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The Brief Pain Inventory

User Guide

Charles S. Cleeland, PhD

ii

Copyright and Terms of Use

The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) copyright is held by

Dr. Charles S. Cleeland (1991). The copyright

applies to the BPI and all its derivatives in any

language.

The BPI may not be used or reproduced without

permission from Charles S. Cleeland, PhD, or his

designee. Fees for use may apply.

The BPI may not be modified or translated into

another language without the express written

consent of the copyright holder. Failure to

comply may result in legal action. Permission to

alter or translate the instrument may be obtained

by contacting Dr. Charles S. Cleeland either by

e-mail at symptomresearch@mdanderson.org or

by mail at:

Charles S. Cleeland, PhD

Professor and Chair, Department of

Symptom Research

The University of Texas M. D. Anderson

Cancer Center

1515 Holcombe Boulevard, Unit 1450

Houston, Texas 77030

Visit www.mdanderson.org/departments/prg >

Assessment Tools > Brief Pain Inventory for more

information.

© 2009 Charles S. Cleeland

All rights reserved

i

Table of Contents

Chapter 1................................................................. 1

Development of the Brief Pain Inventory ..............1

Background........................................................ 1

Developing a Measurement Model and Items 2

Test Construction Standards......................... 3

Measurement Conceptualization: Multiple

Dimensions of Pain........................................ 3

Early Version: The Wisconsin Brief Pain

Questionnaire..................................................... 5

The Brief Pain Inventory...................................... 6

Scoring the Brief Pain Inventory as an

Outcome Measure....................................... 7

Psychometric Properties of the Brief Pain

Inventory........................................................ 8

References........................................................11

Chapter 2................................................................15

BPI References: Use of the BPI in Various Studies 15

Cancer Bone Pain.............................................16

Cancer Epidemiology ......................................20

Cancer Pain......................................................21

Depressive Disorders.........................................31

Fabry Disease....................................................32

Fibromyalgia......................................................33

HIV/AIDS ............................................................34

Minority Studies..................................................35

Neuromuscular Pain..........................................36

Neuropathic Pain..............................................40

Osteoarthritis and Other Joint Diseases...........42

Psychosocial Studies.........................................45

Surgical and Procedural Pain...........................46

Validation Studies.............................................49

Language Translations......................................58

Methods Papers................................................59

ii

1

Chapter 1

Development of the Brief Pain

Inventory

The Brief Pain Inventory (BPI) has become one of

the most widely used measurement tools for

assessing clinical pain. The BPI allows patients to

rate the severity of their pain and the degree to

which their pain interferes with common

dimensions of feeling and function. Initially

developed to assess pain related to cancer, the

BPI has been shown to be an appropriate

measure for pain caused by a wide range of

clinical conditions. The BPI has been used in

hundreds of studies. In some ways, the BPI is a

“legacy” instrument— a self-report measure that

has, over time, become a standard for the

assessment of pain and its impact.

Background

In the late 1970s, it became increasingly evident

that patients with cancer, especially the later

stages of the disease, experienced

incapacitating pain that was often poorly

controlled. A constellation of events— the

publishing of opinion pieces by prominent

persons with cancer pain, the increasing

advocacy of pain professionals and

organizations for better cancer pain

management, a growing awareness of the

problem by national and international policy

groups, and the simple recognition that pain

often could be controlled—created the climate

for a sustained effort to improve pain

management for those with cancer.

2

A first step in this effort was to document the extent of poor pain

management. The National Cancer Institute (NCI) and the Cancer

Unit of the World Health Organization (WHO) wanted

measurement instruments that would better capture the severity

and impact of cancer pain and measure improvement in pain

after changes in analgesic practice or implementation of new

pain treatments. These instruments also needed to function well in

large-scale national and international studies of the epidemiology

of cancer pain.

With grant support from both the NCI and the WHO, the Pain

Research Group at the University of Wisconsin Medical School-

Madison, under the direction of Charles S. Cleeland, PhD,

undertook a program to test and develop self-report measures of

cancer pain and to apply them to studies of pain and its

treatment in the United States and internationally. The Pain

Research Group, now the Department of Symptom Research at

The University of Texas M. D. Anderson Cancer Center, was also the

WHO Collaborating Center for Symptom Research in Cancer.

Developing a Measurement Model and Items

Several existing pain measures (such as the McGill Pain

Questionnaire; Melzack, 1975) were field-tested in interviews with

cancer patients who had pain (N=50). Almost all of these

measures had been designed to assess pain in patients with

nonmalignant disease. The patients reported that the measures

were too complex and too long, making them excessively

burdensome for patients with high levels of pain. Patients also

noted that the existing instruments included items not relevant to

cancer patients and sometimes required responses that patients

felt were ambiguous (Cleeland, 1984). Patients were also asked

what questions they felt were the most important for

communicating their experience of pain. The results of this study

made clear that a new measurement instrument was needed.

The Pain Research Group planned a program to develop such an

instrument. The aims were to have a scale that: (a) would take

only a short time to complete; (b) would be easy for patients to

understand; (c) could be self-administered for literate patients, or

be completed by interview for illiterate or low-literacy patients; (d)

3

would be easily translated for non-English-speaking patients; and

(e) would capture not only pain severity, but also the perception

of how pain interfered with daily life.

Test Construction Standards

As a guide to scale construction, we used then-current

psychometric standards found in the Standards for Educational

and Psychological Tests published by the American Psychological

Association, American Educational Research Association, and the

National Council on Measurement in Education (1974). These

standards included common elements of test validity (content,

criterion, and construct) and reliability (internal consistency and

test-retest). These standards had not been systematically applied

in the development of the existing pain report scales.

Measurement Conceptualization: Multiple Dimensions of Pain

That pain is multidimensional was made clear during our patient

interviews: patients reported that an adequate representation of

pain required more than one simple measure of pain intensity.

Melzack and Casey (1968) suggested that, based on the

underlying neurophysiological mechanisms of pain, pain

assessment should include three dimensions: sensory-

discriminative, motivational-affective, and cognitive-evaluative.

This approach to self-report measurement relied on three distinct

patterns of responses to the words that patients used to describe

their pain. However, the patients we interviewed had difficulty

discriminating between the motivational-affective and cognitive-

evaluative dimensions (Cleeland, 1989; Cleeland, 1990).

More commonly, researchers have found that two dimensions of

pain self-report account for most of the variability in the way

patients describe pain. Beecher (1959) called these dimensions

“pain” and “reaction to pain”; Clark and Yang (1983) called them

“sensory-discriminative” and “attitudinal.” Following Beecher, we

called these dimensions “sensory” and “reactive” (Cleeland,

1989).

Accordingly, our new questionnaire was developed to include

items that reported the “sensory” dimension of pain (intensity, or

severity) and the “reactive” dimension of pain (interference with

4

daily function). We constructed four items to capture the variability

of pain over time: pain at its “worst,” “least,” “average,” and

“now” (current pain). On the basis of patient interviews from

additional field testing, we chose seven items that measured how

much pain interfered with various daily activities, including general

activity, walking, work, mood, enjoyment of life, relations with

others, and sleep. Two subdimensions of pain interference were

proposed: an affective subdimension (REM: relations with others,

enjoyment of life, and mood) and an activity subdimension (WAW:

walking, general activity, and work). The appropriate

categorization of sleep within these two subdimensions was

unclear.

A graphic representation of the conceptual framework for our

measurement model is shown below. The model conforms to the

U.S. Food and Drug Administration’s Draft Guidance for Industry,

Patient-reported Outcome Measures: Use in Medical Product

Development to Support Labeling Claims (Food and Drug

Administration, 2006).

REM

WAW

Interference

Pain Severity

Working

General Activity

Walking

Mood

Enjoyment of Life

Relations with Others

Pain Now

Average Pain

Least Pain

Worst Pain

Patient Pain Experience

Sleep?

CONSTRUCTS ITEMS

5

Early Version: The Wisconsin Brief Pain Questionnaire

The first version of our pain measure was the Wisconsin Brief Pain

Questionnaire (BPQ; Daut & Cleeland, 1982; Daut, Cleeland, &

Flanery, 1983). In the initial phase of scale development, 667

patients with cancer and 32 patients with rheumatoid arthritis were

administered a three-page questionnaire and interviewed about

the basic parameters of their pain (Daut et al., 1982). Patients who

had experienced pain in the last month were asked to rate their

pain intensity at its “worst,” “average,” and “now” and to rate the

extent to which pain had interfered with activity and enjoyment of

life. Patients were also asked to mark their pain location(s) on

front/back body diagrams and to describe their perception of the

cause of pain, the types of pain treatment they were receiving,

and the amount of relief provided by their treatment. Patients

were also asked to describe the quality of their pain by choosing

words among a list of verbal descriptors derived from the McGill

Pain Questionnaire (Melzack, 1975).

The design of the four-page BPQ was based on this initial

questionnaire. In the BPQ, a 0–10 numerical rating scale was used

to measure three pain severity items: “worst” in the past month,

“average,” and “now,” where 0=no pain and 10=pain as bad as

you can imagine. The interference items were measured using a

five-option verbal descriptor scale, with ratings of 0=not at all, 1=a

little bit, 2=moderately, 3=quite a bit, and 4=extremely. The recall

period for both severity and interference scales was “in the last

week.” The BPQ also retained the body diagram from the initial

questionnaire, along with word descriptors of pain quality and

questions about types and effectiveness of pain treatment, the

patient’s perception of the cause of pain, and certain

demographic information.

A second study (Daut et al., 1983) investigated the psychometric

properties of the BPQ. This set of analyses was based on BPQ data

obtained from more than 1200 patients with cancer at The

University of Wisconsin Cancer Center. To determine test-retest

characteristics of the BPQ, subsamples of patients completed the

BPQ on two or more occasions. For comparison with other disease

sites, a sample of patients with pain from rheumatoid arthritis was

also surveyed.

6

Most of the patients were able to complete the BPQ by

themselves with little or no instruction; others were interviewed to

complete the questionnaire. A subset 25 patients completed both

an interview-administered and self-administered version of the

survey in counterbalanced order. We found little difference in

ratings due to mode of administration. As expected, test-retest

reliability varied by item. Short (days) test-retest reliability was 0.93

for “worst pain,” but only 0.59 for “pain now.” Preliminary

exploration found that patient-reported pain severity and

interference were directly associated with the use of opioid

analgesics and the severity of disease.

The Brief Pain Inventory

The next iteration of our pain measure was the long form of the

Brief Pain Inventory (BPI; Cleeland, 1989; Cleeland, 1990; Cleeland,

1991; Cleeland & Ryan, 1994). In this new instrument, we added

the item “least pain” to the severity items and dropped the

categorical rating scale for the interference items, in response to

patient preference. The interference items were now presented

with 0–10 scales, with 0=no interference and 10=interferes

completely. The initial version of the BPI used a recall period of one

week for both pain severity and pain interference ratings, included

questions about medication use, and asked the patient to check

potential pain quality descriptors that may describe their pain. The

BPI long form also asked questions about the percentage and

duration of pain relief and nonmedical methods used to relieve

pain.

This version of the BPI proved to be too lengthy for repeated use in

clinical monitoring or as a repeated measure in research. As a

result, we developed a shorter version of the BPI. This version of the

BPI retained the front and back body diagrams, the four pain

severity items and seven pain interference items rated on 0–10

scales, and the question about percentage of pain relief by

analgesics. The most important difference between the longer

and shorter versions of the BPI is that the latter uses a 24-hour recall

period.

Whereas the BPI long form is still used as a baseline measure in

clinical trials, the shorter version has become the standard for use

7

in clinical and research applications. The short form is typically

what is referred to when the BPI is cited in research, and it is the

version we describe below. Most psychometric evaluations of the

BPI have been performed on the short form.

Scoring the Brief Pain Inventory as an Outcome Measure

A recent consensus panel recommended that the two domains

measured by the BPI— pain intensity (severity) and the impact of

pain on functioning (interference)— be included as outcomes in all

chronic-pain clinical trials (IMMPACT, Turk et al., 2003). The

IMMPACT panel (www.immpact.org) specifically identified the

interference items of the BPI, rated on a 0–10 scale, as one of the

two scales recommended for assessment of pain-related

functional impairment (Dworkin et al., 2005).

How to Score the BPI: Pain Severity

The BPI assesses pain at its “worst,” “least,” “average,” and “now”

(current pain). In clinical trials, the items “worst” and “average”

have each been used singly to represent pain severity. A

composite of the four pain items (a mean severity score) is

sometimes presented as supplemental information. The use of

these single items is supported by the IMMPACT recommendations

for assessing pain in clinical trials (Dworkin et al., 2005; Turk et al.,

2006; Dworkin et al., 2008) and by the FDA Draft Guidance for

Industry: Patient-Reported Outcome Measures (Food and Drug

Administration, 2006). However, the BPI’s developers recommend

that all four severity items be used, because the models for

validation of the BPI included all four items.

How to Score the BPI: Pain Interference

The BPI measures how much pain has interfered with seven daily

activities, including general activity, walking, work, mood,

enjoyment of life, relations with others, and sleep. BPI pain

interference is typically scored as the mean of the seven

interference items. This mean can be used if more than 50%, or

four of seven, of the total items have been completed on a given

administration.

8

We are exploring the utility of scoring the activity and affective

dimensions described above (WAW and REM, see diagram [link])

as arithmetic means of these sets of items.

How to Score the BPI: Other Items

The item, “Throughout our lives, most of us have had pain from

time to time (such as minor headaches, sprains, and toothaches).

Have you had pain other than these everyday kinds of pain

today?” is a YES/NO preliminary screening question at the

beginning of the BPI. This item is optional and we have not

evaluated its psychometric properties. The BPI also asks the patient

to indicate the percentage of relief provided by pain treatments

or medications, but we have not found this item to be very useful

in our studies.

Psychometric Properties of the Brief Pain Inventory

Dimensions of the BPI: Two-Factor Structure

Several approaches have explored the underlying dimensions of

the BPI. As described above, the BPI was designed to capture two

dimensions of pain: severity and interference. The BPI was also

intended to capture two components of interference— activity

and affect (emotions).

One of the first studies of the dimensions of the BPI compared the

factor structure of four language versions of the BPI used to assess

cancer pain in the United States, Mexico, the Philippines, and

Vietnam (Cleeland, 1990). Factor analysis was applied to the

matrix of intercorrelations of the item scores of each sample. For

each language version, the same two factors emerged with an

eigenvalue greater than 1: the first factor comprised the pain

interference items and the second factor comprised the pain

severity items. The similarity of the factor loading among the

language versions indicated that patients experiencing cancer

and pain, living in various countries and speaking various

languages, responded to the items in a similar fashion.

This two-factor structure was confirmed in a large national study

conducted in the U.S. by the Eastern Cooperative Oncology

Group. Outpatients (N= 1261) with recurrent or metastatic cancer

9

from 80 centers were enrolled in the study (Cleeland et al., 1994).

Factor analysis verified the two separate factors, pain severity and

interference, found in the previous study. Internal stability

(Cronbach alpha) was also examined in this study. Alphas showed

good internal consistency, ranging from 0.80 to 0.87 for the four

pain severity items and from 0.89 to 0.92 for the seven interference

items. Subsequent data from studies of cancer patients in many

countries and many languages have demonstrated high internal

consistency and the robust nature of these two dimensions of the

BPI.

Dimensions of the BPI: Multidimensional Scaling of Interference

We have also used multidimensional scaling (MDS) to examine the

dimensions of the BPI. We used a four-country sample with BPI

responses from patients with cancer and pain (Cleeland et al.,

1996). In this MDS analysis, we focused on only the interference

items of the survey. Our purpose was to explore potential linguistic

and cultural differences in the report of pain interference.

As we had hypothesized, two dimensions of the interference scale

were demonstrated. The first dimension consisted of patients’

ratings of pain’s interference with enjoyment of life, mood, and

relations with others (REM, the affective cluster of interference

items). A second dimension of interference ratings consisted of

patients’ ratings of pain’s interference with walking, general

activity, work, and sleep (WAW, the activity cluster of interference

items). Subsequent studies of additional language versions (Hindi in

Saxena, Mendoza, & Cleeland, 1999; Norwegian in Klepstad et al.,

2002) have shown a similar decomposition of the interference

items into the affective (REM) and activity (WAW) interference

subscales.

In summary, there is strong psychometric support for the

independent measurement of pain severity and interference in

the BPI. In addition, there is provisional evidence that the

interference items independently measure activity and affective

interference.

10

Test-Retest Reliability

Values from any measure should not differ significantly between

assessments. The underlying concept of a measure should not

change between assessments. This psychometric concept applies

to patient-report instruments and is examined by test-retest

reliability.

The test-retest reliability of the BPI has been studied in cancer

patients and other patients with pain. Initial short-term (1 day to 1

week) reliability for ratings of pain “worst” (0.93) and “usual” or

“average” pain (0.78) in patients with cancer was high, which

signals acceptable reliability. As expected, test-retest reliability for

pain “now” severity ratings were lower (0.59), because pain

intensity often changes over time (Daut et al., 1983).

Several more recent studies have found similar test-retest

coefficients for these items. For example, Radbruch et al. (1999)

examined test-retest coefficients in 109 outpatients in a German

pain clinic, with the retest occurring 30 to 60 minutes after the first

administration. Test-retest values were 0.98 for pain severity and

0.97 for pain interference. The individual item with the lowest

value, 0.78, was pain “least.”

Reliabilities have also been examined with daily administration of

the BPI. In patients with osteoarthritis (Mendoza et al., 2006), test-

retest reliabilities of pain severity (pain “worst,” “average,” and

“current”) between consecutive daily administration for a week

showed correlations ranging from 0.83 to 0.88. The test-retest

reliabilities for pain interference ranged from 0.83 to 0.93,

beginning at day 1 for the week.

In another study of patients who underwent coronary artery

bypass graft, the test-retest reliability coefficients for pain severity

ranged from 0.72 to 0.95 during assessment periods where

postsurgical pain declined in an expected direction (Mendoza et

al., 2004). Similarly, the test-retest reliability coefficients for pain

interference ranged from 0.81 to 0.93 during the same assessment

period.

11

Test-Retest Reliability and Alternate-Forms Reliability: the Hindi

Translation

Finally, one study combined an examination of both test-retest

reliability and alternate-forms reliability (Saxena et al., 1999). In this

study, 100 patients with cancer who spoke both English and Hindi

completed both language versions of the BPI on different days in a

counterbalanced design. In addition to reporting reliability based

on internal consistency, the study design allowed calculation of

the alternate-forms reliability of the BPI. Treating the Hindi and

English versions of the BPI as alternate test forms, the alternate-form

reliabilities of the interference and severity subscales were 0.88

and 0.95, respectively. These reliabilities demonstrated that the

Hindi and English versions could be substituted for one another in

assessing the severity of pain and its impact in bilingual patients.

These data also provided support for the high test-retest reliability

of the BPI.

In summary, the BPI is reliable to the extent that high test-retest

reliability and alternate-form reliability is demonstrated when pain

is stable or when pain changes in a predictable way.

References

American Psychological Association, American Educational

Research Association, National Council on Measurement in

Education. Standards for Educational and Psychological Tests.

Washington DC: 1974.

Cleeland CS. The impact of pain on the patient with cancer.

Cancer 54(11 Suppl): 2635-2641, 12/1984.

Cleeland CS. Measurement of pain by subjective report. In:

Chapman CR, Loeser JD, editors. Issues in Pain Measurement.

New York: Raven Press; pp. 391-403, 1989 Advances in Pain

Research and Therapy; Vol. 12.

Cleeland CS. Assessment of pain in cancer: measurement issues.

In: Foley KM, Bonica JJ, Ventafridda V, editors. Proceedings of

the Second International Congress on Cancer Pain. New York:

Raven Press; pp. 47-55, 1990 Advances in Pain Research and

Therapy; Vol. 16.

12

Cleeland CS. Pain assessment in cancer. In: Osoba D, editor. Effect

of Cancer on Quality of Life. Boca Raton: CRC Press, Inc.; pp.

293-305, 1991.

Cleeland CS, Gonin R, Hatfield AK, Edmonson JH, Blum RH, Stewart

JA, Pandya KJ. Pain and its treatment in outpatients with

metastatic cancer. N Engl J Med 330(9): 592-596, 3/1994.

Cleeland CS, Nakamura Y, Mendoza TR, Edwards KR, Douglas J,

Serlin RC. Dimensions of the impact of cancer pain in a four

country sample: new information from multidimensional

scaling. Pain 67(2-3): 267-273, 10/1996.

Cleeland CS, Ryan KM. Pain assessment: global use of the Brief

Pain Inventory. Ann Acad Med Singapore 23(2): 129-138,

3/1994.

Daut RL, Cleeland CS. The prevalence and severity of pain in

cancer. Cancer 50(9): 1913-1918, 11/1982.

Daut RL, Cleeland CS, Flanery RC. Development of the Wisconsin

Brief Pain Questionnaire to assess pain in cancer and other

diseases. Pain 17(2): 197-210, 10/1983.

Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Farrar JT, Haythornthwaite JA, Jensen MP,

Katz NP, Kerns RD, Stucki G, Allen RR, Bellamy N, Carr DB,

Chandler J, Cowan P, Dionne R, Galer BS, Hertz S, Jadad AR,

Kramer LD, Manning DC, Martin S, McCormick CG, McDermott

MP, McGrath P, Quessy S, Rappaport BA, Robbins W, Robinson

JP, Rothman M, Royal MA, Simon L, Stauffer JW, Stein W, Tollett

J, Wernicke J, Witter J. Core outcome measures for chronic

pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain 113(1-2):

9-19, 1/2005.

Dworkin RH, Turk DC, Wyrwich KW, Beaton D, Cleeland CS, Farrar

JT, Haythornthwaite JA, Jensen MP, Kerns RD, Ader DN,

Brandenburg N, Burke LB, Cella D, Chandler J, Cowan P,

Dimitrova R, Dionne R, Hertz S, Jadad AR, Katz NP, Kehlet H,

Kramer LD, Manning DC, McCormick C, McDermott MP,

McQuay HJ, Patel S, Porter L, Quessy S, Rappaport BA,

Rauschkolb C, Revicki DA, Rothman M, Schmader KE, Stacey

BR, Stauffer JW, von ST, White RE, Witter J, Zavisic S. Interpreting

the clinical importance of treatment outcomes in chronic pain

13

clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. J Pain 9(2): 105-121,

2/2008.

Food and Drug Administration. Guidelines for Industry (draft).

Patient-Reported Outcome Measures: Use in Medical Product

Development to Support Labeling Claims. 2006. Rockville MD,

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.

Ref Type: Report

Klepstad P, Loge JH, Borchgrevink PC, Mendoza TR, Cleeland CS,

Kaasa S. The Norwegian Brief Pain Inventory questionnaire:

translation and validation in cancer pain patients. J Pain

Symptom Manage 24(5): 517-525, 11/2002.

Melzack R. The McGill Pain Questionnaire: major properties and

scoring methods. Pain 1(3): 277-299, 9/1975.

Melzack R, Casey KL. Sensory, motivational, and central control

determinants of pain: a new conceptual model. In: Kenshalo

DR, editor. The Skin Senses Proceedings. Springfield IL: Thomas;

pp. 423-439, 1968.

Mendoza T, Mayne T, Rublee D, Cleeland C. Reliability and validity

of a modified Brief Pain Inventory short form in patients with

osteoarthritis. Eur J Pain 10(4): 353-361, 5/2006.

Mendoza TR, Chen C, Brugger A, Hubbard R, Snabes M, Palmer SN,

Zhang Q, Cleeland CS. The utility and validity of the modified

Brief Pain Inventory in a multiple-dose postoperative analgesic

trial. Clin J Pain 20(5): 357-362, 9/2004.

Radbruch L, Loick G, Kiencke P, Lindena G, Sabatowski R, Grond S,

Lehmann KA, Cleeland CS. Validation of the German version of

the Brief Pain Inventory. J Pain Symptom Manage 18(3): 180-

187, 9/1999.

Saxena A, Mendoza T, Cleeland CS. The assessment of cancer

pain in north India: the validation of the Hindi Brief Pain

Inventory--BPI-H. J Pain Symptom Manage 17(1): 27-41, 1/1999.

Turk DC, Dworkin RH, Allen RR, Bellamy N, Brandenburg N, Carr DB,

Cleeland CS, Dionne R, Farrar JT, Galer BS, Hewitt DJ, Jadad

AR, Katz NP, Kramer LD, Manning DC, McCormick CG,

McDermott MP, McGrath P, Quessy S, Rappaport BA, Robinson

14

JP, Royal MA, Simon L, Stauffer JW, Stein W, Tollett J, Witter J.

Core outcome domains for chronic pain clinical trials:

IMMPACT recommendations. Pain 106: 337-345, 2003.

Turk DC, Dworkin RH, Burke LB, Gershon R, Rothman M, Scott J,

Allen RR, Atkinson JH, Chandler J, Cleeland C, Cowan P,

Dimitrova R, Dionne R, Farrar JT, Haythornthwaite JA, Hertz S,

Jadad AR, Jensen MP, Kellstein D, Kerns RD, Manning DC,

Martin S, Max MB, McDermott MP, McGrath P, Moulin DE,

Nurmikko T, Quessy S, Raja S, Rappaport BA, Rauschkolb C,

Robinson JP, Royal MA, Simon L, Stauffer JW, Stucki G, Tollett J,

von ST, Wallace MS, Wernicke J, White RE, Williams AC, Witter J,

Wyrwich KW. Developing patient-reported outcome measures

for pain clinical trials: IMMPACT recommendations. Pain 125(3):

208-215, 12/2006.

15

Chapter 2

BPI References: Use of the BPI in

Various Studies

The Brief Pain Inventory has been used in more

than 400 studies worldwide. Here we present BPI

references categorized by type of study.

Cancer Bone Pain .................................................16

Cancer Epidemiology...........................................20

Cancer Pain...........................................................21

Depressive Disorders..............................................31

Fabry Disease.........................................................32

Fibromyalgia ..........................................................33

HIV/AIDS.................................................................34

Minority Studies......................................................35

Neuromuscular Pain ..............................................36

Neuropathic Pain...................................................40

Osteoarthritis and Other Joint Diseases................42

Psychosocial Studies..............................................45

Surgical and Procedural Pain ...............................46

Validation Studies..................................................49

Language Translations...........................................58

Methods Papers.....................................................59

16

Cancer Bone Pain

1. Ahles TA, Herndon JE, Small EJ, Vogelzang NJ, Kornblith AB,

Ratain MJ, Stadler W, Palchak D, Marshall ME, Wilding G,

Petrylak D, Holland JC. Quality of life impact of three different

doses of suramin in patients with metastatic hormone-

refractory prostate carcinoma: results of Intergroup

O159/Cancer and Leukemia Group B 9480. Cancer 101(10):

2202-2208, 11/2004.

2. Borden LS, Jr., Clark PE, Lovato J, Hall MC, Stindt D, Harmon M,

Mohler M, Torti FM. Vinorelbine, doxorubicin, and prednisone

in androgen-independent prostate cancer. Cancer 107(5):

1093-1100, 9/2006.

3. Callstrom MR, Charboneau JW, Goetz MP, Rubin J, Wong GY,

Sloan JA, Novotny PJ, Lewis BD, Welch TJ, Farrell MA, Maus TP,

Lee RA, Reading CC, Petersen IA, Pickett DD. Painful

metastases involving bone: feasibility of percutaneous CT-

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59

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