Casio 23 Appendix A: Technical Reference Ea100 EN
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Appendix A: Technical Reference
Appendix A:
Technical Reference
This appendix provides information on the error messages that appear on
the display of the data analyzer, information about probes that come with the
data analyzer, conversion equations, and other technical information.
Error Messages .................................................................. 62
Probes ................................................................................ 62
Conversion Equations ........................................................ 66
Other Technical Information ............................................... 67
Clock-In Line Operation .............................................. 67
Clock-Out Line Operation ........................................... 67
Digital Output Buffer ................................................... 67
Digital Output Buffer Example .................................... 67
Period and Frequency Measurement ......................... 68
Hard Trigger ................................................................ 69
Soft Trigger ................................................................. 69
61
Appendix A: Technical Reference
Error Messages
The data analyzer indicates an error by displaying “E.” followed by a 2-digit
hexadecimal number. The first digit indicates the command that caused the
error, while the second digit indicates the parameter that caused the error
message (first parameter indicated by 1, second parameter by 2, and so on).
Sample Error Message
E.13
E. ... Error message
1 ..... Error in Command 1
3 ..... Error in third parameter.
When an error occurs, press the data analyzer’s [HALT] key to clear the error
condition and message. Note that error messages must be cleared from the
data analyzer before it can receive any other commands from a connected
graphic scientific calculator.
• Since hexadecimal numbers are used to indicate errors, letters may appear in the second digit if the command has more than nine parameters:
a = parameter 10, b = parameter 11, c = parameter 12.
Probes
This section provides technical information about the probes that come with
the data analyzer. It also includes general technical information about probes
that can be connected to the data analyzer.
Light Probe
The light probe that comes with the data analyzer uses a photosensitive element called a Cds to measure brightness, which is then converted to a numeric value. The value produced does not correspond to any standard unit of
measurement, but simply indicates a relative measure of brightness in the
range of 100 to 999.
Light Probe Specifications
Channels:
CH1, CH2, CH3 (analog)
Range:
100 to 999
Chemical Tolerance:
None
Pins:
2 Ground
1
3 Vres
6
4 Auto-ID resistance
6 Signal
62
Appendix A: Technical Reference
Temperature Probe
The temperature probe that comes with the data analyzer uses a thermistor
to measure the temperature of liquids. Changes in the temperature of the
thermistor causes a corresponding change in its resistance, which is then
converted to a temperature value.
Temperature Probe Specifications
Channels:
CH1, CH2, CH3 (analog)
Range:
–20°C to 130°C
Chemical Tolerance:
Cannot be used with strong acids or alkalis
Pins:
2 Ground
1
3 Vres
6
4 Auto-ID resistance
6 Signal
Voltage Probe
The voltage probe that comes with the data analyzer can be used to read a
voltage in the range of ±10 Volts. This probe is designed with Auto-ID resistance, so connecting it to the data analyzer automatically switches to voltage
sampling. The black probe should be connected to ground, while the red
probe should be connected to signal voltage.
Voltage Probe Specifications
Channels:
CH1, CH2, CH3 (analog)
Range:
±10V
Chemical Tolerance:
None (air only)
Pins:
1 Signal
1
6
2 Ground
4 Auto-ID
• Never connect the analog input ground connection (black probe) to different potentials. These ground connections are all common (circuits are
common). Connecting the black probe to a connection other than ground
can seriously damage the data analyzer.
63
Appendix A: Technical Reference
Probe Precautions
Temperature Probe
• Never use the temperature probe with strong acid or alkaline solutions.
• The measuring range of the temperature probe is –20°C to 130°C. Do
not try to measure temperatures outside this range.
• Do not use the temperature probe for longer than two hours of continuous measurement when measuring temperatures greater than 80°C.
• When using the temperature probe to measure very high or very low
temperatures, do not touch the area around the gold colored metal directly with your fingers.
Voltage Probe
• Never connect the voltage probe directly to an electrical outlet or other
high voltage (30V or greater) source. Not only is the data analyzer unable to measure such voltages, doing so creates the danger of electrical
shock.
• Never directly touch the metal tips of the probes with your fingers.
Light Probe
• Handle the light probe with care, and do not subject it to high temperatures or strong impact.
All Probes
• Never pull on the cables of the probes or swing the probes around by
their cables.
• Do not forcibly bend a probe. Doing so can result in a short circuit or poor
connection.
• Never pull on the cable of a probe to disconnect it from the data analyzer.
Grasp on the connector and pull.
• Never allow water or any other liquid to get onto the connector of a probe.
• When using a probe that does not come with the data analyzer, be sure
to read its documentation first.
Auto-ID Probe
The following describes how the data analyzer identifies Auto-ID probes based
on their resistance values.
64
Resistance
Value
Probe Type
Operation Parameter
Initial Default
33kΩ
Voltage Probe
2
±10V
10kΩ
Temperature Probe
(Celsius)
7
–20°C to 130°C
4.7kΩ
Light Probe
9
100 to 999
Appendix A: Technical Reference
Connector Pinouts
The data analyzer uses British Telecom-type 6-pin probe connectors.
Pin
DIG IN
DIG OUT
1
Vin
CH1, CH2, CH3
Echo
SONIC
Clock-In
Clock-Out
2
Gnd
Init
Gnd
Gnd
3
Vres
Auto-ID
D0 In
D0 Out
4
Auto-ID
+5 Volt DC D1 In
D1 Out
5
+5 Volts DC
Gnd
D2 In
D2 Out
6
Vin-low
n/a
D3 In
D3 Out
Vin
Vin-low
Channel
CH1, CH2, CH3
CH1, CH2, CH3
Input Signal
Analog Data
Analog Data
Input Range
±10V
0-5V
Input Impedance
740kΩ (at 2.0V)
748kΩ (at 0.03V)
• The data analyzer displays values of 30mV (Vin-low) and 2.0V (Vin) while
there is no probe input. This is a normal operation to indicate internal
system voltage.
Vres: ..................... Output reference voltage from the data analyzer
through a 15kΩ resistor. When using this function,
Vres should be connected to Vin-low and measurement should be between Vin-low and Gnd.
Gnd: ..................... Ground (common for all channels)
Auto-ID: ................ Auto-ID probe detection data input (Auto-ID resistor
connected from pin 4 to ground)
Echo: .................... Distance sensor input
Init: ....................... Distance initialization signal
Clock-In: ............... External clock signal input (digital)
D0 In to D3 In: ...... Input pins for digital input signals
Clock-Out: ............ Clock output (digital)
D0 Out to D3 Out: . Output pins for digital output signals
65
Appendix A: Technical Reference
Conversion Equations
Command 4 Type, Form, and Restrictions
Command 4 conversion equations have certain calculation limitations. In
particular, some conversion equations cannot perform calculations for negative values.
If a division by zero, power of a negative number, or other such error is encountered by an equation, an overflow value is automatically applied to the
operation.
Conversion Equations
Equation Name
1
2
Polynomial
Mixed
polynomial
Format
2
Restrictions
n
K0+K1X+K2X +......+KnX
–m
n=1 to 9
–1
n
K–mX +......K–1X +K0+K1X+......+KnX
m=0 to 4
n=0 to 4
m+n > 0
X≠0
K0 X (K1)
K0 K1 (X)
X>0
Logarithmic
K0+K1 ln (X)
X>0
Modified
K0+K1 ln (1/X)
X>0
K0 e (K1X)
K0 e (K1/X)
X≠0
3
Power
4
Modified
power
5
6
K1 > 0
logarithmic
7
Exponential
8
Modified
exponential
9
Geometric
10 Modified
geometric
66
K0 X (K1X)
K0 X (K1/X)
X>0
X>0
–1
11 Reciprocal
logarithmic
[K0+K1 ln (K2X)]
12 SteinhartHart model
[K0+K1 (ln 1000X)+K2 (ln 1000X) ]
K2X > 0
3 –1
X>0
Appendix A: Technical Reference
Other Technical Information
Clock-In Line Operation
A low-going pulse (0-5V) on the External Clock-In line (part of the DIG IN
channel) is used as the external clock.
Data from the DIG IN channel can be read based on the internal sampling
clock, so the External Clock-In line is not necessarily required. Conversely,
the external clock line can be used to control the sampling time for signals on
other channels.
Clock-Out Line Operation
The low pulse width of the external clock line is 1.6 microseconds. Pulse
output can be performed by simply using Command 1 (CHANNEL SETUP)
to specify the DIG OUT channel.
Digital Output Buffer
The digital output buffer (DOB) is a circular buffer that can contain up to 22
data elements. Data elements output from the DOB are 4-bit (TTL 0 to 5V)
binary data nibbles, such as 0 = 0000, 1 = 0001, 2 = 0010, 10 = 1010, 15 =
1111. One data nibble is output on the DIG OUT D0 through D3 lines for
each sample time.
The drive (output current) function for each data nibble and clock is as shown
below.
• Voutput-high > 3.98V (Ioutput-high > –6mA)(negative current flow from
the data analyzer)
• Voutput-low < 0.26V (Ioutput-low < 6mA)(positive current flow from the
data analyzer)
The number of times the DOB contents are output is determined by the number
of data elements defined by Command 1 and the number of samples defined
by Command 3.
Digital Output Buffer Example
Command 1:
{1,6,7,1,3,5,7,9,11,13}
1
6
7
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
CHANNEL SETUP
DIG OUT
Number of data elements
0001 (data nibble)
0011 (data nibble)
0101 (data nibble)
0111 (data nibble)
1001 (data nibble)
1011 (data nibble)
1101 (data nibble)
67
Appendix A: Technical Reference
Command 3:
{3,1,70}
3 = SAMPLING AND TRIGGER SETUP
1 = Sampling time (1 second)
70 = Number of samples
The manual trigger default is applied as the trigger
source.
The DOB outputs signals that correspond to the seven data nibbles. This
sequences is repeated to the DIG OUT channel 10 times (70 samples/7 data
elements). The following diagram shows the output for the first seven data
elements.
Sampling
Clock
D3
D2
D1
D0
1
3
5
7
9
11
13
1
Period and Frequency Measurement
Period and frequency can be measured using Channel 1, Channel 2, or Channel 3 (simultaneous multiple-channel measurements are not allowed), and
only when the operation parameter is 5 (period) or 6 (frequency). Period and
frequency are measured on the Vin pin (pin 1). Period and frequency measurements always use the hard trigger.
One of the two following methods is used for period and frequency measurements.
A. Counting of the number of trigger edges for 0.25 second
B. Measuring the time between edges specified by Command 1 (see
illustration below)
T=
68
0
1
2
3
Appendix A: Technical Reference
Trigger Edge
Edges for Measuring the Time
0
Rising edge to rising edge (T = 0 to 2)
1
Falling edge to falling edge (T = 1 to 3)
2
Rising edge to falling edge (T = 0 to 1)
3
Falling edge to rising edge (T = 1 to 2)
• Frequency measurement cannot be performed correctly whenever 2 or
3 is specified for the trigger edge.
Hard Trigger
The hard trigger is automatically used for period and frequency measurements, and then an external clock signal is being used as the clock. Any one
of seven voltage levels can be selected as the trigger point. The voltage level
is defined by the Command 1 trigger level parameter.
Voltage Level
Trigger Level Parameter
–5.0V
–10.0 < Vthresh < –2.45
–1.0V
–2.45 < Vthresh < –0.35
–0.2V
–0.35 < Vthresh < –0.05
–0.05 < Vthresh < 0.05
0.0V
0.2V
0.05 < Vthresh < 0.35
1.0V
0.35 < Vthresh < 2.45
5.0V
2.45 < Vthresh < 10.0
Soft Trigger
Soft trigger measurements start at the point the data sampling signal rises or
falls (see the illustration below). The actual point where measurement starts
is defined by the Command 3 trigger edge and clock edge parameters.
0
Trigger Edge
1
2
3
Tripper Point
0
HIGH TO LOW (T = 0, 2,...)
1
LOW TO HIGH (T = 1, 3,...)
69
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