(79) 2020
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2. . - - . .: , 2018, 15.64. 3. Forobiy A. N. Fozil odamlar shahri // T.: A. Qodirij nomidagi halq merosi. 1993. 4. Ibn Sino A. A. Tib qonunlari //A. Qodiriy nomidagi xalq merosi nashr. Toshkent. 1992. 5. . . . "". 1994. 26 6. Nurullayeva S. H. Pedagogical cooperation in higher education // : . 2016. . 43-46. 7. . . // : , , . 2014. . 60-64. 8. . ., . . // . 2018. . 7. . 43-45. 9. Khalilovna, O. N., Axmatjanovna, M. M., Kosimovich, N. U., Botirovna, K. V. Main core and meaning of shaping professional faith //Journal of Critical Reviews. 2020. . 7. . 2. . 242-245. 10. Botirovna K. V. Methods of using oral folk creativity to shape the thinking of preschool children //ACADEMICIA: An International Multidisciplinary Research Journal. 2020. . 10. . 5. . 608-612. 11. . ., . . // . 2018. . 7. . 46-48. 12. . ., . //Science And World. 2013. . 50. 13. . ., . . // . 2018. . 7. . 43-45.
" " 12(79) 2020
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332
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Osmanov R.T. post-graduate student of the department
of Finance and Credit Institute of Economics and Management V.I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University
Simferopol
METHODS OF SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS
Abstract: The article reveals the methods of socio-economic development of rural areas. Forms of state support.
Keyword. griculture, development, rural areas, rural territories, support measures, state program.
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" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 872
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" " 12(79) 2020
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Otaboeva Z.G. assistant
Department of «Uzbek language pedagogy and Physical Culture» Andijan Institute of Agriculture and agrotechnologies Abdumukhtarova B. Andijan Institute of Agriculture and agrotechnologies
PSYCHOLOGY OF CONFLICT SITUATIONS IN THE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM
Abstract. The article analyzes various conflicts and contradictions encountered in the management system and explains their causes. Several types of conflict situations are given. With the correct organization of management activities, the idea of work planning and division of responsibility is taken into account.
Key words. Conflict, contradiction, antagonistic, vertical, horizontal, compromise, potential, emotional, potential, tough category, positive emotion, goal, motivation, optimization.
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" " 12(79) 2020
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" " 12(79) 2020
www.iupr.ru 878
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" " 12(79) 2020
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: 1. ... - 2010. 2. .., .. " " . 2010. 3. .. " " - 2008. 4. - 2010. 5. .. " " . 2007 6. . " " .: "". 2004
" " 12(79) 2020
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...................................................................................... 3
Abdullayeva N.S., THE USE OF AUTHENTIC VIDEO MATERIALS IN THE FORMATION OF STUDENTS' COMMUNICATIVE COMPETENCE IN NON-LANGUAGE HIGHER EDUCATION INSTITUTIONS.......................... 3
Abduramonova S.Sh., Mamasoliyeva Sh.Kh., ASSIGNMENT OF PEOPLE'S FAIRY TALES AND THE FORMATION OF LIBRARY IN CHILDREN THROUGH MASS MEDIA ................................................................................. 7
Abdusalomov U.S., Boltaboyev A., GENERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE MILITARY COMMITTEES OF THE ARMED FORCES OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN.............................................................................................. 10
Achilova O.U., "FIZIKA FANIGA HISSA QO'SHGAN OLIMLAR" MAVZUSIDA KONFERENSIYA DARSLARINI TASHKIL ETISH METO`DIKASI................................................................................................... 14
Ahmadjonova Sh.N., THE USAGE OF INTERNET TECHNOLOGIES FOR EFFECTIVE FL ACQUISITION ....................................................................... 18
Alimova X.T., PROJECT METHOD AS A NEW METHOD OF TEACHING AND LEARNING ENGLISH............................................................................. 22
Almatova N.A., PSYCHOLOGICAL FEATURES OF VISUAL AIDS IN TEACHING ENGLISH ...................................................................................... 26
Amanov A.K., THE ROLE OF SPECIAL ECONOMIC ZONES IN THE ECONOMY: FOREIGN EXPERIENCE AND UZBEKISTAN........................ 30
Atakhanova G.O., TEACHING ENGLISH TO BLIND STUDENTS ............... 35
Baltabaev O.O., THE ETYMOLOGY OF THE TAKHTAKUPIR TOPONYMY ...................................................................................................... 38
Baxodirova Sh.B., MAKTABGACHA TA'LIM JARAYONIDA BOLALAR OG`ZAKI NUTQINI TAKOMILLASHTIRISH................................................ 41
Mekhriban B.B., STYLE AND STYLISTICS: FUNDAMENTALS ................ 47
Bobobekova J.A., Melibayeva M.S., FAMOUS PEOPLE OF UZBEKISTAN. 51
Bobobekova J.A., Turgunova Sh.J., EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM IN GREAT BRITAIN TYPES OF SCHOOLS ...................................................................... 55
Boboyev M.K., HASHIM IBN HAKIM (MUKANNA) AS A HISTORICAL PERSON.............................................................................................................. 59
Bohdaniuk O.V., CLASSIFICATION OF INCOME FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES AS A BASIS FOR THE ORGANIZATION OF ITS ACCOUNTING AND ANALYSIS .................................................................... 63
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Bokiyev M., Mamazulunov N., SOME BIOLOGICAL ACTIVE PRODUCTS OF METALLOCENES ....................................................................................... 67
Bozorov E.H., Jo'rayev M.Qa., DUNYODA YADRO ENERGETIKASI TARAQQIYOTI RIVOJLANISHINI AMALIY AHAMIYATINING INNOVATSION TEXNOLOGIYALARDAGI BOSQICHLARI ..................... 71
Bozorov E.H., Rustamov S.Sh., DUNYODA YADRO TEXNOLOGIYALARI RIVOJLANISH BOSQICHLARINING PEDAGOGIK TAHLILLAR ORQALI ASOSLASH ........................................................................................................ 77
Choriyeva M.Qi., LIFE AND LITERARY HERITAGE OF ABDURAHMON TAMKIN BUKHARI.......................................................................................... 83
Egamberdiyeva D.U., PROBLEMS OF LEARNING DIALOGUE AND ITS STRUCTURAL COMPONENTS ...................................................................... 86
Ergashev A.A., Najmitdinova G.K., FEATURES OF DIFFERENTIATED TEACHING OF CHEMISTRY .......................................................................... 89
Fayazov O.A., Kadirova R.A., THE IMPACT OF DECENTRALIZATION OR DELEGATION OF AUTHORITY ON THE REGIONAL DISPARITY.......... 93
Gulomjonova M., THE ROLE OF DISTANCE LEARNING IN THE ORGANIZATION OF INDEPENDENT COGNITIVE ACTIVITY OF STUDENTS......................................................................................................... 97
Haknazarova Z.U., AMERICAN HOLIDAYS AND TRADITIONS.............. 101
Hamroyeva I.E., TEACHING STRATEGIES FOR YOUNG LEARNERS.... 105
Irgashev M.U., SPECIFICITY OF VOCATIONAL TRAINING OF STUDENTS WITH DISABILITIES IN A HIGHER EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION .................................................................................................. 109
Isayev A.A., THE IMPACT OF THE GEOGRAPHICAL LOCATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF UZBEKISTAN ON THE FORMATION OF TRANSPORT CORRIDORS .................................................................................................... 113
Ishankulov Sh.U., Niyozova Yu.T., TEACHING LISTENING COMPREHENSION ......................................................................................... 117
Ishonkulov Sh.U., Tursuniyozov D.O., TEACHING SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE ..................................................................................................... 124
Izzatillayev A.A., THE IMPORTANCE OF SPEECH ACTS IN ADVERTISEMENT CONCERNING TOURISM ........................................... 128
Sulaymanov S., Kamilov Kh.M., RESULTS OF INTEGRAL SCORE ASSESSMENT OF TRAIN DISPATCHERS BY SERIOUS AND STRENGTH OF WORKING CONDITIONS (ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE SINGLE DISPATCH CENTER OF UZBEKISTAN RAILWAYS JOINT STOCK COMPANY)...................................................................................................... 131
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Kholmurodova N.Sh., PILGRIMAGE SITE ''KHUZHAI SAROB ATA'' ...... 135
Khusainov O.Dj., SOCIO-ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE SYSTEM PROVIDING SERVICES TO THE LIVESTOCK NETWORK IN THE CONDITIONS OF INNOVATIVE ECONOMY............................................................................. 137
Kolesnikova Yu.S., DIGITALIZATION OF INDUSTRY AS A VECTOR OF A NEW DIGITAL SPACE ................................................................................... 141
Kulliyev O.A., Jiyanov L.N., INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT AND AGRICULTURAL APPROACH TO AGRICULTURE.................................. 148
Kurbonov A.B., Jalilova N.M., Safarov K.B., DIRECTIONS FOR THE FORMATION OF COOPERATION IN THE FIELD OF AGRICULTURAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP ................................................................................... 151
Majidova Z.A., THE STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT OF E-LEARNING, TECHNOLOGIES OF DISTANCE LEARNING ............................................ 157
Makhammadjonov T.A., Makhammadjonova F.A., Tajiddinov S.S., SUBJECT AND TASKS OF BIOLOGICAL CHEMISTRY............................................. 160
Mamajonova G.A., Kholmatova M.A., Saidnazarova T.M., HISTORY OF TECHNOLOGICAL SCIENCE AND DEVELOPMENT STRATEGY ......... 163
Mamatov R.R., USING INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND EDUCATIONAL ELECTRONIC RESOURCES WHILE PLANNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE LESSON .................................................................. 167
Matkarimova G., ANALYSIS OF PEDAGOGICAL ACTIVITY IN CONDUCTING DIDACTIC GAMES IN ENGLISH LESSONS IN ORDER TO INCREASE INTEREST IN THE SUBJECT ................................................... 171
Mukhammadiyeva Kh.K., DEVELOPING INTELLIGENCE IN PRESCHOOL CHILDREN THROUGH THE USE OF PERSON-CENTERED TECHNOLOGIES............................................................................................. 174
Muxitdinova F.R., EXPERIMENTAL WORK ON USING NEW INFORMATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PROCESS OF LEARNING A FOREIGN LANGUAGE .................................................................................. 177
Nasriyeva D.A., L`EPOQUE DES LUMIERES EST UN RENNAISSANCE DE LA SOCIETE FRANÇAISE ............................................................................. 181
Nishonova K.Sh., DIDACTIC OPPORTUNITIES FOR PROFESSIONAL SOCIALIZATION OF FUTURE PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHERS ........... 183
Normamatov I.B., REDUCTION OF EXTERNAL BANK CIRCULATION OF CASH AS A COMPULSORY CONDITION IN DEVELOPMENT OF PAYMENT BY CHEQUE IN COUNTRIES OF CIS...................................... 187
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Nosirova M.K., PRACTICAL USE OF TEACHING METHODS FOR TEACHING GERMAN IN THE LESSON ...................................................... 192
Nuritdinova Yo.A., THEORETICAL FOUNDATIONS FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION OF THE PROBLEMATIC APPROACH IN TEACHING FOREIGN LANGUAGES AT SCHOOL......................................................... 196
Ochilova M.Sh., ALISHER NAVOI'S MYSTICAL VIEWS ON THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN THE UNIVERSE AND MAN (ON THE EXAMPLE OF "SAB`AYI SAYYAR")........................................................... 200
Ochilova N.S., ORGANIZATION OF THE EDUCATIONAL PROCESS USING DISTANCE LEARNING .................................................................... 203
Odilova N.A., USE OF INNOVATIVE METHODS IN PROFESSIONAL DISCOURSE OF A TEACHER OF FOREIGN LANGUAGES ..................... 207
Ostonova R.F., MOTIVATIONAL IMPACTS FOR EFFECTIVE VIRTUAL TEACHING AND LEARNING ....................................................................... 212
Pirnazarova R., SATIRICAL JOURNALISM, ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS AND THE VALUE OF WATER .............................................. 216
Polvonov Kh.N., Khamrayev J., Jurakulov Sh.B., THE STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF CLOUD PRODUCTION..................................................... 220
Polvonov X.M., KALSIY XLORAT DEFOLIANTINI OLISHDA TEXNOLOGIK HISOBLAR ............................................................................ 224
Pulatova M., APPLICATION OF ENCARSIA PARASITE AGAINST TYPES ............................................................................................................... 231
Qiryigitov B.A., CHARACTERIZATION DIFFERENT METHODS OF APPROXIMATION AND INTERPOLATION AND THEIR IMPLEMENTATION IN MATHCAD AND MATLAB ................................. 234
Qodirova G.T., THE MODERN METHODS OF TEACHING BASIC LANGUAGE SKILLS ...................................................................................... 237
Qoraboyeva N., THE ROLE OF FUNCTIONAL-COGNITIVE DICTIONARY IN DESCRIBING VARIOUS PHRASEOLOGICAL LEVELS ...................... 241
Sadullaev B.A., Astanaliev E.T., JAPANESE METHOD FOR FORMATION OF MULTI-GROUP TRAINS.......................................................................... 245
Shaniyazova D.S., THE ROLE OF SPEECH IN IMPROVING THE PROFESSIONAL COMPETENCE OF A PRIMARY SCHOOL TEACHER 249
Shokhuzhaeva Z.S., Donaeva F.B., EFFECTIVENESS OF AGRARIAN AND ECONOMIC REFORMS IN AGRICULTURE OF UZBEKISTAN ............... 252
Samira Yaser Shomul, ANALYZING THE REALITY OF THE TOURISM SECTOR IN SYRIA BETWEEN BEFORE AND DURING THE CRISIS (2011-2018) ....................................................................................................... 258
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Sodiqova G.G'., BOSHLANG`ICH SINF O`QUVCHILARINING MUSTAQIL O`QISH KO`NIKMALARINI SHAKLLANTIRISH METODIKASI METHODOLOGY OF INDEPENDENT READING SKILLS FOR PRIMARY SCHOOL STUDENTS ..................................................................................... 267
Tojibaeva N., ENSURING FINANCIAL SUSTAINABILITY OF FARMS IN UZBEKISTAN .................................................................................................. 271
Turdimambetov I.R., Uzaqbaev Q.K., Oteuliev M.O., TERRITORIAL FORMATION OF THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN IMPROVING THE QUALITY OF LIFE OF THE POPULATION OF THE REPUBLIC OF KARAKALPAKSTAN ..................................................................................... 276
Turopova L.S., Ismoilova M.K., TEACHING GRAMMAR CREATIVELY AT ELEMENTARY LEVEL .................................................................................. 280
Umarova R.U., TA'LIM TIZIMIDA SMART TEXNOLOGIYASIDAN FOYDALANISH SAMARADORLIGINI OSHIRISH .................................... 288
Usmonova Sh.R., THE USE OF MODERN EDUCATIONAL AND INFORMATION AND COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PROCESS OF TEACHING ENGLISH LANGUAGE .................................... 293
Yusupov R.M., Yusupova U.K., RULE OF LAW IN HISTORICAL DEVELOPMENT ............................................................................................. 297
manov O.A., THE IMPORTANCE OF DIGITAL TECHNOLOGIES IN ENSURING EMPLOYMENT .......................................................................... 302
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