Belkin F6D6050V1 Double N+ Wireless USB Adapter User Manual
Belkin International, Inc. Double N+ Wireless USB Adapter Users Manual
Belkin >
Users Manual
Belkin
Double N+ Wireless USB Adapter
User Manual
F6D6050v1
PM00730-A
Ok mk 3/10/09
Table of Contents
1 Introduction .......................................................................................................... 1
Benefits of a Home Network ................................................................................... 1
Advantages of a Wireless Network ......................................................................... 1
Placement of your Wireless Networking Hardware for
Optimal Performance .............................................................................................. 2
2 Overview .............................................................................................................. 5
Product Features .................................................................................................... 5
Applications and Advantages ................................................................................. 6
Product Specifications ........................................................................................... 6
System Requirements ............................................................................................ 7
Package Contents .......... ............................. ............................. ............................ ... 7
3 Installing and Setting up the Adapter .................................................................. 8
A — Installation Process for Windows Vista........................................................... 8
B — Installation Process for Windows Operating Systems other than Windows
Vista ...................................................................................................................... 13
C — Configuration ............................................................................................... 16
4 Using the Belkin Wireless Networking Utility .................................................... 17
Accessing the Belkin Wireless Networking Utility from
the Windows System Tray .................................................................................... 17
Network Status . ................ ................... .................. ................ ................. ............... 18
Available Networks ............................................................................................... 18
Network Status and Solution Tips ........................................................................ 19
Setting Wireless Network Profiles ........................................................................ 20
Securing your Wi-Fi Network ................................................................................ 20
Configuring your Adapter to use Security ............................................................. 25
5 Troubleshooting ................................................................................................. 34
6 Information ........................................................................................................ 42
Introduction
Thank you for purchasing the Belkin Double N+ Wireless USB Adapter. Now you
can take advantage of this great new technology and gain the freedom to
network your home and office computers wirelessly. This Adapter allows you to
connect a notebook computer to your network. Please be sure to read through
this User Manual completely, and pay special attention to the section entitled
“Placement of your Wireless Networking Hardware for Optimal Performance”.
Benefits of a Home Network
Your Belkin Home Network will allow you to:
• Share one high-speed Internet connection with all the computers
in your home
• Share resources, such as files, and hard drives among all the
connected computers in your home
• Share a single printer with the entire family
• Share documents, music, video, and digital pictures
• Store, retrieve, and copy files from one computer to another
• Simultaneously play games online, check Internet email,
and chat
Advantages of a Wireless Network
• Mobility –you’ll no longer need a dedicated “computer room”—now you can
work on a networked laptop or desktop computer anywhere within your wireless
range
• Easy installation – Belkin Easy Installation Wizards make setup simple
• Flexibility – set up and access printers, computers, and other networking
devices from anywhere in your home
• Easy expansion – the wide range of Belkin networking products let you expand
your network to include devices such as printers and gaming consoles
• No cabling required – you can spare the expense and hassle of retrofitting
Ethernet cabling throughout the home or office
• Widespread industry acceptance – choose from a wide range of
interoperable networking products
Placement of your Wireless Networking Hardware for Optimal Performance
Your wireless connection will be stronger the closer your computer is to your
wireless router (or access point). Typical indoor operating range for your wireless
devices is between 100 and 200 feet. In the same way, your wireless connection
and performance will degrade somewhat as the distance between your wireless
router (or access point) and connected devices increases. This may or may not
be noticeable to you. As you move farther from your wireless router (or access
point), connection speed may decrease. Factors that can weaken signals simply
by getting in the way of your network’s radio waves are metal appliances or
obstructions, and walls.
If you have concerns about your network’s performance that might be related to
range or obstruction factors, try moving the computer to a position between five
and 10 feet from the wireless router (or access point) in order to see if distance is
the problem. If difficulties persist even at close range, please contact Belkin
Technical Support.
Note: While some of the items listed below can affect network performance, they
will not prohibit your wireless network from functioning; if you are concerned that
your network is not operating at its maximum effectiveness, this checklist may
help.
1. Placement of your Wireless Router (or Access Point)
Place your wireless router (or access point), the central connection point of your
network, as close as possible to the center of your wireless network devices.
To achieve the best wireless network coverage for your “wireless clients,” (i.e.,
computers enabled by Belkin Adapters or Cards):
• Ensure that your wireless router’s (or access point’s) antennas are parallel to
each other, and are positioned vertically (toward the ceiling). If your wireless
router (or access point) itself is positioned vertically, point the antennas as much
as possible in an upward direction.
• In multistory homes, place the wireless router (or access point) on a floor that is
as close to the center of the home as possible. This may mean placing the
wireless router (or access point) on an upper floor.
• Try not to place the wireless router (or access point) near a cordless 2.4GHz
phone.
2. Avoid Obstacles and Interference
Avoid placing your wireless router (or access point) near devices that may emit
radio “noise”, such as microwave ovens. Other objects that can inhibit wireless
communication can include:
• Refrigerators
• Washers and/or dryers
• Metal cabinets
• Large aquariums
• Metallic-based, UV-tinted windows
• Microwaves
If your wireless signal seems weak in some spots, make sure that objects such
as these are not blocking the signal’s path between your computers and wireless
router (or access point).
3. Cordless Phone Placement
If the performance of your wireless network is impaired after attending to the
above issues, and you have a cordless phone:
• Try moving cordless phones away from the wireless router (or access point)
and your wireless-enabled computers.
• Unplug and remove the battery from any cordless phone that operates on the
2.4GHz band (check manufacturer’s information). If this fixes the problem, your
phone may be interfering.
• If your phone supports channel selection, change the channel on the phone to
the farthest channel from your wireless network as possible. For example,
change the phone to channel 1 and move your wireless router (or access point)
to channel 11. (Your channel selection will vary depending on your region.) See
your phone’s user manual for detailed instructions.
• If necessary, consider switching to a 900MHz or 5GHz cordless phone.
4. Choose the “Quietest” Channel for your Wireless Network
In locations where homes or offices are close together, such as apartment
buildings or office complexes, there may be wireless networks nearby that can
conflict with yours. Use the Site Survey capabilities of your Belkin Wireless
Networking Utility to locate any other wireless networks, and move your wireless
router (or access point) and computers to a channel as far away from other
networks as possible.
Experiment with more than one of the available channels in order to find the
clearest connection and avoid interference from neighboring cordless phones or
other wireless devices.
For more Belkin wireless networking products, use the detailed Site Survey and
wireless channel information included in your User Manual.
5. Secure Connections, VPNs, and AOL
Secure connections typically require a user name and password, and are used
where security is important. Secure connections include:
• Virtual Private Network (VPN) connections, often used to connect remotely to
an office network
• The “Bring Your Own Access” program from America Online (AOL), which lets
you use AOL through broadband provided by another cable or DSL service
• Most online banking websites
• Many commercial websites that require a user name and password to access
your account
Secure connections can be interrupted by a computer’s power management
setting, which causes it to “go to sleep.” The simplest solution to avoid this is to
simply reconnect by re-running the VPN or AOL software, or by re-logging into
the secure website.
A second alternative is to change your computer’s power management settings
so it does not go to sleep; however, this may not be appropriate for portable
computers. To change your power management setting in Windows, see the
“Power Options” item in the Control Panel.
If you continue to have difficulty with Secure Connections, VPNs, and AOL,
please review steps 1–4 in the previous pages to be sure you have addressed
these issues.
These guidelines should allow you to cover the maximum possible area with your
wireless router. Should you need to cover an even wider area, we suggest the
Belkin Wireless Range Extender/Access Point.
For more information regarding our networking products, visit our website at
www.belkin.com/networking or call Belkin Technical Support.
Overview
Product Features
The Adapter complies with the IEEE 802.11n specification to communicate with
other 802.11n-compliant wireless devices at up to 300Mbps*. The Adapter is also
compatible with 802.11a/g devices at 54Mbps as well as 802.11b products at
11Mbps. The Adapter can operate on the same 2.4GHz frequency band as
802.11b/g Wi-Fi® products or 5GHz frequency band as 802.11a Wi-Fi® products.
• 2.4GHz or 5GHz band operation
• Integrated easy-to-use Belkin Wireless Networking Utility for Windows 2000 and
XP.
• USB 2.0 interface, for operation in virtually any computer with a USB 2.0 bus-
power port
• WPA, WPA2, 64-bit WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy), or 128-bit WEP
encryption
• Wireless access to networked resources
• Data rate of up to 300Mbps* (draft 802.11n), 54Mbps (802.11a/g), or 11Mbps
(802.11b)
• Easy installation and use
• LED power and network link/activity indicator
Applications and Advantages
• Wireless roaming with a laptop around the home or office
Offers the freedom of networking without cables
• Connection rates of up to 300Mbps*
Provides immediate high-speed wireless connectivity at home, work, and hotspot
locations without compromising the use of existing 802.11b/g products
• Compatibility with 802.11a/b/g products
The Adapter is backward-compatible with existing Wi-Fi (IEEE 802.11a/b/g)
products
• Difficult-to-wire environments
Enables networking in buildings with solid or finished walls, or open areas where
wiring is difficult to install
• Frequently changing environments
Adapts easily in offices or environments that frequently rearrange
or change locations
• SOHO (Small Office/Home Office) networking needs
Provides the easy and quick, small network installation SOHO users need
Product Specifications
Host Interface: USB 2.0
Operating Temperature: 32–131 degrees F (0–55 degrees C)
Storage Temperature: -4–149 degrees F (-20–65 degrees C)
Humidity: Max. 90% (non-condensing)
Maximum Operating Range: Up to 1,200 ft.**
*NOTE: The standard transmission rate—300Mbps—is the physical data rate.
Actual data throughput will be lower.
**Wireless performance
may vary depending on the
networking environment.
(Insert image of F6D6050v1, can be found on 8830-01906)
(a) Power/Activity LED
Lights when the Adapter is powered on and flashes when it is active.
(b) WPS/Security LED
Indicates security status and provides feedback during Wi-Fi Protected Setup™
handshaking.
(c) WPS Push Button
Used for Wi-Fi Protected Setup handshaking with routers (on Windows XP and
2000 systems with the Belkin utility only). This button is functional on Windows
Vista only when the software application is installed.
(d) USB Connector
Part of the Adapter that fits into your computer’s USB port.
(e) Desktop Stand
Lets you move the Adapter away from interfering objects around your computer.
System Requirements
• PC-compatible laptop with one available USB 2.0 bus-power port
• Windows® 2000, XP with SP2, or Vista®***
Package Contents
• Double N+ Wireless USB Adapter
• Quick Installation Guide
• CD with Installation Software and User Manual
• Desktop Stand
Installing and Setting up the Adapter
A. Installation Process for Windows Vista
***NOTE: For information on updated drivers, please visit the Belkin website at
www.belkin.com/support
.
IMPORTANT: INSTALL THE SOFTWARE BEFORE INSERTING THE
ADAPTER.
A.1 Insert the Installation Software CD into your CD-ROM drive.
A.2 Click “Next” to begin the installation process. [Insert screen shot]
Note: If the Belkin Wireless Card Installer screen does not appear within 20
seconds, access your CD-ROM by double-clicking on the “My Computer” icon;
then double-click on the CD-ROM drive into which the installation CD has been
placed. If the Installer does not start automatically, double-click on the icon
named “Setup.exe”.
A.3 The InstallShield Wizard starts the installation process.
A.4 Select a destination folder for the software installation by clicking
“Browse”; or, simply click “Next” to select a default location.
[insert 8011_Install_2.tif – to be updated 8/1]
A.5 A Setup Status screen will let you know where you are in the setup
process.
[insert 8011_Install_3.tif]
A.6 Your Adapter has a physical push button that allows it to easily connect
to a WPS-enabled access point. On some operating systems, you may
be asked to install an app to enable this button. (Insert screen shot)
A.7 A window may appear a second time showing the message, “Windows
can’t verify the publisher of this driver software”. This DOES NOT
indicate a problem. Our software has been fully tested and is compatible
with this operating system. (Insert screen shot)
A.8 When prompted, turn off your computer and plug in your Adapter. Your
installation is now complete. (Insert screen shot)
A.9 When the installation completes, click on “Finish”. (Insert screen shot)
A.10 The Found New Hardware Wizard might appear within 3–15 seconds. If
it does, continue to follow the prompts. Select “Locate and install the
driver software” to continue.
A.11 You might see a screen similar to the one pictured below. This DOES
NOT mean there is a problem. Our software has been fully tested and is
compatible with this operating system. Select “Install this driver software
anyway” and follow the on-screen instructions.
Next, a screen appears indicating that hardware installation is taking place; then,
another indicates that the process is complete.
A.12 To connect to the Internet, open the Network and Sharing Center by first
opening the Control Panel from the “Start” menu. (Insert screen shot)
A.13 In the Control Panel, click on “View network status and tasks”. (Insert
screen shot)
A.14 In the Network and Sharing Center, click on “Connect to a network”.
(Insert screen shot)
A.15 In the next screen, select an available wireless network and click
“Connect”. (Insert screen shot)
A.16 Your Adapter will attempt to connect to the selected network. (Insert
screen shot)
A.17 Depending on the security settings of your wireless network, you may
be prompted to enter a network security key or a passphrase. Click
“Connect” after you have done so. (Insert screen shot)
A.18 After connecting to the network, you can choose to save this network
and connect automatically when your Adapter is in range. (Insert screen
shot)
A.19 The Network and Sharing Center now indicates the network connection
that you have just made. The links on the left of the window allow you to
configure your network connections. (Insert screen shot)
B. Installation Process for Windows Operating Systems other than
Windows Vista
IMPORTANT: INSTALL THE SOFTWARE BEFORE INSERTING THE
ADAPTER.
B.1 Insert the Installation Software CD into your CD-ROM drive.
B.2 The Belkin Wireless Card Installer screen will automatically appear
within up to 20 seconds. Click “Install Software” or “Next” to start the
installation.
Note: If the Belkin Wireless Card Installer screen does not appear within 20
seconds, access your CD-ROM by double-clicking on the “My Computer” icon;
then double-click on the CD-ROM drive into which the installation CD has been
placed. Then, double-click on the icon named “Setup.exe”.
B.3 The InstallShield Wizard starts the installation process.
B.4 Select a destination folder for the software installation by clicking
“Browse”; or, simply click “Next” to select a default location.
B.5 A Setup Status screen lets you know where you are in the setup
process.
B.6 After the software installation is finished, the following message will
appear. Connect the Adapter to your computer.
(Please insert image of Adapter insert into laptop)
B.7 The Found New Hardware Wizard might appear in 3–15 seconds. If it
does, select “Yes, this time only” and click “Next” to install the hardware.
B.8 Select “Install the software automatically (Recommended)” and click
“Next” to continue.
B.9 You might see a screen similar to this one. This DOES NOT mean there
is a problem. Our software has been fully tested and is compatible with
this operating system. Select “Continue Anyway” and follow the on-
screen instructions.
B.10 The Wizard will now install your software.
B.11 The installation is now complete. Click “Finish” to close the “Found New
Hardware Wizard”.
B.12 Click “Finish” again to exit the InstallShield Wizard.
B.13 Depending on which operating system you are using, you might be
required to reboot your computer for the changes to take effect. Save
your data and close all other applications. Then, reboot.
C. Configuration
Using the Belkin Wireless Networking Utility (Windows 2000 and XP only)
C.1 After restarting your computer, double-click the Belkin Wireless
Networking Utility icon on the desktop screen.
[KEEP THE ICON]
Note: The Belkin Wireless Networking Utility icon can also be found on the
system tray.
C.2 The Belkin Wireless Networking Utility screen will appear.
C.3 Select a network to which to connect from the “Available Networks” list
and click “Connect”.
Note: In order to see your available networks, you must be near a working
wireless router or access point.
Installation is now complete.
Using the Belkin Wireless Networking Utility
After successfully installing the Belkin Wireless Networking Utility (WNU),
configurations for wireless connection and security are just a few easy clicks
away.
Accessing the Belkin Wireless Networking Utility from the Windows
System Tray
To access the WNU, simply place your mouse pointer and right-click over the
WNU icon on the Windows task tray.
[KEEP] [KEEP]
If the icon is not present, click on “Start > Programs > Belkin > Double N+
Wireless USB Network Adapter > Double N+ Wireless Networking Utility”.
The WNU’s default screen is the “Current Status” tab. The “Current Status” tab
displays the current Network Status and Available Networks.
Network Status
This window displays the connectivity status of the current network. It even
displays connectivity between the computer and router, and router and Internet.
In the event of a connectivity problem, this window can be used to determine the
problem’s source (e.g. computer, router, or Internet/modem).
Available Networks
This window displays the available networks at the current location as well as
their SSID, Signal Strength, Security Type, Channel, and Network Type.
Lost Wireless Connection
If the current wireless connection is lost, a window will pop up and the WNU will
attempt to reconnect.
– use the same screenshot
Connection Failure
Other options will appear during attempts to reconnect. To stop connecting, click
“Stop” and to reattempt connection, click “Retry”.
Network Status and Solution Tips
To further understand the current Network Status, click “Open Wireless Utility”.
The default screen will be the “Current Status” tab and the “Network Status”
section determines which connections are good and/or faulty.
The WNU also features a “Solution Tips” section that provides troubleshooting
guidelines.
Setting Wireless Network Profiles
The “My Connections” tab on the WNU allows you to add, edit, and delete
connection profiles. It also displays signal strength, security, and network type.
Securing your Wi-Fi® Network
If you choose to connect to a secure network, determine the type of security
(WPA or WEP*) and use the appropriate field in the dialog box.
*Note: Types of security
Note: When you select a network using encryption, you will first see the simple
security screen. Click the “Advanced” button to see other security options (below).
Wireless Equivalent Privacy (WEP) is a less secure, but more widely adopted
wireless security protocol. Depending on the security level (64- or 128-bit), the
user will be asked to input a 10- or 26-character hex key. A hex key is a
combination of letters, a–f, and numbers, 0–9.
Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) is the new standard in the wireless security.
However, not all wireless cards and adapters support this technology. Please
check your wireless adapter’s user manual to check if it supports WPA. Instead
of a hex key, WPA uses only passphrases, which are much easier to remember.
The following section, intended for the home, home-office, and small-office user,
presents a few different ways to maximize the security of your wireless network.
At the time of publication, four encryption methods are available:
Encryption Methods:
Name 64-Bit Wired
Equivalent
Privacy
128-Bit Wired
Equivalent
Privacy
Wi-Fi Protected
Access-TKIP Wi-Fi Protected
Access 2
Acronym 64-bit WEP 128-bit WEP WPA-TKIP/AES
(or just WPA) WPA2-AES (or
just WPA2)
Security Good Better Best Best
Features Static keys Static keys Dynamic key
encryption and
mutual
authentication
Dynamic key
encryption and
mutual
authentication
Encryption
keys based
on RC4
algorithm
(typically 40-
bit keys)
More secure
than 64-bit
WEP using a
key length of
104 bits plus
24 additional
bits of system-
generated data
TKIP (Temporal
Key Integrity
Protocol) added
so that keys are
rotated and
encryption is
strengthened
AES (Advanced
Encryption
Standard) does
not cause any
throughput loss
(insert chart from P74488-A, p.16)
WEP
WEP is a common protocol that adds security to all Wi-Fi-compliant wireless
products. WEP gives wireless networks the equivalent level of privacy protection
as a comparable wired network.
64-Bit WEP
64-bit WEP was first introduced with 64-bit encryption, which includes a key
length of 40 bits plus 24 additional bits of system-generated data (64 bits total).
Some hardware manufacturers refer to 64-bit as 40-bit encryption. Shortly after
the technology was introduced, researchers found that 64-bit encryption was too
easy to decode.
128-Bit Encryption
As a result of 64-bit WEP’s potential security weaknesses, a more secure
method of 128-bit encryption was developed. 128-bit encryption includes a key
length of 104 bits plus 24 additional bits of system-generated data (128 bits total).
Some hardware manufacturers refer to 128-bit as 104-bit encryption. Most of the
new wireless equipment in the market today supports both 64-bit WEP and 128-
bit WEP encryption, but you might have older equipment that only supports 64-bit
WEP. All Belkin wireless products will support both 64-bit WEP and 128-bit
encryption.
Encryption Keys
After selecting either the 64-bit WEP or 128-bit encryption mode, it is critical that
you generate an encryption key. If the encryption key is not consistent throughout
the entire wireless network, your wireless networking devices will be unable to
communicate with one another. You can enter your key by typing in the hex key.
A hex (hexadecimal) key is a combination of numbers and letters from A–F and
0–9. For 64-bit WEP, you must enter 10 hex characters. For 128-bit WEP, you
must enter 26 hex characters.
For instance:
AF 0F 4B C3 D4 = 64-bit WEP key
C3 03 0F AF 0F 4B B2 C3 D4 4B C3 D4 E7 = 128-bit WEP key
Write down the hex WEP key from your wireless router (or access point) and
enter it manually into the hex WEP key table in your Adapter’s configuration
screen.
WPA
WPA is a new Wi-Fi standard that improves upon the security features of WEP.
To use WPA security, the drivers and software of your wireless equipment must
be upgraded to support it. These updates will be found on your wireless vendor’s
website. There are three types of WPA security: WPA-PSK (no server), WPA
(with radius server), and WPA2.
WPA-PSK (no server) uses what is known as a pre-shared key as the network
key. A network key is a password that is between eight and 63 characters long. It
can be a combination of letters, numbers, or characters. Each client uses the
same network key to access the network. Typically, this is the mode that will be
used in a home environment.
WPA (with radius server) works best in a business environment, in which a
radius server automatically distributes the network key to clients.
WPA2 requires Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) for encryption of data,
which offers much greater security than WPA. WPA uses both Temporal Key
Integrity Protocol (TKIP) and AES for encryption.
Setting up your Belkin Wireless Router (or Access Point) to use Security
To start using security, you must first enable WEP or WPA for your wireless
router (or access point). For Belkin Wireless Routers (or Access Points), these
security features can be configured through the web-based interface. See your
wireless router’s (or access point’s) manual for directions on how to access the
management interface.
IMPORTANT: You must now set all wireless network cards/adapters to
match these settings.
Configuring your Adapter to use Security
At this point, you should already have your wireless router (or access point) set
to use WPA or WEP. In order for you to gain wireless connection, you must set
your N+ Wireless USB Adapter to use the same security settings.
Changing the Wireless Security Settings
Your Belkin N+ Wireless USB Adapter supports advanced security technology,
including Wi-Fi Protected Access™ 2 (WPA2™), Wired Equivalent Privacy
(WEP), and Wi-Fi Protected Setup™ (WPS), which simplifies the setup of a
wireless network. WPS uses familiar methodologies, such as typed Personal
Identification Number (PIN) entry and push-button network-name configuration.
This automatically enables strong WPA/WPA2 data encryption and
authentication.
Using Wi-Fi Protected Setup
Both versions of Wi-Fi Protected Setup (push button and PIN) are supported with
the Belkin utility on Windows 2000 and XP. Only the hardware push button
method is supported on Windows Vista when the optional utility is installed
When attempting to connect to a WPS-enabled network, the following screen will
appear:
1. Personal Identification Number (PIN) Method: In this method, your N+
Wireless USB Adapter generates a PIN to be entered into your router.
2. Connect to an Open AP: Select this option if your router supports WPS,
but does not currently have security enabled.
3. Advanced Configuration Method: For manual connection to a secured
network.
WPS uses WPA2 (described below) for encryption. It does not provide additional
security. Instead, it standardizes the method for securing your wireless network.
On your client utility, WPS-enabled networks are denoted with the key icon. You
may use either the PBC method or PIN method to allow a device access to your
wireless network. The two methods work as follows:
PBC: Push and hold the WPS button located on your USB Adapter for two
seconds. (Alternatively, you may click the “WPS Connect” button on the Belkin
utility instead of the physical push button.) Then, complete the WPS procedure
on the router within two minutes. Your client will automatically exchange the
security information and be added to your wireless network. The PBC method
can also be initiated from the router; however, it is recommended to start the
procedure from your USB Adapter.
You will see the following message if the procedure is initiated from the router:
If the process is started from the client, you will see this message:
You will see the following message during the connection process:
The client will be automatically enrolled into your wireless network within two
minutes.
PIN: Your notebook computer has an 8-digit PIN that is associated with WPS.
Select the WPS-enabled network and click “Connect” to start the WPS process.
Choose the PIN-method option and complete the WPS procedure on your
router’s setup utility.
You will see the following message during the connection process:
The client will be automatically enrolled into your wireless network within two
minutes.
If desired, you may connect manually to a WPS-enabled network. Click on the
“Advanced” tab to open the following window:
Enter in the encryption key and security method in order to join this network. The
following section describes how to connect to a secure network that does not
support WPS.
The Belkin N+ Wireless USB Adapter supports the latest WPA security feature as
well as the legacy WEP security standard. By default, wireless security is
disabled.
To enable security, you first must determine which standard is used by the router
(or access point). (See your wireless router’s or access point’s manual for
directions on how to access the security settings.)
To access the security settings on your Adapter, click the “My Connections” tab
and point to the connection for which you want to change security settings. Click
“Edit” to change settings.
WEP Setup
64-Bit WEP Encryption
1. Select “WEP” from the “Data Encryption” drop-down menu.
2. After selecting your WEP encryption mode, you can enter your key by typing in
the hex key manually.
A hex (hexadecimal) key is a combination of numbers and letters from A–F and
0–9. For 64-bit WEP, you must enter 10 hex characters.
For instance:
AF 0F 4B C3 D4 = 64-bit WEP key
[insert UCUI-Connect2aSecureNetwork-Adv.tif]
[Add AF0F4BC3D4 to the Encryption key box]
3. Click “Save” to finish. Encryption in the wireless router (or access point) is now
set. Each of your computers on your wireless network will now must be
configured with the same security settings.
WARNING: If you are using a wireless client to turn on the security settings in
your wireless router (or access point), you will temporarily lose your wireless
connection until you activate security on your wireless client. Please record the
key prior to applying changes in the wireless router (or access point). If you don’t
remember the hex key, your client will be locked out of the wireless router (or
access point).
128-Bit WEP Encryption
1. Select “WEP” from the drop-down menu.
2. After selecting your WEP encryption mode, you can enter your key by typing in
the hex key manually. A hex (hexadecimal) key is a combination of numbers and
letters from A–F and 0–9. For 128-bit WEP, you must enter 26 hex characters.
For instance:
C3 03 0F AF 0F 4B B2 C3 D4 4B C3 D4 E7 = 128-bit WEP key
[Change encryption key to C3 03 0F AF 0F 4B B2 C3 D4 4B C3 D4 E7]
3. Click “Save” to finish. Encryption in the wireless router (or access point) is now
set. You must now configure each of the computers on your wireless network
with the same security settings.
WARNING: If you are using a wireless client to turn on the security settings in
your wireless router (or access point), you will temporarily lose your wireless
connection until you activate security on your wireless client. Please record the
key prior to applying changes in the wireless router (or access point). If you don’t
remember the hex key, your client will be locked out of the wireless router (or
access point).
WPA-PSK
Choose this setting if your network does not use a radius server. WPA-PSK is
typically used in home and small office networking.
1. From the “Network Authentication” drop-down menu, select “WPA-PSK”.
2. Enter your network key. This can be from eight to 63 characters and can be
letters, numbers, or symbols. This same key must be used on all of the clients
(network cards) that you want to include in your wireless network.
3. Click “Save” to finish. You must now set all clients (network cards) to match
these settings.
Wireless Networking Utility Options
The “Options” tab on the WNU provides the user the ability to customize his or
her WNU settings.
Wireless Networking Utility Help
The WNU “Help” tab provides users with access to online and telephone support,
one-click check for upgrades to updated versions of software, and advanced
diagnostic tools.
Advanced Diagnostic Tools
The “Advanced Diagnostic Tools” section is the central control panel for all the
settings of the hardware and software components of the wireless network. It
provides an array of tests and connectivity services to ensure optimal network
performance.
Troubleshooting
I can’t connect to the Internet wirelessly.
If you are unable to connect to the Internet from a wireless computer, please
check the following items:
1. Look at the lights on your wireless router. If you’re using a Belkin Wireless
Router, the lights should be as follows:
• The “Power” light should be on.
• The “Connected” light should be on, and not blinking.
• The “WAN” light should be either on or blinking.
If your Belkin Wireless Router’s lights have the above characteristics, go to
number 2 below.
If this is NOT the case, make sure:
• The router’s power cord is plugged in.
• All cables are connected between the router and the modem.
• All the modem’s LEDs are functioning correctly. If not, see your modem’s user
manual.
• Reboot the router.
• Reboot the modem.
If you continue to have issues, please contact Belkin Technical Support.
If you are not using a Belkin Wireless Router, consult that router manufacturer’s
user guide.
2. Open your wireless utility software by clicking on the icon in the system tray at
the bottom right-hand corner of the screen. The tray icon should look like this (the
icon may be red or green):
3. The window that opens should have a list of “Available Networks”.
Available networks are wireless networks to which you can connect.
If you are using a Belkin 802.11g (G Plus) Router, or Belkin 802.11g (54g)
Router, “Belkin54g” is the default name.
If you are using a Belkin 802.11b Router, the default name should be “WLAN”.
If you are NOT using a Belkin Router, please consult your router manufacturer’s
user manual for the default name.
The name of your wireless network appears in “Available Networks”.
If the correct network name is listed in the “Available Networks” list, please follow
the steps below to connect wirelessly:
1. Click on the correct network name in the “Available Networks” list.
2. If the network has security (encryption) enabled, you must enter the network
key. Click “Connect”. For more information regarding security, see the page
entitled: “Securing your Wi-Fi Network” on page xx of this User Manual.
3. Within a few seconds, the tray icon in the lower right-hand corner of your
screen should turn green, indicating a successful connection to the network.
If you are still unable to access the Internet after connecting to the wireless
network, please contact Belkin Technical Support.
The name of your wireless network DOES NOT appear in the list
of “Available Networks”.
If the correct network name is not listed, check the SSID settings to see if they
match. The SSID is case-sensitive and the spelling on each computer must be
exactly the same in order for the Adapter to connect to the wireless router (or
access point).
Note: To check the SSID settings or look for an available network, double-click
the Signal Indicator icon to bring up the “Wireless Networks” screen. Click “Add”
if you do not see the network you are trying to connect to and type in the SSID.
For more information about setting up an SSID, please reference your router
manufacturer’s user manual.
If issues persist even at close range, please contact Belkin Technical Support.
Installation CD-ROM does not start Belkin Wireless Networking Utility.
If the CD-ROM does not start the Belkin Wireless Networking Utility automatically,
it could be that the computer is running other applications that are interfering with
the CD drive. If the Belkin Wireless Networking Utility screen does not appear
within 15-20 seconds, open up your CD-ROM drive by double-clicking on the “My
Computer” icon. Next, double-click on the CD-ROM drive in which the Installation
CD has been placed to start the installation. If the installation does not start
automatically, right-click to select “Explore”, then double-click on the icon named
“setup.exe”.
Power LED does not come ON; Adapter is not working.
If the LED indicators are not ON, the problem may be that the Adapter is not
connected or installed properly. Verify that the Adapter is plugged firmly into the
USB port of your computer. Check to see that the drivers for the Adapter have
been installed. Right-click on the “My Computer” icon on your desktop. Choose
“Properties” and navigate to the “Device Manager” and see if your USB Network
Adapter is listed without any errors. If an error is indicated, contact Belkin
Technical Support.
Link LED is blinking slowly; I cannot connect to a wireless network or the
Internet.
If your Adapter appears to be functioning properly, but you cannot connect to a
network or you have a red wireless icon at the bottom of your screen, the
problem may be that there is a mismatch between the network name (SSID)
settings in your wireless network properties.
Check the SSID settings to see if they match. The SSID is case-sensitive and the
spelling on each computer must be exactly the same in order for the Adapter to
connect to the wireless router (or access point).
Note: To check the SSID settings or look for an available network, double-click
the Signal Indicator icon to bring up the “Wireless Networks” screen. Click “Add”
if you do not see the network you are trying to connect to and type in the SSID.
For more information about setting up an SSID, please reference your router
manufacturer’s user manual. If issues persist even at close range, please contact
Belkin Technical Support.
Link LED is solid but I cannot connect to the Internet.
If you have a signal but can’t get online or obtain an IP address, the problem may
be that there is a mismatch between the encryption key settings in your computer
and wireless router (or access point). Check the WEP, WPA, or WPA2 key
settings to see if they match. The key is case-sensitive and the spelling on each
computer and wireless router (or access point) must be exactly the same in order
for the Adapter to connect to the router. For more information about encryption,
please see “Securing your Wi-Fi Network” on page xx of this User Manual.
If issues persist even at close range, please contact Belkin Technical Support.
Data transfer is sometimes slow.
Wireless technology is radio-based, which means connectivity and the
throughput performance between devices decreases when the distance between
devices increases. Other factors that will cause signal degradation (metal is
generally the worst culprit) are obstructions such as walls and metal appliances.
As a result, the typical indoor range of your wireless devices will be between 100
to 200 feet. Note also that connection speed may decrease as you move farther
from the wireless router (or access point).
In order to determine if wireless issues are related to range, we suggest
temporarily moving the computer, if possible, to five to 10 feet away from the
wireless router (or access point). Please see the section titled “Placement of your
Wireless Networking Hardware for Optimal Performance” on page 2 of this User
Manual. If issues persist even at close range, please contact Belkin Technical
Support.
Signal strength is poor.
Wireless technology is radio-based, which means connectivity and the
throughput performance between devices decreases when the distance between
devices increases. Other factors that will cause signal degradation (metal is
generally the worst culprit) are obstructions such as walls and metal appliances.
As a result, the typical indoor range of your wireless devices will be between 100
to 200 feet. Note also that connection speed may decrease as you move farther
from the wireless router (or access point). In order to determine if wireless issues
are related to range, we suggest temporarily moving the computer, if possible, to
five to 10 feet away from wireless router (or access point).
Changing the wireless channel – Depending on local wireless traffic and
interference, switching the wireless channel of your network can improve
performance and reliability. The default channel the router is shipped with is
channel 6. You may choose from several other channels depending on your
region; see your router’s (or access point’s) user manual for instructions on how
to choose other channels.
Limiting the wireless transmit rate – Limiting the wireless transmit rate can
help improve the maximum wireless range, and connection stability. Most
wireless cards have the ability to limit the transmission rate. To change this
property, go to the Windows Control Panel, open “Network Connections” and
double-click on your Adapter’s connection. In the “Properties” dialog, select the
“Configure” button on the “General” tab (Windows 98 users will have to select the
USB Network Adapter in the list box and then click “Properties”), then choose the
“Advanced” tab and select the rate property. Wireless client cards are usually set
to automatically adjust the wireless transmit rate for you, but doing so can cause
periodic disconnects when the wireless signal is too weak; as a rule, slower
transmission rates are more stable. Experiment with different connection rates
until you find the best one for your environment; note that all available
transmission rates should be acceptable for browsing the Internet. For more
assistance, see your wireless card’s literature. If issues persist even at close
range, please contact Belkin Technical Support.
Why are there two wireless utilities in my system tray?
Which one do I use?
There are several features and advantages from using the Belkin Wireless
Networking Utility over the Windows XP Wireless Zero Configuration utility. We
offer a site survey, detailed link information, and adapter diagnosis, to name a
few.
It’s essential to know which utility is managing your Adapter. We recommend
using the Belkin Wireless Networking Utility. To use the Belkin Wireless
Networking Utility, follow the steps below:
Step 1 Right-click on the network status icon in the system tray and select the
“Status” tab.
Step 2 From the “Status” tab, uncheck the “Use Windows to configure my
wireless network settings” box. Once the box is unchecked, click the “Close”
button to close the window.
You are now using the Belkin Wireless Networking Utility to configure the
Adapter.
The Adapter does not perform or connection is unstable when computer
has
a second built-in wireless network card (such as a mini PCI or
Intel® Centrino™).
This condition occurs if your computer has a built-in wireless card while your
Belkin N+ Wireless USB Adapter is also active. This happens because Windows
must now handle two active wireless connections.
You must disable the built-in wireless card from your computer under “Network
Adapters” in the Device Manager.
The Adapter does not perform or connection is slow when computer has a
built-in wired Ethernet card.
This condition occurs if your computer has an active Ethernet card while your
Adapter is also active. This happens because Windows must now handle two
active network connections. You must disable the Ethernet card from your
computer under “Network Adapters” in the Device Manager.
What’s the difference between 802.11g and draft 802.11n?
Currently there are three commonly used wireless networking standards, which
transmit data at very different maximum speeds. Each is based on the
designation for certifying network standards. The most common wireless
networking standard, 802.11g, can transmit information up to 54Mbps; 802.11a
also supports up to 54Mbps, but in the 5GHz frequency; and 802.11n draft
specification can connect at up to 300Mbps. See the following chart for more
detailed information.
Belkin Wireless Comparison Chart
Wireless
Technology G
(802.11g) 150N
N MIMO
(draft 802.11n
with MIMO)
N1 MIMO
(draft
802.11n
with MIMO)
Speed/Data
Rate* Up to
54Mbps* Up to
150Mbps* Up to
300Mbps* Up to
300Mbps*
Frequency Common
household
devices
such as
cordless
phones and
microwave
ovens may
interfere
with the
unlicensed
band
2.4GHz
Common
household
devices such
as cordless
phones and
microwave
ovens may
interfere with
the
unlicensed
band
2.4GHz
Common
household
devices such
as cordless
phones and
microwave
ovens may
interfere with
the
unlicensed
band 2.4GHz
Common
household
devices
such as
cordless
phones and
microwave
ovens may
interfere
with the
unlicensed
band
2.4GHz
Compatibility Compatible
with
802.11b/g
Compatible
with
802.11b/g
Compatible
with draft
802.11n**
and
802.11b/g
Compatible
with draft
802.11n**
and
802.11b/g
Coverage*
Up to 400
ft.*
Up to 1,000
ft.* Up to 1,200
ft.*
Up to 1,400
ft.*
Advantage Common— Better Enhanced Leading
widespread
use for
Internet
sharing
coverage
and
consistent
speed and
range
speed and
coverage edge— best
coverage
and
throughput
*Distance and connection speeds will vary depending on your networking environment.
**This Adapter is compatible with products based on the same version of the draft 802.11n specifications and may require
a software upgrade for best results.
Technical Support
You can find technical support information at www.belkin.com or
www.belkin.com/support.
Information
FCC Statement
DECLARATION OF CONFORMITY WITH FCC RULES FOR
ELECTROMAGNETIC COMPATIBILITY
We, Belkin International, Inc., of 501 West Walnut Street, Compton, CA 90220,
declare under our sole responsibility that the product, F6D6050v1, to which this
declaration relates, complies with Part 15 of the FCC Rules. Operation is subject
to the following two conditions: (1) this device may not cause harmful
interference, and (2) this device must accept any interference received, including
interference that may cause undesired operation.
Federal Communications Commission Notice
This equipment has been tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B
digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to
provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential
installation.
This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if
not installed and used in accordance with the instructions, may cause harmful
interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that
interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this equipment does cause
harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by
turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the
interference by one of the following measures:
• Reorient or relocate the receiving antenna.
• Increase the distance between the equipment and the receiver.
• Connect the equipment to an outlet on a circuit different from that to which the
receiver is connected.
• Consult the dealer or an experienced radio/TV technician for help.
FCC Caution: Any changes or modifications not expressly approved by the party
responsible for compliance could void the user’s authority to operate this
equipment.
IMPORTANT NOTE:
Radiation Exposure Statement
This equipment complies with FCC radiation exposure limits set forth for an
uncontrolled environment. End users must follow the specific operating
instructions for satisfying RF exposure compliance. To maintain compliance with
FCC RF exposure compliance requirements, please follow operation instructions
as documented in this manual.
This device is going to be operated in5.15~5.25GHz frequency range, it is
restricted in indoor environment only.
This transmitter must not be co-located or operating in conjunction with any other
antenna or transmitter.
SAR compliance has been established in typical laptop computer(s) with USB
slots, and this product could be used in typical laptop computers with USB slots.
Other applications, such as handheld PCs or similar devices, have not been
verified and may not comply with related RF exposure rules and such use shall
be prohibited.
The availability of some specific channels and/or operational frequency bands is
country-dependent and firmware is programmed at the factory to match the
intended destination. The firmware setting is not accessible by the end user.
Due to avoid interference to Terminal Doppler Weather Radar (TDWR) systems. This
device does not support operation in the 5.60 – 5.65 GHz Band
Modifications
The FCC requires the user to be notified that any changes or modifications to this
device that are not expressly approved by Belkin International, Inc., may void the
user’s authority to operate the equipment.
Industry Canada Statement
This device complies with RSS-210 of the Industry Canada Rules. Operation is
subject to the following two conditions:
1) This device may not cause interference, and
2) This device must accept any interference, including interference that may
cause undesired operation of the device.
IMPORTANT NOTE:
IC Radiation Exposure Statement
This equipment complies with IC radiation exposure limits set forth for an
uncontrolled environment. End users must follow the specific operating
instructions for satisfying RF exposure compliance. To maintain compliance with
IC RF exposure compliance requirements, please follow operation instructions as
documented in this manual.
This Class B digital apparatus complies with Canadian ICES-003.
Cet appareil numérique de la classe B conforme á la norme NMB-003 du
Canada.
For product available in the USA/Canada market, only channel 1~11 can be
operated. Selection of other channels is not possible.
The device could automatically discontinue transmission in case of absence of
information to transmit, or operational failure. Note that this is not intended to
prohibit transmission of control or signaling information or the use of repetitive
codes where required by the technology.
The device for the band 5150-5250 MHz is only for indoor usage to reduce
potential for harmful interference to co-channel mobile satellite systems;The
maximum antenna gain permitted (for devices in the bands 5250-5350 MHz and
5470-5725 MHz) to comply with the e.i.r.p. limit; and The maximum antenna
gain permitted (for devices in the band 5725-5825 MHz) to comply with the
e.i.r.p. limits specified for point-to-point and non point-to-point operation as
appropriate, as stated in section A9.2(3).
High-power radars are allocated as primary users (meaning they have priority) of
the bands 5250-5350 MHz and 5650-5850 MHz and these radars could cause
interference and/or damage to LE-LAN devices.
Europe – EU Declaration of Conformity
This device complies with the essential requirements of the R&TTE Directive
1999/5/EC. The following test methods have been applied in order to prove
presumption of conformity with the essential requirements of the R&TTE
Directive 1999/5/EC:
- EN60950-1:2006
Safety of Information Technology Equipment
- EN50392 : (2004-01)
- Generic standard to demonstrate the compliance of electronic and electrical
apparatus with the basic restrictions related to human exposure to
electromagnetic fields (0Hz–300GHz)
- EN 300 328 V1.7.1 (2006-10)
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM); wideband
transmission systems; data transmission equipment operating in the 2.4GHz
ISM band and using wideband modulation techniques; harmonized EN
covering essential requirements under article 3.2 of the R&TTE Directive
-
EN 301 489-1 V1.6.1: (2005-09)
Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM);
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and
services; Part 1: Common technical requirements
- EN 301 489-17 V1.2.1 (2002-08)
- Electromagnetic compatibility and Radio Spectrum Matters (ERM);
electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) standard for radio equipment and
services; Part 17: Specific conditions for 2.4GHz wideband transmission
systems and 5GHz high-performance RLAN equipment
This device is a 2.4GHz wideband transmission system (transceiver), intended
for use in all EU member states and EFTA countries, except in France and Italy
where restrictive use applies.
In Italy the end user should apply for a license at the national spectrum
authorities in order to obtain authorization to use the device for setting up outdoor
radio links and/or for supplying public access to telecommunications and/or
network services.
This device may not be used for setting up outdoor radio links in France, and in
some areas, the RF output power may be limited to 10mW EIRP in the frequency
range of 2454–2483.5MHz. For detailed information, the end user should contact
the national spectrum authority in France.
0560
Belkin International, Inc., Limited 1-Year Product Warranty
What this warranty covers.
Belkin International, Inc. (“Belkin”) warrants to the original purchaser of this
Belkin product that the product shall be free of defects in design, assembly,
material, or workmanship.
What the period of coverage is.
Belkin warrants the Belkin product for one year.
What will we do to correct problems?
Product Warranty.
Belkin will repair or replace, at its option, any defective product free of charge
(except for shipping charges for the product). Belkin reserves the right to
discontinue any of its products without notice, and disclaims any limited warranty
to repair or replace any such discontinued products. In the event that Belkin is
unable to repair or replace the product (for example, because it has been
discontinued), Belkin will offer either a refund or a credit toward the purchase of
another product from Belkin.com in an amount equal to the purchase price of the
product as evidenced on the original purchase receipt as discounted by its
natural use.
What is not covered by this warranty?
All above warranties are null and void if the Belkin product is not provided to
Belkin for inspection upon Belkin’s request at the sole expense of the purchaser,
or if Belkin determines that the Belkin product has been improperly installed,
altered in any way, or tampered with. The Belkin Product Warranty does not
protect against acts of God such as flood, earthquake, lightning, war, vandalism,
theft, normal-use wear and tear, erosion, depletion, obsolescence, abuse,
damage due to low voltage disturbances (i.e. brownouts or sags), non-authorized
program, or system equipment modification or alteration.
How to get service.
To get service for your Belkin product you must take the following steps:
1. Contact Belkin International, Inc., at 501 W. Walnut St., Compton CA
90220, Attn: Customer Service, or call (800)-223-5546, within 15 days of
the Occurrence. Be prepared to provide the following information:
a. The part number of the Belkin product.
b. Where you purchased the product.
c. When you purchased the product.
d. Copy of original receipt.
2. Your Belkin Customer Service Representative will then instruct you on
how to forward your receipt and Belkin product and how to proceed with
your claim.
Belkin reserves the right to review the damaged Belkin product. All costs of
shipping the Belkin product to Belkin for inspection shall be borne solely by the
purchaser. If Belkin determines, in its sole discretion, that it is impractical to ship
the damaged equipment to Belkin, Belkin may designate, in its sole discretion, an
equipment repair facility to inspect and estimate the cost to repair such
equipment. The cost, if any, of shipping the equipment to and from such repair
facility and of such estimate shall be borne solely by the purchaser. Damaged
equipment must remain available for inspection until the claim is finalized.
Whenever claims are settled, Belkin reserves the right to be subrogated under
any existing insurance policies the purchaser may have.
How state law relates to the warranty.
THIS WARRANTY CONTAINS THE SOLE WARRANTY OF BELKIN. THERE
ARE NO OTHER WARRANTIES, EXPRESSED OR, EXCEPT AS REQUIRED
BY LAW, IMPLIED, INCLUDING THE IMPLIED WARRANTY OR CONDITION
OF QUALITY, MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR
PURPOSE, AND SUCH IMPLIED WARRANTIES, IF ANY, ARE LIMITED IN
DURATION TO THE TERM OF THIS WARRANTY.
Some states do not allow limitations on how long an implied warranty lasts, so
the above limitations may not apply to you.
IN NO EVENT SHALL BELKIN BE LIABLE FOR INCIDENTAL, SPECIAL,
DIRECT, INDIRECT, CONSEQUENTIAL OR MULTIPLE DAMAGES SUCH AS,
BUT NOT LIMITED TO, LOST BUSINESS OR PROFITS ARISING OUT OF THE
SALE OR USE OF ANY BELKIN PRODUCT, EVEN IF ADVISED OF THE
POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES.
This warranty gives you specific legal rights, and you may also have other rights,
which may vary from state to state. Some states do not allow the exclusion or
limitation of incidental, consequential, or other damages, so the above limitations
may not apply to you.
BELKIN
Double N+ Wireless USB Adapter
www.belkin.com
Belkin Tech Support
US: 877-736-5771
800-223-5546 ext. 2263
310-898-1100 ext. 2263
UK: 0845 607 77 87
Australia: 1800 235 546
New Zealand: 0800 235 546
Singapore: 65 64857620
Europe: www.belkin.com/support
Belkin International, Inc.
501 West Walnut Street
Los Angeles, CA 90220, USA
310-898-1100
310-898-1111 fax
Belkin Ltd.
Express Business Park
Shipton Way, Rushden, NN10 6GL
United Kingdom
+44 (0) 1933 35 2000
+44 (0) 1933 31 2000 fax
Belkin Ltd.
4 Pioneer Avenue
Tuggerah Business Park
Tuggerah, NSW 2259, Australia
+61 (0) 2 4350 4600
+61 (0) 2 4350 4700 fax
Belkin B.V.
Boeing Avenue 333
1119 PH Schiphol-Rijk, The Netherlands
+31 (0) 20 654 7300
+31 (0) 20 654 7349 fax
© 2009 Belkin International, Inc. All rights reserved. All trade names are
registered trademarks of respective manufacturers listed. Windows and Windows
Vista are either registered trademarks or trademarks of Microsoft Corporation in
the United States and/or other countries.