7signal ABGN-EYE-APU3 7Signal Sapphire User Manual Loupe User Guide

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7signal Sapphire
Loupe User Guide
Release 3.1
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
Preface
Document scope
This document is aimed for people familiarizing themselves with 7signal Sapphire
measurements and the use of 7signal Sapphire Loupe. Case studies are included to introduce
typical analysis paths of wlan network quality shortcomings.
This document does not describe how the software operates or how to configure testing. The
actual use of various 7signal Sapphire applications is explained in detail in 7signal Sapphire
Carat User Guide. Software and hardware installation is explained in 7signal Sapphire
Deployment Guide.
FCC Warning
The radiated output power of the 7signal Sapphire Eye complies with the FCC RF exposure
limits. To avoid the possibility of exceeding the FCC radio frequency exposure limits, a distance
of at least 20 cm should be kept with the user and the device while operating.
The FCC ID for 7signal Sapphire Eye is YLF-2010-08-APU2 for
IEEE802.11a/b/g
FCC APPROVAL PENDING ON RELEASE DATE
The FCC ID for 7signal Sapphire Eye is YLF-EYE-ABGN-APU3 for
IEEE802.11a/b/g/n
This device is restricted to indoor-only use in 5150.0-5250.0 MHz and
5470.0 -5725.0 MHz bands
NOTE TO THE USER
Any uninstructed modification to the 7signal products may result in violation of FCC
requirements.
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
PREFACE
Preface
ii
Contact us at 7signal



by mail: Panuntie 6, FI-00620 Helsinki, Finland
by email: info@7signal.com
by phone: +358 40 777 7611 (exchange)
For handling of software defects, send email to:
defect-report@7signal.com
In case of other requests, send email to:
support@7signal.com
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
CONTACT INFORMATION
Table of Contents
iii
1 Loupe ...............................................................................................................................1
1.1 Loupe login ...................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Loupe at a first-glance..................................................................................................... 1
2 Using Loupe ......................................................................................................................2
2.1 Channel aggregation and selection ................................................................................. 4
2.2 Saving the Charts ............................................................................................................ 4
2.3 Advanced Chart Settings ................................................................................................. 4
3 Tabs .................................................................................................................................6
3.1 Tabs and analysis ............................................................................................................ 6
3.2 Tab memory .................................................................................................................... 6
4 Summary ..........................................................................................................................7
4.1 SLA Compliance KPI ......................................................................................................... 7
4.1.1 Traffic-light SLA .................................................................................................... 8
4.1.2 SLA Compliance over time ................................................................................... 8
4.1.3 Element level SLA Compliance over time ............................................................ 9
5 Service Level Agreement, SLA .......................................................................................... 10
5.1 Three-basket principle .................................................................................................. 11
5.2 SLA table active cells ..................................................................................................... 12
6 TP/SNR ........................................................................................................................... 13
7 Network Performance Indicators ..................................................................................... 14
8 Radio congestion ............................................................................................................ 15
9 Client performance Indicators ......................................................................................... 16
10 Data rate Codec Indicators ............................................................................................ 17
10.1 Codec and channel history .......................................................................................... 17
11 Spectrum ...................................................................................................................... 18
11.1 Over period chart ........................................................................................................ 18
11.2 Time-axis chart ............................................................................................................ 19
12 Top ............................................................................................................................... 20
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Table of Contents
iv
14 Info............................................................................................................................... 22
15 Report .......................................................................................................................... 23
16 How To Troubleshoot Using Loupe ................................................................................ 24
16.1 Typical pattern ............................................................................................................ 24
16.2 Troubleshooting: Use Cases ........................................................................................ 24
16.2.1 Accessibility Problem ....................................................................................... 24
16.2.2 Downlink Performance Problem...................................................................... 29
16.2.3 Downlink And Uplink Performance Problem ................................................... 32
17 KPI Glossary .................................................................................................................. 37
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
13 Alarms .......................................................................................................................... 21
1 Loupe
Sapphire Loupe is a browser application for viewing test results and saving the test results.
Open Loupe in a browser. Type the Loupe server address into the Address field. An encrypted
connection (HTTPS) is used for data communication.
1.1 Loupe login
Login and authentication is similar to the management GUI, 7signal Sapphire Carat.
On top of typical username/password combination the user may have to select a group (access
context) as well. This is primarily for multi-organization environments where one user account
is able to manage numerous wlan networks otherwise separated by access rights. However,
only one administrative domain is accessed at one particular session. To manage another wlan
network or organization, the same user account has to do another login with another context.
1.2 Loupe at a first-glance
After a successful authentication, a default Loupe screen is opened. The network topology
accessible to the current user is displayed on the left and on the right there is the Summary
pane. The Summary pane operations and options are explained below.
A common central element between Loupe and Sapphire Carat is the hierarchical tree view in
the left pane, depicting the topology of the networks being monitored.
The main Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are grouped in tabs as well as other relevant
report information such as visual tests and events. The tabs are following:
Summary
TP/SNR
RadioCongestion
Data rates
TOP
Info
SLA
Network
Client
Spectrum
Alarm
Report
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
1 LOUPE
2 Using Loupe
Sapphire Carat gathers and stores data obtained from automated test to the database. Loupe
enables you to view the results and make comparisons between different devices, tests, and
time spans.
Building a Result View:
1. Decide which group of indicators (KPI) you want to view, for example Network
2. From the list, select the indicators from which you want to generate charts
3. From the top bar, select the time span to include in the results
a. you can choose a time span by typing in the times and dates. You can either
type the date manually, or select it from a calendar.
b. you can also use the preconfigured values under History.
4. Under Average, select the averaging period
(The test results are based on samples, and you can use various averaging periods
within the time span chosen in step 3.)
5. From the Topology view, choose the level of area aggregation
a. Area aggregation is class by which test results are grouped and displayed. E.g.
results can be displayed by a single access point or by whole network.
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
2 USING LOUPE
2 Using Loupe
Area
NW
AP
APEye
APEyeAnt
Eye
EyeAnt
Dest
DestAP
ChEye
ChEyeAnt
QoSAP
Link
All
Description
Network level
Access point level
One single managed access point of a
single monitoring station
One single managed access point of a
single monitoring station in particular
antenna direction
Single Eye
An individual antenna in a chosen Eye
The Sonar to be tested
The access point to be tested with relation
to Sonars
An individual channel in a chosen Eye
An individual antenna and channel in a
chosen Eye
Traffic belonging to a particular QoS level
on a single access point
Link consists of a chain Eye - Access Point
– Sonar
Selects all elements
Note! The more detailed the chosen aggregation is, the more input one must give
in the topology tree. For example, ChEyeAnt aggregation requires input on the
channel, antenna and monitoring station for the request to be valid.
6. Alternatively, you can select Destinations from the tree hierarchy, and then select a
Sonar for which you want to display the results.
7. You can hide the KPI list by selecting Hide KPI
8. Click Generate to display the results.
The results open up in the same view / panel. Right clicking in graph will activate the chart
tooltips.
Note! Rendering the results may take a long time if you select a lot of data to be
calculated in single report.
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
Note! The aggregation level can be chosen freely, but not all aggregation levels
can be used with all KPIs. In other words, when choosing the level of aggregation,
note the KPI being used. Loupe offers a default viewing level, but other viewing
levels might be just as suitable. If you change the level, Loupe uses that level
during the session.
2 Using Loupe
For the convenience of the user, the channels are separated by the IEEE 802.11 standards. The
support is for IEEE 802.11b/g, IEEE 802.11a and IEEE 802.11n. The channel list is dynamic is
based on the monitoring station country code setting. For example, one monitoring station
located in Finland would show channel 13 while a monitoring station in the same organization
but located in USA would not show that channel.
2.2 Saving the Charts
You can save the charts either individually under each chart or all at once by choosing Export
from the top right corner. You have two saving options:
1. CSV: a comma-separated text file, suitable for importing data into a spreadsheet
program
2. PDF: A Portable Document Format file suitable for printing.
Note! The options displayed in the browser might not look exactly the same in the
PDF. Some changes are made to make the printed document easier to read.
2.3 Advanced Chart Settings
You can view the details of the results by selecting Show raw chart and Show chart data next
to the chart (raw = all data points and samples without averaging). You can modify the charts
by choosing or editing the values above the chart listing:
1. Chart size
a. Small, Normal, Large
b. User-defined size
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
2.1 Channel aggregation and selection
2 Using Loupe
3. Display method of charts
a. Single KPI chart – Each KPI displayed as a separate chart
b. Single Area chart – All chosen KPIs in a single chart
Note! A “single area chart” should only contain measurements that have the same unit of
measurement, such as millisecond.
4. Moving average
a. Period count – the number of previous values to include into the calculation of
a moving average. F.ex. with value 3, the moving average at 8:00 is the
average of the values in 6:00, 7:00, and 8:00, when area-aggregation is hour.
b. Skip – the number of periods to skip from the start of the series. F.ex. for a
day’s serie, to ignore the night-time-values from 0:00 to 7:00, set skip to 8
5. Time intervals
a. Apply time intervals – user can be limit the time of day, from which the
measurements are included. F.ex. set time interval to 7:00 - 18:00 to ignore the
results from night time.
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
2. Chart type
a. Line, line with data points, scatter plot, bar chart
3 Tabs
Below the time selectors there are numerous tabs. The tabs divide KPIs by category and to
some extent follow the principle that the more abstract, derived or calculated high-level
indicators are on the left and the detailed, accurate and raw-level indicators are on the right.
As the amount of information is enormous and the displays may be limited, many of the
elements in the user interface may be expanded / collapsed.
3.1 Tabs and analysis
The typical analysis flow is expected to progress from left to right. The outcome and results on
the left are more abstract, more compounded and more processed than on the right. On the
other hand, the level of detail grows the more the tab is on the right.
Please find the troubleshoot analysis at the end of this manual to see a few examples of typical
analysis cases and how the user-interface supports those.
3.2 Tab memory
Each tab have individual save and reset buttons for selected configurations and graphs. By
default the selections are not saved but by pressing “Save tab configuration”, the selections
will be saved in next login. “Reset tab configuration” will return the settings to default.
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
3 TABS
4 Summary
4.1 SLA Compliance KPI
To summarize the health of the network element, Loupe analyses multiple KPIs and based on
that computes one single value that is called the ‘SLA Compliance KPI’. The network element
may be either an access point or a link. There has to be a SLA group defined and bound to the
network element.
The measurement value calculates a geometric average of all the selected KPIs in the SLA
group. As such, this KPI does not provide any tools for analysis but it is rather to point out the
need for analysis for the network elements that do not fulfill the quality expectations.
SLA compliance is expressed in %

100% means that all individual selected metrics met the set target level during the
calculation period

Compliance may be calculated for hourly or daily averages
Geometric average is used in SLA compliancy calculation (NOTE: different than arithmetic
average)

Key difference is that if one element fails completely (goes to 0), average gives 0 for
that time.

This enables detecting full failure to meet completely any single element in the one
compliance metric.
The geometric mean, in mathematics, is a type of mean or average, which
indicates the central tendency or typical value of a set of numbers. It is similar to
the arithmetic mean, which is what most people think of with the word "average",
except that the numbers are multiplied and then the nth root (where n is the
count of numbers in the set) of the resulting product is taken.
For instance, the geometric mean of two numbers, say 2 and 8, is just the square
root of their product; that is 2√2 × 8 = 4. As another example, the geometric mean
of the three numbers 4, 1, and 1/32 is the cube root of their product (1/8), which
is 1/2; that is 3√4 × 1 × 1/32 = ½ .
Source: Wikipedia
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
4 SUMMARY
4 Summary
Traffic-light SLA compliance table shows single values for each selected elements (access
points or links). The color of the table shows if an element meets the performance target.
4.1.2 SLA Compliance over time
In the picture below, there are three network elements, AP-14, AP-16 and AP-17. Based on the
chart one can assume that AP-14 is operating as expected. On the other hand, the other
elements seem to be occasionally below the SLA compliance target. Note that AP-16 might be
completely out (during pointed time) or some KPI does not meet the target threshold.
While all elements would benefit from some attention, it is obvious that AP-16 should have
the priority. This is elementary to the SLA compliance KPI: one glimpse tells whether some
element needs attention or not. The nature of the problem is available through investigating
SLA single element chart or more detailed metrics’.
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
4.1.1 Traffic-light SLA
4 Summary
The single element chart shows performance issues with VoIP MOS downlink (QUAP005) but
also with radio attach success (AC001) and FTP test success (RE004).
The SLA group defines the threshold values for all individual KPIs. However, the resultant KPI
threshold values can be set in Carat.
Export for the charts is available both for each chart and the global export on the top-menu
buttons.
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
4.1.3 Element level SLA Compliance over time
5 Service Level Agreement, SLA
10
The service level agreement (SLA) view contains KPIs that display network functionality and
availability as traffic lights.
The default limits are set by 7signal, and the values are based on real-life situations. You can
modify the values to conform to the service level agreement currently being used. The values
can be modified in the Sapphire Carat’s management interface.
The SLA view contains by default the following KPIs:











Beacon availability
Radio attach success rate
IP retrieval success rate
Ping success rate
FTP downlink throughput
FTP uplink throughput
MOS downlink
MOS uplink
Ping RTT
FTP test success rate
VoIP test success rate
Default SLA metrics’ describe network connectivity and quality-of-service (QoS) starting from
radio availability to end-to-end connection quality. Below is an illustration of client connection
phases.
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
5 SERVICE LEVEL AGREEMENT, SLA
5 Service Level Agreement, SLA
11
7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
5.1 Three-basket principle
The color-coding indicates the SLA status, it may be either red, yellow or green. The wlan
network may be operational and any test and any user-action may be successful yet the color
in the SLA table is yellow or even red. This is because SLA view is highly derived data that is
compared to expected level of the service.
For example, one may get 100% VoIP calls through but the SLA shows red. The interpretation
here is that while the wlan network provides the VoIP service continuously, the service level is
not met, thus the alarming color-code. There are not necessarily imminent problems with the
wlan network in case red or yellow color but further investigation is surely needed. And
obviously it is possible that in case of the red color, the service may be completely down.
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5 Service Level Agreement, SLA
12
To better understand the resulting color-code the cells in the table are active. By clicking a cell
one gets immediate information on data that lead to the cell color.
In case further analysis is needed, the link “Related KPIs” pop additional KPI charts up. The
charts show a set of KPIs on time-interval that has shown on SLA table row expanded with one
unit earlier and later. If the SLA table row is for an hour, the KPI chart includes the preceding
and the following hour, too.
The set of KPIs either directly affect the SLA result or would be the KPIs that should be checked
in the next step of the analysis. The troubleshoot cases at the end of this manual elaborate on
the flow of analysis.
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
5.2 SLA table active cells
6 TP/SNR
13
This view has a single chart, which displays the relationship between the measured throughput
speed and the signal to noise ratio of a given access point. Measurements usually take into
account only the theoretical maximum throughput speed. Since the measurements vary by
network and hardware, the view instructs the user to modify the parameters. Modify the
parameters directly in the view.
The picture below is an example on how to interpret the TP /SNR chart.
The maximum speed of an
end-to-end connection.
7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
6 TP/SNR
A large variation in throughput rate
when the SNR value is good indicates
possible performance issues in a
wired network or a severely loaded
radio.
The theoretical TP/SNR curve
indicates the best data
throughput speed for a given
SNR value.
The SNR variation indicates radio
frequency interference or constant
changes in radio environment.
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7 Network Performance Indicators
14
The KPIs in the Network tab are divided into five groups: Accessibility, Availability, Quality,
Traffic and Active test failures.


Apply time intervals – You can limit the time of day, from which the measurements are
included. F.ex. set time interval to 7:00 - 18:00 to ignore the results from night time.
Scale Y-axis – You can set the minimum and maximum values of the y-axis to be the
same in all of the charts.
Active controls in the tab pane
Selections in other panes affect KPI lists and other elements in the tab pane.
The Most used selection will use preselected KPIs for performance reports.
The Network KPIs are grouped in to separate selectable sub-groups. Check-boxes are available
to select the sub-group. Both top-horizontal and vertical check-boxes control the same set of
KPIs. Even when the horizontal selection limits the number of KPIs, the user benefits from the
vertical control as well.
“Expand all” is there to show all KPIs at once.
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
7 NETWORK PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
8 Radio congestion
15
Radio congestion view shows the most recent channel usage information for the Eye coverage
area. The channel information is presented for both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz frequencies. Graphs
may be displayed separately for each antenna on as an average of all antennas.
The radio graph presents average signal level results and theoretical signal bandwidth in order
to see possible overlapping issues. The table below the graph presents line color, BSSID and
radio MAC information.
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
8 RADIO CONGESTION
9 Client performance Indicators
16
The Client tab contains charts that indicate network functionality and the network quality as
experienced by the user.
Client statistics are e.g. signal level, SNR, client retransmissions or frame sizes.
You can view the results by user (i.e. by clientAP) by choosing the Client level from the
Topology view. The clients will be shown only from selected access points and from selected
time period. The client list have client MAC address, client device radio interface vendor name,
MAC alias (can be set with Sapphire GUI), user (can be set with Sapphire GUI), description (can
be set with Sapphire GUI) and sample count.
The number of shown clients can be limited with sample count value. Filter button is for
displaying the clients from selected access points and time period only.
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
9 CLIENT PERFORMANCE INDICATORS
10 Data rate Codec Indicators
17
This view displays the distribution of radio codecs used during the active tests. The codec used
indicates the data transfer rate (Mbps). The use of small codecs is a sign of
interference/functionality problems in the radio network. In a properly functioning network,
the maximum data transfer rate is used almost continuously.
When the Active test measurement type is used, the picture displays the codecs of each access
point selected in the Topology view. When the Monitor test measurement type is used, the
picture displays the codecs for each client selected in the client list.
You can view a summary or a chronological distribution of the codecs. In the summary, the
codecs are aggregated as an average over the time span entered in the top bar.
10.1 Codec and channel history
Loupe provides an alternative view on codecs i.e. bitrates used by access points. This view is
not based on a single active test but events that affect bitrates and channels used by the
managed access points are stored in the database and thus available to Loupe.
The topology-tree provides the history by right-click pop-up menu on access point icons. The
change history is the last item in the pop-up window. Alternatively the Info tab has the a link
called “Show AP history” among other access point information. By following the link the
change history is available.
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
10 DATA RATE CODEC INDICATORS
11 Spectrum
18
Loupe displays the spectrum analysis results from the chosen time span.
In all of the spectrum charts, the swept frequency band lays on the x-axis. The band
constitutes of the 256 WLAN subcarrier channels that are mapped to frequencies and WLAN
channels, as described in below table:
Subcarrier
Frequency
36
2.412
51
2.417
66
2.422
81
2.427
96
2.432
111
2.437
126
2.442
141
2.447
156
2.452
171
2.457
186
2.462
201
2.467
216
2.472
Channel
10
11
12
13
11.1 Over period chart
Loupe displays the spectrum analysis results from the chosen time span to assist you in
continuous monitoring. In the “over period chart”, the signal level is plotted on the y- axis, and
each antenna is represented by an individual chart. The swept frequency band is on the x axis.
If you select several Eyes, the results will be displayed individually for each Eye. To help to plot
signal levels to the actual WLAN channels (1-13), you can activate the “Add arcs for channels”checkbox. This selection adds parabolic lines to the chart to show the location of the selected
channel numbers.
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
11 SPECTRUM
11 Spectrum
19
Time-axis chart plots the measurement time to the y-axis. Each antenna is represented by an
individual time-axis chart. If you select several Eyes, the results will be displayed individually
for each Eye.
The show time-axis table – button will open more detailed spectrum results based on the
selected time period and averaging time. The number of rows can be selected by adding value
to the box above to table. This example has averaging time 1min and number of rows 10,
which gives results from 10min period.
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
11.2 Time-axis chart
12 Top
This view displays the best and/or worst performing BSSIDs based on the selected KPIs. The
default TOP selections will display e.g. beacon availability and average throughput.
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
12 TOP
20
13 Alarms
This view lists the alarms activated by Sapphire. Alarms are handled in Sapphire Carat. Loupe
offers an alternative view and reporting functionality.
Alarms can be seen by access point and filter by status and severity.
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
13 ALARMS
21
14 Info
22
Info view presents detailed information about the network elements.
The info results can be generated automatically based on the topology tree selections or user
can use topology selections from the settings pane.
Info view shows e.g. access point authentication methods, supported bit rates, beacon
intervals, 802.11n HT capabilities etc. It also gives changed history data of the changed access
point settings.
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
14 INFO
15 Report
23
Report view is for generating pre-defined reports. In this version there is “Radio Environment”
report. The purpose of radio environment report is to show environment statistics from the
selected area.
Radio Environment report includes basic element info, number of SSID-AP-pairs, signal levels,
SNR, channel usage, channel noise and spectrum results. All the reports include also short
explanation of the graph results.
Report can be exported also to pdf or csv format.
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
15 REPORT
16 How To Troubleshoot Using Loupe
24
16.1 Typical pattern
A typical troubleshooting workflow is as follows:
1. When logging in, you discover that there is an unusually large amount of failed wireless
connection availability tests (AC001).
2. Go to the SLA tab and choose the access point or network where the issue has occurred.
From the pull-down menu, choose the last 7 days as the time span and set the averaging
period to 1 hour. These settings bring out the times of the failed tests in more detail.
3. Go to the Network tab, set the time span to cover the problematic times detected in step
2, and use 1-hour averaging. Select the KPIs. The problem with the wireless connection
availability in this example is commonly caused by the following factors:
a. Increased load in the wireless network
i. TR003 (Client count per AP)
b. Changes in the interference levels
i. QURS002 (AP signal level at Eye)
ii. QURS003 (AP signal to noise ratio at Eye)
Additional factors can be:
c. Authentication or DHCP problems in a wired network
i. QURT004 (Ping RTT)
16.2 Troubleshooting: Use Cases
16.2.1 Accessibility Problem
The "AP attach success rate" presents both radio attaching and authentication success rate.
 Wireless or fixed network problem?
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
16 HOW TO TROUBLESHOOT USING LOUPE
16 How To Troubleshoot Using Loupe
25
KPI ID
AV001
Name
AP beacon availability
QURS002
AP signal level at Eye
QURS003
AP SNR at Eye
AV010
AP Channel information
QURS004
AP retransmission rate
TR003
QURS001
Client count per AP
Channel noise level at Eye
and Spectrum-view
Description
The beacon availability presents if AP has been
active and achievable
The measured AP signal level and SNR presents
the radio environment variations
The measured AP signal level and SNR presents
the radio environment variations
The AP channel KPI presents the possible radio
channel changes of managed and neighbor APs
The AP retransmission rate presents the
possible radio problems between AP and
Clients
The AP Client count presents radio load issues
The channel noise level together with
Spectrum-view presents possible interference
issues and locations
AP beacon availability (AV001)
The beacon availability presents if AP has been active and achievable
 AP radio transmission has been active
AP SNR at Eye (QURS003)
The measured AP signal level and SNR indicate variations in the radio environment
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
Check also these KPIs:
16 How To Troubleshoot Using Loupe
26
7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
 The SNR declines dramatically during the night-time
 Wireless problem; Location and source ?
The signal levels of neighbor APs (QURS002)
The measured AP signal level and SNR indicate variations in the radio environment
Channel noise level / Antenna (QURS001)
The channel noise level together with Spectrum-view indicates possible interference issues
and locations.
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16 How To Troubleshoot Using Loupe
27
7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
Channel noise level / Antenna 6, channels 1-6 (QURS001)
The channel noise level together with Spectrum-view indicates possible interference issues
and locations.
Spectrum-view / Antenna 6 (QURS001)
The channel noise level together with Spectrum-view indicates possible interference issues
and locations.
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16 How To Troubleshoot Using Loupe
28
7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
Case 1 summary
The attach success rate declination is also visible in other test results.
Attach times increase, the IP retrieval success rate declines, the FTP and VoIP test success rate
declines etc.
The strong SNR declination and noise level increase indicates wireless problems.
The problem is caused by strong interference which is active during the night-times. The
interference has a strong impact on Wi-Fi channels 1-6. The interference source is in Eye
antenna direction 6.
 The extensive, strong and continuous interference is caused by FM-modulation
wireless observation system in 2.4GHz Wi-Fi band.
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16 How To Troubleshoot Using Loupe
29
The network SLA table shows the performance situation of the selected APs.
The table presents downlink performance problems during the working days.
 Wireless or fixed network problem?
Check also these KPIs:
KPI ID / tab
TP/SNR
QUAP005
Name
FTP DL throughput
variation as a function
of SNR
VoIP MOS downlink
(listen)
QUAP015
VoIP MOS packet loss
QURT004
Ping RTT
QUAP001
FTP DL throughput
QUIP005
FTP DL packet size
QURS002
AP signal level at Eye
QURS003
AP SNR at Eye
Description
The TP/SNR KPI presents if wireless and/or wired
side conditions change repeatedly
The VoIP MOS KPI presents detailed information
about VoIP MOS variation in the network. With 2
or more Sonar setup the VoIP MOS performance
can be observed in wireless and wired side.
The VoIP packet loss KPI presents the network
packet loss situation
The round trip time presents the e2e connection
delay variation
The FTP DL throughput KPI presents detailed
information about throughput variation in the
network. With 2 or more Sonar setup the
throughput problem can be limit to wireless /
wired side.
The radio packet size KPI presents the possible
packet size variation in the radio interface
The measured AP signal level and SNR presents
the radio environment variations
The measured AP signal level and SNR presents
the radio environment variations
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
16.2.2 Downlink Performance Problem
16 How To Troubleshoot Using Loupe
Data rates
Client detailed
statistics
DL codec distribution
TR003
Client count per AP
E.g. Client retransmission rate and client packet
size presents also the end-user performance
The data rates codec distribution KPI presents the
downlink codec usage in the active tests
The AP Client count presents radio load issues
FTP DL throughput / SNR (TP/SNR)
The TP/SNR KPI can be used to determine if wireless and/or wired side conditions change
repeatedly.
DL codec distribution (Data rates)
The data rates codec distribution KPI presents the downlink codec usage in the active tests
FTP DL packet size (QUIP005)
The radio packet size KPI presents the possible packet size variation in the radio interface.
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
Client
30
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
Client count per AP (TR003)
The AP Client count presents radio load issues
Case 2 Summary
The downlink performance declines during the working days:
 FTP downlink throughput is at a very low level
 VoIP MOS downlink is not in an acceptable level
 Ping round trip time is occasionally very high (>200ms)
The radio KPIs (data rate codecs, SNR, packet size, client count) demonstrate that the downlink
performance problem is not in the wireless interface.
The maximum e2e connection between Eye and Sonar end-point is only 1.8 Mbit/s.
 The fixed interface load is too high during working days
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16 How To Troubleshoot Using Loupe
32
The network SLA table shows the performance situation of the selected APs.
The table presents downlink & uplink performance problems during the measurement period.
 Wireless or fixed network problem?
Check also these KPIs:
KPI ID / tab
TP/SNR
Name
FTP DL throughput variation as a function
of SNR
AV010
AP Channel information
QURS001
Channel noise level at Eye and Spectrumview
QURS004
AP retransmission rate
Description
The TP/SNR KPI presents if
wireless and/or wired side
conditions change
repeatedly.
The AP channel KPI presents
the possible radio channel
changes of managed and
neighbor APs.
The channel noise level
together with Spectrum-view
presents possible
interference issues and
locations
The AP retransmission rate
presents the possible radio
problems between AP and
Clients
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
16.2.3 Downlink And Uplink Performance Problem
16 How To Troubleshoot Using Loupe
VoIP MOS downlink (listen)
VoIP MOS uplink (talk)
QUAP015
VoIP MOS packet loss
QUAP001
QUAP002
FTP DL throughput
FTP UL throughput
QUIP005
QUIP006
FTP DL packet size
FTP UL packet size
QURS002
QURS003
Client
AP signal level at Eye
AP SNR at Eye
Client detailed statistics
Data rates
DL & UL codec distribution
TR003
Client count per AP
The VoIP MOS KPI presents
detailed information about
VoIP MOS variation in the
network. With 2 or more
Sonar setup the VoIP MOS
performance can be
observed in wireless and
wired side.
The VoIP packet loss KPI
presents the network packet
loss situation.
The FTP throughput KPI
presents detailed
information about
throughput variation in the
network. With 2 or more
Sonar setup the throughput
problem can be limit to
wireless / wired side.
The radio packet size KPI
presents the possible packet
size variation in the radio
interface.
The measured AP signal level
and SNR presents the radio
environment variations
E.g. Client retransmission
rate and client packet size
presents also the end-user
performance.
The data rates codec
distribution KPI presents the
downlink codec usage in the
active tests.
The AP Client count presents
radio load issues.
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
QUAP005
QUAP006
33
16 How To Troubleshoot Using Loupe
The TP/SNR KPI can be used to determine if wireless and/or wired side conditions change
repeatedly.
AP Channel information (AV010)
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
FTP DL throughput / SNR (TP/SNR)
34
16 How To Troubleshoot Using Loupe
QUIP005 - FTP DL packet size
The FTP DL packet size is changing between 100 and1500 bytes.
FTP UL packet size (QUIP006)
The FTP DL packet size is changing between 80 and 1500 bytes.
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
AP Channel information (AV010)
35
16 How To Troubleshoot Using Loupe
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
Client detailed statistics (Client)
E.g. Client retransmission rate and client packet size presents also the end-user performance.
Summary
The end-user downlink performance problems are caused by other Wi-Fi APs. All the APs are
changing radio channel automatically, trying to avoid interference caused by using the same
channels.
The uplink performance problems are caused by high AP interference.
The packet sizes and used data rate codecs vary a lot because of radio interference.
The end-user retransmission rate is high and the data rate codecs vary considerably.
7signal Ltd, Panuntie 6, FI-00620 HELSINKI, FINLAND, +358 40 777 7611, info@7signal.com, www.7signal.com
17 KPI Glossary
37
KPI ID
Name
Availability
Description
Unit
Access point beacon availability
Measures beacon signal transmission
from each monitored AP. The KPI is the
relative amount of received and expected
beacons.
AV002
Internet connection availability
Measures internet connection availability
between a predefined server (Sonar) and
an Eye. The Eye pings (32B) the target
server three times. If all pings are
successful, internet is available. Otherwise
internet service is not available.
AV004
Number of available APs
Number of APs that have sent a beacon in
the selected area.Number of APs that have
sent a beacon in the selected area.
AV001
Measures beacon signal transmission from
each monitored managed AP. The KPI is the
relative amount of received and expected
beacons. The test is called
SCAN_MANAGED. Results from
SCAN_RADIO-tests are ignored
Measures beacon signal transmission from
all heard APs. The KPI is the relative
amount of received and expected beacons.
The scan is called SCAN_RADIO. Results
from SCAN_MANAGED are ignored
AV008
Beacon availability in managed
AP scan
AV009
Access point beacon availability
in global AP scan
AV010
Channel number average of
selected element
Channel number average of selected
element
Channel congestion
Channel number of an AP as a function of
signal strength. Presents channel
congestion information over selected time
period
Radio resource accessibility
Measures radio resource reservation
success rate. During the test, Eye attempts
to associate with the monitored AP. KPI is
calculated as the number of successful
associations divided by the number of all
the association attempts.
AV011
Accessability
AC001
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
17 KPI GLOSSARY
17 KPI Glossary
38
AC004
Radio attach time
Time between Eye starts radio attach to
an AP, and attach complete. Time between
Eye starts radio attach to an AP, and attach
complete.
Ms
AC005
IP address retrieval time
AC006
Authentication success rate
AC007
Radio authentication time
AC008
Association success rate
AC009
Radio association time
RE001
FTP download success rate
Measures FTP download completion rate.
RE002
FTP upload success rate
Measures FTP upload completion rate.
AC002
Time between Eye requests an IP
address, and IP address retrieved.
The KPI is calculated as the amount of
successful authentications divided by all
the requests by Eye
Time it takes to authenticate to the Access
Point
The KPI is calculated as the amount of
successful associations divided by all the
requests by Eye.
Time it takes to associate to the Access
Point
Measures the successful completion rate of
all FTP tests. Combines download and
upload tests
Measures the successful completion rate of
VoIP tests. Combines download and upload
tests
Measures VoIP (MOS) download
completion rate.
Ms
7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
IP address retrieval success rate
Measures DHCP success rate. The KPI is
calculated as the amount of successful IP
address retrievals divided by all the
requests by Eye.
ms
ms
RE004
FTP test success rate
RE005
VoIP test success rate
RE011
VoIP download test success rate
RE012
VoIP upload test success rate
Measures VoIP (MOS) upload completion
rate.
FTP downlink throughput
Measures downlink throughput in an
FTP file transfer. Measures downlink
throughput in an FTP file transfer.
Mbit/s
QUAP002
FTP uplink throughput
Measures uplink throughput in an
FTP file transfer. Measures uplink
throughput in an FTP file transfer.
Mbit/s
QUAP005
Listening voice quality (MOS),
downlink
MOS (Mean Opinion Score) value of a VoIP
downlink test.
MOS
QUAP006
Listening voice quality (MOS),
uplink
MOS (Mean Opinion Score) value of a VoIP
uplink test.
MOS
Quality
QUAP001
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17 KPI Glossary
39
7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
Measures downlink throughput in an HTTP
document transfer. The test measures both
the time of the transfer and the size of the
document, from which the throughput in
Mbit/s is calculated.Measures downlink
throughput in an HTTP document transfer.
The test measures both the time of the
transfer and the size of the document, from
which the throughput in Mbit/s is
calculated.
Measured throughput divided by the
theoretical maximum throughput that is a
function of measured SNR.
QUAP007
HTTP downlink throughput
QUAP011
FTP downlink throughput of E2E
maximum
QUAP012
FTP uplink throughput of E2E
maximum
Measured throughput divided by the
theoretical maximum throughput that is a
function of measured SNR.
QUAP013
Jitter in VoIP test
The variation of delay (jitter) during a VoIP
test.
ms
QUAP015
Packet loss, VoIP test
Packet loss during a VoIP test.
QUAP016
Requested QoS category in FTP
tes
Requested QoS category in an FTP test. The
QoS categories are defined by the IEEE
802.11e amendment.
QUAP019
Average of used QoS categories
in FTP
The average of all the used QoS-categories
during FTP transfer tests.
QUAP022
Average of requested QoS
category in VoIP
The average of all the requested QoScategories for VoIP test.
Average of used QoS categories
in VoIP
The average of all the used QoS-categories
during VoIP tests.
QUAP028
Average of requested QoS
category in HTTP
The average of all the requested QoScategories for HTTP transfer test.
QUAP031
Average of used QoS categories
in HTTP
The average of all the used QoS-categories
during HTTP transfer tests.
QUAP032
TCP connection time
Time in which TCP connection between Eye
and Sonar has been established.
us
WLAN radio frame size, FTP
downlink
RF frame size distribution in FTP downlink
transfer test. If possible, WLAN devices try
to use the maximum transmission unit. Due
to radio interference, WLAN devices might
reduce the frame size, which leads to
relatively larger frame overhead, and
eventually to lower data throughput. Note
that this indicator measures the size of the
data link layer frame, which is defined by
IEEE 802.11, thus, this indicator doesn't
measure the size of TCP/IP packets.
byte(s)
QUAP025
QUIP005
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Mbit/s
17 KPI Glossary
40
7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
RF frame size distribution in FTP uplink
transfer test. If possible, WLAN devices try
to use the maximum transmission unit. Due
to radio interference, WLAN devices might
reduce the frame size, which leads to
relatively larger frame overhead, and
eventually to lower data throughput. Note
that this value is the size of the data link
layer frame, which is defined by IEEE
802.11, thus, this indicator doesn't indicate
the size of TCP/IP packets.
RF frame size distribution in HTTP downlink
transfer test. If possible, WLAN devices try
to use the maximum transmission unit. Due
to radio interference, WLAN devices might
reduce the frame size, which leads to
relatively larger frame overhead, and
eventually to lower data throughput. Note
that this value is the size of the data link
layer frame, which is defined by IEEE
802.11, thus, this indicator doesn't indicate
the size of TCP/IP packets.
QUIP006
WLAN radio frame size, FTP
uplink
QUIP013
WLAN radio frame size, HTTP
downlink
QURS001
Channel noise level at Eye
RF noise level in dBm, measured by Eye.
dBm
QURS002
Managed AP signal level at Eye
Measures the AP transmitted power level
of radio signal from the Eye point of view.
dBm
AP signal to noise ratio (SNR) at
Eye
Measures the AP transmitted power level
of radio signal relative to the power level of
noise received by an Eye. Measures the AP
transmitted power level of radio signal
relative to the power level of noise
received by an Eye.
dB
QURS004
AP radio retransmission rate
Number of retransmitted frames divided by
the number of all the frames sent to
downlink by an AP.
QURS009
Global AP signal level at Eye
Measures the AP transmitted power level
of radio signal from the Eye point of view.
dBm
Eye-AP signal level in FTP DL
Signal power level between AP and Eye,
during an FTP download test. Signal power
level between AP and Eye, during an FTP
download test.
dBm
QURS003
QURS026
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byte(s)
byte(s)
17 KPI Glossary
41
Eye-AP signal level in FTP UL
QURS028
Eye-AP SNR in FTP DL
dBm
dB
QURS029
Eye-AP SNR in FTP UL
Signal to noise ratio between AP and Eye,
during an FTP upload test. Signal to noise
ratio between AP and Eye, during an FTP
upload test.
QURS030
Channel noise during FTP DL
Measures the average channel noise on
the channel where the FTP download test is
done. Calculated as Signal level minus SNR.
dBm
QURS031
Channel noise during FTP UL
Measures the average channel noise on
the channel where the FTP upload test is
done. Calculated as Signal level minus SNR.
dBm
Retransmissions in FTP test
Measures the round trip time between an
Eye and a Sonar server. The test pings a
server N times with zero wait time between
the pings. The default ping packet size is 32
kilobytes. The default ping count N is 10.
ms
QURT004
32B active RTT
Measures the round trip time between Eye
and Sonar server. The test uses a serie of
pings to ping server 20 times with zero wait
time between the pings. The calculation is
done internally in Eye and the output of the
test is average, 95% percentile, max and
min values of RTT. The objective is to
measure the ping quality, not ping
availability.
ms
QURT007
Ping success rate
Number of successful pings divided by the
total amount of ping attempts.
AP uplink throughput
Measures the amount of uplink data
transmitted to an AP during a
measurement period. During the test, an
Eye listens traffic for 15 sec per each
managed access point.
Kbit/s
QURS032
dB
Volume
TR001
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
QURS027
Signal power level between AP and Eye,
during an FTP upload tes.t Signal power
level between AP and Eye, during an FTP
upload tes.t
Signal to noise ratio between AP and Eye,
during an FTP download test. Signal to
noise ratio between AP and Eye, during an
FTP download test.
17 KPI Glossary
42
TR002
AP downlink throughput
Kbit/s
TR003
Number of clients per AP
TR015
AP packet size
Measures the IEEE802.11 frame sizes
during a monitoring per AP.
byte
TR0018
Average QoS category in AP
traffic monitor
The average of all the used QoS-categories
during AP traffic monitoring.
QURS005
Client signal level at Eye
Measures the signal power level of clients
from the Eye point of view. Measures the
signal power level of clients from the Eye
point of view.
dBm
QURS006
Client signal to noise ratio (SNR)
at Eye
Measures the signal to noise ratio of clients
from the Eye point of view. Measures the
signal to noise ratio of clients from the Eye
point of view.
dB
Client radio retransmission rate
Number of retransmitted frames divided by
the number of all the frames sent to an AP
uplink by a client. Number of retransmitted
frames divided by the number of all the
frames sent to an AP uplink by a client.
Client
QURS007
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
Measures the amount of downlink data
transmitted by an AP during a
measurement period. During the test, an
Eye listens traffic for 15 sec per each
managed access point. Measures the
amount of downlink data transmitted by an
AP during a measurement period. During
the test, an Eye listens traffic for 15 sec per
each managed access point.
Measures the number of concurrent clients
using the specified AP during the test. This
KPI is measured concurrently with the
TRV001 AP uplink throughput. Measures
the number of concurrent clients using the
specified AP during the test. This KPI is
measured concurrently with the TRV001 AP
uplink throughput.
17 KPI Glossary
43
Client data uplink rate
TRO12
Client uplink data
Measures the amount of uplink data
transmitted by a client.
Kbit/s
TRO13
Client-downlind data
Measures the amount of downlink data
transmitted to a client.
Kbit/s
TR014
Client frame size
Measures the IEEE802.11 frame sizes
during a monitoring per client.
byte
TR0019
Average QoS category in client
traffic monitor
The average of all the used QoS-categories
during client monitoring.
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7signal Sapphire Loupe User Guide Release 3.1
QURS008
Traffic balance between Client-transmitter
(uplink) and AP-transmitter (downlink). If
value is 100%, then all traffic has been
uplink (from Client to AP). If value is 0%,
then all traffic has been downlink. If value
is null, then there has been no traffic in
either direction. Traffic balance between
Client-transmitter (uplink) and APtransmitter (downlink). If value is 100%,
then all traffic has been uplink (from Client
to AP). If value is 0%, then all traffic has
been downlink. If value is null, then there
has been no traffic in either direction.

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