Cambium Networks XI-AC867 Wireless Access Point User Manual Xirrus AOS Xirrus
Xirrus, Inc. Wireless Access Point Xirrus AOS Xirrus
Contents
- 1. Part 1
- 2. Part 2
Part 1
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USER’S GUIDE Wireless Arrays and Access Points XR Series March 10, 2014 Release 6.7 High Performance Wireless Networks Wireless Arrays and Access Points ™ XR Series All rights reserved. This document may not be reproduced or disclosed in whole or in part by any means without the written consent of Xirrus, Inc. Part Number: 800-0022-001 (Revision J) Trademarks is a registered trademark of Xirrus, Inc. All other trademarks and brand names are marks of their respective holders. Please see Legal Notices, Warnings, Compliance Statements, and Warranty and License Agreements in “Appendix C: Notices (Arrays except XR-500/600 and -H Models)” on page 511. Xirrus, Inc. 2101 Corporate Center Drive Thousand Oaks, CA 91320 USA Tel: Fax: 1.805.262.1600 1.800.947.7871 Toll Free in the US 1.866.462.3980 www.xirrus.com Wireless Array Table of Contents List of Figures.................................................................................... xiii Introduction ......................................................................................... 1 The Xirrus Family of Products ............................................................................... 1 Nomenclature .................................................................................................... 2 Why Choose the Xirrus Wireless Array? .............................................................. 3 Wireless Array Product Overview ........................................................................ 4 XR Wireless Array Product Family ................................................................ 5 XR-500 Series Access Points ..................................................................... 5 XR-600 Series Access Points ..................................................................... 6 XR-1000 ....................................................................................................... 7 XR-2000/2005 Series Arrays .................................................................... 8 XR-4000 Series Arrays ............................................................................... 9 XR-6000 Series Arrays ............................................................................. 10 Enterprise Class Security ............................................................................... 11 Deployment Flexibility .................................................................................. 11 Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE) .................................................... 12 Enterprise Class Management ...................................................................... 13 Key Features and Benefits ..................................................................................... 14 High Capacity and High Performance ........................................................ 14 Extended Coverage ......................................................................................... 15 Flexible Coverage Schemes .................................................................... 15 Non-Overlapping Channels .......................................................................... 16 SDMA Optimization ...................................................................................... 17 Fast Roaming ................................................................................................... 17 Ease of Deployment ........................................................................................ 17 Powerful Management ................................................................................... 17 Secure Wireless Access .................................................................................. 17 Applications Enablement .............................................................................. 17 Advanced Feature Sets .......................................................................................... 18 Xirrus Advanced RF Performance Manager (RPM) .................................. 18 Xirrus Advanced RF Security Manager (RSM) .......................................... 19 Xirrus Advanced RF Analysis Manager (RAM) ......................................... 20 Wireless Array Xirrus Application Control ............................................................................ 21 About this User’s Guide ........................................................................................ 21 Organization .................................................................................................... 21 Notes and Cautions ........................................................................................ 23 Screen Images .................................................................................................. 23 Product Specifications ........................................................................................... 24 Installing the Wireless Array........................................................... 25 Installation Prerequisites ...................................................................................... 25 Optional Network Components ................................................................... 27 Client Requirements ....................................................................................... 27 Planning Your Installation .................................................................................... 28 General Deployment Considerations .......................................................... 28 Coverage and Capacity Planning ................................................................. 30 Placement .................................................................................................. 30 RF Patterns ................................................................................................ 31 Capacity and Cell Sizes ........................................................................... 32 Fine Tuning Cell Sizes ............................................................................. 33 Roaming Considerations ........................................................................ 34 Allocating Channels ................................................................................ 34 About IEEE 802.11ac ....................................................................................... 37 Up to Eight Simultaneous Data Streams — Spatial Multiplexing ..... 39 MIMO (Multiple-In Multiple-Out) ........................................................ 39 MU-MIMO (Multi-User Multiple-In Multiple-Out) ........................... 40 Higher Precision in the Physical Layer ................................................ 42 80 MHz and 160 MHz Channel Widths (Bonding) ............................ 43 802.11ac Data Rates ................................................................................. 44 ACExpress™ ............................................................................................ 45 802.11ac Deployment Considerations .......................................................... 45 Failover Planning ............................................................................................ 47 Switch Failover Protection ..................................................................... 48 Power Planning ............................................................................................... 49 Power over Gigabit Ethernet ................................................................. 49 Security Planning ........................................................................................... 50 Wireless Encryption ................................................................................ 50 Authentication ......................................................................................... 50 Port Requirements .......................................................................................... 52 ii Wireless Array Network Management Planning .................................................................. 56 WDS Planning ................................................................................................. 57 Common Deployment Options .................................................................... 60 Installation Workflow ........................................................................................... 61 Installing Your Wireless Array ............................................................................ 63 Choosing a Location ....................................................................................... 63 Wiring Considerations ............................................................................ 63 Mounting and Connecting the Array/AP ................................................. 66 Dismounting the Array .................................................................................. 66 Powering Up the Wireless Array ......................................................................... 66 Array LED Operating Sequences ................................................................. 67 LED Boot Sequence ................................................................................. 67 LED Operation when Array is Running .............................................. 68 Zero-Touch Provisioning and Ongoing Management .................................... 69 XMS Cloud Next Generation (XMS-9500-CL-x) .................................. 69 XMS Enterprise ........................................................................................ 69 If you are not using XMS ........................................................................ 70 Array/AP Management Interfaces ...................................................................... 71 User Interfaces (CLI, WMI) ........................................................................... 71 Using the Serial Port ....................................................................................... 73 Using the Ethernet Ports ................................................................................ 73 Starting the WMI ............................................................................................. 74 Logging In ........................................................................................................ 74 Licensing ................................................................................................................ 74 Performing the Express Setup Procedure ........................................................... 75 Securing Low Level Access to the Array ..................................................... 76 The Web Management Interface ................................................... 81 Managing Arrays Locally or via XMS ................................................................. 81 An Overview .......................................................................................................... 82 Structure of the WMI ............................................................................................. 83 User Interface ......................................................................................................... 85 Logging In ............................................................................................................... 88 Applying Configuration Changes ....................................................................... 89 Character Restrictions .................................................................................... 89 iii Wireless Array Viewing Status on the Wireless Array ........................................... 91 Array Status Windows .......................................................................................... 92 Array Summary .............................................................................................. 92 Content of the Array Summary Window ............................................ 93 Array Information .......................................................................................... 98 Array Configuration ....................................................................................... 99 Admin History .............................................................................................. 100 Network Status Windows ................................................................................... 100 Network ......................................................................................................... 101 Network Map ................................................................................................ 102 Content of the Network Map Window .............................................. 102 Spanning Tree Status .................................................................................... 105 Routing Table ................................................................................................ 106 ARP Table ...................................................................................................... 106 DHCP Leases ................................................................................................. 107 Connection Tracking/NAT ......................................................................... 107 CDP Neighbors ............................................................................................. 108 Network Assurance ...................................................................................... 109 Undefined VLANs ........................................................................................ 110 RF Monitor Windows .......................................................................................... 111 IAPs ................................................................................................................. 112 Spectrum Analyzer ..................................................................................... 113 Intrusion Detection ...................................................................................... 116 Channel History ............................................................................................ 118 Radio Assurance ........................................................................................... 120 Station Status Windows ...................................................................................... 122 Stations ........................................................................................................... 123 Location Map ................................................................................................. 125 RSSI ................................................................................................................. 128 Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) ........................................................................ 130 Noise Floor ..................................................................................................... 131 Max by IAP .................................................................................................... 133 Station Assurance ......................................................................................... 134 Statistics Windows ............................................................................................... 135 IAP Statistics Summary ................................................................................ 135 Per-IAP Statistics ........................................................................................... 136 Network Statistics ......................................................................................... 138 iv Wireless Array VLAN Statistics ............................................................................................. 139 WDS Statistics ................................................................................................ 140 IDS Statistics .................................................................................................. 141 Filter Statistics ............................................................................................... 143 Station Statistics ............................................................................................ 144 Per-Station Statistics ..................................................................................... 145 Application Control Windows ........................................................................... 146 About Application Control ......................................................................... 146 Application Control ...................................................................................... 148 Stations (Application Control) .................................................................... 152 System Log Window ........................................................................................... 153 IDS Event Log Window ...................................................................................... 155 Configuring the Wireless Array ................................................................................ 157 Express Setup ........................................................................................................ 159 Network ................................................................................................................. 165 Network Interfaces ...................................................................................... 166 Network Interface Ports ........................................................................ 167 Bonds and Bridging ...................................................................................... 169 DNS Settings .................................................................................................. 176 CDP Settings .................................................................................................. 177 Services .................................................................................................................. 179 Time Settings (NTP) ..................................................................................... 180 NetFlow .......................................................................................................... 182 Wi-Fi Tag ....................................................................................................... 183 Location .......................................................................................................... 184 System Log ..................................................................................................... 186 About Using the Splunk Application for Xirrus Arrays .................. 189 SNMP .............................................................................................................. 191 DHCP Server ................................................................................................. 194 Proxy Forwarding ......................................................................................... 196 About Proxy Forwarding ..................................................................... 196 Proxy Forwarding for HTTPS .............................................................. 197 Summary of Proxy Forwarding Behavior on the Array .................. 198 VLANs ................................................................................................................... 204 Understanding Virtual Tunnels .......................................................... 204 Wireless Array VLAN Management ..................................................................................... 206 Tunnels .................................................................................................................. 209 About Xirrus Tunnels ........................................................................... 209 Tunnel Management .................................................................................... 210 SSID Assignments ......................................................................................... 211 Security .................................................................................................................. 213 Understanding Security ........................................................................ 214 Certificates and Connecting Securely to the WMI ............................ 217 Using the Array’s Default Certificate ................................................. 217 Using an External Certificate Authority ............................................. 218 Admin Management .................................................................................... 219 Admin Privileges .......................................................................................... 221 Admin RADIUS ............................................................................................ 223 About Creating Admin Accounts on the RADIUS Server ............. 223 Management Control ................................................................................... 226 Access Control List ....................................................................................... 234 Global Settings .............................................................................................. 236 External Radius ............................................................................................. 240 About Creating User Accounts on the RADIUS Server .................. 241 Internal Radius .............................................................................................. 244 Active Directory ............................................................................................ 246 Rogue Control List ........................................................................................ 250 OAuth 2.0 Management ............................................................................... 251 SSIDs ...................................................................................................................... 254 Understanding SSIDs ............................................................................ 255 Understanding QoS Priority on the Wireless Array ........................ 256 High Density 2.4G Enhancement—Honeypot SSID ......................... 261 SSID Management ........................................................................................ 262 SSID List (top of page) .......................................................................... 263 SSID Limits ............................................................................................. 267 Web Page Redirect (Captive Portal) Configuration ........................ 269 Whitelist Configuration for Web Page Redirect .............................. 273 WPA Configuration .............................................................................. 274 Authentication Service Configuration ............................................... 274 Active IAPs .................................................................................................... 275 Per-SSID Access Control List ...................................................................... 276 Honeypots ...................................................................................................... 278 vi Wireless Array Groups ................................................................................................................... 280 Understanding Groups ......................................................................... 280 Using Groups ......................................................................................... 281 Group Management ..................................................................................... 282 Group Limits .......................................................................................... 285 IAPs ........................................................................................................................ 287 Understanding Fast Roaming .............................................................. 288 IAP Settings ................................................................................................... 290 Global Settings (IAP) ................................................................................... 295 Beacon Configuration ........................................................................... 297 Station Management ............................................................................. 298 Advanced Traffic Optimization .......................................................... 300 Global Settings .11an .................................................................................... 311 Global Settings .11bgn .................................................................................. 316 Global Settings .11n ...................................................................................... 322 Global Settings .11ac ..................................................................................... 325 Global Settings .11u ...................................................................................... 327 Understanding 802.11u ......................................................................... 327 Advanced RF Settings .................................................................................. 333 About Standby Mode ............................................................................ 334 RF Monitor .............................................................................................. 334 RF Resilience .......................................................................................... 335 RF Power & Sensitivity ......................................................................... 336 RF Spectrum Management ................................................................... 337 Station Assurance .................................................................................. 340 Hotspot 2.0 ..................................................................................................... 342 Understanding Hotspot 2.0 .................................................................. 342 NAI Realms .................................................................................................... 344 Understanding NAI Realm Authentication ....................................... 344 NAI EAP ......................................................................................................... 346 Intrusion Detection ....................................................................................... 348 DoS Attacks ............................................................................................ 349 Impersonation Attacks .......................................................................... 350 About Blocking Rogue APs .................................................................. 351 RF Intrusion Detection and Auto Block Mode .................................. 352 DoS Attack Detection Settings ............................................................. 353 Impersonation Detection Settings ....................................................... 354 vii Wireless Array LED Settings .................................................................................................. 354 DSCP Mappings ............................................................................................ 355 Roaming Assist .............................................................................................. 356 WDS ....................................................................................................................... 358 About Configuring WDS Links ........................................................... 358 Long Distance Links .............................................................................. 360 WDS Client Links .......................................................................................... 361 Filters ..................................................................................................................... 365 Filter Lists ...................................................................................................... 366 Filter Management ....................................................................................... 368 Clusters .................................................................................................................. 374 Cluster Definition ........................................................................................ 375 Cluster Management ................................................................................... 376 Cluster Operation ........................................................................................ 377 Mobile .................................................................................................................... 380 AirWatch ........................................................................................................ 380 User Procedure for Wireless Access ................................................... 382 Using Tools on the Wireless Array............................................... 385 System Tools ......................................................................................................... 386 About Licensing and Upgrades ........................................................... 387 System ..................................................................................................... 388 Automatic Updates from Remote Image or Configuration File .... 390 Configuration ......................................................................................... 391 Diagnostics ............................................................................................. 394 Application Control Signature File Management ............................. 395 Web Page Redirect (Captive Portal) ................................................... 396 Network Tools ........................................................................................ 397 Progress and Status Frames ................................................................. 399 CLI ......................................................................................................................... 399 API Documentation ............................................................................................. 401 Status/Settings ....................................................................................... 402 GET Requests ......................................................................................... 402 Trying a GET Request ........................................................................... 403 API Documentation Toolbar ................................................................ 405 Options .................................................................................................................. 406 Logout .................................................................................................................... 407 viii Wireless Array The Command Line Interface ...................................................... 409 Establishing a Secure Shell (SSH) Connection ................................................. 409 Getting Started with the CLI .............................................................................. 411 Inputting Commands ................................................................................... 411 Getting Help .................................................................................................. 411 Top Level Commands ......................................................................................... 413 Root Command Prompt ............................................................................... 413 configure Commands ................................................................................... 414 show Commands .......................................................................................... 417 statistics Commands ..................................................................................... 420 Configuration Commands .................................................................................. 422 acl .................................................................................................................... 422 admin .............................................................................................................. 423 auth ................................................................................................................. 424 cdp ................................................................................................................... 424 clear ................................................................................................................. 426 cluster ............................................................................................................. 428 contact-info .................................................................................................... 429 date-time ........................................................................................................ 430 dhcp-server .................................................................................................... 431 dns ................................................................................................................... 432 file .................................................................................................................... 433 filter ................................................................................................................. 437 Air Cleaner ............................................................................................. 438 group .............................................................................................................. 441 hostname ........................................................................................................ 441 interface .......................................................................................................... 442 load ................................................................................................................. 442 location ........................................................................................................... 443 location-reporting ......................................................................................... 444 management .................................................................................................. 445 mdm ................................................................................................................ 446 more ................................................................................................................ 447 netflow ............................................................................................................ 448 no ..................................................................................................................... 449 quick-config ................................................................................................... 451 quit .................................................................................................................. 452 ix Wireless Array authentication-server ................................................................................... 452 reboot .............................................................................................................. 453 reset ................................................................................................................. 453 restore ............................................................................................................. 454 roaming-assist ............................................................................................... 455 run-tests .......................................................................................................... 456 security ........................................................................................................... 458 snmp ............................................................................................................... 459 ssid .................................................................................................................. 460 syslog .............................................................................................................. 461 tunnel .............................................................................................................. 462 uptime ............................................................................................................. 463 vlan .................................................................................................................. 463 wifi-tag ........................................................................................................... 464 Sample Configuration Tasks .............................................................................. 466 Configuring a Simple Open Global SSID .................................................. 467 Configuring a Global SSID using WPA-PEAP ......................................... 468 Configuring an SSID-Specific SSID using WPA-PEAP ........................... 469 Enabling Global IAPs ................................................................................... 470 Disabling Global IAPs .................................................................................. 471 Enabling a Specific IAP ................................................................................ 472 Disabling a Specific IAP ............................................................................... 473 Setting Cell Size Auto-Configuration for All IAPs .................................. 474 Setting the Cell Size for All IAPs ................................................................ 475 Setting the Cell Size for a Specific IAP ....................................................... 476 Configuring VLANs on an Open SSID ...................................................... 477 Configuring Radio Assurance Mode (Loopback Tests) .......................... 478 Appendices..................................................................................... 481 Appendix A: Quick Reference Guide ............................................................... 483 Factory Default Settings ...................................................................................... 483 Host Name ..................................................................................................... 483 Network Interfaces ....................................................................................... 483 Serial ........................................................................................................ 483 Gigabit 1 and Gigabit 2 ......................................................................... 484 Server Settings ............................................................................................... 484 NTP .......................................................................................................... 484 Wireless Array Syslog ...................................................................................................... 484 SNMP ...................................................................................................... 485 DHCP .............................................................................................................. 485 Default SSID .................................................................................................. 486 Security .......................................................................................................... 486 Global Settings - Encryption ............................................................... 486 External RADIUS (Global) .................................................................. 487 Internal RADIUS .................................................................................... 488 Administrator Account and Password ...................................................... 488 Management .................................................................................................. 488 Keyboard Shortcuts ............................................................................................. 489 Appendix B: FAQ and Special Topics ............................................................... 491 General Hints and Tips ....................................................................................... 491 Frequently Asked Questions .............................................................................. 492 Multiple SSIDs ............................................................................................... 492 Security ........................................................................................................... 494 VLAN Support .............................................................................................. 497 Array Monitor and Radio Assurance Capabilities .......................................... 500 Enabling Monitoring on the Array ..................................................... 500 How Monitoring Works ............................................................................... 500 Radio Assurance ........................................................................................... 501 Radio Assurance Options ..................................................................... 502 RADIUS Vendor Specific Attribute (VSA) for Xirrus ..................................... 503 Location Service Data Formats .......................................................................... 504 Euclid Location Server ................................................................................. 504 Non-Euclid Location Server ........................................................................ 504 Upgrading the Array via CLI ............................................................................. 506 Sample Output for the Upgrade Procedure: ............................................. 507 Appendix C: Notices (Arrays except XR-500/600 and -H Models) .............. 511 Notices ................................................................................................................... 511 EU Directive 1999/5/EC Compliance Information ........................................ 515 Compliance Information (Non-EU) ................................................................... 522 Safety Warnings ................................................................................................... 523 Translated Safety Warnings ............................................................................... 524 Software License and Product Warranty Agreement ..................................... 525 Hardware Warranty Agreement ....................................................................... 531 xi Wireless Array Appendix D: Notices (XR500/600 Series Only) ............................................. 533 Notices ................................................................................................................... 533 EU Directive 1999/5/EC Compliance Information ........................................ 537 Compliance Information (Non-EU) ................................................................... 544 Safety Warnings ................................................................................................... 545 Translated Safety Warnings ............................................................................... 546 Software License and Product Warranty Agreement ..................................... 547 Hardware Warranty Agreement ....................................................................... 553 Appendix E: Medical Usage Notices ................................................................ 555 Glossary of Terms.......................................................................... 561 Index................................................................................................ 573 xii Wireless Array List of Figures Figure 1. Figure 2. Figure 3. Figure 4. Figure 5. Figure 6. Figure 7. Figure 8. Figure 9. Figure 10. Figure 11. Figure 12. Figure 13. Figure 14. Figure 15. Figure 16. Figure 17. Figure 18. Figure 19. Figure 20. Figure 21. Figure 22. Figure 23. Figure 24. Figure 25. Figure 26. Figure 27. Figure 28. Figure 29. Figure 30. Figure 31. Figure 32. Figure 33. Figure 34. Xirrus Arrays: XR Series ........................................................................... 1 Wireless Array (XR Series) ....................................................................... 4 Wireless Coverage Patterns .................................................................... 11 XP8 - Power over Ethernet Usage .......................................................... 12 WMI: Array Status ................................................................................... 13 Layout of IAPs (XR-7630) ........................................................................ 14 Coverage Schemes (XR-7230 shown)..................................................... 16 Wall Thickness Considerations .............................................................. 29 Unit Placement.......................................................................................... 30 Full (Normal) Coverage........................................................................... 31 Adjusting RF Patterns .............................................................................. 31 Custom Coverage ..................................................................................... 32 Connection Rate vs. Distance ................................................................. 32 Transmit Power......................................................................................... 33 Overlapping Cells..................................................................................... 34 Allocating Channels Manually ............................................................... 36 Spatial Multiplexing................................................................................. 39 MIMO Signal Processing ......................................................................... 40 MU-MIMO with Four Antennas ............................................................ 41 Physical Layer Data Encoding................................................................ 42 Channel Bonding (Channels 36-64 shown)........................................... 44 Maximum 802.11ac Data Rates............................................................... 44 Port Failover Protection ........................................................................... 47 Switch Failover Protection ..................................................................... 48 Port Requirements for XMS .................................................................... 52 WDS Link................................................................................................... 57 A Multiple Hop WDS Connection ......................................................... 58 WDS Failover Protection ......................................................................... 58 Installation Workflow .............................................................................. 61 Array Placement ....................................................................................... 63 LED Locations .......................................................................................... 66 Network Interface Ports—XR-520 (left); XR-1000 Series (right) ........ 71 Network Interface Ports—XR-600 Series .............................................. 71 Network Interfaces—XR-2000 Series (left); XR-2005 Series (right) ... 72 List of Figures xiii Wi-Fi Array Figure 35. Figure 36. Figure 37. Figure 38. Figure 39. Figure 40. Figure 41. Figure 42. Figure 43. Figure 44. Figure 45. Figure 46. Figure 47. Figure 48. Figure 49. Figure 50. Figure 51. Figure 52. Figure 53. Figure 54. Figure 55. Figure 56. Figure 57. Figure 58. Figure 59. Figure 60. Figure 61. Figure 62. Figure 63. Figure 64. Figure 65. Figure 66. Figure 67. Figure 68. Figure 69. Figure 70. Figure 71. xiv Network Interface Ports—XR-4000 Series ............................................ 72 Network Interface Ports—XR-6000 Series ............................................ 72 Web Management Interface ................................................................... 82 WMI: Frames ............................................................................................ 85 WMI Header ............................................................................................. 86 WMI Command Log ............................................................................... 87 WMI: Utility Buttons ............................................................................... 87 Logging In to the Wireless Array ........................................................... 88 Array Summary ........................................................................................ 92 Disabled IAP (Partial View) .................................................................... 95 IAP Cells .................................................................................................... 95 Network Assurance and Operating Status ........................................... 96 Array Information ................................................................................... 98 Show Configuration ................................................................................. 99 Admin Login History............................................................................. 100 Network Settings .................................................................................... 101 Network Map ......................................................................................... 102 Spanning Tree Status.............................................................................. 105 Routing Table .......................................................................................... 106 ARP Table ................................................................................................ 106 DHCP Leases........................................................................................... 107 Connection Tracking .............................................................................. 107 CDP Neighbors ....................................................................................... 108 Network Assurance................................................................................ 109 Undefined VLANs.................................................................................. 110 RF Monitor — IAPs ................................................................................ 112 RF Monitor — IAPs ................................................................................ 112 RF Spectrum Analyzer........................................................................... 114 Intrusion Detection/Rogue AP List..................................................... 116 RF Monitor — Channel History............................................................. 118 RF Monitor — Channel History (Rotated) ........................................... 119 RF Monitor — Channel History (Text) ................................................. 119 Radio Assurance ..................................................................................... 120 Stations ..................................................................................................... 123 Location Map .......................................................................................... 125 Controls for Location Map .................................................................... 126 Station RSSI Values ............................................................................... 128 List of Figures Wireless Array Figure 72. Figure 73. Figure 74. Figure 75. Figure 76. Figure 77. Figure 78. Figure 79. Figure 80. Figure 81. Figure 82. Figure 83. Figure 84. Figure 85. Figure 86. Figure 87. Figure 88. Figure 89. Figure 90. Figure 91. Figure 92. Figure 93. Figure 94. Figure 95. Figure 96. Figure 97. Figure 98. Figure 99. Figure 100. Figure 101. Figure 102. Figure 103. Figure 104. Figure 105. Figure 106. Figure 107. Figure 108. Station RSSI Values — Colorized Graphical View ............................. 129 Station Signal-to-Noise Ratio Values .................................................. 130 Station SNR Values — Colorized Graphical View.............................. 130 Station Noise Floor Values ................................................................... 131 Station Noise Floor Values — Colorized Graphical View ................. 132 Max by IAP .............................................................................................. 133 Station Assurance ................................................................................... 134 IAP Statistics Summary Page................................................................ 135 Individual IAP Statistics Page ............................................................. 137 Network Statistics................................................................................... 138 VLAN Statistics....................................................................................... 139 WDS Statistics ......................................................................................... 140 IDS Statistics Page ................................................................................. 141 Filtered IDS Statistics ............................................................................. 142 Filter Statistics ......................................................................................... 143 Station Statistics ...................................................................................... 144 Individual Station Statistics Page......................................................... 145 Application Control ............................................................................... 148 Application Control (Pie Charts).......................................................... 150 Application Control (Station Traffic)................................................... 151 Stations (Application Control).............................................................. 152 System Log (Alert Level Highlighted) ................................................ 153 IDS Event Log ........................................................................................ 155 WMI: Express Setup .............................................................................. 159 LEDs are Switched On .......................................................................... 164 Network Interfaces ................................................................................. 165 Network Settings .................................................................................... 166 Network Bonds and Bridging............................................................... 169 Bridging Traffic....................................................................................... 170 Port Modes (a, b) .................................................................................... 172 Port Modes (c, d) .................................................................................... 173 Mirroring Traffic .................................................................................... 175 DNS Settings............................................................................................ 176 CDP Settings............................................................................................ 177 Services..................................................................................................... 179 Time Settings (Manual Time)................................................................ 180 Time Settings (NTP Time Enabled)...................................................... 181 List of Figures xv Wi-Fi Array Figure 109. Figure 110. Figure 111. Figure 112. Figure 113. Figure 114. Figure 115. Figure 116. Figure 117. Figure 118. Figure 119. Figure 120. Figure 121. Figure 122. Figure 123. Figure 124. Figure 125. Figure 126. Figure 127. Figure 128. Figure 129. Figure 130. Figure 131. Figure 132. Figure 133. Figure 134. Figure 135. Figure 136. Figure 137. Figure 138. Figure 139. Figure 140. Figure 141. Figure 142. Figure 143. Figure 144. Figure 145. xvi NetFlow.................................................................................................... 182 Wi-Fi Tag.................................................................................................. 183 Location.................................................................................................... 185 System Log .............................................................................................. 186 SNMP ....................................................................................................... 191 DHCP Management ............................................................................... 194 Proxy Forwarding Example .................................................................. 196 Set up a Proxy Server on each Client (Windows) .............................. 199 Specify Proxy Servers (Windows)........................................................ 200 Set up a Proxy Server on each Client (Apple) .................................... 201 Specify Proxy Servers (Apple) ............................................................. 202 Proxy Forwarding................................................................................... 203 VLANs...................................................................................................... 204 VLAN Management ............................................................................... 206 Tunnel Summary .................................................................................... 209 Tunnel Management .............................................................................. 210 Tunnel SSID Assignments..................................................................... 211 Security..................................................................................................... 213 Import Xirrus Certificate Authority .................................................... 217 Admin Management .............................................................................. 219 Admin Privileges .................................................................................... 221 Admin RADIUS ...................................................................................... 224 Management Control ............................................................................ 226 Pre-login Banner ..................................................................................... 227 Access Control List ................................................................................. 234 Global Settings (Security) ...................................................................... 236 External RADIUS Server ....................................................................... 240 Internal RADIUS Server ........................................................................ 244 Active Directory Server ......................................................................... 247 Finding the Domain Name from Active Directory............................ 248 Rogue Control List ................................................................................. 250 OAuth 2.0 Management - Token List .................................................. 252 SSIDs......................................................................................................... 254 Four Traffic Classes ................................................................................ 257 Priority Level—IEEE 802.1p (Layer 2)................................................. 257 Priority Level—DSCP (DiffServ - Layer 3) ......................................... 258 SSID Management .................................................................................. 262 List of Figures Wireless Array Figure 146. Figure 147. Figure 148. Figure 149. Figure 150. Figure 151. Figure 152. Figure 153. Figure 154. Figure 155. Figure 156. Figure 157. Figure 158. Figure 159. Figure 160. Figure 161. Figure 162. Figure 163. Figure 164. Figure 165. Figure 166. Figure 167. Figure 168. Figure 169. Figure 170. Figure 171. Figure 172. Figure 173. Figure 174. Figure 175. Figure 176. Figure 177. Figure 178. Figure 179. Figure 180. Figure 181. Figure 182. SSID Management—Encryption, Authentication, Accounting ....... 265 WPR Internal Splash Page Fields (SSID Management)..................... 269 Customizing an Internal Login or Splash Page ................................. 272 Whitelist Configuration for WPR......................................................... 273 Setting Active IAPs per SSID ................................................................ 275 Per-SSID Access Control List ................................................................ 276 Honeypot Whitelist ................................................................................ 278 Groups...................................................................................................... 280 Group Management ............................................................................... 282 IAPs........................................................................................................... 287 Source of Channel Setting ..................................................................... 287 IAP Settings ............................................................................................. 290 Global Settings (IAPs) ............................................................................ 295 Multicast Processing .............................................................................. 300 Additional Optimization Settings ........................................................ 306 Global Settings .11an .............................................................................. 311 Global Settings .11bgn ........................................................................... 316 Global Settings .11n ................................................................................ 322 Global Settings .11ac .............................................................................. 325 802.11u Global Settings.......................................................................... 328 Advanced RF Settings............................................................................ 333 Station Assurance (Advanced RF Settings) ........................................ 341 Hotspot 2.0 Settings................................................................................ 343 NAI Realms ............................................................................................. 345 NAI EAP .................................................................................................. 346 Intrusion Detection Settings.................................................................. 348 LED Settings ............................................................................................ 354 DSCP Mappings...................................................................................... 355 WDS .......................................................................................................... 358 Configuring a WDS Link ....................................................................... 359 WDS Client Links ................................................................................... 361 Filters ........................................................................................................ 365 Filter Lists ................................................................................................ 366 Filter Management ................................................................................. 368 Filter Category or Application.............................................................. 372 Clusters .................................................................................................... 374 Cluster Definition ................................................................................... 375 List of Figures xvii Wi-Fi Array Figure 183. Figure 184. Figure 185. Figure 186. Figure 187. Figure 188. Figure 189. Figure 190. Figure 191. Figure 192. Figure 193. Figure 194. Figure 195. Figure 196. Figure 197. Figure 198. Figure 199. Figure 200. Figure 201. Figure 202. Figure 203. Figure 204. Figure 205. Figure 206. Figure 207. Figure 208. Figure 209. Figure 210. Figure 211. Figure 212. Figure 213. Figure 214. Figure 215. Figure 216. Figure 217. xviii Cluster Management.............................................................................. 376 Cluster Mode Operation........................................................................ 377 Cluster Mode Activation ....................................................................... 377 Viewing Statistics in Cluster Mode...................................................... 378 AirWatch Settings................................................................................... 380 System Tools............................................................................................ 386 Saving the Diagnostic Log..................................................................... 394 Managing Application Control Signature files .................................. 395 Managing WPR Splash/Login page files............................................ 396 System Command (Ping)....................................................................... 397 Radius Ping Output................................................................................ 398 CLI Window ........................................................................................... 399 API Documentation................................................................................ 401 API — GET Request Details ................................................................. 402 API — GET Request Response ............................................................ 404 API Documentation Toolbar................................................................. 405 WMI Display Options ............................................................................ 406 Login Window ....................................................................................... 407 Logging In ............................................................................................... 410 Help Window ......................................................................................... 411 Full Help .................................................................................................. 412 Partial Help.............................................................................................. 412 Air Cleaner Filter Rules ......................................................................... 439 Configuring a Simple Open Global SSID ........................................... 467 Configuring a Global SSID using WPA-PEAP................................... 468 Configuring an SSID-Specific SSID using WPA-PEAP..................... 469 Enabling Global IAPs............................................................................. 470 Disabling Global IAPs............................................................................ 471 Enabling a Specific IAP.......................................................................... 472 Disabling a Specific IAP......................................................................... 473 Setting the Cell Size for All IAPs.......................................................... 474 Setting the Cell Size for All IAPs.......................................................... 475 Setting the Cell Size for a Specific IAP ................................................ 476 Configuring VLANs on an Open SSID................................................ 477 Configuring Radio Assurance Mode (Loopback Testing)................ 479 List of Figures Wireless Array Introduction These topics introduce the Xirrus Wireless Array, including an overview of its key features and benefits. “The Xirrus Family of Products” on page 1. “Why Choose the Xirrus Wireless Array?” on page 3. “Wireless Array Product Overview” on page 4. “Key Features and Benefits” on page 14. “Advanced Feature Sets” on page 18. “About this User’s Guide” on page 21. The Xirrus Family of Products Figure 1. Xirrus Arrays: XR Series The Xirrus family of products includes the following: The XR Series of Xirrus Wireless Arrays The newest Xirrus Wireless Arrays have been completely redesigned to provide distributed intelligence, integrated switching capacity, application-level intelligence, increased bandwidth, and smaller size. The radios support IEEE802.11 ac, a, b, g, and n clients, and feature the capacity and performance needed to replace switched Ethernet to the desktop. Modular radios allow you to increase the number of radios, upgrade to more powerful radios, or even upgrade later to future technologies like 802.11ac and 802.11.ad as they are introduced. Introduction Wireless Array Xirrus Management System (XMS) XMS is used for managing large Array deployments from a centralized Web-based interface. Xirrus offers XMS Cloud—a software as a service option for XMS, providing zero-touch provisioning and initial startup for new Array/AP deployments. XMS is capable of managing large numbers of Arrays, including automated software and firmware upgrades for the network. Another option is XMS, hosted on your own server. It manages all aspects of your Xirrus wireless network. For customers using the XMS-9000-CL-x Cloud-hosted version, all Array management is performed via the cloud. For detailed information about XMS, refer to the XMS User’s Guide. Xirrus-supplied Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE) Injectors and POE+ Switches Xirrus offers 24- and 48-port enterprise-class L2+ gigabit managed access switches with IEEE802.3at PoE+, four 1G/10G SFP+ ports, and stacking. One-, two-, and eight-port PoGE injectors are also available for a range of Array power requirements. Nomenclature Throughout this User’s Guide, Xirrus Wireless Arrays and Access Points are referred to as simply Arrays. In some instances, the terms product and unit are also used. When discussing specific products from the Xirrus family, the product name is used (for example, XR-4830). The Wireless Array’s operating system is referred to as the ArrayOS. The Web Management Interface for browser-based management of the Array is referred to as WMI. Arrays have very flexible radio capabilities — each of the radios may be independently configured to support IEEE802.11a, 11b, 11g, or 11n clients or a combination of client types. On Arrays featuring 802.11ac, this option is also included. One radio is typically assigned as the RF monitor radio, supporting intrusion detection and prevention, self-monitoring, and other services. Radios support both 2.4GHz and 5 GHz, and are named iap1, iap2, ... iapn. The Xirrus Management System is referred to as XMS. The Power over Gigabit Ethernet system may be referred to as PoGE. Introduction Wireless Array Why Choose the Xirrus Wireless Array? The deployment of wireless is a necessity as businesses strive for greater flexibility in the workplace and the need for employee mobility rises. The user community is placing spiraling and often unanticipated demands on the wireless network, with the rapid proliferation of devices such as iPads and wireless enabled phones. Xirrus Wireless Arrays have the capability to support the large number of user devices present in today’s environments, with superior range and coverage. Wireless has come a long way in the past few years and now offers the performance, reliability and security that Enterprise customers have come to expect from their networks. The technology is being driven by these major IEEE standards: 802.11ac Operates in the 5 GHz range, using a number of advanced techniques to achieve a maximum speed of 1.3 Gbps. These techniques include improvements on the methods used for 802.11n, below. 802.11n Uses multiple antennas per radio to boost transmission speed as high as 450Mbps, increasing throughput, range, and maximum number of users. 802.11n is backwards compatible with 802.11a/b/g. 802.11a Operates in the 5 GHz range with a maximum speed of 54 Mbps. 802.11b Operates in the 2.4 GHz range with a maximum speed of 11 Mbps. 802.11g Supports a higher transmission speed of 54 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz range and is backwards compatible with 802.11b. Whether you have just a handful of users or thousands of users, the Xirrus Array has the scalability and flexibility to serve your needs. Introduction Wireless Array See Also Key Features and Benefits Wireless Array Product Overview The Xirrus Family of Products Wireless Array Product Overview Part of the family of Xirrus products, the Wireless Array is a high capacity, multimode device designed with up to four times the coverage and eight times the bandwidth and user density compared with legacy thin access point wireless products. Its distributed intelligence eliminates the use of separate controllers and their accompanying bottlenecks. Each radio, with its directional high-gain antennas, can achieve up to 1.3 Gbps throughput. Figure 2. Wireless Array (XR Series) The Wireless Array (regardless of the product model) is Wi-Fi® compliant and simultaneously supports 802.11ac, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n clients. The multi-state design allows you to assign radios to 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands (or both) in any desired arrangement. Integrated switching and active enterprise class features such as VLAN support and multiple SSID capability enable robust network compatibility and a high level of scalability and system control. The Xirrus Management System (XMS) allows global management of hundreds of Arrays from a central location. Multiple versions of the Array with different numbers of Integrated Access Point (IAPs) support a variety of deployment applications. Introduction Wireless Array XR Wireless Array Product Family XR-500 Series Access Points These Access Points have one Gigabit Ethernet port and two radios—one multistate radio (2.4GHz or 5GHz) and one 5GHz radio. They support 300Mbps, connecting up to 240 users at one time. The Access Point provides flexibility for delivering wireless service in low-tomedium user density scenarios, in challenging deployments in areas with high RF attenuation, and in isolated or physically separated locations. These models have an integrated controller, firewall, threat sensor and spectrum analyzer. These models have omni-directional antennas rather than directional antennas. Feature No. radios: 802.11 a/b/g/n/monitor Radio type XR-520 2x2 Integrated omni-directional antennas Integrated wireless switch ports Integrated RF spectrum analyzer, threat sensors Yes Gigabit Uplink Port Wireless bandwidth 300 Mbps Users supported Introduction 240 Some smaller Arrays/APs have less memory (XR-500/1000 Series and XR-620) and are not able to run all ArrayOS features at the same time. You will receive an error message if you attempt to configure a feature when there is not enough memory left. Wireless Array XR-600 Series Access Points These Access Points provide robust wireless service in low-to-medium user density scenarios. These Access Points have two Gigabit Ethernet ports and two multi-state radios (2.4GHz or 5GHz), so that as more of your clients migrate to 802.11ac, you can increase the number of radios operating at 5 GHz. Each of the XR-630’s two 3x3 802.11ac radios supports 1.3Gbps, connecting up to 240 users at one time with 2.6Gbps total Wi-Fi bandwidth. These models have an integrated controller, firewall, threat sensor spectrum analyzer, and application-level intelligence. These models have omni-directional antennas rather than directional antennas. The XR-630 supports a unique feature that optimizes wireless performance by automatically segmenting faster 802.11ac clients from slower Wi-Fi clients. Since Wi-Fi is a shared medium, this separation ensures slower 802.11a/b/g/n clients do not slow down 802.11ac clients from achieving high performance. XR-620 XR-630 2x2 3x3 Integrated omni-directional antennas Integrated wireless switch ports Integrated RF spectrum analyzer, threat sensors Yes Yes Gigabit Uplink Ports Wireless bandwidth 1.7 Gbps 2.6 Gbps 240 240 Feature No. radios: 802.11 ac/a/b/g/n/monitor Radio type Users supported Some smaller Arrays/APs have less memory (XR-500/1000 Series and XR-620) and are not able to run all ArrayOS features at the same time. You will receive an error message if you attempt to configure a feature when there is not enough memory left. Introduction Wireless Array XR-1000 These Arrays include models with one Gigabit Ethernet port and two multi-state radios (2.4GHz or 5GHz) that can support 300Mbps or 450Mbps, connecting up to 480 users at one time. The Xirrus XR-1000 Series Wireless Array is a two slot chassis available in a two multi-state (2.4GHz or 5GHz) radio configuration with up to 900Mbps of bandwidth (up to 450 Mbps per radio). The XR-1000 provides flexibility for delivering wireless service in low user density scenarios, challenging deployments in areas with high RF attenuation, and in isolated or physically separated locations. The elliptical-shaped coverage pattern produced by its directional antennas is ideal for covering facilities with central hallways and adjacent rooms commonly found in office buildings, hotels, and dormitories. Like larger XR Arrays, these models integrate multi-state radios with high gain directional antennas, an onboard multi-gigabit switch, controller, firewall, threat sensor and spectrum analyzer all built on a modular chassis designed for future extensibility. XR-1220 XR-1230 2x2 3x3 Integrated antennas Integrated wireless switch ports Yes Yes Gigabit Uplink Port Wireless bandwidth 600 Mbps 900 Mbps 480 480 Feature No. radios: 802.11 a/b/g/n/monitor Radio type Integrated RF spectrum analyzer, threat sensors Users supported Introduction Wireless Array Some smaller Arrays/APs have less memory (XR-500/1000 Series and XR-620) and can’t run all ArrayOS features simultaneously. You will see an error message if you configure a feature when there is not enough memory. XR-2000/2005 Series Arrays These Arrays include models with one or two Gigabit Ethernet ports and two or four multi-state radios (2.4GHz or 5GHz) that can support 300Mbps or 450Mbps, connecting up to 960 users at one time. The Xirrus XR-2000 Series Wireless Array is a four slot chassis available in a four multi-state (2.4GHz or 5GHz) radio configuration supporting up to 1.8Gbps of bandwidth. These models support a range of low to high-performance applications, including offices, hospitals, campuses and classrooms, and hotels. Like larger XR Arrays, these models integrate multi-state radios with high gain directional antennas, an onboard multi-gigabit switch, controller, firewall, threat sensor and spectrum analyzer on a modular chassis designed for extensibility. XR-2220 XR-2225 XR-2230 XR-2235 XR-2420 XR-2425 XR-2430 XR-2435 2x2 2x2 3x3 3x3 2x2 2x2 3x3 3x3 Integrated antennas 12 12 Integrated wireless switch ports Integrated RF spectrum analyzer, threat sensors Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Feature No. radios: 802.11 a/b/g/n/monitor Radio type Gigabit Uplink Ports Wireless bandwidth Users supported 600 600 900 900 1.2 1.2 1.8 1.8 Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Gbps Gbps Gbps Gbps 480 480 480 480 960 960 960 960 Introduction Wireless Array Note that XR-2000 Series Arrays ending in “0” have one Gigabit POE port and a Console port. Those ending in “5” (called the XR-2005 Series) have no console port, but have two Gigabit ports, one of which accepts POE+ power supplied by a Xirrus-supplied power injector or an IEEE802.3at powered switch. XR-4000 Series Arrays These Arrays include models with two Gigabit Ethernet ports and four or eight radios (IAPs), connecting up to 1920 users at one time and offering a maximum wireless bandwidth of 3.6 Gbps (up to 450 Mbps per radio). Smaller models may be upgraded to eight radios later when your needs change. Feature XR-4420 XR-4430 XR-4820 XR-4830 Number of radios: 802.11a/b/g/n/monitor 2x2 3x3 2x2 3x3 Integrated antennas 12 16 24 Integrated wireless switch ports Integrated RF spectrum analyzer, threat sensors Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 Gigabit Uplink Ports 1.2 Gbps 1.8 Gbps 2.4 Gbps 3.6 Gbps 960 960 1920 1920 Radio type Wireless bandwidth Users supported Introduction Wireless Array XR-6000 Series Arrays These Arrays include models with four Gigabit Ethernet ports and up to sixteen radios, connecting up to 1792 users at one time and offering a maximum wireless bandwidth of 7.2 Gbps (up to 450 Mbps per radio). Smaller models may be upgraded to sixteen radios later when your needs change. A 10 Gigabit modular Ethernet expansion port (DVI connector) is available to meet high traffic demands. It is used only with an optional Xirrus 10 Gig fiber optics adapter. XR-6820 XR-6830 XR-7220 XR-7230 XR-7620 XR-7630 12 12 16 16 Radio type 2x2 3x3 2x2 3x3 2x2 3x3 Number of integrated antennas 16 24 24 36 32 48 Integrated wireless switch ports 16 16 16 16 16 16 Integrated RF spectrum analyzer, threat sensors Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes Yes 1 Gigabit Uplink Ports External 10 Gigabit Modular Expansion Port Wireless bandwidth (Gbps) 2.4 3.6 3.6 5.4 4.8 7.2 Users supported 896 896 1344 1344 1792 1792 Feature Number of radios: 802.11a/b/g/n/monitor See Also Key Features and Benefits Wireless Array Product Overview Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE) 10 Introduction Wireless Array Enterprise Class Security The latest and most effective wireless encryption security standards, including WPA (Wireless Protected Access) and WPA2 with 802.11i AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) are available on the Wireless Array. In addition, the use of an embedded RADIUS server (or 802.1x with an external RADIUS server) ensures user authentication — multiple Arrays can authenticate to the optional XMS, ensuring only authorized Arrays become part of the wireless network. With the Xirrus Advanced Feature Sets, intrusion detection and prevention, site monitoring, and RF spectrum analysis are performed in the background by the Array automatically. Deployment Flexibility Xirrus’ unique multi-radio architecture (on all Arrays except the XR-500 Series) generates 360 degrees of sectored high-gain 802.11a/b/g/n coverage that provides extended range and the highest possible data rates for a large volume of clients. Each sector can be adjusted automatically or manually, creating a pattern of wireless coverage perfectly tailored to individual customer needs. For example: outside wall Figure 3. Wireless Coverage Patterns Figure 3 depicts the following two scenarios: Full pattern coverage All radios are activated with coverage spanning 360 degrees. If within range, clients will always receive coverage regardless of their geographic Introduction 11 Wireless Array position relative to the Array. Radios may be assigned to 2.4 GHz and/or 5.0 GHz bands in any desired pattern. Partial pattern coverage If desired, the Wireless Array can be deployed close to an exterior wall. In this case, half of all available radios have been deactivated to prevent redundant signals from “bleeding” beyond the site’s perimeter wall. This configuration may also be used in those cases where you want to restrict wireless coverage to selected areas of the building’s interior. Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE) Some smaller Arrays and APs (XR-2000 models ending in “5”, and XR-500/600 Series) are compatible with IEEE802.3af and/or IEEE802.3at PoE+, and may be connected to appropriate powered switches. For example, the Xirrus XT-5024 and XT-5048 are 24-and 48-port 802.3at POE+ managed switches. See the Quick Installation Guide for the Array/AP for compatible injectors or powered switches. The Xirrus-supplied XP1, XP2, and XP8 Power over Gigabit Ethernet modules provide power to Arrays over the same Cat 5e or Cat 6 cable used for data. Managed modules provide the ability to control power using XMS. Figure 4. XP8 - Power over Ethernet Usage Specific models of the Array are compatible with specific PoGE modules. 12 Introduction Wireless Array Enterprise Class Management The Wireless Array can be used with its default settings, or using zero touch cloud-based automated provisioning . Settings may also be customized using the Array’s embedded Web Management Interface (WMI). The WMI enables easy configuration and control from a graphical console, plus a full complement of troubleshooting tools and statistics. Figure 5. WMI: Array Status In addition, a fully featured Command Line Interface (CLI) offers IT professionals a familiar management and control environment. SNMP (Simple Network Management Protocol) is also supported to allow management from an SNMP compliant management tool, such as the optional Xirrus Management System. Introduction 13 Wireless Array For deployments of more than five Arrays, we recommend that you use the cloud-based or enterprise version of Xirrus Management System (XMS). XMS offers a rich set of features for fine control over large deployments. Key Features and Benefits This section describes some of the key product features and the benefits you can expect when deploying the Wireless Array (the XR-7630 product is used as an example in this section). High Capacity and High Performance Figure 6. Layout of IAPs (XR-7630) The XR-7630 version of the Wireless Array (Figure 6) enables wireless connectivity and easily handles time-sensitive traffic such as voice. This model includes four Gigabit uplink ports for connection to the wired network. Its sixteen IAPs (radios) provide a maximum wireless capacity of 7.2 Gbps, which offers ample reserves for the high demands of current and future applications. Of the sixteen IAPs, fifteen operate as radios which may be set up to serve your choice of client types — any or all of 802.11a/b/g/n (5 GHz or 2.4 GHz bands), providing backwards compatibility with 802.11b and 802.11g. 14 Introduction Wireless Array In the recommended configuration, one IAP is configured in RF monitoring and intrusion detection/prevention mode. Extended Coverage One XR-7630 solution enables you to replace fifteen access points (including one omnidirectional IAP for monitoring the network). Fifteen IAP radios with integrated directional antennas provide increased wireless range and enhanced data rates in all directions. With a Wireless Array deployed, far fewer access points are needed and wired-like resiliency is delivered throughout your wireless network. Your Wireless Array deployment ensures: Continuous connectivity if an IAP (radio) fails. Continuous connectivity if an Array fails. Continuous connectivity if a WDS link or switch fails. Continuous connectivity if a Gigabit uplink or switch fails. Flexible Coverage Schemes Your Wireless Array offers flexible coverage schemes for each wireless technology. Introduction 15 Wireless Array Figure 7. Coverage Schemes (XR-7230 shown) 802.11a/n Delivers 60° wireless coverage per IAP, with 6 dBi of gain. 802.11b/g/n Delivers 180° wireless coverage, with 3 dBi of gain. 802.11a/b/g/n (monitor only) Delivers 360° wireless coverage, with 2 dBi of gain. Non-Overlapping Channels Complete use of non-overlapping channels limits interference and delivers maximum capacity. On the XR-7630, up to 16 non-overlapping channels are fully utilized across the 5GHz and 2.4GHz spectrums. 16 Introduction Wireless Array SDMA Optimization SDMA (Spatial Division Multiple Access) technology provides full 360° coverage while allowing independent channel and power output customization. Also supports fast inter-zone handoffs for time-sensitive applications and roaming. Fast Roaming Utilizes the Xirrus Roaming Protocol (XRP) ensuring fast and seamless roaming capabilities between IAPs or Arrays at both Layer 2 and Layer 3. Ease of Deployment The Xirrus XMS and Mobilize services simplify and speed deployment of the wireless network by automatically setting up each Array’s license, software image, and initial configuration. When the Array is installed and has Internet connectivity, it contacts Xirrus, which performs these initialization tasks. Powerful Management The Xirrus Management System (XMS) offers real time monitoring and management capabilities for the wireless network. Secure Wireless Access Multiple layers of authentication and encryption ensure secure data transmissions. The Wireless Array is 802.11i compliant with line-rate encryption support for 40 and 128 bit WEP, WPA and WPA2 with TKIP and AES encryption. Authentication is provided via 802.1x, including PEAP, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, EAP-SIM, EAP-GTC, EAP-AKA, EAP-AKA-Prime, and LEAP (Lightweight Extensible Authentication Protocol) passthrough. Intrusion detection and prevention provide proactive monitoring of the environment for threats. Applications Enablement The Wireless Array’s QoS (Quality of Service) functionality combined with true switch capabilities enable high density video and Voice over Wireless LAN deployments. Compliant with 802.1p and 802.1Q standards. See Also Wireless Array Product Overview Introduction 17 Wireless Array Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE) Why Choose the Xirrus Wireless Array? Advanced Feature Sets The Wireless Array offers a family of powerful functionality packages, including the RF Performance Manager (RPM), RF Security Manager (RSM), RF Analysis Manager (RAM), and Application Control. These four packages are separately licensed for operation on your Array. RPM, RSM, and RAM are automatically included as part of all XR Arrays. Application Control is an optional feature. Xirrus Advanced RF Performance Manager (RPM) The Xirrus RPM optimizes the bandwidth usage and station performance of wireless networks. Leveraging the multiple integrated access point (multi-radio) design of the Xirrus Wireless Array, RPM manages the allocation of wireless bandwidth to wireless stations across multiple RF channels. The result maximizes overall network performance with superior flexibility and capacity. Today's wireless infrastructure is faced with ever increasing numbers and variations of wireless enabled clients, whether in the form of notebooks, netbooks, smart phones, IP phones, printers, projectors, cameras, RFID tags, etc. The advent of higher speed wireless and its increased use of the 5GHz spectrum adds to the number of variables today's wireless networks must accommodate. Backwards compatibility with older clients is crucial, however their operation in a wireless network can significantly hinder the performance of faster clients. As an example, 802.11b wireless stations communicate more than 10 times slower than 802.11n stations. With each of the Array’s multiple radios operating on a different channel, RPM selects the ideal radio for each station. High-speed stations are grouped together on radios with other high speed stations, while lower speed stations are combined with other lower speed stations. This ensures optimal performance for high-speed 802.11ac stations without compromise. The complete feature set of the RPM package includes: 18 WDS (Wireless Distribution System) for point-to-point communication Introduction Wireless Array Wireless Mode per IAP Sharp Cell technology Wireless Data Rate Optimization Wireless Traffic Shaping Wireless Voice Call Admission Control Fast Layer 2 and 3 Roaming Standby Mode Xirrus Advanced RF Security Manager (RSM) The Xirrus RSM improves security and minimizes the risk in deploying 802.11 wireless networks. Leveraging an integrated 24/7 threat sensor and hardwarebased encryption/decryption in each Array, RSM secures the wireless network from multiple types of threats. The result delivers uncompromised overall network security with superior flexibility and performance. Wireless networks face a number of potential security threats in the form of rogue access points, ad-hoc clients, unauthorized clients, wireless-based attacks, eavesdropping, etc. As “bring your own device” (BYOD) becomes ubiquitous in enterprise networks, defending against these threats becomes more critical. With the Array’s threat sensor radio scanning all channels in the 2.4GHz and 5GHz spectrums, RSM searches for security threats and automatically mitigates them. High performance encryption/decryption in the enterprise wireless network is a must. The wireless network needs to support each client using the highest level of encryption (WPA2 Enterprise/128 bit AES) and without degrading the overall performance of the network. Xirrus incorporates hardware-based encryption/ decryption into each Array, delivering line-rate encryption at the edge of the network instead of at a choke point within a centralized controller. The complete feature set of the RSM package includes: Wireless IDS/IPS (Intrusion Detection/Prevention System) Wireless stateful firewall User group policies Authenticated guest access gateway Introduction 19 Wireless Array NAC integration Xirrus Advanced RF Analysis Manager (RAM) The RF Advanced Analysis Manager (RAM) tests and troubleshoots wireless networks. The deployment of 802.11ac presents a set of unique challenges based on technology differences with legacy 802.11a/b/g/n networks, both on the wireless infrastructure and client side. Xirrus' RAM equips each Wireless Array with a powerful set of tools and features to optimally tune and verify an 802.11ac installation, as well as give IT administrators the ability to troubleshoot issues that may occur within the wireless environment. 802.11ac deployment will continue to evolve over the next several years with additional performance and optional functions, along with an ongoing stream of IEEE 802.11 amendments. This changing wireless landscape mandates that appropriate tools are available to the user to analyze, optimize, and troubleshoot their changing environments. The distributed architecture of the Array enables the execution of powerful wireless and networking analysis at the edge of the network where packets traverse the wireless-to-wired boundary. The Array includes an embedded wireless controller with the necessary computing and memory resources to provide these functions securely at the network's edge. The key elements of the RAM package include: 20 RF Analysis – An embedded Spectrum Analyzer leverages the dedicated threat sensor radio in each Wireless Array to provide a continual view of utilization, interference, and errors across all available wireless channels. Packet Analysis – Integrated packet capture provides filterable views of all traffic traversing on the wired and wireless interfaces of the Array. Performance Analysis – Embedded traffic generation enables the throughput of the Array’s wireless or wired interfaces to be analyzed. Failure Recovery – Radio Assurance provides an automatic self-test and self healing mechanism that ensures continuous system operation. Netflow Support Network Tools: ping, RADIUS ping, traceroute Introduction Wireless Array Xirrus Application Control The Application Control feature is available on XR Arrays to provide real-time visibility of application usage by users across the wireless network. Network usage has changed enormously in the last few years, with the increase in smart phone and tablet usage stressing networks. The Array uses Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) to determine what applications are being used and by whom, and how much bandwidth they are consuming. These applications are rated by their degree of risk and productiveness. The results are presented to you both graphically and in tables. Filters may then be put in place to implement per-application policies that keep network usage focused on productive uses, eliminating risky and non-business-oriented applications such as BitTorrent. You can increase the priority of mission-critical applications like VoIP and WebEx. See “Application Control Windows” on page 146 for more information. About this User’s Guide This User’s Guide provides detailed information and procedures that will enable wireless network administrators to install, configure and manage the Wireless Array so that end users can take full advantage of the product’s features and functionality without technical assistance. Organization Topics and procedures are organized by function under the following chapter headings: Introduction Provides a brief introduction to wireless technology, an overview of the product, including its key features and benefits, and presents the product specifications. Installing the Wireless Array Defines prerequisites for deploying and installing the Array and provides instructions to help you plan and complete a successful installation. The Web Management Interface Introduction 21 Wireless Array Offers an overview of the product’s embedded Web Management Interface, including its content and structure. It emphasizes what you need to do to ensure that any configuration changes you make are applied, and provides a list of restricted characters. It also includes instructions for logging in to the Array with your Web browser. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Describes the status and statistics displays available on the Array using its embedded Web Management Interface. Configuring the Wireless Array Contains procedures for configuring the Array using its embedded Web Management Interface. Using Tools on the Wireless Array Contains procedures for using utility tools provided in the Web Management Interface. It includes procedures for upgrading the system firmware, uploading and downloading configurations and other files, using diagnostic tools, and resetting the Array to its factory defaults. The Command Line Interface Includes the commands and the command structure used by the Wireless Array’s Command Line Interface (CLI), and provides a procedure for establishing a Telnet connection to the Array. This chapter also includes some sample key configuration tasks using the CLI. Appendix A: Quick Reference Guide Contains the product’s factory default settings. Appendix B: FAQ and Special Topics Offers guidance to resolve technical issues, including general hints and tips to enhance your product experience, and a procedure for isolating problems within an Array-enabled wireless network. Also includes Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) and Xirrus contact information. 22 Introduction Wireless Array Appendix C: Notices (Arrays except XR-500/600 and -H Models) Contains the legal notices, licensing, and compliance statements for the Array. Please read this section carefully. Appendix D: Notices (XR500/600 Series Only) Contains the legal notices, licensing, and compliance statements for the XR500 Series Access Points. Please read this section carefully if you are using these models. Glossary of Terms Provides an explanation of terms directly related to Xirrus product technology, organized alphabetically. Index The index is a valuable information search tool. Use the index to locate specific topics discussed in this User’s Guide. Simply click on any page number in the index to jump to the referenced topic. Notes and Cautions The following symbols are used throughout this User’s Guide: This symbol is used for general notes that provide useful supplemental information. This symbol is used for cautions. Cautions provide critical information that may adversely affect the performance of the product. Screen Images Some screen images of the Web Management Interface have been modified for clarity. For example, an image may have been cropped to highlight a specific area of the screen, and/or sample data may be included in some fields. Introduction 23 Wireless Array Product Specifications Please refer to the Xirrus web site for the latest specifications for these Arrays— www.xirrus.com. 24 Introduction Wireless Array Installing the Wireless Array The instructions for completing a successful installation include the following topics: “Installation Prerequisites” on page 25. “Planning Your Installation” on page 28. “Installation Workflow” on page 61. “Installing Your Wireless Array” on page 63. “Powering Up the Wireless Array” on page 66. “Zero-Touch Provisioning and Ongoing Management” on page 69. “Performing the Express Setup Procedure” on page 75. Installation Prerequisites Your Wireless Array deployment requires the presence of hardware and services in the host wired/wireless network, including: Power Source Xirrus Arrays and APs are powered via Xirrus-supplied Power over Gigabit Ethernet. PoGE supplies power over the same Cat 5e or Cat 6 cable used for data, thus reducing cabling and installation effort. PoGE power injector modules are available in 1-, 2-, and 8-port configurations and are typically placed near your Gigabit Ethernet switch. An AC outlet is required for each injector module. Some smaller Arrays and APs are compatible with IEEE802.3af and/or IEEE802.3at, and may be connected to appropriate powered switches. For example, the Xirrus XT-5024 is a 24-port 802.3at PoE+ managed switch. See the Quick Installation Guide for the Array/AP for compatible injectors or powered switches. ArrayEthernet ports You need at least one 100/1000 BaseT port to establish wired Gigabit Ethernet connectivity. XR Series Arrays have different numbers of ports, Installing the Wireless Array 25 Wireless Array depending on the model (see “XR Wireless Array Product Family” on page 5). The Array’s Ethernet ports should be connected to an Ethernet switch, not an Ethernet hub — if a hub is used, we recommend that you do not bondpair Ethernet ports. Secure Shell (SSH) utility To establish secure remote command line access to the Array, you need a Secure Shell (SSH) utility, such as PuTTY. The utility must be configured to use SSH-2, since the Array will only allow SSH-2 connections. Secure Web browser Xirrus supports the latest version of the following Browsers: Internet Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Chrome, or Safari. A secure Web browser is required for Web-based management of the Array. The browser must be on the same subnet as the Array, or you must set a static route for management as described in the warning above. Serial connection capability A serial port (console) is present on all Arrays/APs except XR-500/600/ 1000 Series and some XR-2000 models, where Xircon can be used instead—see the Xircon User’s Guide. To connect directly to the console port on the Array, your computer must be equipped with a male 9-pin serial port and terminal emulation software (for example, HyperTerminal). The Xirrus Array only supports serial cable lengths up to 25’ per the RS-232 specification. Use the following settings when establishing a serial connection: Bits per second Data bits Parity Stop bits Flow control 26 115,200 None None Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array Optional Network Components The following network components are optional. Xirrus Management System (XMS) The optional XMS offers powerful management features for small or large Wireless Array deployments. External RADIUS server Although your Array comes with an embedded RADIUS server, for 802.1x authentication in large deployments you may want to add an external RADIUS server. Client Requirements The Wireless Array should only be used with Wi-Fi certified client devices. See Also Coverage and Capacity Planning Failover Planning Planning Your Installation Installing the Wireless Array 27 Wireless Array Planning Your Installation This section provides guidelines and examples to help you plan your Xirrus Wireless Array deployment to achieve the best overall coverage and performance. We recommend you conduct a site survey to determine the best location and settings for each Array you install. The following topics are discussed: “General Deployment Considerations” on page 28 “Coverage and Capacity Planning” on page 30 “About IEEE 802.11ac” on page 37 “Failover Planning” on page 47 “Power Planning” on page 49 “Security Planning” on page 50 “Port Requirements” on page 52 “Network Management Planning” on page 56 “WDS Planning” on page 57 “Common Deployment Options” on page 60 For a complete discussion of implementing Voice over Wi-Fi on the Array, see the Xirrus Voice over Wireless Application Note in the Xirrus Resource Center. General Deployment Considerations For optimal placement of Arrays, we recommend that a site survey be performed by a qualified Xirrus partner. The Wireless Array’s unique multi-radio architecture generates 360 degrees of sectored high-gain 802.11a/b/g/n/ac coverage that provides extended range. (Note that XR-500/600 Series radios are omni-directional rather than sectored.) The number, thickness and location of walls, ceilings or other objects that the wireless signals must pass through may affect the range. Typical ranges vary 28 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array depending on the types of materials and background RF (radio frequency) noise at your location. To maximize wireless range, follow these basic guidelines: 1. Keep the number of walls and ceilings between the Array and your receiving devices to a minimum — each wall or ceiling can reduce the wireless range from between 3 and 90 feet (1 to 30 meters). Position your devices so that the number of walls or ceilings is minimized. 2. Be aware of the direct line between each device. For example, a wall that is 1.5 feet thick (half a meter) at 90° is actually almost 3 feet thick (or 1 meter) when viewed at a 45° angle. At an acute 2° degree angle the same wall is over 42 feet (or 14 meters) thick! For best reception, try to ensure that your wireless devices are positioned so that signals will travel straight through a wall or ceiling. 90° 2° 45° > 42 feet\ 14 m 1.5 feet/ .5 m ~ 3 feet/ 1m Figure 8. Wall Thickness Considerations 3. Try to position wireless client devices so that the signal passes through drywall (between studs) or open doorways and not other materials that can adversely affect the wireless signal. See Also Coverage and Capacity Planning Common Deployment Options Installation Prerequisites Installing the Wireless Array 29 Wireless Array Coverage and Capacity Planning This section considers coverage and capacity for your deployment(s), including placement options, RF patterns and cell sizes, area calculations, roaming considerations, and channel allocations. XR-500 Series radios are omni-directional rather than directional (sectored), and discussions involving sectored radios are not applicable to these Arrays. Placement Use the following guidelines when considering placement options: 1. The best placement option for the Array is ceiling-mounted within an open plan environment (cubicles rather than fixed walls). 2. Keep the Array away from electrical devices or appliances that generate RF noise. Because the Array is generally mounted on ceilings, be aware of its position relative to lighting (especially fluorescent lighting) — we recommend maintaining a distance of at least 3 to 6 feet (1 to 2 meters). 100 ft/ 30m 100 ft/ 30 m 100 ft/ 30 m Figure 9. Unit Placement 3. 30 If using multiple Arrays in the same area, maintain a distance of at least 100ft/30m between Arrays if there is direct line-of-sight between units, or at least 50ft/15m if a wall or other barrier exists between units. Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array RF Patterns The Wireless Array allows you to control — automatically or manually — the pattern of wireless coverage that best suits your deployment needs. You can choose to operate with full coverage, half coverage, or custom coverage (by enabling or disabling individual sectors). Full (Normal) Coverage In normal operation, the Array provides a full 360 degrees of coverage. Figure 10. Full (Normal) Coverage Half Coverage outside wall Figure 11. Adjusting RF Patterns If installing a unit close to an exterior wall, you can deactivate half of the radios to prevent redundant signals from “bleeding” beyond the wall and extending service into public areas. The same principle applies if you want to restrict service to an adjacent room within the site. Installing the Wireless Array 31 Wireless Array Custom Coverage Where there are highly reflective objects in proximity to the Array, you can turn off specific radios to avoid interference and feedback. reflective object Figure 12. Custom Coverage Capacity and Cell Sizes Cell sizes should be estimated based on the number of users, the applications being used (for example, data/video/voice), and the number of Arrays available at the location. The capacity of a cell is defined as the minimum data rate desired for each sector multiplied by the total number of sectors being used. Figure 13. Connection Rate vs. Distance Figure 13 shows relative connection rates for 802.11n vs. 802.11a/g and 802.11b, and the effect of distance on the connection rates. 802.11ac rates behave like 802.11n over distance—see Figure 22 for 802.11ac data rates). Wireless environments can vary greatly so the actual rates may be different depending on the specific network deployment. 32 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array Fine Tuning Cell Sizes Adjusting the transmit power allows you to fine tune cell sizes. There are four standard sizes — Small, Medium, Large, or Max (the default is Max). There is also an Auto setting that automatically determines the best cell size, and a Manual setting that allows you to choose your power settings directly. Small Medium Large Figure 14. Transmit Power Auto Cell Size is an automatic, self-tuning mechanism that balances cell size between Arrays to guarantee coverage while limiting the RF energy that could extend beyond the organizational boundary. Auto Cell uses communication between Arrays to dynamically set radio power so that complete coverage is provided to all areas, yet at the minimum power level required. This helps to minimize potential interference with neighboring networks. Additionally, Arrays running Auto Cell automatically detect and compensate for coverage gaps caused by system interruptions. To enable the Auto Cell Size feature, go to “RF Power & Sensitivity” on page 336. XirrusXirrus If you are installing many units in proximity to each other, we recommend that you use Auto Cell Size; otherwise, reduce the transmit power using manual settings to avoid excessive interference with other Arrays or installed APs. See also, “Coverage and Capacity Planning” on page 30. Installing the Wireless Array 33 Wireless Array Sharp Cell This patented Xirrus RF management option automatically creates more intelligently defined cells and improves performance by creating smaller, highthroughput cells. By dynamically limiting each cell to a defined boundary (cell size), the trailing edge bleed of RF energy is reduced, thus minimizing interference between neighboring Wireless Arrays or other Access Points. To enable the Sharp Cell feature, go to “RF Power & Sensitivity” on page 336. Roaming Considerations Cells should overlap approximately 10 - 15% to accommodate client roaming. ROAMING 10 - 15% overlap Figure 15. Overlapping Cells Allocating Channels Because the Wireless Array is a multi-channel device, allocating the best channels to radios is important if peak performance is to be maintained. Automatic Channel Selection We recommend that you allow the Array to make intelligent channel allocation decisions automatically. In the automatic mode, channels are allocated dynamically, driven by changes in the environment. Auto Channel assignment is performed by scanning the surrounding area for RF activity on all channels, then automatically selecting and setting channels on the Array to the best channels available. This function is typically executed when initially installing Arrays in a 34 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array new location and may optionally be configured to execute periodically to account for changes in the RF environment over time. Auto Channel selection has significant advantages, including: Allows the Array to come up for the first time and not interfere with existing equipment that may be already running, thereby limiting cochannel interference. More accurately tunes the RF characteristics of a wireless installation than manual configuration since the radios themselves are scanning the environment from their physical location. May be configured to run periodically. To set up the automatic channel selection feature, go to “Advanced RF Settings” on page 333. Installing the Wireless Array 35 Wireless Array Manual Channel Selection You can manually assign channels on a per radio basis, though manual selection is not recommended (and not necessary). To avoid co-channel interference, do not select adjacent channels for radios that are physically next to each other. Maintain channel separation Figure 16. Allocating Channels Manually See Also Failover Planning Installation Prerequisites 36 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array About IEEE 802.11ac 802.11ac is a continuation of the IEEE 802.11 standard. It multiplies the maximum data rate—up to ten times the 802.11n maximum will ultimately be available. Along with increased data rates, it offers simultaneous transmission to multiple clients. 802.11ac will be rolled out in two phases. Wave 1 products available in 2012-2013 support 80MHz channels and up to 3 data streams for a maximum data rate of 1.3 Gbps. Wave 2 and future products will add 160MHz channels and up to 8 streams, for a maximum data rate of 6.93Gbps. Xirrus currently supports up to three streams (in units with 3x3 radios) and 80 MHz channels. Xirrus models that offer 802.11ac support this technology on all IAPs, not just on one. IAPs are individually configurable to different modes or groups of modes (such as 802.11a, 11b, 11g, and 11n). Xirrus optimizes 802.11ac performance further with ACExpress™. This innovation intelligently separates high-speed and lower-speed mobile devices on separate IAPs to maximize system performance. The major advantages of 802.11ac are: Faster speeds than 802.11n over the same coverage area, operating at up to 1.3 Gbps in Wave 1 implementations. While the maximum distance that a Wi-Fi signal can reach is unchanged with 802.11ac, multiple antennas increase the data rate at every distance. Operates only in the less congested 5 GHz spectrum, which offers “cleaner” air and supports much greater capacity than the 2.4 GHz spectrum still used by 802.11n. Supports simultaneous communications to multiple clients on a single channel with multi-user MIMO in future Wave 2 products. Extends the techniques pioneered in 802.11n: more antennas, more spatial streams and wider channels to improve throughput. Installing the Wireless Array 37 Wireless Array The techniques that 802.11ac uses to realize these performance improvements and the expected results are discussed in: “Up to Eight Simultaneous Data Streams — Spatial Multiplexing” on page 39 “MIMO (Multiple-In Multiple-Out)” on page 39 “MU-MIMO (Multi-User Multiple-In Multiple-Out)” on page 40 “Higher Precision in the Physical Layer” on page 42 “80 MHz and 160 MHz Channel Widths (Bonding)” on page 43 “802.11ac Data Rates” on page 44 “ACExpress™” on page 45 It is important to consider 80 MHz and 160 MHz Channel Widths (Bonding) when planning your deployment, since it contributes greatly to 802.11ac’s speed improvements and because it is configured separately for each IAP. Your selection of channel width in IAP Settings—40 MHz or 80 MHz or 20 MHz (if bonding is turned off)—has a major effect on your channel planning. A global setting is provided to enable or disable 802.11ac mode. See “Global Settings .11ac” on page 325 to configure operation. There are other factors to keep in mind when planning a roll-out of 802.11ac. Please see “802.11ac Deployment Considerations” on page 45. 38 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array Up to Eight Simultaneous Data Streams — Spatial Multiplexing Spatial Multiplexing transmits completely separate data streams on different antennas (in the same channel) that are recombined to produce new 802.11ac data rates. Previously used for 802.11n, the maximum number of streams for 802.11ac has been increased to eight. Higher data rates are achieved by splitting the original data stream into separate data streams. Each separate stream is transmitted on a different antenna (using its own RF chain). MIMO signal processing at the receiver can detect and recover each stream. Streams are then recombined, yielding higher data rates. Data Stream Tx 1 Rx 1 Tx 2 Rx 2 Transmitter Tx N Receiver Data Stream Rx M Figure 17. Spatial Multiplexing The date rate increases directly with the number of transmit antennas used. Note that mobile devices in the near future will support up to three or four streams at most, with many supporting less. MIMO (Multiple-In Multiple-Out) MIMO (Multiple-In Multiple-Out) signal processing is one of the core technologies of 802.11n and 802.11ac. It mitigates interference and maintains broadband performance even with weak signals. Prior to 802.11n, a data stream was transmitted via one antenna. At the receiving end, the antenna with the best signal was selected to receive data. MIMO signal processing uses multiple antennas to send and receive data. It takes advantage of multipath reflections to improve signal coherence and greatly increase receiver sensitivity (Figure 18). Multipath signals were considered to be interference by Installing the Wireless Array 39 Wireless Array 802.11a/b/g radios, and degraded performance. In 802.11n and 802.11ac, these signals are used to enhance performance. MIMO Processed Signal Antenna 1 Signal Attenuation Receiver Antenna 2 Signal Antenna 3 Signal Frequency Across Subcarriers Figure 18. MIMO Signal Processing 802.11ac increases the number of antennas and spatial streams from a maximum of four in 802.11n to a maximum of eight, contributing to much higher maximum data rates (up to 6.93Gbit/s). The spatial streams can be concurrently allocated to more than one receiving device when the AP operates in multi-user MIMO mode (MU-MIMO, see the next section). MU-MIMO (Multi-User Multiple-In Multiple-Out) MU-MIMO (multi-user multiple-in/multiple-out) signal processing uses multiple antennas on the transmitter and receiver operating on the same channel. With spatial multiplexing in 802.11ac, up to 8 data streams may be concurrently transmitted. MU-MIMO’s innovation allows the streams to be split between multiple devices at once. With 802.11n, whenever the IAP transmitted data, all of the traffic at any instant of time was directed to a single client. As a consequence, if a set of devices included a mix of fast and slow client clients, the fast traffic was often substantially delayed by the transmission to slower clients. 802.11ac MU-MIMO works by directing some of the spatial streams to one client and other spatial streams to other clients, up to four at a time For example, in the figure below, the transmitter has four antennas. Three are transmitting to an 802.11ac laptop that has three antennas, while the remaining 40 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array one is directed to a mobile phone. When a transmission is complete, the antennas are reallocated. Data Stream Tx 1 Rx 1 Tx 2 Rx 2 Transmitter (Access Point) Data Stream Tx 3 Spatial Streams Rx 3 Data Stream Tx 4 Rx 1 Figure 19. MU-MIMO with Four Antennas The table below illustrates how data streams might be allocated to multiple users on an 802.11ac transmitter with multiple antennas. # of AP Antennas Possible Combinations of Receiver Antennas 1 station w/ 2 antennas -or- 2 stations w/ 1 antenna 1 station w/ 3 antennas -or1 station w/ 2 antennas + 1 station w/ 1 antenna -or3 stations w/ 1 antenna 1 station w/4 antennas -or- 2 stations w/2 antennas -or1 station w/2 antennas + 2 stations w/1 antenna -or- 4 stations w/ 1 antenna 1 station w/ 8 antennas -or- 2 stations w/ 4 antennas -or1 station w/ 4 antennas + 2 stations w/ 2 antennas -or2 stations w/ 2 antennas + 4 stations w/1 antenna -or… many other combinations … Installing the Wireless Array 41 Wireless Array Higher Precision in the Physical Layer Wi-Fi utilizes several digital modulation techniques and automatically switches between them to optimize for throughput or range. The basic unit of data transmitted is called a symbol. The number of points in the modulation constellation determines the number of bits of data conveyed with each symbol. itu de pl 64-QAM Am Phase˚ 256-QAM +7 +5 +3 +1 -7 -5 -3 -1 +1 +3 +5 +7 -1 -3 -5 -7 Figure 20. Physical Layer Data Encoding 802.11n uses 16 QAM (Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), which conveys log2(16) = 4 bits per symbol and 64 QAM, which conveys 6 bits per symbol. 802.11ac adds 256 QAM which conveys 8 bits per symbol for a 33% increase in throughput vs. the highest 802.11n data rate. You may select the highest Modulation and Coding Scheme (MCS) level allowed with 1, 2, or 3 Spatial Streams (see the Max MCS setting in “Procedure for Configuring Global 802.11ac IAP Settings” on page 326). You may limit the highest level of modulation to 64-QAM, or allow 256-QAM. It also determines the coding scheme used for error correction. Higher MCS levels allocate fewer bits to error correction, and thus more bits are used for data. The default value is MCS9, the highest level. The higher the MCS value, the higher the data rate, as shown in the table below. Xirrus Arrays/APs support MCS7 -MCS9. Higher MCS levels require higher 42 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array signal-to-noise ratios (i.e., a less noisy environment) and shorter transmission distances. MCS index value Modulation Code rate (R) BPSK 1/2 QPSK 1/2 QPSK 3/4 16-QAM 1/2 16-QAM 3/4 64-QAM 2/3 64-QAM 3/4 64-QAM 5/6 256-QAM 3/4 256-QAM 5/6 80 MHz and 160 MHz Channel Widths (Bonding) Channel bonding increases data rates by combining two, four, or eight adjacent 20 MHz channels into one channel. This increases the data rate proportional to the width of the bond. Bonding is specified on the IAP Settings page for each IAP in terms of the primary channel and the width of the bond. Be aware that Channel Bonding impacts channel planning, since you are using multiple channels for an IAP. 802.11ac allows creation of 20, 40, 80, or 160 MHz wide channels. The 160MHz channel can also be a combination of two non-contiguous 80MHz channels (80+80). Although channel bonding increases bandwidth, wider channels are more susceptible to signal interference which may lead to reduced range and poorer signal quality. Figure 21 is an example showing how Channels 36-64 may be used: as eight 20 MHz channels; four 40 MHz channels; two 80 MHz channels; or one 160 MHz channel. Xirrus currently supports channels up to 80 MHz wide. Installing the Wireless Array 43 5150MHz 5250MHz 5350MHz Wireless Array UNII-1 Frequency Channel Number 36 40 UNII-2 44 48 52 56 60 64 20MHz Channel Bandwidth 2-20MHz bonded channels 40MHz 2-40MHz bonded channels 80MHz 2-80MHz bonded channels 160MHz Figure 21. Channel Bonding (Channels 36-64 shown) 802.11ac Data Rates Maximum Data Rate # Transmit Antennas Bandwidth (MHz) Streams 293Mbps 40 64QAM 433Mbps 80 256QAM 867Mbps 80 256QAM 1.299Gbps 80 256QAM 1.730Gbps 80 256QAM 3.470Gbps 80 256QAM 867Mbps 160 256QAM 1.730Gbps 160 256QAM 3.470Gbps 160 256QAM 6.930Gbps 160 256QAM Modulation Phase 1 Phase 2+ Figure 22. Maximum 802.11ac Data Rates IEEE 802.11ac data rates are dependent on the number of spatial streams obtained through the use of MU-MIMO, 80 vs. 160MHz channel widths, the number of transmit antennas, and the type of modulation. Figure 22 shows the maximum 44 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array data rate achievable at each level, with many additional lower rates occurring at each level dependent on signal level, signal to noise ratio in the environment, etc. Phase 1 802.11ac, first available in consumer products in 2012 and enterprise products in 2013, supports up to 80MHz channels and up to 3 spatial streams for a maximum data rate of 1.3Gbps. Phase 2 and beyond products, expected starting in 2014, will add 160MHz channels and up to 8 spatial streams for a maximum data rate of 6.9Gbps. ACExpress™ Xirrus 802.11ac IAPs use ACExpress™ to optimize wireless performance by automatically separating faster 802.11ac clients from slower Wi-Fi clients. Since Wi-Fi is a shared medium, this separation ensures that slower 802.11a/b/g/n clients do not starve the performance of 802.11ac clients. For example, the data rate of an 802.11n client is less than 25% of the rate of an 802.11ac client, and thus will take four times as much air time for a given amount of data. This takes available bandwidth away from faster clients, reducing their performance significantly. ACExpress intelligently separates clients by type onto different radios, grouping fast clients separately from slow clients, thereby maximizing performance for all. ACExpress is supported on all Xirrus 802.11ac products, both APs and Arrays. ACExpress may be enabled or disabled as part of the Load Balancing feature. See Step 26 on page 307. 802.11ac Deployment Considerations The theoretical data rates shown are just that, theoretical. For 802.11ac deployments, numerous factors affect real-world performance. These are some important considerations in the deployment of networks that include 802.11ac: Wireless networks are not wired networks. Wired network users who share a Gigabit network can expect to see bursts of up to 900Mbps, depending on their hardware. Maximum Wi-Fi data rates are reduced by signaling overhead and media contention. Most 802.11ac users will see data rates less than 100Mbps as the effective bandwidth is shared among all devices connecting to a given radio. Installing the Wireless Array 45 Wireless Array 46 Migration to 802.11ac will take time. Older Wi-Fi technologies will continue to be with us for years. In order for 802.11ac to provide maximum data rates, it is important to keep interference from earlier WiFi standards at a minimum. For example, 802.11n devices operating in the 5GHz band can slow down 802.11ac devices to 300Mbps or 450Mbps depending on the 2x2 or 3x3 MIMO technology used. Infrastructures must be upgraded as well. The bandwidth required out of 802.11ac APs will certainly exceed 1Gbps and may reach 10Gbps. The links from the APs to the core network must keep pace with this need. Centralized firewalls, LAN controllers, and authentication servers may also reach their limits. Migration to a decentralized architecture, with intelligence at the edge of the network may be a more scalable solution, avoiding single points of failure. More power. Multi-antenna APs handling 802.11ac speeds will likely require more power. Power planning for your access switches should be carefully considered. A new site survey may be needed. Wireless networks established as recently as a few years ago were probably designed for coverage and not capacity. APs were placed so that there were no dead zones, without considering future capacity needs. With the increasing use of mobile devices, new site surveys that ensure enough bandwidth for anticipated usage should precede deployment of 802.11ac APs. Manage application usage. With 802.11ac, a range of applications are now practical on mobile devices that were previously only used over wired networks or on laptops. Uncontrolled use of Wi-Fi bandwidth can cause wireless networks to quickly degrade. Network control elements must control use of applications and prioritize critical applications. Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array Failover Planning This section discusses failover protection at the unit and port levels. To ensure that service is continued in the event of a port failure, you can utilize two Gigabit Ethernet ports simultaneously as a bonded pair (on Arrays with two or more Gigabit ports). Multiple port connections Ethernet switch Figure 23. Port Failover Protection In addition, the Array has full failover protection between the bonded-pair Gigabit ports (see following table). Interface Bridges Data? Bridges Management Traffic? Fails Over To: Gigabit port Yes Yes Bonded port DHCP or static Bonded Gigabit port Yes Yes Bonded port Same IP address The Wireless Array Gigabit Ethernet ports actually support a number of modes: 802.3ad Link Aggregation Load Balancing Broadcast Link Backup Mirrored Installing the Wireless Array 47 Wireless Array For more details on Gigabit port modes and their configuration, please see “Bonds and Bridging” on page 169. Switch Failover Protection To ensure that service is continued in the event of a switch failure, you can connect Arrays having multiple Gigabit ports to more than one Ethernet switch (not a hub). Ethernet connections Backup switch Ethernet switch Figure 24. Switch Failover Protection Gigabit Ethernet connections must be on the same subnet. See Also Coverage and Capacity Planning Installation Prerequisites Network Management Planning Planning Your Installation Power Planning Security Planning 48 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array Power Planning All XR Series Array models support Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE) with an integrated splitter. Power over Gigabit Ethernet To deliver power to the Array, you must use Xirrus-supplied Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE) modules or powered switches. They provide power over Cat 5e or Cat 6 cables to the Array without running power cables — see Figure 4 on page 12. Specific models of the Array are compatible with specific PoGE modules. For details, please see the Power over Gigabit Ethernet Installation and User Guide. When using Cat 5e or Cat 6 cable, power can be provided up to a distance of 100m. Certain Xirrus models (XR-500/600 Series and some XR-2000 models) also accept IEEE802.3af and/or IEEE802.3at powered switch ports. See Also Coverage and Capacity Planning Failover Planning Network Management Planning Security Planning Installing the Wireless Array 49 Wireless Array Security Planning This section offers some useful guidelines for defining your preferred encryption and authentication method. For additional information, see “Understanding Security” on page 214 and the Security section of “Frequently Asked Questions” on page 492. Wireless Encryption Encryption ensures that no user can decipher another user’s data transmitted over the airwaves. There are three encryption options available to you, including: WEP-40bit or WEP-128bit Because WEP is vulnerable to cracks, we recommend that you only use this for legacy devices that cannot support a stronger encryption type. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA) This is much more secure than WEP and uses TKIP for encryption. Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA2) with AES This is government-grade encryption — available on most new client adapters — and uses the AES–CCM encryption mode (Advanced Encryption Standard–Counter Mode). Authentication Authentication ensures users are who they say they are, and occurs when users attempt to join the wireless network and periodically thereafter. The following authentication methods are available with the Wireless Array: 50 RADIUS 802.1x 802.1x uses a remote RADIUS server to authenticate large numbers of clients, and can handle different authentication methods (EAP-TLS, EAPTTLS, EAP-PEAP, and EAP-LEAP Passthrough). Administrators may also be authenticated via RADIUS when preferred, or to meet particular security standards. Xirrus Internal RADIUS server Recommended for smaller numbers of users (about 100 or less). Supports EAP-PEAP only Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array Pre-Shared Key Uses a pass-phrase or key that is manually distributed to all authorized users. The same passphrase is given to client devices and entered into each Array. MAC Access Control Lists (ACLs) MAC access control lists provide a list of client adapter MAC addresses that are allowed or denied access to the wireless network, and can be used in addition to any of the above authentication methods. ACLs are good for embedded devices, like printers and bar-code scanners (though MAC addresses can be spoofed). The Array supports 1,000 global ACL entries. You may also define per-SSID access control lists, with up to 1000 entries each. ArrayArrayArraySee Also Failover Planning Network Management Planning Power Planning Installing the Wireless Array 51 Wireless Array Port Requirements A number of ports are used by various Array features and by the Xirrus Management System (XMS). The Port Requirements table on page 53 lists ports and the features that require them (XMS port requirements are included in the table for your convenience). If you are using a feature, please make sure that the ports that it requires are not blocked by firewalls or other policies, and that they do not conflict with any other port assignments. As an example, XMS port requirements are illustrated in Figure 25. XMS requires ports 161, 162, and 443 to be passed between Arrays and the XMS server. Similarly, port 9443 is required for communication between the XMS server and XMS clients, and port 25 is typically used by the XMS server to access an SMTP server to send email notifications. SSID Traffic on VLANs A, B, etc. Management over Native VLAN Internal Resources Trunked 802.1q VLAN Connection Traffic from Arrays VLAN A Traffic from Arrays VLAN B L2 Switching Infrastructure External Network / Internet Firewall XMS Server Ports: 161, 162, 443 SMTP Server* XMS Client* Ports: 9090, 9091 Ports: 25 * XMS Client and SMTP Server may be internal or external resources. Figure 25. Port Requirements for XMS 52 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array The following table lists port requirements for the Array and for XMS, how they are used, and whether they may be changed. Port Application Peer Configurable Array icmp Ping XMS Server No 20 tcp 21 tcp FTP Client Yes 22 tcp SSH Client Yes 23 tcp Telnet Client Yes 25 tcp SMTP Mail Server No 69 udp TFTP TFTP Server No 123 udp NTP NTP Server No 161 udp SNMP XMS Server No 162 udp SNMP Traphost Note Up to four Traphosts may be configured. XMS Server Yes - but required by XMS 443 tcp HTTPS (WMI,WPR) Client Yes 514 udp Syslog Syslog Server No 1812, 1645 udp RADIUS (some servers use 1645) RADIUS Server Yes 1813, 1646 udp RADIUS Accounting (some servers still use 1646) RADIUS Accounting Server Yes 2055 udp Netflow Client Yes 5000 tcp Virtual Tunnel VTUN Server Yes 22610 udp XRP (Xirrus Roaming) Arrays Yes 22612 udp Xircon (Console Utility) Admin Workstation Yes Installing the Wireless Array 53 Wireless Array Port Application Peer Configurable XMS icmp Ping Arrays No 22 tcp SSH Arrays Yes 25 tcp SMTP Mail Server Yes 123 udp NTP NTP Server No 161 udp SNMP Arrays No 162 udp SNMP Traphost 1 Arrays Via XMS config file 443 tcp HTTPS Arrays No 514 udp Resident Syslog server Internal* Via XMS config file 1099 tcp RMI Registry Internal* No 2000 tcp XMS Back-end Server Internal* No 3306 tcp MySQL Database Internal* No 8001 tcp Status Viewer Internal* No 8007 tcp Tomcat Shutdown Internal* During installation 8009 tcp Web Container Internal* During installation 9090 tcp XMS Webserver XMS client During installation 9091 tcp XMS Client Server XMS client Via XMS config file 9092 tcp XMS Client Server XMS client Via XMS config file 9443 tcp XMS WMI SSL XMS web client Yes * Internal to XMS Server, no ports need to be unblocked on other network devices 54 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array See Also Management Control External Radius Services VLAN Management Installing the Wireless Array 55 Wireless Array Network Management Planning Network management can be performed using any of the following methods: Centralized Web-based management, using the optional Xirrus Management System (XMS). XMS Cloud provides zero-touch provisioning and ongoing management. XMS is run on a dedicated Xirrus appliance or your own server. XMS manages large Wireless Array deployments from a centralized Web-based interface and offers the following features: Globally manage large numbers of Arrays Seamless view of the entire wireless network Easily configure large numbers of Arrays Rogue AP monitoring Easily manage system-wide firmware updates Monitor performance and trends Aggregation of alerts and alarms Command Line Interface, using an SSH (Secure Shell) utility, like PuTTY. The utility must be set up to use SSH-2, since the Array will only allow SSH-2 connections. Web-based management, using the Array’s embedded Web Management Interface (WMI). This method provides configuration and basic monitoring tools, and is good for small deployments (one or two units). See Also Failover Planning Power Planning Security Planning 56 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array WDS Planning WDS (Wireless Distribution System) creates wireless backhaul connections between Arrays, allowing your wireless network to be expanded using multiple Arrays without the need for a wired backbone to link them (see Figure 26). WDS features include: One to three IAPs may be used to form a single WDS link, yielding up to 1350 Mbps bandwidth per link. Up to three different WDS links may be created on a single Array. Automatic IAP Load Balancing If desired, you may allow clients to associate to a BSS on the same radio interface used for a WDS Host Link. This will take bandwidth from the WDS link. Figure 26. WDS Link Multiple links per Array allow you to configure multi-hop connections. Installing the Wireless Array 57 Wireless Array Figure 27. A Multiple Hop WDS Connection Multiple WDS links can provide link redundancy (failover capability - see Figure 28). A network protocol (Spanning Tree Protocol — STP) prevents Arrays from forming network loops. Figure 28. WDS Failover Protection 58 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array WDS links have a Host/Client relationship similar to the usual IAP/station pattern for Arrays: A WDS Client Link associates/authenticates to a host (target) Array in the same way that a station associates to an IAP. The client side of the link must be configured with the root MAC address of the target (host) Array. A WDS Host Link acts like an IAP by allowing one WDS Client Link to associate to it. An Array may have both client and host links. WDS configuration is performed only on the client-side Array. See “WDS” on page 358. Note that both Arrays must be configured with the same SSID name. Installing the Wireless Array 59 Wireless Array Common Deployment Options The following table lists some typical and recommended deployment options for a number of the features that have been discussed in this chapter. Number of Wireless Arrays Function One or Two Three or More Power Power over Gigabit Ethernet Power over Gigabit Ethernet UPS backup (recommended) Failover Recommended Highly recommended VLANs Optional Optional use, Can be used to put all APs on one VLAN or map to existing VLAN scheme Encryption Authentication WPA2 with AES (recommended) WPA2 with AES (recommended) PSK or 802.1x 802.1x keying Internal RADIUS server EAP-PEAP External RADIUS server Pre-Shared Key Management Cloud XMS or InternalWMII Cloud XMS or XMS (Enterprise-hosted) Internal CLI (via SSHv2) See Also Coverage and Capacity Planning Network Management Planning Planning Your Installation Power Planning Security Planning 60 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array Installation Workflow This workflow illustrates the steps that are required to install and configure your Wireless Array successfully. Review this flowchart before attempting to install the unit on a customer’s network. Cloud XMS customers will skip the last two steps. Determine the number of Arrays needed Choose the location(s) for your Wireless Arrays Run Ethernet cables for PoGE (<100m total distance from switch) Install the mounting plate Connect the cables and turn on the power Verify that the Ethernet link and radio LEDs are functioning correctly Log in to WMI Review the Array Configuration Figure 29. Installation Workflow See Also Coverage and Capacity Planning Common Deployment Options Installing the Wireless Array 61 Wireless Array Failover Planning Installation Prerequisites Planning Your Installation Power Planning Wireless Array Product Overview Security Planning 62 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array Installing Your Wireless Array This section provides information about the physical installation of your Xirrus Wireless Array. For complete instructions, please see the Quick Installation Guide (QIG) for your model of Array or Access Point. Choosing a Location Based on coverage, capacity and deployment examples previously discussed, choose a location for the Array that will provide the best results for your needs. The Wireless Array was designed to be mounted on a ceiling where the unit is unobtrusive and wireless transmissions can travel unimpeded throughout open plan areas. Choose a location that is central to your users (see the following diagram for correct placement. WRONG RON RO ON WRONG RON RO O G ON CORRECT ORRE ORREC Figure 30. Array Placement Wiring Considerations Before using the Xirrus-supplied Power over Gigabit Ethernet modules (PoGE) to distribute power, see “Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE)” on page 12. Installing the Wireless Array 63 Wireless Array Once you have determined the best location for your Wireless Array, you must run cables to the location for the following services: Power No separate power cable is required to the Array—Xirrus wireless Arrays and APs use PoGE (Power over Gigabit Ethernet). See the Quick Installation Guide for your Array/AP model for compatible power injectors or switches. The total of all Cat 5e or Cat 6 cable segments from the Gigabit Ethernet switch to the power injector and then to an Array PoGE port must be less than 100m long. The Array must be connected to PoGE networks without routing cabling to the outside plant, to ensure that cabling is not exposed to lightning strikes or possible high voltage crossover. Network Arrays and APs all have at least one PoGE port to supply power and data over the same cable. Many models have additional gigabit ports, or even additional PoGE ports. Please see the Quick Installation Guide for your Array/AP model for detailed information about running cables to the Array and connecting it. Some models also have a serial (console) port. The Serial cable may be up to 25 feet long per the RS-232 specification. 64 When the unit’s IP address is unknown or a network connection has not been established, the serial cable is used for connecting directly with the Command Line Interface (CLI) via HyperTerminal. When a network connection is established, the Array can be managed from any of the available network connections, either Gigabit 1 or Gigabit 2. For models with no console port, such as theXRR-500,XRR-1000, and someXRR-2000 models, theXirrus Xircon utility may be used locally to set up an IP address if necessary. Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array Important Note About Network Connections The Array’s Ethernet ports should be plugged into an Ethernet switch, not an Ethernet hub — if a hub is used, we recommend that you connect only one Ethernet port. See Also Failover Planning Installation Prerequisites Installation Workflow Mounting and Connecting the Array/AP Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE) Installing the Wireless Array 65 Wireless Array Mounting and Connecting the Array/AP A detailed Quick Installation Guide is available at support.xirrus.com that describes mounting your Array/AP. Please follow the provided instructions carefully. Data and power connections to the Array are also detailed in the Quick Installation Guide. Please follow the cabling and connection instructions carefully. Dismounting the Array For all Array/AP models, push up on the Array/AP (i.e., push it against the mounting plate). Then turn the Array to the left to remove it. This is similar to dismounting a smoke detector. Powering Up the Wireless Array When powering up, the Array follows a specific sequence of LED patterns showing the boot progress, and following a successful boot will provide extensive status information. Ethernet Activity and Status LEDs IAP LEDs Figure 31. LED Locations Array LED settings may be altered or disabled entirely for diagnostic purposes or for personal preference. Changes are made via the Array’s Command Line Interface or the Web Management Interface — refer to “LED Settings” on page 354. 66 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array Array LED Operating Sequences Use the following tables to review the operating sequences of the Array’s LEDs. “LED Boot Sequence” on page 67 “LED Operation when Array is Running” on page 68 LED Boot Sequence The normal boot LED sequence is as follows: Array Activity Status LED IAP LEDs Power ON Blinking GREEN All OFF Boot loader power ON self-test Blinking GREEN All ON Image load from compact FLASH Blinking GREEN Spinning pattern (rotate all to ON, then all to OFF) Image load failure Blinking ORANGE All OFF Hand off to ArrayOS Solid GREEN All OFF System software initialization Solid GREEN Walking pattern — (LED rotating one position per second) Up and running Solid GREEN ON for IAPs that are up: OFF for IAPs that are down. Green or orange per table on the next page. Behavior may be changed using “LED Settings” on page 354. Installing the Wireless Array 67 Wireless Array LED Operation when Array is Running The normal LED operation when the Array is running is shown in the table below. Note that behavior may be modified using “LED Settings” on page 354 or via the CLI. LED Status Reason IAP LED is OFF IAP is down IAP LED is solid ON IAP is up, but no associations and no traffic IAP LED heartbeat IAP is up, with stations associated but no traffic IAP LED flashing IAP is up, passing traffic Flashing at 10 Hz Flashing at 5 Hz Flashing at 2.5 Hz Traffic > 1500 packets/sec Traffic > 150 packets/sec Traffic > 1 packet/sec IAP LED is GREEN IAP is operating in the 2.4 GHz band IAP LED is ORANGE IAP is operating in the 5 GHz band IAP LED flashing ORANGE to GREEN at 1 Hz The radio is in monitor mode STATUS LED is GREEN *** Array is operational (standard intrude detect) GIG (Ethernet) LEDs are dual color Ethernet LED is ORANGE Transferring data at 1 Gbps Ethernet LED is GREEN Transferring data at 10/100 Mbps *** NOTE: On an XR-2000 Series Array model ending an a 5, there is a combined GIG2/STS LED. If the GIG2 port is not connected, the LED behaves as a Status LED. If the GIG2 port is connected, the LED behaves as a GIG2 LED. 68 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array See Also Installation Prerequisites Installation Workflow Installing Your Wireless Array LED Settings Zero-Touch Provisioning and Ongoing Management Most customers employ the Xirrus Management System (XMS) for the initial setup and continuing management of Xirrus devices. XMS users can readily set up their new devices for zero touch provisioning and ongoing maintenance via the following platforms. XMS Cloud Next Generation (XMS-9500-CL-x) XMS in the cloud performs zero touch provisioning as shown in this quick video guide: www.xirrus.com/TV/Training/XMS-Cloud-Next-Generation. New Arrays/APs appear in XMS even before you receive your equipment. When the email arrives with your login information, use XMS Cloud to specify the initial settings for your Arrays/APs. A Guided Tour will walk you through the basic steps of creating a profile containing configuration settings, including creating SSIDs and firewall/application control rules. Once a new, unlicensed Array/AP is connected to a network with DHCP and Internet connectivity, it will automatically contact Xirrus for cloud-based zero touch provisioning per your settings. It will first install the latest applicable license, and upgrade the Array/ AP to the latest software version as appropriate. XMS Enterprise (Also available as a cloud-deployed solution: XMS-9000-CL-x) This enterprisehosted platform automatically detects and provisions new Xirrus devices deployed in your network via a zero touch provisioning approach similar to that described above. Create and configure a default profile for newly added Arrays/ APs—these new devices will automatically receive the configuration defined in your default profile. Installing the Wireless Array 69 Wireless Array If you are an XMS or XMS-9000-CL-x customer, we recommend that you manage your Arrays/APs completely by XMS. Wait five minutes after powering up the Array or Access Point, then use XMS to view/manage this unit. If you change settings directly on the Array/AP, XMS may not sync up with these changes for up to 24 hours. Note that the Array/AP must already be running ArrayOS release 6.5 or above to support zero-touch provisioning. Without XMS or Mobilize, Arrays and APs will still obtain their licenses automatically. If you are not using XMS New devices can be auto-provisioned upon initial deployment via the Xirrus Mobilize platform (pre-order required) as shown in this video: www.xirrus.com/ TV/Training/Mobilize-Training. Your welcome email will contain login/account information. After booting, the Array contacts the Xirrus Mobilize Cloud service with its serial number and MAC address. Mobilize sends commands to the Array to download and update the appropriate license, software image, and configuration, and then reboots the Array. Note that every unlicensed Array with Internet connectivity obtains its license by contacting Xirrus. You have the option of whether or not to use Mobilize to update your software image and download initial configuration. The initial Array configuration sets items such as SSIDs, encryption and authentication, and SNMP settings. Use the Mobilize service to specify these settings for each Array before deployment. Settings may be duplicated from one Array to the next, or entered in bulk. Your Xirrus wireless equipment will continue to be able to fetch and activate license updates to which you are entitled. See “License Key/Auto-provisioning:” on page 389. If you are not using XMS or Mobilize, please proceed to the rest of this chapter to configure your Array/AP manually via the Express Setup menu option. 70 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array Array/AP Management Interfaces User Interfaces (CLI, WMI) With zero-touch setup provided by XMS and Mobilize, your Xirrus network is ready for use a few minutes after deployment. We recommend that you use the Xirrus Management System (XMS) for ongoing monitoring and fine-tuning of the network. Should you wish to check the configuration of individual Arrays locally, Array settings may be viewed or configured through the Command Line Interface (CLI) using SSH, or on a browser with the Web Management Interface (WMI). You may use the CLI via the serial management port (console—on all Arrays except the XR-500/600/1000 Series and some XR-2000 models) or any of the Gigabit Ethernet ports. You can use the WMI via any of the Array’s Ethernet ports. ArrayXMS Gigabit PoE (gig1) Figure 32. Network Interface Ports—XR-520 (left); XR-1000 Series (right) Gigabit1/PoE+ (gig1) Gigabit2 (gig2) Figure 33. Network Interface Ports—XR-600 Series Installing the Wireless Array 71 Wireless Array Gigabit1 PoE /Gigabit1 PoE+ Gigabit2 CONSOLE Figure 34. Network Interfaces—XR-2000 Series (left); XR-2005 Series (right) Serial (Console) Gigabit PoE (gig1) Gigabit 2 (gig2) Figure 35. Network Interface Ports—XR-4000 Series Serial (Console) Gigabit PoE1 (gig1) Gigabit PoE2 (gig2) Gigabit 3 (gig3) Gigabit 4 (gig4) Figure 36. Network Interface Ports—XR-6000 Series 72 The Xirrus Xircon utility may also be used to communicate with Arrays locally as an alternative to using a serial connection to the console. This is especially useful for the XR-500/600/1000 Series and some XR-2000 models, which do not have a console port. See “Securing Low Level Access to the Array” on page 76. Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array Using the Serial Port If using the serial port to make your connection, use serial settings of 8 bits, no parity, no flow control, 1 stop bit (8N1) and a speed setting of 115200 baud. Use the communication package of your choice. You may use the serial port to change settings on the Array, even if the Array’s Gigabit interfaces are in XMS managed mode (i.e., read-only mode, see “Managing Arrays Locally or via XMS” on page 81). Using the Ethernet Ports By default, the Array's Ethernet interfaces use DHCP to obtain an IP address. If the Array is booted and does not receive DHCP addresses on Gigabit Ethernet ports, then both Gigabit1 and its bonded pair port (if any) will default to 10.0.2.1 with a mask of 255.255.255.0. If the Array is connected to a network that provides DHCP addresses, the IP address can be determined by the following three methods: 1. The simplest way to address the Array is using its default hostname which is the Array’s serial number, found on the Array label and shipping container (for example, XR40123091CACD). If your network provides DHCP and DNS, then you can use this hostname. 2. Otherwise, examine the DHCP tables on the server and find the addresses assigned to the Array (Xirrus MAC addresses begin with 00:0F:7D or 50:60:28 and are found on the Array label and shipping container). 3. Alternatively, you may query the Array using the CLI via the console port (on all models except the XR-500/600/1000, and some XR-2000 models). Log in using the default user name admin and password admin. Use the show ethernet command to view the IP addresses assigned to each port. 4. If the Array cannot obtain an IP address via DHCP, the factory default uses a static IP address of 10.0.2.1 with a mask of 255.255.255.0 on its Gigabit POE port. Take care to ensure that your network is not using the 10.0.2.1 IP address prior to connecting the Array to the network. To connect to the Array, you must set your laptop to be in the same subnet as the Array: set your laptop’s IP address to be in the 10.0.2.xx Installing the Wireless Array 73 Wireless Array subnet, and set its subnet mask to 255.255.255.0. If this subnet is already in use on your network, you may connect your laptop directly to the Array by connecting the laptop to the power injector’s IN port temporarily (this port may be called the SWITCH port or the DATA port on your injector). Starting the WMI Use this procedure to log in to the WMI via your Web browser. 1. Establish a network connection and open your Web browser. 2. Connect to the Wireless Array using its host name or IP address as described in the previous section. http://Logging In When logging in to the Array, use the default user name and password — the default user name is admin, and the default password is admin. See Also Installation Workflow Performing the Express Setup Procedure Powering Up the Wireless Array Licensing When a newly deployed Array boots up, it automatically contacts Xirrus with its serial number and MAC address and obtains its license key, software image, and initial configuration from XMS or Mobilize. Any unlicensed Array running ArrayOS release 6.5 or above will update in this way after it boots up, if it has Internet connectivity. A license is needed to enable the full functionality of the Array. Without a license, the Array can be powered up and will only have a basic wireless network configuration including just one operating radio. 74 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array The Array’s license determines some of the features that are available on the Array. For example, the Application Control feature on XR Arrays requires a license. The Array’s license is not installed at the factory. The Array must have a license before providing wireless service. If you need to enter the license manually, use the following procedure. It describes entering the license key using the WMI. If you are using the Xirrus Management System (XMS), you may use it to manage and upgrade large numbers of licenses for the wireless network. 1. This procedure assumes that you have pointed a browser to the Array to start WMI, and that you have logged in with the default username and password above. 2. In the left hand frame, in the Configuration section, click Express Setup. 3. License Key: Enter the key that was provided for the Array. The key was provided to you in an email as an attachment in the form of an Excel file (.xls). Enter the key exactly as it appears in the file. Click the Apply button to apply the key. 4. Now you may verify the features provided by the key. In the Status section of the left hand frame, click Array and then click Information. Check the items listed in the License Features row. Performing the Express Setup Procedure The Express Setup procedure establishes global configuration settings that enable basic Array functionality. Changes made in this window will affect all radios. If you are not using XMS or Mobilize to perform your initial configuration, please see “Express Setup” on page 159. Also see “Zero-Touch Provisioning and Ongoing Management” on page 69. See Also Zero-Touch Provisioning and Ongoing Management Installation Prerequisites Installation Workflow Logging In Installing the Wireless Array 75 Wireless Array Multiple SSIDs Security Securing Low Level Access to the Array XirconXBLXRXirconMost local management of the Xirrus Array is done via the Web Management Interface (WMI) or CLI—see “The Command Line Interface” on page 409. The Array also has a lower level interface: XBL (Xirrus Boot Loader), which allows access to more primitive commands. You won’t normally use XBL unless instructed to do so by Xirrus Customer Support. For proper security, you should replace the default XBL login username and password with your own, as instructed below. XBL has its own username and password, separate from the ArrayOS Admin User and Password (used for logging in to the WMI and CLI) that you may change on the Express Setup page (see Step 5 on page 163). XBLXirconXBL Xirrus also provides the Xircon utility for connecting to Xirrus XR Arrays that are not reachable via the normal access methods (such as SSH or WMI) and that do not have a physical console port (XR-500/600/1000 Series Arrays and some XR2000 models), or whose console port is not accessible. Xircon discovers Arrays on your network subnet by sending IP/UDP broadcast packets. Once an Array is discovered, Xircon can establish an encrypted console session to the Array via the network even if the Array IP configuration is incorrect. Xircon allows you to manage the Array using CLI, just as you would if connected to the console port. Xircon also has an option for easily accessing XBL. In normal circumstances Xirrus Arrays should be configured and managed through secure shell (SSH) or via the Web Management Interface (WMI). A connection is established using either the Array hostname or DHCP-assigned IP address, or via the other options described in “Using the Ethernet Ports” on page 73. Xircon may be needed in special circumstances as directed by Xirrus Customer Support for troubleshooting Array problems or IP connectivity. (In this case, see the Xircon User Guide for detailed information.) 76 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array Xircon access to the Array may be controlled: You may enable or disable all Xircon access to the Array as instructed in the procedure below. There are also options to allow access only to CLI (i.e., ArrayOS access) or only to XBL. Since some models do not have a console port, these models have Xircon access to both XBL and CLI enabled by default. For Arrays that do not have a console port, to avoid potentially being locked out of the Array, Xircon should always be enabled at the XBL level at least. If you disable Xircon access to both XBL and CLI on models with no console port, you must ensure that you do not lose track of the username and password to log in to CLI/WMI! In this situation, there is no way to recover from a lost password, other than returning the Array to Xirrus. If you have Xircon access to XBL enabled, you can reset the password, but this recovery will require setting the unit to factory defaults with loss of all configuration data. On all other Array models (those with a console port), Xircon access to both XBL and CLI is disabled by default. If Xircon is not going to be used to access an Array, we recommend leaving Xircon access disabled. Procedure for Securing Low Level Array Access Use the following steps to replace the default XBL username and password, and optionally to change the type of Xircon management access that is allowed. These steps use CLI commands. 1. To access CLI via the WMI, click CLI under the Tools section on the left (for detailed instructions see “CLI” on page 399). Skip to Step 4 on page 78. To access CLI via SSH, see “Establishing a Secure Shell (SSH) Connection” on page 409. Then proceed to the next step. 2. At the login as prompt, log in to CLI using the username and password that you set in Step 5 on page 163, or the default value of admin/admin if you have not changed them. login as: jsmith Installing the Wireless Array 77 Wireless Array jsmith@xr4012802207c's password: Xirrus Wi-Fi Array ArrayOS Version 6.1.2-3299 Copyright (c) 2005-2012 Xirrus, Inc. http://www.xirrus.com Array42# 3. Type configure to enter the CLI config mode. Array42#configure 4. If Xircon access at the XBL level is to be allowed, use the following three commands to change the XBL username and password from the default values of admin/admin. In the example below, replace newusername and newpassword with your desired entries. Note that these entries are case-sensitive. Array42#(config)#boot-env Array42#(config-boot)#set username newusername Array42#(config-boot)#set password newpassword Array42#(config-boot)#save Saving boot environment .... OK Array42(config-boot)# exit 5. Enter the following commands if you wish to change Xircon access permission: Array42#(config)# management Array42#(config-mgmt)# xircon Array42#(config-mgmt)# save Array42#(config-mgmt)# exit Array42#(config)# may be one of : on enables both CLI and XBL access off disables both CLI and XBL access aos-only enables only CLI (i.e. ArrayOS) access boot-only enables only XBL access Note that there is a WMI setting for changing Xircon access, timeout period, and the UDP port used. This may be used instead of CLI if you 78 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array wish. See “Management Control” on page 226. Note that you cannot change the XBL username and password via the WMI. Installing the Wireless Array 79 Wireless Array 80 Installing the Wireless Array Wireless Array The Web Management Interface This topic provides an overview of the Xirrus Wireless Array’s embedded Web Management Interface (WMI), used for establishing your network’s configuration settings and wireless operating parameters. It also includes login instructions. The following topics are discussed: Managing Arrays Locally or via XMS An Overview Structure of the WMI User Interface Logging In Applying Configuration Changes Managing Arrays Locally or via XMS For Xirrus deployments of any size, we recommend that you use the Xirrus Management System (XMS) to manage the network rather than directly managing each Array individually. You may change settings directly on the Array/AP—but be aware that XMS may not sync up with these changes for up to 24 hours. All XMS versions automatically “rediscover” the wireless network once a day by default, and XMS will fetch updated settings into its database at that time. If you are an XMS-Cloud customer (XMS-9500-CL-x), you may wish to use WMI or CLI directly on the wireless device to change settings that may not be available in XMS-Cloud. To immediately sync up XMS with changes that you have made to a particular Array, you may go to the XMS Monitor > Arrays or Configure > Arrays page. Select the Array, and click the Refresh button to update XMS with your changes on an Array. This causes XMS to read the current configuration of the Array and update the XMS database with these values. The Web Management Interface 81 Wireless Array An Overview The WMI is an easy-to-use graphical interface to your Wireless Array. It allows you to configure the product to suit your individual requirements and ensure that the unit functions efficiently and effectively. Figure 37. Web Management Interface 82 The Web Management Interface Wireless Array Structure of the WMI The content of the WMI is organized by function and hierarchy, shown in the following table. Click on any item below to jump to the referenced destination. Status Windows Array Status Windows Array Summary Array Information Array Configuration Admin History Network Status Windows Network Map Spanning Tree Status Routing Table ARP Table DHCP Leases Connection Tracking/NAT CDP Neighbors Network Assurance RF Monitor Windows IAPs Spectrum Analyzer Intrusion Detection Channel History Radio Assurance Station Status Windows Stations Location Map RSSI Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) Noise Floor Max by IAP Station Assurance The Web Management Interface Statistics Windows IAP Statistics Summary Per-IAP Statistics Network Statistics VLAN Statistics WDS Statistics IDS Statistics Filter Statistics Station Statistics Per-Station Statistics Application Control Windows System Log Window IDS Event Log Window 83 Wireless Array Configuration Windows Express Setup Network Network Interfaces Bonds and Bridging DNS Settings CDP Settings Services Time Settings (NTP) NetFlow Wi-Fi Tag Location System Log SNMP DHCP Server Proxy Forwarding VLANs VLAN Management Tunnels Tunnel Management SSID Assignments Security Admin Management Admin Privileges Admin RADIUS Management Control Access Control List Global Settings External Radius Internal Radius Active Directory Rogue Control List OAuth 2.0 Management SSIDs SSID Management Active IAPs Per-SSID Access Control List Honeypots 84 Configuration Windows (cont’d) Groups Group Management IAPs IAP Settings Global Settings (IAP) Global Settings .11an Global Settings .11bgn Global Settings .11n Global Settings .11u Global Settings .11ac Advanced RF Settings Hotspot 2.0 NAI Realms NAI EAP Intrusion Detection LED Settings DSCP Mappings Roaming Assist WDS WDS Client Links Filters Filter Lists Filter Management Clusters Cluster Definition Cluster Management Cluster Operation Mobile AirWatch Tool Windows System Tools CLI API Documentation Options Logout The Web Management Interface Wireless Array User Interface Left frame Right frame Utilities Expanded menu section Help Log Message counters Command log Utilities Figure 38. WMI: Frames The Web Management Interface 85 Wireless Array The WMI has been designed with simplicity in mind, making navigation quick and easy. In the following example, you’ll see that windows are divided into left and right frames. (Figure 38 ) The left frame contains two main elements: The menu is organized into three major sections (Status, Configuration, Tools). Each has headings for major functions, such as Network, SSIDs, Security, etc. Click a heading, such as Network, to display a page showing a summary of its current configuration, as well as to show links for all of its associated WMI pages. Three Log Messages counters are located at the bottom of the menu. They provide a running total of messages generated by the ArrayOS Syslog subsystem during your session — organized into Critical, Warning, and General messages. Click on a counter to display the associated Syslog messages. Messages at the selected level or higher will be shown. For more information, please see “System Log Window” on page 153. The right frame has four main elements: The header shows the Array type in the upper right corner, along with the hostname (this defaults to the unit’s serial number) an IP address. the Uptime underneath shows the time since the Array was last rebooted. Below this is the page title, and the user name you used to log in. On the right, click the Utilities button for a drop-down menu that allows you to Refresh Page, Save your changes, open the Help system, or Logout. If you have any unsaved changes, the Save button is displayed on the right, in an orange line. Figure 39. WMI Header 86 The Web Management Interface Wireless Array The main window displays the status information or configuration page that you requested. This is where you review the Array’s current status and activity or enter changes if you wish. The Command Log shows the results of recent commands. Figure 40. WMI Command Log Utility buttons are located at the bottom right of each window — a Feedback button, a Print button and a Help button. Print button Feedback button Help button Figure 41. WMI: Utility Buttons Click the Feedback button to generate a Web page that allows you to submit your comments to Xirrus, Inc. Click the Print button to open a print dialog to send a copy of the active window to your local printer. Click the Help button to access the Array’s online help system. Submitting Your Comments When submitting comments via the Feedback button (ensure that you provide as much detail as possible, including your contact information, the product model number that the comment relates to, and the ArrayOS software version (if known). When finished, click on the Submit button to submit your comment. The Web Management Interface 87 Wireless Array Some pages or individual settings are only available if the Array’s license includes appropriate Xirrus Advanced Feature Sets. If a setting is unavailable (grayed out), then your license does not support the feature. See “About Licensing and Upgrades” on page 387. Note that WMI provides an option that allows you to change its behavior. You may change: Refresh Interval — the refresh interval, if automatic refresh is selected. See “Options” on page 406 for more information. Logging In Use this procedure to log in to the WMI via your Web browser. 1. Establish a network connection and open your Web browser. 2. If your network supports DHCP and DNS, enter the Array’s default host name in the browser’s URL. The default host name is simply the Array’s serial number (for example, XR0823091CACD). Otherwise, enter the Array’s IP address. This may be determined as described in “Using the Ethernet Ports” on page 73. 3. The default login to the Array’s Web Management Interface is admin for both the user name and password. Figure 42. Logging In to the Wireless Array 88 The Web Management Interface Wireless Array Applying Configuration Changes In most of the WMI configuration windows, your changes to settings are applied to the Array as you make them. In most cases, there is no separate Apply button to click to make the changes take effect. There are a few exceptions to this rule. In these cases, a particular section of a page may have its own Apply Settings button right below the settings. In both cases described above, the changes that you have made are not saved to the latest configuration file in the Array’s flash memory, so they will not be restored after a reboot. Click the Save button (located on the upper right of each page) in order to make sure that these changes will be applied after rebooting. This will save the entire current configuration, not only the changes on current WMI page. Character Restrictions When inputting strings in the WMI (for example, assigning SSIDs, host name, password, etc.), use common alphanumeric characters. Some of the fields in the WMI will not accept special characters, so use of the following characters should typically be avoided: The Web Management Interface “ 89 Wireless Array 90 The Web Management Interface Wireless Array Viewing Status on the Wireless Array These windows provide status information and statistics for your Array using the product’s embedded Web Management Interface (WMI). You cannot make configuration changes to your Array from these windows. The following topics have been organized into functional areas that reflect the flow and content of the Status section of the navigation tree in the left frame of the WMI. “Array Status Windows” on page 92 “Network Status Windows” on page 100 “RF Monitor Windows” on page 111 “Station Status Windows” on page 122 “Statistics Windows” on page 135 “Application Control Windows” on page 146 “System Log Window” on page 153 “IDS Event Log Window” on page 155 Configuration and Tools windows are not discussed here. For information on these windows, please see: “Configuring the Wireless Array” on page 157 “Using Tools on the Wireless Array” on page 385 Note that the Status menu section may be collapsed down to hide the headings under it by clicking it. Click again to display the headings. (See Figure 39 on page 86) Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 91 Wireless Array Array Status Windows The following Array Status windows are available: Array Summary — displays information on the configuration of all Array interfaces, including IAPs. Array Information — provides version/serial number information for all Array components. Array Configuration — shows all configuration information for the Array in text format. Admin History — shows all current and past logins since the last reboot. Array Summary This is a status only window that provides a snapshot of the global configuration settings for all Wireless Array network interfaces and IAPs. You must go to the appropriate configuration window to make changes to any of the settings displayed here — configuration changes cannot be made from this window. Clicking on an interface or IAP will take you to the proper window for making configuration changes. Figure 43. Array Summary 92 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array Content of the Array Summary Window The Array Summary window is sub-divided into the Ethernet Interfaces section and the Integrated Access Point (radio) section, providing you with the following information: Ethernet Settings Summary This section provides information about network interface devices. To make configuration changes to these devices, go to “Network Interfaces” on page 166. • Interface: Lists the network interfaces that are available on the Array. • State: Shows the current state of each interface, either enabled or disabled. • Mgmt: Shows whether Array management traffic is allowed on this interface. • Auto Neg: Shows whether auto-negotiation is in use on this interface, to determine settings for speed, parity bits, etc. • LED: Shows whether LED display of interface status is enabled. • Link: Shows whether the link on this interface is up or down. • Duplex: Shows whether full duplex mode is in use. • Speed: Shows the speed of this interface in Mbps. • MTU Size: Shows the Maximum Transmission Unit size that has been configured. This is the largest packet size (in bytes) that the interface can pass along. • DHCP: Shows whether DHCP on this port is enabled or disabled. • IP Address: Shows the current IP address assigned to each network interface device. • Subnet Mask: Shows the subnet mask, which defines the number of IP addresses that are available on the routed subnet where the Array is located. • Gateway: Shows the IP address of the router that the Array uses to transmit data to other networks. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 93 Wireless Array 94 Bond Settings Summary This section provides information about the relationship that has been selected for the Gigabit ports. For detailed explanations and to make configuration changes, see “Bonds and Bridging” on page 169. • Bond: Lists all network bonds that have been configured. • Mode: Shows the type of relationship that has been selected for the Gigabit ports. • Ports: Shows the Gigabit ports that are part of this bond. • Port Mode: Shows the relationship that has been selected for the Ethernet ports. See “Bonds and Bridging” on page 169 for details • Active VLANs: Shows the VLANs that are active in this bond. • Mirror: Shows whether mirroring is enabled on this bond. Integrated Access Point Section This section provides information about the Integrated Access Point (IAPs) that are contained within the Array. How many IAPs are listed depends on which product model you are using. To make configuration changes to these IAPs, go to “IAP Settings” on page 290. • IAP: Lists the IAPs that are available on the Array. • State: Shows the current state of each IAP, either up or down. IAPs that are down are shown in RED. Figure 44 shows an example where iap7 is down. • AP Type: Shows the types of 802.11 clients supported by this IAP (11/ a/b/g/n) and the number of separate data streams transmitted and received by the antennas of each IAP for 802.11n. For example, 3x3 means that the IAP supports three transmit chains and three receive chains. See “Up to Eight Simultaneous Data Streams — Spatial Multiplexing” on page 39. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array Figure 44. Disabled IAP (Partial View) • Channel: Shows which channel each IAP is using, and the channel setting. To avoid co-channel interference, adjacent radios should not be using adjacent channels. To make channel selections for a specific IAP, go to “IAP Settings” on page 290. • Wi-Fi Mode: Shows the 802.11 client types that the IAP has been configured to support. • Antenna: Shows which antenna is being used by each IAP. • Cell Size: Indicates which cell size setting is currently active for each IAP — small, medium, large, max, automatic, or manually defined by you. Figure 45. IAP Cells The cell size of an IAP is a function of its transmit power and determines the IAP’s overall coverage. To define cell sizes, go to “IAP Settings” on page 290. For additional information about cell sizes and the importance of planning for and defining the optimum cell sizes for your Array, go to “Coverage and Capacity Planning” on page 30. • Tx Power: Shows the transmit power for each IAP. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 95 Wireless Array • Rx Threshold: Shows the receive threshold for each IAP. • Stations: Informs you how many client stations are currently associated with each IAP.XN Arrays can handle up to 96 concurrent users per individual IAP, thus 16-port XN models can handle 1536 users per Array. • WDS Link/Distance: The WDS Link on this radio (if any), and whether the link has been set to support Long Distance Links. See “WDS” on page 358. • MAC Address/BSSID: Shows the MAC address for each IAP. • Description: The description (if any) that you set for this IAP. Network Assurance Section This section shows the results of ongoing network assurance testing. This is the same as information shown in “Network Assurance” on page 109. Figure 46. Network Assurance and Operating Status The Array checks connectivity to network servers that you have configured (for example, DNS and NTP servers) on an ongoing basis. For each Setting, this list shows the server’s Host Name (if any), IP Address, and Status. 96 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array Network assurance must be enabled on the Array in order to perform these connectivity tests and display this information. See “Management Control” on page 226. Operating Status Section This section shows the Array controller board’s current internal temperatures, current fan speed, and compass heading. (Figure 46) See Also Management Control Network Interfaces Bonds and Bridging IAP Settings Network Assurance Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 97 Wireless Array Array Information This is a status only window that shows you the current firmware versions utilized by the Array, serial numbers assigned to each module, MAC addresses, licensing information, recent boot timestamps, and current internal temperatures and fan speed. Note that the License Features row lists the features that are supported by your Array’s license. See “About Licensing and Upgrades” on page 387 and “Advanced Feature Sets” on page 18 for more information. Figure 47. Array Information You cannot make configuration changes in this window, but if you are experiencing issues with network services, you may want to print the content of this window for your records. 98 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array Array Configuration This is a status only window that allows you to display the configuration settings assigned to the Array, based on the following filter options: Running — displays the current configuration (the one running now). Saved — displays the saved configuration from this session. Lastboot — displays the configuration as it was after the last reboot. Factory — displays the configuration established at the factory. Figure 48. Show Configuration If you want to see just the differences between the Running, Saved, Lastboot, and Factory configurations, you can do this by choosing a configuration option from the Select Config pull-down menu then selecting an alternative configuration option from the Select Diff pull-down menu. To also include the default configuration settings in the output, choose your configuration then click in the Include Defaults check box. If Include Defaults is disabled, then only the changes from the default configuration are shown. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 99 Wireless Array Admin History It is useful to know who else is currently logged in to an array while you're configuring it. It's also nice to see who has logged in since the array booted. This status-only window shows you all administrator logins to the Array that have occurred since the last reboot. To determine who is currently logged in, check which entries say active in the Logout Time column. Figure 49. Admin Login History Network Status Windows The following Network Status windows are available: 100 Network — displays a summary of network interface settings. Network Map — displays information about this Array and neighboring Arrays that have been detected. Spanning Tree Status — displays the spanning tree status of network links on this Array. Routing Table — displays information about routing on this Array. ARP Table — displays information about Address Resolution Protocol on this Array. DHCP Leases — displays information about IP addresses (leases) that the Array has allocated to client stations. Connection Tracking/NAT — lists connections that have been established for client stations. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array CDP Neighbors — lists neighboring network devices using Cisco Discovery Protocol. Network Assurance — shows results of connectivity tests for network servers. Undefined VLANs — shows VLANs present on an 802.1Q connection to the Array, that are not configured in the Array's VLAN list. Network This window provides a snapshot of the configuration settings currently established for Array’s wired interfaces. This includes the Gigabit interfaces and their bonding settings. DNS Settings are summarized as well. You can click on any item in the Interface or Bond columns to go to the associated configuration window. Figure 50. Network Settings WMI windows that allow you to change or view configuration settings associated with the network interfaces include: “Network Interfaces” on page 166 “Bonds and Bridging” on page 169 “DNS Settings” on page 176 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 101 Wireless Array “CDP Settings” on page 177 Network Map This window offers detailed information about this Array and all neighboring Arrays, including how the Arrays have been set up within your network. Figure 51. Network Map The Network Map has a number of options at the top of the page that allow you to customize your output by selecting from a variety of information that may be displayed. You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon . Click Refresh to update the information at any time. Click Auto Refresh to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. Content of the Network Map Window By default, the network map shows the following status information for each Array: 102 Array Name: The host name assigned to the Array. To establish the host name, go to “Express Setup” on page 159. You may click the host name to access WMI for this Array. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array IP Address: The Array’s IP address. You may click the address to access WMI for this Array. If DHCP is enabled, the Array’s IP address is assigned by the DHCP server. If DHCP is disabled, you must assign a static IP address. To enable DHCP or to assign a static IP address for the Array, go to “Express Setup” on page 159. Location: The location assigned to the Array. To establish the location information, go to “Express Setup” on page 159. Array OS: The software version running on the Array. IAP: The number of IAPs on the Array. (IAP) Up: Informs you how many IAPs are currently up and running. To enable or disable all IAPs, go to “Express Setup” on page 159. To enable or disable individual IAPs, go to “IAP Settings” on page 290. SSID: Informs you how many SSIDs have been assigned for the Array. To assign an SSID, go to “SSID Management” on page 262. (SSID) On: Informs you how many SSIDs are enabled. To enable or disable SSIDs, go to “SSID Management” on page 262. In Range: Informs you whether the Array is within wireless range of another Wireless Array. Fast Roam: Informs you whether or not the Xirrus fast roaming feature is enabled. This feature utilizes the Xirrus Roaming Protocol (XRP) ensuring fast and seamless roaming capabilities between IAPs or Arrays at both Layer 2 and Layer 3. To enable or disable fast roaming, go to “Global Settings (IAP)” on page 295. Uptime (D:H:M): Informs you how long the Array has been up and running (in Days, Hours and Minutes). To see additional information, select from the following checkboxes at the bottom of the page. This will show the columns described below. Hardware Model: The model number of each Array (XR-4820, XR-7630, etc.), plus the amount of RAM memory and the speed of the processor. Serial: Displays the serial number of each Array. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 103 Wireless Array License License: The license key of each Array. Licensed Features: Lists the features enabled by the key. Software (enabled by default) Enable/disable display of the Array OS column. Firmware Boot Loader: The software version number of the boot loader on each Array. SCD Firmware: The software version number of the SCD firmware on each Array. IAP Info (enabled by default) Enable/disable display of the IAP/Up columns. Stations Stations: Tells you how many stations are currently associated to each Array. To de-authenticate a station, go to “Stations” on page 123. The columns to the right (H, D, W, and M) show the highest number of stations that have been associated over various periods of time: the previous hour, day, week, and month. Default 104 Sets the columns displayed to the default settings. By default, only Software and IAP Info are selected. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array Spanning Tree Status Multiple active paths between stations can cause loops in the network. If a loop exists in the network topology, the potential exists for the duplication of messages. The spanning tree protocol is a link management protocol that provides path redundancy while preventing undesirable loops. For a wireless network to function properly, only one active path can exist between two stations. To facilitate path redundancy, the spanning tree protocol defines a tree that spans all stations in the network and forces certain redundant data paths into a standby (blocked) state. If one segment in the spanning tree becomes unreachable, the spanning tree algorithm reconfigures the network topology and reestablishes the link by activating the standby path. The spanning tree function is transparent to client stations. Figure 52. Spanning Tree Status This window shows the spanning tree status (forwarding or blocked) for path segments that terminate on the gigabit ports and WDS links of this Array. You may sort the rows based on the VLAN Name or Number columns by clicking the column header. Click Refresh to update the information at any time. Click Auto Refresh to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. See Also Network Network Interfaces Network Status Windows VLANs WDS Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 105 Wireless Array Routing Table This status-only window lists the entries in the Array’s routing table. The table provides the Array with instructions for sending each packet to its next hop on its route across the network. Figure 53. Routing Table See Also VLANs Configuring VLANs on an Open SSID ARP Table This status-only window lists the entries in the Array’s ARP table. For a device with a given IP address, this table lists the device’s MAC address. It also shows the Array interface through which this device may be reached. The table typically includes devices that are on the same local area network segment as the Array. Figure 54. ARP Table See Also Routing Table ARP Filtering 106 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array DHCP Leases This status-only window lists the IP addresses (leases) that the Array has allocated to client stations. For each, it shows the IP address assigned from one of the defined DHCP pools, and the MAC address and host name of the client station. The start and end time of the lease show how long the allocation is valid. The same IP address is normally renewed at the expiration of the current lease. Figure 55. DHCP Leases See Also DHCP Server Connection Tracking/NAT This status-only window lists the session connections that have been created on behalf of clients. This table may also be used to view information about current NAT sessions. Figure 56. Connection Tracking Click the Show Hostnames checkbox at the top of the page to display name information (if any) for the source and destination location of the connection. The Hostname columns will replace traffic statistics columns. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 107 Wireless Array You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon . Click Refresh to update the information at any time. Click Auto Refresh to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. See Also Filters CDP Neighbors This status-only window lists devices on the Array’s network that support the Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP). Figure 57. CDP Neighbors The Array performs discovery on the network on an ongoing basis. This list shows the devices that have been discovered — Cisco devices and other devices on the network that have CDP running. For each, it shows the device’s host name, IP address, manufacturer and model name, the device interface that is connected to the network (i.e., the port that was discovered), and the network capabilities of the device (switch, router, supported protocols, etc.). CDP must be enabled on the Array in order to gather and display this information. For details and some restrictions, see “CDP Settings” on page 177. 108 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array Network Assurance This status-only window shows the results of ongoing network assurance testing. Figure 58. Network Assurance The Array checks connectivity to network servers that you have configured (for example, DNS and NTP servers) on an ongoing basis. For each server, this list shows the server’s host name (if any), IP address, and status. Network assurance must be enabled on the Array in order to perform these connectivity tests and display this information. See “Management Control” on page 226. See Also Management Control Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 109 Wireless Array Undefined VLANs This status-only window lists VLANs that have not been configured on the Array, but that are being detected on the Array’s trunk port(s), i.e. wired ports. See “VLANs” on page 204. Figure 59. Undefined VLANs This feature alerts you to the fact that an 802.1Q trunk to the Array has VLANs that are not being properly handled on the Array. To reduce unnecessary traffic, only VLANs that are actually needed on the Array should normally be on the trunk, e.g., the management VLAN and SSID VLANs. In some cases such as multicast forwarding for Apple Bonjour you may want to extend other VLANs to the Array, in order to forward Bonjour or other multicast packets (see “Advanced Traffic Optimization” on page 300). See Also VLANs 110 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array RF Monitor Windows Every Wireless Array includes an integrated RF spectrum analyzer as a standard feature. The spectrum analyzer allows you to characterize the RF environment by monitoring throughput, signal, noise, errors, and interference levels continually per channel. This capability uses the assigned threat-sensor (monitor) radio. The associated software is part of the ArrayOS. The following RF Status windows are available: IAPs — displays current statistics and RF measurements for each of the Array’s IAPs. Spectrum Analyzer — displays current statistics and RF measurements for each of the Array’s channels. Intrusion Detection — displays rogue APs that have been detected by the Array. Channel History — charts ongoing statistics and RF measurements for one selected channel over time. Radio Assurance — displays counts of types of problems that caused each IAP to reset. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 111 Wireless Array IAPs The RF Monitor — IAPs window displays traffic statistics and RF readings observed by each Array IAP (radio). Note that the data is an instantaneous snapshot for the IAP — it is not an average or a cumulative total. To graph these values over time for a particular channel, see “Channel History” on page 118. For detailed information on the measurements displayed, please see “Spectrum Analyzer Measurements” on page 115. Figure 60. RF Monitor — IAPs Figure 60 presents the data as a graphical display, enabled by selecting the Graph checkbox on the upper left. If this option is not selected, data is presented as a numerical table. Figure 61. RF Monitor — IAPs 112 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon . Click Refresh to update the information at any time. Click Auto Refresh to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. Spectrum Analyzer The RF measurements for this feature are obtained by the monitor radio. You must have a radio set to monitor mode for any data to be available. See “IAP Settings” on page 290. Spectrum Analysis is not available for Arrays or Access Points featuring 802.11ac IAPs. Spectrum analysis on Wireless Arrays is a distributed capability that automatically covers the entire wireless network, since a sensor is present in every unit. Arrays monitor the network 24/7 and analyze interference anywhere in the network from your desk. There’s no need to walk around with a device as with traditional spectrum analyzers, thus you don’t have to be in the right place to find outside sources that may cause network problems or pose a security threat. The Array monitors all 802.11 radio bands (a/b/g/n), not just those currently used for data transmission. The RF Spectrum Analyzer window displays instantaneous traffic statistics and RF readings for all channels, as measured by the Array’s monitor radio. This differs from the RF Monitor-IAPs window, which displays values measured by each IAP radio for its current assigned channel. For the spectrum analyzer, the monitor radio is in a listen-only mode, scanning across all wireless channels. Each channel is scanned in sequence, for a 250 millisecond interval per channel. The spectrum analyzer window presents the data as a graphical display of vertical bar graphs for each statistic as shown in Figure 62 (the default presentation), or horizontally as bar graphs or numerical RF measurements. The measurements displayed are explained in “Spectrum Analyzer Measurements” on page 115. As an aid to viewing data for a particular channel, click the channel number. The channel will be highlighted down the page (or across the page for a rotated view, in both text and graph modes). Click additional channels to highlight them for easy comparison. To remove the highlighting from a channel, click the channel Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 113 Wireless Array number again. Click Refresh to update the information at any time. Click Auto Refresh to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. Select Display Options Click Channel number to highlight Figure 62. RF Spectrum Analyzer The Spectrum Analyzer offers several display options: 114 To display horizontal bar graphs, click the Rotate checkbox at the bottom of the data window. In the rotated view, if you wish to view data as a numerical table, click the Text checkbox. Click again to return to a graphical display. The text option is only available in the rotated view. When viewing a graphical display, click Bars to have the bar graphs displayed against a gray background — you may find this easier on the eyes. This operation is not available when Text is selected. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon Sorting is only available in the rotated view. At the bottom left of the frame, you may select whether to display only 2.4 GHz channels, 5 GHz channels, or both (the default is both). Note that the data is an instantaneous snapshot — it is not an average or a cumulative total. Spectrum Analyzer Measurements The spectrum analyzer displays the following information: Packets/Sec: Total number of wireless packets per second on the channel, both valid and errored packets. Bytes/Sec: Total number of wireless bytes per second on the channel, valid packets only. 802.11 Busy: Percentage of time that 802.11 activity is seen on the channel. Other Busy: Percentage of time that the channel is unavailable due to non-802.11 activity. The total busy time (802.11 Busy plus Other Busy) will never total more than 100%. The remaining time (100% minus total busy time) is quiet time — the time that no activity was seen on the channel. Signal to Noise: Average SNR (signal to noise ratio) seen on the channel, calculated from the signal seen on valid 802.11 packets less the noise floor level. A dash value “-“means no SNR data was available for the interval. Noise Floor: Average noise floor reading seen on the channel (ambient noise). A dash value “-“means no noise data was available for the interval. Error Rate: Percentage of the total number of wireless packets seen on the channel that have CRC errors. The Error rate percentage may be high on some channels since the monitor radio is set to receive at a very sensitive level, enabling it to hear packets from devices at far distances. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 115 Wireless Array Average RSSI: Average RSSI level seen on 802.11 packets received on the channel. A dash value “-“means no RSSI data was available for the interval. Average Data Rate: Average data rate over time (per byte, not per packet) seen on 802.11 packets received on the channel. A dash value “-“means no data rate information was available for the interval. A higher date rate (above 6 Mbps) typically indicates user data traffic on the channel. Otherwise, the data rate reflects control packets at the lower basic rates. Intrusion Detection This window displays all detected access points, according to the classifications you select from the checkboxes at the top — Blocked, Unknown, Known, or Approved. This includes ad hoc access points (station-to-station connections). For more information about intrusion detection, rogue APs, and blocking, please see “About Blocking Rogue APs” on page 351. Classify APs Select APs to Display Figure 63. Intrusion Detection/Rogue AP List The Intrusion Detection window provides the easiest method for classifying rogue APs as Blocked, Known, Approved, or Unknown. Choose one or more APs using the checkbox in the Select column, then use the buttons on the upper left to classify them with the following actions: Approve, Set Known, Block, or Set Unknown. 116 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array You can sort the results based on the following parameters by clicking the desired column header: SSID Security BSSID Type Manufacturer Status Channel Discovered RSSI Last Active You can refresh the list at any time by clicking on the Refresh button, or click in the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh the list automatically. See Also Network Map Rogue Control List SSIDs SSID Management Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 117 Wireless Array Channel History Channel History is not available for Arrays or Access Points featuring 802.11ac IAPs. The RF Monitor — Channel History window focuses on traffic statistics and RF readings observed for just one channel that you select in the Channel field. A new set of readings is added every 10 seconds for a 5 GHz channel, or every 5 seconds for a 2.4 GHz channel. For descriptions of the measurements displayed, please see “Spectrum Analyzer Measurements” on page 115. Figure 64. RF Monitor — Channel History Figure 64 presents the data in graphical form. New data appears at the left, with older readings shifting to the right. To make the data appear as a barchart, click the Bar checkbox which will shade the background. You also have the option of clicking the Rotate checkbox to give each statistic its own column. In other words, the graph for each statistic will grow down the page as new readings display at the top. (Figure 65) 118 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array Figure 65. RF Monitor — Channel History (Rotated) If you select Rotate and Text together, data is presented as a numerical table. (Figure 66) Click Pause to stop collecting data, or Resume to continue. Figure 66. RF Monitor — Channel History (Text) Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 119 Wireless Array Radio Assurance When Radio Assurance mode is enabled, the monitor radio performs loopback tests on the Array’s radios. When problems are encountered, the Array can take various actions to correct them by performing different levels of reset on the affected radio. This window shows which resets, if any, have been performed on which radios since the last reboot. The Array’s response to radio problems is controlled by the Radio Assurance Mode selected, as described in “RF Resilience” on page 335. If you have selected Failure Alerts & Repairs (with or without reboots), then the Array can take corrective action if a problem is detected. Note that radio assurance requires RF Monitor Mode to be enabled in Advanced RF Settings to turn on self-monitoring functions. It also requires a radio to be set to monitoring mode. For a detailed discussion of the operation of this feature and the types of resets performed, see “Radio Assurance” on page 501. Figure 67. Radio Assurance For each of the Array’s radios, this window shows the radio’s state, its type (IEEE 802.11 type, and antenna type—2x2 or 3x3), the assigned channel, and the selected 802.11 wireless mode. To the right, the table shows counts for the number of times, if any, that radio assurance has performed each of the following types of resets since the last reboot, as described in Radio Assurance: 120 Monitor Beacon Phy MAC System (i.e., reboot the Array) Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array ArraySee Also IAPs Xirrus Advanced RF Analysis Manager (RAM) RF Resilience Radio Assurance Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 121 Wireless Array Station Status Windows The following Station Status windows are available: 122 Stations — this list describes all stations associated to the Array. Location Map — displays a map showing the approximate locations of all stations associated to the array. RSSI — for each associated station, this displays the Received Signal Strength Indicator at each of the Array’s IAPs. Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) — for each associated station, this displays the SNR at each of the Array’s IAPs. Noise Floor — for each associated station, this displays the ambient noise (silence) value at each of the Array’s IAPs. Max by IAP — for each IAP, this shows the historical maximum number of stations that have been associated to it over various periods of time. Station Assurance — displays stations that are having connectivity problems. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array Stations This window shows client stations currently visible to the Array. You may choose to view only stations that have Associated to the Array, or include stations that are Unassociated by selecting the appropriate buttons above the list. The list always shows the MAC address of each station, its IP address, the SSID used for the association, the Group (if any) that this station belongs to, its VLAN, its QoS, the IAP used for the association, transmit and receive rates, the RSSI for each station, and how long each association has been active (up time). In the Link column, click the details button page for this station. Click to jump to a detailed statistics to see Application Control information. You may click other buttons above the list to show a number of additional columns: Identification: shows more identifying information for the station — its User Name, Host Name, Manufacturer, Device Type, and Device Class (for example, notebook, iPad, etc.). Security: includes security settings used by the connection — Encryption type, Cipher used, and Key Management used by the station. Connection Info: shows the Band (5GHz or 2.4 GHz) used. Shows an additional RF measurement that affects the quality of the connection: SNR (signal to noise ratio). Reset: click this button to return the display to showing just the default columns. Figure 68. Stations Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 123 Wireless Array You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column header. Click again to reverse the sort order. You may select one or more specific stations and perform one of the following actions by clicking the associated button: Deny Access: Sends a de-authentication frame to the selected station and explicitly denies it access by adding its MAC address to the Deny List in the Access Control List window. To permit access again, go to “Access Control List” on page 234 and delete the station from the Deny list. Deauthenticate: Sends a de-authentication frame to the selected station. The station may re-authenticate. Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click in the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. See Also Access Control List Station Status Windows Station Statistics 124 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array Location Map The Location Map shows the approximate locations of stations relative to this Array. The location of each station is computed based on the RSSI of its signal as received by the Array. The distance is adjusted based on the environment setting that you selected. You may display just the stations associated to this Array, unassociated stations (shown in gray), or both. The station count is shown on the right, above the map. You may also choose to display only 5 GHz stations (shown in orange) or 2.4 GHz stations (shown in green), or both. Associated Stations orange - 5 GHz green - 2.4GHz Hover mouse to show details Unassociated Station Array Figure 69. Location Map The map and Array are shown as if you were looking down on the Array from above, say from a skylight on the roof. Thus the positions of the radios are a mirror image of the way they are typically drawn when looking at the face of the Array. Radios are marked on the map to show the orientation of the Array. A station is identified by the type of Preferred Label that you select: Netbios Name, IP Address, MAC Address, or Manufacturer. If multiple stations are near each other, they will be displayed slightly offset so that one station does not Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 125 Wireless Array completely obscure another. You may minimize a station that is not of interest by clicking it. There is also a Minimize All button. You may replace the range-finder background image above with your own custom image of the floor plan of the area served by the Array — see “Working with the Custom Image” on page 128 Hover the mouse over a station to show detailed information. (Figure 69) For a station that is associated to this Array, the details include: The IAP, Channel, and SSID to which the station is associated. The MAC and IP address and Netbios name of the station. The TX Rate and RX Rate of this connection. The approximate Distance of this station from the Array. The distance is estimated using the received signal strength and your environment setting. The environment determines the typical signal attenuation due to walls and other construction that affect signal reception. Controls and items displayed on the Location Map window The Location Map has its own scroll bars in addition to the browser’s scroll bars. If you narrow the browser window, the map’s scroll bar may be hidden. Use the browser’s bottom scroll bar if you need to move it into view. Scale Minimize stations Stations to display Replace background Zoom in Zoom out Reset display Rotate map Environment Setting Station counts Figure 70. Controls for Location Map 126 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array Display Associated/Unassociated: Select whether to display stations that are associated to the Array, stations that are not associated, or both. Display 2.4 GHz/5 GHz: Select whether to display 802.11bgn stations, or 802.11an stations, or both. Preferred Label: This field is located on the top of the window towards the right. It shows the type of label to be displayed for stations: NetBIOS is the default, else, an IP or MAC address will be used, in that order. Auto Refresh: Instructs the Array to refresh this window automatically. Refresh: Updates the stations displayed. Custom Image: Use this feature to replace the default background image with your own image of the floor plan of your location. Click the Browse button and browse to the desired file on your computer. This may be a .gif, .jpg, .jpeg., .png, .htm, or .html file. The scale of the file should be 100 feet per inch. Then click Upload (see below). For more information on using the custom, image, see “Working with the Custom Image” on page 128. Upload: After browsing to the desired custom image, click the Upload button to install it. The map is redisplayed with your new background. No hash marks (for the map scale) are added to the image display. Reset: Click this button to restore the map display to the factory settings. All attributes are restored — including the stations selected for display, the scale, the rotation, and the background map. Rotate: Click this button to rotate the orientation of the entire map. It rotates the map 45o counter-clockwise. Enlarge: Click this button to enlarge (zoom in on) the map. The displayed Scale is updated with the new scale for the map. Reduce: Click this button to reduce (zoom out on) the map. The displayed Scale is updated with the new scale for the map. Environment: This field is located on the top right of the window. Select the type of environment for this Array’s deployment: Indoor open (few walls or obstructions), Indoor walled (typical wall or cubicle Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 127 Wireless Array construction), or Indoor dense (many walls or obstructions, or unusually dense walls). Scale: This view-only value shows the approximate distance represented by each hash mark on the default map background. Associated, Unassociated, Total Stations: These view-only values show the station counts observed by the Array. See Also Station Status Windows Working with the Custom Image After you have uploaded a custom image (see Custom Image and Upload in “Controls and items displayed on the Location Map window” on page 126), you should move the display of the Array on your map to correspond with its actual location at your site. To move the Array on the map, simply click it, then drag and drop it to the desired location. The Array will continue to follow the mouse pointer to allow you to make further changes to its location. When you are satisfied with its location, click the Array again to return to normal operation. RSSI For each station that is associated to the Array, the RSSI (Received Signal Strength Indicator) window shows the station’s RSSI value as measured by each IAP. In other words, the window shows the strength of the station’s signal at each radio. You may choose to display Unassociated Stations as well with a checkbox at the bottom of the window. Figure 71. Station RSSI Values 128 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array By default, the RSSI is displayed numerically. You may display the relative strength using color if you select Colorize Intensity, with the strongest signals indicated by the most intense color. (Figure 71) If you select Graph, then the RSSI is shown on a representation of the Array, either colorized or numerically based on your selection. (Figure 72) The stations are listed to the left of the Array — click on a station to show its RSSI values on the Array. Figure 72. Station RSSI Values — Colorized Graphical View In either graphical or tabular view, you may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon . Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click in the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. See Also Station Status Windows RF Monitor Windows Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 129 Wireless Array Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) For each station that is associated to the Array, the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) window shows the station’s SNR value as measured by each IAP. In other words, the window shows the SNR of the station’s signal at each IAP radio. The signalto-noise ratio can be very useful for determining the cause of poor performance at a station. A low value means that action may need to be taken to reduce sources of noise in the environment and/or improve the signal from the station. Figure 73. Station Signal-to-Noise Ratio Values You may choose to display Unassociated Stations as well with a checkbox at the bottom of the window. By default, the SNR is displayed numerically. (Figure 73) You may display the relative value using color if you select Colorize Intensity, with the highest SNR indicated by the most intense color. (Figure 74) If you select Graph, then the SNR is shown on a representation of the Array, either colorized or numerically based on your selection. The stations are listed to the left of the Array — click on a station to show its SNR values on the Array. Figure 74. Station SNR Values — Colorized Graphical View In either graphical or tabular view, you may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to 130 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array the hand icon . Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click in the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. See Also Station Status Windows RF Monitor Windows Noise Floor For each station that is associated to the Array, the Noise Floor window shows the ambient noise affecting a station’s signal as measured by each IAP. The noise floor is the RSSI value when the station is not transmitting, sometimes called a Silence value. In other words, the window shows the noise floor of the station’s signal at each IAP radio. The noise floor value can be very useful for characterizing the environment of a station to determine the cause of poor performance. A relatively high value means that action may need to be taken to reduce sources of noise in the environment. Figure 75. Station Noise Floor Values You may choose to display Unassociated Stations as well with a checkbox at the bottom of the window. By default, the noise floor is displayed numerically. (Figure 75) You may display the relative value using color if you select Colorize Intensity, with the highest noise indicated by the most intense color. If you select Graph, then the ambient noise is shown on a representation of the Array, either colorized or numerically based on your selection.(Figure 76) The stations are listed to the left of the Array — click on a station to show its values on the Array. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 131 Wireless Array Figure 76. Station Noise Floor Values — Colorized Graphical View In either graphical or tabular view, you may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon . Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click in the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. See Also Station Status Windows RF Monitor Windows 132 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array Max by IAP This status-only window shows the maximum number of client stations that have historically been associated to the Array. For each IAP, the list shows the IAP’s state and channel number, the current number of stations associated, and the highest number of stations that have been associated over various periods of time: hour, day, week, month, and year. In other words, the Max Station Count shows the “high water mark” over the selected period of time — the maximum count of stations for the selected period, rather than a cumulative count of all stations that have associated. This information aids in network administration and in planning for additional capacity. Figure 77. Max by IAP You may click an IAP to go to the IAP Settings window. Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click Auto Refresh to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. See Also IAPs Station Status Windows Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 133 Wireless Array Station Assurance Station assurance monitors the quality of the connections that users are experiencing on the wireless network. This window shows client stations that have had connectivity issues. You may enable or disable the station assurance feature and set thresholds for the problems that it checks, such as excessive packet retry or packet error rates, or stations that are unable to stay associated to the Array. Please see “Station Assurance” on page 340 for more information about these settings. When the Array detects that a station has reached the threshold value for one or more of the issues checked, it adds the station to this page. In addition, an event is triggered, a trap is generated, and a Syslog message is logged. For each station, this list shows the MAC address, its IP address, its host name, its device type, device class, and manufacturer. It also shows the values of the various statistics that were monitored for problems as described in “Station Assurance” on page 340: associated time, authentication failures, packet error rate, packet retry rate, packet data rate, RSSI, signal to noise ratio (SNR), and distance. Figure 78. Station Assurance You may click the Clear Inactive button to remove stations that are no longer connected to the Array from the list. Click the Clear All button to remove all entries and start fresh to add problem stations to the list as they are detected. Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click Auto Refresh to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. See Also IAPs Station Status Windows Station Assurance 134 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array Statistics Windows The following Array Statistics windows are available: IAP Statistics Summary — provides an overview of the statistical data associated with all IAPs. Expands to show links for displaying detailed statistics for individual IAPs. Per-IAP Statistics — provides detailed statistics for an individual IAP. Network Statistics — displays statistical data associated with each network (Ethernet) interface. VLAN Statistics — provides statistical data associated with your assigned VLANs. WDS Statistics — provides statistical data for all WDS client and host links. Filter Statistics — provides statistical data for all configured filters. Station Statistics — provides statistical data associated with each station. IAP Statistics Summary This is a status only window that provides an overview of the statistical data associated with all IAPs. It also shows the channel used by each IAP. For detailed statistics for a specific IAP, see “Per-IAP Statistics” on page 136. Click the Unicast Stats Only checkbox on the lower left to filter the results, or clear the checkbox to show statistics for all wireless traffic. Figure 79. IAP Statistics Summary Page You can Refresh the data (update the window with the latest information) or Clear the data (reset all content to zero and begin counting again) at any time by clicking on the appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 135 Wireless Array See Also System Log Window Global Settings (IAP) Global Settings .11an Global Settings .11bgn IAPs Per-IAP Statistics This is a status only window that provides detailed statistics for the selected IAP. Scroll the window down to see a breakout of the statistics by connection rate. For a summary of statistics for all IAPs, see “IAP Statistics Summary” on page 135. Use the Display Percentages checkbox at the upper left to select the output format — check this option to express each statistic as a percentage of the total at the top of the column, or leave it blank to display raw numbers. Receive Error statistics include: 136 Total Retries: the count of packets that were sent more than once before being received correctly. CRC error: the count of packets that were corrupted on the air and were dropped. Some level of CRC errors are expected in wireless networks. Note that all IAPs operate in a mode where they are listening to everything all the time, which means they will see many CRC errors. Fragment Errors: the count of packets that were incomplete. Encryption Errors: the count of packets that had encryption problems. Duplicates: the count of packets that were received more than once. The duplicate packets are dropped. Dropped Packets: the count of packets that were dropped due to various receive errors, including being received when all receive queues were full. These packets are dropped after being received. Overruns: indicate the number of times that First-In-First-Out (FIFO) overflow errors occur. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array Figure 80. Individual IAP Statistics Page You can Refresh the data (update the window with the latest information) or Clear the data (reset all content to zero and begin counting again) at any time by clicking on the appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. See Also System Log Window Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 137 Wireless Array Global Settings (IAP) Global Settings .11an Global Settings .11bgn IAPs Network Statistics This is a status only window that allows you to review statistical data associated with each network (Ethernet) interface and its activity. You can Refresh the data (update the window with the latest information) or Clear the data (reset all content to zero and begin counting again) at any time by clicking on the appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. If you are experiencing problems on the Array, you may also want to print this window for your records Figure 81. Network Statistics See Also DHCP Server DNS Settings Network Network Interfaces 138 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array VLAN Statistics This is a status only window that allows you to review statistical data associated with your assigned VLANs. You can refresh the information that is displayed on this page at any time by clicking on the Refresh button, or select the Auto Refresh option for this window to refresh automatically. The Clear All button at the lower left allows you to clear (zero out) all VLAN statistics. Figure 82. VLAN Statistics Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 139 Wireless Array See Also VLAN Management VLANs WDS Statistics The main WDS Statistics window provides statistical data for all WDS client and host links. To access data about a specific WDS client or host link, simply click on the desired link in the left frame to access the appropriate window. You may also choose to view a sum of the statistics for all client links, all host links, or all links (both client and host links). Figure 83. WDS Statistics See Also SSID Management WDS 140 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array IDS Statistics The Xirrus Array employs a number of IDS/IPS (Intrusion Detection System/ Intrusion Prevention System) strategies to detect and prevent malicious attacks on the wireless network. This status-only window provides detailed intrusion detection statistics for the selected IAP. Note that you must have Intrusion Detection Mode enabled to collect IDS statistics. See “Intrusion Detection” on page 348. Information about IDS events is discussed in the “IDS Event Log Window” on page 155. Figure 84. IDS Statistics Page Use the filter feature to show only information for a selected IAP or for selected event types. Select the type of Filter: IAP to select IAPs, or Packet/Event to select particular attack types. Select the type of string matching, for example, Begins with or Contains. Then enter the string to be matched and click the Filter button. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 141 Wireless Array For example, in Figure 85, the filter Packet/Event Contains assoc finds events that include the string assoc in any position. If you have an Array with 12 IAPs, then IAP Contains 1 will show entries for iap1, iap10, iap11, and iap12. Click the Reset button to return to showing all entries. Figure 85. Filtered IDS Statistics Many of the column headers may be clicked to sort the entries in ascending or descending order based on that column. You can Refresh the data (update the window with the latest information) at any time by clicking the Refresh button on the upper right. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. See Also Intrusion Detection IDS Event Log Window 142 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array Filter Statistics The Filter Statistics window provides statistical data for all configured filters. The name, state (enabled — on or off), and type (allow or deny) of each filter is shown. For enabled filters, this window shows the number of packets and bytes that met the filter criteria. Click on a column header to sort the rows based on that column. Click on a filter name to edit the filter settings. Figure 86. Filter Statistics See Also Filters Application Control Windows Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 143 Wireless Array Station Statistics This status-only window provides an overview of statistical data for all stations. Stations are listed by MAC address, and Receive and Transmit statistics are summarized for each. For detailed statistics for a specific station, click the desired MAC address in the Station column or click the details button station’s Link column, and see “Per-Station Statistics” on page 145. in the Figure 87. Station Statistics Click on a column header to sort the rows based on that column. You can Refresh the data (update the window with the latest information) at any time by clicking the refresh button . You can also click in the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. See Also Per-Station Statistics Stations 144 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array Per-Station Statistics This window provides detailed statistics for the selected station. This window is accessed from the Station Statistics window — click the MAC address of the desired entry in the Station column to display its Per-Station Statistics window. Receive and Transmit statistics are listed by Rate — this is the data rate in Mbps. For a summary of statistics for all stations, see “Station Statistics” on page 144. You can Refresh the data (update the window with the latest information) at any time by clicking on the appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. Figure 88. Individual Station Statistics Page See Also Station Statistics Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 145 Wireless Array Application Control Windows This feature is only available if the Array license includes Application Control. See “About Licensing and Upgrades” on page 387. The Application Control feature provides real-time visibility of application usage by users across the wireless network. Network usage has changed enormously in the last few years, with the increase in smart phone and tablet usage stressing networks. Increasing traffic from legitimate business needs such as cloud- and web-based applications, streaming media and VoIP must be handled with an adequate quality of experience. Application Control is discussed in the following topics: About Application Control — an overview of this feature. Application Control — displays information about applications running on the wireless network. Stations (Application Control) — displays a list of stations. Click one to analyze application control information for only that station. About Application Control The Array uses Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) to determine what applications are being used and by whom, and how much bandwidth they are consuming. These applications are rated by their degree of risk and productiveness. Filters may then be put in place to implement per-application policies that keep network usage focused on productive uses: 146 Usage of non-productive and risky applications like BitTorrent can be restricted using Filters. Traffic for mission-critical applications like VoIP and WebEx may be given higher priority (QoS). Non- critical traffic from applications like YouTube may be given lower priority (QoS). Traffic flows for specific applications may be controlled by sending them into VLANs that are designated for that type of traffic. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array Application Control can track application usage over time to monitor trends. Usage may be tracked by Array, VLAN, or station. Many hundreds of applications are recognized and grouped into a number of categories. The distributed architecture of Xirrus Arrays allows Application Control to scale naturally as you grow the network. About Risk and Productivity Application Control ranks applications in terms of their levels of risk an productivity. Productivity indicates how appropriate an application is for business purposes. The higher the rating number, the more business-oriented an application is. 1—Primarily recreational 2—Mostly recreational 3—Combination of business and recreational purposes 4—Mainly used for business 5—Primarily used for business Risk indicates how likely an application is to pose a threat to the security of your network. The higher the rating number, the more risky an application is. 1—No threat 2—Minimal threat 3—Some risk - may be misused 4—High risk - may be malware or allow data leaks 5—Very high risk - threat circumvents firewalls or avoids detection For an additional discussion, see the Application Control Application Note in the Xirrus Resource Center. Keeping Application Control Current Applications are recognized using a signature file which may be updated using the System Tools page as new applications become popular (see “Application Control Signature File Management” on page 395). Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 147 Wireless Array Application Control This display-only window provides a snapshot of the application usage on your Array. In order to view the Application Control window, the Array must have a license that supports this feature, and you must have enabled the Application Control option on the Filter Lists page (see “Filter Lists” on page 366). Figure 89. Application Control 148 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array The Application Control window has three sections: Selection Criteria allow you to choose the type of data to show, and to filter for a single VLAN or station. Pie Charts present a color coded at-a-glance view of the top ten applications being used by the network. Traffic Tables beneath the pie charts list the applications in use along with traffic statistics. Unique Productivity and Risk ratings let you easily assess the nature of applications in use, so that you can take action using Filter Management. Selection Criteria At the top of the window, the options in the gray ribbon allow you to customize the display with the following choices: Display for VLAN: Use the drop-down list if you wish to select just one VLAN to analyze, or leave the default value of all to see data from all VLANs. Display for Station: Use the drop-down list if you wish to select just one station to analyze (stations are listed by their MAC address), or leave the default value of all to see data from all stations. You may also use the Stations window to select a station to display. See “Stations (Application Control)” on page 152. Station Traffic: Check this box if you wish to analyze traffic from stations, listing the applications that they are using. Array Management Traffic: Check this box if you wish to analyze management traffic on this Array, including the load due to functions such as Xirrus Roaming. Tracking traffic into the array on the management side can alert you to nefarious activity—and even to traffic on the wired network that would best be blocked before it hits the Array. You may display both station and Array management traffic, if you wish. By Application: Check this box if you wish to analyze and list traffic by what specific applications are in use, such as WebEx or BitTorrent. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 149 Wireless Array By Category: Check this box if you wish to analyze and list traffic by what types of applications are in use, such as Games or Collaboration. Auto Refresh instructs the Array to periodically refresh this window automatically. Use the Refresh button to refresh the window right now. Pie Charts Figure 90. Application Control (Pie Charts) These charts provide a quick way to determine how your wireless bandwidth is being used. There are charts for Station Traffic and/or Array Management Traffic, depending on which checkboxes you selected. Similarly, there are charts for By Application and/or By Category, depending on your selections. The top ten applications or categories are listed, by percentage of bandwidth usage. 150 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array Traffic Tables Figure 91. Application Control (Station Traffic) These tables provide detailed information about how your wireless bandwidth is being used. There are tables for Station Traffic and/or Array Management Traffic, depending on which checkboxes you selected. Similarly, there are tables for By Application and/or By Category, depending on your selections. In addition to showing traffic statistics, there are two unique and highly useful columns. Risk estimates the likelihood of an application causing problems for your business, such as a file-sharing utility introducing viruses or exposing you to legal problems. Risk is rated from 1 (low risk, e.g., Google) to 5 (high risk, e.g., BitTorrent). Risky applications (rated at 4 or 5) are flagged for your attention by highlighting the entry in pale red. Productivity estimates the value of an activity to your business, from 1 (unproductive, e.g., Y8 gaming site) to 5 (productive, e.g., WebEx). You may click the heading of any column to sort based on that column. Click again to sort in the reverse order. For instance, sort on Risk to find problem applications, or sort on Productivity to find applications that should be given increased or decreased handling priority. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 151 Wireless Array When you find risky or unproductive applications taking up bandwidth on the network, you can easily create Filters to control them. See “Filter Management” on page 368. You may use filters to: Block problematic traffic, such as BitTorrent or Y8. Prioritize mission critical traffic—by increasing the QoS assigned to the traffic. See “Understanding QoS Priority on the Wireless Array” on page 256. Lower the priority of less productive traffic—use filters to decrease the QoS assigned to traffic for applications like YouTube and Facebook. Stations (Application Control) This status-only window shows client stations currently visible to the Array. The MAC address in the first column is a link. Click on a selected station, and the Application Control window opens with the Display for Station field set to that station, to perform a detailed analysis of its application usage. Figure 92. Stations (Application Control) The rest of the fields and display options on this window (including the Identification, Security, and Connection Info checkboxes) are as described in “Stations” on page 123. 152 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array System Log Window This is a status only window that allows you to review the system log, where system alerts and messages are displayed. Although there are no configuration options available in this window, you do have the usual choice of deciding how the event messages are sorted by clicking in the column header for the desired field (Time Stamp, Priority, or Message). Time Stamp — sorts the list based on the time the event occurred. Priority — sorts the list based on the priority assigned to the message. Message — sorts the list based on the message category The displayed messages may be filtered by using the Filter Priority option, which allows control of the minimum priority level displayed. For example, you may choose (under Services >System Log) to log messages at or above Debug level but use Filter Priority to display only those at Information level and above. Figure 93. System Log (Alert Level Highlighted) Use the Highlight Priority field if you wish to highlight messages at the selected priority level. Click on the Refresh button to refresh the message list, or click on the Clear All button at the upper left to delete all messages. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 153 Wireless Array Note that there is a shortcut way to view system log messages. If you click Log Messages near the bottom of the left hand frame, WMI displays counts of log messages at different severity levels. Click a count to display just those messages in the System Log window. See Figure 38 on page 85 for more information. 154 Viewing Status on the Wireless Array Wireless Array IDS Event Log Window This status only window displays the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) Event log, listing any detected attacks on your network. For descriptions of the types of attacks detected, as well as the settings to fine-tune IDS on the Array, please see “Intrusion Detection” on page 348. The displayed messages may be filtered by using the Filter Event setting, which allows you to select just one type of intrusion to display. For example, you may choose to display only beacon flood attacks. Figure 94. IDS Event Log Use the Highlight Event field if you wish to highlight all events of one particular type in the list. Click on a column header to sort the rows based on that column. Click on the Refresh button to refresh the message list, or click the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically. Although there are no configuration options available in this window, you do have the usual choice of deciding how the event messages are sorted by clicking in the column header for the desired field. Time Stamp — the time that the event occurred. IAP — the affected radio. Channel — the affected channel. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array 155 Wireless Array 156 Event — the type of attack, as described in Intrusion Detection. SSID — the SSID that was attacked. MAC Address — the MAC address of the attacker. Period — the length of the window used to determine whether the count of this type of event exceeded the threshold. Current — the count of this type of event for the current period. Average — the average count per period of this type of event. Maximum — the maximum count per period of this type of event. Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
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