Cambium Networks XR620 802.11ac 2x2 AP User Manual xirrus PDF

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USER’S GUIDE
Wireless Arrays and
Access Points
XR Series
November 26, 2013
Release 6.7
High Performance Wireless Networks
Wireless Arrays
and Access Points
™
XR Series
All rights reserved. This document may not be reproduced or
disclosed in whole or in part by any means without the written
consent of Xirrus, Inc.
Part Number: 800-0022-001
(Revision J)
Trademarks
is a registered trademark of Xirrus, Inc. All other trademarks and brand
names are marks of their respective holders.
Please see Legal Notices, Warnings, Compliance Statements, and Warranty and
License Agreements in “Appendix C: Notices (Arrays except XR-500/600 and
Models Ending in H)” on page 501.
Xirrus, Inc.
2101 Corporate Center Drive
Thousand Oaks, CA 91320
USA
Tel:
Fax:
1.805.262.1600
1.800.947.7871 Toll Free in the US
1.866.462.3980
www.xirrus.com
Wireless Array
Table of Contents
List of Figures.................................................................................... xiii
Introduction ......................................................................................... 1
The Xirrus Family of Products ............................................................................... 1
Nomenclature .................................................................................................... 2
Why Choose the Xirrus Wireless Array? .............................................................. 3
Wireless Array Product Overview ........................................................................ 4
XR Wireless Array Product Family ................................................................ 6
XR-500 Series Access Points ..................................................................... 6
XR-600 Series Access Points ..................................................................... 7
XR-1000 ....................................................................................................... 8
XR-2000 Series Arrays ............................................................................... 9
XR-4000 Series Arrays ............................................................................. 10
XR-6000 Series Arrays ............................................................................. 11
Enterprise Class Security ............................................................................... 12
Deployment Flexibility .................................................................................. 12
Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE) .................................................... 13
Enterprise Class Management ...................................................................... 14
Key Features and Benefits ..................................................................................... 15
High Capacity and High Performance ........................................................ 15
Extended Coverage ......................................................................................... 16
Non-Overlapping Channels .......................................................................... 16
SDMA Optimization ...................................................................................... 16
Fast Roaming ................................................................................................... 16
Ease of Deployment ........................................................................................ 16
Powerful Management ................................................................................... 17
Secure Wireless Access .................................................................................. 17
Applications Enablement .............................................................................. 17
Advanced Feature Sets .......................................................................................... 17
Xirrus Advanced RF Performance Manager (RPM) .................................. 17
Xirrus Advanced RF Security Manager (RSM) .......................................... 18
Xirrus Advanced RF Analysis Manager (RAM) ......................................... 19
Xirrus Application Control ............................................................................ 20
Wireless Array
About this User’s Guide ........................................................................................ 21
Organization .................................................................................................... 21
Notes and Cautions ........................................................................................ 23
Screen Images .................................................................................................. 23
Product Specifications ........................................................................................... 24
Installing the Wireless Array........................................................... 25
Installation Prerequisites ...................................................................................... 25
Optional Network Components ................................................................... 27
Client Requirements ....................................................................................... 27
Planning Your Installation .................................................................................... 28
General Deployment Considerations .......................................................... 28
Coverage and Capacity Planning ................................................................. 30
Placement .................................................................................................. 30
RF Patterns ................................................................................................ 31
Capacity and Cell Sizes ........................................................................... 32
Fine Tuning Cell Sizes ............................................................................. 33
Roaming Considerations ........................................................................ 34
Allocating Channels ................................................................................ 34
IEEE 802.11n Deployment Considerations ................................................. 37
MIMO (Multiple-In Multiple-Out) ........................................................ 38
Multiple Data Streams — Spatial Multiplexing ................................... 39
Channel Bonding ..................................................................................... 40
Improved MAC Throughput ................................................................. 41
Short Guard Interval ............................................................................... 41
Obtaining Higher Data Rates ................................................................. 42
802.11n Capacity ...................................................................................... 43
Failover Planning ............................................................................................ 43
Switch Failover Protection ..................................................................... 45
Power Planning ............................................................................................... 46
Power over Gigabit Ethernet ................................................................. 46
Security Planning ............................................................................................ 47
Wireless Encryption ................................................................................ 47
Authentication ......................................................................................... 47
Port Requirements .......................................................................................... 49
Network Management Planning .................................................................. 53
WDS Planning ................................................................................................. 54
ii
Wireless Array
Common Deployment Options .................................................................... 57
Installation Workflow ........................................................................................... 58
Installing Your Wireless Array ............................................................................ 60
Choosing a Location ....................................................................................... 60
Wiring Considerations ............................................................................ 61
Mounting and Connecting the Array ......................................................... 63
Dismounting the Array .................................................................................. 63
Powering Up the Wireless Array ......................................................................... 64
Array LED Operating Sequences ................................................................. 65
LED Boot Sequence ................................................................................. 65
LED Operation when Array is Running .............................................. 66
Establishing Communication .............................................................................. 67
Zero-Touch Setup Using Mobilize ............................................................... 67
User Interfaces (CLI, WMI) ........................................................................... 68
Using the Serial Port ....................................................................................... 70
Using the Ethernet Ports ................................................................................ 70
Starting the WMI ............................................................................................. 71
Logging In ........................................................................................................ 71
Licensing ................................................................................................................. 71
Performing the Express Setup Procedure ........................................................... 72
Securing Low Level Access to the Array ..................................................... 73
The Web Management Interface ................................................... 77
XMS-Managed Arrays Restrict Local Management ......................................... 78
An Overview .......................................................................................................... 80
Structure of the WMI ............................................................................................. 82
User Interface ......................................................................................................... 84
Utility Buttons .......................................................................................... 87
Logging In ............................................................................................................... 88
Applying Configuration Changes ....................................................................... 88
Character Restrictions .................................................................................... 89
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array ........................................... 91
Array Status Windows .......................................................................................... 92
Array Summary .............................................................................................. 92
Content of the Array Summary Window ............................................ 93
Array Information .......................................................................................... 98
iii
Wireless Array
Array Configuration ....................................................................................... 99
Admin History .............................................................................................. 100
Network Status Windows ................................................................................... 100
Network ......................................................................................................... 101
Network Map ................................................................................................ 102
Content of the Network Map Window .............................................. 103
Spanning Tree Status .................................................................................... 105
Routing Table ................................................................................................ 106
ARP Table ...................................................................................................... 106
DHCP Leases ................................................................................................. 107
Connection Tracking/NAT ......................................................................... 107
CDP Neighbors ............................................................................................. 108
Network Assurance ...................................................................................... 109
Undefined VLANs ........................................................................................ 110
RF Monitor Windows .......................................................................................... 111
IAPs ................................................................................................................. 112
Spectrum Analyzer ...................................................................................... 113
Intrusion Detection ...................................................................................... 116
Channel History ............................................................................................ 118
Radio Assurance ........................................................................................... 120
Station Status Windows ...................................................................................... 122
Stations ........................................................................................................... 123
Location Map ................................................................................................. 125
RSSI ................................................................................................................. 129
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) ........................................................................ 130
Noise Floor ..................................................................................................... 132
Max by IAP .................................................................................................... 134
Station Assurance ......................................................................................... 135
Statistics Windows ............................................................................................... 137
IAP Statistics Summary ................................................................................ 137
Per-IAP Statistics ........................................................................................... 138
Network Statistics ......................................................................................... 140
VLAN Statistics ............................................................................................. 141
WDS Statistics ................................................................................................ 142
IDS Statistics .................................................................................................. 143
Filter Statistics ............................................................................................... 144
Station Statistics ............................................................................................ 145
iv
Wireless Array
Per-Station Statistics ..................................................................................... 146
Application Control Windows ........................................................................... 147
About Application Control ......................................................................... 147
Application Control ...................................................................................... 149
Stations (Application Control) .................................................................... 153
System Log Window ........................................................................................... 154
IDS Event Log Window ...................................................................................... 155
Configuring the Wireless Array.................................................... 157
Express Setup ........................................................................................................ 159
Network ................................................................................................................. 165
Network Interfaces ...................................................................................... 167
Network Interface Ports ........................................................................ 168
Network Bonds ............................................................................................. 171
DNS Settings .................................................................................................. 177
CDP Settings .................................................................................................. 178
Services .................................................................................................................. 180
Time Settings (NTP) ..................................................................................... 181
NetFlow .......................................................................................................... 184
Wi-Fi Tag ....................................................................................................... 185
Location .......................................................................................................... 186
System Log ..................................................................................................... 188
About Using the Splunk Application for Xirrus Arrays .................. 191
SNMP .............................................................................................................. 193
DHCP Server ................................................................................................. 196
VLANs ................................................................................................................... 199
Understanding Virtual Tunnels .......................................................... 199
VLAN Management ..................................................................................... 201
Tunnels .................................................................................................................. 204
About Xirrus Tunnels ........................................................................... 204
Tunnel Management .................................................................................... 205
SSID Assignments ......................................................................................... 207
Security .................................................................................................................. 208
Understanding Security ........................................................................ 209
Certificates and Connecting Securely to the WMI ............................ 212
Using the Array’s Default Certificate ................................................. 212
Using an External Certificate Authority ............................................. 213
Wireless Array
Admin Management .................................................................................... 214
Admin Privileges .......................................................................................... 216
Admin RADIUS ............................................................................................ 218
About Creating Admin Accounts on the RADIUS Server ............. 218
Management Control ................................................................................... 221
Access Control List ....................................................................................... 228
Global Settings .............................................................................................. 230
External Radius ............................................................................................. 234
About Creating User Accounts on the RADIUS Server .................. 235
Internal Radius .............................................................................................. 238
Rogue Control List ........................................................................................ 241
OAuth 2.0 Management ............................................................................... 243
SSIDs ...................................................................................................................... 245
Understanding SSIDs ............................................................................ 246
Understanding QoS Priority on the Wireless Array ........................ 247
High Density 2.4G Enhancement—Honeypot SSID ......................... 252
SSID Management ........................................................................................ 253
SSID List (top of page) .......................................................................... 254
SSID Limits ............................................................................................. 258
Web Page Redirect Configuration Settings ....................................... 260
Whitelist Configuration for Web Page Redirect .............................. 264
WPA Configuration Settings .............................................................. 265
RADIUS Configuration Settings ......................................................... 265
Active IAPs .................................................................................................... 266
Per-SSID Access Control List ...................................................................... 267
Groups ................................................................................................................... 269
Understanding Groups ......................................................................... 269
Using Groups ......................................................................................... 270
Group Management ..................................................................................... 271
Group Limits .......................................................................................... 274
IAPs ........................................................................................................................ 276
Understanding Fast Roaming .............................................................. 278
IAP Settings ................................................................................................... 279
Global Settings (IAP) ................................................................................... 285
Beacon Configuration ........................................................................... 287
Station Management ............................................................................. 288
Advanced Traffic Optimization .......................................................... 289
vi
Wireless Array
Global Settings .11an .................................................................................... 298
Global Settings .11bgn .................................................................................. 303
Global Settings .11n ...................................................................................... 309
Global Settings .11ac ..................................................................................... 312
Global Settings .11u ...................................................................................... 314
Understanding 802.11u ......................................................................... 314
Advanced RF Settings .................................................................................. 320
About Standby Mode ............................................................................ 321
RF Monitor .............................................................................................. 321
RF Resilience .......................................................................................... 322
RF Power & Sensitivity ......................................................................... 323
RF Spectrum Management ................................................................... 324
Station Assurance .................................................................................. 327
Hotspot 2.0 ..................................................................................................... 329
Understanding Hotspot 2.0 .................................................................. 329
NAI Realms .................................................................................................... 331
Understanding NAI Realm Authentication ....................................... 331
NAI EAP ......................................................................................................... 332
Intrusion Detection ....................................................................................... 334
DoS Attacks ............................................................................................ 335
Impersonation Attacks .......................................................................... 336
About Blocking Rogue APs .................................................................. 337
RF Intrusion Detection and Auto Block Mode .................................. 338
DoS Attack Detection Settings ............................................................. 339
Impersonation Detection Settings ....................................................... 340
LED Settings .................................................................................................. 340
DSCP Mappings ............................................................................................ 341
Roaming Assist .............................................................................................. 342
WDS ....................................................................................................................... 345
About Configuring WDS Links ........................................................... 345
Long Distance Links .............................................................................. 347
WDS Client Links .......................................................................................... 347
Filters ..................................................................................................................... 351
Filter Lists ...................................................................................................... 352
Filter Management ....................................................................................... 354
Clusters .................................................................................................................. 360
Cluster Definition ........................................................................................ 361
vii
Wireless Array
Cluster Management ................................................................................... 362
Cluster Operation ........................................................................................ 363
Mobile .................................................................................................................... 366
AirWatch ........................................................................................................ 366
User Procedure for Wireless Access ................................................... 368
Using Tools on the Wireless Array............................................... 371
System Tools ......................................................................................................... 372
About Licensing and Upgrades ........................................................... 373
System ..................................................................................................... 374
Automatic Updates from Remote Image or Configuration File .... 376
Configuration ......................................................................................... 377
Diagnostics ............................................................................................. 380
Application Control Signature File Management ............................. 381
Web Page Redirect ................................................................................. 382
Network Tools ........................................................................................ 383
Progress and Status Frames ................................................................. 385
CLI ......................................................................................................................... 385
API Documentation ............................................................................................. 387
Status/Settings ....................................................................................... 388
GET Requests ......................................................................................... 389
Trying a GET Request ........................................................................... 389
API Documentation Toolbar ................................................................ 391
Options .................................................................................................................. 392
Logout .................................................................................................................... 395
The Command Line Interface ...................................................... 397
Establishing a Secure Shell (SSH) Connection ................................................. 398
Getting Started with the CLI .............................................................................. 399
Inputting Commands ................................................................................... 399
Getting Help .................................................................................................. 399
Top Level Commands ......................................................................................... 401
Root Command Prompt ............................................................................... 401
configure Commands ................................................................................... 402
show Commands .......................................................................................... 405
statistics Commands ..................................................................................... 408
Configuration Commands .................................................................................. 410
viii
Wireless Array
acl .................................................................................................................... 410
admin .............................................................................................................. 411
auth ................................................................................................................. 412
cdp ................................................................................................................... 412
clear ................................................................................................................. 414
cluster ............................................................................................................. 416
contact-info .................................................................................................... 417
date-time ........................................................................................................ 418
dhcp-server .................................................................................................... 419
dns ................................................................................................................... 420
file .................................................................................................................... 421
filter ................................................................................................................. 425
Air Cleaner ............................................................................................. 426
group .............................................................................................................. 429
hostname ........................................................................................................ 429
interface .......................................................................................................... 430
load ................................................................................................................. 430
location ........................................................................................................... 431
location-reporting ......................................................................................... 432
management .................................................................................................. 433
mdm ................................................................................................................ 434
more ................................................................................................................ 435
netflow ............................................................................................................ 436
no ..................................................................................................................... 437
quick-config ................................................................................................... 439
quit .................................................................................................................. 440
radius-server .................................................................................................. 440
reboot .............................................................................................................. 441
reset ................................................................................................................. 441
restore ............................................................................................................. 442
roaming-assist ............................................................................................... 443
run-tests .......................................................................................................... 444
security ........................................................................................................... 446
snmp ............................................................................................................... 447
ssid .................................................................................................................. 448
syslog .............................................................................................................. 449
tunnel .............................................................................................................. 450
ix
Wireless Array
uptime ............................................................................................................. 451
vlan .................................................................................................................. 451
wifi-tag ........................................................................................................... 452
Sample Configuration Tasks .............................................................................. 454
Configuring a Simple Open Global SSID .................................................. 455
Configuring a Global SSID using WPA-PEAP ......................................... 456
Configuring an SSID-Specific SSID using WPA-PEAP ........................... 457
Enabling Global IAPs ................................................................................... 458
Disabling Global IAPs .................................................................................. 459
Enabling a Specific IAP ................................................................................ 460
Disabling a Specific IAP ............................................................................... 461
Setting Cell Size Auto-Configuration for All IAPs .................................. 462
Setting the Cell Size for All IAPs ................................................................ 463
Setting the Cell Size for a Specific IAP ....................................................... 464
Configuring VLANs on an Open SSID ...................................................... 465
Configuring Radio Assurance Mode (Loopback Tests) .......................... 466
Appendices..................................................................................... 469
Appendix A: Quick Reference Guide ............................................................... 471
Factory Default Settings ...................................................................................... 471
Host Name ..................................................................................................... 471
Network Interfaces ....................................................................................... 471
Serial ........................................................................................................ 471
Gigabit 1 and Gigabit 2 ......................................................................... 472
Server Settings ............................................................................................... 472
NTP .......................................................................................................... 472
Syslog ...................................................................................................... 472
SNMP ...................................................................................................... 473
DHCP .............................................................................................................. 473
Default SSID .................................................................................................. 474
Security .......................................................................................................... 474
Global Settings - Encryption ............................................................... 474
External RADIUS (Global) .................................................................. 475
Internal RADIUS .................................................................................... 476
Administrator Account and Password ...................................................... 476
Management .................................................................................................. 476
Keyboard Shortcuts ............................................................................................. 477
Wireless Array
Appendix B: FAQ and Special Topics ............................................................... 479
General Hints and Tips ....................................................................................... 479
Frequently Asked Questions .............................................................................. 480
Multiple SSIDs ............................................................................................... 480
Security ........................................................................................................... 482
VLAN Support .............................................................................................. 485
Array Monitor and Radio Assurance Capabilities .......................................... 488
Enabling Monitoring on the Array ..................................................... 488
How Monitoring Works ............................................................................... 488
Radio Assurance ........................................................................................... 489
Radio Assurance Options ..................................................................... 490
RADIUS Vendor Specific Attribute (VSA) for Xirrus ..................................... 491
Location Service Data Formats .......................................................................... 492
Euclid Location Server ................................................................................. 492
Non-Euclid Location Server ........................................................................ 492
Upgrading the Array via CLI ............................................................................. 494
Sample Output for the Upgrade Procedure: ............................................. 495
Contact Information ............................................................................................ 499
Appendix C: Notices (Arrays except XR-500/600 and Models Ending in H) ............501
Notices ................................................................................................................... 501
EU Directive 1999/5/EC Compliance Information ........................................ 505
Compliance Information (Non-EU) ................................................................... 512
Safety Warnings ................................................................................................... 513
Translated Safety Warnings ............................................................................... 514
Software License and Product Warranty Agreement ..................................... 515
Hardware Warranty Agreement ....................................................................... 521
Appendix D: Notices (XR500/600 Series Only) ............................................. 523
Notices ................................................................................................................... 523
EU Directive 1999/5/EC Compliance Information ........................................ 527
Compliance Information (Non-EU) ................................................................... 534
Safety Warnings ................................................................................................... 535
Translated Safety Warnings ............................................................................... 536
Software License and Product Warranty Agreement ..................................... 537
Hardware Warranty Agreement ....................................................................... 543
xi
Wireless Array
Appendix E: Medical Usage Notices ................................................................ 545
Glossary of Terms.......................................................................... 551
Index................................................................................................ 563
xii
Wireless Array
List of Figures
Figure 1.
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Figure 4.
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Figure 7.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
Figure 10.
Figure 11.
Figure 12.
Figure 13.
Figure 14.
Figure 15.
Figure 16.
Figure 17.
Figure 18.
Figure 19.
Figure 20.
Figure 21.
Figure 22.
Figure 23.
Figure 24.
Figure 25.
Figure 26.
Figure 27.
Figure 28.
Figure 29.
Figure 30.
Figure 31.
Figure 32.
Figure 33.
Figure 34.
Xirrus Arrays: XR Series ............................................................................ 1
Wireless Array (XR Series) ........................................................................ 4
Wireless Coverage Patterns .................................................................... 12
XP8 - Power over Ethernet Usage .......................................................... 13
WMI: Array Status.................................................................................... 14
Layout of IAPs (XR-7630) ........................................................................ 15
Wall Thickness Considerations .............................................................. 29
Unit Placement.......................................................................................... 30
Full (Normal) Coverage........................................................................... 31
Adjusting RF Patterns .............................................................................. 31
Custom Coverage ..................................................................................... 32
Connection Rate vs. Distance ................................................................. 32
Transmit Power......................................................................................... 33
Overlapping Cells..................................................................................... 34
Allocating Channels Manually ............................................................... 36
Classic 802.11 Signal Transmission ........................................................ 38
MIMO Signal Processing ......................................................................... 38
Spatial Multiplexing................................................................................. 39
Channel Bonding ...................................................................................... 40
MAC Throughput Improvements.......................................................... 41
Computing 802.11n Data Rates .............................................................. 42
Port Failover Protection ........................................................................... 43
Switch Failover Protection ..................................................................... 45
Port Requirements for XMS .................................................................... 49
WDS Link................................................................................................... 54
A Multiple Hop WDS Connection ......................................................... 55
WDS Failover Protection ......................................................................... 55
Installation Workflow .............................................................................. 58
Array Placement ....................................................................................... 60
LED Locations ........................................................................................... 64
Network Interface Ports—XR-520 (left); XR-1000 Series (right) ....... 68
Network Interfaces—XR-2000 Series (left); XR-2005 Series (right) ... 69
Network Interface Ports—XR-4000 Series ............................................ 69
Network Interface Ports—XR-6000 Series ............................................ 69
List of Figures
xiii
Wi-Fi Array
Figure 35.
Figure 36.
Figure 37.
Figure 38.
Figure 39.
Figure 40.
Figure 41.
Figure 42.
Figure 43.
Figure 44.
Figure 45.
Figure 46.
Figure 47.
Figure 48.
Figure 49.
Figure 50.
Figure 51.
Figure 52.
Figure 53.
Figure 54.
Figure 55.
Figure 56.
Figure 57.
Figure 58.
Figure 59.
Figure 60.
Figure 61.
Figure 62.
Figure 63.
Figure 64.
Figure 65.
Figure 66.
Figure 67.
Figure 68.
Figure 69.
Figure 70.
Figure 71.
xiv
Notice for XMS-Managed Array ............................................................ 78
Web Management Interface—Option = New Style............................. 80
Web Management Interface—New Style (Default) ............................. 80
Web Management Interface—Option = Classic Style ......................... 81
Web Management Interface—Classic Style .......................................... 81
WMI: Frames ............................................................................................. 84
Major Menu Sections Collapsed (on left) .............................................. 85
WMI: Utility Buttons................................................................................ 87
Logging In to the Wireless Array ........................................................... 88
Array Summary ........................................................................................ 92
Disabled IAP (Partial View) .................................................................... 95
IAP Cells .................................................................................................... 95
Network Assurance and Operating Status ........................................... 96
Array Information .................................................................................... 98
Show Configuration ................................................................................. 99
Admin Login History............................................................................. 100
Network Settings .................................................................................... 101
Network Map .......................................................................................... 102
Spanning Tree Status.............................................................................. 105
Routing Table .......................................................................................... 106
ARP Table ................................................................................................ 106
DHCP Leases........................................................................................... 107
Connection Tracking .............................................................................. 107
CDP Neighbors ....................................................................................... 108
Network Assurance................................................................................ 109
Undefined VLANs.................................................................................. 110
RF Monitor — IAPs ................................................................................. 112
RF Monitor — IAPs ................................................................................. 112
RF Spectrum Analyzer........................................................................... 114
Intrusion Detection/Rogue AP List..................................................... 116
RF Monitor — Channel History............................................................. 118
RF Monitor — Channel History (Rotated) ........................................... 119
RF Monitor — Channel History (Text) ................................................. 119
Radio Assurance ..................................................................................... 120
Stations ..................................................................................................... 123
Location Map........................................................................................... 125
Controls for Location Map .................................................................... 126
List of Figures
Wireless Array
Figure 72.
Figure 73.
Figure 74.
Figure 75.
Figure 76.
Figure 77.
Figure 78.
Figure 79.
Figure 80.
Figure 81.
Figure 82.
Figure 83.
Figure 84.
Figure 85.
Figure 86.
Figure 87.
Figure 88.
Figure 89.
Figure 90.
Figure 91.
Figure 92.
Figure 93.
Figure 94.
Figure 95.
Figure 96.
Figure 97.
Figure 98.
Figure 99.
Figure 100.
Figure 101.
Figure 102.
Figure 103.
Figure 104.
Figure 105.
Figure 106.
Figure 107.
Figure 108.
Station RSSI Values ............................................................................... 129
Station RSSI Values — Colorized Graphical View ............................ 129
Station Signal-to-Noise Ratio Values .................................................. 130
Station SNR Values — Colorized Graphical View.............................. 131
Station Noise Floor Values ................................................................... 132
Station Noise Floor Values — Colorized Graphical View ................ 133
Max by IAP .............................................................................................. 134
Station Assurance ................................................................................... 135
IAP Statistics Summary Page................................................................ 137
Individual IAP Statistics Page ............................................................. 139
Network Statistics................................................................................... 140
VLAN Statistics....................................................................................... 141
WDS Statistics ......................................................................................... 142
IDS Statistics Page ................................................................................. 143
Filter Statistics ......................................................................................... 144
Station Statistics ...................................................................................... 145
Individual Station Statistics Page......................................................... 146
Application Control ............................................................................... 149
Application Control (Pie Charts).......................................................... 151
Application Control (Station Traffic)................................................... 151
Stations (Application Control).............................................................. 153
System Log (Alert Level Highlighted) ................................................ 154
IDS Event Log ........................................................................................ 155
WMI: Express Setup ............................................................................... 159
LEDs are Switched On ........................................................................... 164
Network Interfaces ................................................................................. 165
Network Settings .................................................................................... 168
Network Interface Ports......................................................................... 168
Network Bonds ....................................................................................... 171
Port Modes (a, b)..................................................................................... 173
Port Modes (c) ......................................................................................... 174
Port Modes (d) ........................................................................................ 174
Mirroring Traffic..................................................................................... 176
DNS Settings............................................................................................ 177
CDP Settings............................................................................................ 178
Services..................................................................................................... 180
Time Settings (Manual Time)................................................................ 181
List of Figures
xv
Wi-Fi Array
Figure 109.
Figure 110.
Figure 111.
Figure 112.
Figure 113.
Figure 114.
Figure 115.
Figure 116.
Figure 117.
Figure 118.
Figure 119.
Figure 120.
Figure 121.
Figure 122.
Figure 123.
Figure 124.
Figure 125.
Figure 126.
Figure 127.
Figure 128.
Figure 129.
Figure 130.
Figure 131.
Figure 132.
Figure 133.
Figure 134.
Figure 135.
Figure 136.
Figure 137.
Figure 138.
Figure 139.
Figure 140.
Figure 141.
Figure 142.
Figure 143.
Figure 144.
Figure 145.
xvi
Time Settings (NTP Time Enabled)...................................................... 182
NetFlow.................................................................................................... 184
Wi-Fi Tag.................................................................................................. 185
Location.................................................................................................... 186
System Log .............................................................................................. 188
SNMP ....................................................................................................... 193
DHCP Management ............................................................................... 196
VLANs...................................................................................................... 199
VLAN Management ............................................................................... 201
Tunnel Summary .................................................................................... 204
Tunnel Management .............................................................................. 205
Tunnel SSID Assignments..................................................................... 207
Security..................................................................................................... 208
Import Xirrus Certificate Authority..................................................... 212
Admin Management .............................................................................. 214
Admin Privileges .................................................................................... 216
Admin RADIUS ...................................................................................... 219
Management Control ............................................................................. 221
Pre-login Banner ..................................................................................... 222
Access Control List ................................................................................. 229
Global Settings (Security) ...................................................................... 230
External RADIUS Server ....................................................................... 234
Internal RADIUS Server ........................................................................ 238
Rogue Control List ................................................................................. 241
OAuth 2.0 Management - Token List .................................................. 243
SSIDs......................................................................................................... 245
Four Traffic Classes ................................................................................ 248
Priority Level—IEEE 802.1p (Layer 2)................................................. 248
Priority Level—DSCP (DiffServ - Layer 3) ......................................... 249
SSID Management .................................................................................. 253
SSID Management—Encryption, Authentication, Accounting ....... 256
WPR Internal Splash Page Fields (SSID Management)..................... 260
Customizing an Internal Login or Splash Page.................................. 263
Whitelist Configuration for WPR......................................................... 264
Setting Active IAPs per SSID ................................................................ 266
Per-SSID Access Control List ................................................................ 267
Groups...................................................................................................... 269
List of Figures
Wireless Array
Figure 146.
Figure 147.
Figure 148.
Figure 149.
Figure 150.
Figure 151.
Figure 152.
Figure 153.
Figure 154.
Figure 155.
Figure 156.
Figure 157.
Figure 158.
Figure 159.
Figure 160.
Figure 161.
Figure 162.
Figure 163.
Figure 164.
Figure 165.
Figure 166.
Figure 167.
Figure 168.
Figure 169.
Figure 170.
Figure 171.
Figure 172.
Figure 173.
Figure 174.
Figure 175.
Figure 176.
Figure 177.
Figure 178.
Figure 179.
Figure 180.
Figure 181.
Figure 182.
Group Management ............................................................................... 271
IAPs........................................................................................................... 276
Source of Channel Setting ..................................................................... 277
IAP Settings ............................................................................................. 279
Global Settings (IAPs) ............................................................................ 285
Global Settings .11an .............................................................................. 298
Global Settings .11bgn ........................................................................... 303
Global Settings .11n ................................................................................ 309
Global Settings .11ac .............................................................................. 312
802.11u Global Settings.......................................................................... 315
Advanced RF Settings............................................................................ 320
Station Assurance (Advanced RF Settings) ........................................ 327
Hotspot 2.0 Settings................................................................................ 330
NAI Realms ............................................................................................. 331
NAI EAP .................................................................................................. 332
Intrusion Detection Settings.................................................................. 334
LED Settings ............................................................................................ 340
DSCP Mappings...................................................................................... 342
Roaming Assist ....................................................................................... 344
WDS .......................................................................................................... 345
Configuring a WDS Link ....................................................................... 346
WDS Client Links ................................................................................... 347
Filters ........................................................................................................ 351
Filter Lists ................................................................................................ 352
Filter Management ................................................................................. 354
Filter Category or Application.............................................................. 358
Clusters .................................................................................................... 360
Cluster Definition ................................................................................... 361
Cluster Management.............................................................................. 362
Cluster Mode Operation........................................................................ 363
Cluster Mode Activation ....................................................................... 363
Viewing Statistics in Cluster Mode...................................................... 364
AirWatch Settings................................................................................... 366
System Tools............................................................................................ 372
Saving the Diagnostic Log..................................................................... 380
Managing Application Control Signature files .................................. 381
Managing WPR Splash/Login page files............................................ 382
List of Figures
xvii
Wi-Fi Array
Figure 183.
Figure 184.
Figure 185.
Figure 186.
Figure 187.
Figure 188.
Figure 189.
Figure 190.
Figure 191.
Figure 192.
Figure 193.
Figure 194.
Figure 195.
Figure 196.
Figure 197.
Figure 198.
Figure 199.
Figure 200.
Figure 201.
Figure 202.
Figure 203.
Figure 204.
Figure 205.
Figure 206.
Figure 207.
Figure 208.
Figure 209.
Figure 210.
xviii
System Command (Ping)....................................................................... 383
Radius Ping Output................................................................................ 384
CLI Window ............................................................................................ 385
API Documentation................................................................................ 387
API — Settings Requests List................................................................ 388
API — GET Request Details ................................................................. 389
API — GET Request Response ............................................................. 390
API Documentation Toolbar................................................................. 391
WMI Display Options ............................................................................ 392
iPhone Style Option................................................................................ 393
Login Window ........................................................................................ 395
Logging In................................................................................................ 398
Help Window.......................................................................................... 399
Full Help .................................................................................................. 400
Partial Help.............................................................................................. 400
Air Cleaner Filter Rules ......................................................................... 427
Configuring a Simple Open Global SSID............................................ 455
Configuring a Global SSID using WPA-PEAP................................... 456
Configuring an SSID-Specific SSID using WPA-PEAP..................... 457
Enabling Global IAPs............................................................................. 458
Disabling Global IAPs............................................................................ 459
Enabling a Specific IAP.......................................................................... 460
Disabling a Specific IAP......................................................................... 461
Setting the Cell Size for All IAPs.......................................................... 462
Setting the Cell Size for All IAPs.......................................................... 463
Setting the Cell Size for a Specific IAP ................................................ 464
Configuring VLANs on an Open SSID................................................ 465
Configuring Radio Assurance Mode (Loopback Testing)................ 467
List of Figures
Wireless Array
Introduction
These topics introduce the Xirrus Wireless Array, including an overview of its key
features and benefits.

“The Xirrus Family of Products” on page 1.

“Why Choose the Xirrus Wireless Array?” on page 3.

“Wireless Array Product Overview” on page 4.

“Key Features and Benefits” on page 15.

“Advanced Feature Sets” on page 17.

“About this User’s Guide” on page 21.
The Xirrus Family of Products
Figure 1. Xirrus Arrays: XR Series
The Xirrus family of products includes the following:

The XR Series of Xirrus Wireless Arrays
The newest Xirrus Wireless Arrays have been completely redesigned to
provide distributed intelligence, integrated switching capacity of up to 10
Gbps, application-level intelligence, increased bandwidth, and smaller
size. The radios support IEEE802.11 ac, a, b, g, and n clients, and feature
the capacity and performance needed to replace switched Ethernet to the
desktop. Modular radios allow you to increase the number of radios,
upgrade to more powerful radios, or even upgrade later to future
technologies like 802.11ac and 802.11.ad as they are introduced.
Introduction
Wireless Array

Xirrus Management System (XMS)
XMS is used for managing large Array deployments from a centralized
Web-based interface. Xirrus offers XMS Cloud—a software as a service
option for XMS, capable of managing all aspects of your Xirrus network,
including automatic software and firmware upgrades for the network.
For XMS Cloud customers, all Array management is performed via the
cloud. Access to Arrays via CLI and Web Management Interface is
disabled. For other XMS customers, write access to Arrays via CLI and
Web Management Interface is typically disabled.
Users start the XMS client simply by entering the URL of the XMS server
on a web browser. If you need detailed information about this product,
refer to the XMS User’s Guide.

Xirrus-supplied Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE) Injectors and
POE+ Switches
Xirrus offers 24- and 48-port enterprise-class L2+ gigabit managed access
switches with IEEE802.3at PoE+, four 1G/10G SFP+ ports, and stacking.
One-, two-, and eight-port PoGE injectors are also available for a range of
Array power requirements.
Nomenclature
Throughout this User’s Guide, Xirrus Wireless Arrays and Access Points are
referred to as simply Arrays. In some instances, the terms product and unit are
also used. When discussing specific products from the Xirrus family, the product
name is used (for example, XR-4830). The Wireless Array’s operating system is
referred to as the ArrayOS. The Web Management Interface for browser-based
management of the Array is referred to as WMI.
The XR Series Arrays have very flexible radio capabilities — each of the radios
may be independently configured to support IEEE802.11a, 11b, 11g, or 11n clients
or a combination of client types. One radio is typically assigned as the RF monitor
radio, supporting intrusion detection and prevention, self-monitoring, and other
services. Radios support both 2.4GHz and 5 GHz, and are named iap1, iap2, ...
iapn.
Introduction
Wireless Array
The Xirrus Management System is referred to as XMS. The Power over Gigabit
Ethernet system may be referred to as PoGE.
Why Choose the Xirrus Wireless Array?
The deployment of wireless is a necessity as businesses strive for greater
flexibility in the workplace and the need for employee mobility rises. The user
community is placing spiraling and often unanticipated demands on the wireless
network, with the rapid proliferation of devices such as iPads and wireless
enabled phones. Xirrus Wireless Arrays have the capability to support the large
number of user devices present in today’s environments, with superior range and
coverage.
Wireless has come a long way in the past few years and now offers the
performance, reliability and security that Enterprise customers have come to
expect from their networks. The technology is being driven by these major IEEE
standards:

802.11ac
Operates in the 5 GHz range, using a number of advanced techniques to
achieve a maximum speed of 1.3 Gbps. These techniques include
improvements on the methods used for 802.11n, below.

802.11n
Uses multiple antennas per radio to boost transmission speed as high as
450Mbps, increasing throughput, range, and maximum number of users.
802.11n is backwards compatible with 802.11a/b/g.

802.11a
Operates in the 5 GHz range with a maximum speed of 54 Mbps.

802.11b
Operates in the 2.4 GHz range with a maximum speed of 11 Mbps.

802.11g
Supports a higher transmission speed of 54 Mbps in the 2.4 GHz range
and is backwards compatible with 802.11b.
Introduction
Wireless Array
Whether you have just a handful of users or thousands of users, the Xirrus Array
has the scalability and flexibility to serve your needs.
See Also
Key Features and Benefits
Wireless Array Product Overview
The Xirrus Family of Products
Wireless Array Product Overview
Part of the family of Xirrus products, the Wireless Array is a high capacity, multimode device designed with up to four times the coverage and eight times the
bandwidth and user density compared with legacy thin access point wireless
products. Its distributed intelligence eliminates the use of separate controllers and
their accompanying bottlenecks. Each radio, with its directional high-gain
antennas, can achieve up to 1.3 Gbps throughput .
Figure 2. Wireless Array (XR Series)
The Wireless Array (regardless of the product model) is Wi-Fi® compliant and
simultaneously supports 802.11ac, 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n clients.
The multi-state design allows you to assign radios to 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz bands
(or both) in any desired arrangement. Integrated switching and active enterprise
class features such as VLAN support and multiple SSID capability enable robust
network compatibility and a high level of scalability and system control.
The optional Xirrus Management System (XMS) allows global management of
hundreds of Arrays from a central location.
Introduction
Wireless Array
Multiple versions of the Array with different numbers of Integrated Access Points
(IAPs) support a variety of deployment applications.
Introduction
Wireless Array
XR Wireless Array Product Family
XR-500 Series Access Points
These Access Points have one Gigabit Ethernet port and two radios—one multistate radio (2.4GHz or 5GHz) and one 5GHz radio. They support 300Mbps,
connecting up to 240 users at one time.
The XR-500 provides flexibility for delivering wireless service in low-to-medium
user density scenarios, in challenging deployments in areas with high RF
attenuation, and in isolated or physically separated locations.
Like XR Arrays, these models have an integrated controller, firewall, threat sensor
and spectrum analyzer. Unlike other XR Arrays, these models have omnidirectional antennas rather than directional antennas.
Feature
No. radios: 802.11 
a/b/g/n/monitor
Radio type
2x2
Integrated omni-directional
antennas
Integrated wireless switch ports
Integrated RF spectrum analyzer,
threat sensors
Yes
Gigabit Uplink Port
Wireless bandwidth
300 Mbps
Users supported
XR-520
240
Introduction
Wireless Array
XR-600 Series Access Points
The XR-600 Series provides robust wireless service in low-to-medium user
density scenarios. These Access Points have two Gigabit Ethernet ports and two
multi-state radios (2.4GHz or 5GHz). Each of the XR-630’s 3x3 802.11ac radios
supports 1.3Gbps, connecting up to 240 users at one time with 2.6Gbps total Wi-Fi
bandwidth.
Like XR Arrays, these models have an integrated controller, firewall, threat sensor
spectrum analyzer, and application-level intelligence. Unlike larger XR Arrays,
these models have omni-directional antennas rather than directional antennas.
The XR-630 supports ACExpress™ which optimizes wireless performance by
automatically segmenting faster 802.11ac clients from slower Wi-Fi clients. Since
Wi-Fi is a shared medium, this separation ensures slower 802.11a/b/g/n clients
do not slow down 802.11ac clients from achieving high performance.
XR-620
XR-630
2x2
3x3
Integrated omni-directional
antennas
Integrated wireless switch ports
Integrated RF spectrum analyzer,
threat sensors
Yes
Yes
Gigabit Uplink Ports
Wireless bandwidth
1.7 Gbps
2.6 Gbps
240
240
Feature
No. radios: 802.11 
ac/a/b/g/n/monitor
Radio type
Users supported
Introduction
Wireless Array
XR-1000
These Arrays include models with one Gigabit Ethernet port and two multi-state
radios (2.4GHz or 5GHz) that can support 300Mbps or 450Mbps, connecting up to
480 users at one time.
The Xirrus XR-1000 Series Wireless Array is a two slot chassis available in a two
multi-state (2.4GHz or 5GHz) radio configuration with up to 900Mbps of
bandwidth (up to 450 Mbps per radio). The XR-1000 provides flexibility for
delivering wireless service in low user density scenarios, challenging
deployments in areas with high RF attenuation, and in isolated or physically
separated locations. The elliptical-shaped coverage pattern produced by its
directional antennas is ideal for covering facilities with central hallways and
adjacent rooms commonly found in office buildings, hotels, and dormitories.
Like larger XR Arrays, these models integrate multi-state radios with high gain
directional antennas, an onboard multi-gigabit switch, controller, firewall, threat
sensor and spectrum analyzer all built on a modular chassis designed for future
extensibility.
XR-1220
XR-1230
2x2
3x3
Integrated antennas
Integrated wireless
switch ports
Yes
Yes
Gigabit Uplink Port
Wireless bandwidth
600 Mbps
900 Mbps
480
480
Feature
No. radios: 802.11 
a/b/g/n/monitor
Radio type
Integrated RF spectrum
analyzer, threat sensors
Users supported
Introduction
Wireless Array
XR-2000 Series Arrays
These Arrays include models with one or two Gigabit Ethernet ports and two or
four multi-state radios (2.4GHz or 5GHz) that can support 300Mbps or 450Mbps,
connecting up to 960 users at one time.
The Xirrus XR-2000 Series Wireless Array is a four slot chassis available in a four
multi-state (2.4GHz or 5GHz) radio configuration supporting up to 1.8Gbps of
bandwidth. These models support a range of low to high-performance
applications, including offices, hospitals, campuses and classrooms, and hotels.
Like larger XR Arrays, these models integrate multi-state radios with high gain
directional antennas, an onboard multi-gigabit switch, controller, firewall, threat
sensor and spectrum analyzer all built on a modular chassis designed for future
extensibility.
XR-2220
XR-2225
XR-2230
XR-2235
XR-2420
XR-2425
XR-2430
XR-2435
2x2
2x2
3x3
3x3
2x2
2x2
3x3
3x3
Integrated antennas
12
12
Integrated wireless
switch ports
Integrated RF
spectrum analyzer,
threat sensors
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Feature
No. radios: 802.11 
a/b/g/n/monitor
Radio type
Gigabit Uplink Ports
Wireless bandwidth
Users supported
600
600
900
900
1.2
1.2
1.8
1.8
Mbps Mbps Mbps Mbps Gbps Gbps Gbps Gbps
480
480
480
480
960
960
960
960
Note that XR-2000 Series Arrays ending in “0” have one Gigabit POE port and a
Console port. Those ending in “5” have no console port, but have two Gigabit
Introduction
Wireless Array
ports, one of which accepts POE+ power supplied by a Xirrus-supplied power
injector or an IEEE802.3at powered switch.
XR-4000 Series Arrays
These Arrays include models with two Gigabit Ethernet ports and four or eight
radios (IAPs), connecting up to 1920 users at one time and offering a maximum
wireless bandwidth of 3.6 Gbps (up to 450 Mbps per radio). Smaller models may
be upgraded to eight radios later when your needs change.
Feature
XR-4420
XR-4430
XR-4820
XR-4830
Number of radios:
802.11a/b/g/n/monitor
2x2
3x3
2x2
3x3
Integrated antennas
12
16
24
Integrated wireless
switch ports
Integrated RF spectrum
analyzer, threat sensors
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
1 Gigabit Uplink Ports
1.2 Gbps
1.8 Gbps
2.4 Gbps
3.6 Gbps
960
960
1920
1920
Radio type
Wireless bandwidth
Users supported
10
Introduction
Wireless Array
XR-6000 Series Arrays
These Arrays include models with four Gigabit Ethernet ports and up to sixteen
radios, connecting up to 1792 users at one time and offering a maximum wireless
bandwidth of 7.2 Gbps (up to 450 Mbps per radio). Smaller models may be
upgraded to sixteen radios later when your needs change. A 10 Gigabit modular
Ethernet expansion port (DVI connector) is available to meet high traffic
demands. It is used only with an optional Xirrus 10 Gig fiber optics adapter.
XR-6820
XR-6830
XR-7220
XR-7230
XR-7620
XR-7630
12
12
16
16
Radio type
2x2
3x3
2x2
3x3
2x2
3x3
Number of 
integrated antennas
16
24
24
36
32
48
Integrated wireless switch
ports
16
16
16
16
16
16
Integrated RF spectrum
analyzer, threat sensors
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
1 Gigabit Uplink Ports
External 10 Gigabit Modular
Expansion Port
Wireless bandwidth (Gbps)
2.4
3.6
3.6
5.4
4.8
7.2
Users supported
896
896
1344
1344
1792
1792
Feature
Number of radios:
802.11a/b/g/n/monitor
See Also
Key Features and Benefits
Wireless Array Product Overview
Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE)
Introduction
11
Wireless Array
Why Choose the Xirrus Wireless Array?
Enterprise Class Security
The latest and most effective wireless encryption security standards, including
WPA (Wireless Protected Access) and WPA2 with 802.11i AES (Advanced
Encryption Standard) are available on the Wireless Array. In addition, the use of
an embedded RADIUS server (or 802.1x with an external RADIUS server) ensures
user authentication — multiple Arrays can authenticate to the optional XMS,
ensuring only authorized Arrays become part of the wireless network. With the
Xirrus Advanced Feature Sets, intrusion detection and prevention, site
monitoring, and RF spectrum analysis are performed in the background by the
Array automatically.
Deployment Flexibility
Xirrus’ unique multi-radio architecture (on all Arrays except the XR-500 Series)
generates 360 degrees of sectored high-gain 802.11a/b/g/n coverage that
provides extended range and the highest possible data rates for a large volume of
clients. Each sector can be adjusted automatically or manually, creating a pattern
of wireless coverage perfectly tailored to individual customer needs. For example:
outside wall
Figure 3. Wireless Coverage Patterns
Figure 3 depicts the following two scenarios:

12
Full pattern coverage
Introduction
Wireless Array
All radios are activated with coverage spanning 360 degrees. If within
range, clients will always receive coverage regardless of their geographic
position relative to the Array. Radios may be assigned to 2.4 GHz and/or
5.0 GHz bands in any desired pattern.

Partial pattern coverage
If desired, the Wireless Array can be deployed close to an exterior wall. In
this case, half of all available radios have been deactivated to prevent
redundant signals from “bleeding” beyond the site’s perimeter wall. This
configuration may also be used in those cases where you want to restrict
wireless coverage to selected areas of the building’s interior.
Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE)
Some smaller Arrays and APs (XR-500/600 and XR-2005 Series) are compatible
with IEEE802.3af and/or IEEE802.3at PoE+, and may be connected to appropriate
powered switches. For example, the Xirrus XT-5024 and XT-5048 are 24-and 48port 802.3at POE+ managed switches. See the Quick Installation Guide for the
Array/AP for compatible injectors or powered switches.
The Xirrus-supplied XP1, XP2, and XP8 Power over Gigabit Ethernet modules
provide power to Arrays over the same Cat 5e or Cat 6 cable used for data.
Managed modules provide the ability to control power using XMS.
Figure 4. XP8 - Power over Ethernet Usage
Introduction
13
Wireless Array
Specific models of the Array are compatible with specific PoGE modules.
Enterprise Class Management
The Wireless Array can be used with its default settings, or using zero touch
cloud-based automated provisioning. Settings may also be customized using the
Array’s embedded Web Management Interface (WMI). The WMI enables easy
configuration and control from a graphical console, plus a full complement of
troubleshooting tools and statistics.
Figure 5. WMI: Array Status
In addition, a fully featured Command Line Interface (CLI) offers IT professionals
a familiar management and control environment. SNMP (Simple Network
14
Introduction
Wireless Array
Management Protocol) is also supported to allow management from an SNMP
compliant management tool, such as the optional Xirrus Management System.

For deployments of more than five Arrays, we recommend that you use the
on-premise or cloud-based Xirrus Management System (XMS). XMS offers
a rich set of features for fine control over large deployments.
Key Features and Benefits
This section describes some of the key product features and the benefits you can
expect when deploying the Wireless Array (the XR-7630 product is used as an
example in this section).
High Capacity and High Performance
Figure 6. Layout of IAPs (XR-7630)
The XR-7630 version of the Wireless Array (Figure 6) enables wireless
connectivity and easily handles time-sensitive traffic such as voice. This model
includes four Gigabit uplink ports for connection to the wired network. Its sixteen
IAPs (radios) provide a maximum wireless capacity of 7.2 Gbps, which offers
ample reserves for the high demands of current and future applications. Of the
sixteen IAPs, fifteen operate as radios which may be set up to serve your choice of
client types — any or all of 802.11a/b/g/n (5 GHz or 2.4 GHz bands), providing
backwards compatibility with 802.11b and 802.11g.
Introduction
15
Wireless Array
In the recommended configuration, one IAP is configured in RF monitoring and
intrusion detection/prevention mode.
Extended Coverage
One XR-7630 solution enables you to replace fifteen access points (including one
omnidirectional IAP for monitoring the network). Fifteen IAP radios with
integrated directional antennas provide increased wireless range and enhanced
data rates in all directions. With a Wireless Array deployed, far fewer access
points are needed and wired-like resiliency is delivered throughout your wireless
network. Your Wireless Array deployment ensures:

Continuous connectivity if an IAP (radio) fails.

Continuous connectivity if an Array fails.

Continuous connectivity if a WDS link or switch fails.

Continuous connectivity if a Gigabit uplink or switch fails.
Non-Overlapping Channels
Complete use of non-overlapping channels limits interference and delivers
maximum capacity. On the XR-7630, up to 16 non-overlapping channels are fully
utilized across the 5GHz and 2.4GHz spectrums.
SDMA Optimization
SDMA (Spatial Division Multiple Access) technology provides full 360° coverage
while allowing independent channel and power output customization. Also
supports fast inter-zone handoffs for time-sensitive applications and roaming.
Fast Roaming
Utilizes the Xirrus Roaming Protocol (XRP) ensuring fast and seamless roaming
capabilities between IAPs or Arrays at both Layer 2 and Layer 3.
Ease of Deployment
The Xirrus Mobilize service simplifies and speeds deployment of the wireless
network by automatically setting up each Array’s license, software image, and
initial configuration. When the Array is installed and has Internet connectivity, it
contacts the Mobilize server, which performs these initialization tasks.
16
Introduction
Wireless Array
Powerful Management
The Xirrus Management System (XMS) offers real time monitoring and
management capabilities for the wireless network.
Secure Wireless Access
Multiple layers of authentication and encryption ensure secure data
transmissions. The Wireless Array is 802.11i compliant with line-rate encryption
support for 40 and 128 bit WEP, WPA and WPA2 with TKIP and AES encryption.
Authentication is provided via 802.1x, including PEAP, EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS,
EAP-SIM, EAP-GTC, EAP-AKA, EAP-AKA-Prime, and LEAP (Lightweight
Extensible Authentication Protocol) passthrough. Intrusion detection and
prevention provide proactive monitoring of the environment for threats.
Applications Enablement
The Wireless Array’s QoS (Quality of Service) functionality combined with true
switch capabilities enable high density video and Voice over Wireless LAN
deployments. Compliant with 802.1p and 802.1Q standards.
See Also
Wireless Array Product Overview
Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE)
Why Choose the Xirrus Wireless Array?
Advanced Feature Sets
The Wireless Array offers a family of powerful functionality packages, including
the RF Performance Manager (RPM), RF Security Manager (RSM), RF Analysis
Manager (RAM), and Application Control. These four packages are separately
licensed for operation on your Array. RPM, RSM, and RAM are automatically
included as part of all XR Arrays. Application Control is an optional feature.
Xirrus Advanced RF Performance Manager (RPM)
The Xirrus RPM optimizes the bandwidth usage and station performance of
802.11n wireless networks. Leveraging the multiple integrated access point
(multi-radio) design of the Xirrus Wireless Array, RPM manages the allocation of
Introduction
17
Wireless Array
wireless bandwidth to wireless stations across multiple RF channels. The result
maximizes overall network performance with superior flexibility and capacity.
Today's wireless infrastructure is faced with ever increasing numbers and
variations of wireless enabled clients, whether in the form of notebooks, netbooks,
smart phones, IP phones, printers, projectors, cameras, RFID tags, etc. The advent
of higher speed 802.11n wireless and its increased use of the 5GHz spectrum adds
to the number of variables today's wireless networks must accommodate.
Backwards compatibility with older clients is crucial, however their operation in a
wireless network can significantly hinder the performance of faster clients. As an
example, 802.11b wireless stations communicate more than 10 times slower than
802.11n stations.
With each of the Array’s multiple radios operating on a different channel, RPM
selects the ideal radio for each station. High-speed stations are grouped together
on radios with other high speed stations, while lower speed stations are combined
with other lower speed stations. This ensures optimal performance for high-speed
802.11n stations without compromise.
The complete feature set of the RPM package includes:

WDS (Wireless Distribution System) for point-to-point communication

Wireless Mode per IAP

Sharp Cell technology

Wireless Data Rate Optimization

Wireless Traffic Shaping

Wireless Voice Call Admission Control

Fast Layer 2 and 3 Roaming

Standby Mode
Xirrus Advanced RF Security Manager (RSM)
The Xirrus RSM improves security and minimizes the risk in deploying 802.11n
wireless networks. Leveraging an integrated 24/7 threat sensor and hardwarebased encryption/decryption in each Array, RSM secures the wireless network
18
Introduction
Wireless Array
from multiple types of threats. The result delivers uncompromised overall
network security with superior flexibility and performance.
Wireless networks face a number of potential security threats in the form of rogue
access points, ad-hoc clients, unauthorized clients, wireless-based attacks,
eavesdropping, etc. As 802.11n is increasingly adopted in enterprise networks,
defending against these threats becomes more critical. With the Array’s dedicated
threat sensor radio scanning all channels in the 2.4GHz and 5GHz spectrums,
RSM searches for security threats and automatically mitigates them.
High performance encryption/decryption in the enterprise wireless network is a
must. The wireless network needs to support each client using the highest level of
encryption (WPA2 Enterprise/128 bit AES) and without degrading the overall
performance of the network. Xirrus incorporates hardware-based encryption/
decryption into each Array, delivering line-rate encryption at the edge of the
network instead of at a choke point within a centralized controller.
The complete feature set of the RSM package includes:

Wireless IDS/IPS (Intrusion Detection/Prevention System)

Wireless stateful firewall

User group policies

Authenticated guest access gateway

NAC integration
Xirrus Advanced RF Analysis Manager (RAM)
The RF Advanced Analysis Manager (RAM) tests and troubleshoots 802.11n
wireless networks. The deployment of 802.11n presents a set of unique challenges
based on technology differences with legacy 802.11a/b/g networks, both on the
wireless infrastructure and client side. Xirrus' RAM equips each Wireless Array
with a powerful set of tools and features to optimally tune and verify an 802.11n
installation, as well as give IT administrators the ability to troubleshoot issues
that may occur within the wireless environment.
The 802.11n standard will continue to evolve over the next several years with
additional performance and optional functions, along with ongoing stream of
IEEE 802.11 amendments. This changing wireless landscape mandates that
Introduction
19
Wireless Array
appropriate tools are available to the user to analyze, optimize, and troubleshoot
their changing environments.
The distributed architecture of the Array enables the execution of powerful
wireless and networking analysis at the edge of the network where packets
traverse the wireless-to-wired boundary. The Array includes an embedded
wireless controller with the necessary computing and memory resources to
provide these functions securely at the network's edge.
The key elements of the RAM package include:

RF Analysis – An embedded Spectrum Analyzer leverages the dedicated
threat sensor radio in each Wireless Array to provide a continual view of
utilization, interference, and errors across all available wireless channels.

Packet Analysis – Integrated packet capture provides filterable views of
all traffic traversing on the wired and wireless interfaces of the Array.

Performance Analysis – Embedded traffic generation enables the
throughput of the Array’s wireless or wired interfaces to be analyzed.

Failure Recovery – Radio Assurance provides an automatic self-test and
self healing mechanism that ensures continuous system operation.

Netflow Support

Network Tools: ping, RADIUS ping, traceroute
Xirrus Application Control
The Application Control feature is available on XR Arrays to provide real-time
visibility of application usage by users across the wireless network. Network
usage has changed enormously in the last few years, with the increase in
smartphone and tablet usage stressing networks.
The Array uses Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) to determine what applications are
being used and by whom, and how much bandwidth they are consuming. These
applications are rated by their degree of risk and productiveness. The results are
presented to you both graphically and in tables. Filters may then be put in place to
implement per-application policies that keep network usage focused on
productive uses, eliminating risky and non-business-oriented applications such
as BitTorrent. You can increase the priority of mission-critical applications like
20
Introduction
Wireless Array
VoIP and WebEx. See “Application Control Windows” on page 147 for more
information.
About this User’s Guide
This User’s Guide provides detailed information and procedures that will enable
wireless network administrators to install, configure and manage the Wireless
Array so that end users can take full advantage of the product’s features and
functionality without technical assistance.
Organization
Topics and procedures are organized by function under the following chapter
headings:

Introduction
Provides a brief introduction to wireless technology, an overview of the
product, including its key features and benefits, and presents the product
specifications.

Installing the Wireless Array
Defines prerequisites for deploying and installing the Array and provides
instructions to help you plan and complete a successful installation.

The Web Management Interface
Offers an overview of the product’s embedded Web Management
Interface, including its content and structure. It emphasizes what you
need to do to ensure that any configuration changes you make are
applied, and provides a list of restricted characters. It also includes
instructions for logging in to the Array with your Web browser.

Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
Describes the status and statistics displays available on the Array using
its embedded Web Management Interface.

Configuring the Wireless Array
Contains procedures for configuring the Array using its embedded Web
Management Interface.
Introduction
21
Wireless Array

Using Tools on the Wireless Array
Contains procedures for using utility tools provided in the Web
Management Interface. It includes procedures for upgrading the system
firmware, uploading and downloading configurations and other files,
using diagnostic tools, and resetting the Array to its factory defaults.

The Command Line Interface
Includes the commands and the command structure used by the Wireless
Array’s Command Line Interface (CLI), and provides a procedure for
establishing a Telnet connection to the Array. This chapter also includes
some sample key configuration tasks using the CLI.

Appendix A: Quick Reference Guide
Contains the product’s factory default settings.

Appendix B: FAQ and Special Topics
Offers guidance to resolve technical issues, including general hints and
tips to enhance your product experience, and a procedure for isolating
problems within an Array-enabled wireless network. Also includes
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQs) and Xirrus contact information.

Appendix C: Notices (Arrays except XR-500/600 and Models Ending in
H)
Contains the legal notices, licensing, and compliance statements for the
Array. Please read this section carefully.

Appendix D: Notices (XR500/600 Series Only)
Contains the legal notices, licensing, and compliance statements for the
XR500 Series Access Points. Please read this section carefully if you are
using these models.

Glossary of Terms
Provides an explanation of terms directly related to Xirrus product
technology, organized alphabetically.
22
Introduction
Wireless Array

Index
The index is a valuable information search tool. Use the index to locate
specific topics discussed in this User’s Guide. Simply click on any page
number in the index to jump to the referenced topic.
Notes and Cautions
The following symbols are used throughout this User’s Guide:

This symbol is used for general notes that provide useful supplemental
information.
This symbol is used for cautions. Cautions provide critical information that
may adversely affect the performance of the product.
Screen Images
Some screen images of the Web Management Interface have been modified for
clarity. For example, an image may have been cropped to highlight a specific area
of the screen, and/or sample data may be included in some fields.
Introduction
23
Wireless Array
Product Specifications
Please refer to the Xirrus web site for the latest specifications for these Arrays—
www.xirrus.com
24
Introduction
Wireless Array
Installing the Wireless Array
The instructions for completing a successful installation include the following
topics:

“Installation Prerequisites” on page 25.

“Planning Your Installation” on page 28.

“Installation Workflow” on page 58.

“Installing Your Wireless Array” on page 60.

“Powering Up the Wireless Array” on page 64.

“Establishing Communication” on page 67.

“Performing the Express Setup Procedure” on page 72.
Installation Prerequisites
Your Wireless Array deployment requires the presence of hardware and services
in the host wired/wireless network, including:

Power Source
Xirrus Arrays and APs are powered via Xirrus-supplied Power over
Gigabit Ethernet. PoGE supplies power over the same Cat 5e or Cat 6
cable used for data, thus reducing cabling and installation effort. PoGE
power injector modules are available in 1-, 2-, and 8-port configurations
and are typically placed near your Gigabit Ethernet switch. An AC outlet
is required for each injector module.
Some smaller Arrays and APs are compatible with IEEE802.3af and/or
IEEE802.3at, and may be connected to appropriate powered switches. For
example, the Xirrus XT-5024 is a 24-port 802.3at POE+ managed switch.
See the Quick Installation Guide for the Array/AP for compatible
injectors or powered switches.

Ethernet ports
You need at least one 100/1000 BaseT port to establish wired Gigabit
Ethernet connectivity. XR Series Arrays have one, two, or four Gigabit
Installing the Wireless Array
25
Wireless Array
ports, depending on the model (see “XR Wireless Array Product Family”
on page 6).
The Array’s Ethernet ports should be connected to an Ethernet switch, not
an Ethernet hub — if a hub is used, we recommend that you do not bondpair Ethernet ports.

Secure Shell (SSH) utility
To establish secure remote command line access to the Array, you need a
Secure Shell (SSH) utility, such as PuTTY. The utility must be configured
to use SSH-2, since the Array will only allow SSH-2 connections.

Secure Web browser
Xirrus supports the latest version of the following Browsers: Internet
Explorer, Mozilla Firefox, Chrome, or Safari. A secure Web browser is
required for Web-based management of the Array. The browser must be
on the same subnet as the Array, or you must set a static route for
management as described in the warning above.

Serial connection capability
To connect directly to the console port on the Array (all models except
XR-500 and XR-1000 Series and some XR-2000 models, where Xircon can
be used instead—see the Xircon User’s Guide), your computer must be
equipped with a male 9-pin serial port and terminal emulation software
(for example, HyperTerminal). The Xirrus Array only supports serial
cable lengths up to 25’ per the RS-232 specification.
Use the following settings when establishing a serial connection:
Bits per second
Data bits
Parity
Stop bits
Flow control
26
115,200
None
None
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Optional Network Components
The following network components are optional.

Xirrus Management System (XMS)
The optional XMS offers powerful management features for small or large
Wireless Array deployments.

External RADIUS server
Although your Array comes with an embedded RADIUS server, for
802.1x authentication in large deployments you may want to add an
external RADIUS server.
Client Requirements
The Wireless Array should only be used with Wi-Fi certified client
devices.
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Failover Planning
Planning Your Installation
Installing the Wireless Array
27
Wireless Array
Planning Your Installation
This section provides guidelines and examples to help you plan your Xirrus
Wireless Array deployment to achieve the best overall coverage and performance.
We recommend you conduct a site survey to determine the best location and
settings for each Array you install.
The following topics are discussed:

“General Deployment Considerations” on page 28

“Coverage and Capacity Planning” on page 30

“IEEE 802.11n Deployment Considerations” on page 37

“Failover Planning” on page 43

“Power Planning” on page 46

“Security Planning” on page 47

“Port Requirements” on page 49

“Network Management Planning” on page 53

“WDS Planning” on page 54

“Common Deployment Options” on page 57

For a complete discussion of implementing Voice over Wi-Fi on the Array,
see the Xirrus Voice over Wireless Application Note in the Xirrus
Resource Center.
General Deployment Considerations

For optimal placement of Arrays, we recommend that a site survey be
performed by a qualified Xirrus partner.
The Wireless Array’s unique multi-radio architecture generates 360 degrees of
sectored high-gain 802.11a/b/g/n coverage that provides extended range. (Note
that XR-500 Series radios are omni-directional rather than sectored.) However, the
number, thickness and location of walls, ceilings or other objects that the wireless
signals must pass through may affect the range. Typical ranges vary depending
28
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
on the types of materials and background RF (radio frequency) noise at your
location. To maximize wireless range, follow these basic guidelines:
1.
Keep the number of walls and ceilings between the Array and your
receiving devices to a minimum — each wall or ceiling can reduce the
wireless range from between 3 and 90 feet (1 to 30 meters). Position your
devices so that the number of walls or ceilings is minimized.
2.
Be aware of the direct line between each device. For example, a wall that
is 1.5 feet thick (half a meter) at 90° is actually almost 3 feet thick (or 1
meter) when viewed at a 45° angle. At an acute 2° degree angle the same
wall is over 42 feet (or 14 meters) thick! For best reception, try to ensure
that your wireless devices are positioned so that signals will travel
straight through a wall or ceiling.
90°
2°
45°
> 42 feet\
14 m
1.5 feet/
.5 m
~ 3 feet/
1m
Figure 7. Wall Thickness Considerations
3.
Try to position wireless client devices so that the signal passes through
drywall (between studs) or open doorways and not other materials that
can adversely affect the wireless signal.
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Common Deployment Options
Installation Prerequisites
Installing the Wireless Array
29
Wireless Array
Coverage and Capacity Planning
This section considers coverage and capacity for your deployment(s), including
placement options, RF patterns and cell sizes, area calculations, roaming
considerations, and channel allocations.

XR-500 Series radios are omni-directional rather than directional (sectored),
and discussions involving sectored radios are not applicable to these Arrays.
Placement
Use the following guidelines when considering placement options:
1.
The best placement option for the Array is ceiling-mounted within an
open plan environment (cubicles rather than fixed walls).
2.
Keep the Array away from electrical devices or appliances that generate
RF noise. Because the Array is generally mounted on ceilings, be aware of
its position relative to lighting (especially fluorescent lighting) — we
recommend maintaining a distance of at least 3 to 6 feet (1 to 2 meters).
100 ft/ 30m
100 ft/
30 m
100 ft/ 30 m
Figure 8. Unit Placement
3.
30
If using multiple Arrays in the same area, maintain a distance of at least
100ft/30m between Arrays if there is direct line-of-sight between units, or
at least 50ft/15m if a wall or other barrier exists between units.
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
RF Patterns
The Wireless Array allows you to control — automatically or manually — the
pattern of wireless coverage that best suits your deployment needs. You can
choose to operate with full coverage, half coverage, or custom coverage (by
enabling or disabling individual sectors).
Full (Normal) Coverage
In normal operation, the Array provides a full 360 degrees of coverage.
Figure 9. Full (Normal) Coverage
Half Coverage
outside wall
Figure 10. Adjusting RF Patterns
If installing a unit close to an exterior wall, you can deactivate half of the radios to
prevent redundant signals from “bleeding” beyond the wall and extending
service into public areas. The same principle applies if you want to restrict service
to an adjacent room within the site.
Installing the Wireless Array
31
Wireless Array
Custom Coverage
Where there are highly reflective objects in proximity to the Array, you can turn
off specific radios to avoid interference and feedback.
reflective
object
Figure 11. Custom Coverage
Capacity and Cell Sizes
Cell sizes should be estimated based on the number of users, the applications
being used (for example, data/video/voice), and the number of Arrays available
at the location. The capacity of a cell is defined as the minimum data rate desired
for each sector multiplied by the total number of sectors being used.
Figure 12. Connection Rate vs. Distance
Figure 12 shows relative connection rates for 802.11n vs. 802.11a/g and 802.11b,
and the effect of distance on the connection rates. Wireless environments can vary
greatly so the actual rates may be different depending on the specific network
deployment.
32
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Fine Tuning Cell Sizes
Adjusting the transmit power allows you to fine tune cell sizes. There are four
standard sizes — Small, Medium, Large, or Max (the default is Max). There is also
an Auto setting that automatically determines the best cell size, and a Manual
setting that allows you to choose your power settings directly.
Small
Medium
Large
Figure 13. Transmit Power
Auto Cell Size is an automatic, self-tuning mechanism that balances cell size
between Arrays to guarantee coverage while limiting the RF energy that could
extend beyond the organizational boundary. Auto Cell uses communication
between Arrays to dynamically set radio power so that complete coverage is
provided to all areas, yet at the minimum power level required. This helps to
minimize potential interference with neighboring networks. Additionally, Arrays
running Auto Cell automatically detect and compensate for coverage gaps caused
by system interruptions. To enable the Auto Cell Size feature, go to “RF Power &
Sensitivity” on page 323. For a complete discussion of the Auto Cell size feature,
see the Xirrus Auto Cell Application Note in the Xirrus Resource Center.
If you are installing many units in proximity to each other, we recommend that
you use Auto Cell Size; otherwise, reduce the transmit power using manual
settings to avoid excessive interference with other Arrays or installed APs. See
also, “Coverage and Capacity Planning” on page 30.
Installing the Wireless Array
33
Wireless Array
Sharp Cell
This patented Xirrus RF management option automatically creates more
intelligently defined cells and improves performance by creating smaller, highthroughput cells. By dynamically limiting each cell to a defined boundary (cell
size), the trailing edge bleed of RF energy is reduced, thus minimizing
interference between neighboring Wireless Arrays or other Access Points. To
enable the Sharp Cell feature, go to “RF Power & Sensitivity” on page 323. For
more information about this feature, see the Xirrus Sharp Cell Application Note in
the Xirrus Resource Center.
Roaming Considerations
Cells should overlap approximately 10 - 15% to accommodate client roaming.
ROAMING
10 - 15% overlap
Figure 14. Overlapping Cells
Allocating Channels
Because the Wireless Array is a multi-channel device, allocating the best channels
to radios is important if peak performance is to be maintained.
Automatic Channel Selection
We recommend that you allow the Array to make intelligent channel allocation
decisions automatically. In the automatic mode, channels are allocated
dynamically, driven by changes in the environment. Auto Channel assignment is
performed by scanning the surrounding area for RF activity on all channels, then
34
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
automatically selecting and setting channels on the Array to the best channels
available. This function is typically executed when initially installing Arrays in a
new location and may optionally be configured to execute periodically to account
for changes in the RF environment over time. Auto Channel selection has
significant advantages, including:

Allows the Array to come up for the first time and not interfere with
existing equipment that may be already running, thereby limiting cochannel interference.

More accurately tunes the RF characteristics of a wireless installation than
manual configuration since the radios themselves are scanning the
environment from their physical location.

May be configured to run periodically.
To set up the automatic channel selection feature, go to “Advanced RF Settings”
on page 320.
Installing the Wireless Array
35
Wireless Array
Manual Channel Selection
You can manually assign channels on a per radio basis, though manual selection
is not recommended (and not necessary).

To avoid co-channel interference, do not select adjacent channels for radios
that are physically next to each other.
Maintain channel separation
Figure 15. Allocating Channels Manually
See Also
Failover Planning
Installation Prerequisites
36
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
IEEE 802.11n Deployment Considerations
The Xirrus Arrays support IEEE 802.11n on all IAPs, in both 2.4 GHz and 5 GHz
bands. Use of 802.11n offers significant benefits:

Higher data rates

Higher throughput

Supports more users

More robust connections

Increased coverage area

More secure connections — supports WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2)
These benefits result in better support for a wide range of applications such as
voice and video, intensive usage such as CAD/CAM and backups, dense user
environments, and for manufacturing and warehousing environments.

While 802.11n increases coverage area by almost doubling the reach, you
must consider the legacy wireless devices in your network. Wireless stations
connecting using 802.11a/b/g will still be subject to a reach of up to 100 feet,
depending on the environment.
The techniques that 802.11n uses to realize these performance improvements, and
the results that can be expected are discussed in:

“MIMO (Multiple-In Multiple-Out)” on page 38

“Multiple Data Streams — Spatial Multiplexing” on page 39

“Channel Bonding” on page 40

“Improved MAC Throughput” on page 41

“Short Guard Interval” on page 41

“Obtaining Higher Data Rates” on page 42

“802.11n Capacity” on page 43
Two very important techniques to consider are Channel Bonding and Multiple
Data Streams — Spatial Multiplexing because they contribute a large portion of
802.11n’s speed improvements and because they are optional and configurable, as
opposed to the parts of 802.11n that are fixed. While the settings for 802.11n IAPs
come pre-configured on the Array for robust performance in typical usage, you
Installing the Wireless Array
37
Wireless Array
should review the settings for your deployment, especially channel bonding. A
global setting is provided to enable or disable 802.11n mode. See “Global Settings
.11n” on page 309 to configure 802.11n operation.
MIMO (Multiple-In Multiple-Out)
MIMO (Multiple-In Multiple-Out) signal processing is one of the core
technologies of 802.11n. It mitigates interference and maintains broadband
performance even with weak signals.
Prior to 802.11n, a data stream was transmitted via one antenna. At the receiving
end, the antenna with the best signal was selected to receive data. (Figure 16)
Figure 16. Classic 802.11 Signal Transmission
MIMO signal processing uses multiple antennas to send and receive data. It takes
advantage of multipath reflections to improve signal coherence and greatly
increase receiver sensitivity (Figure 17).
MIMO Processed Signal
Antenna 1 Signal
Attenuation
Receiver
Antenna 2 Signal
Antenna 3 Signal
Frequency Across Subcarriers
Figure 17. MIMO Signal Processing
38
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Multipath signals were considered to be interference by 802.11a/b/g radios, and
degraded performance. In 802.11n, these signals are used to enhance
performance. This extra sensitivity can be used for greater range or higher data
rates. The enhanced signal is the processed sum of individual antennas. Signal
processing eliminates nulls and fading that any one antenna would see. MIMO
signal processing is sophisticated enough to discern multiple spatial streams (see
Multiple Data Streams — Spatial Multiplexing). There are no settings to configure
for MIMO.
Multiple Data Streams — Spatial Multiplexing
Spatial Multiplexing transmits completely separate data streams on different
antennas (in the same channel) that are recombined to produce new 802.11n data
rates. Higher data rates are achieved by splitting the original data stream into
separate data streams. Each separate stream is transmitted on a different antenna
(using its own RF chain). MIMO signal processing at the receiver can detect and
recover each stream. Streams are then recombined, yielding higher data rates.
Data Stream
Tx 1
Rx 1
Tx 2
Rx 2
Transmitter
Tx N
Receiver
Data Stream
Rx M
Figure 18. Spatial Multiplexing
Spatial multiplexing can double, triple, or quadruple the date rate, depending on
the number of transmit antennas used. You can configure the number of chains
(i.e., streams) separately for transmitting and receiving. By default, the Array uses
three chains for transmitting and receiving (see “Global Settings .11n” on
page 309).
Installing the Wireless Array
39
Wireless Array
Channel Bonding
Channel bonding increases data rates by combining two adjacent 20 MHz
channels into one 40 MHz channel. This increases the data rate to slightly more
than double.
A bonded 40 MHz channel is specified in terms of the Primary channel and the
adjacent channel to Bond. The Bond channel is represented by +1 to use the
channel above the Primary channel, or -1 to use the channel below. In the example
shown, Channel 40 is the Primary channel and it is bonded to Channel 36, the
channel below it, by specifying -1. Be aware that Channel Bonding can make
channel planning more difficult, since you are using two channels for an IAP. We
recommend the use of the 5 GHz band, since it has many more channels than the
2.4 GHz band, and thus more channels are available for bonding.
The Array provides an Automatic Channel Bonding setting that will
automatically select the best channel for bonding on each IAP. If you enable this
option, you may select whether bonding will be dynamic (the bonded channel
changes in response to environmental conditions) or static (the bonded channel
will not be changed. See “Global Settings .11n” on page 309. To configure channel
bonding manually, on a per-IAP basis, see “IAP Settings” on page 279.
Ch#
36
Ch# (40, -1)
40
20 MHz 20 MHz
Standard 802.11 channels are
effectively 20MHz wide.
40 MHz
Channel bonding combines
two adjacent 20MHz channels
into a single 40MHz channel
providing increased throughput.
Figure 19. Channel Bonding
40
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Improved MAC Throughput
These changes make 802.11n transmission of MAC frames 40% more efficient than
legacy transmission:

MAC data frames are combined and given a single PHY header.

Implicit Block ACK acknowledges all data frames within a combined
frame.

Spacing between frames is reduced.
Frame Aggregation
Legacy Operation
Data Frame
ACK Frame
Data Frame
ACK Frame
High Throughput Operation
Data Frame
ACK Frame
Data Frame
sss
PHY Header
Block ACK Frame
MAC Header
sss
sss
1 2
Data Frame Payload
ACK Frame Payload
RIFS Usage (Reduced Inter-Frame Spacing)
Legacy Operation
Data Frame
Data Frame
ACK Frame
ACK Frame
SIFS
sss
ACK Frame
SIFS
High Throughput Operation
Data Frame
Data Frame
Data Frame
Data Frame
sss
RIFS
Block ACK
Request
Frame
Block ACK
Response
Frame
1 2
RIFS
sss
SIFS
Figure 20. MAC Throughput Improvements
Short Guard Interval
This option reduces the wait time between symbols (the smallest unit of data
transfer) that are being sent out over the air. The guard interval provides
immunity to propagation delays and reflections, and is normally 800 ns (long). By
using a short guard interval (400 ns), the data rate is increased by approximately
11%. The short interval may be used in many environments (especially indoors).
If the short guard interval is used in an inappropriate environment, the signal
Installing the Wireless Array
41
Wireless Array
quality will suffer and throughput will decrease. See “Global Settings .11n” on
page 309 to configure the guard interval.
Obtaining Higher Data Rates
The data rate increase obtained by using 802.11n on an Array is incremental,
based on the technologies that are applied and the options that you select:

Higher encoding rates (Mandatory in 802.11n)

Spatial Streams (Mandatory, but multiplier varies directly with number of
streams selected.)

Channel Bonding (Mandatory in 802.11n, apply multiplier to IAP if it is
bonded.)

Short Guard Interval (Optional)
See Figure 21 to see the 802.11n data rate increase for an IAP. Apply this increase
to the 802.11 a, b or g data rates selected for the Array.
Choose New Base
Encoding + Modulation
BPSK (6.5)
QPSK (13, 19.5)
QAM-16 (26, 39)
QAM-64 (58.5, 65)
Optionally
Multiply by 2, 3, 4
for the Number of
Additional
Spatial Streams
Optionally
Multiply By 2.077
to Bond
Two 20MHz
Channels
Optionally
Multiply by 1.11 for
Shorter Guard Interval
to Increase
Symbol Rate
New 11n
Data Rate
Figure 21. Computing 802.11n Data Rates
42
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
802.11n Capacity
802.11n offers major increases in capacity over previous 802.11 standards, as
shown in the table below.
802.11 Mode
# Channels
Max Theoretical Capacity
802.11 a/n: 3 Streams
23
23 * 450 Mbps = 10.2 Gbps
802.11 a/n: 2 Streams
23
23 * 300 Mbps = 6.8 Gbps
802.11 a/n: 1 Stream
23
23 * 150 Mbps = 3.4 Gbps
802.11 a
23
23 * 54 Mbps = 1.2 Gbps
802.11 g/n: 3 Streams
3 * 450 Mbps = 1.35 Gbps
(1 or 2 streams have
proportionally lower capacity)
802.11 g
3 * 54 Mbps = 162 Mbps
802.11 b
3 * 11 Mbps = 33 Mbps
Failover Planning
This section discusses failover protection at the unit and port levels. To ensure
that service is continued in the event of a port failure, you can utilize two Gigabit
Ethernet ports simultaneously as a bonded pair (on Arrays with two or more
Gigabit ports).
Multiple port connections
Ethernet switch
Figure 22. Port Failover Protection
Installing the Wireless Array
43
Wireless Array
In addition, the Array has full failover protection between the bonded-pair
Gigabit ports (see following table).
Interface
Bridges
Data?
Bridges
Management Traffic?
Fails Over
To:
Gigabit port
Yes
Yes
Bonded
port
DHCP or static
Bonded
Gigabit port
Yes
Yes
Bonded
port
Same
IP address
The Wireless Array Gigabit Ethernet ports actually support a number of modes:

802.3ad Link Aggregation

Load Balancing

Broadcast

Link Backup

Mirrored
For more details on Gigabit port modes and their configuration, please see
“Network Bonds” on page 171.
44
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Switch Failover Protection
To ensure that service is continued in the event of a switch failure, you can
connect Arrays having multiple Gigabit ports to more than one Ethernet switch
(not a hub).
Ethernet connections
Backup switch
Ethernet switch
Figure 23. Switch Failover Protection

Gigabit Ethernet connections must be on the same subnet.
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Installation Prerequisites
Network Management Planning
Planning Your Installation
Power Planning
Security Planning
Installing the Wireless Array
45
Wireless Array
Power Planning
All XR Series Array models support Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE) with an
integrated splitter.
Power over Gigabit Ethernet
To deliver power to the Array, you must use Xirrus-supplied Power over Gigabit
Ethernet (PoGE) modules or powered switches. They provide power over Cat 5e
or Cat 6 cables to the Array without running power cables — see Figure 4 on
page 13.
Specific models of the Array are compatible with specific PoGE modules. For
details, please see the Power over Gigabit Ethernet Installation and User Guide.

When using Cat 5e or Cat 6 cable, power can be provided up to a distance of
100m.
Certain Xirrus models (XR-520 and XR--520H) also accept IEEE802.3af
and IEEE802.3at powered switch ports.
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Failover Planning
Network Management Planning
Security Planning
46
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Security Planning
This section offers some useful guidelines for defining your preferred encryption
and authentication method. For additional information, see “Understanding
Security” on page 209 and the Security section of “Frequently Asked Questions”
on page 480.
Wireless Encryption
Encryption ensures that no user can decipher another user’s data transmitted
over the airwaves. There are three encryption options available to you, including:

WEP-40bit or WEP-128bit
Because WEP is vulnerable to cracks, we recommend that you only use
this for legacy devices that cannot support a stronger encryption type.

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA)
This is much more secure than WEP and uses TKIP for encryption.

Wi-Fi Protected Access (WPA2) with AES
This is government-grade encryption — available on most new client
adapters — and uses the AES–CCM encryption mode (Advanced
Encryption Standard–Counter Mode).
Authentication
Authentication ensures users are who they say they are, and occurs when users
attempt to join the wireless network and periodically thereafter. The following
authentication methods are available with the Wireless Array:

RADIUS 802.1x
802.1x uses a remote RADIUS server to authenticate large numbers of
clients, and can handle different authentication methods (EAP-TLS, EAPTTLS, EAP-PEAP, and EAP-LEAP Passthrough). Administrators may
also be authenticated via RADIUS when preferred, or to meet particular
security standards.

Xirrus Internal RADIUS server
Recommended for smaller numbers of users (about 100 or less). Supports
EAP-PEAP only
Installing the Wireless Array
47
Wireless Array

Pre-Shared Key
Uses a pass-phrase or key that is manually distributed to all authorized
users. The same passphrase is given to client devices and entered into
each Array.

MAC Access Control Lists (ACLs)
MAC access control lists provide a list of client adapter MAC addresses
that are allowed or denied access to the wireless network, and can be
used in addition to any of the above authentication methods. ACLs are
good for embedded devices, like printers and bar-code scanners (though
MAC addresses can be spoofed). The Array supports 1,000 global ACL
entries. You may also define per-SSID access control lists, with up to 1000
entries each.
See Also
Failover Planning
Network Management Planning
Power Planning
48
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Port Requirements
A number of ports are used by various Array features and by the Xirrus
Management System (XMS). The Port Requirements table on page 50 lists ports
and the features that require them (XMS port requirements are included in the
table for your convenience). If you are using a feature, please make sure that the
ports that it requires are not blocked by firewalls or other policies, and that they
do not conflict with any other port assignments.
As an example, XMS port requirements are illustrated in Figure 24. XMS requires
ports 161, 162, and 443 to be passed between Arrays and the XMS server.
Similarly, port 9443 is required for communication between the XMS server and
XMS clients, and port 25 is typically used by the XMS server to access an SMTP
server to send email notifications.
SSID Traffic on
VLANs A, B, etc.
Management over
Native VLAN
Internal
Resources
Trunked 802.1q
VLAN Connection
Traffic from Arrays
VLAN A
Traffic from Arrays
VLAN B
L2 Switching
Infrastructure
External Network /
Internet
Firewall
XMS Server
Ports:
161, 162, 443
XMS Client*
SMTP Server*
Ports:
9090, 9091
Ports:
25
* XMS Client and SMTP Server may be internal or external resources.
Figure 24. Port Requirements for XMS
Installing the Wireless Array
49
Wireless Array
The following table lists port requirements for the Array and for XMS, how they
are used, and whether they may be changed.
Port
Application
Peer
Configurable
Array
50
icmp
Ping
XMS Server
No
20 tcp
21 tcp
FTP
Client
Yes
22 tcp
SSH
Client
Yes
23 tcp
Telnet
Client
Yes
25 tcp
SMTP
Mail Server
No
69 udp
TFTP
TFTP Server
No
123 udp
NTP
NTP Server
No
161 udp
SNMP
XMS Server
No
162 udp
SNMP Traphost Note Up to four Traphosts
may be configured.
XMS Server
Yes - but
required by
XMS
443 tcp
HTTPS (WMI,WPR)
Client
Yes
514 udp
Syslog
Syslog Server
No
1812, 1645
udp
RADIUS (some
servers use 1645)
RADIUS Server
Yes
1813, 1646
udp
RADIUS Accounting
(some servers still use
1646)
RADIUS Accounting
Server
Yes
2055 udp
Netflow
Client
Yes
5000 tcp
Virtual Tunnel
VTUN Server
Yes
22610 udp
XRP (Xirrus Roaming)
Arrays
Yes
22612 udp
Xircon (Console Utility)
Admin Workstation
Yes
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Port
Application
Peer
Configurable
XMS
icmp
Ping
Arrays
No
22 tcp
SSH
Arrays
Yes
25 tcp
SMTP
Mail Server
Yes
123 udp
NTP
NTP Server
No
161 udp
SNMP
Arrays
No
162 udp
SNMP Traphost 1
Arrays
Via XMS
config file
443 tcp
HTTPS
Arrays
No
514 udp
Resident Syslog server
Internal*
Via XMS
config file
1099 tcp
RMI Registry
Internal*
No
2000 tcp
XMS Back-end Server
Internal*
No
3306 tcp
MySQL Database
Internal*
No
8001 tcp
Status Viewer
Internal*
No
8007 tcp
Tomcat Shutdown
Internal*
During
installation
8009 tcp
Web Container
Internal*
During
installation
9090 tcp
XMS Webserver
XMS client
During
installation
9091 tcp
XMS Client Server
XMS client
Via XMS
config file
9092 tcp
XMS Client Server
XMS client
Via XMS
config file
9443 tcp
XMS WMI SSL
XMS web client
Yes
* Internal to XMS Server, no ports need to be unblocked on other network devices
Installing the Wireless Array
51
Wireless Array
See Also
Management Control
External Radius
Services
VLAN Management
52
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Network Management Planning
Network management can be performed using any of the following methods:

Command Line Interface, using an SSH (Secure Shell) utility, like PuTTY.
The utility must be set up to use SSH-2, since the Array will only allow
SSH-2 connections.

Web-based management, using the Array’s embedded Web Management
Interface (WMI). This method provides configuration and basic
monitoring tools, and is good for small deployments (one or two units).

Centralized Web-based management, using the optional Xirrus
Management System (XMS), which can be run on a dedicated Xirrus
appliance or your own server. The XMS is used for managing large
Wireless Array deployments from a centralized Web-based interface and
offers the following features:

Globally manage large numbers of Arrays

Seamless view of the entire wireless network

Easily configure large numbers of Arrays

Rogue AP monitoring

Easily manage system-wide firmware updates

Monitor performance and trends
 Aggregation of alerts and alarms
See Also
Failover Planning
Power Planning
Security Planning
Installing the Wireless Array
53
Wireless Array
WDS Planning
WDS (Wireless Distribution System) creates wireless backhauls between Arrays,
allowing your wireless network to be expanded using multiple Arrays without
the need for a wired backbone to link them (see Figure 25). WDS features include:

One to three IAPs may be used to form a single WDS link, yielding up to
1350 Mbps bandwidth per link. Up to three different WDS links may be
created on a single Array.

Automatic IAP Load Balancing

If desired, you may allow clients to associate to a BSS on the same radio
interface used for a WDS Host Link. This will take bandwidth from the
WDS link.
Figure 25. WDS Link

54
Multiple links per Array allow you to configure multi-hop connections.
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Figure 26. A Multiple Hop WDS Connection

Multiple WDS links can provide link redundancy (failover capability - see
Figure 27). A network protocol (Spanning Tree Protocol — STP) prevents
Arrays from forming network loops.
Figure 27. WDS Failover Protection
Installing the Wireless Array
55
Wireless Array
WDS links have a Host/Client relationship similar to the usual IAP/station
pattern for Arrays:

A WDS Client Link associates/authenticates to a host (target) Array in the
same way that a station associates to an IAP. The client side of the link
must be configured with the root MAC address of the target (host) Array.

A WDS Host Link acts like an IAP by allowing one WDS Client Link to
associate to it. An Array may have both client and host links.
WDS configuration is performed only on the client-side Array. See “WDS” on
page 345. Note that both Arrays must be configured with the same SSID name.
56
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Common Deployment Options
The following table lists some typical and recommended deployment options for
a number of the features that have been discussed in this chapter.
Number of Wireless Arrays
Function
One or Two
Three or More
Power
Power over Gigabit
Ethernet
Power over Gigabit Ethernet
UPS backup
(recommended)
Failover
Recommended
Highly recommended
VLANs
Optional
Optional use,
Can be used to put all APs
on one VLAN or map to
existing VLAN scheme
Encryption
Authentication
WPA2 with AES
(recommended)
WPA2 with AES
(recommended)
PSK or 802.1x
802.1x keying
Internal RADIUS server
EAP-PEAP
External RADIUS server
Pre-Shared Key
Management
Internal WMI
Internal CLI (via SSHv2)
Cloud XMS or
XMS (Enterprise-hosted)
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Network Management Planning
Planning Your Installation
Power Planning
Security Planning
Installing the Wireless Array
57
Wireless Array
Installation Workflow
This workflow illustrates the steps that are required to install and configure your
Wireless Array successfully. Review this flowchart before attempting to install the
unit on a customer’s network. Cloud XMS customers will skip the last two steps.
Determine the number of Arrays needed
Choose the location(s) for your Wireless Arrays
Run Ethernet cables for PoGE
(<100m total distance from switch)
Install the mounting plate
Connect the cables and turn on the power
Verify that the Ethernet link and radio LEDs are functioning correctly
Log in to WMI
Review the Array Configuration
Figure 28. Installation Workflow
See Also
Coverage and Capacity Planning
Common Deployment Options
58
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Failover Planning
Installation Prerequisites
Planning Your Installation
Power Planning
Wireless Array Product Overview
Security Planning
Installing the Wireless Array
59
Wireless Array
Installing Your Wireless Array
This section provides information about the physical installation of your Xirrus
Wireless Array. For complete instructions, please see the Quick Installation Guide
(QIG) for your model of Array or Access Point.
Choosing a Location
Based on coverage, capacity and deployment examples previously discussed,
choose a location for the Array that will provide the best results for your needs.
The Wireless Array was designed to be mounted on a ceiling where the unit is
unobtrusive and wireless transmissions can travel unimpeded throughout open
plan areas.
You also have the option of mounting the Array on a wall, using the optional wall
mount assembly kit.
Choose a location that is central to your users (see the following diagram for
correct placement.
WRONG
RON
RO
ON
WRONG
RON
RO
O G
ON
CORRECT
ORRE
ORREC
Figure 29. Array Placement
60
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Wiring Considerations
Before using the Xirrus-supplied Power over Gigabit Ethernet modules (PoGE) to
distribute power, see “Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE)” on page 13.
Once you have determined the best location for your Wireless Array, you must
run cables to the location for the following services:
Power

No separate power cable to the Array is required when using
PoGE modules. The PoGE module requires a dedicated AC
power outlet (100 - 240 VAC).
Network

Gigabit POE1 — the total of all Cat 5e or Cat 6 cable segments
from the Gigabit Ethernet switch to an Array Ethernet port must
be less than 100m long. The Array must be connected to PoGE
networks without routing cabling to the outside plant, to ensure
that cabling is not exposed to lightning strikes or possible high
voltage crossover.

Gigabit POE2—For Arrays with a second POE port, the same
restrictions listed above apply.

Serial cable (optional) — cable lengths up to 25’ per the RS-232
specification.
Important Notes About Network Connections
Read the following notes before making any network connections.

When the unit’s IP address is unknown or a network connection has not
been established, the serial cable is used for connecting directly with the
Command Line Interface (CLI) via HyperTerminal. When a network
connection is established, the Array can be managed from any of the
available network connections, either Gigabit 1 or Gigabit 2. 
For models with no console port, such as the XR-500, XR-1000, and some
XR-2000 models, the Xirrus Xircon utility may be used locally to set up an
IP address if necessary.
Installing the Wireless Array
61
Wireless Array
The Array’s Ethernet ports should be plugged into an Ethernet switch, not an
Ethernet hub — if a hub is used, we recommend that you connect only one
Ethernet port.
See Also
Failover Planning
Installation Prerequisites
Installation Workflow
Mounting and Connecting the Array
Power over Gigabit Ethernet (PoGE)
62
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Mounting and Connecting the Array
A number of options are available for mounting Arrays, depending on the model:

Ceiling mount

Wall mount

Secure mount in a locking indoor enclosure

I-Beam mount in a protective enclosure (gymnasium mount)

Factory enclosure
A detailed Quick Installation Guide is available at support.xirrus.com for the
mounting option that you selected when ordering your Array. Please follow the
provided instructions carefully.
Data and power connections to the Array are detailed in the Quick Installation
Guide for the Array or Access Point model, also available at support.xirrus.com.
Please follow the cabling and connection instructions carefully.
Dismounting the Array
For all Array models, push up on the Array (i.e., push it against the mounting
plate). Then turn the Array to the left to remove it. This is similar to dismounting
a smoke detector.
Installing the Wireless Array
63
Wireless Array
Powering Up the Wireless Array
When powering up, the Array follows a specific sequence of LED patterns
showing the boot progress, and following a successful boot will provide extensive
status information.
Ethernet Activity
and Status LEDs
IAP LEDs
Figure 30. LED Locations
Array LED settings may be altered or disabled entirely for diagnostic purposes or
for personal preference. Changes are made via the Array’s Command Line
Interface or the Web Management Interface — refer to “LED Settings” on page 340.
64
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Array LED Operating Sequences
Use the following tables to review the operating sequences of the Array’s LEDs.

“LED Boot Sequence” on page 65

“LED Operation when Array is Running” on page 66
LED Boot Sequence
The normal boot LED sequence is as follows:
Array Activity
Status LED
IAP LEDs
Power ON
Blinking GREEN
All OFF
Boot loader power ON
self-test
Blinking GREEN
All ON
Image load from
compact FLASH
Blinking GREEN
Spinning pattern (rotate all
to ON, then all to OFF)
Image load failure
Blinking ORANGE
All OFF
Hand off to ArrayOS
Solid GREEN
All OFF
System software
initialization
Solid GREEN
Walking pattern — (LED
rotating one position per
second)
Up and running
Solid GREEN
ON for IAPs that are up:
OFF for IAPs that are down.
Green or orange per table on
the next page.
Behavior may be changed
using “LED Settings” on
page 340.
Installing the Wireless Array
65
Wireless Array
LED Operation when Array is Running
The normal LED operation when the Array is running is shown in the table
below. Note that behavior may be modified using “LED Settings” on page 340 or
via the CLI.
LED Status
Reason
IAP LED is OFF
IAP is down
IAP LED is solid ON
IAP is up, but no associations and
no traffic
IAP LED heartbeat
IAP is up, with stations associated
but no traffic
IAP LED flashing
IAP is up, passing traffic
Flashing at 10 Hz
Flashing at 5 Hz
Flashing at 2.5 Hz
Traffic > 1500 packets/sec
Traffic > 150 packets/sec
Traffic > 1 packet/sec
IAP LED is GREEN
IAP is operating in the 2.4 GHz
band
IAP LED is ORANGE
IAP is operating in the 5 GHz band
IAP LED flashing ORANGE to
GREEN at 1 Hz
The radio is in monitor mode
STATUS LED is GREEN ***
Array is operational
(standard intrude detect)
GIG (Ethernet) LEDs are dual color
Ethernet LED is ORANGE
Transferring data at 1 Gbps
Ethernet LED is GREEN
Transferring data at 10/100 Mbps
*** NOTE: On an XR-2000 Series Array model ending an a 5, there is a
combined GIG2/STS LED. If the GIG2 port is not connected, the LED behaves
as a Status LED. If the GIG2 port is connected, the LED behaves as a GIG2 LED.
66
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
See Also
Installation Prerequisites
Installation Workflow
Installing Your Wireless Array
LED Settings
Establishing Communication

If you are a Xirrus Cloud customer or if this Access Point is part of an XMS
“profile” managed network, your Access Points are completely managed by
XMS, and you will not be able to access CLI or the Web Management
Interface under normal operating circumstances. In these cases, wait five
minutes after powering up the Array or Access Point, then use XMS to
view/manage this unit.
Zero-Touch Setup Using Mobilize
Xirrus Arrays and Access Points feature zero-touch setup. The license, software
image, and configuration are all automatically downloaded to an Array after it is
deployed. This occurs as soon as a new, unlicensed Array has been installed and
connected to a network with DHCP and Internet access.

Note that the Array/AP must already be running ArrayOS release 6.5 or
above to support Mobilize access. Without Mobilize, Arrays and APs will
still obtain their licenses automatically.
After booting, the Array contacts the Xirrus Mobilize cloud service with its serial
number and MAC address. Mobilize sends commands to the Array to download
and update the appropriate license, software image, and configuration, and then
reboots the Array. Mobilize service is included at no charge with the purchase of
every Xirrus wireless device. Note that every unlicensed Array obtains its license
in this way. You have the option of whether or not to use Mobilize to update your
software image and download initial configuration.
The initial Array configuration sets items such as the SSIDs, encryption and
authentication, and SNMP settings. Use the Mobilize service to specify these
Installing the Wireless Array
67
Wireless Array
settings for each Array before deployment. Settings may be duplicated from one
Array to the next or entered in bulk. Please see the Xirrus Mobilize User’s Guide.
Mobilize sets up an initial software image and configuration upon deployment of
the Array. The Array will continue to check for further updates during a grace
period after deployment (typically two weeks). After the grace period Mobilize
does not provide continuing software and configuration updates. For ease of
ongoing management, Xirrus recommends using XMS. Please see “Xirrus
Management System (XMS)” on page 2. Note that your Xirrus wireless
equipment will continue to be able to fetch and activate license updates to which
you are entitled. See “License Key/Auto-provisioning:” on page 375.
User Interfaces (CLI, WMI)
With the zero-touch setup provided by Mobilize, your Xirrus network is ready for
use a few minutes after deployment. We recommend that you use the Xirrus
Management System (XMS) for ongoing monitoring and fine-tuning of the
network.
Should you wish to check the configuration of individual Arrays locally, Array
settings may be viewed or configured through the Command Line Interface (CLI)
using SSH, or on a browser with the Web Management Interface (WMI). You may
use the CLI via the serial management port (console—on all Arrays except the
XR-500 and XR-1000 Series and some XR-2000 models) or any of the Gigabit
Ethernet ports. You can use the WMI via any of the Array’s Ethernet ports. Note
that Arrays that are managed via XMS may only allow local access in read-only
mode (see “XMS-Managed Arrays Restrict Local Management” on page 78 for
details).
Gigabit POE (gig1)
Figure 31. Network Interface Ports—XR-520 (left); XR-1000 Series (right)
68
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
GIGABIT1 POE /GIGABIT1 POE+
GIGABIT2
CONSOLE
Figure 32. Network Interfaces—XR-2000 Series (left); XR-2005 Series (right)
Serial (Console)
Gigabit POE (gig1)
Gigabit 2 (gig2)
Figure 33. Network Interface Ports—XR-4000 Series
Serial (Console)
Gigabit POE1 (gig1)
Gigabit POE2 (gig2)
Gigabit 3 (gig3)
Gigabit 4 (gig4)
Figure 34. Network Interface Ports—XR-6000 Series

The Xirrus Xircon utility may also be used to communicate with Arrays
locally as an alternative to using a serial connection to the console. This is
especially useful for the XR-500 and XR-1000 Series and some XR-2000
models, which do not have a console port. See “Securing Low Level Access to
the Array” on page 73.
Installing the Wireless Array
69
Wireless Array
Using the Serial Port
If using the serial port to make your connection, use serial settings of 8 bits, no
parity, no flow control, 1 stop bit (8N1) and a speed setting of 115200 baud. Use
the communication package of your choice. You may use the serial port to change
settings on the Array, even if the Array’s gigabit interfaces are in XMS managed
mode (i.e., read-only mode, see “XMS-Managed Arrays Restrict Local
Management” on page 78).
Using the Ethernet Ports
By default, the Array's Ethernet interfaces use DHCP to obtain an IP address. If
the Array is booted and does not receive DHCP addresses on Gigabit Ethernet
ports, then both Gigabit1 and its bonded pair port (if any) will default to 10.0.2.1
with a mask of 255.255.255.0.
If the Array is connected to a network that provides DHCP addresses, the IP
address can be determined by the following three methods:
1.
The simplest way to address the Array is using its default hostname
which is the Array’s serial number (for example, XR40123091CACD). If
your network provides DHCP and DNS, then you can use this hostname.
2.
Otherwise, examine the DHCP tables on the server and find the addresses
assigned to the Array (Xirrus MAC addresses begin with 000F7D).
3.
Alternatively, you may query the Array using the CLI via the console port
(on all models except the XR-500, XR-1000, and some XR-2000 models).
Log in using the default user name admin and password admin. Use the
show ethernet command to view the IP addresses assigned to each port.
4.
If the Array cannot obtain an IP address via DHCP, the factory default
uses a static IP address of 10.0.2.1 with a mask of 255.255.255.0 on its
Gigabit POE port.

Take care to ensure that your network is not using the 10.0.2.1 IP address
prior to connecting the Array to the network.
To connect to the Array, you must set your laptop to be in the same
subnet as the Array: set your laptop’s IP address to be in the 10.0.2.xx
70
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
subnet, and set its subnet mask to 255.255.255.0. If this subnet is already
in use on your network, you may connect your laptop directly to the
Array by connecting the laptop to the power injector’s IN port
temporarily (this port may be called the SWITCH port or the DATA port
on your injector).
Starting the WMI
Use this procedure to log in to the WMI via your Web browser.
1.
Establish a network connection and open your Web browser.
2.
Connect to the Wireless Array using its host name or IP address as
described in the previous section.
Logging In
When logging in to the Array, use the default user name and password — the
default user name is admin, and the default password is admin.
See Also
Installation Workflow
Performing the Express Setup Procedure
Powering Up the Wireless Array
Licensing
When a newly deployed Array boots up, it automatically contacts Xirrus with its
serial number and MAC address and obtains its license key, software image, and
initial configuration. Any unlicensed Array will update in this way after it boots
up, if it has Internet connectivity.
A license is needed to enable the full functionality of the Array. Without a license,
the Array can be powered up and will only have a basic wireless network
configuration including just one operating radio.
The Array’s license determines some of the features that are available on the
Array. For example, the Application Control feature on XR Arrays requires a
Installing the Wireless Array
71
Wireless Array
license. The Array’s license is not installed at the factory. The Array must have a
license before providing wireless service.
If you need to enter the license manually, use the following procedure. It describes
entering the license key using the WMI. If you are using the Xirrus Management
System (XMS), you may use it to manage and upgrade large numbers of licenses
for the wireless network. XMS Cloud will perform these functions for you
automatically.
1.
This procedure assumes that you have pointed a browser to the Array’s
IP address to start WMI, and that you have logged in with the default
username and password above.
2.
In the left hand frame, in the Configuration section, click Express Setup.
3.
License Key: Enter the key that was provided for the Array. The key was
provided to you in an email as an attachment in the form of an Excel file
(.xls). Enter the key exactly as it appears in the file. Click the Apply
button to apply the key.
4.
Now you may verify the features provided by the key. In the Status
section of the left hand frame, click Array and then click Information.
Check the items listed in the License Features row.
Performing the Express Setup Procedure
The Express Setup procedure establishes global configuration settings that enable
basic Array functionality. Changes made in this window will affect all radios. If
you are not using Mobilize to perform your initial configuration, please see
“Express Setup” on page 159. Also see “Zero-Touch Setup Using Mobilize” on
page 67.
See Also
Establishing Communication
Installation Prerequisites
Installation Workflow
Logging In
Multiple SSIDs
72
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Security
Securing Low Level Access to the Array
Most local management of the Xirrus Array is done via the Web Management
Interface (WMI) or CLI—see “The Command Line Interface” on page 397. The
Array also has a lower level interface: XBL (Xirrus Boot Loader), which allows
access to more primitive commands. You won’t normally use XBL unless
instructed to do so by Xirrus Customer Support. For proper security, you should
replace the default XBL login username and password with your own, as
instructed below. XBL has its own username and password, separate from the
ArrayOS Admin User and Password (used for logging in to the WMI and CLI)
that you may change on the Express Setup page (see Step 5 on page 163).
Xirrus also provides the Xircon utility for connecting to Xirrus XR Arrays that are
not reachable via the normal access methods (such as SSH or WMI) and that do
not have a physical console port (XR-500 and XR-1000 Series Arrays and some
XR-2000 models), or whose console port is not accessible. Xircon discovers
Arrays on your network subnet by sending IP/UDP broadcast packets. Once an
Array is discovered, Xircon can establish an encrypted console session to the
Array via the network even if the Array IP configuration is incorrect. Xircon
allows you to manage the Array using CLI, just as you would if connected to the
console port. Xircon also has an option for easily accessing XBL.
In normal circumstances Xirrus Arrays should be configured and managed
through secure shell (SSH) or via the Web Management Interface (WMI). A
connection is established using either the Array hostname or DHCP-assigned IP
address, or via the other options described in “Using the Ethernet Ports” on
page 70. Xircon may be needed in special circumstances as directed by Xirrus
Customer Support for troubleshooting Array problems or IP connectivity. (In this
case, see the Xircon User Guide for detailed information.)
Xircon access to the Array may be controlled:

You may enable or disable all Xircon access to the Array as instructed in
the procedure below. There are also options to allow access only to CLI
(i.e., ArrayOS access) or only to XBL.
Installing the Wireless Array
73
Wireless Array


Since XR-500 and XR-1000 and some XR-2000 models do not have a
console port, these models have Xircon access to both XBL and CLI
enabled by default. For Arrays that do not have a console port, to avoid
potentially being locked out of the Array, Xircon should always be
enabled at the XBL level at least.
If you disable Xircon access to both XBL and CLI on models with no console
port, you must ensure that you do not lose track of the username and password
to log in to CLI/WMI! In this situation, there is no way to recover from a lost
password, other than returning the Array to Xirrus. If you have Xircon access
to XBL enabled, you can reset the password, but this recovery will require
setting the unit to factory defaults with loss of all configuration data.
On all other Array models (those with a console port), Xircon access to
both XBL and CLI is disabled by default. If Xircon is not going to be used
to access an Array, we recommend leaving Xircon access disabled.
Procedure for Securing Low Level Array Access
Use the following steps to replace the default XBL username and password, and
optionally to change the type of Xircon management access that is allowed. These
steps use CLI commands.
1.
To access CLI via the WMI, click CLI under the Tools section on the left
(for detailed instructions see “CLI” on page 385). Skip to Step 4 on
page 75.
To access CLI via SSH, see “Establishing a Secure Shell (SSH)
Connection” on page 398. Then proceed to the next step.
2.
At the login as prompt, log in to CLI using the username and password
that you set in Step 5 on page 163, or the default value of admin/admin if
you have not changed them.
login as: jsmith
jsmith@xr4012802207c's password:
Xirrus Wi-Fi Array
ArrayOS Version 6.1.2-3299
Copyright (c) 2005-2012 Xirrus, Inc.
http://www.xirrus.com
74
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Array42#
3.
Type configure to enter the CLI config mode.
Array42#configure
4.
If Xircon access at the XBL level is to be allowed, use the following three
commands to change the XBL username and password from the default
values of admin/admin. In the example below, replace newusername
and newpassword with your desired entries. Note that these entries are
case-sensitive.
Array42#(config)#boot-env
Array42#(config-boot)#set username newusername
Array42#(config-boot)#set password newpassword
Array42#(config-boot)#save
Saving boot environment .... OK
Array42(config-boot)# exit
5.
Enter the following commands if you wish to change Xircon access
permission:
Array42#(config)# management
Array42#(config-mgmt)# xircon 
Array42#(config-mgmt)# save
Array42#(config-mgmt)# exit
Array42#(config)#
 may be one of :

on enables both CLI and XBL access

off disables both CLI and XBL access

aos-only enables only CLI (i.e. ArrayOS) access

boot-only enables only XBL access
Note that there is a WMI setting for changing Xircon access, timeout
period, and the UDP port used. This may be used instead of CLI if you
wish. See “Management Control” on page 221. Note that you cannot
change the XBL username and password via the WMI.
Installing the Wireless Array
75
Wireless Array
76
Installing the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
The Web Management Interface
This topic provides an overview of the Xirrus Wireless Array’s embedded Web
Management Interface (WMI), used for establishing your network’s configuration
settings and wireless operating parameters. It also includes login instructions.
The following topics are discussed:

XMS-Managed Arrays Restrict Local Management

An Overview

Structure of the WMI

User Interface

Logging In

Applying Configuration Changes

If you are a Cloud XMS customer, then Arrays are managed via the cloud,
and local Array management interfaces are inaccessible.
If the Array is being managed by your own server for XMS Release 6.5 or
above, and if the Array has been assigned to a named network in XMS, you
will be restricted to read-only Array access. See “XMS-Managed Arrays
Restrict Local Management” on page 78.
The Web Management Interface
77
Wireless Array
XMS-Managed Arrays Restrict Local Management
For Xirrus deployments of any size, we recommend that you use the Xirrus
Management System (XMS) to manage the network rather than directly
managing each Array individually. When Arrays are under management by XMS,
configuration changes typically cannot be made directly by the WMI and CLI.
This ensures that the Array configuration remains consistent with its
corresponding settings in XMS, and that no settings are configured that would be
incompatible with XMS management of the Array.
The Array has two operating modes: XMS Managed and Non-XMS Managed.
XMS Managed Mode:

The Array is put into this mode if it is being managed by Release 6.5 or
higher of either XMS or XMS Cloud, and if it has been assigned to a
Profile Network that has been defined in XMS.

Users, even those with administrator privileges (read-write), are
restricted to read-only privileges when accessing the WMI (via HTTP and
HTTPS) and CLI (via SSH and Telnet), regardless of user account write
privileges. You will be advised of this at login with the following
message:
Figure 35. Notice for XMS-Managed Array

78
XMS managed mode may be overridden for troubleshooting or
emergency purposes using the xms-override CLI command (see “Top
Level Commands” on page 401). After using this command, the user
account’s access privileges for the Array apply to the CLI session, but
The Web Management Interface
Wireless Array
only for the duration of the user session. At the next login by this user,
privileges revert to read-only. There is no equivalent override command
for the WMI, and it is not possible to use the WMI to make changes to the
Array settings at all when the Array is in XMS managed mode.
Overriding XMS managed mode still allows XMS operations to proceed.
For example:
•
XMS continues polling for statistics.
•
You may still make configuration changes to the Array via XMS, and
those changes will be made on the Array. Similarly, changes made to
an XMS Network (XMS Release 6.5 and later) that includes this Array
will still be “pushed” to this Array—this will entirely replace the
Array’s configuration with XMS settings, replacing any local settings
that you made on the Array.
XMS will be unaware of changes to Array settings that are made locally
using the xms-override CLI command until the next XMS refresh cycle
(typically daily), resulting in the Array’s settings being out of
synchronization with XMS. In XMS, you may go to the Monitor > Arrays
or Configure > Arrays page, select the Array, and click the Refresh
button to synchronize XMS with your change,. This causes XMS to read
the current configuration of the Array and update the XMS database with
these values.

For troubleshooting or emergency purposes, write access to the Array is
always available via the serial (console) port. You can also use Xircon for this
purpose, if so instructed by Xirrus Customer Support.
XMS Non-Managed Mode:
 The Array operates in this mode by default, and stays in this mode if it is
not put into XMS managed mode as described above.

A user with administrator privileges (read-write) has normal unrestricted
access to modify settings via the WMI and CLI, as determined by the user
account write privileges.
The Web Management Interface
79
Wireless Array
An Overview
The WMI is an easy-to-use graphical interface to your Wireless Array. It allows
you to configure the product to suit your individual requirements and ensure that
the unit functions efficiently and effectively. Options allow you to choose among
different appearances for the WMI. See “Options” on page 392.
Figure 36. Web Management Interface—Option = New Style
Figure 37. Web Management Interface—New Style (Default)
80
The Web Management Interface
Wireless Array
Figure 38. Web Management Interface—Option = Classic Style
Figure 39. Web Management Interface—Classic Style
The Web Management Interface
81
Wireless Array
Structure of the WMI
The content of the WMI is organized by function and hierarchy, shown in the
following table. Click on any item below to jump to the referenced destination.
Status Windows
Array Status Windows
Array Summary
Array Information
Array Configuration
Admin History
Network Status Windows
Network Map
Spanning Tree Status
Routing Table
ARP Table
DHCP Leases
Connection Tracking/NAT
CDP Neighbors
Network Assurance
RF Monitor Windows
IAPs
Spectrum Analyzer
Intrusion Detection
Channel History
Radio Assurance
Station Status Windows
Stations
Location Map
RSSI
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
Noise Floor
Max by IAP
Station Assurance
82
Statistics Windows
IAP Statistics Summary
Per-IAP Statistics
Network Statistics
VLAN Statistics
WDS Statistics
IDS Statistics
Filter Statistics
Station Statistics
Per-Station Statistics
Application Control Windows
System Log Window
IDS Event Log Window
The Web Management Interface
Wireless Array
Configuration Windows
Express Setup
Network
Network Interfaces
Network Bonds
DNS Settings
CDP Settings
Services
Time Settings (NTP)
NetFlow
Wi-Fi Tag
Location
System Log
SNMP
DHCP Server
VLANs
VLAN Management
Tunnels
Tunnel Management
Security
Admin Management
Admin Privileges
Admin RADIUS
Management Control
Access Control List
Global Settings
External Radius
Internal Radius
Rogue Control List
AirWatch
SSIDs
SSID Management
Active IAPs
Per-SSID Access Control List
Groups
Group Management
The Web Management Interface
Configuration Windows (cont’d)
IAPs
IAP Settings
Global Settings (IAP)
Global Settings .11an
Global Settings .11bgn
Global Settings .11n
Global Settings .11u
Advanced RF Settings
Hotspot 2.0
NAI Realms
NAI EAP
Intrusion Detection
LED Settings
DSCP Mappings
Roaming Assist
WDS
WDS Client Links
Filters
Filter Lists
Filter Management
Clusters
Cluster Definition
Cluster Management
Cluster Operation
Tool Windows
System Tools
CLI
Options
Logout
83
Wireless Array
User Interface
Left frame
Right frame
Array info
Top level menu
(expand/collapse)
Pull-down menu
Help
Log Message counters
Click to configure IAP/view statistics
Figure 40. WMI: Frames
84
The Web Management Interface
Wireless Array
The WMI has been designed with simplicity in mind, making navigation quick
and easy. In the following example, you’ll see that windows are divided into left
and right frames.
The left frame contains three main elements:

Menu organized by function (for example, Network, SSIDs, Security, etc.).
Click a heading, such as Network, to display a summary of its current
configuration, as well as an associated pull-down menu. The three major
menu sections (Status, Configuration, Tools) may each be collapsed
down to hide the headings under them. Click again to display the
headings. (Figure 41 )

Three Log Messages counters are located at the bottom of the menu. They
provide a running total of messages generated by the ArrayOS Syslog
subsystem during your session — organized into Critical, Warning, and
General messages. Click on a counter to display the associated Syslog
messages. Messages at the selected level or higher will be shown. For
more information, please see “System Log Window” on page 154.

The Array representation contains shortcut links. Click a radio to view
statistics for it. Click the center of the Array to display the IAP Settings
window, which allows you to configure the Array’s radios.
Figure 41. Major Menu Sections Collapsed (on left)
The Web Management Interface
85
Wireless Array
The right frame displays the status information or configuration parameters for
the Wireless Array. This is where you review the Array’s current status and
activity or input data (if you want to make changes). The green Array information
bar at the top of the frame describes the Array — the Name and IP address allow
you to quickly confirm that WMI is connected to the correct Array. The current
Uptime since the last reboot is also shown.

Some settings are only available if the Array’s license includes appropriate
Xirrus Advanced Feature Sets. If a setting is unavailable (grayed out),
then your license does not support the feature. See “About Licensing and
Upgrades” on page 373.
Note that WMI provides options which allow you to change its appearance and
behavior. You may change:

Style — changes the colors and appearance of WMI (i.e., its “skin”).

Refresh Interval — the refresh time when automatic refresh is selected.

Close menu section when deselected — changes the behavior of the
menu in the left frame.

Clear screen when loading new page.
See “Options” on page 392 for more information.
86
The Web Management Interface
Wireless Array
Utility Buttons
At the bottom of each window you will find a set of useful buttons — a Feedback
button, a Print button and a Help button.
Print button
Feedback button
Help button
Figure 42. WMI: Utility Buttons

Click on the Feedback button to generate a Web page that allows you to
submit your comments to Xirrus, Inc.

Click on the Print button to send a print file of the active window to your
local printer.

Click on the Help button to access the Array’s online help system.
Submitting Your Comments
When submitting comments via the Feedback button (ensure that you provide as
much detail as possible, including your contact information, the product model
number that the comment relates to, and the ArrayOS software version (if
known). When finished, click on the Submit button to submit your comment.
The Web Management Interface
87
Wireless Array
Logging In

If you are a Cloud XMS customer, then Arrays are managed via the cloud,
and local Array management interfaces are inaccessible.
If the Array is being managed by your own server for XMS Release 6.5 or
above, and if the Array has been assigned to a named network in XMS, you
will be restricted to read-only Array access. See “XMS-Managed Arrays
Restrict Local Management” on page 78.
Use this procedure to log in to the WMI via your Web browser.
1.
Establish a network connection and open your Web browser.
2.
If your network supports DHCP and DNS, enter the Array’s default host
name in the browser’s URL. The default host name is simply the Array’s
serial number (for example, XR0823091CACD).
Otherwise, enter the Array’s IP address. This may be determined as
described in “Using the Ethernet Ports” on page 70.
3.
To log in to the Array’s Web Management Interface, enter admin for both
the user name and password.
Figure 43. Logging In to the Wireless Array
Applying Configuration Changes
In most of the WMI configuration windows, your changes to settings are applied
to the Array as you make them. In most cases, there is no separate Apply button
to click to make the changes take effect. There are a few exceptions to this rule. In
88
The Web Management Interface
Wireless Array
these cases, a particular section of a page may have its own Apply Settings
button right below the settings.
In both cases described above, the changes that you have made are not saved to
the latest configuration file in the Array’s flash memory, so they will not be
restored after a reboot. Click the Save changes to flash button (located on the
upper right of each page) in order to make sure that these changes will be applied
after rebooting. This will save the entire current configuration, not only the
changes on current WMI page.
Character Restrictions
When inputting strings in the WMI (for example, assigning SSIDs, host name,
password, etc.), use common alphanumeric characters. Some of the fields in the
WMI will not accept special characters, so use of the following characters should
typically be avoided:
The Web Management Interface
“
89
Wireless Array
90
The Web Management Interface
Wireless Array
Viewing Status on the Wireless
Array

If you are a Cloud XMS customer, then Arrays are managed via the cloud,
and local Array management interfaces are inaccessible.
If the Array is being managed by your own server for XMS Release 6.5 or
above, and if the Array has been assigned to a named network in XMS, you
will be restricted to read-only Array access. See “XMS-Managed Arrays
Restrict Local Management” on page 78.
These windows provide status information and statistics for your Array using the
product’s embedded Web Management Interface (WMI). You cannot make
configuration changes to your Array from these windows. The following topics
have been organized into functional areas that reflect the flow and content of the
Status section of the navigation tree in the left frame of the WMI.

“Array Status Windows” on page 92

“Network Status Windows” on page 100

“RF Monitor Windows” on page 111

“Station Status Windows” on page 122

“Statistics Windows” on page 137

“Application Control Windows” on page 147

“System Log Window” on page 154

“IDS Event Log Window” on page 155
Configuration and Tools windows are not discussed here. For information on
these windows, please see:

“Configuring the Wireless Array” on page 157

“Using Tools on the Wireless Array” on page 371
Note that the Status menu section may be collapsed down to hide the headings
under it by clicking it. Click again to display the headings. (See Figure 41 on
page 85)
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
91
Wireless Array
Array Status Windows
The following Array Status windows are available:

Array Summary — displays information on the configuration of all Array
interfaces, including IAPs.

Array Information — provides version/serial number information for all
Array components.

Array Configuration — shows all configuration information for the Array
in text format.

Admin History — shows all current and past logins since the last reboot.
Array Summary
This is a status only window that provides a snapshot of the global configuration
settings for all Wireless Array network interfaces and IAPs. You must go to the
appropriate configuration window to make changes to any of the settings
displayed here — configuration changes cannot be made from this window.
Clicking on an interface or IAP will take you to the proper window for making
configuration changes.
Figure 44. Array Summary
92
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Content of the Array Summary Window
The Array Summary window is sub-divided into the Ethernet Interfaces section
and the Integrated Access Points (radio) section, providing you with the
following information:

Ethernet Settings Summary
This section provides information about network interface devices. To
make configuration changes to these devices, go to “Network Interfaces”
on page 167.
•
Interface: Lists the network interfaces that are available on the Array.
•
State: Shows the current state of each interface, either enabled or
disabled.
•
Mgmt: Shows whether Array management traffic is allowed on this
interface.
•
Auto Neg: Shows whether auto-negotiation is in use on this interface,
to determine settings for speed, parity bits, etc.
•
LED: Shows whether LED display of interface status is enabled.
•
Link: Shows whether the link on this interface is up or down.
•
Duplex: Shows whether full duplex mode is in use.
•
Speed: Shows the speed of this interface in Mbps.
•
MTU Size: Shows the Maximum Transmission Unit size that has
been configured. This is the largest packet size (in bytes) that the
interface can pass along.
•
DHCP: Shows whether DHCP on this port is enabled or disabled.
•
IP Address: Shows the current IP address assigned to each network
interface device.
•
Subnet Mask: Shows the subnet mask, which defines the number of
IP addresses that are available on the routed subnet where the Array
is located.
•
Gateway: Shows the IP address of the router that the Array uses to
transmit data to other networks.
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
93
Wireless Array


94
Bond Settings Summary
This section provides information about the relationship that has been
selected for the Gigabit ports. For detailed explanations and to make
configuration changes, see “Network Bonds” on page 171.
•
Bond: Lists all network bonds that have been configured.
•
Mode: Shows the type of relationship that has been selected for the
Gigabit ports.
•
Ports: Shows the Gigabit ports that are part of this bond.
•
Port Mode: Shows the relationship that has been selected for the
Ethernet ports. See “Network Bonds” on page 171 for details
•
Active VLANs: Shows the VLANs that are active in this bond.
•
Mirror: Shows whether mirroring is enabled on this bond.
Integrated Access Points Section
This section provides information about the Integrated Access Points
(IAPs) that are contained within the Array. How many IAPs are listed
depends on which product model you are using. To make configuration
changes to these IAPs, go to “IAP Settings” on page 279.
•
IAP: Lists the IAPs that are available on the Array.
•
State: Shows the current state of each IAP, either up or down. IAPs
that are down are shown in RED. Figure 45 shows an example where
iap7 is down.
•
AP Type: Shows the types of 802.11 clients supported by this IAP (11/
a/b/g/n) and the number of separate data streams transmitted and
received by the antennas of each IAP for 802.11n. For example, 3x3
means that the IAP supports three transmit chains and three receive
chains. See “Multiple Data Streams — Spatial Multiplexing” on
page 39.
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Figure 45. Disabled IAP (Partial View)
•
Channel: Shows which channel each IAP is using, and the channel
setting. To avoid co-channel interference, adjacent radios should not
be using adjacent channels. To make channel selections for a specific
IAP, go to “IAP Settings” on page 279.
•
Wi-Fi Mode: Shows the 802.11 client types that the IAP has been
configured to support.
•
Antenna: Shows which antenna is being used by each IAP.
•
Cell Size: Indicates which cell size setting is currently active for each
IAP — small, medium, large, max, automatic, or manually defined by
you.
Figure 46. IAP Cells
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
95
Wireless Array
The cell size of an IAP is a function of its transmit power and
determines the IAP’s overall coverage. To define cell sizes, go to “IAP
Settings” on page 279. For additional information about cell sizes and
the importance of planning for and defining the optimum cell sizes
for your Array, go to “Coverage and Capacity Planning” on page 30.
•
Tx Power: Shows the transmit power for each IAP.
•
Rx Threshold: Shows the receive threshold for each IAP.
•
Stations: Informs you how many client stations are currently
associated with each IAP.
•
WDS Link/Distance: The WDS Link on this radio (if any), and
whether the link has been set to support Long Distance Links. See
“WDS” on page 345.
•
MAC Address/BSSID: Shows the MAC address for each IAP.
•
Description: The description (if any) that you set for this IAP.
•

Network Assurance Section
This section shows the results of ongoing network assurance testing. This
is the same as information shown in “Network Assurance” on page 109.
Figure 47. Network Assurance and Operating Status
96
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
The Array checks connectivity to network servers that you have
configured (for example, DNS and NTP servers) on an ongoing basis. For
each Setting, this list shows the server’s Host Name (if any), IP Address,
and Status.
Network assurance must be enabled on the Array in order to perform
these connectivity tests and display this information. See “Management
Control” on page 221.

Operating Status Section
This section shows the Array controller board’s current internal
temperatures and current fan speed. (Figure 47)
See Also
Management Control
Network Interfaces
Network Bonds
IAP Settings
Network Assurance
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
97
Wireless Array
Array Information
This is a status only window that shows you the current firmware versions
utilized by the Array, serial numbers assigned to each module, MAC addresses,
licensing information, recent boot timestamps, and current internal temperatures
and fan speed.
Note that the License Features row lists the features that are supported by your
Array’s license. See “About Licensing and Upgrades” on page 373 and
“Advanced Feature Sets” on page 17 for more information.
Figure 48. Array Information
98
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
You cannot make configuration changes in this window, but if you are
experiencing issues with network services, you may want to print the content of
this window for your records.
Array Configuration
This is a status only window that allows you to display the configuration settings
assigned to the Array, based on the following filter options:

Running — displays the current configuration (the one running now).

Saved — displays the saved configuration from this session.

Lastboot — displays the configuration as it was after the last reboot.

Factory — displays the configuration established at the factory.
Figure 49. Show Configuration
If you want to see just the differences between the Running, Saved, Lastboot, and
Factory configurations, you can do this by choosing a configuration option from
the Select Config pull-down menu then selecting an alternative configuration
option from the Select Diff pull-down menu.
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
99
Wireless Array
To also include the default configuration settings in the output, choose your
configuration then click in the Include Defaults check box. If Include Defaults is
disabled, then only the changes from the default configuration are shown.
Admin History
It is useful to know who else is currently logged in to an array while you're
configuring it. It's also nice to see who has logged in since the array booted. This
status-only window shows you all administrator logins to the Array that have
occurred since the last reboot. To determine who is currently logged in, check
which entries say active in the Logout Time column.
Figure 50. Admin Login History
Network Status Windows
The following Network Status windows are available:
100

Network — displays a summary of network interface settings.

Network Map — displays information about this Array and neighboring
Arrays that have been detected.

Spanning Tree Status — displays the spanning tree status of network
links on this Array.

Routing Table — displays information about routing on this Array.

ARP Table — displays information about Address Resolution Protocol on
this Array.
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
Wireless Array

DHCP Leases — displays information about IP addresses (leases) that the
Array has allocated to client stations.

Connection Tracking/NAT — lists connections that have been established
for client stations.

CDP Neighbors — lists neighboring network devices using Cisco
Discovery Protocol.

Network Assurance — shows results of connectivity tests for network
servers.

Undefined VLANs — shows VLANs present on an 802.1Q connection to
the Array, that are not configured in the Array's VLAN list.
Network
This window provides a snapshot of the configuration settings currently
established for Array’s wired interfaces. This includes the Gigabit interfaces and
their bonding settings. DNS Settings are summarized as well. You can click on
any item in the Interface or Bond columns to go to the associated configuration
window.
Figure 51. Network Settings
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
101
Wireless Array
WMI windows that allow you to change or view configuration settings associated
with the network interfaces include:

“Network Interfaces” on page 167

“Network Bonds” on page 171

“DNS Settings” on page 177

“CDP Settings” on page 178
Network Map
This window offers detailed information about this Array and all neighboring
Arrays, including how the Arrays have been set up within your network.
Figure 52. Network Map
The Network Map has a number of options at the top of the page that allow you
to customize your output by selecting from a variety of information that may be
displayed. You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column
header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon . Click
Refresh to update the information at any time. Click Auto Refresh to instruct the
Array to refresh this window automatically.
102
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Wireless Array
Content of the Network Map Window
By default, the network map shows the following status information for each
Array:

Array Name: The host name assigned to the Array. To establish the host
name, go to “Express Setup” on page 159. You may click the host name to
access WMI for this Array.

IP Address: The Array’s IP address. You may click the address to access
WMI for this Array. If DHCP is enabled, the Array’s IP address is
assigned by the DHCP server. If DHCP is disabled, you must assign a
static IP address. To enable DHCP or to assign a static IP address for the
Array, go to “Express Setup” on page 159.

Location: The location assigned to the Array. To establish the location
information, go to “Express Setup” on page 159.

Array OS: The software version running on the Array.

IAP: The number of IAPs on the Array.

(IAP) Up: Informs you how many IAPs are currently up and running. To
enable or disable all IAPs, go to “Express Setup” on page 159. To enable
or disable individual IAPs, go to “IAP Settings” on page 279.

SSID: Informs you how many SSIDs have been assigned for the Array. To
assign an SSID, go to “SSID Management” on page 253.

(SSID) On: Informs you how many SSIDs are enabled. To enable or
disable SSIDs, go to “SSID Management” on page 253.

In Range: Informs you whether the Array is within wireless range of
another Wireless Array.

Fast Roam: Informs you whether or not the Xirrus fast roaming feature is
enabled. This feature utilizes the Xirrus Roaming Protocol (XRP) ensuring
fast and seamless roaming capabilities between IAPs or Arrays at both
Layer 2 and Layer 3. To enable or disable fast roaming, go to “Global
Settings (IAP)” on page 285.

Uptime (D:H:M): Informs you how long the Array has been up and
running (in Days, Hours and Minutes).
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Wireless Array
To see additional information, select from the following checkboxes at the bottom
of the page. This will show the columns described below.
Hardware

Model: The model number of each Array (XR-4820, XR-7630, etc.), plus
the amount of RAM memory and the speed of the processor.

Serial: Displays the serial number of each Array.
License

License: The license key of each Array.

Licensed Features: Lists the features enabled by the key.
Software (enabled by default)

Enable/disable display of the Array OS column.
Firmware

Boot Loader: The software version number of the boot loader on each
Array.

SCD Firmware: The software version number of the SCD firmware on
each Array.
IAP Info (enabled by default)

Enable/disable display of the IAP/Up columns.
Stations

Stations: Tells you how many stations are currently associated to each
Array. To deauthenticate a station, go to “Stations” on page 123.
The columns to the right (H, D, W, and M) show the highest number of
stations that have been associated over various periods of time: the
previous hour, day, week, and month.
Default

104
Sets the columns displayed to the default settings. By default, only
Software and IAP Info are selected.
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Wireless Array
Spanning Tree Status
Multiple active paths between stations can cause loops in the network. If a loop
exists in the network topology, the potential exists for the duplication of
messages. The spanning tree protocol is a link management protocol that
provides path redundancy while preventing undesirable loops. For a wireless
network to function properly, only one active path can exist between two stations.
To facilitate path redundancy, the spanning tree protocol defines a tree that spans
all stations in the network and forces certain redundant data paths into a standby
(blocked) state. If one segment in the spanning tree becomes unreachable, the
spanning tree algorithm reconfigures the network topology and reestablishes the
link by activating the standby path. The spanning tree function is transparent to
client stations.
Figure 53. Spanning Tree Status
This window shows the spanning tree status (forwarding or blocked) for path
segments that terminate on the gigabit ports and WDS links of this Array. You
may sort the rows based on the VLAN Name or Number columns by clicking the
column header. Click Refresh to update the information at any time. Click Auto
Refresh to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
See Also
Network
Network Interfaces
Network Status Windows
VLANs
WDS
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Wireless Array
Routing Table
This status-only window lists the entries in the Array’s routing table. The table
provides the Array with instructions for sending each packet to its next hop on its
route across the network.
Figure 54. Routing Table
See Also
VLANs
Configuring VLANs on an Open SSID
ARP Table
This status-only window lists the entries in the Array’s ARP table. For a device
with a given IP address, this table lists the device’s MAC address. It also shows
the Array interface through which this device may be reached. The table typically
includes devices that are on the same local area network segment as the Array.
Figure 55. ARP Table
See Also
Routing Table
ARP Filtering
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Wireless Array
DHCP Leases
This status-only window lists the IP addresses (leases) that the Array has
allocated to client stations. For each, it shows the IP address assigned from one of
the defined DHCP pools, and the MAC address and host name of the client
station. The start and end time of the lease show how long the allocation is valid.
The same IP address is normally renewed at the expiration of the current lease.
Figure 56. DHCP Leases
See Also
DHCP Server
Connection Tracking/NAT
This status-only window lists the session connections that have been created on
behalf of clients. This table may also be used to view information about current
NAT sessions.
Figure 57. Connection Tracking
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Wireless Array
Click the Show Hostnames checkbox at the top of the page to display name
information (if any) for the source and destination location of the connection. The
Hostname columns will replace traffic statistics columns.
You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column header,
indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon . Click Refresh to
update the information at any time. Click Auto Refresh to instruct the Array to
refresh this window automatically.
See Also
Filters
CDP Neighbors
This status-only window lists devices on the Array’s network that support the
Cisco Discovery Protocol (CDP).
Figure 58. CDP Neighbors
The Array performs discovery on the network on an ongoing basis. This list
shows the devices that have been discovered — Cisco devices and other devices
on the network that have CDP running. For each, it shows the device’s host name,
IP address, manufacturer and model name, the device interface that is connected
to the network (i.e., the port that was discovered), and the network capabilities of
the device (switch, router, supported protocols, etc.).
CDP must be enabled on the Array in order to gather and display this
information. For details and some restrictions, see “CDP Settings” on page 178.
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Wireless Array
Network Assurance
This status-only window shows the results of ongoing network assurance testing.
Figure 59. Network Assurance
The Array checks connectivity to network servers that you have configured (for
example, DNS and NTP servers) on an ongoing basis. For each server, this list
shows the server’s host name (if any), IP address, and status.
Network assurance must be enabled on the Array in order to perform these
connectivity tests and display this information. See “Management Control” on
page 221.
See Also
Management Control
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Wireless Array
Undefined VLANs
This status-only window lists VLANs that have not been configured on the Array,
but that are being detected on the Array’s trunk port(s), i.e. wired ports. See
“VLANs” on page 199.
Figure 60. Undefined VLANs
This feature alerts you to the fact that an 802.1Q trunk to the Array has VLANs
that are not being properly handled on the Array. To reduce unnecessary traffic,
only VLANs that are actually needed on the Array should normally be on the
trunk, e.g., the management VLAN and SSID VLANs. In some cases such as
multicast forwarding for Apple Bonjour you may want to extend other VLANs to
the Array, in order to forward Bonjour or other multicast packets (see “Advanced
Traffic Optimization” on page 289).
See Also
VLANs
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Wireless Array
RF Monitor Windows
Every Wireless Array includes an integrated RF spectrum analyzer as a standard
feature. The spectrum analyzer allows you to characterize the RF environment by
monitoring throughput, signal, noise, errors, and interference levels continually
per channel. This capability uses the assigned threat-sensor (monitor) radio. The
associated software is part of the ArrayOS.
The following RF Status windows are available:

IAPs — displays current statistics and RF measurements for each of the
Array’s IAPs.

Spectrum Analyzer — displays current statistics and RF measurements
for each of the Array’s channels.

Intrusion Detection — displays rogue APs that have been detected by the
Array.

Channel History — charts ongoing statistics and RF measurements for
one selected channel over time.

Radio Assurance — displays counts of types of problems that caused each
IAP to reset.
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Wireless Array
IAPs
The RF Monitor — IAPs window displays traffic statistics and RF readings
observed by each Array IAP (radio). Note that the data is an instantaneous
snapshot for the IAP — it is not an average or a cumulative total. To graph these
values over time for a particular channel, see “Channel History” on page 118. For
detailed information on the measurements displayed, please see “Spectrum
Analyzer Measurements” on page 115.
Figure 61. RF Monitor — IAPs
Figure 61 presents the data as a graphical display, enabled by selecting the Graph
checkbox on the upper left. If this option is not selected, data is presented as a
numerical table.
Figure 62. RF Monitor — IAPs
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Wireless Array
You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column header,
indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon . Click Refresh to
update the information at any time. Click Auto Refresh to instruct the Array to
refresh this window automatically.
Spectrum Analyzer

The RF measurements for this feature are obtained by the monitor radio. You
must have a radio set to monitor mode for any data to be available. See
“IAP Settings” on page 279.
Spectrum analysis on Wireless Arrays is a distributed capability that
automatically covers the entire wireless network, since a sensor is present in every
unit. Arrays monitor the network 24/7 and analyze interference anywhere in the
network from your desk. There’s no need to walk around with a device as with
traditional spectrum analyzers, thus you don’t have to be in the right place to find
outside sources that may cause network problems or pose a security threat. The
Array monitors all 802.11 radio bands (a/b/g/n), not just those currently used for
data transmission.
The RF Spectrum Analyzer window displays instantaneous traffic statistics and
RF readings for all channels, as measured by the Array’s monitor radio. This
differs from the RF Monitor-IAPs window, which displays values measured by
each IAP radio for its current assigned channel. For the spectrum analyzer, the
monitor radio is in a listen-only mode, scanning across all wireless channels. Each
channel is scanned in sequence, for a 250 millisecond interval per channel. The
spectrum analyzer window presents the data as a graphical display of vertical bar
graphs for each statistic as shown in Figure 63 (the default presentation), or
horizontally as bar graphs or numerical RF measurements. The measurements
displayed are explained in “Spectrum Analyzer Measurements” on page 115.
As an aid to viewing data for a particular channel, click the channel number. The
channel will be highlighted down the page (or across the page for a rotated view,
in both text and graph modes). Click additional channels to highlight them for
easy comparison. To remove the highlighting from a channel, click the channel
number again. Click Refresh to update the information at any time. Click Auto
Refresh to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
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Wireless Array
Select Display Options
Click Channel number to highlight
Figure 63. RF Spectrum Analyzer
The Spectrum Analyzer offers several display options:
114

To display horizontal bar graphs, click the Rotate checkbox at the bottom
of the data window.

In the rotated view, if you wish to view data as a numerical table, click the
Text checkbox. Click again to return to a graphical display. The text
option is only available in the rotated view.
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
Wireless Array

When viewing a graphical display, click Bars to have the bar graphs
displayed against a gray background — you may find this easier on the
eyes. This operation is not available when Text is selected.

You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column
header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon
Sorting is only available in the rotated view.

At the bottom left of the frame, you may select whether to display only
2.4 GHz channels, 5 GHz channels, or both (the default is both). Note that
the data is an instantaneous snapshot — it is not an average or a
cumulative total.
Spectrum Analyzer Measurements
The spectrum analyzer displays the following information:

Packets/Sec: Total number of wireless packets per second on the channel,
both valid and errored packets.

Bytes/Sec: Total number of wireless bytes per second on the channel,
valid packets only.

802.11 Busy: Percentage of time that 802.11 activity is seen on the channel.

Other Busy: Percentage of time that the channel is unavailable due to
non-802.11 activity.
The total busy time (802.11 Busy plus Other Busy) will never total more
than 100%. The remaining time (100% minus total busy time) is quiet
time — the time that no activity was seen on the channel.

Signal to Noise: Average SNR (signal to noise ratio) seen on the channel,
calculated from the signal seen on valid 802.11 packets less the noise floor
level. A dash value “-“means no SNR data was available for the interval.

Noise Floor: Average noise floor reading seen on the channel (ambient
noise). A dash value “-“means no noise data was available for the
interval.

Error Rate: Percentage of the total number of wireless packets seen on the
channel that have CRC errors. The Error rate percentage may be high on
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115
Wireless Array
some channels since the monitor radio is set to receive at a very sensitive
level, enabling it to hear packets from devices at far distances.

Average RSSI: Average RSSI level seen on 802.11 packets received on the
channel. A dash value “-“means no RSSI data was available for the
interval.

Average Data Rate: Average data rate over time (per byte, not per packet)
seen on 802.11 packets received on the channel. A dash value “-“means
no data rate information was available for the interval. A higher date rate
(above 6 Mbps) typically indicates user data traffic on the channel.
Otherwise, the data rate reflects control packets at the lower basic rates.
Intrusion Detection
This window displays all detected access points, according to the classifications
you select from the checkboxes at the top — Blocked, Unknown, Known, or
Approved. This includes ad hoc access points (station-to-station connections). For
more information about intrusion detection, rogue APs, and blocking, please see
“About Blocking Rogue APs” on page 337.
Classify APs
Select APs to Display
Figure 64. Intrusion Detection/Rogue AP List
116
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Wireless Array
The Intrusion Detection window provides the easiest method for classifying
rogue APs as Blocked, Known, Approved, or Unknown. Choose one or more APs
using the checkbox in the Select column, then use the buttons on the upper left to
classify them with the following actions: Approve, Set Known, Block, or Set
Unknown.
You can sort the results based on the following parameters by clicking the desired
column header:

SSID

Security

BSSID

Type

Manufacturer

Status

Channel

Discovered

RSSI

Last Active
You can refresh the list at any time by clicking on the Refresh button, or click in
the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh the list automatically.
See Also
Network Map
Rogue Control List
SSIDs
SSID Management
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Wireless Array
Channel History
The RF Monitor — Channel History window focuses on traffic statistics and RF
readings observed for just one channel that you select in the Channel field. A new
set of readings is added every 10 seconds for a 5 GHz channel, or every 5 seconds
for a 2.4 GHz channel. For descriptions of the measurements displayed, please see
“Spectrum Analyzer Measurements” on page 115.
Figure 65. RF Monitor — Channel History
Figure 65 presents the data in graphical form. New data appears at the left, with
older readings shifting to the right. To make the data appear as a barchart, click
the Bar checkbox which will shade the background.
You also have the option of clicking the Rotate checkbox to give each statistic its
own column. In other words, the graph for each statistic will grow down the page
as new readings display at the top. (Figure 66)
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Wireless Array
Figure 66. RF Monitor — Channel History (Rotated)
If you select Rotate and Text together, data is presented as a numerical table.
(Figure 67)
Click Pause to stop collecting data, or Resume to continue.
Figure 67. RF Monitor — Channel History (Text)
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Wireless Array
Radio Assurance
When Radio Assurance mode is enabled, the monitor radio performs loopback
tests on the Array’s radios. When problems are encountered, the Array can take
various actions to correct them by performing different levels of reset on the
affected radio. This window shows which resets, if any, have been performed on
which radios since the last reboot.
The Array’s response to radio problems is controlled by the Radio Assurance
Mode selected, as described in “RF Resilience” on page 322. If you have selected
Failure Alerts & Repairs (with or without reboots), then the Array can take
corrective action if a problem is detected. Note that radio assurance requires RF
Monitor Mode to be enabled in Advanced RF Settings to turn on self-monitoring
functions. It also requires a radio to be set to monitoring mode. For a detailed
discussion of the operation of this feature and the types of resets performed, see
“Radio Assurance” on page 489.
Figure 68. Radio Assurance
For each of the Array’s radios, this window shows the radio’s state, its type (IEEE
802.11 type, and antenna type—2x2 or 3x3), the assigned channel, and the selected
802.11 wireless mode. To the right, the table shows counts for the number of
times, if any, that radio assurance has performed each of the following types of
resets since the last reboot, as described in Radio Assurance:
120

Monitor

Beacon
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Wireless Array

Phy

MAC

System (i.e., reboot the Array)
See Also
IAPs
Xirrus Advanced RF Analysis Manager (RAM)
RF Resilience
Radio Assurance
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Wireless Array
Station Status Windows
The following Station Status windows are available:
122

Stations — this list describes all stations associated to the Array.

Location Map — displays a map showing the approximate locations of all
stations associated to the array.

RSSI — for each associated station, this displays the Received Signal
Strength Indicator at each of the Array’s IAPs.

Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR) — for each associated station, this displays
the SNR at each of the Array’s IAPs.

Noise Floor — for each associated station, this displays the ambient noise
(silence) value at each of the Array’s IAPs.

Max by IAP — for each IAP, this shows the historical maximum number
of stations that have been associated to it over various periods of time.

Station Assurance — displays stations that are having connectivity
problems.
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Stations
This status-only window shows client stations currently visible to the Array. You
may choose to view only stations that have Associated to the Array, or only
stations that are Unassociated, or both, by selecting the appropriate checkboxes
above the list. The list always shows the MAC address of each station, its IP
address, the SSID used for the association, the Group (if any) that this station
belongs to, its VLAN, its QoS, the IAP used for the association, transmit and
receive rates, the RSSI for each station, and how long each association has been
active (up time).
You may click other checkboxes above the list to show a number of additional
columns:

Identification: shows more identifying information for the station — its
User Name, Host Name, Manufacturer, Device Type, and Device Class
(for example, notebook, iPad, etc.).

Security: includes security settings used by the connection —
Enc(ryption) type, Cipher used, Key Mgmt used, and Media supported
by the station.

Connection Info: shows the Band (5GHz or 2.4 GHz) and Channel(s)
used (plus bonded channel, if any, for 802.11n). Shows additional RF
measurements that affect the quality of the connection: SNR (signal to
noise ratio) and Silence — the ambient noise (floor) value.
Figure 69. Stations
You may sort the rows based on any column that has an active column header,
indicated when the mouse pointer changes to the hand icon
Viewing Status on the Wireless Array
. Click again to
123
Wireless Array
reverse the sort order. You may select a specific station and perform one of the
following actions by clicking the associated button:

Deny Access: Sends a de-authentication frame to the selected station and
explicitly denies it access by adding its MAC address to the Deny List in
the Access Control List window. To permit access again, go to “Access
Control List” on page 228 and delete the station from the Deny list.

Deauthenticate: Sends a de-authentication frame to the selected station.
The station may re-authenticate.
Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click in the Auto Refresh
check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
See Also
Access Control List
Station Status Windows
124
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Wireless Array
Location Map
The Location Map shows the approximate locations of stations relative to this
Array. The location of each station is computed based on the RSSI of its signal as
received by the Array. The distance is adjusted based on the environment setting
that you selected. You may display just the stations associated to this Array,
unassociated stations (shown in gray), or both. The station count is shown on the
right, above the map. You may also choose to display only 5 GHz stations (shown
in orange) or 2.4 GHz stations (shown in green), or both.
Associated Stations
orange - 5 GHz
green - 2.4GHz
Hover mouse to
show details
Unassociated Station
Array
Figure 70. Location Map
The map and Array are shown as if you were looking down on the Array from
above, say from a skylight on the roof. Thus the positions of the radios are a
mirror image of the way they are typically drawn when looking at the face of the
Array. Radios are marked on the map to show the orientation of the Array.
A station is identified by the type of Preferred Label that you select: Netbios
Name, IP Address, MAC Address, or Manufacturer. If multiple stations are near
each other, they will be displayed slightly offset so that one station does not
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125
Wireless Array
completely obscure another. You may minimize a station that is not of interest by
clicking it. There is also a Minimize All button.
You may replace the range-finder background image above with your own
custom image of the floorplan of the area served by the Array — see “Working
with the Custom Image” on page 128
Hover the mouse over a station to show detailed information. (Figure 70) For a
station that is associated to this Array, the details include:

The IAP, Channel, and SSID to which the station is associated.

The MAC and IP address and Netbios name of the station.

The TX Rate and RX Rate of this connection.

The approximate Distance of this station from the Array. The distance is
estimated using the received signal strength and your environment
setting. The environment determines the typical signal attenuation due to
walls and other construction that affect signal reception.
Controls and items displayed on the Location Map window

The Location Map has its own scroll bars in addition to the browser’s scroll
bars. If you narrow the browser window, the map’s scroll bar may be hidden.
Use the browser’s bottom scroll bar if you need to move it into view.
Scale
Minimize stations
Stations 
to display
Replace background
Zoom in
Zoom out
Reset display
Rotate map
Environment
Setting
Station counts
Figure 71. Controls for Location Map
126
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Wireless Array

Display Associated/Unassociated: Select whether to display stations that
are associated to the Array, stations that are not associated, or both.

Display 2.4 GHz/5 GHz: Select whether to display 802.11bgn stations, or
802.11an stations, or both.

Preferred Label: This field is located on the top of the window towards
the right. It shows the type of label to be displayed for stations: NetBIOS
is the default, else, an IP or MAC address will be used, in that order.

Auto Refresh: Instructs the Array to refresh this window automatically.

Refresh: Updates the stations displayed.

Custom Image: Use this feature to replace the default background image
with your own image of the floor plan of your location. Click the Browse
button and browse to the desired file on your computer. This may be a
.gif, .jpg, .jpeg., .png, .htm, or .html file. The scale of the file should be 100
feet per inch. Then click Upload (see below). For more information on
using the custom, image, see “Working with the Custom Image” on
page 128.

Upload: After browsing to the desired custom image, click the Upload
button to install it. The map is redisplayed with your new background.
No hash marks (for the map scale) are added to the image display.

Reset: Click this button to restore the map display to the factory settings.
All attributes are restored — including the stations selected for display, the
scale, the rotation, and the background map.

Rotate: Click this button to rotate the orientation of the entire map. It
rotates the map 45o counter-clockwise.

Enlarge: Click this button to enlarge (zoom in on) the map. The displayed
Scale is updated with the new scale for the map.

Reduce: Click this button to reduce (zoom out on) the map.
The displayed Scale is updated with the new scale for the map.

Environment: This field is located on the top right of the window. Select
the type of environment for this Array’s deployment: Indoor open (few
walls or obstructions), Indoor walled (typical wall or cubicle
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127
Wireless Array
construction), or Indoor dense (many walls or obstructions, or unusually
dense walls).

Scale: This view-only value shows the approximate distance represented
by each hashmark on the default map background.

Associated, Unassociated, Total Stations: These view-only values show
the station counts observed by the Array.
See Also
Station Status Windows
Working with the Custom Image
After you have uploaded a custom image (see Custom Image and Upload in
“Controls and items displayed on the Location Map window” on page 126), you
should move the display of the Array on your map to correspond with its actual
location at your site.
To move the Array on the map, simply click it, then drag and drop it to the
desired location. The Array will continue to follow the mouse pointer to allow
you to make further changes to its location. When you are satisfied with its
location, click the Array again to return to normal operation.
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Wireless Array
RSSI
For each station that is associated to the Array, the RSSI (Received Signal Strength
Indicator) window shows the station’s RSSI value as measured by each IAP. In
other words, the window shows the strength of the station’s signal at each radio.
You may choose to display Unassociated Stations as well with a checkbox at the
bottom of the window.
Figure 72. Station RSSI Values
By default, the RSSI is displayed numerically. You may display the relative
strength using color if you select Colorize Intensity, with the strongest signals
indicated by the most intense color. (Figure 72) If you select Graph, then the RSSI
is shown on a representation of the Array, either colorized or numerically based
on your selection. (Figure 73) The stations are listed to the left of the Array — click
on a station to show its RSSI values on the Array.
Figure 73. Station RSSI Values — Colorized Graphical View
In either graphical or tabular view, you may sort the rows based on any column
that has an active column header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to
the hand icon
. Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click in
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Wireless Array
the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window
automatically.
See Also
Station Status Windows
RF Monitor Windows
Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
For each station that is associated to the Array, the Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR)
window shows the station’s SNR value as measured by each IAP. In other words,
the window shows the SNR of the station’s signal at each IAP radio. The signalto-noise ratio can be very useful for determining the cause of poor performance at
a station. A low value means that action may need to be taken to reduce sources of
noise in the environment and/or improve the signal from the station.
Figure 74. Station Signal-to-Noise Ratio Values
You may choose to display Unassociated Stations as well with a checkbox at the
bottom of the window.
By default, the SNR is displayed numerically. (Figure 74) You may display
the relative value using color if you select Colorize Intensity, with the highest
SNR indicated by the most intense color. (Figure 75) If you select Graph, then
the SNR is shown on a representation of the Array, either colorized or numerically
based on your selection. The stations are listed to the left of the Array — click on a
station to show its SNR values on the Array.
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Wireless Array
Figure 75. Station SNR Values — Colorized Graphical View
In either graphical or tabular view, you may sort the rows based on any column
that has an active column header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to
the hand icon . Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click in
the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window
automatically.
See Also
Station Status Windows
RF Monitor Windows
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Wireless Array
Noise Floor
For each station that is associated to the Array, the Noise Floor window shows
the ambient noise affecting a station’s signal as measured by each IAP. The noise
floor is the RSSI value when the station is not transmitting, sometimes called a
Silence value. In other words, the window shows the noise floor of the station’s
signal at each IAP radio. The noise floor value can be very useful for
characterizing the environment of a station to determine the cause of poor
performance. A relatively high value means that action may need to be taken to
reduce sources of noise in the environment.
Figure 76. Station Noise Floor Values
You may choose to display Unassociated Stations as well with a checkbox at the
bottom of the window.
By default, the noise floor is displayed numerically. (Figure 76) You may display
the relative value using color if you select Colorize Intensity, with the highest
noise indicated by the most intense color. If you select Graph, then the ambient
noise is shown on a representation of the Array, either colorized or numerically
based on your selection.(Figure 77) The stations are listed to the left of the
Array — click on a station to show its values on the Array.
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Wireless Array
Figure 77. Station Noise Floor Values — Colorized Graphical View
In either graphical or tabular view, you may sort the rows based on any column
that has an active column header, indicated when the mouse pointer changes to
the hand icon . Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click in
the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window
automatically.
See Also
Station Status Windows
RF Monitor Windows
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Wireless Array
Max by IAP
This status-only window shows the maximum number of client stations that have
historically been associated to the Array. For each IAP, the list shows the IAP’s
state and channel number, the current number of stations associated, and the
highest number of stations that have been associated over various periods of time:
hour, day, week, month, and year. In other words, the Max Station Count shows
the “high water mark” over the selected period of time — the maximum count of
stations for the selected period, rather than a cumulative count of all stations that
have associated. This information aids in network administration and in planning
for additional capacity.
Figure 78. Max by IAP
You may click an IAP to go to the IAP Settings window. Click on the Refresh
button to refresh the station list, or click Auto Refresh to instruct the Array to
refresh this window automatically.
See Also
IAPs
Station Status Windows
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Wireless Array
Station Assurance
Station assurance monitors the quality of the connections that users are
experiencing on the wireless network. This window shows client stations that
have had connectivity issues. You may enable or disable the station assurance
feature and set thresholds for the problems that it checks, such as excessive packet
retry or packet error rates, or stations that are unable to stay associated to the
Array. Please see “Station Assurance” on page 327 for more information about
these settings. When the Array detects that a station has reached the threshold
value for one or more of the issues checked, it adds the station to this page. In
addition, an event is triggered, a trap is generated, and a Syslog message is
logged.
For each station, this list shows the MAC address, its IP address, its host name, its
device type, device class, and manufacturer. It also shows the values of the
various statistics that were monitored for problems as described in “Station
Assurance” on page 327: associated time, authentication failures, packet error
rate, packet retry rate, packet data rate, RSSI, signal to noise ratio (SNR), and
distance.
Figure 79. Station Assurance
You may click the Clear Inactive button to remove stations that are no longer
connected to the Array from the list. Click the Clear All button to remove all
entries and start fresh to add problem stations to the list as they are detected.
Click on the Refresh button to refresh the station list, or click Auto Refresh to
instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
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Wireless Array
See Also
IAPs
Station Status Windows
Station Assurance
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Wireless Array
Statistics Windows
The following Array Statistics windows are available:

IAP Statistics Summary — provides an overview of the statistical data
associated with all IAPs. Expands to show links for displaying detailed
statistics for individual IAPs.

Per-IAP Statistics — provides detailed statistics for an individual IAP.

Network Statistics — displays statistical data associated with each
network (Ethernet) interface.

VLAN Statistics — provides statistical data associated with your assigned
VLANs.

WDS Statistics — provides statistical data for all WDS client and host
links.

Filter Statistics — provides statistical data for all configured filters.

Station Statistics — provides statistical data associated with each station.
IAP Statistics Summary
This is a status only window that provides an overview of the statistical data
associated with all IAPs. It also shows the channel used by each IAP. For detailed
statistics for a specific IAP, see “Per-IAP Statistics” on page 138. Click the Unicast
Stats Only checkbox on the lower left to filter the results, or clear the checkbox to
show statistics for all wireless traffic.
Figure 80. IAP Statistics Summary Page
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Wireless Array
You can Refresh the data (update the window with the latest information) or
Clear the data (reset all content to zero and begin counting again) at any time by
clicking on the appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check
box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
See Also
System Log Window
Global Settings (IAP)
Global Settings .11an
Global Settings .11bgn
IAPs
Per-IAP Statistics
This is a status only window that provides detailed statistics for the selected IAP.
For a summary of statistics for all IAPs, see “IAP Statistics Summary” on
page 137. Use the Display Percentages checkbox at the upper left to select the
output format — check this option to express each statistic as a percentage of the
total at the top of the column, or leave it blank to display raw numbers.
A quick way to display the statistics for a particular IAP is by clicking the Array
graphic at the bottom left of the WMI window. Click the desired IAP, and the
selected statistics will be displayed. See “User Interface” on page 84.
Receive Error statistics include:
138

Total Retries: the count of packets that were sent more than once before
being received correctly.

CRC error: the count of packets that were corrupted on the air and were
dropped. Some level of CRC errors are expected in wireless networks.
Note that all IAPs operate in a mode where they are listening to
everything all the time, which means they will see many CRC errors.

Fragment Errors: the count of packets that were incomplete.

Encryption Errors: the count of packets that had encryption problems.

Duplicates: the count of packets that were received more than once. The
duplicate packets are dropped.
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Wireless Array

Dropped Packets: the count of packets that were dropped due to various
receive errors, including being received when all receive queues were
full. These packets are dropped after being received.

Overruns: indicate the number of times that First-In-First-Out (FIFO)
overflow errors occur.
Figure 81. Individual IAP Statistics Page
You can Refresh the data (update the window with the latest information) or
Clear the data (reset all content to zero and begin counting again) at any time by
clicking on the appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check
box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
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Wireless Array
See Also
System Log Window
Global Settings (IAP)
Global Settings .11an
Global Settings .11bgn
IAPs
Network Statistics
This is a status only window that allows you to review statistical data associated
with each network (Ethernet) interface and its activity. You can Refresh the data
(update the window with the latest information) or Clear the data (reset all
content to zero and begin counting again) at any time by clicking on the
appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check box to instruct
the Array to refresh this window automatically. If you are experiencing problems
on the Array, you may also want to print this window for your records
Figure 82. Network Statistics
See Also
DHCP Server
DNS Settings
Network
Network Interfaces
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Wireless Array
VLAN Statistics
This is a status only window that allows you to review statistical data associated
with your assigned VLANs. You can refresh the information that is displayed on
this page at any time by clicking on the Refresh button, or select the Auto Refresh
option for this window to refresh automatically. The Clear All button at the lower
left allows you to clear (zero out) all VLAN statistics.
Figure 83. VLAN Statistics
See Also
VLAN Management
VLANs
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Wireless Array
WDS Statistics
The main WDS Statistics window provides statistical data for all WDS client and
host links. To access data about a specific WDS client or host link, simply click on
the desired link in the left frame to access the appropriate window. You may also
choose to view a sum of the statistics for all client links, all host links, or all links
(both client and host links).
Figure 84. WDS Statistics
See Also
SSID Management
WDS
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Wireless Array
IDS Statistics
The Xirrus Array employs a number of IDS/IPS (Intrusion Detection System/
Intrusion Prevention System) strategies to detect and prevent malicious attacks on
the wireless network. This status-only window provides detailed intrusion
detection statistics for the selected IAP. Use the Display Averages checkbox at the
upper left to select the output format — check this option to express each statistic
as an average rate, or leave it blank to display raw counts.
Note that you must have Intrusion Detection Mode enabled to collect IDS
statistics. See “Intrusion Detection” on page 334. Information about IDS events is
discussed in the “IDS Event Log Window” on page 155
Figure 85. IDS Statistics Page
You can Refresh the data (update the window with the latest information) at any
time by clicking on the appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh
check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
See Also
Intrusion Detection
IDS Event Log Window
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Wireless Array
Filter Statistics
The Filter Statistics window provides statistical data for all configured filters. The
name, state (enabled — on or off), and type (allow or deny) of each filter is shown.
For enabled filters, this window shows the number of packets and bytes that met
the filter criteria. Click on a column header to sort the rows based on that column.
Click on a filter name to edit the filter settings.
Figure 86. Filter Statistics
See Also
Filters
Application Control Windows
144
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Wireless Array
Station Statistics
This status-only window provides an overview of statistical data for all stations.
Stations are listed by MAC address, and Receive and Transmit statistics are
summarized for each. For detailed statistics for a specific station, click the desired
MAC address in the Station column and see “Per-Station Statistics” on page 146.
Figure 87. Station Statistics
Note that you can clear the data for an individual station (see Per-Station
Statistics), but you cannot clear the data for all stations using this window.
You can Refresh the data (update the window with the latest information) at any
time by clicking on the appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh
check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
See Also
Per-Station Statistics
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Wireless Array
Per-Station Statistics
This window provides detailed statistics for the selected station. This window is
accessed from the Station Statistics window — click the MAC address of the
desired entry in the Station column to display its Per-Station Statistics window.
Receive and Transmit statistics are listed by Rate — this is the data rate in Mbps.
For a summary of statistics for all stations, see “Station Statistics” on page 145.
You can Refresh the data (update the window with the latest information) or
Clear the data (reset all content to zero and begin counting again) at any time by
clicking on the appropriate button. You can also click in the Auto Refresh check
box to instruct the Array to refresh this window automatically.
Figure 88. Individual Station Statistics Page
See Also
Station Statistics
146
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Wireless Array
Application Control Windows

This feature is only available if the Array license includes Application
Control. See “About Licensing and Upgrades” on page 373.
The Application Control feature provides real-time visibility of application usage
by users across the wireless network. Network usage has changed enormously in
the last few years, with the increase in smartphone and tablet usage stressing
networks. Increasing traffic from legitimate business needs such as cloud- and
web-based applications, streaming media and VoIP must be handled with an
adequate quality of experience.
Application Control is discussed in the following topics:

About Application Control — an overview of this feature.

Application Control — displays information about applications running
on the wireless network.

Stations (Application Control) — displays a list of stations. Click one to
analyze application control information for only that station.
About Application Control
The Array uses Deep Packet Inspection (DPI) to determine what applications are
being used and by whom, and how much bandwidth they are consuming. These
applications are rated by their degree of risk and productiveness. Filters may then
be put in place to implement per-application policies that keep network usage
focused on productive uses:

Usage of non-productive and risky applications like BitTorrent can be
restricted using Filters.

Traffic for mission-critical applications like VoIP and WebEx may be given
higher priority (QoS).

Non- critical traffic from applications like YouTube may be given lower
priority (QoS).

Traffic flows for specific applications may be controlled by sending them
into VLANs that are designated for that type of traffic.
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Wireless Array
Application Control can track application usage over time to monitor trends.
Usage may be tracked by Array, VLAN, or station. Many hundreds of
applications are recognized and grouped into a number of categories. The
distributed architecture of Xirrus Arrays allows Application Control to scale
naturally as you grow the network.
About Risk and Productivity
Application Control ranks applications in terms of their levels of risk an
productivity.
Productivity indicates how appropriate an application is for business purposes.
The higher the rating number, the more business-oriented an application is.

1—Primarily recreational

2—Mostly recreational

3—Combination of business and recreational purposes

4—Mainly used for business

5—Primarily used for business
Risk indicates how likely an application is to pose a threat to the security of your
network. The higher the rating number, the more risky an application is.

1—No threat

2—Minimal threat

3—Some risk - may be misused

4—High risk - may be malware or allow data leaks

5—Very high risk - threat circumvents firewalls or avoids detection
Keeping Application Control Current
Applications are recognized using a signature file which may be updated using
the System Tools page as new applications become popular (see “Application
Control Signature File Management” on page 381).
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Wireless Array
Application Control
This display-only window provides a snapshot of the application usage on your
Array. In order to view the Application Control window, the Array must have a
license that supports this feature, and you must have enabled the Application
Control option on the Filter Lists page (see “Filter Lists” on page 352).
Figure 89. Application Control
The Application Control window has three sections:

Selection Criteria allow you to choose the type of data to show, and to
filter for a single VLAN or station.

Pie Charts present a color coded at-a-glance view of the top ten
applications being used by the network.

Traffic Tables beneath the pie charts list the applications in use along
with traffic statistics. Unique Productivity and Risk ratings let you easily
assess the nature of applications in use, so that you can take action using
Filter Management.
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Wireless Array
Selection Criteria
At the top of the window, the options in the gray ribbon allow you to customize
the display with the following choices:
150

Display for VLAN: Use the drop-down list if you wish to select just one
VLAN to analyze, or leave the default value of all to see data from all
VLANs.

Display for Station: Use the drop-down list if you wish to select just one
station to analyze (stations are listed by their MAC address), or leave the
default value of all to see data from all stations. You may also use the
Stations window to select a station to display. See “Stations (Application
Control)” on page 153.

Station Traffic: Check this box if you wish to analyze traffic from stations,
listing the applications that they are using.

Array Management Traffic: Check this box if you wish to analyze
management traffic on this Array, including the load due to functions
such as Xirrus Roaming. Tracking traffic into the array on the
management side can alert you to nefarious activity—and even to traffic
on the wired network that would best be blocked before it hits the Array.
You may display both station and Array management traffic, if you wish.

By Application: Check this box if you wish to analyze and list traffic by
what specific applications are in use, such as WebEx or BitTorrent.

By Category: Check this box if you wish to analyze and list traffic by
what types of applications are in use, such as Games or Collaboration.

Auto Refresh instructs the Array to periodically refresh this window
automatically. Use the Refresh button to refresh the window right now.
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Wireless Array
Pie Charts
Figure 90. Application Control (Pie Charts)
These charts provide a quick way to determine how your wireless bandwidth is
being used. There are charts for Station Traffic and/or Array Management
Traffic, depending on which checkboxes you selected. Similarly, there are charts
for By Application and/or By Category, depending on your selections. The top
ten applications or categories are listed, by percentage of bandwidth usage.
Traffic Tables
Figure 91. Application Control (Station Traffic)
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Wireless Array
These tables provide detailed information about how your wireless bandwidth is
being used. There are tables for Station Traffic and/or Array Management
Traffic, depending on which checkboxes you selected. Similarly, there are tables
for By Application and/or By Category, depending on your selections.
In addition to showing traffic statistics, there are two unique and highly useful
columns. Risk estimates the likelihood of an application causing problems for
your business, such as a file-sharing utility introducing viruses or exposing you to
legal problems. Risk is rated from 1 (low risk, e.g., Google) to 5 (high risk, e.g.,
BitTorrent). Risky applications (rated at 4 or 5) are flagged for your attention by
highlighting the entry in pale red. Productivity estimates the value of an activity
to your business, from 1 (unproductive, e.g., Y8 gaming site) to 5 (productive, e.g.,
WebEx).
You may click the heading of any column to sort based on that column. Click
again to sort in the reverse order. For instance, sort on Risk to find problem
applications, or sort on Productivity to find applications that should be given
increased or decreased handling priority.
When you find risky or unproductive applications taking up bandwidth on the
network, you can easily create Filters to control them. See “Filter Management”
on page 354. You may use filters to:
152

Block problematic traffic, such as BitTorrent or Y8.

Prioritize mission critical traffic—by increasing the QoS assigned to the
traffic. See “Understanding QoS Priority on the Wireless Array” on
page 247.

Lower the priority of less productive traffic—use filters to decrease the
QoS assigned to traffic for applications like YouTube and Facebook.
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Wireless Array
Stations (Application Control)
This status-only window shows client stations currently visible to the Array.
The MAC address in the first column is a link. Click on a selected station, and the
Application Control window opens with the Display for Station field set to that
station, to perform a detailed analysis of its application usage.
Figure 92. Stations (Application Control)
The rest of the fields and display options on this window (including the
Identification, Security, and Connection Info checkboxes) are as described in
“Stations” on page 123.
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Wireless Array
System Log Window
This is a status only window that allows you to review the system log, where
system alerts and messages are displayed. Although there are no configuration
options available in this window, you do have the usual choice of deciding how
the event messages are sorted by clicking in the column header for the desired
field (Time Stamp, Priority, or Message).

Time Stamp — sorts the list based on the time the event occurred.

Priority — sorts the list based on the priority assigned to the message.

Message — sorts the list based on the message category
The displayed messages may be filtered by using the Filter Priority option, which
allows control of the minimum priority level displayed. For example, you may
choose (under Services >System Log) to log messages at or above Debug level
but use Filter Priority to display only those at Information level and above.
Figure 93. System Log (Alert Level Highlighted)
Use the Highlight Priority field if you wish to highlight messages at the selected
priority level. Click on the Refresh button to refresh the message list, or click on
the Clear All button at the upper left to delete all messages. You can also click in
the Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window
automatically.
Note that there is a shortcut way to view system log messages. If you click Log
Messages near the bottom of the left hand frame, WMI displays counts of log
messages at different severity levels. Click a count to display just those messages
in the System Log window. See Figure 40 on page 84 for more information.
154
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Wireless Array
IDS Event Log Window
This status only window displays the Intrusion Detection System (IDS) Event log,
listing any detected attacks on your network. For descriptions of the types of
attacks detected, as well as the settings to fine-tune IDS on the Array, please see
“Intrusion Detection” on page 334.
The displayed messages may be filtered by using the Filter Event setting, which
allows you to select just one type of intrusion to display. For example, you may
choose to display only beacon flood attacks.
Figure 94. IDS Event Log
Use the Highlight Event field if you wish to highlight all events of one particular
type in the list. Click on the Refresh button to refresh the message list, or click the
Auto Refresh check box to instruct the Array to refresh this window
automatically.
Although there are no configuration options available in this window, you do
have the usual choice of deciding how the event messages are sorted by clicking
in the column header for the desired field.

Time Stamp — the time that the event occurred.

IAP — the affected radio.

Channel — the affected channel.

Event — the type of attack, as described in Intrusion Detection.

SSID — the SSID that was attacked.

MAC Address — the MAC address of the attacker.
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Wireless Array
156

Period — the length of the window used to determine whether the count
of this type of event exceeded the threshold.

Current — the count of this type of event for the current period.

Average — the average count per period of this type of event.

Maximum — the maximum count per period of this type of event.
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Wireless Array
Configuring the Wireless Array

If you are a Cloud XMS customer, then Arrays are managed via the cloud,
and local Array management interfaces are inaccessible.
If the Array is being managed by your own server for XMS Release 6.5 or
above, and if the Array has been assigned to a named network in XMS, you
will be restricted to read-only Array access. See “XMS-Managed Arrays
Restrict Local Management” on page 78.
The following topics include procedures for configuring the Array using the
product’s embedded Web Management Interface (WMI). Procedures have been
organized into functional areas that reflect the flow and content of the WMI.
The following WMI windows allow you to establish configuration parameters for
your Array, and include:

“Express Setup” on page 159

“Network” on page 165

“Services” on page 180

“VLANs” on page 199

“Tunnels” on page 204

“Security” on page 208

“SSIDs” on page 245

“Groups” on page 269

“IAPs” on page 276

“WDS” on page 345

“Filters” on page 351

“Clusters” on page 360

“Mobile” on page 366
After making changes to the configuration settings of an Array you must click on
the Save changes to flash button at the top of the configuration window,
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157
Wireless Array
otherwise the changes you make will not be applied the next time the Array is
rebooted.

Some settings are only available if the Array’s license includes appropriate
features. If a setting is unavailable (grayed out), then your license does not
support the feature. See “About Licensing and Upgrades” on page 373.
Note that the Configuration menu section may be collapsed down to hide the
headings under it by clicking it. Click again to display the headings. (See
Figure 41 on page 85.)
This chapter only discusses using the configuration windows on the Array. To
view status or use system tools on the Array, please see:
158

“Viewing Status on the Wireless Array” on page 91

“Using Tools on the Wireless Array” on page 371
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Express Setup
Initial Array configuration via Mobilize sets items such as the SSIDs, encryption
and authentication, and SNMP settings, as described in “Zero-Touch Setup Using
Mobilize” on page 67. The Express Setup page allows you to see many of these
values, or change them locally.
Figure 95. WMI: Express Setup
When finished, click Save changes to flash if you wish to make your changes
permanent.
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Wireless Array
Procedure for Performing an Express Setup
1.
License Key: An unlicensed Array will automatically contact Xirrus to
obtain its license, if it has Internet connectivity. If you need to enter a
license manually, enter it here. See “Licensing” on page 71.
2.
Configure the Contact Information settings.
a.
Location: Enter a brief but meaningful description that accurately
defines the physical location of the Array. In an environment where
multiple units are installed, clear definitions for their locations are
important if you want to identify a specific unit.
b. Contact Name: Enter the name and contact information of the person
who is responsible for administering the Array at the designated
location.
c.
Contact Email: Enter the email address of the admin contact you
entered in Step 3.
d. Contact Phone: Enter the telephone number of the admin contact you
entered in Step 3.
3.
160
Configure the Network settings. Please see “Network Interfaces” on
page 167 for more information.
e.
Host Name: Specify a unique host name for this Array. The host
name is used to identify the Array on the network. Use a name that
will be meaningful within your network environment, up to 64
alphanumeric characters. The default is the Array’s serial number.
f.
Address Type: Choose DHCP to instruct the Array to use DHCP to
assign IP addresses to the Array’s Ethernet interfaces, or choose
Static if you intend to enter IP addresses manually. If you choose the
Static IP option, you must enter the following IP Settings:
g.
IP Settings: If you choose the Static IP addressing option, enter the
following:
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array

4.
•
Address: Enter a valid IP address for this Array. To use a remote
connection (Web, SNMP, or SSH), a valid IP address must be
used.
•
Subnet Mask: Enter a valid IP address for the subnet mask (the
default is 255.255.255.0). The subnet mask defines the number of
IP addresses that are available on the routed subnet where the
Array is located.
•
Default Gateway: Enter a valid IP address for the default
gateway. This is the IP address of the router that the Array uses
to forward data to other networks.
•
Click the Apply button for this interface when done making IP
changes.
For improved security, you should also take the additional steps described in
“Securing Low Level Access to the Array” on page 73.
SSID Settings: This section specifies the wireless network name and
security settings.
a.
SSID Name is a unique name that identifies a wireless network. The
default SSID is xirrus. Entering a value in this field will replace the
this default SSID with the new name.
For additional information about SSIDs, go to the Multiple SSIDs
section of “Frequently Asked Questions” on page 480.
b. Wireless Security: Select the desired wireless security scheme (Open,
WEP or WPA). Make your selection from the choices available in the
pull-down list.
•
Open — This option offers no data encryption and is not
recommended, though you might choose this option if clients are
required to use a VPN connection through a secure SSH utility,
like PuTTy.
•
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) — An optional IEEE 802.11
function that offers frame transmission privacy similar to a wired
network. WEP generates secret shared encryption keys that both
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source and destination stations can use to alter frame bits to
avoid disclosure to eavesdroppers.
•
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) — A Wi-Fi Alliance standard that
contains a subset of the IEEE 802.11i standard, using TKIP or AES
as an encryption method and 802.1x for authentication. WPA is
the stronger of the two wireless security schemes.
•
WPA2 (Wi-Fi Protected Access 2) — WPA2 is the follow-on
security method to WPA for wireless networks and provides
stronger data protection and network access control. It offers
Enterprise and consumer Wi-Fi users with a high level of
assurance that only authorized users can access their wireless
networks. Like WPA, WPA2 is designed to secure all versions of
802.11 devices, including 802.11a, 802.11b, 802.11g, and 802.11n,
multi-band and multi-mode.
•
WPA-Both (WPA and WPA2) — This option makes use of both
WPA and WPA2.
For more information about security, including a full review of all
security options and settings, go to “Understanding Security” on
page 209.
c.
WEP Encryption Key/WPA Passphrase: Depending on the wireless
security scheme you selected, enter a unique WEP key or WPA
passphrase. This field and the one below only appear if you select a
Wireless Security option other than Open.
d. Confirm Encryption Key/Passphrase: If you entered a WEP key or
WPA passphrase, confirm it here.
162
e.
Click Apply SSID Settings when done.
f.
Current SSIDs: This lists all of the currently defined SSIDs for you
(regardless of whether they are enabled or not).
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Wireless Array
5.
Admin Settings: This section allows you to change the default admin
username, password, and privileges for the Array. You may change the
password and leave the user name as is, but we suggest that you change
both to improve Array security.
a.
New Admin User (Replaces user “admin”): Enter the name of a new
administrator user account. Be sure to record the new account name
and password, because the default admin user will be deleted! Note
that the Array also offers the option of authenticating administrators
using a RADIUS server (see “Admin Management” on page 214)).
b. New Admin Privilege Level: By default, the new administrator will
have read/write privileges on the Array (i.e., the new user will be
able to change the configuration of the Array). If you wish the new
account to have different privileges, select the desired level from the
drop-down list. For more information about user privileges, please
see “Admin Privileges” on page 216. Take care to make sure to leave
yourself enough read/write privileges on at least one account to be
able to administer the Array.
c.
New Admin Password: Enter a new administration password for
managing this Array. If you forget this password, you must reset the
Array to its factory defaults so that the password is reset to admin (its
default setting).
d. Confirm Admin Password: If you entered a new administration
password, confirm the new password here.
e.
Click Apply Admin Settings when done.
6.
Time and Date Settings: System time is synchronized using NTP
(Network Time Protocol) by default. Use the pull-down menu to select
the Time Zone.
7.
Quick Configuration: This offers predefined configuration options such
as Classroom and High-Density that capture best practices from years of
field experience. If one of the options in the drop-down list is appropriate
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to your deployment, select it and click Apply. For example, the HighDensity option uses best practices to configure the Array for high density
settings such as lecture halls, convention centers, stadiums, etc.
8.
IAP Settings:
LED on
Figure 96. LEDs are Switched On
Enable/Configure All IAPs: Click on the Execute button to enable and
auto configure all IAPs (a message displays the countdown time — in
seconds — to complete the auto-configuration task). When an IAP is
enabled, its LED is switched on.
9.
164
Click Save changes to flash at the upper right to make your changes
permanent, i.e., these settings will still be in effect after a reboot.
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Network
This is a status-only window that provides a snapshot of the configuration
settings currently established for the Ethernet interfaces. DNS Settings and CDP
Settings (Cisco Discovery Protocol) are summarized as well. You must go to the
appropriate configuration window to make changes to any of the settings
displayed here (configuration changes cannot be made from this window). You
can click on any item in the Interface column to “jump” to the associated
configuration window.
Figure 97. Network Interfaces
WMI windows that allow you to change or view configuration settings associated
with the network interfaces include:

“Network Interfaces” on page 167

“Network Bonds” on page 171

“DNS Settings” on page 177

“CDP Settings” on page 178
See Also
DNS Settings
Network Interfaces
Network Status Windows
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Wireless Array
Spanning Tree Status
Network Statistics
166
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Wireless Array
Network Interfaces
XR-500, XR-1000, and some XR-2000 Series Arrays have one Gigabit Ethernet
interface, while XR-4000 and some XR-2000 Series Arrays have two, and XR-6000
Series models have four. This window allows you to establish configuration
settings for these interfaces.
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Wireless Array
Figure 98. Network Settings
When finished making changes, click Save changes to flash if you wish to make
your changes permanent. When the status of a port changes, a Syslog entry is
created describing the change.
Network Interface Ports
The following diagram shows the location of network interface ports on the
underside of an XR Series Array.
XR-6000 Series
XR-4000 Series
Console
Gigabit1 POE
Gigabit2 POE
Gigabit3
Gigabit4
Console
Gigabit1 POE
Gigabit2
Figure 99. Network Interface Ports
Procedure for Configuring the Network Interfaces
Configure the Gigabit network interfaces. The fields for each of these interfaces
are the same, and include:
1.
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Enable Interface: Choose Yes to enable this network interface, or choose
No to disable the interface.
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Wireless Array
2.
LED Indicator: Choose Enabled to allow the LED for this interface to
blink with traffic on the port, or choose Disabled to turn the LED off.
The LED will still light during the boot sequence, then turn off. This
option is only available for the Gigabit interfaces.
3.
Allow Management on Interface: Choose Yes to allow management of
this Array via the selected network interface, or choose No to deny all
management privileges for this interface.

4.
For improved security, you should also take the additional steps described in
“Securing Low Level Access to the Array” on page 73.
Auto Negotiate: This feature allows the Array to negotiate the best
transmission rates automatically. Choose Yes to enable this feature, or
choose No to disable this feature — the default is enabled. If you disable
the Auto Negotiate feature, you must define the Duplex and Speed
options manually (otherwise these options are not available). Both sides
of the link must have the same values for the following settings, or the
connection will have errors.
a.
Duplex: Full-duplex mode transmits data in two directions
simultaneously (for example, a telephone is a full-duplex device
because both parties can talk and be heard at the same time). Halfduplex allows data transmission in one direction at a time only (for
example, a walkie-talkie is a half-duplex device). If the AutoNegotiate feature is disabled, you can manually choose Half or Full
duplex for your data transmission preference.
b. MTU: the Maximum Transmission Unit size. This is the largest packet
size (in bytes) that the interface can pass along.
c.
Speed: If the Auto-Negotiate feature is disabled, you must manually
choose the desired data transmission speed from the pull-down list.
For configuring the Gigabit interfaces the options are 10 Megabit or
100 Megabit. (Note that 1000 Megabit speed can only be set by AutoNegotiation.)
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Wireless Array
5.
Configuration Server Protocol / IP Settings: Choose DHCP to instruct
the Array to use DHCP when assigning IP addresses to the Array, or
choose Static IP if you intend to enter IP addresses manually. If you select
the Static IP option you must specify the IP address, IP subnet mask and
default gateway.
a.
Address: If you selected the Static IP option, enter a valid IP address
for the Array. To use any of the remote connections (Web, SNMP, or
SSH), a valid IP address must be established.
b. Subnet Mask: If you selected the Static IP option, enter a valid IP
address for the subnet mask (the default for Class C is 255.255.255.0).
The subnet mask defines the number of IP addresses that are
available on the routed subnet where the Array is located.
c.
Default Gateway: If you selected the Static IP option, enter a valid IP
address for the default gateway. This is the IP address of the router
that the Array uses to send data to other networks. (You don’t need to
enter the gateway if it is on the same subnet as the Array.)
d. Click the Apply button for this interface when done making IP
changes.
6.
When done configuring all interfaces as desired, click Save changes to
flash if you wish to make your changes permanent.
See Also
Network Bonds
DNS Settings
Network
Network Statistics
Spanning Tree Status
170
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Wireless Array
Network Bonds
On models with more than one Gigabit port these ports may be bonded, i.e.
configured to work together in sets. For example, one port may provide active
backup or load balancing for another, or other options as described in this section.
XR-6000 Series Arrays have four Gigabit ports, and you may specify which ports
are bonded to work together as a pair. You may also select more than two ports to
work together in one group.
You may use the mirror option to have all the traffic that is ingressing and
egressing one bond be transmitted by the bond you are configuring. For example,
if you configure Bond2 to mirror Bond1, then all traffic going in and out of
Bond1’s Gigabit ports will be transmitted out of Bond2’s Gigabit ports. This way
of duplicating one bond’s traffic to another bond is very useful for
troubleshooting with a network analyzer.
Figure 100. Network Bonds
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Wireless Array

If a set of Gigabit ports have been bonded, the IP address, IP mask, IP
gateway, IP DHCP, and Management settings are shared between bonded
ports. Any changes you make to these settings on one member will be
reflected in the settings of the other members. Other settings may be
configured individually.
Procedure for Configuring Network Bonds
Configure the bonding behavior of the Gigabit network interfaces. The fields for
each of these bonds are the same, and include:
1.
Bond Mode: Select the desired behavior for a set of bonded Gigabit
Ethernet ports from the following options.
The modes below describe the relationship between a set of Gigabit
ports—for example, load balancing or active backup. Use the Bond Ports
field to select the ports that are bonded (set in Step 2). Two or more ports
may be bonded. You may also include just one single port in a bond—this
is useful for mirroring one Gigabit port to another port (Step 5 on
page 176). In Arrays that have four Gigabit ports, you have the option of
bonding three or four ports together. In this discussion, we call two ports
that are bonded Gigx and Gigy.
a.
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Active Backup (gig ports fail over to each other) — This mode
provides fault tolerance and is the default mode. Gigx acts as the
primary link. Gigy is the backup link and is passive. Gigy assumes
the IP properties of Gigx. If Gigx fails, the Array automatically fails
over to Gigy. When a failover occurs in this mode, Gigy issues
gratuitous ARPs to allow it to substitute for Gigx at Layer 3 as well as
Layer 2. See Figure 101 (a). You may include more than two ports in
the bond with Active Backup to provide additional fault tolerance.
For example, if you have three Gigabit ports configured in a bond, if
the first two ports in the bond were to go down, the Array would fail
over traffic to the third Gigabit port.
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
(a) Active backup
(b) Aggregate using 802.3ad
Figure 101. Port Modes (a, b)
b. Aggregate Traffic from gig ports using 802.3ad — The Array sends
network traffic across all member Gigabit ports to increase link speed
to the network. These ports act as a single logical interface, using a
load balancing algorithm to balance traffic across the ports. For nonIP traffic (such as ARP), the last byte of the destination MAC address
is used to do the calculation. If the packet is a fragment or not TCP or
UDP, the source and destination IP addresses are used to do the
calculation. If the packet is TCP or UDP over IP then the source IP
address, destination IP address, source port number and destination
port number are all used to do the calculation. The network switch
must also support 802.3ad. If a port fails, the connection degrades
gracefully — the other port still transmits. See Figure 101 (b).
c.
Transmit Traffic on all gig ports — Transmits incoming traffic on all
Gigabit ports. Any traffic received on Gigabit ports is sent to the
onboard processor.
This mode provides fault tolerance. See
Figure 102 (c).
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Wireless Array
(c) Transmit on all ports
Figure 102. Port Modes (c)
(d) Load balance traffic
Figure 103. Port Modes (d)
174
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Wireless Array
d. Load balance traffic between gig ports — This option provides
trunking, similar to option (b) — Aggregate Traffic from gig1 & gig2
using 802.3ad, but it does not use 802.3ad and it uses a different load
balancing algorithm to determine the outgoing Gigabit port. The
outgoing port used is based on an exclusive OR of the source and
destination MAC address. Like option (b), this mode also provides
load balancing and fault tolerance. See Figure 103 (d).
2.
Bond Ports: Select the ports to be members of this bond for the behavior
specified by Bond Mode. By default, Bond1 contains Gig1 and Gig2. You
may also set up a bond with a single port, for example, if you wish to
mirror one Gigabit port to another. In Arrays that have four Gigabit ports,
you also have the option of bonding three or four ports together.
When you check off a port to be a member of a bond, that port is
automatically removed from any other bonds that contain it.
3.
Active VLANs: Active VLANs is a read-only field that shows the VLANs
that you have selected to be passed through this port. You may modify
this list by making selections in Set Active VLANs.
4.
Set Active VLANs: Create and manage the list of VLANs that are
allowed to be passed through this port. Traffic will be dropped for
VLANs that are not in this list. You may view the complete list of VLANs
whose traffic will be passed in the Active VLANs list, above. The default
setting is to pass All VLANs.
a.
To add a VLAN to the list of allowed VLANs, type its name or
number, and click Add. To allow all VLANs (current or future) to be
passed, click the All button.
b. To remove a VLAN from the list of allowed VLANs, type its name or
number, and click Delete. To remove all VLANs from the Active
VLANs list, click None.
c.
To allow only the set of currently defined VLANs (see “VLANs” on
page 199) to be passed, click the Current button. Essentially, this
“fixes” the Active VLANs list to contain the Array’s currently defined
VLANs, and only this set, until you make explicit changes to the
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175
Wireless Array
Active VLANs list. If you create new VLANs, they will not be passed
unless you take action to add them to the list.
5.
Mirror — Specify one of the active bonds (Bondx) that is to be mirrored by
this bond (Bondy). (Figure 104) All wireless traffic received on the Array
is transmitted out both Bondx and Bondy. All traffic received on Bondx is
passed on to the onboard processor as well as out Bondy. All traffic
received on Bondy is passed on to the onboard processor as well as out
Bondx. This allows a network analyzer to be plugged into Bondy to
capture traffic for troubleshooting, while the bonded ports provide
network connectivity for data traffic.
If each bond contains just one port, then you have the simple case of one
port mirroring another.
Figure 104. Mirroring Traffic
6.
176
When done configuring bonds as desired, click Save changes to flash if
you wish to make your changes permanent.
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
See Also
Network Interfaces
DNS Settings
Network
Network Statistics
Spanning Tree Status
DNS Settings
This window allows you to establish your DNS (Domain Name System) settings.
The Array uses these DNS servers to resolve host names into IP addresses. The
Array also registers its own Host Name with these DNS servers, so that others
may address the Array using its name rather than its IP address. An option allows
you to specify that the Array’s DNS servers will be assigned via a DHCP server
on the wired network.
Note that the DNS servers defined here are not used by wireless clients — servers
for stations associated to the Array are defined along with DHCP pools. See
“DHCP Server” on page 196. At least one DNS server must be set up if you want
to offer clients associating with the Array the ability to use meaningful host
names instead of numerical IP addresses. When finished, click Save changes to
flash if you wish to make your changes permanent.
Figure 105. DNS Settings
Procedure for Configuring DNS Servers
1.
DNS Host Name: Enter a valid DNS host name.
2.
DNS Domain: Enter the DNS domain name.
3.
DNS Server 1: Enter the IP address of the primary DNS server.
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Wireless Array
4.
DNS Server 2 and DNS Server 3: Enter the IP address of the secondary
and tertiary DNS servers (if required).
5.
Use DNS settings assigned by DHCP: If you are using DHCP to assign
the Array’s IP address, you may turn this option On. The Array will then
obtain its DNS domain and server settings from the network DHCP
server that assigns an IP address to the Array, rather than using the DNS
Server fields above. You may also configure that DHCP server to assign a
host name to the Array.
6.
Click Save changes to flash if you wish to make your changes
permanent.
See Also
DHCP Server
Network
Network Interfaces
Network Statistics
Spanning Tree Status
CDP Settings
CDP (Cisco Discovery Protocol) is a layer 2 network protocol used to share
information (such as the device manufacturer and model, network capabilities,
and IP address) with other directly connected network devices. Wireless Arrays
can both advertise their presence by sending CDP announcements, and gather
and display information sent by neighbors (see “CDP Neighbors” on page 108).
This window allows you to establish your CDP settings. When finished, Save
changes to flash if you wish to make your changes permanent.
Figure 106. CDP Settings
178
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Procedure for Configuring CDP Settings
1.
Enable CDP: When CDP is enabled, the Array sends out CDP
announcements of the Array’s presence, and gathers CDP data sent by
neighbors. When disabled, it does neither. CDP is enabled by default.
2.
CDP Interval: The Array sends out CDP announcements advertising its
presence at this interval. The default is 60 seconds.
3.
CDP Hold Time: CDP information received from neighbors is retained
for this period of time before aging out of the Array’s neighbor list. Thus,
if a neighbor stops sending announcements, it will no longer appear on
the CDP Neighbors window after CDP Hold Time seconds from its last
announcement. The default is 180 seconds.
See Also
CDP Neighbors
Network
Network Interfaces
Network Statistics
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179
Wireless Array
Services
This is a status-only window that allows you to review the current settings and
status for services on the Array, including DHCP, SNMP, Syslog, and Network
Time Protocol (NTP) services. For example, for the DHCP server, it shows each
DHCP pool name, whether the pool is enabled, the IP address range, the gateway
address, lease times, and the DNS domain being used. There are no configuration
options available in this window, but if you are experiencing issues with network
services, you may want to print this window for your records.
Figure 107. Services
The following sections discuss configuring services on the Array:
180

“Time Settings (NTP)” on page 181

“NetFlow” on page 184

“Wi-Fi Tag” on page 185
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Wireless Array

“Location” on page 186

“System Log” on page 188

“SNMP” on page 193

“DHCP Server” on page 196
Time Settings (NTP)
This window allows you to manage the Array’s time settings, including
synchronizing the Array’s clock with a universal clock from an NTP (Network
Time Protocol) server. We recommend that you use NTP for proper operation of
SNMP in XMS (the Xirrus Management System), since a lack of synchronization
will cause errors to be detected. Synchronizing the Array’s clock with an NTP
server also ensures that Syslog time-stamping is maintained across all units.
It is possible to use authentication with NTP to ensure that you are receiving
synchronization from a known source. For example, the instructions for
requesting a key for the NIST Authenticated NTP server are available at 
http://www.nist.gov/pml/div688/grp00/upload/ntp_instructions.pdf.
The Array allows you to enter optional authentication information.
Figure 108. Time Settings (Manual Time)
Procedure for Managing the Time Settings
1.
Current Array Date and Time: Shows the current time for your
convenience.
2.
Time Zone: Select the time zone you want to use (normally your local
time zone) from the pull-down list.
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Wireless Array
3.
Auto Adjust Daylight Savings: Check this box if you want the system to
adjust for daylight savings automatically, otherwise leave this box
unchecked (default).
4.
Use Network Time Protocol: select whether to set time manually or use
NTP to manage system time.
5.
Setting Time Manually
a.
Adjust Time (hrs:min:sec): If you are not using NTP, check this box if
you want to adjust the current system time. When the box is checked,
you may enter a revised time (hours, minutes, seconds, am/pm) in
the corresponding fields. If you don’t want to adjust the current time,
this box should be left unchecked (default).
b. Adjust Date (month/day/year): If you are not using NTP, check this
box if you want to adjust the current system date. When the box is
checked, you may enter a revised date (month, day and year) in the
corresponding fields. If you don’t want to adjust the current date, this
box should be left unchecked (default).
6.
Using an NTP Server
a.
NTP Primary Server: If you are using NTP, enter the IP address or
domain name of the NTP server.
Figure 109. Time Settings (NTP Time Enabled)
182
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Wireless Array
b. NTP Primary Authentication: (optional) If you are using
authentication with NTP, select the type of key: MD5 or SHA1. Select
None if you are not using authentication (this is the default).
c.
NTP Primary Authentication Key ID: Enter the key ID, which is a
decimal integer.
d. NTP Primary Authentication Key: Enter your key, which is a string
of characters.
e.
NTP Secondary Server: Enter the IP address or domain name of an
optional secondary NTP server to be used in case the Array is unable
to contact the primary server. You may use the authentication fields
as described above if you wish to set up authentication for the
secondary server.
See Also
Express Setup
Services
SNMP
System Log
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Wireless Array
NetFlow
This window allows you to enable or disable the sending of NetFlow information
to a designated collector. NetFlow is a proprietary but open network protocol
developed by Cisco Systems for collecting IP traffic information. When NetFlow
is enabled, the Array will send IP flow information (traffic statistics) to the
designated collector.
Figure 110. NetFlow
NetFlow sends per-flow network traffic information from the Array. Network
managers can use a NetFlow collector to view the statistics on a per-flow basis
and use this information to make key decisions. Knowing how many packets and
bytes are sent to and from certain IP addresses or across specific network
interfaces allows administrators to track usage by various areas. Traffic flow
information may be used to engineer networks for better performance.
Procedure for Configuring NetFlow
184
1.
Enable NetFlow: Select one of the Netflow versions to enable NetFlow
functionality: v5, v9, or IPFIX. Internet Protocol Flow Information Export
(IPFIX) is an IETF protocol (www.ietf.org) performing many of the same
functions as Netflow. Choose Disable if you wish to disable this feature.
2.
NetFlow Collector Host (Domain or IP): If you enabled NetFlow, enter
the domain name or IP address of the collector.
3.
NetFlow Collector Port: If you enabled NetFlow, enter the port on the
collector host to which to send data.
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Wi-Fi Tag
This window enables or disables Wi-Fi tag capabilities. When enabled, the Array
listens for and collects information about Wi-Fi RFID tags sent on the designated
channel. These tags are transmitted by specialized tag devices (for example,
AeroScout or Ekahau tags). A Wi-Fi tagging server then queries the Array for a
report on the tags that it has received. The Wi-Fi tagging server uses proprietary
algorithms to determine locations for devices sending tag signals.
Figure 111. Wi-Fi Tag
Procedure for Configuring Wi-Fi Tag
1.
Enable Wi-Fi Tag: Choose Yes to enable Wi-Fi tag functionality, or choose
No to disable this feature.
2.
Wi-Fi Tag UDP Port: If Wi-Fi tagging is enabled, enter the UDP port that
the Wi-Fi tagging server will use to query the Array for data. When
queried, the Array will send back information on tags it has observed. For
each, the Array sends information such as the MAC address of the tag
transmitting device, and the RSSI and noise floor observed.
3.
Wi-Fi Tag Channel: If you enabled Wi-Fi tagging, enter the 802.11
channel on which the Array will listen for tags. The tag devices must be
set up to transmit on this channel. Only one channel may be configured,
and it must be an 802.11b/g channel in the range of Channel 1 to 11.
4.
Ekahau Server: If you enabled Wi-Fi tagging and you are using an
Ekahau server, enter its IP address or hostname. Ekahau Wi-Fi Tag
packets received by the Array will be encapsulated as expected by
Ekahau, and forwarded to the server.
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Wireless Array
Location
The Array offers an integrated capability for capturing and uploading visitor
analytics data, eliminating the need to install a standalone sensor network. This
data can be used to characterize information such as guest or customer traffic and
location, visit duration, and frequency. Use this Location window to configure the
Array to send collected data to an analytics server, such as Euclid.
When Location Support is enabled, the Array collects information about stations,
including the station ID and manufacturer, time and length of the visit and related
time interval statistics, and signal strength and its related statistics. Data collected
from stations comprises only basic device information that is broadcast by Wi-Fi
enabled devices. Devices that are only detected are included, as well as those that
actually connect to the Array. The Array sending the data also sends its own ID so
that the server knows where the visitors were detected. Data messages are
uploaded via HTTPS, and they are encrypted if a Location Customer Key has
been entered. Data is sent as JSON (JavaScript Object Notation) objects, as
described in “Location Service Data Formats” on page 492.
Figure 112. Location
Procedure for Configuring Location
186
1.
Enable Location Support: Choose Yes to enable the collection and upload
of visitor analytic data, or choose No to disable this feature.
2.
Location URL: If Location Support is enabled, enter the IP address or
hostname of the location/analytics server. If this URL contains the string
euclid, then the Array knows that data is destined for a Euclid location
server.
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
For a Euclid analytics server, use the URL that was assigned to you as a
customer by Euclid. The Array will send JSON-formatted messages in the
form required by Euclid via HTTPS.
For any other location analytics server, enter its URL. The Array will send
JSON-formatted messages in the form described in “Location Service
Data Formats” on page 492.
3.
Location Customer Key: (optional) If a Location Customer Key has been
entered, data is sent encrypted using AES with that key.
4.
Location Period: If you enabled Location Support, specify how often data
is to be sent to the server, in seconds.
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Wireless Array
System Log
This window allows you to enable or disable the Syslog server, define primary,
secondary, and tertiary servers, set up email notification, and set the level for
Syslog reporting for each server and for email notification — the Syslog service
will send Syslog messages at the selected severity or above to the defined Syslog
servers and email address. An option allows you to use a Splunk application to
analyze Array events by sending data in key:value pairs, as described in “About
Using the Splunk Application for Xirrus Arrays” on page 191.
Figure 113. System Log
Procedure for Configuring Syslog
1.
188
Enable Syslog Server: Choose Yes to enable Syslog functionality, or
choose No to disable this feature.
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
2.
Console Logging: If you enabled Syslog, select whether or not to echo
Syslog messages to the console as they occur. If you enable console
logging, be sure to set the Console Logging level (see Step 9 below).
3.
Local File Size (1-2000 lines): Enter a value in this field to define how
many Syslog records are retained locally on the Array’s internal Syslog
file. The default is 2000.
4.
Primary Server Address (Hostname or IP) and Port: If you enabled
Syslog, enter the hostname or IP address of the primary Syslog server.
You may also change the port used on the server if you do not wish to use
514, the default port.
5.
Secondary/Tertiary Server Address (Hostname or IP) and Port:
(Optional) If you enabled Syslog, you may enter the hostname or IP
address of one or two additional Syslog servers to which messages will
also be sent. You may also change the port used on each server if you do
not wish to use 514, the default port. You may set one of the server
addresses to the address of a server for Splunk (see “About Using the
Splunk Application for Xirrus Arrays” on page 191).
6.
Email Notification: (Optional) The following parameters allow you to
send an email to a designated address each time a Syslog message is
generated. The email will include the text of the Syslog message.
a.
Email Syslog SMTP Server Address (Hostname or IP) and Port: The
hostname or the IP address of the SMTP server to be used for sending
the email. Note that this specifies the mail server, not the email
recipient. You may also change the port used on the server if you do
not wish to use 25, the default SMTP port.
b. Email Syslog SMTP User Name: Specify a user name for logging in
to an account on the mail server designated in Step a.
c.
Email Syslog SMTP User Password: Specify a password for logging
in to an account on the mail server designated in Step a.
d. Email Syslog SMTP From: Specify the “From” email address to be
displayed in the email.
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Wireless Array
e.
Email Syslog SMTP Recipient Addresses: Specify the entire email
address of the recipient of the email notification. You may specify
additional recipients by separating the email addresses with
semicolons (;).
7.
Station Formatting: If you are sending event information to a Splunk
server, select Key/Value to send data in Splunk’s expected format,
otherwise leave this at the default value of Standard. See “About Using
the Splunk Application for Xirrus Arrays” on page 191.
8.
Station URL Logging: When enabled, Syslog messages are sent for each
URL that each station visits. Only HTTP destinations (port 80) are logged;
HTTPS destinations (port 443) are not logged. All URLs in a domain are
logged, so for example, if an HTTP request to yahoo.com generates
requests to 57 other URLs, all are logged. Furthermore, each visit to the
same URL generates an additional log message. No deep packet
inspection is performed by the URL logging, so no Application Control
information is included in the Syslog message.
The following information is included in the syslog message:
•
Date / Time
•
Source Device MAC and IP address
•
Destination Port
•
Destination Site address (e.g., 20.20.20.1)
•
The specific URL (e.g., http://20.20.20.1.24online/images/img2.jpg)
Station URL Logging is disabled by default.
9.
Syslog Levels: For each of the Syslog destinations, choose your preferred
level of Syslog reporting from the pull-down list. Messages with
criticality at the selected level and above will be shown. The default level
varies depending on the destination.
a.
190
Console Logging: For messages to be echoed to the console, the
default level is Critical and more serious. This prevents large
numbers of non-critical messages from being displayed on the
console. If you set this level too low, the volume of messages may
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
make it very difficult to work with the CLI or view other output on
the console.
b. Local File: For records to be stored on the Array’s internal Syslog file,
choose your preferred level of Syslog reporting from the pull-down
list. The default level is Debugging and more serious.
c.
Primary Server: Choose the preferred level of Syslog reporting for the
primary server. The default level is Debugging and more serious.
d. Secondary/Tertiary Server: Choose the preferred level of reporting
for the secondary/tertiary server. The default level is Information
and more serious. (Optional)
e.
Email SMTP Server: Choose the preferred level of Syslog reporting
for the email notifications. The default level is Warning and more
serious. This prevents your mailbox from being filled up with a large
number of less severe messages such as informational messages.
10. Click Save changes to flash if you wish to make your changes
permanent.
About Using the Splunk Application for Xirrus Arrays
Splunk may be used to provide visibility into client experience and analyze usage
on XR Series Wireless Arrays. A Splunk application (Splunk for Xirrus XR
Wireless Arrays) has been developed to present this operational intelligence at a
glance. The app includes field extractions, event types, searches and dashboards
to help shine a light on station status and activity.
To use Splunk, set up your Splunk server with the Splunk application—available
from www.splunk.com at Splunk for Xirrus XR Wireless Arrays. Configure the
Array to send data to Splunk by setting a Primary, Secondary, or Tertiary Server
Address to the IP address or hostname of your Splunk server. Then set Station
Formatting to Key/Value to send data in Splunk’s expected format.
You may specify Server Addresses for Syslog servers and a Splunk server on the
same Array. Selecting the Key/Value option will not cause any problems with
Syslog.
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Wireless Array
See Also
System Log Window
Services
SNMP
Time Settings (NTP)
192
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
SNMP
This window allows you to enable or disable SNMP v2 and SNMP v3 and define
the SNMP parameters. SNMP allows remote management of the Array by the
Xirrus Management System (XMS) and other SNMP management tools. SNMP v3
was designed to offer much stronger security. You may enable either SNMP
version, neither, or both.
Complete SNMP details for the Array, including trap descriptions, are found in
the Xirrus MIB, available at support.xirrus.com, in the Downloads section (login
is required to download the MIB).
NOTE: If you are managing your Arrays with XMS (the Xirrus Management System),
it is very important to make sure that your SNMP settings match those that you have
configured for XMS. XMS uses both SNMP v2 and v3, with v3 given preference.
Figure 114. SNMP
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193
Wireless Array
Procedure for Configuring SNMP
SNMPv2 Settings
1.
Enable SNMPv2: Choose Yes to enable SNMP v2 functionality, or choose
No to disable this feature. When used in conjunction with the Xirrus
Management System, SNMP v2 (not SNMP v3) must be enabled on each
Array to be managed with XMS. The default for this feature is Yes
(enabled).
2.
SNMP Read-Write Community String: Enter the read-write community
string. The default is xirrus.
3.
SNMP Read-Only Community String: Enter the read-only community
string. The default is xirrus_read_only.
SNMPv3 Settings
194
4.
Enable SNMPv3: Choose Yes to enable SNMP v3 functionality, or choose
No to disable this feature. The default for this feature is Yes (enabled).
5.
Authentication: Select the desired method for authenticating SNMPv3
packets: SHA (Secure Hash Algorithm) or MD5 (Message Digest
Algorithm 5).
6.
Privacy: Select the desired method for encrypting data: DES (Data
Encryption Standard) or the stronger AES (Advanced Encryption
Standard).
7.
Context Engine ID: The unique identifier for this SNMP server. We
recommend that you do not change this value. The Context Engine ID
must be set if data collection is to be done via a proxy agent. This ID helps
the proxy agent to identify the target agent from which data is to be
collected.
8.
SNMP Read-Write Username: Enter the read-write user name. This
username and password allow configuration changes to be made on the
Array. The default is xirrus-rw.
9.
SNMP Read-Write Authentication Password: Enter the read-write
password for authentication (i.e., logging in). The default is xirrus-rw.
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
10. SNMP Read-Write Privacy Password: Enter the read-write password for
privacy (i.e., a key for encryption). The default is xirrus-rw.
11. SNMP Read-Only Username: Enter the read-only user name. This
username and password do not allow configuration changes to be made
on the Array. The default is xirrus-ro.
12. SNMP Read-Only Authentication Password: Enter the read-only
password for authentication (i.e., logging in). The default is xirrus-ro.
13. SNMP Read-Only Privacy Password: Enter the read-only password for
privacy (i.e., a key for encryption). The default is xirrus-ro.
SNMP Trap Settings
14. SNMP Trap Host IP Address: Enter the IP Address or hostname, as well
as the Port number, of an SNMP management station that is to receive
SNMP traps. You may specify up to four hosts that are to receive traps.
Note that by default, Trap Host 1 sends traps to Xirrus-XMS. Thus, the
Array will automatically communicate its presence to XMS (as long as the
network is configured correctly to allow this host name to be resolved —
note that DNS is not normally case-sensitive).
For a definition of the traps sent by Xirrus Wireless Arrays, you may
download the Xirrus MIB from support.xirrus.com (login required).
Search for the string TRAP in the MIB file.
15. Send Auth Failure Traps: Choose Yes to log authentication failure traps
or No to disable this feature.
16. Keepalive Trap Interval (minutes): Traps are sent out at this interval to
indicate the presence of the Array on the network. Keepalive traps are
required for proper operation with XMS. To disable keepalive traps, set
the value to 0.
17. Click Save changes to flash if you wish to make your changes
permanent.
See Also
Services
Configuring the Wireless Array
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Wireless Array
System Log
Time Settings (NTP)
DHCP Server
This window allows you to create, enable, modify and delete DHCP (Dynamic
Host Configuration Protocol) address pools. DHCP allows the Array to provide
wireless clients with IP addresses and other networking information. The DHCP
server will not provide DHCP services to the wired side of the network. If you do
not use the DHCP server on the Array, then your wired network must be
configured to supply DHCP addresses and gateway and DNS server addresses to
wireless clients.
When you create a DHCP pool, you must define the DHCP lease time (default
and maximum), the IP address ranges (pools) that the DHCP server can assign,
and the gateway address and DNS servers to be used by clients.
Figure 115. DHCP Management
DHCP usage is determined in several windows — see SSID Management, Group
Management, and VLAN Management.
196
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Procedure for Configuring the DHCP Server
1.
New Internal DHCP Pool: Enter a name for the new DHCP pool, then
click on the Create button. The new pool ID is added to the list of
available DHCP pools. You may create up to 16 DHCP pools (up to 8 on
the XR-500 Series).
2.
On: Click this checkbox to make this pool of addresses available, or clear
it to disable the pool.
3.
Lease Time — Default: This field defines the default DHCP lease time (in
seconds). The factory default is 300 seconds, but you can change the
default at any time.
4.
Lease Time — Max: Enter a value (in seconds) to define the maximum
allowable DHCP lease time. The default is 300 seconds.
5.
Network Address Translation (NAT): Check this box to enable the
Network Address Translation feature.
6.
Lease IP Range — Start: Enter an IP address to define the start of the IP
range that will be used by the DHCP server. The default is 192.168.1.100.
7.
Lease IP Range — End: Enter an IP address to define the end of the IP
range that will be used by the DHCP server. The DHCP server will only
use IP addresses that fall between the start and end range that you define
on this page. The default is 192.168.1.200.
8.
Subnet Mask: Enter the subnet mask for this IP range for the DHCP
server. The default is 255.255.255.0.
9.
Gateway: If necessary, enter the IP address of the gateway.
10. Domain: Enter the DNS domain name. See “DNS Settings” on page 177.
11. DNS Servers (1 to 3): Enter the IP address of the primary DNS server,
secondary DNS server and tertiary DNS server. These DNS server
addresses will be passed to stations when they associate, along with the
assigned IP address. Note that if you leave these blank, no DNS
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197
Wireless Array
information is sent to the stations. DHCP will not default to sending the
DNS servers that are configured in DNS Settings. See also, “DNS
Settings” on page 177.
12. Click Save changes to flash if you wish to make your changes
permanent.
See Also
DHCP Leases
DNS Settings
Network Map
198
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
VLANs
This is a status-only window that allows you to review the current status of
configured VLANs. VLANs are virtual LANs used to create broadcast domains.

You should create VLAN entries on the Array for all of the VLANs in your
wired network if you wish to make traffic from those VLANs available on the
wireless network. Each tagged VLAN should be associated with a wireless
SSID (see “VLAN Management” on page 201). The Array will discard any
VLAN-tagged packets arriving on its wired ports, unless the same VLAN
has been defined on the Array. See “Undefined VLANs” on page 110.
In addition to listing all VLANs, this window shows your settings for the Default
Route VLAN and the Native (Untagged) VLAN (Step 1 page 202).
Figure 116. VLANs

For a discussion of implementing Voice over Wi-Fi on the Array, see the
Xirrus Voice over Wireless Application Note in the Xirrus Resource
Center.
Understanding Virtual Tunnels
Xirrus Arrays support Layer 2 tunneling. This allows an Array to use tunnels to
transport traffic for one or more SSID-VLAN pairs onto a single destination
network through the Layer 3 core network. Tunnels may be implemented with:

The Xirrus Tunnel Server (XTS)—see the Xirrus Tunnel Server User’s Guide.

Virtual Tunnel Server (VTS)—see below.
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Wireless Array
Virtual Tunnel Server (VTS)
Tunneling capability is provided by a Virtual Tunnel Server. You supply the server
and deploy it in your network using open-source VTun software, available from
vtun.sourceforge.net. To enable the Array to use tunneling for a VLAN, simply
enter the IP address, port and secret for the tunnel server as described in Step 11
on page 203.
VTun may be configured for a number of different tunnel types, protocols, and
encryption types. For use with Arrays, we recommend the following
configuration choices:

Tunnel Type: Ether (Ethernet tunnel)

Protocol: UDP

Encryption Type: select one of the encryption types supported by VTun
(AES and Blowfish options are available)

Keepalive: yes
VTS Client-Server Interaction
The Array is a client of the Virtual Tunnel Server. When you specify a VTS for an
active VLAN-SSID pair, the Array contacts the VTS. The server then creates a
tunnel session to the Array. VTun encapsulated packets will cross the Layer 3
network from the Array to the VTS. When packets arrive at the VTS, they will be
de-encapsulated and the resultant packets will be passed to your switch with
802.1q VLAN tags for final Layer 2 processing. The process occurs in reverse for
packets traveling in the other direction.
We recommend that you enable the VTun keep-alive option. This will send a
keep-alive packet once per second to ensure that the tunnel remains active.
Tunnels can be configured to come up on demand but this is a poor choice for
wireless, since tunnel setup can take roughly 5-20 seconds and present a problem
for authentication.
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Wireless Array
VLAN Management
This window allows you to assign and configure VLANs. After creating a new
VLAN (added to the list of VLANs), you can modify the configuration
parameters of an existing VLAN or delete a selected VLAN. You may create up to
64 VLANs (up to 32 on the XR-500 Series).
Figure 117. VLAN Management

The Wireless Array supports dynamic VLAN assignments specified by
RADIUS policy settings. When RADIUS sends these assignments, the
Array dynamically assigns wireless stations to VLANs as requested.
VLAN tags on traffic are passed through the Array (i.e., VLAN tags are
not stripped). Once a station has been dynamically moved to a new
VLAN, it will be shown in the Stations window as a member of the new
VLAN. (Figure 69 on page 123)
It is critical to configure all VLANs to be used on the Array, even those
that will be dynamically assigned.
Configuring the Wireless Array
201
Wireless Array
Procedure for Managing VLANs
202
1.
Default Route: This option sets a default route from the Array. The Array
supports a default route on native and tagged interfaces. Once the default
route is configured the Array will attempt to use Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP) to find the default router. ARP finds the MAC address of a
device with a given IP address by sending out a broadcast message
requesting this information. This option allows you to choose a default
VLAN route from the pull-down list. The IP Gateway must be established
for this function to work. After changing the Default Route, you must
click Save changes to flash and then reboot.
2.
Native VLAN: This option sets whether the Array management is tagged
or untagged. If you select a Native VLAN, then that VLAN will use an
untagged (Native) link. Otherwise, the Array will use 802.1Q tagging and
a specific VLAN ID with management enabled for management of the
Array.
3.
New VLAN Name/Number: Enter a name and number for the new
VLAN in this field, then click on the Create button. The new VLAN is
added to the list.
4.
VLAN Number: Enter a number for this VLAN (1-4094).
5.
Management: Check this box to allow management over this VLAN.
6.
Xirrus Roaming: Check this box to allow roaming over this VLAN.
7.
DHCP: Check this box if you want the DHCP server to assign the IP
address, subnet mask and gateway address to the VLAN automatically,
otherwise you must go to the next step and assign these parameters
manually.
8.
IP Address: If the DHCP option is disabled, enter a valid IP address for
this VLAN association.
9.
Subnet Mask: If the DHCP option is disabled, enter the subnet mask IP
address for this VLAN association.
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
10. Gateway: If the DHCP option is disabled, enter the IP gateway address
for this VLAN association.
11. Tunnel Server: If this VLAN is to be tunneled, enter the IP address or
host name of the tunnel server that will perform the tunneling. For more
information on virtual tunnels, please see “Understanding Virtual
Tunnels” on page 199.
12. Port: If this VLAN is to be tunneled, enter the port number of the tunnel
server.
13. New Secret: Enter the password expected by the tunnel server.
14. Delete: To delete the selected VLAN, simply click the Delete button to
remove the VLAN from the list.
15. Click Save changes to flash if you wish to make your changes
permanent.
See Also
VLAN Statistics
VLANs
Tunnels
Configuring the Wireless Array
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Wireless Array
Tunnels
This read-only window allows you to review the tunnels that have been defined
on the Array. It lists all tunnels and their settings, including the type of
authentication and the local and remote endpoints for each tunnel.
Figure 118. Tunnel Summary
About Xirrus Tunnels
Xirrus Arrays offer GRE (Generic Routing Encapsulation) tunneling with VLAN
support. This allows an Array to use tunnels to bridge Layer 2 traffic for one or
more SSID-VLAN pairs onto a single destination network through the Layer 3
network. GRE tunneling is quite flexible, and can encapsulate many network
layer protocols. As a result, it can support a variety of applications. For example, a
Wi-Fi hotspot can allow guest logins and use the tunnel to give guests direct
access to the Internet, without allowing access to the local network. In a small
office, you may define a tunnel to connect users to the corporate office network.
Tunnels may also used when providing cellular offload capability.
Tunnels may be implemented with:

The Xirrus Tunnel Server (XTS)—see the Xirrus Tunnel Server User’s Guide.

VTS —see “Virtual Tunnel Server (VTS)” on page 200.
To create a tunnel, you specify the Local Endpoint, which should be one of the
Array’s wired ports, and the Primary Remote Endpoint. A Secondary Remote
Endpoint may also be specified in case of a failure at the first endpoint. Traffic for
a VLAN-SSID pair is sent in GRE encapsulated packets across the Layer 3
network from the Array to the remote endpoint. When packets arrive, the
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Wireless Array
encapsulation is stripped and the resultant packets are passed to your switch with
802.1q VLAN tags for final Layer 2 processing. The process occurs in reverse for
packets traveling in the other direction. One tunnel is able to transport up to 16
VLANs.
Tunnel Management
This window allows you to create tunnels.
Figure 119. Tunnel Management
Procedure for Managing Tunnels
1.
New Tunnel Name: Enter a name for the new tunnel in this field, then
click on the Create button. The new tunnel is added to the list.
2.
Enabled: The new tunnel is created in the disabled state. Click this
checkbox to enable it.
3.
Type: Enter the type of tunnel, none or gre.
4.
Local Endpoint: Enter the IP address of the Array Gigabit or 10 Gigabit
port where the tunnel is to begin.
5.
Primary Remote Endpoint: Enter the IP address of the remote endpoint
of the tunnel.
6.
Secondary Remote Endpoint: This provides a failover capability. If the
primary tunnel fails, traffic is switched over to the secondary tunnel.
Enter the IP address of the remote endpoint of the secondary tunnel.
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Wireless Array
7.
DHCP Option: When this option is enabled, the Array snoops station
DHCP requests and inserts relay agent information (option 82, in the
circuit-ID sub-option) into these DHCP packets. Information inserted
includes Array BSSID, SSID name, and SSID encryption type.
8.
MTU: Set maximum transmission unit (MTU) size.
9.
Interval: The tunnel mechanism will ping the current remote endpoint
periodically to ensure that it is still reachable. Enter the ping interval (in
seconds).
10. Failures: Enter the number of consecutive ping failures that will cause the
Array to consider the tunnel to be down.
11. Click Save changes to flash if you wish to make your changes
permanent.
12. Proceed to SSID Assignments to define the SSIDs (and associated
VLANs) for which each tunnel will bridge data. You may create up to 16
tunnels. Each will need an SSID/VLAN pair assigned to it so that it can
function properly.
206
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Wireless Array
SSID Assignments
This window allows you to select the SSIDs to be bridged by each tunnel. Station
traffic for SSIDs assigned will be bridged through a tunnel regardless of whether
these SSIDs have VLANs defined for them. If there is a VLAN defined for an SSID
that is assigned to a tunnel, then station traffic bridged through that tunnel will be
tagged accordingly.
Figure 120. Tunnel SSID Assignments
Procedure for Assigning SSIDs
This window lists the tunnels and SSIDs that you have defined. SSIDs to be
tunneled do not need to be associated with a VLAN (see “SSID Management” on
page 253).
1.
For each tunnel, select the SSIDs that are to be bridged to the remote
endpoint. Clear the checkbox for any SSID that you no longer wish to
include in the tunnel.
2.
Click Save changes to flash if you wish to make your changes
permanent.
See Also
Tunnels
VLANs
SSIDs
Configuring the Wireless Array
207
Wireless Array
Security
This status- only window allows you to review the Array’s security parameters. It
includes the assigned network administration accounts, Access Control List
(ACL) values, management settings, encryption and authentication protocol
settings, and RADIUS configuration settings. There are no configuration options
available in this window, but if you are experiencing issues with security, you
may want to print this window for your records.
Figure 121. Security
For additional information about wireless network security, refer to:

“Security Planning” on page 47

“Understanding Security” on page 209

The Security section of “Frequently Asked Questions” on page 480
For information about secure use of the WMI, refer to:
208

“Certificates and Connecting Securely to the WMI” on page 212

“Using the Array’s Default Certificate” on page 212

“Using an External Certificate Authority” on page 213

“About Creating Admin Accounts on the RADIUS Server” on page 218

“About Creating User Accounts on the RADIUS Server” on page 235
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Security settings are configured with the following windows:

“Admin Management” on page 214

“Admin Privileges” on page 216

“Admin RADIUS” on page 218

“Management Control” on page 221

“Access Control List” on page 228

“Global Settings” on page 230

“External Radius” on page 234

“Internal Radius” on page 238

“Rogue Control List” on page 241

“OAuth 2.0 Management” on page 243
Understanding Security
The Xirrus Wireless Array incorporates many configurable security features.
After initially installing an Array, always change the default administrator
password (the default is admin), and choose a strong replacement password
(containing letters, numbers and special characters). When appropriate, issue
read-only administrator accounts.
Other security considerations include:

SSH versus Telnet: Be aware that Telnet is not secure over network
connections and should be used only with a direct serial port connection.
When connecting to the unit’s Command Line Interface over a network
connection, you must use a Secure SHell version 2 (SSH-2) utility. SSH-2
provides stronger security than SSH-1. The most commonly used
freeware providing SSH tools is PuTTY.

Configuration auditing: The optional Xirrus Management System (XMS)
offers powerful management features for small or large Xirrus wireless
deployments, and can audit your configuration settings automatically. In
addition, using the XMS eliminates the need for an FTP server.

Choosing an encryption method: Wireless data encryption prevents
eavesdropping on data being transmitted or received over the airwaves.
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209
Wireless Array
The Array allows you to establish the following data encryption
configuration options:
•
Open — this option offers no data encryption and is not
recommended, though you might choose this option if clients are
required to use a VPN connection through a secure SSH utility,
like PuTTy.
•
WEP (Wired Equivalent Privacy) — this option provides minimal
protection (though much better than using an open network). An
early standard for wireless data encryption and supported by all
Wi-Fi certified equipment, WEP is vulnerable to hacking and is
therefore not recommended for use by Enterprise networks.
•
WPA (Wi-Fi Protected Access) and WPA2 — these are much
stronger encryption modes than WEP, using TKIP (Temporal Key
Integrity Protocol) or AES (Advanced Encryption Standard) to
encrypt data.
WPA solves security issues with WEP. It also allows you to
establish encryption keys on a per-user-basis, with key rotation
for added security. In addition, TKIP provides Message Integrity
Check (MIC) functionality and prevents active attacks on the
wireless network.
AES is the strongest encryption standard and is used by
government agencies; however, old legacy hardware may not be
capable of supporting the AES mode (it probably won’t work on
older wireless clients). Because AES is the strongest encryption
standard currently available, WPA2 with AES is highly
recommended for Enterprise networks.
Any of the above encryption methods can be used and an Array can
support multiple encryption methods simultaneously, but only one
method may be selected per SSID (except that selecting WPA-Both allows
WPA and WPA2 to be used at the same time on the same SSID).
Otherwise, if multiple security methods are needed, you must define
multiple SSIDs.
210
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Wireless Array
The encryption mode (WEP, WPA, etc.) is selected in the SSIDs >SSID
Management window (see “SSID Management” on page 253).
The encryption standard used with WPA or WPA2 (AES or TKIP) is
selected in the Security>Global Settings window under WPA Settings
(see “Global Settings” on page 230).

Choosing an authentication method: User authentication ensures that
users are who they say they are. For this purpose, the Array allows you to
choose between the following user authentication methods:
•
Pre-Shared Key — users must manually enter a key (passphrase)
on the client side of the wireless network that matches the key
stored by the administrator in the Array.
This method should be used only for smaller networks when a
RADIUS server is unavailable. If PSK must be used, choose a
strong passphrase containing between 8 and 63 characters (20 is
preferred). Always use a combination of letters, numbers and
special characters. Never use English words separated by spaces.
•
RADIUS 802.1x with EAP — 802.1x uses a RADIUS server to
authenticate large numbers of clients, and can handle different
EAP (Extensible Authentication Protocol) authentication
methods, including EAP-TLS, EAP-TTLS, EAP-PEAP, and LEAPPassthrough. The RADIUS server can be internal (provided by
the Wireless Array) or external. An external RADIUS server
offers more functionality and security, and is recommended for
large deployments. When using this method, user names and
passwords must be entered into the RADIUS server for user
authentication.
•
MAC Address ACLs (Access Control Lists) — MAC address
ACLs provide a list of client adapter MAC addresses that are
allowed or denied access to the wireless network. Access Control
Lists work well when there are a limited number of users — in
this case, enter the MAC address of each user in the Allow list. In
the event of a lost or stolen MAC adapter, enter the affected MAC
Configuring the Wireless Array
211
Wireless Array
address in the Deny list. The Wireless Array will accept up to
1,000 ACL entries.
Certificates and Connecting Securely to the WMI
When you point your browser to the Array to connect to the WMI, the Array
presents an X.509 security certificate to the browser to establish a secure channel.
One significant piece of information in the certificate is the Array’s host name.
This ties the certificate to a particular Array and ensures the client that it is
connecting to that host.
Certificate Authorities (CAs) are entities that digitally sign certificates, using their
own certificates (for example, VeriSign is a well-known CA). When the Array
presents its certificate to the client’s browser, the browser looks up the CA that
signed the certificate to decide whether to trust it. Browsers ship with a small set
of trusted CAs already installed. If the browser trusts the certificate’s CA, it
checks to ensure the host name (and IP address) match those on the certificate. If
any of these checks fail, you get a security warning when connecting to the WMI.
The Array ships with a default certificate that is signed by the Xirrus CA. You
may choose to use this certificate, or to use a certificate issued by the CA of your
choice, as described in the following sections:

Using the Array’s Default Certificate

Using an External Certificate Authority
Using the Array’s Default Certificate
Figure 122. Import Xirrus Certificate Authority
212
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
The Array’s certificate is signed by a Xirrus CA that is customized for your Array
and its current host name. By default, browsers will not trust the Array’s
certificate. You may import the Xirrus certificate to instruct the browser to trust
the Xirrus CA on all future connections to Arrays. The certificate for the Xirrus
CA is available on the Array, so that you can import it into your browser’s cache
of trusted CAs (right alongside VeriSign, for example). On the Management
Control window of the WMI you will see the xirrus-ca.crt file. (Figure 122)
By clicking and opening this file, you can follow your browser’s instructions and
import the Xirrus CA into your CA cache (see “HTTPS (X.509) Certificate” on
page 226 for more information). This instructs your browser to trust any of the
certificates signed by the Xirrus CA, so that when you connect to any of our
Arrays you should no longer see the warning about an untrusted site. Note
however, that this only works if you use the host name when connecting to the
Array. If you use the IP address to connect, you get a lesser warning saying that
the certificate was only meant for ‘hostname’.
Since an Array’s certificate is based on the Array’s host name, any time you
change the host name the Array’s CA will regenerate and sign a new certificate.
This happens automatically the next time you reboot after changing the host
name. If you have already installed the Xirrus CA on a browser, this new Array
certificate should automatically be trusted.
When you install the Xirrus CA in your browser, it will trust a certificate signed
by any Xirrus Array, as long as you connect using the Array’s host name.
Using an External Certificate Authority
If you prefer, you may install a certificate on your Array signed by an outside CA.
Why use a certificate from an external CA? The Array’s certificate is used for
security when stations attempt to associate to an SSID that has Web Page Redirect
enabled. In this case, it is preferable for the Array to present a certificate from an
external CA that is likely to be trusted by most browsers. When a WPR login page
is presented, the user will not see a security error if the Array’s certificate was
obtained from an external CA that is already trusted by the user’s browser.
Configuring the Wireless Array
213
Wireless Array
WMI provides options for creating a Certificate Signing Request that you can
send to an external CA, and for uploading the signed certificate to the Array after
you obtain it from the CA. This certificate will be tied to the Array’s host name
and private key. See “External Certification Authority” on page 227 for more
details.
Admin Management
This window allows you to manage network administrator accounts (create,
modify and delete). It also allows you to limit account access to a read only status.
When finished, click on the Save changes to flash button if you wish to make
your changes permanent.
Figure 123. Admin Management
Procedure for Creating or Modifying Network Administrator Accounts
214
1.
Admin ID: Enter the login name for a new network administrator ID.
The length of the ID must be between 5 and 50 characters, inclusive.
2.
Read/Write: Choose 1:read-write if you want to give this administrator
ID full read/write privileges, or choose 0:read-only to restrict this user to
read only status. In the read only mode, administrators cannot save
changes to configurations. Or you may select one of your custom-defined
privilege levels (see “Admin Privileges” on page 216).
3.
New Password: Enter a password for this ID. The length of the password
must be between 5 and 50 characters, inclusive.
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
4.
Verify: Re-enter the password in this field to verify that you typed the
password correctly. If you do not re-enter the correct password, an error
message is displayed).
5.
Click on the Create button to add this administrator ID to the list.
6.
Click Save changes to flash if you wish to make your changes
permanent.
See Also
Admin Privileges
External Radius
Global Settings (IAP)
Internal Radius
Management Control
Configuring the Wireless Array
215
Wireless Array
Admin Privileges
This window provides a detailed level of control over the privileges of Array
administrators. Administrators may be assigned one of eight Privilege Levels.
You may define the privilege level of each major feature (Configuration Section)
that may be configured on the Array. For example, say that you set the privilege
level to 4 for Reboot Array, Security, Radius Server, and SNMP, and you leave all
other configuration sections at the default privilege level of 1. In this case, any
administrator with a privilege level of 4 or higher may perform any operation on
the Array, while an administrator with a privilege level lower than 4 but at least 1
may perform any operation except those whose level was set to 4. An error
message will be displayed if an operation is attempted without a sufficient
privilege level.
Figure 124. Admin Privileges
216
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Privilege level 0 is read-only. As a minimum, all administrators have permission
for read access to all areas of Array configuration. Higher privilege levels may be
used to define additional privileges for specific configuration sections.
If you are using an Admin RADIUS server to define administrator accounts,
please see “RADIUS Vendor Specific Attribute (VSA) for Xirrus” on page 491 to
set the privilege level for each administrator.
Procedure for Configuring Admin Privileges
1.
Privilege Level Names (optional): You may assign a Name to each
Privilege Level. The name may be used to describe the access granted by
this level. By default, levels 0 and 1 are named read-only and read-write,
respectively, and levels 2 through 7 have the same name as their level
number.
2.
Privilege Levels: Use this section to assign a Minimum Privilege Level
to selected Configuration Sections as desired. By default, all sections are
assigned level 1. When you select a higher privilege level for a
configuration section, then only administrators who have at least that
privilege level will be able to make configuration changes to that section.
3.
You may click ^ at the bottom of any row to toggle the values in the entire
column to either on or off.
4.
Click Save changes to flash if you wish to make your changes
permanent.
See Also
External Radius
Groups
Admin Management
Admin RADIUS
Security
Configuring the Wireless Array
217
Wireless Array
Admin RADIUS
This window allows you to set up authentication of network administrators via
RADIUS. Using RADIUS to control administrator accounts for logging in to
Arrays has these benefits:

Centralized control of administrator accounts.

Less effort — you don't have to set up user names and passwords on each
Array; just enter them once on the RADIUS server and then all of the
Arrays can pull from the RADIUS server.

Enforced policies — you may set password rules (e.g., passwords must
contain at least one number and be at least 12 characters in length), and
you may set expiration times for passwords.
Admin RADIUS settings override any local administrator accounts configured on
the Admin Management window. If you have Admin RADIUS enabled, all
administrator authentication is done via the configured RADIUS servers. The
only exception to this is when you are connected via the Console port (using CLI).
If you are using the Console port, the Array will authenticate administrators
using accounts configured on the Admin Management window first, and then use
the RADIUS servers. This provides a safety net to be ensure that you are not
completely locked out of an Array if the RADIUS server is down.
About Creating Admin Accounts on the RADIUS Server
Permissions for RADIUS administrator accounts are controlled by the RADIUS
Xirrus-Admin-Role attribute. This is a Vendor Specific Attribute (VSA). To define
the privileges permitted to an administrator account, set the value of its XirrusAdmin-Role attribute to the desired Privilege Level Name string, as defined in
“Admin Privileges” on page 216. For more information about the RADIUS VSAs
used by Xirrus, see “RADIUS Vendor Specific Attribute (VSA) for Xirrus” on
page 491.
When configuring administrator accounts on the RADIUS server, you must
observe the same restrictions for length and legal characters as when creating
these accounts on the Array using the Admin Management window: the user
name and password must be between 5 and 50 characters, inclusive.
218
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Figure 125. Admin RADIUS
Procedure for Configuring Admin RADIUS
Use this window to enable/disable administrator authentication via RADIUS,
and to set up primary and secondary servers to use for authentication of
administrators attempting to log in to the Array.
1.
Admin RADIUS Settings:
a.
Enable Admin RADIUS: Click Yes to enable the use of RADIUS to
authenticate administrators logging in to the Array. You will need to
specify the RADIUS server(s) to be used.
b. Authentication Type: Select the protocol used for authentication of
administrators, CHAP or PAP (the default).
•
PAP (Password Authentication Protocol), is a simple protocol.
PAP transmits ASCII passwords over the network “in the clear”
(unencrypted) and is therefore considered insecure.
•
CHAP (Challenge-Handshake Authentication Protocol) is a more
secure protocol. The login request is sent using a one-way hash
function.
Configuring the Wireless Array
219
Wireless Array
c.
2.
Timeout (seconds): Define the maximum idle time (in seconds)
before the RADIUS server’s session times out. The default is 600
seconds.
Admin RADIUS Primary Server: This is the RADIUS server that you
intend to use as your primary server.
a.
Host Name / IP Address: Enter the IP address or domain name of this
external RADIUS server.
b. Port Number: Enter the port number of this RADIUS server. The
default is 1812.
c.
Shared Secret / Verify Secret: Enter the shared secret that this
RADIUS server will be using, then re-enter the shared secret to verify
that you typed it correctly.

3.
The shared secret that you define must match the secret used by the
RADIUS server.
Admin RADIUS Secondary Server (optional): If desired, enter an
alternative external RADIUS server. If the primary RADIUS server
becomes unreachable, the Array will “failover” to the secondary RADIUS
server (defined here).
a.
Host Name / IP Address: Enter the IP address or domain name of this
RADIUS server.
b. Port Number: Enter the port number of this RADIUS server.
The default is 1812.
c.
220
Shared Secret / Verify Secret: Enter the shared secret that this
RADIUS server will be using, then re-enter the shared secret to verify
that you typed it correctly.
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
Management Control
This window allows you to enable or disable the Array management interfaces
and set their inactivity time-outs. The supported range is 300 (default) to 100,000
seconds.
Figure 126. Management Control
Procedure for Configuring Management Control
1.
Management Settings:
a.
Maximum login attempts allowed (1-255): After this number of
consecutive failing administrator login attempts via ssh or telnet, the
Failed login retry period is enforced. The default is 3.
Configuring the Wireless Array
221
Wireless Array
b. Failed login retry period (0-65535 seconds): After the maximum
number (defined above) of consecutive failing administrator login
attempts via ssh or telnet, the administrator’s IP address is denied
access to the Array for the specified period of time (in seconds). The
default is 0.
c.
Pre-login Banner: Text that you enter here will be displayed above
the WMI login prompt. (Figure 127)
Figure 127. Pre-login Banner
d. Post-login Banner: Text that you enter here will be displayed in a
message box after a user logs in to the WMI.
2.
SSH
a.
On/Off: Choose On to enable management of the Array over a Secure
Shell (SSH-2) connection, or Off to disable this feature. Be aware that
only SSH-2 connections are supported by the Array. SSH clients used
for connecting to the Array must be configured to use SSH-2.
b. Connection Timeout 30-100000 (Seconds): Enter a value in this field
to define the timeout (in seconds) before your SSH connection is
disconnected. The value you enter here must be between 30 seconds
and 100,000 seconds.
c.
222
Port: Enter a value in this field to define the port used by SSH.
The default port is 22.
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
3.
Telnet:
a.
On/Off: Choose On to enable Array management over a Telnet
connection, or Off to disable this feature. SSH offers a more secure
connection than Telnet, and is recommended over Telnet.
b. Connection Timeout 30-100000 (Seconds): Enter a value in this field
to define the timeout (in seconds) before your Telnet connection is
disconnected. The value you enter here must be between 30 seconds
and 100,000 seconds.
c.
4.
Port: Enter a value in this field to define the port used by Telnet.
The default port is 23.
Xircon
The Xircon utility connects to Xirrus Arrays that do not have a physical
console port (XR-500, XR-1000 and some XR-2000 models), or whose
console port is not accessible. Please see “Securing Low Level Access to
the Array” on page 73 for more information about Xircon. You can enable
or disable Xircon access to the Array as instructed below.
Warning: If you disable Xircon access completely on models that have no
console port, you must ensure that you do not lose track of the username and
password to log in to CLI/WMI! There is no way to recover from a lost
password, other than returning the Array to Xirrus.
a.
On/Off: Choose On to enable Xircon access to the Array at the
ArrayOS (CLI) and Xirrus Boot Loader (XBL) levels, or Off to disable
access at both levels. On models that have no console port, Xircon
access is On by default. On all other Array models, Xircon access is
Off by default.
b. ArrayOS only: Choose this radio button to enable Xircon access at the
ArrayOS level only (i.e., Xircon can access CLI only). Access to the
Array at the Xirrus Boot Loader (XBL) level is disabled.
c.
Boot only: Choose this radio button to enable Xircon access at the
Xirrus Boot Loader (XBL) level only. ArrayOS level (CLI) access to the
Array is disabled.
Configuring the Wireless Array
223
Wireless Array
d. Connection Timeout 30-100000 (Seconds): Enter a value in this field
to define the timeout (in seconds) before your Xircon connection is
disconnected. The value you enter here must be between 30 seconds
and 100,000 seconds.
e.
5.
Port: Enter a value in this field to define the port used by Xircon.
The default port is 22612.
Console
a.
On/Off: Choose On to enable management of the Array via a serial
connection, or choose Off to disable this feature.
b. Connection Timeout 30-100000 (Seconds): Enter a value in this field
to define the timeout (in seconds) before your serial connection is
disconnected. The value you enter here must be between 30 seconds
and 100,000 seconds.
6.
HTTPS
a.
Connection Timeout 30-100000 (Seconds): Enter a value in this field
to define the timeout (in seconds) before your HTTPS connection is
disconnected. The value you enter here must be between 30 seconds
and 100,000 seconds. Management via HTTPS (i.e., the Web
Management Interface) cannot be disabled on this window. To
disable management over HTTPS, you must use the Command Line
Interface.
b. Port: Enter a value in this field to define the port used by SSH.
The default port is 443.
224
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
7.
Management Modes
a.
Network Assurance: Click the On button to enable this mode.
Network assurance checks network connectivity to each server that
you configure, such as the NTP server, RADIUS servers, SNMP trap
hosts, etc. By proactively identifying network resources that are
unavailable, the network manager can be alerted of problems
potentially before end-users notice an issue. The distributed
intelligence of Arrays provides this monitoring at multiple points
across the network, adding to the ability to isolate the problem and
expedite the resolution
Connectivity is checked when you configure a server. If a newly
configured server is unreachable, you will be notified directly and a
Syslog entry is created. Configured servers are checked once per
Period which by default is 300 seconds (five minutes). Servers are
checked regardless of whether they are configured as IP addresses or
host names.
If a server becomes unreachable, a Syslog message is generated.
When the server again becomes reachable, another Syslog message is
generated.
To view the status of all configured servers checked by this feature,
please see “Network Assurance” on page 109.
Configuring the Wireless Array
225
Wireless Array
8.
HTTPS (X.509) Certificate

ArrayOS releases 6.5 and above only support 2048-bit certificates, while
previous releases only support 1024-bit certificates. The Array saves data
related to previous 1024-bit and current 2048-bit certificates separately, thus
ArrayOS can be upgraded or downgraded without losing any of this data.
When ArrayOS is upgraded to 6.5, a new self-signed certificate will be
automatically generated.
If you have imported a previous (pre-Release 6.5 version) Xirrus CA-signed
certificate into your browser, the trusted Xirrus CA needs to be updated.
Delete the current Xirrus CA in the browser. Upgrade the Array to release
6.5 or above and then download the new xirrus-ca.crt file and import it into
the browser as a trusted CA, as explained below.
Similarly, if you are using a certificate signed by an external CA, you will
need to update and replace that certificate on the Array.
a.
Import Xirrus Authority into Browser: This feature imports the
Xirrus Certificate Authority (CA) into your browser (for a discussion,
please see “Certificates and Connecting Securely to the WMI” on
page 212). Click the link (xirrus-ca.crt), and then click Open to view
or install the current Xirrus CA certificate. Click Install Certificate to
start your browser’s Certificate Install Wizard. We recommend that
you use this process to install Xirrus as a root authority in your
browser.
When you assign a Host Name to your Array using the Express
Setup window, then the next time you reboot the Array it
automatically creates a security certificate for that host name. That
certificate uses Xirrus as the signing authority. Thus, in order to avoid
having certificate errors on your browser when using WMI:
226
•
You must have assigned a host name to the Array and rebooted at
some time after that.
•
Use Import Xirrus Authority into Browser
Configuring the Wireless Array
Wireless Array
•
Access WMI by using the host name of the Array rather than its
IP address.
b. HTTPS (X.509) Certificate Signed By: This read-only field shows the
signing authority for the current certificate.
9.
External Certification Authority
This step and Step 10 allow you to obtain a certificate from an external
authority and install it on an Array. “Using an External Certificate
Authority” on page 213 discusses reasons for using an external CA.
For example, to obtain and install a certificate from VeriSign on the Array,
follow these steps:
•
If you don’t already have the certificate from the external (nonXirrus) Certificate Authority, see Step 10 to create a request for a
certificate.
•
Use Step 9a to review the request and copy its text to send to
VeriSign.
•
When you receive the new certificate from VeriSign, upload it to the
Array using Step 9b.
External Certification Authority has the following fields:
a.
Download Certificate Signing Request: After creating a certificate
signing request (.csr file — Step 10), click the View button to review it.
If it is satisfactory, click the name of the .csr file to display the text of
the request. You can then copy this text and use it as required by the
CA. You may also click on the filename of the .csr file to download it
to your local computer.
b. Upload Signed Certificate: To use a custom certificate signed by an
authority other than Xirrus, use the Browse button to locate the
certificate file, then click Upload to copy it to the Array. The Array’s
web server will be restarted and will pick up the new certificate. This
will terminate any current web sessions, and you will need to
reconnect and re-login to the Array.
Configuring the Wireless Array
227
Wireless Array
10. To create a Certificate Signing Request
a.
Fill in the fields in this section: Common Name, Organization Name,
Organizational Unit Name, Locality (City), State or Province,
Country Name, and Email Address. Spaces may be used in any of
the fields, except for Common Name, Country Name, or Email
Address. Click the Create button to create the certificate signing
request. See Step 9 above to use this request.
11. Click Save changes to flash if you wish to make your changes
permanent.
See Also
Network Interfaces - to enable/disable management over an Ethernet interface
Global Settings (IAP) - to enable/disable management over IAPs
Admin Management
External Radius
Global Settings (IAP)
Internal Radius
Access Control List
Security
Access Control List
This window allows you to enable or disable the use of the global Access Control
List (ACL), which controls whether a station with a particular MAC address may
associate to the Array. You may create station access control list entries and delete
existing entries, and control the type of list.
There is only one global ACL, and you may select whether its type is an Allow
List or a Deny List, or whether use of the list is disabled.
There is also a per-SSID ACL (see “Per-SSID Access Control List” on page 267). If
the same MAC address is listed in both the global ACL and in an SSID’s ACL, and
if either ACL would deny that station access to that SSID, then access will be
denied.
228
Configuring the Wireless Array

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