070 5925 00_4400_Series_Operating_Systems_Reference_Mar86 00 4400 Series Operating Systems Reference Mar86

User Manual: 070-5925-00_4400_Series_Operating_Systems_Reference_Mar86

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Part No. 061-3@88 eo~
Product Group 07

OPERATING SYSTEM
REFERENCE MANUAL

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4400 SERIES
OPERATING
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REFERENCE
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Please Check for
CHANGE INFORMATION
at the Rear of This Manual

'St Printing MAR 1986

Tektronix~

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Copyright 1986 by Tektronix, Inc., Beaverton, Oregon. Printed in the
United States of America.
All rights reserved.
Contents of this
publication may not be reproduced in any form without permission of
Tektronix, Inc.
TEKTRONIX is a registered trademark of Tektronix, Inc..
Smalltalk-80 is a trademark of Xerox Corp.
UniFLEX is a registered trademark of Technical Systems Consultants,
Inc.
Portions of this manual are reprinted with permission of the copyright
holder. Technical Systems Consultants, Inc., of Chapel Hill, North
Carolina.
The operating system software copyright information is embedded in the
code. It can be read via the "info" utility.

WARRANTY

FOR

SOFTWARE PRODUCTS

Tektronix warrants that this software product will conform to the specifications set forth herein, when used
properly in the specified operating environment, for a period of three (3) months from the date of shipment, or
if the program is installed by Tektronix, for a period of three (3) months from the date of installation. If this
software product does not conform as warranted, Tektronix will provide the remedial services specified
below. Tektronix does not warrant that the functions contained in this software product will meet
Customer's requirements or that operation of this software product will be uninterrupted or error-free or
that all errors will be corrected.
In order to obtain service under this warranty, Customer must notify Tektronix of the defect before the
expiration of the warranty period and make suitable arrangements for such service in accordance with the
instructions received from Tektronix. If Tektronix is unable, within a reasonable time after receipt of such
notice, to provide the remedial services specified below, Customer may terminate the license for the
software product and return this software product and any associated materials to Tektronix for credit or
refund.
This warranty shall not apply to any software product that has been modified or altered by Customer. Tektronix
shall not be obligated to furnish service under this warranty with respect to any software product a) that is
used in an operating environment other than that specified or in a manner inconsistent with the Users
Manual and documentation or b) when the software product has been integrated with other software if the
result of such integration increases the time or difficulty of analyzing or serviCing the software product or the
problems ascribed to the software product.
TEKTRONIX DISCLAIMS ANY IMPLIED WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
PARTICULAR PURPOSE. TEKTRONIX' RESPONSIBILITY TO PROVIDE REMEDIAL SERVICE WHEN
SPECIFIED, REPLACE DEFECTIVE MEDIA OR REFUND CUSTOMER'S PAYMENT IS THE SOLE AND
EXCLUSIVE REMEDY PROVIDED TO CUSTOMER FOR BREACH OF THIS WARRANTY. TEKTRONIX
WILL NOT BE LIABLE FOR ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, INCIDENTAL OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES
IRRESPECTIVE OF WHETHER TEKTRONIX HAS ADVANCE NOTICE OFTHE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH
DAMAGES.

PLEASE FORWARD ALL MAIL TO:

Artificial Intelligence Machines
Tektronix, Inc.
P.O. Box 1000 M.S. 60-405
Wilsonville, Oregon 97070
Attn: AIM Documentation

MANUAL. REVISION STATUS
PRODUCT:

4400 SERIES OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

This manual supports the following versions of this product: 4404 Version 1.5, 4405 Version 1.1, and
4406 Version 1.1 •
REV DATE

MAR 1986

DESCRIPTION
Original Issue

4400 OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

Table Of Contents
SECTION 1 INTRODUCTION
ABOUT THIS MANUAL
WHERE TO FIND INFORMATION
MANUAL SYNTAX CONVENTIONS

1-1
1-1

1-2

SECTION 2 USER COMMANDS
addpath
2-2
alias
2-3
asm ........................................................................................................................................... 2-4
backup ...................................................................................................................................... 2-6
cc ............................................................................................................................................ 2-14
chd .......................................................................................................................................... 2-16
commset ................................................................................................................................. 2-18
compare .................................................................................................................................. 2-20
conset
2-22
copy
2-24
crdir
2-28
create ...................................................................................................................................... 2-30
date
2-32
debug ...................................................................................................................................... 2-34
dir
2-43
dirs
2-47
dperm ...................................................................................................................................... 2-48
dump ..................................................... '................................................................................. 2-50
echo ....................................................... ,................................................................................. 2-52
edit
2-53
exit ........................................................ ', ................................................................................ 2-56
env
2-57
fdup
2-58
file type ...................................................,................................................................................ 2-59
find
2-60
format ...................................................................................................................................... 2-63
free
2-64
headset .................................................................................................................................... 2-66
help
2-70
history ..................................................................................................................................... 2-72
info
2-73
2-75
int
2-79
jobs
libgen .....................................................'................................................................................ 2-80
libinfo .....................................................'................................................................................ 2-82
2-84
link
2-86
list
2-88
load
login ....................................................................................................................................... 2-93
logout ..................................................................................................................................... 2-95
2-96
move
2-99
page
password .............................................................................................................................. 2-100

Table of Contenl4\-1

pat:1:l ......................................................................................................................................
perms ...... ............................. ...... ..... ........................ ........ ........................ ....... ............. .... ......
popd .....................................................................................................................................
pushd ................................... ................................ ........... ............. ..... ........................ ............
relinfo .................. ,................................................................................................................
remote ..................................................................................................................................
remove .................................................................................................................................
rename ..................................................................................................................................
restore .................................................... ........................ ......... ............... ....... ...... ..... ............
script ....................................................................................................................................
set .........................................................................................................................................
shell............. ........... ........ ............. ........... ......... ......... ............... ........................ .....................
status .............................. .................. ................... ........... .......... ........ .... ............... ......... ........
stop .......................................................................................................................................
strip ......................................................................................................................................
tail ........................................................................................................................................
touch ................... .................... .... ............................................ ........... .... .................. ............
unalias ..................................................................................................................................
unset .....................................................................................................................................
update ............................. ....... ................. .................... .... ....... ........................ .......................
wait ......................................................................................................................................

2-102
2-103
2-106
2-107
2-108
2-110
2-112
2-115
2-117
2-123
2-138
2-139
2-148
2-152
2-153
2-154
2-155
2-157
2-158
2-159
2-162

SECTION 3 SYSTEM UTILITIES
SYSTEM UTILITY DESCRIPfIONS .................................................................................... 3-1
adduser .......... ............. ......... ...... ........... .......................................... ........................................ 3-2
badblocks ................... ......... .................................................. ............... .................. ................ 3-4
blockcheck ............. ......... ................... ........... ......... ..................................... ......... .................. 3-5
deluser ....... ...... ....... ...... ........................ ..... ................. ........... ................................................. 3-6
devcheck ............................. ...... ............................................ ............. ............... .... ..... ............ 3-8
diskrepair .......................................................... ............................... .................................... 3-10
fdncheck ............................................................................................................................... 3-22
makdev ............ ....... .............................................................................................................. 3-23
mount ................................................................................................................................... 3-26
owner ................................................................................................................................... 3-28
unmount ............................................................................................................................... 3-30

SECTION 4 edit
INTRODUCfION ...................................................................................................................
SYNTAX .................................................................................................................................
CALLING THE EDITOR .. ........ ... ...... ............................. .......................... ...................... .......
Calling t:1:le Editor with a File Name ......................................................................................
Calling the Editor wit:1:l Two File Names ...............................................................................
Options ...................................................................................................................................
OPERATING SYSTEM INTERFACE ...................................................................................
Backspace Character ..............................................................................................................
Escape Character ...................................................................................................................
Line Delete Character ............................................................................................................
Horizontal Tab Character ......................................................................................................
Control-D: Keyboard Signal for End-of-File ........................................................................
Control-C: Keyboard Interrupt ..............................................................................................

Table of Contents-2

4-1
4-1
4-1
4-1
4-2
4-2
4-3
4-3
4-3
4-4
4-4
4-4
4-4

Control-: Quit Signal
THE EDITOR'S USE OF DISK FILES
Creating a New File
Editing an Existing File
Command Input From a File
F ataI Errors
EDITOR COMMANDS
Using Strings
Specifying a Column Number
Using the Don't-Care Character
The Command Repeat Character
Using the EOL Character
Using Tabs
Length of Text Lines
Commands
ENVIRONMENT COMMANDS
dkl
dk2
esave
eset
header
kl
k2
lkl
Ik2
numbers
renumber ............................................ "................................................................................ .
set ....................................................... "................................................................................ .
tab
verify
zone .....................................................,................................................................................ .
SYSTEM COMMANDS
abort
edit
log
stop
u
wait

4-4
4-5
4-5
4-5
4-6
4-6
4-6
4-6
4-8
4-8
4-9
4-9
4-9
4-10
4-10
4-11
4-11
4-11
4-12
4-13
4-13
4-14
4-14
4-15
4-15

4-16
4-16

4-17
4-18
4-18

4-19
4-20
4-20
4-20

4-21
4-21

4-22
4-22
x .......................................................................................................................................... . 4-23
4-24
CURRENT LINE MOVERS
4-24
bottom
find ...................................................................................................................................... . 4-24
4-25
next
4-26
position
4-26
top
4-27
EDITING COMMANDS
append .................................................................................................................................. 4-27
break .................................................................................................................................... 4-28
change .................................................................................................................................. 4-29
4-30
cchange

Table of Contents-3

copy ......................................................................................................................................
delete ....................................................................................................................................
expand ..................................................................................................................................
insert ....................................................................................................................................
insert ....................................................................................................................................
merge ...................................................................................................................................
move ....................................................................................................................................
overlay .................................................................................................................................
overlay .................................................................................................................................
print ......................................................................................................................................
replace ..................................................................................................................................
text .......................................................................................................................................
null .......................................................................................................................................
DISK COMMANDS ..............................................................................................................
flush .....................................................................................................................................
new .......................................................................................................................................
read ......................................................................................................................................
write .....................................................................................................................................
EDITOR MESSAGES ...........................................................................................................

4-30
4-31
4-32
4-33
4-34
4-35
4-35
4-36
4-37
4-37
4-38
4-39
4-39
4-40
4-40
4-40
4-41
4-42
4-43

SECTION 5 TERMINAL EMULATION
OVERVIEW ............................................................................................................................
Descri ption ..................................................................................... ............... .... .....................
Compliance With ANSI and ISO Standards ........................................................................
Compatibility with t11e DEC VT-I00 ..................................................................................
Compatibility with Tektronix Tenninals .............................................................................
Interface to the Operating System .........................................................................................
SUPPORTED ANSI COMMANDS ........................................................................................
Acknowledge Character (#6) ...............................................................................
Bell Character .......................................................................................................
Backspace Character ...............................................................................................
Character (#24) ....................................................................................................
Cursor Backward Tab ...........................................................................................
Cursor Horizontal Tab ........ .................... ............. ............................... ..................
Cursor Position Report ........................... ......... ........................ .............................
Carriage Return Character ......................................................................................
Control Representation Mode .............................................................................
Cursor Backward .................................................................................................
Cursor Down .................... ......... .......................... .......................... ..... ..................
Cursor FOlWard ........ ........................ ..... ........................................................... .....
Cursor Position .....................................................................................................
Cursor Up .............................................................................................................
Device Attributes ....................................................................................................
Character (#17) .....................................................................................................
Character (#18) .....................................................................................................
Character (#19) .....................................................................................................
Character (#20) .....................................................................................................
Delete Character ... ........... ......... .............................................. ...... ............. ..........
Character (# 127) .... ............. ........... ..... .................................................. ................
Delete Line ..............................................................................................................

Table of Contents-4

5-1
5-1
5-1
5-2
5-2
5-2
5-3
5-3
5-3
5-3
5-3
5-4
5-4
5-4
5-5
5-5
5-5
5-6
5-6
5-6
5-7
5-7
5-7
5-8
5-8
5-8
5-8
5-9
5-9

Character (#16) ..................................................... ~ ............................................... 5-9
Disable Manual Input ......................................................................................... ,. 5-9
Device Status Report .......................................................................................... 5-10
Erase Character ....... ......... ..... ........ ......... .... ... .......... .............. ............... ...... ........ 5-10
Erase in Display .................................................................................................... 5-11
Erase in Line .................................................................................................... ..... 5-11
Character (#25) ........ ..... ............. ................... ....... ...... ........................ ................... 5-11
Enable Manual Input ........... ....... ................. ........................................................ 5-12
Character (#5) .................................................................................................... 5-12
Character (#4) ..................................................................................................... 5-12
Character (#27) ................................................................................................... 5-12
Character (#23) ................................................................................................... 5-12
Character (#3) ..................................................................................................... 5-13
Form Feed Character ............................................................................................. 5-13
Character (#28) .......................................................................................... ............ 5-13
Character (#29) ..................................................................................................... 5-13
Horizontal Tab Character ...................................................................................... 5-13
Horizontal Tab Set ...................................................................................... ........ 5-14
Horizontal and Vertical Position ........................................................................ 5-14
Insert Character ........................................................................................... ... ..... 5-14
Insert Line .......................................................... ..................................................... 5-14
Index ............................................... ................................................................ ..... 5-15
Insertion/Replacement Modt~ .............................................................................. 5-15
Keyboard Action Mode ..................................................................................... 5-15
Line Feed Character .............................................................................................. 5-16
Line-Feed/New-Line Mode ............................................................................... 5-16
Character (#21) ........................................................................................ ~ ......... 5-16
Next Line ................. ......... .................................................................................. 5-16
Character (#0) .................................................................................................... 5-17
Private Use 1 ....................................................................................................... 5-17
..................................................................................................... 5-17
Reverse Index .... .... ...... ........... ....... ................. ......... .... ....... ................. ........... ... ..... 5-17
Reset to Initial State ..... ................................................................................ ........ 5-18
Reset Mode .......................................................................................... ~ ............... 5-18
Character (#30) ...................................................................................................... 5-19
Select Character Set ............................................................................................ 5-20
................................................................................................................... 5-20
Select Graphic Rendition .................................................................................... 5-21
Shift In Character ..................................................................................................... 5-22
Set Mode ................................................................................................................ 5-22
Shift Out Character ................................................................................................ 5-23
Character (#1) ...................................................................................................... 5-23
Space Character ...................................................................................................... 5-24
Send/Receive Mode ........................................................................................... 5-24
Character (#2) ..................................................................................................... 5-24
_{Character (#26) ................................................................................................... 5-24
Character (#22) ................................................................................................... 5-25
Tabulation Clear ................................................................................................. 5-25
Auto-Repeat Mode .................................................................................... 5-25
Auto-Wrap Mode ..................................................................................... 5-26

Table of Contents-5

Block Cursor Mode (Select Cursor) .......................................................
Blinking Cursor Mode ............................................................................
Cursor Key Mode ......................................................................................
Graphic Cursor Position Report ............................................................
Identify Terminal ...........................................................................................
Keypad Application Mode ......................................................................
Keypad Numeric Mode ...........................................................................
Mouse Button and Graphic Cursor Position Reporting ........................
ANSI Terminal Emulator Mouse Button and Position Reporting ...................................
Origin Mode .................................................................................................
Restore Cursor .. ......... ............. ......... ...... ......... ............... ........................... .....
Request Terminal Parameters ...... ...... ... ........ ..... ...........................
Request Graphic Cursor Position Report ................................................
Save Cursor ...................................................................................................
Screen Mode ...........................................................................................
Select Graphic Cursor Report Type ......................................................
Set Top and Bottom Margins ..................................................................
Character (#31) .....................................................................................................
Vertical Tab Character ..........................................................................................
KEYBOARD DETAILS ......... .................... ........ ....... ................................. ...........................
Shift, Ctrl, and Caps Lock Keys ..........................................................................................
Default ANSI Mode Meanings of Keys ... ...... ......... ............................................ ................
Alphanumeric Keys ...........................................................................................................
Numeric Pad Keys .............................................................................................................
Joydisk Keys ........ ...... ........................................................................................................
Function Keys ............ ............. ........... ... .......... ... ...... ......... ...... ..... ...... ... .......... ........... ..... ...
Special Function Keys .......................................................................................................

5-26
5-26
5-27

5-28
5-28
5-28
5-28
5-29

5-30
5-31
5-31
5-31
5-32

5-32
5-32
5-33
5-33
5-34
5-34

5-34
5-34
5-35
5-35
5-37

5-38
5-38
5-39

SECTION 6 ACCESSING SYSTEM RESOURCES
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 6-1
DEVICE DRIVERS ....... .......................................................................................................... 6-1
SCSI Peripherals .................................................................................................................... 6-1
Console Device .......... ............. ..... ................................ ..... ..................................................... 6-1
Communications Port ............................................................................................................ 6-2
Sound Generator .......... ............. ...................... ............................................................. .......... 6-2
Controlling the Sound Device ............................................................................................. 6-2
Idev/sound Operation and Commands ................................................................................. 6-2
Frequency Control ... .................... .... ............. ... ........ ..... ........ ... ...... ............. ............. ... ....... 6-3
Controlling Attenuation ..................................................................................................... 6-3
Controlling the Noise Generator .... ............. .................................................................... ... 6-4
Control Registers . .............................................................................................................. 6-5
Sound Examples .................................................................................................................... 6-6
Printer Port ................. .................. ...... ............... ..... ...... ............. ..... ...... ... ...... .... ........... ........ 6-10
Other Devices .. .......... ..... .......... ..... .... ............... ..... ........... ...... ..... .... ........... ...... ....... ......... ... 6-10
DISPLAY, MOUSE, AND KEYBOARD SUPPORT .......................................................... 6-11
Cursor and Mouse Tracking ..... ... ........... ............................................................. ............. ... 6-11
FLOATING POINT SUPPORT ............................................................................................ 6-11
Appendix A 4404 HARDWARE DEPENDENCIES
DISPLAY SUPPORT ............................................................................................................. A-I

Table of Contents-6

Display Panning ............ ....... ...... ........ ...... ...... .... ..... ...... ............. ......... ........... ......... ...... ....... .
MEMORY USE ......................................................................................................................
Overall Address Space ..........................................................................................................
Physical Memory ..................................................................................................................
Display Memory ...................................................................................................................
1/0 and ROM Memory Space ...............................................................................................
Processor Board I/O ..........................................................................................................
Peripheral Board I/O .........................................................................................................

A-I
A-3
A-3
A-3
A-3
A-3
A-4
A-4

Appendix B 4405 HARDWARE DEPENDENCIES
DISPLAY SUPPORT .............................................................................................................
Display Panning ....................................................................................................................
MEMORY USE ......................................................................................................................
Overall Address Space ..........................................................................................................
Physical Memory ..................................................................................................................
Display Memory ...................................................................................................................
1/0 and ROM Memory Space ...............................................................................................
Processor Board I/O ...........................................................................................................
Peripheral Board I/O ...................... "..................................................................................

B-1
B-1
B-3
B-3
B-3
B-3
B-3
B-4
B-4

Appendix C 4406 HARDWARE DEPENDENCIES
DISPLAY SUPPORT ..............................................................................................................
MEMORY USE .......................................................................................................................
Overall Address Space .......................................................... ......................................... ........
Physical Memory ...................................................................................................................
Display Memory ....................................................................................................................
1/0 and ROM Memory Space ................................................................................................
Processor Board I/O ...........................................................................................................
Peripheral Board I/O ..........................................................................................................

C-l
C-I
C-I
C-I
C-2
C-2
C-2
C-2

Figures
A-I. 640 X 480 Window Into 1024 X 1024 Bit-Map. .. .......................................................... A-2
B-1. 640 X 480 Window Into 1024 X 1024 Bit-Map. .. .......................................................... B-2

Examples
4-1..
4-2..
4-3..
4-4..
4-5..

.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.. .....................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................
.......................................................................................................................................

4-28
4-34
4-36
4-37
4-39

Tables
2-1 POSSIBLE INTERRUPTS ............................................................................................. 2-77
2-2 I/O Redirection ........... .......................... .... ............... ............. ..... ............... .... ..... ...... ... ... 2-126
2-3 SHELL EDITING KEYS AND FUNCfIONS ............................................................. 2-140
2-4 I/O Redirection ............................... ".... .... ............. ....... .... .... ........... ............... ... ........ ...... 2-144
2-5 shell COMMANDS ........................................................................................................ 2-145

Table of Contents-7

2-6 roSSIBLE TASK PRIORITIES ................................................................................... 2-148
3-1 System Utilities ....... ............. ........... ............. ........... ..... ...... ........... ........... ........... ......... ..... 3-1
3-2 Major Device Numbers ................................................................................................... 3-23
5-1 Parameter Meanings ........................................................................................................ 5-10
5-2 Valid Reset Mode Parameters ......................................................................................... 5-19
5-3 Character Set Selection ................................................................................................... 5-20
5-4 Set Mode Parameters ....................................................................................................... 5-23
5-5 Alternate Joydisk Meanings ............................................................................................ 5-27
5-6 Keypad Application Mode Key Meanings ...................................................................... 5-29
5-7 Mouse Button Reports ..................................................................................................... 5-30
5-8 ANSI Meanings of Alphanumeric Keys .......................................................................... 5-35
5-9 Applications Mode (TEKKPAM) Meanings of Keypad Keys ........................................ 5-37
5-10 ANSI Joydisk Key Meanings ........................................................................................ 5-38
5-11 ANSI Meanings of FUnction Keys ............................................................................... 5-38
5-12 ANSI Meanings of Special Function Keys ................................................................... 5-39
6-1 Frequency Selection (BYTE 1) ......................................................................................... 6-3
6-2 Frequencey Selection (BYTE 2) ....................................................................................... 6-3
6-3 Attenuation Control .......... .................. .......... ................ ................... ............. ..... ................ 6-4
6-4 Attenuation Byte Bit Assignments .................................................................................... 6-4
6-5 Noise Feedback Control .................................................................................................... 6-4
6-6 Noise Frequency Control ................................................................................................... 6-5
6-7 Noise-Control-Byte Bit Assignments ................................................................................ 6-5
6-8 Control Register Addresses ............................................................................................... 6-5

Table of Contents-8

~)ection

INTR~ODUCTION
ABOUT THIS MANU~~L
This manual is the primary user's and programmer's reference to the 4400 operating system and
hardware support. This manual contains summaries of the commands and utilities included with
your 4400 as standard software, and a summary of how to invoke and use each command. This
manual does not attempt to show you how to put commands together to perfonn a task; that
infonnation is covered in the 4400 User's Manual. The User's Manual also contains a complete
list of the other manuals available for thl~ 4400 series.
This manual has the following sections:
• User Commands
• System Utilities
• Text Editor
• Tenninal Emulation
In addition, the appendices contain information about the hardware of the 4400 series of products.

WHERE TO FIND INF'ORMATION
You have several important sources of information on the 4400:
• This manual, the 4400 Series Operating System Reference manual, contains the syntax and
details of commands and utilities. This manual also contains details about a text editor and
a remote terminal emulator.
• The 4400 Series Assembly Language Reference manual contains the details of the
assembler and linking loader.
• The 4400 Series C Language Refl~rence manual contains detail about the
language.

"c" programming

• The 4400 Users manual contains basic infonnation on system installation, startup,
installing software, and the other "how to put commands together" discussions. See the
index of the User's manual to find. how to perform particular tasks.
• The on-line "help" utility contains a brief description of the syntax of user commands.
• The Introduction to Smalltalk-80{tm) manual contains details and a short tutorial on the
Smalltalk-80 programming Iangu(llge.
• The reference manuals for the optional languages for the 4400 product family are also
available.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

1-1

INTRODUCTION

MANUAL SYNTAX CONVENTIONS
Throughout this manual, the 4400 User's Manual, and in the on-line help files, the following
syntax conventions apply:
1.

Words standing alone on the command line are keywords. They are the words recognized
by the system and should be typed exactly as shown.

Words enclosed by angle brackets ("<" and ">") enclose descriptions of variables that are
replaced with a specific argument. If an expression is enclosed only in angle brackets, it is
an essential part of the command line. For example, in the line:
addusr

you must specify the name of the user in place of the expression .
3.

Words or expressions surrounded by square brackets ("[" and "]") are optional. You may
omit these words or expressions if you wish.

If the word "list" appears as part of a term, that term consists of one or more elements of
the type described in the term, separated by spaces. For example:

consists of a series (one or more) of file names separated by spaces.
Invoke and use each command. This manual does not attempt to show you how to put commands
together to perform a task; that infonnation is covered in the 4400 User's Manual.

1-2

!3ection 2

USER COMMANDS
You can use the commands and utilitic!s in this section from any user account. Some options,
however, require special privileges. These options are mentioned in the detailed description of
each command or utility.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

2-1

USER COMMANDS

addpath
Add the specified directories to the search path of the shell. This is a shell command.

SYNTAX
addpath

DESCRIPTION
This addpath command, which is part of the shell program, adds the specified directories to the
search path of the shell. This is done by altering the shell environment variable PATH.

ARGUMENTS

list of directory names to add to the search path.

EXAMPLE
addpath fete

This example adds the directory tete to the shell search path, by adding the directory to the
environment variable PATH.

SEE ALSO
mount

3-30

Section 4

edit
INTRODUCTION
This section describes edit, the standard 4400 text editor, including how to call the editor, the
interface between the editor and the 4400 operating system, a description of each of the editor
commands (with examples), and an annotated list of the messages that the editor may issue.
edit is both content-oriented and line-oriented. Lines in the file being edited may be referenced
either by specifying a line number or by specifying some part of the content of the line. edit is
not a screen-oriented editor.

SYNTAX

CALLING THE EDITOR
Example:
edit

When the editor is called with no arguments, it issues a message that a new file is being created,
and then prompts for the information that is to be put into the file. When the editing session is
terminated (by the stop command, for example), the editor will prompt for the name of the file to
which to write the information. The user responds to this prompt by typing in the file name,
including a path name if necessary.
If an end-of-file signal is typed in response to the prompt for a file name, all information is
discarded and the editing session is terminated. (See the discussion Operating System I nteiface
later in this section for more information on the end-of-file signal.)

Calling the Editor with a File Name
Example:
edit test

If only one file name is given as an argument, the editor assumes that this is the file or the name
of the file that is being edited.
If the file does not exist, a new file having the specified name is created. A message stating that
fact is issued, and the editor then prompts for the information to be stored in the file. When the
editing session is terminated, the information is written to the file.

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4-1

edit

If the file already exists, the information in it is read into an edit buffer and a prompt for an editor
command is issued. When the editing session is terminated, the file will contain the revised
information. The information as it was before the editor was called is preserved in a backup file
(unless the b option was specified, as described later on). The name of the backup file is
normally the name of the original file with the characters .bak appended to the end of it. If the
original name is too long to accommodate the additional four characters, the name is truncated
and the .bak appended to the shortened name.

Calling the Editor with Two File Names
Example:

edit test newtest
When the editor is called with two file names, the first file name is assumed to be the name of the
file containing the information to be edited, and the second name is that of the file that is to
receive the revised information. Both file names may contain path names if necessary to
adequately describe their locations. If a path name is specified for the first file name, it is not
propagated to the second file name.
In the example, the file test is assumed to contain the information which is to be edited, and the
file newtest is going to contain the edited information. If the first file does not exist, the editor
writes a message indicating that the edit file does not exist, and then terminates the edit session.
If the second file already exists, a prompt is issued asking for permission to delete the existing
file. (This prompt may be avoided with the y option, described below.) If an end-of-file signal is
typed in response to this prompt, it is assumed that the file is not to be deleted, and the editing
session is immediately terminated with no changes having been made.

Options
Options are specified to the editor by specifying an argument whose flfSt character is a plus sign
(+). The plus sign is immediately followed by one or more lowercase letters indicating the option
or options selected. The options may be before, after, or intermixed with file name arguments.
b

Do not create a backup file, by appending .bak to the source file.

Do not initially read the file being edited. This option is meaningful only if an
existing file is being edited. Normally, the editor reads the file into memory so that
the information may be manipulated with editor directives. By specifying n as an
option, the information is not initially read into memory. The user may then use
editor directives to enter new information, either from the terminal or by reading
other files, which will appear in front of the information in the file being edited. The
new command must be used to start the reading of the edit file.
This option is most useful if a large amount of information is to be entered in front of
the data being read from the file being edited. To insert only a small amount of
information at the front of a file, the insert command may be used.

4-2

OPERA TINO SYS1l!M REPEltENCE

edit

Delete any existing copy of the new file or the backup file. y causes the editor to
delete any existing copy of the backup file (if only one file name is specified) or the
new file (if two file names are specified), without asking permission from the user.

If the editor cannot recognize an argument as a valid option, it issues an error message and
continues to look for valid arguments.

Examples of calls including options:
edit test +b
edit test newtest +y
edit +nb test

OPERATING SYSTEM INTERFACE
The text editor follows the operating system conventions with regard to special characters and file
names. For a discussion of file names, see Section 1 of this manual. The special characters and
their effect on the editor are treated below.
Normally, the editor allows any character to be in a file, including control characters. There are
some characters, however, which have special meaning to the operating system and thus cannot
be typed in from the keyboard. The special characters with which the editor is concerned are:
• backspace character
• escape character
• line delete character
• horizontal tab character (control-i)
• control-d: keyboard signal for end-of-file
• control-c: keyboard interrupt
• control-\: quit signal

Backspace Character
The backspace character (Back Space on the keyboard) is used when entering commands and data
to erase the last character typed.

Escape Character
The ASCII escape character (Esc on the 4400 keyboard) is used to temporarily stop and resuming
the printing of information at the terminal. A more detailed description of the function of the
escape character is described in the documentation of the 4400 Operating System. Here, it
suffices to say that it is not possible to enter the escape character into a file using the editor.

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4-3

edit

Line Delete Character
The line delete character is used when entering commands and data to delete the line currently
being typed.

Horizontal Tab Character
This character (Tab from the 4400 keyboard) refers to the ASCII horizontal tab character (HT), a
hexadecimal 09. This is not the same as the tab character that can be defined within the editor.
The editor itself is not concerned with the HT character, but the operating system may perform
special handling when this character is typed or displayed. The editor treats the HT character as a
single character, regardless of how the 4400 displays it.

Control-D: Keyboard Signal for End-of-File
The editor treats a control-d as an end-ol-file. The action taken by the editor depends on what the
editor was expecting as input. A control-d typed in the middle of a command has the same effect
as a line delete character. If the control-d is typed as the first character in response to a request
for a command (that is, in response to the # prompt), it is treated as a stop command. A control-d
typed while inserting lines has the same effect as typing the line delete character followed by the
line number character and a carriage return. That is, it cancels the current input line and the
editor requests an editor command.
The effect of typing control-d in response to specific prompts depends on the prompt that was
issued. Each such case is treated in the Editor Command discussions.

Control-C: Keyboard Interrupt
The editor traps the control-c keyboard interrupt and uses it as a signal to stop executing an
append, cchange, change, find, or print command. It has no effect on other commands. If the
editor is executing multiple commands typed on a single line, typing a control-c will cause the
editor to stop processing those commands and request a command from the keyboard.

Control-\: Quit Signal
The quit signal causes the editor to terminate immediately, without making any attempt to save
the edited information. If an existing file was being edited when the quit signal was typed, the
original file is left intact without any of the changes that had been made during the edit session.

4-4

OPI!R.ATlNO SYS'TEM REFERENCE

edit

THE EDITOR'S USE OF DISK FILES
The standard 4400 text editor is a disk-oriented editor: the information being edited is read from
and written to disk files. Other than the user's terminal, the only way to provide information to
the editor is through disk files. When the editor is called to edit an existing file, the information
in that file is read into a large buffer in memory called the edit buffer. It is in this buffer that all
of the changes to the information take place. When the user is satisfied with the changes made,
the updated information is written to a disk file in response to specific commands. If a file is
larger than will fit in the edit buffer, the file must be processed in segments.
With few exceptions, the editing commands operate only on data that is in the edit buffer.
Commands are provided which permit the user to flush the edit buffer of updated information and
read in the next segment of data for editing. How the editor manipulates disk files depends on
whether it is creating a new file or editing an existing file. In some cases, a temporary file is
created to hold the updated information. If used, this temporary file is named edit followed by a
period,S digits, and a single letter; for example, edit.00324a. Unless the editor is terminated by a
quit signal or a fatal system error, the temporary file is destroyed at the end of the edit session.

Creating a New File
When the editor is called with a single file name and that file does not already exist, the editor
will create the file at the start of the edit session and write directly into it as the edit session
progresses.
When the editor is called with no file names specified, a temporary file in the user's current
directory is created and the information is written to it as the edit session progresses.
At the end of the edit session, this temporary file is given the name specified in response to the
File name? prompt.

Editing an Existing File
When the editor is called with a single file name, and that file already exists, a temporary file is
created and the information is written to it as the edit session progresses. The temporary file is
created in the same directory in which the file being edited resides. At the end of the edit session,
the original file is renamed to the backup file name, and the temporary file is given the name of
the original file. If no backup file is requested (by specifying a b option), the original file is
destroyed and the temporary file is given the name of the original file.
When the editor is called with two file names specified, the second file is created and the updated
information is written directly into it. The original file is not changed.

THE TEXT EDITOR

OPERATINO SYSTEM REPERf!NCH

4-5

edit

Command Input From a File
It is possible to use 110 redirection to have the editor read its commands from a file instead of
from the keyboard. The editor will process the commands as though they were entered from the
terminal"s keyboard. If the end of the command file is reached before a stop or abort command is
read, the action is the same as though a control-d were typed from the keyboard. (See the
discussion of control-d earlier in this section.)

Fatal Errors
The text editor attempts to make an intelligent decision when confronted with an error response
to an operating system call. However, if an error is received which is unexpected and indicates
that the editor cannot continue to function, it will issue a message and terminate immediately.
The various messages, both fatal and nonfatal, are listed under the heading Editor Messages later
in this section.

EDITOR COMMANDS
Using Strings
Several editor commands use character strings as arguments. These arguments are either
matched against strings in the text, or replace a string in the text. A string argument begins after
a delimiter character and continues as a sequence of any characters until the delimiter is again
encountered. The delimiters are not considered part of the string to be used in the matching or
replacement operations.
Although the delimiters in the following descriptions are frequently represented as slashes, I,
nearly any non-blank, non-alphanumeric character may be used as the delimiter such as: * I ( ) $ ,
. [ ] : "etc. Note that the following characters may not be used to enclose strings unless they are
preceded by either a plus (+) or minus (-) sign: (denotes first line of file), ! (denotes last line of
file), - (denotes target is above current line), and the character denoted by lino (normally a pound
sign), which is used to indicate line numbers. The equals sign = may not be used as a string
delimiter.
A

The delimiter character is redefined in each new request by its appearance before a string. If two
strings exist in one command (as in the change command), the same delimiter character must be
used for each string.

4-6

OPERATINO SYSTEM REPF.RENCE.

edit

All editor commands use the information preceding the command to position the pointer
prior to any command action. The parameter may of course be null, meaning leave the
pointer at its current position. All of the following are valid designators:
Any number

The specific line number

The nth subsequent line

-n

The nth previous line

The next line in the file containing the indicated string of characters

-/ /

A previous line containing the indicated string
The first line of the file
The last line of the file

null

The current line

Line numbers less than 1.00 must be specified with a leading zero. For example, even though the
editor may display a line number as .10, it should be specified as 0.10 when used in commands.
The maximum line number is 65535.99. Inserting after this maximum line number will cause the
line numbers to wrap around back to zero.
Many editor commands require information. This tells the editor to operate on the
current line and all other lines in the file up to the line referenced by the . In cases where
a is required, leaving it null will make the default to one, and only the current
line will be affected. All of the following are valid designators:
an integer n

n lines should be affected by the edit operation

The line number of the last line to be affected. The # is actually the tino
character and may be changed by the user with the set command.

The next line in the file containing the specified character string.

-/1

The previous line containing the indicated string
All lines up to the top of the file
All tines to the bottom or last line of the file

+or- n

Indicates that n lines should be affected and in which direction from the
current line

(null)

Defaults to 1 and only the current line is affected

As we have seen, is used to specify a range of lines to which the command will apply.
The command will be applied to each line, starting with the line specified by and
continuing until the target is reached.

mE TEXT EDITOR

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4-7

edit

If a string is specified, the command will apply to successive lines of text until a line
containing the string is reached. Processing proceeds downward in the edit buffer unless the
target is preceded by a - (minus sign), indicating that processing is to proceed upward (toward the
first line) in the edit buffer. Targets may also be preceded by a plus sign (indicating downward
movement). If a line number target is specified, processing begins at and proceeds toward
the target line number. Some examples of s are:
2

+10
-3
ISTRING/
+ISTRING T ARGETI
-/BACKW ARD DISPLACEMENT TO A STRINGI

+*ANY DELIMITER WILL WORK FOR STRING*
++EVEN PLUS SIGNS CAN WORK+
#23.00

Specifying a Column Number
Any l1 descriptor may be postfixed with a column number immediately after the second
delimiter to indicate that the preceding string must begin in the column specified. If the column
specified is not in the range of the zone in effect, the request will be ignored. (See the zone
command.) Some examples are:
fIDENT/ll
fPROGRAMJ77

*LABEL*2
$COMMENT$30

Using the Don't-Care Character
A Don't-Care Character may be set to allow indiscriminate matches of pans of a string. When
this character is placed in a string, any character in the file will automatically match. The Don'tCare Character will have its special meaning only in a string being used to search the file. In
other words, the Don't-Care Character will not act as such in a replacement string such as the
second string of a change command. The Don't-Care Character may be effectively disabled by
setting it to a null. Assuming we have previously set the Don't-Care Character to a ?, here are
some examples:

4-8

fA???/

Matches any 4-letter string beginning with A

@O311?/78@

Matches all days in the 3rd month of 1978

11??/9

Matches any 3-letter string starting in column 9

OPERATlNO SYSTEM RFJ2ERENCE

edit

The Command Repeat Character
The command repeat character, control-r, repeats the last command in the input buffer. Some
examples of commands which may be useful to repeat are:
PRINT 15

To print a screen of lines at a time

Allows you to single step through the file with one key

"CO!!

To quickly fill the workspace

FIND/SOME STRING/ If the first string found is not the one desired

Using the EOL Character
The editor supports an eol or End Of Line character to allow multiple commands in a single Jine.
There are some commands that cannot be followed by another command on the same line. This
fact is documented in the descriptions of those commands. The eol character may be changed by
using the editor's set command. An example of eol use (with eol set to $) is:
"D2$P1 O$T
This sequence will delete the first 2 lines of the file, then print the next 10 lines, and finally return
the pointer to the top of the file.

USing Tabs
You may specify a tab character and up to 20 tab stops. The tab character may then be inserted
into a line, where it will be replaced by the appropriate number of fill characters when the end of
the line is received. The fill character defaults to a space, but may be changed to another
character with the editor's set command. If tab stops or the tab character have not been
previously set, but some character has been used throughout the file as a tab, it can still be
expanded by setting it to be the tab character, setting up your tab stops and then using the expand
command on the file.
Note that if the tab character has been set, subsequent uses of the insert or replace commands will
cause automatic tab expansion. However if a tab character is added to the file by the use of a
change, append, or overlay command, that character will remain intact in the file until the expand
command is invoked on the line containing that tab character.

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4-9

edit

After tabs are expanded, the tab character no longer exists in the data. All occurrences will have
been replaced by the appropriate number of fill characters. Setting the tab character to be the
same as the fill character effectively disables the tab feature. Note the the tab character described
above is distinct from the ASCII horizontal tab character (HT or control-i). The effect of the HT
character is described in the Operating System Interface discussion earlier in this section. It is
possible to set the editor tab character to the HT character. If this is done, the operating system
may take special action when the HT character is typed, but the character will be replaced by fill
characters when it is put into the edit buffer.

Length of Text Lines
Lines entered from the keyboard are limited to 255 characters. The lines in the text file may be
of any length. Lines longer than 255 characters may be created with the merge and append
commands.

Commands
There are five groups of editor commands: environment commands, system commands, current
line movers, edit commands, and disk commands. A complete description of all commands in
each group is given below. In the following descriptions, quantities enclosed in square brackets
([ ... ]) are optional and may be omitted. A backslash ( \ ) is used to separate options. Many
commands have abbreviations. Both the full name of the command and its abbreviation are
given. A command and its abbreviation may be used interchangeably. All commands below are
in lower case; however, in use, a command may be in either upper case or lower case.

4-10

OPERATINO SYSTEM REFERENCE

edit

ENVIRONMENT COMMANDS
dk1
Syntax
dkI

Description
dkl is used to define one of two command constants, which can be executed at any time by the kl
command. The is a single command or several commands separated by the
eol character (see set command). All of the command line, including the carriage return is
assumed to be the argument to the dkl command. The dkl command is most useful for
remembering and re-executing a frequently used sequence of commands.

Example
dId f -I.nl/l$i/.sp

Define a command sequence off -I .nil1 followed by iI.sp. This
assumes that eol is $. This sequence may be executed by typing
kl.

dk2
Syntax
dk2

Description
dk2 is used to define one of two command constants, which can be executed at any time by the k2
command. The is a single command or several commands separated by the
eol character (see set command). All of the command line, including the carriage return is
assumed to be the argument to the dk2 command. The dk2 command is most useful for
remembering and re-executing a frequently used sequence of commands.

Example
dk2 c Isample/! 1 2

TIlE TEXT EDITOR

Define the command constant: c /sample// 1 2. This command
may be executed by typing k2.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

4-11

edit

esave
Syntax
esave []

Description
The esave command saves the current editor environment on an editor configuration disk file
named .editconfigure in the user's directory. The editor environment consists of the header
column count; the numbers and verify flags; current tab stops; the tab, dcc, fill, eol, and lino
characters; the commands saved as command constants kl and k2; and the search zones in effect.
When the editor is called, the environment is automatically set from the configuration file in the
user's directory, if one exists. The editor environment may also be reset from the configuration
file at any time during the edit session by the eset command, described below.
The environment information may be saved in a directory other than the user's current directory
by specifying a path name as an argument to the esave command. This path must include only
directory names and must be terminated by the pathname separator I.

Example

4-12

esave

Save the current editor environment on the file

esave Iddel

Save the current editor environment infile Iddel.editconfigure.

OPERATINO SYS'T'EM RPJIERENCE

edit

eset
Syntax
eset []

Description
The eset command is used to reset the editor environment from an editor configuration file
created by the esave command (see above). The configuration file is named .editconfigure and is
nonnally expected to be found in the user's current directory. A path name may be specified as
an argument to the eset command to force the searching of a different directory. This path must
include only directory names and must be terminated by the pathname separator I.

Example
eset

Reset the editor environment from the file

eset Iddel

Reset the editor environmentfromfile Iddel.editconfigure.

header
Syntax
header []
h []

Description
A header line of columns will be displayed. The heading consists of a line showing the
column numbers by tens, followed by a line of the fonn 123456789012 ... to indicate the
column number. Columns for which tab stops are set will contain a hyphen instead of the nonnal
digit. If a column count is given, it becomes the default so that if just "h is subsequently typed,
that number of columns will be printed.

Example
header 72

Display column number headings for 72 columns

h30

Display column numbers for 30 columns

THE TEXT EDITOR

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCB

4-13

edit

k1
Syntax
kl

Description
Execute the command constant that was defined by dJd. If no command constant was defined,
the current line is printed. This command may not be followed by another command on the same
line.

Example
kl

Execute the command constant.

k2
Syntax
k2

Description
Execute the command constant that was defined by dk2. If no command constant was defined,
the current line is printed. This command may not be followed by another command on the same
line.

Example
k2

4-14

Execute the command constant.

OPERATINO SYSTEM Rl!PERENCE

edit

Ik1
Syntax
lkl

Description
Display the command constant that was defined by dkl. If no command constant was defined, a
blank line is printed.

Example
lkl

Display the command constant.

Ik2
Syntax
lk2

Description
Display the command constant that was defined by dk2. If no command constant was defined, a
blank line is printed.

Example
Ik2

mE TEXT EDITOR

Display the command constant.

OPERATINO SYSTEM REPl!R.ENC!!

4-15

edit

numbers
Syntax
numbers [off/on]
nu [off/on]

Description
The line number flag is turned off or on. If the flag is off, then line numbers will never be
printed. If neither off nor on is specified, then the flag will be toggled from its current state.

Example
numbers off

Turn line number printing off

nuon

Turn it back on

Toggle from on to off or from off to on

renumber
Syntax
renumber
ren

Description
The renumber command will renumber all of the lines in the current edit buffer. Lines in the
renumbered buffer will start with the line number of the first line in the buffer and will have an
increment of one. The current line does not change, although its number will probably have been
changed.

Example

4-16

renumber

Renumber the lines in the current edit buffer

ren

Renumber the lines in the current edit buffer

OPERATlNO SYS'mM REfERENCE

edit

set
Syntax
set

Description
set is used to define certain special characters or symbols. The s which may be set are:

tab

the tab character

fill

the tab fill character

dcc

the "don't care" character for string searches

eol

the end of line character which may be used to separate several
commands on a single line

tino

the line number flag character which is used to indicate that a target is a
specific line number

The default values are:

dcc, tab, and eol are null, fill is the space character, lino is #

The default values may be initialized from a configuration file in the user's directory. See the
esave command.

Example
set tab='j'

Set the tab character to a slash

set tab="

Disable tabbing by setting the tab character to a null

set fill=' ,

Set tab fill character to a blank

set eol='$'

Set the EOL character to $

set lino='@'

Set the line number flag to @

TIlE TEXT EDITOR

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4-17

edit

tab
Syntax
tab []

Description
Used to set the tab stops. All previous tab stops are cleared. If no columns are specified, then the
only action is to clear all tab settings. Any tab characters occurring beyond the last tab stop are
left in the text The maximum number of tab stops allowed is 20. Tab stops MUST be entered in
ascending order.

Example
tab 11,18,30

Set tab stops at columns 11, 18, and 30

tab

Clear all tab stops

verify
Syntax
verify [on/off]
v [on/off]

Description
The verify flag is turned on or off. The verify flag is used by the commands change and find (and
several others) to display their results. If neither on nor off is specified, then the flag will be
toggled from its current state.

Example

4-18

verify off

Tum verification off

von

Tum it back on

OPERATINO SYsmM REPERENCE

edit

zone
Syntax
zone [cl,c2]
z [cl,c2]

Description
zone is used to restrict all sub-string searches (find, change, s, etc.) to columns cl
through c2 inclusive. Any substrings beginning outside those columns will not be detected. If cl
and c2 are not specified, then the zones will be reset to their default values (columns 1 and 255).
A string which starts within the specified search zone and extends out
it will still match a
target

Example
zone 11,29

Restrict searches to columns 11 through 29

zone

Search columns 1 through 255

TIlE TEXT EDITOR

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

4-19

edit

SYSTEM COMMANDS
abort
Syntax
abort

Description
This command terminates the edit session without saving any of the changes made during that
session. The original file, if one exists, is left intact. When typed, this command will prompt
"Are you sure?". If a y is then typed, the edit session will be tenninated. Typing an n or end-offile signal will cause the editor to look for another command. Typing any other character will
cause the prompt to be issued again.

Example
abort

Abort the editing session.

edit
Syntax
edit
e

Description
The edit command causes the current editing session to be tenninated (as though a stop or log
command had been entered), and another editing session started. The are any
valid file names and editor options as described earlier in this section under the heading Calling
the Editor. This command may not be followed by another command on the same command line.
All changes to the editing environment made by Environment Commands remain in effect.

Example
edit test +b

4-20

Terminate the current editing session and start editing file test with
editor option b.

OPP.RATINO SYS'T'EM REfEJU!.NCE

edit

log
Syntax
log

Description
This command ends the editing session. The updated information is written to the new file, and,
if necessary, any unprocessed data from any existing file is copied to the new file. A backup file
is created if circumstances warrant it (see the Operating System Interface discussion earlier in
this section for more information on the editor's handling of disk files at the end of an editing
.

~~)

Example
log

stop
Syntax
stop
s

Description
Same as log.

Example
stop

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OPBRATlNO SYSTEM RP.PERENCB

4-21

edit

u
Syntax
U

Description
The u command pennits the execution of an operating system command. The specified
command is passed to the shell program for execution. The editor waits for the operating system
command to finish before prompting for another editor command. This command may not be
followed by another editor command on the same line. See the "x" system command.

Example
u list test

List the file test

u copy test testl

Copy the file test to test1

wait
Syntax
wait

Descri ption
The wait command is used to wait for the completion of a background task generated by the x
command (described below). This command cannot be used to wait for completion of a
background task that was not generated by the editor. The editor will not request a command
until the background task is completed or a keyboard interrupt (control-c) is typed. When the
background task terminates, a message is displayed specifying the task number and whether it
completed nonnally or abnonnally. In the event of abnonnal tennination, the response code or
interrupt code that caused the tennination is given.

Example
wait

4-22

Wait for the background task to complete

OPERATlNO SYSIEM R.EPER.ENCI!

edit

x
Syntax
x

Description
The x command is used to start a background task running. The·
which was specified as the argument is passed to the shell program for execution. The task
generated must run to completion before the editor will allow the generating of another such
background task. The wait command must be used to receive the termination status of a task
before the x command may be used again. This command may not be' followed by another
command on the same line. See the "uti system command.

Example
x copy test testl

TIlE TEXT EDITOR

Copy test to test1 as a background task. A wait command must
be used to determine the termination status of the task before
another background task can be generated.

OPERAnNO SYSTEM REfERENCE

4-23

edit

CURRENT LINE MOVERS
bottom
Syntax
bottom b

Description
Moves to the last line in the file and makes it the current line.

Example
bottom

Make the last line of the file the current line

find
Syntax
find []
f []

Description
Moves the current line pointer to the line specified by and makes it the current line. If
the verify flag is on (see verify), the line will be printed. If is specified (an
unsigned integer or an asterisk), the command will be repeated times. If
is an integer, it must not start in the first column following the second delimiter of
a string , as it would then appear to be a column specifier for that string. If no column is
to be specified, insert a space after the second delimiter and before the , as in the
second example given below. An asterisk means all occurrences of the will be found
until the bottom or top of the edit buffer is reached. If the target is not found, the current line
pointer will not be moved.

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OPI!RATINO SYSTEM RP.PP.RENCE

edit

Example
find Istring!

Find the next line containing the string string

f/three linesl3

Find the next three lines containing the three lines

f/all 'til bottoml*

Find all following occurrences of the indicated string

f-/programl7

Find all previous lines which have the word program staning in
column seven

next
Syntax
next [ []]
n [ []]

Description
The line specified by the target is made the current line. If the verify flag is on (see verify), the
line will be printed. If is specified, it must be an unsigned integer. It indicates
which occurrence of a line containing the target is to be made the current line. If the target is not
reached, the current line pointer will be positioned at the bottom of the edit buffer (or top of the
edit buffer for a negative
pos

Description
Searches forward through the file for an occurrence of and makes the line in which it
occurs the current line. If the target is not found in the current edit buffer, the edit buffer is
flushed and the next edit buffer is read from the file being edited. This process continues until
the target is located or the end of the file is detected. If the target cannot be located, the current
position is the first line in the last edit buffer.
The may not be a backwards target (preceded by a minus sign) and may not be an
integer indicating relative displacement. Only a string or a line number (preceded by the lino
character) are valid targets. Search zones are honored during the search for the target. A column
number is allowed after the target, but an occurrence specification is not permitted.

Example
position /stringl5

Position to the line containing the string string in column 5.

pos #1000

Position to line number 1000

top
Syntax
top
t

Description
The first line of the file becomes the current line.

Example
top

4-26

Make the first line of the file the current line

OP!RATINO SYS'TEM REPP.RENCE

edit

EDITING COMMANDS
append
Syntax
append // []
a // []

Description
Appends the specified after the last character of the current line (and to successive lines
until the target is reached).
If the string is postfixed with a column number, then the string is added beginning at the specified
column (rather than at the end of the line). Any characters previously in the line following the
specified column are oveIWritten.

Example
append 1.1

Append a period to the end of the current line

a *HELLO*

Append the word HEUO to the end of the current line and to
the end of the next line.

a/sequence/73 *END*7

Append the word sequence starting in column 73 of the current
line and successive lines until a line containing the characters
END beginning in column seven is found.

TIlE TEXT EDITOR

OPERATING SYSTEM REfERENCE

4-27

edit

break
Syntax
break

Description
The break command allows the splitting of a line into two lines. The current line is printed, then
a line of input is accepted from the tenninal (the break line). When the line is printed, all ASCII
HT characters will be displayed as spaces so that the tenninal cursor will not be artificially
advanced. The break line will be positioned directly beneath the line printed out.
In response to the Break--- prompt, type any characters to move the cursor until it is beneath the
character that is to be the first character of the second line. Then type a carriage return.
After the line is split, the second half of the broken line becomes the current line. If you type an
end-of-file signal in response to the Break--- prompt, the current line will not be changed. TIle
current line will also not be changed if the carriage return typed in the break line is beyond the
end of the current line.

Example

break

25.00 This is the current line.
Break--xxxxxxxxxxxx

The line will be broken at the
start of the word current.

Example 4-1 ••

4-28

edit

change
Syntax
change /// [ []]
c /// [ []]

Description
Replaces with . If is omitted, is deleted. If no
is specified, only the current line is affected. The slashes represent any non-blank delimiter
character.
specifies which occurrence of is to be replaced in each line. It is either
an unsigned integer or an asterisk (*) signifying that all occurrences of the substring
are to be replaced with . By default, only the first occurrence will be changed. Note
that if is specified, and if changes are to occur to the current line only, then the
target should be 1.

Example
change /this/thatl

Replace the first occurrence of this in the current line with that

c1A1B/I*

Change all occurrences of A in the current line to B

c /firstllastl! 0

Change the first occurrence of first last in the current line and
also in the nine following lines

c /new/old! /a targetl

Change the first occurrence of new to old in each line down
through the line containing the string a target

c ,a" -to *

Remove all as in the current line and in the nine preceding lines

c*Hello*

Delete the character string Hella from the current line

TIlE TEXT EDITOR

OPERATING SYSTEM REfERENCE

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edit

cchange
Syntax
cchange /// [ []]
cc /// [ []]

Description
cchange stands for Controlled Change. This command is exactly like the normal change
command except that you can interactively specify whether each line containing should
actually be changed or left as is. This allows you to step through the edit buffer and selectively
change certain strings. When a line containing is found, it is displayed at the terminal
and you receive a prompt, Change? Type a y to change the line. If you type an s or end-of-file
signal, the command will terminate. Other characters will cause a search for the next line
containing .

Example
cchange/ALPHAlOMEGAI!* Perform a Controlled Change on all occurrences of ALPHA
through the rest of the file
cc;a;z;-20 3

Perform a Controlled Change on the third occurrence of a in the
current and previous 19 lines

copy
Syntax
copy [ []]
co [ []]

Description
Copies the current line through and places the copied text after the . The default is 1, thereby placing a copy of the current line after the
next line. The default is 1, thereby copying only one line. After the command is
executed, the current line pointer will be set to the new position of the last line copied. Some
lines may be renumbered after a copy with no renumbering message issued.

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OPP.RATINO SYsmM RP..PER.ENCB

edit

Example
co #18

Put a copy of the current line after line 18

copy #3 4

Copy four lines beginning with the current line and place them
after line 3

co Icheckl +/range/

After the next line which has the string check, place a copy of
each line starting with the current line through the line
containing range

delete
Syntax
delete []
d []

Description
Deletes the current line (and successive lines until the target is reached). After the command is
executed, the current line will be the line following the last line deleted.

Example
delete 5

Delete five lines (the current line and the next four lines)

Delete the current line

d/STRINGI

Delete lines from the current line through the next line that contains the
string STRING

THE TEXT EDITOR

OPERATING SYSTEM R.EPE.RENCE

4-31

edit

expand
Syntax
expand []
exp []

Description
The current tab character is expanded within all1ines, beginning with the current line, continuing
down to and including the line specified by . Since tabs are nonnally expanded as lines
are inserted into the file, this command is primarily of use when one has forgotten to define a tab
character or has inserted a tab character with an append, overlay, or change command.

Example

4-32

expand 100

Expand 100 lines starting with the current line

exp

Expand the current line

OP!RAnNO SYSTEM REPERBNCB

edit

insert
Syntax

insert
i

Description
The editor will enter the input mode, prompting with line numbers (unless line numbers have
been disabled, with the numbers command) and insert the lines below the current line. The editor
remains in insert until you begin a line with the lino character or the end-of-file signal in column
one. The editor treats any characters following the lino character as an editor command. (If you
type the line delete character, the editor does not re-issue the prompt
If possible, the editor will number the inserted lines with an increment small enough to insert at
least 10 lines between the current line and the next line. The editor will renumber lines following
the inserted text if the inserted text line numbers overlap numbers already in the file. ( The
current line pointer is left at the last line inserted.)

You may insert lines at the top of the edit buffer by specifying a line number of zero.
This command may not be followed by another command on the same line.

Example
insert

Accept line input after the current line

Insert at the top of the edit buffer.

THE TEXT EDITOR

OPERATINa SYSfBM REFERENCE

4-33

edit

insert
Syntax
insert

Description
Inserts as a separate line below the current line of the file. Use a space as a separator
following the command name. The line inserted becomes the current line. The editor may
renumber text lines following the inserted text if the inserted line number overlaps line numbers
already in the file.
This command may not be followed by another command on the same line.

Example

I This below the current line of the file
insert everything after the first blank

Example 4-2..

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OPP.RATINO SYS'TEM REFERENCE

edit

merge
Syntax
merge

Description
Merges the current line and the line immediately following it into a single line. The merged line
becomes the current line.

Example
merge

Merge the current line and the next line into a single line.

move
Syntax
move [ []]
rno [ []]

Description
Moves the current line through so that they follow the line specified by
. The defaults for and are both 1, so
move without arguments interchanges the current line and the next line. After the command is
executed, the current line pointer will be set to the new position of the last line moved. Some
lines may be renumbered with no renumbering message issued.

Example
move 3

Move the current line down three lines

mo #1 /TARGET STRINGI Move the current line and all lines down thm the line
containing TARGET STRING after line 1
mo -/Program! 5

Move five lines (including the current line) up within the file so
that they follow a line containing the character string Program

mo #10 -5

Move the current line and the four previous lines below line
number 10

nIE TEXT EDITOR

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCB

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edit

overlay
Syntax
overlay «delimiter>]
o []

Description
This command prints the current line, then accepts a line of input (the overlay line). When the
line is printed, all ASCII HT characters will be displayed as spaces so that the terminal cursor
will not be artificially advanced. The overlay line will be positioned directly beneath the line
printed out. Each character of the overlay that is different from the character (which
defaults to a blank) will replace the corresponding character in the current line. The overlaid line
will be printed if verify is on. If the end-of-file signal is typed in response to the prompt for the
overlay line, the current line will not be changed.

Example

overlay
25.00=THIP IS THE CORRENT LONE.
Overlay
S
U
25.00-THIS IS THE CURRENT LINE.

Example 4-3 ••

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edit

overlay
Syntax
overlay
o

Description
This command is similar to the previous fonn of the overlay command with these differences: (1)
The current line is not printed. (2) The remainder of the command line (after the delimiter
character) is taken as the overlay text

Example

overlay--- AT-------------------- NUMBER.
25.00=THAT IS THE CURRENT LINE NUMBER.

Example 4-4••

print
Syntax
print []
p []

Description
Prints all lines from the current line through the line specified by . By default, only the
current line will be printed.

THE TEXT EDITOR

OPERATINO SYSTEM REFERENCE

4-37

edit

Example
p

Print the current line

print 5

Print 5 lines starting with the current line

p -10

Print the current line and the nine previous lines

print *string*

Print all lines down thru the next line containing string

p -/stringl

Print all lines up through the next previous line containing string

replace
Syntax
replace []
r []

Description
This command deletes from the current line through , then places the editor in input
mode, putting the new lines into the area vacated. It is not necessary to enter the same number of
lines as were deleted. The line numbers of the lines inserted will probably not be the same as
those deleted. The current line pointer will be positioned at the last line inserted. By default,
only the current line will be deleted. This command may not be followed by another command
on the same line.

Example
r

Replace the current line

replace 10

Replace 10 lines starting with the current line

4-38

rrARGET

STRINGI

Replace all lines from the current line through the line
containing TARGET STRING

OPERATlNO SYST'EM REPP.RENCE

edit

text
Syntax
-

Description
Replaces the current line with the text that follows the equal sign. The current line pointer is not
moved.

Example

-THIS IS REPLACEMENT TEXT.

Example 4-5••

null
Syntax
(null)

Description
The null command (i.e., just a carriage return) prints the current line.

TIlE TEXT EDITOR

OPERATINO SYSTEM REFERENCE

4-39

edit

DISK COMMANDS
flush
Syntax
flush

Description
The information above the current line in the edit buffer is written to the file containing the
updated data and then deleted from the edit buffer. Use this command to make room in the edit
buffer for large insertions.

Example
flush

Flush information above the current line to updated file.

200flush

Flush information above line 200 to the updated file.

new
Syntax
new

Description
The information above the current line in the edit buffer is written to the file containing the
updated data and then deleted from the edit buffer. The available space in the edit buffer is then
filled with data read from the file being edited. This command is used primarily to proceed to the
next segment of the file when modifications to the current edit buffer have been completed. If a
new file is being created, the new command is the same as the flush command.

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OPERATINO SYST'EM RP.PP.RENCE

edit

Example
new

Write the information above the current line to the updated file and read
more data from the file being edited.

new

Write the current edit buffer (except for the first line) to the updated file
and read the next segment from the file being edited into the edit buffer.

read
Syntax
read []

Description
Places the contents of the specified file after the current line. The last line of the information read
becomes the current line. If you omit the file name, the editor prompts you for it. If you type an
end-of-file signal in response to the prompt, no data is read. The file name may contain path
information if any is necessary to locate the file.
The entire contents of the file must fit into the remaining unused space in the edit buffer. If the
file being read will not fit into the edit buffer, the message Not enough room is issued and no data
is read.

Example
read Idde/data

Reads the information in the file Iddeldata and place it after the
current line.

100read moredata

Read the information in the file moredata and place it after line
100.

TIlE TEXT EDITOR

OPERATINO SYSTEM REFERENCE

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edit

write
Syntax
write []

Description
The editor prompts you for a file name, then writes the information from the current line through
to a file. If an end-of-file signal is typed in response to the prompt, no information is
written. If the file being written already exists, it is destroyed and a new file created. If no
is specified, only the current line is written.

Example

4-42

write /window/

Write the information from the current line through the line
containing the string window.

100write #200

Write lines 100 through 200, inclusive, to a scratch file.

OPERATINO SYSTEM REFERENCE

edit

EDITOR MESSAGES
A task is already running

The x command was used when there was already a task generated by a previous x command still
running. The wait command must be used to wait for the previous task to complete before
initiating another background task.
Attempting to merge onto last line of text

The merge command joins the specified line with the following line, and if the specified line is
the last line of the file, there is no line following the specified line to join with it.
Bottom of file reached

An informative message issued when the last line of the file is deleted.
Cannot create configuration file

A configuration file could not be created in the directory specified in the esave command (current
directory if no directory was mentioned). Usually this means that the directory specified could
not be found or you don"t have write permissions on that directory. Make sure the directory was
specified with a trailing "!" character.
Cannot create new file

The editor was called with two file names as arguments, but the second file could not be created.
This message is preceded by a message indicating which error was detected. This is a fatal error
and will cause an immediate exit from the editor. This message occurs only at the beginning of
an editing session.
Cannot create new backup file

The editor detected an error attempting to create a backup file. This message is preceded by a
message indicating which error was detected. The new backup file is not created and the editing
session continues.
Cannot create task

An error was detected when trying to generate a task with the u or x command. This message is
preceded by a message indicating which error was detected. The command is aborted and the
editor requests a new command.

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edit

Cannot create temporary file

The editor detected an error when trying to create the temporary file that holds the updated
information. This message is preceded by a message indicating which error was detected. This
message occurs only at the beginning of an editing session.
Cannot delete old backup file

At the end of an editing session, the editor attempts to create a backup file containing the
information as it was prior to the editing session. However, a file already exists with the backup
file name, and that file could not be deleted. This message is preceded by a message indicating
which error was detected. The new backup file is not created and the editing session continues.
Cannot open configuration file

The configuration file in the directory specified in an eset command could not be opened. This
usually means that there was no configuration file in the specified directory, or that the specified
directory could not be found, or that you do not have read permission for the configuration file.
Remember that the directory name must be specified with a trailing'/' character.
Cannot open edit file

The file that is being edited exists, but could not be opened. This message is preceded by a
message indicating which error was detected. This is a fatal error and will cause an immediate
exit from the editor. This message occurs only at the beginning of an editing session.
Cannot open new file

The editor was called with two file names as arguments, but could not open the second file to
determine if it already exists. This message is preceded by a message indicating which error was
detected. This is a fatal error and will cause an immediate exit from the editor. This message
occurs only at the beginning of an editing session.
Cannot read configuration file

The operating system reponed a media error while the editor was trying to read from the editor
configuration file.
Cannot read edit file

The operating system reported a media error while the editor was reading from the file whose
data is being edited.

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Cannot rename files
The editor detected an error trying to rename the files at the end of an editing session. This
message is preceded by a message indicating which error was detected. This is a fatal error and
will cause an immediate exit from the editor. The user should then search for the temporary file
used by the editor. This file will contain the updated information and should be copied to another
file for safe keeping.

Cannot write configuration file
The operating system reported a media error while the editor was writing configuration data to
the configuration file in the specified directory (current directory if the specification was
omitted).

Delete existing backup file?
At the end of an editing session, the editor attempts to create a backup file containing the
information as it was prior to the editing session. However, a file with the same name as the
backup file would have already exists. This message is a request for permission to delete the
existing file, replacing it with the new backup file. The prompt must be answered with a y, for
yes, or an n, for no. If y or the end-of-file signal is typed, the file is deleted and the new hackup
file is created. If n is typed, the file will not be deleted and no new backup file created. If none
of these are typed, the prompt is re-issued.

Delete existing copy of new file?
The editor was called with two file names as arguments. The second file already exists and must
be deleted before the editing session can continue. This message is a request for permission to
delete the file. The prompt must be answered with a y, for yes, or an n, for no. If y is typed, the
file is deleted and the editing session continues. If n or the end-of-file signal is typed, the file will
not be deleted and the editing session is terminated. If none of these are typed, the prompt is reissued.

Edit file does not exist
The editor was called with two filenames, but the first file, which contains the data to be edited,
could not be found. The editor will terminate immediately.

Empty text buffer
The text buffer is empty (contains no text) and the requested command could not be completed.

nIE TEXT EDITOR

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edit

Error attempting to open file

The file specified in a write command could not be opened for writing. This usually means that
the specified file could not be created because the path to the file was inaccessible, or the
permissions on the directory in which the file was to reside exclude the you from creating a file
there, or the file exists but the you do not have write permission for the file.
Error copying edit file

At the end of an editing session, any unread data on the file that is being edited is copied to the
new file being written. An error was detected during this copy process. This message is
preceded by a message indicating which error was detected. This is a fatal error and will cause an
immediate exit from the editor.
Error creating scratch file

The file specified in a write command could not be created. This message is preceded by a
message indicating which error was detected. The write command is aborted and the editor
requests a new command.
Error opening scratch file

The file specified in a read command could not be opened. This message is preceded by a
message indicating which error was detected The read command is aborted and the editor
requests a new command.
Error reading data file

The editor detected an error when trying to read from the file being edited or from a scratch file
with the read command. This message is preceded by a message indicating which error was
detected. The current command is aborted and the editor requests a new command; no data read
from the file is kept. If the file being read was the file being edited, you should use the abort
command to abandon the editing session since the file being read is no longer positioned
correctly.
Error waiting for task to complete

An error was detected when waiting for a task generated by the u or x command to complete.
This message is preceded by a message indicating which error was detected. The command is
aborted and the editor requests a new command.

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Error writing new file

The editor detected an error when trying to write the contents of the edit buffer to the file that
holds the updated information. This message is preceded by a message indicating which error
was detected. This is a fatal error and will cause an immediate exit from the editor. All changes
to information still in the edit buffer are lost.
File is a directory

An attempt was made to edit a directory, not a text file. This is a fatal error and causes an
immediate exit from the editor. This message occurs only at the beginning of an editing session.
File name?

This is the prompt used when the editor requests a file name. Commands that may request a file
name are read and write. The editor will also request a file name in response to the stop and log
commands if no file names were specified when the editor was called.
Input error
An error status was returned by the operating system in response to a request for input from the
standard input device. This is normally the terminal keyboard and should not generate any such
error. If the standard input has been redirected to a disk file, an error may be generated when
reading the disk for input characters. In either case, this is a fatal error and causes an immediate
exit from the editor. All changes to information still in the edit buffer are lost.

Line too long

The maximum size for a line being input to the editor is 255 characters. Lines in the file being
edited may be of any length, but those entered from the standard input device are limited to 255
characters.
Name too long

The file name entered in response to a File name: prompt is too long. The maximum size of a
file name, including the path specification, is 55 characters.
New file being created

This is an informative message indicating that there is no existing file of information to be edited
and that a new file is being created.

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edit

New file is the same as the old file

The editor was called with two file names as arguments, but both names point to the same file.
Either the file names are the same, or the two files have been linked with the link system call.
No child task exists

The wait command was used when no background task had been generated by the editor.
No lines deleted

An informative message indicating that the delete command was used but the target could not be
located, and you answered no to the prompt asking if the delete was to proceed.
No such line

A line number or target could not be found.
Not enough room

The file being read with the read command could not fit in the available space in the edit buffer.
None of the information read from the file is kept. You can use the flush command to try to make
room for the file. If that fails, the file being read should be split into smaller files that may be
read individually.
Not found

A target could not be found.
Output error

An error status was returned by the operating system in response to a request to send output to the
standard output device. This is normally the terminal display and should not generate any such
error. If the standard output has been redirected to a disk file, an error may be generated when
writing the data to the disk file. In either case, this is a fatal error and causes an immediate exit
from the editor. All changes to information still in the edit buffer are lost.
Positioning backwards is not allowed

The position command was called with a target that has a leading minus sign, indicating a
backward search.

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Relative positioning is not allowed

The position command was called with a target that is an unsigned integer, indicating a relative
displacement forward in the file.
Some lines renumbered

An insert, replace, or break command caused some lines in the file to be renumbered. Note that
the move and copy commands will cause renumbering without this message being issued.
Source overlaps destination

With the copy or move commands the target line was within the range of data being copied or
moved.
Syntax error

A syntax error was detected in a command. Check the Editor Commands part of this section for
correct editor command syntax.
Target not reached

Are you sure? The delete command was used but the target could not be located: If you want the
delete to proceed to the end of the edit buffer, answer this prompt with a y. Answering with an n
or the end·of-file signal will cause the delete to be aborted.
Task ttt: Abnormal Termination

Interrupt code: i The background task ttt generated by the x command was interrupted before it
could complete. The interrupt code returned by the task is indicated by i. This message is
returned only in response to the wait command.
Task ttt: Abnormal Termination

Termination response: xxx The background task ttt generated by the x command has completed
abnormally. The termination response returned by the task is indicated by.:ox. This message is
returned only in response to the wait command.
Task ttt initiated

Task number ttt has been started by the use of the x command.

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edit

Task ttt: Normal termination

The background task ttt generated by the x command has completed normally. This message is
returned only in response to the wait command.
Too many file names specified

More than two file names were specified as arguments to the editor. This is an informative
message only; the extra file names and any options specified after them are ignored.
Unable to open file

The file specified in a read command could not be found or could not be opened for reading
because of its permissions.
Unexpected error, edit session aborted

An error response that the editor is incapable of handling was received from a system call. The
editing session is terminated immediately.
Unknown option specified

An unrecognizable option was specified when the editor was called. This is an informative
message only; the unrecognizable option is ignored.
Write ends with an error

The operating system reported a media error while the editor was writing data to the file specified
in a write command.
zones OK?

A target could not be found and the search zones were not set to their default values. This is an
informative message asking you to check the zones because they may have been the reason that
the target could not be found. This message does not require a response from you.
?

The editor is not able to interpret the given command. Either the command could not be
recognized or the format of the command was undecipherable.

4-50

0f"l!RATINO SYST'EN REPER.ENCI!

Section 5

TERMINAL EMULATION
OVERVIEW
When working on the 4400 series you type on a keyboard and see messages displayed on a
screen, just as with any terminal. When using remote, the terminal emulator program, you can
think of the entire 4400 series as a terminal that is connected through an RS-232C line to a
remote host computer. When you are using the 4400 series as a stand-alone computer, you can
think of the keyboard and display as a local terminal connected to the 4400 processor.
The 4400 appears to both the host and to it's internal software as an ANSI X3.64 compatible
terminal with a few extensions that make it more compatible with other common ANSI X3.64
terminals.
The terminal emulator itself is a local terminal emulator which talks to the 4400 operating
system's console driver. In conjunction with a local communication utility called remote, the
local terminal emulator, console driver, and the driver for the communications port combine to
create a remote terminal emulator connected to the RS-232 hardware and device driver. This
makes the entire unit appear to an external host as a terminal.
This section contains a brief description of the appearance of the ANSI terminal emulator, a
discussion of the interface between the emulator and the operating system, information on its
default modes, and a description of how non-ASCII keys are handled. The section is concluded
by a list and short description of all the implemented ANSI commands.

Description
The terminal emulator supports a display of 32 lines of 80 characters per line, using 8 by 15 pixel
characters.

Compliance With ANSI and ISO Standards
The ANSI tenninal emulator complies with the following ANSI (American National Standards
Institute) and ISO (International Standards Organization) standards:
ANSI X3.4-1977,
American National Standard Code for Information Interchange. (This defines the ASCII
character set.)
ANSI X3.41-1974,
American National Standard Code Extension Techniques for Use With the 7 -Bit Coded Character
Set of American National Standard Code for Infonnation Interchange. (This defines ways to
extend the ASCII character set, including the exact way the SO and SI characters work to invoke
GO and G 1 character sets.)

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

5-1

TERMINAL EMULATION

ISO 2022,
Code Extension Techniques for use with the ISO 7-bit Coded Character Set. (This is the
international standard which corresponds to ANSI X3.41.)
ANSI X3.64-1979,
Additional Controls for Use With American Standard Code for Information Interchange. (This
defmes a variety of standard commands used for displaying text, editing the display of text, and
for other functions.)

Compatibility with the DEC VT-100
The ANSI terminal emulator is NOT intended to emulate the VT-l00. Some VT-I00 DECprivate features which are of use to host editors have been included, but other DEC-private
features have been omitted. Therefore, not all programs which run correctly with a VT-I00 will
run correctly with a 4400 series product.

Compatibility with Tektronix Terminals
The ANSI terminal emulator is also NOT intended to emulate any of the Tektronix 4100 Series
terminals. Many of the 4100 Series ANSI mode commands have been included, but some have
been intentionally omitted.

Interface to the Operating System
The interface to the 4400 series operating system is with the ttygedttyset system calls. These
system calls are used to examine or modify the programmable modes of the emulator. This
includes such things as autowrap on/off, screen normal/reverse, keypad application/numeric,
cursor key applicatiOn/numeric, LF/CR-LF, and tab locations.
The programmable modes of the emulator, mentioned above, all have default states which are
specified in the discussion on ANSI commands. These defaults can be overridden by sending
ANSI escape sequences to the terminal, or by using a ttyset system call (as in the termset utility).
The standard output of the non-ASCII keys on the keyboard (the function keys, the break-key, the
keypad keys, and the joydisk) is an ANSI escape sequence (see the discussion on non-ASCII
keys).

5-2

TERMINAL EMULATION

SUPPORTED ANSI COMMANDS
The following ANSI commands are supported on the 4400 terminal emulator:
NOTE
The ANSI (control sequence identifier) is the two character
sequence . In this discussion, it is represented as ESC [.

Acknowledge Character (#6)
Syntax Form:

(char #6)

Description:

This control function (CfRL-F) is a no-op.
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

Bell Character
Syntax Form:

(char #7)

Description:

Sounds the terminal's bell. (CfRL-G)
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action occurs and the ANSI command sequence processing
continues.

Backspace Character
Syntax Form:

(char #8)

Description:

The control function BS, (CfRL-H) moves the active position backward
by one character position. If the cursor is already at column 1, then BS
has no effect
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action occurs and the ANSI command sequence processing
continues.

Character (#24)
Syntax Form:

(Char #24)

Description:

If this control character (CfRL-X) is received during an ANSI command
sequence this control function will print a snoopy character and
resets the command parser to an initialized state.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

5-3

TERMINAL EMULATION

Cursor Backward Tab
Syntax Form:

ESC [ Z

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ Z

Description:

Moves the cursor backwards to a preceding tab stop on the current line.
A parameter value of one moves the cursor to the preceding tab stop. A
parameter value greater than one (n) moves the cursor to the nth
preceding tab stop on the current line. If there are less than n preceding
tab stops, the cursor moves to column 1 of the current line.
If the parameter is zero or omitted, it defaults to 1.

Cursor Horizontal Tab
Syntax Form:

ESC [ I

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ I

Description:

Moves the cursor forward to a succeeding tab stop on the current line.
A parameter value of one moves the cursor to the next tab stop_ A value
greater than one (n) moves the cursor to the nth next tab stop on the
current line. If there are less than n following tab stops, the cursor
moves to the rightmost column of the current line.
If the parameter is zero or omitted, it defaults to 1.

Cursor Position Report
Syntax Form:

ESC [ ; R

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ ; R

Description:

The message is sent from the terminal to the host in response to
a device status report command.
If the origin mode is relative, the coordinates reported are row, column
coordinates in the scrolling region. Row 1, column 1 means the upper
left comer of the region.
If the origin mode is absolute, the coordinates reported are row, column
coordinates of the screen. Row 1, column 1 means the upper left comer
of the screen.
If the is echoed back to the terminal, the terminal treats the echo
as a no-op.

5-4

TERMINAL EMULATION

Carriage Return Character
Syntax Form:

(char #13)

Description:

Moves the cursor to the first column in the current line. If carriage
return/line feed (CRlLF) mode is set, then a line feed action is also
performed.
If this control character (CTRL-M) is received during an ANSI
command sequence this control action occurs and the ANSI command
sequence processing continues.

Control Representation Mode
Syntax Form:

ESC [3horl

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ 3 set or reset

Description:

is a parameter of the and commands.
This command is commonly referred to as a "snoopy" mode.

Reset:

Normal operation. resets this mode.
NOTE

The implementation of this command in
the 4400 requires that not
be embedded with other
commands.
Set:

Snoopy mode. CRM is set , commands are not interpreted~
but rather the characters that make up the command are displayed.

Defaults:

Reset

Cursor Backward
Syntax Form:

ESC [ D

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ D

Description:

Moves the cursor backward by the specified number of columns. The
cursor stops at column 1.
If the numeric parameter is 0 or is omitted, it defaults to 1.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

5-5

TERMINAL EMULATION

Cursor Down
Syntax Form:

ESC [ B

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ B

Descri ption:

Moves the cursor downward by the specified number of rows.
Margins Set Inside Screen Boundaries (Le., Top Margin >1 or Bottom
Margin <32)
If origin mode is absolute, the cursor moves with respect to the screen.
If the cursor is on the last row of the screen or
on the Bottom Margin, Cursor Down has no
effect.

If origin mode is relative, the cursor moves with respect to the area
bounded by Top and Bottom Margins. If the
cursor is on the Bottom Margin, Cursor Down
has no effect.
Margins Set To Screen Boundaries (Le., Top Margin =1 and Bottom
Margin =32)
The cursor moves with respect to the screen. If the cursor is on the last
row of the screen, Cursor Down has no effect.

If the numeric parameter is zero or is omitted, it defaults to one.

Cursor Forward
Syntax Form:

ESC [ C

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ C

Description:

Moves the cursor the specified number of columns to the right. The
cursor stops at the rightmost column.
If the numeric parameter is omitted, or is zero, it defaults to one.

Cursor Position
Syntax Form:

ESC [ <; > H

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ <; > H

Description:

Moves the cursor to a specified row and column. The cursor may stop at
Top Margin, Bottom Margin and the top and bottom of the screen,
depending on origin mode.
If a row or column coordinate is zero or is omitted, it defaults to one.

5-6

TERMINAL EMULATION

Cursor Up
Syntax Form:

ESC [ A

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ A

Description:

This command is completely analogous to , except that the
cursor moves upward instead of downward.

Device Attributes
Syntax Form:

ESC [ c

Description:

A device sends this command with a parameter of 0 to the terminal
asking it to identify the type of VT100 terminal jt is. The 4400 sends
the command ESC [? 1 ; 0 c back to the device which says it is a VT100
with no options.
NOTE

The 4400 does support the following
features of the VT-JOO Advanced Video
Options (see < SGR»:
• Bold
• Underline
• Reverse video
If the device echoes this command back to the terminal, it is treated as a
no-oPe
If the parameter is omitted, it defaults to O.

Character (#17)
Syntax Form:

(Char #17)

Description:

If this control character (CTRL-Q) is received during an ANSI command
sequence this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues. However if flagging is set in the communications
system to DClIDC3 flagging; a flagging action will occur within the
communications system.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

5-7

TERMINAL EMULATION

Character (#18)
Syntax Form:

(Char #18)

Description:

This control function (CfRL-R) is a no-op.
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

Character (#19)
Syntax Form:

(Char #19)

Description:

This control function (CfRL-S) is a no-op.
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues. However if flagging is set in the communications
system to DC lIDC3 flagging; a flagging action will occur within the
communications system.

Character (#20)
Syntax Form:

(Char #20)

Description:

This control function (CfRL-T) is a no-op.
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

Delete Character
Syntax Form:

ESC [ P

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ P

Description:

Deletes the character at the cursor and possibly following characters
depending on the parameter value. Any characters to the right of the
deleted characters are moved left by the same number of character
positions; thus the gap is filled.
Only characters on the current line are affected by this command.
If the parameter is zero, or is omitted, it defaults to one.

5-8

TERMINAL EMULATION

Character (#127)
Syntax Form:

(Char #127)

Description:

This control function is a no-oPe
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

Delete Line
Syntax Form:

ESC [M

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ M

Description:

Deletes the current line and possibly succeeding lines, depending on the
parameter.
All following lines are shifted in a block toward the line containing the
cursor. The lines following the shifted portion are erased. The cursor
does not change position.
If split-screen scrolling is in effect, this command only affects lines in
the region that the cursor is currently in. (E.g., if the cursor is in the top
fixed region, only the lines in the top fixed region are affected.)
If the parameter is zero, or is omitted, it defaults to one.

Character (#16)
Syntax Form:

(Char #16)

Description:

This control function is a no-oPe
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

Disable Manual Input
Syntax Form:

Esc' (Char #27 and Char #96)

Description:

Locks the keyboard. This command is equivalent to ANSI .
(See also .)

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

5-9

TERMINAL EMULATION

Device Status Report
Syntax Fonn:

ESC [Ps n

Description:

This is a command from the host or a report from the tenninal. Table
5-1 shows the meaning of various parameters.

Table 5-1
Parameter Meanings
Parameter
U

5
6

Parameter Meanin2
Keport from 4400. Keady, no maltunctions detected.
Report from 4400. Malfunction - retry,
Command from host. Please report status (using a DSR control
sequence).
Command from host. Please report cursor position (using a cursor
position report), See command.

When the 4400 receives a DSR with a parameter value of 5, it always
sends back a DSR with a parameter value of 0 or 3. When the 4400
receives a DSR with a parameter of 6, it always sends back a CPR
report. When the 4400 receives a DSR with a parameter value of 0 or 3
(which could be the echo of a report it has sent to the host), it executes
the or command as a no-op.

Erase Character
Syntax Fonn:

ESC [ X

Descriptive Fonn:

ESC [ X

Descri ption:

Erases the character at the cursor, and possibly succeeding characters,
according to the parameter. The cursor location remains unchanged.
The effect of the command is not confined to the current line.
For example, if the cursor is in column 41, and an
command is issued, the character at the active position is erased along
with the next 39 characters on the current line and the first 5 characters
of the next line.

5-10

TERMINAL EMULATION

Erase in Display
Syntax Form:

ESC [ J

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ < 0 or 1 or 2 > J

o = from cursor to end of screen, inclusive
1 = from start of screen to cursor, inclusive
2 = entire screen.
Description:

Regardless of whether margins are set, the command erases with respect
to the screen. Therefore, text in the scrolling region and fixed regions
can be erased with the same command.
The cursor does not change position.
If the parameter is omitted, it defaults to O.

Erase in Line
Syntax Form:

ESC [ K

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ <0 or 1 or 2> K
0= from cursor to end of line, inclusive
1 = from start of line to cursor, inclusive
2 = entire line

Description:

Erases part or all of the current line, according to the parameter. The
cursor does not change position.
If parameter is omitted, it defaults to O.

Character (#25)
Syntax Form:

(Char #25)

Description:

This control function is a no-oPe
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

5-11

TERMINAL EMULATION

Enable Manual Input
Syntax Form:

Escb

Description:

Unlocks the keyboard. This command is equivalent to ANSI

Character (#5)
Syntax Form:

(Char #5)

Description:

This control function is a no-op.
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

Character (#4)
Syntax Form:

(Char #4)

Description:

This control function is a no-op.
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence,
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

Character (#27)
Syntax Form:

(Char #27)

Description:

This control function is the introduction character of an escape sequence
or control sequence for the ANSI command parser.
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence,
the ANSI command sequence parser processing is reinitialized.

Character (#23)
Syntax Form:

(Char #23)

Description:

This control function is a no-op.
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

5-12

TERMINAL EMULATION

Character (#3)
Syntax Form:

(Char #3)

Description:

This control function is a no-oPe
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

Form Feed Character
Syntax Form:

(char #12)

Description:

Erase the screen.

Character (#28)
Syntax Form:

(Char #28)

Description:

This control function is a no-oPe
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

Character (#29)
Syntax Form:

(Char #29)

Description:

This control function is a no-oPe
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

Horizontal Tab Character
Syntax Form:

(char #9)

Description:

Advances the cursor forward on the current line to the next horizontal
tab stop. If there are no horizontal tab stops to the right of the active
position, the cursor moves to the rightmost column.
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action occurs and the ANSI command sequence processing
continues.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

5-13

TERMINAL EMULATION

Horizontal Tab Set
Syntax Form:

ESCH

Description:

Sets a tab stop at the current cursor location.

Defaults:

Tab stops at columns 9, 17, 25, 33, 41, 49, 57, 65, and 73. Read from
setup file on installation.

Horizontal and Vertical Position
Syntax Form:

ESC [ <; > f

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ <; > f

Descri ption:

This command is identical to the , Cursor Position command.

Insert Character
Syntax Form:

ESC [@

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ @

Description:

Inserts the specified number, {n}, of erased character cells at the cursor
position. The character currently at the cursor position and all other
characters to the right of the cursor are shifted nn" columns to the right.
Characters shifted off the end of the line are lost. The cursor position
remains unchanged.
If the parameter is zero, or is omitted, it defaults to one.

Insert Line
Syntax Form:

ESC [ L

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ L

Description:

Inserts the specified number, {n}, of blank lines in place of the active
line.
The active line and all succeeding lines are shifted downwards. The last
"nn lines of the scroll are lost. The cursor position does not change.
If split-screen scrolling is in effect, this command only affects lines in
the region that the cursor is currently in. {E.g., if the cursor is in the
scroll able {non-fixed} region, only the lines in the scroll able region are
affected.}
If the parameter is zero or is omitted, it defaults to one.

5-14

TERMINAL EMULATION

Index
Syntax Form:

ESCD

Description:

Moves the active position down one line without affecting the character
position on the line.
If the cursor is at the bottom margin, but is not at the bottom of the
scroll, a scroll up function is performed. If the cursor is at the bottom
margin and is also at the bottom of the scroll, a blank line is added to the
bottom of the scroll and a scroll up is performed.
The cursor can index into the scrolling region from the top fixed region,
but cannot index into bottom fixed region. An index on the last line of
the bottom fixed region has no effect.

Insertion/Replacement Mode
Syntax Form:

ESC [4horl

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ 4 set or reset

Description:

is a parameter for the and commands.

Reset:

Normal operation. When a character is entered, it replaces any character
already at the active position.

Set:

Insert mode. As each character is entered, the text at the cursor position
and to its right is moved one character cell to the right and the cursor
advances to the next character cell. Any text which is shifted off the end
of the line is lost.

Defaults:

Reset

Keyboard Action Mode
Syntax Form:

ESC [ 2 h or I

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ 2 set or reset

Description:

A parameter for the and commands.

Reset:

Resetting KAM enables the keyboard and is equivalent to issuing
.

Set:

Setting KAM disables the keyboard and is equivalent to issuing .

Defaults:

Reset

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

5-15

TERMINAL EMULATION

Line Feed Character
Syntax Fonn:

(char #10)

Description:

If mode is reset, then has exactly the same effect as the
command; it advances the cursor to the same position on the
following line of text See the command description for details.
If mode is set, then has the same effect as ;
it advances the active position to the first character position on the
following line.
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action occurs and the ANSI command sequence processing
continues.

Line-Feed/New-Line Mode
Syntax Fonn:

ESC [ 20 h or I

Descriptive Fonn:

ESC [ 20 set or reset

Description:

A parameter for the and commands.

Reset:

(LF) is equivalent to ; goes down one line without changing
character position within the line.

Set:

(LF) is equivalent to (which is equivalent to (CR) Character (#21)
Syntax Fonn:

(Char #21)

Descri ption:

This control function is a no-op.
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

Next Line
Syntax Fonn:

ESCE

Descri ption:

Moves the cursor to the start of the next line. Has the same effect as
(CR) (or as (LF) when LNM is set}.

TERMINAL EMULATION

Character (#0)
Syntax Form:

(Char #0)

Description:

This control function is a no-op. If this control character is received
during an ANSI command sequence this control action is a no-op and
the ANSI command sequence processing continues.

Private Use 1
Syntax Form:

ESCQ

Description:

This two-character sequence is used to introduce a private ANSI control
sequence. It introduces all sequences which specify or request from
4400 reports on the state of the mouse buttons and the graphic cursor
position.

Syntax Form:

ESC # !O

Description:

This command sends a 4100 series terminal terminal-settings-report> to
the host on the status of the syntax mode. The form will always be the
following:
% ! 1
NOTE
The is an ASCII space character.
The ASCII Carriage Return
Character is the default 4100 series EOM
character.

Reverse Index
Syntax Form:

ESCM

Description:

Completely analogous to the IND (Index) command except that it moves
the cursor one line upward.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

5-17

TERMINAL EMULATION

Reset to Initial State
Syntax Form:

ESCc

Description:

Resets specified terminal attributes to their initial default states.
This command affects terminal attributes in the following way:
• Erases screen and moves cursor to home position.
• Resets InsertJReplace mode to Replace.
• Clears edit margins.
• Turns off the character graphic rendition.
• Selects the default GO and G 1 character sets.
• Shifts in the GO character set.
• Resets Auto-Repeat (TEKARM) mode:= true.
• Resets Auto-Wrap (TEKAWM) mode := true.
• Resets Screen mode (TEMSCNM) to normal.
• Sets Origin mode to relative.

Reset Mode
Syntax Form:

ESC [ I

Description:

Causes one or more modes to be reset, as specified by each selective
parameter in the parameter list Each mode to be reset is specified
by a separate parameter in the list. A mode is reset until set again by a
, Set Mode, control sequence.
If the first character in the parameter list is ?, then all subsequent
parameters, that consist of numeric digits only, are interpreted as if they
began with a ? character before those numeric digits. If the first
parameter consists ONLY of ?, then its only use is to provide an implicit
? at the start of each subsequent numeric-digits-only parameter in the
parameter list.

5-18

TERMINAL EMULATION

For example:
The control sequence: ESC [ ? 5 ; 8 I
is interpreted as if it were: ESC [ ? 5 ; ? 8 I
The control sequence: ESC [ ? ; 5 ; 81
is interpreted as if it were: ESC [ ? 5 ; ? 81
Table 5-2, Valid Reset Mode Parameters, summarizes the meaning of
the valid parameters.

Table 5-2
Valid Reset Mode Parameters
Parameter
2

3
4
12
20

71
75
76
77
78

Mode
KAM Keyboard-Actton-Mode.
CRM Control-Representation-Mode.
IRM Insertion-Replacement mode.
SRM SendlReceive mode.
LNM Line-FeedlNew-Line mode.
TEKCKM TEK private Cursor Key mode.
TEKSCNM TEK private Screen mode (normal)
TEKOM TEK private Origin Mode (viewport)
TEKAWM TEK private Auto-Wrap mode.
TEKARM TEK private Auto-Repeat mode.

Any parameters other than those specified here are recognized and
ignored.

Character (#30)
Syntax Form:

(Char #30)

Description:

This control function is a no-op.
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

5-19

TERMINAL EMULATION

Select Character Set
Syntax:

= or . = (ESC) (0 . = (ESC) 0)
. = (A)0r(B)0r(0)0r(l)0r(2)0r(3).

Description:

Designates a particular character set as the GO set or the G I set.
Table 5-3, Character Set Selection, summarizes the escape sequences
necessary to designate particular character sets.

Table 5-3
Character Set Selection
Escape Sequence
to Designate a
GO Set
ESC{A
ESC{8
ESC(O
ESC ( 1
ESC(2
ESC(3

Defaults:

Escape Sequence
to Designate a
GISet
ESC) A
ESC)B
ESC)O
ESC) 1
ESC) 2
ESC) 3

Rulings
(no-op)
(no-op)
Supplementary

On installation, the tenninal emulator automatically designates the U.S.
(ASCn) character set as its GO and G 1 character set.

Syntax Fonn:

ESC % !

Description:

This control function is a no-op.

5-20

Character Set
Being Designated
AsGOOrGl
(no-op)
U.S. (ASCII)

TERMINAL EMULATION

Select Graphic Rendition
Syntax Form:

ESC [ m

Parameters:

The Ps-list consists of zero or more Ps selective parameters, separated
by semicolons. Each parameter in the list specifies a graphic rendition
for subsequent characters.

Description:

Default rendition. On the 4400, default rendition is: No
underscore, nonnal boldness, standard (not reversed)
image. That is, the effect of any preceding ,
or command is canceled.

Bold or increased intensity: The 4400 represents this by
simulating a bold font (it paints each character twice,
shifted one pixel horizontally).

Underscore.

Negative (reverse) image: white characters on black
background.

Not bold. Cancels the effect of .

Not underlined. Cancels the effect of .

Positive image. Cancels the effect of .

Invokes the graphic rendition specified by the parameters in the Ps-list
parameter string. All following characters in the data stream are
displayed according to the parameter(s) until the next occurrence of an
command in the data stream.
On Tektronix terminals, each occurrence of the control function
causes only those graphic rendition aspects to be changed that are
specified by that . All other graphic rendition aspects remain
unchanged. (In other words, the GRAPHIC RENDITION
COMBINATION MODE of ISO 6429 is always set to CUMULATIVE
in Tektronix terminals.)

Defaults:

An omitted parameter in the defaults to zero. The state is that
of .

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

5-21

TERMINAL EMULATION

Shift In Character
Syntax Form:

(char #15)

Description:

Invokes the current GO character set.
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence,
the GO character is invoked and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

Defaults:

The GO set is invoked.

Set Mode
Syntax Form:

ESC [ h

Descri ption:

Causes one or more modes to be set, as specified by each selective
parameter in the parameter list. Each mode to be set is specified by
a separate parameter. A mode is set until reset by a (Reset Mode)
control sequence.
If the first character in the parameter list is ?, then all subsequent
parameters, that consist of numeric digits only, are interpreted as if they
began with a ? character before those numeric digits. If the first
parameter consists ONLY of ?, then its only use is to provide an implicit
? at the start of each subsequent numeric-digits-only parameter in the
parameter list.

For example:
The control sequence: ESC [ ? 5 ; 8 h
is interpreted as if it were: ESC [ ? 5 ; ? 8 h
The control sequence: ESC [? ; 5 ; 8 h
is interpreted as if it were: ESC [ ? 5 ; ? 8
Table 5-4, Set Mode Parameters, summarizes the meanings of the valid
parameters to the set mode command.

5-22

TERMINAL EMULATION

Table 5-4
Set Mode Parameters
Par
2
3
4
12

20
11
15
16
17
18

Mode
KAM Keyboard-ActIon-Mode
CRM Control-Representation-Mode.
IRM Insertion-Replacement Mode.
SRM Send/Receive Mode.
LNM Line-FeedlNew-Line Mode.
TEKCKM TEK private Cursor Key Mode.
TEKSCNM TEK private Screen Mode (Normal)
TEKOM TEK private Origin Mode (viewport)
TEKAWM TEK private auto-wrap mode.
TEKARM TEK private auto-repeat mode.

If no parameter is supplied, a parameter of zero is assumed. Any
parameters other than those specified here (including zero) are
recognized and ignored.

Shift Out Character
Syntax Form:

so = (char #14)

Description:

Invokes the G 1 character set. If this control character is received during
an ANSI command sequence, the G 1 character set is invoked and the
ANSI command sequence processing continues.

Defaults:

The GO set is invoked (default is SO state).

Character (#1)
Syntax Form:

(Char #1)

Description:

This control function (CfRL-A) is a no-op.
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

5-23

TERMINAL EMULATION

Space Character
Syntax Form:

(char #32)

Description:

SP functions as an ordinary graphic character. Spaces replace any
characters already in the locations where the spaces are typed.

Send/Receive Mode
Syntax Form:

ESC [ 1 2 h orl

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ 1 2 set or reset

Description:

, Send/Receive Mode, is not a command in its own right.
Rather, it is a parameter for the , Set Mode, and , Reset
Mode, commands.
Resetting SRM mode turns the tenninal's local echo on. (In the
standards documents, this is called monitor send/receive mode.)
Setting SRM mode turns the local echo off. (In the standards
documents, this is simultaneous send/receive mode.)

Defaults:

Reset

Character (#2)
Syntax Form:

(Char #2)

Description:

This control function is a no-op.
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

_{Character (#26)
Syntax Form:

(Char #26)

Description:

If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control function will print a SUB) character and reset the command
parser to an initialized state.

5-24

TERMINAL EMULATION

Character (#22)
Syntax Form:

(Char #22)

Description:

This control function is a no-oPe
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

Tabulation Clear
Syntax Form:

ESC [ g

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ <0 or 2 or 3> g

Description:

Clears one or more tab stops, according to the specified parameters.

Valid Parameters:

Clear the horizontal tab stop at the active position.

Clear all tab stops in the active line. (In the 4400 tab stop
mode is always reset, so has the same effect as
.)

Clear all horizontal tab stops.

If no parameter is supplied, a parameter of zero is assumed. If the
supplied parameter is not 0, 2 or 3, then command is ignored.

Auto-Repeat Mode
Syntax Form:

ESC [? 8 horl

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ ? 8 set or reset

Description:

A TEK private parameter for the and commands. If set,
all keyboard keys repeat when held depressed. If reset, none of the keys
repeat when held depressed.

Defaults:

Reset

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

5-25

TERMINAL EMULATION

Auto-Wrap Mode
Syntax Form:

ESC [? 7 h orl

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ ? 7 set or reset

Descri ption:

A TEK-private parameter for the and commands. When
set, the wrap-around fearure is enabled. When reset, it is disabled.
This mode determines what happens to the cursor after a character is
displayed in the rightmost column. Since a character is always
displayed at the current cursor location, this mode determines whether
text is overprinted in the rightmost column or whether it wraps around to
the next lines.
If Auto-Wrap mode is set, an index function is performed and the cursor
moves to column 1 of the next line. If Auto-Wrap mode is reset, the
cursor remains in the rightmost column.

Defaults:

Reset

Block Cursor Mode (Select Cursor)
Syntax Form:

ESC [ > 31 h or I

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ > 31 set or reset

Description:

A TEK private parameter for the and commands. If set,
the alpha cursor is represented by a "full character set" block cursor.
The character at the cursor position appears as a background color
character on a reversed character cell. If reset, the cursor is represented
by a bold underline.

Defaults:

Reset (Underscore)

Blinking Cursor Mode
Syntax Form:

ESC [> 32 horl

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ > 32 set or reset

Description:

A TEK private parameter for the and commands. If set,
the alpha cursor is displayed blinking. The character at the cursor
position alternates, at the blink rate, between its normal rendition and its
cursor position rendition. If reset, the cursor does not blink.

Defaults:

Set (Blinking)

5-26

TERMINAL EMULATION

Cursor Key Mode
Syntax Form:

ESC [? 1 horl

Descriptive Form:

ESC [ ? 1 set or reset

Description:

A TEK private parameter for the and commands. Provides
compatibility with programs designed for the DEC VT-100 terminal.
This mode is only effective when TEKKPAM is set.
The joydisk keys assume the alternate meanings shown in Table 5-5.

Table 5-5
Alternate Joydisk Meanings

Defaults:

JoydiskKey

TEKCKM Reset

TEKCKMSet

Up
Down
Right
Left

ESC LA

ESCOA

ESC[B
ESC[C
ESC[D

ESCOB
ESCOC
ESCOD

Reset

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

5-27

TERMINAL EMULATION

Graphic Cursor Position Report
Syntax Fonn:

ESC P S ESC \ e

Descriptive Fonn:

DCS S [optional position report] ST

Description:

This is a report string sent to the host in response to a
graphic cursor position request. The fonn which the optional position
report takes depends on the report types specified by a
report type selection, or if report types have not been specified, by the
default types defined there.
If cell coordinate reports have been specified, then Pnt and Pn2 contain
row and column values, respectively. If pixel coordinate reports have

been specified, then Pn 1 and Pn2 contain x and y screen coordinate
values, respectively.
If graphics cursor position reports have been disabled by specifying that
none be returned, then no parameters are returned for Pnt and Pn2.

Identify Terminal
Syntax Fonn:

ESCZ
This command, when sent from the host requests the terminal to identify
itself with a Device Attributes sequence. It has the same effect as a
command with no parameter or parameter of O.

Keypad Application Mode
Syntax Fonn:

ESC =

Description:

See , Keypad Numeric Mode

Keypad Numeric Mode
Syntax Fonn:

ESC>

Description:

The and commands set and reset the
terminal's Keypad Application Mode, respectively_ These commands are
provided for compatibility with applications programs designed for the
DEC VT100 tenninal.

Reset State (Keypad Numeric Mode)
In the reset state (Keypad Numeric Mode), the keypad keys and function
keys F9 to F12 assume the values shown in the reset state part of the
following table. For the keypad keys, these are the values labeled on the
keys, except that the ENTER key sends a character.

5-28

TERMINAL EMULATION

Set State (Keypad Application Mode)
In the set state (Keypad Application Mode), the keypad keys and
function keys F9 to F12 assume the alternate meanings shown in the set
state part of Table 5-6.

Table 5-6
Keypad Application Mode Key Meanings
Key

Meaning In Set State
Keypad Application Mode

bSCUp

1
2

3
4
5
6
7
8

ESCOq
ESCOr
ESC Os
ESCOt
ESCOu
ESCOv
ESCOw
ESCOx
ESCOy
ESCOm
ESC 01
ESC On
ESC OM
ESCOP
ESCOQ
ESCOR
ESC OS

0
I

ENTER

CR
ESCOP
ESCOQ
ESCOR
ESCOS

F9
FlO
Fll
F12

Defaults:

Meaning in Reset State
Keypad Numeric Mode

Reset (Keypad Numeric Mode)

Mouse Button and Graphic Cursor Position
Reporting
Syntax Fonn:
DCS (EscP)
Meta-State-Code
Mouse-Button-Number
Stroke-Info (up-down)
Optional-Position-Report
ST (Esc \)

Description:

There are three buttons on the mouse and there are different codes
output for each button on it's down-stroke and up-stroke.
Table 5-7 summarizes the Mouse Button Reports.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

5-29

TERMINAL EMULATION

Table 5-7
Mouse Button Reports
Button
DOWN
UP
Shifted-DOWN
Shifted-UP
Control-DOWN
Control-UP
Cntrl-Shifted-DOWN
Cntrl-Shifted-UP

Left
DeS Al DxST
DCSA 1 UxST
DCS B IDxST
DCSB 1 UxST
DCSC 1 DxST
DCSC 1 UxST
DCS 01 DxST
DCSD 1 UxST

Middle
OCS A2DxST
DCSA2 U xST
DCSB2DxST
DCSB2UxST
DCSC2DxST
DCSC2UxST
DCS 020 xST
DCSD2UxST

Ri!ht
Dl:SA3 DxST
DCSA3 UxST
DCSB3DxST
DCSB3 U xST
DCSC3DxST
DCSC3 U xST
DCSD3DxST
DCSD3 UxST

The x information is the optional report of the current graphic cursor
position, i.e. Pnl ; Pn2 of the Graphic Cursor Report. See
.

ANSI Terminal Emulator Mouse Button and Position Reporting
Each of the three buttons on the mouse reports a different code on its downstroke and its
upstroke. The mouse reports are ANSI standard DCS (Device Control String - Esc-P) reports.
The reports take the form:
DCS (Esc-P)

Lead-in to all mouse button reports

Meta-State-Code

A == unshifted, B
shift

Mouse-Button-Number

1 = left, 2 = middle, 3 = right

Stroke-Info (up-down)

D = down, U = up

Optional-Position-Report

Pn 1, Pn2 of the current position of the graphic cursor.

ST (ESC-\)

Terminator for mouse button and position reports.

shifted, C

control, and D

control-

For example, the report (32;80 is the position report of Row
32, Column 80 in Char. Cell coordinates) ) of the unshifted,
middle button, in the down state would be:

Des A 2 D 32;80 ST

5-30

TERMINAL EMULATION

Origin Mode
Syntax Form:

ESC [? 61 orh

Parameters:

1 - Reset (Absolute Mode)
h - Set (Relative Mode)

Description:

Margins Set To Screen Boundaries (that is, Top Margin = 1, and Bottom
Margin = 32)
Specifies Row 1, Column 1 of the screen as the origin. Moves the
cursor to the origin.
Margins Set Inside Screen Boundaries (Le., Top Margin > 1 or Bottom
Margin < 32)
If origin mode absolute is requested, specifies Row 1, Column 1 of the
screen as the origin. If origin mode relative is requested, specifies the
row corresponding to the Top Margin, Column 1 as the origin. In both
cases, it moves the cursor to the origin.

Defaults:

Reset

Restore Cursor
Syntax Form:

ESC 8

Description:

Restores the previously saved cursor position, graphic rendition,
character set and origin mode.
If no preceding command has been executed, then the
power-up graphic rendition, character set, and origin mode are restored
and the cursor is homed.

Request Terminal Parameters
Syntax Form:

ESC [ x

Description:

Request from the host for the terminal to send a sequence. This command is treated as a no-op in the 4400.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

5-31

TERMINAL EMULATION

Request Graphic Cursor Position Report
Syntax Form:

ESCQK

Descri ption:

This command requests the terminal to send a report to the host as
to the position of the graphics cursor. This report is a
report. The form of the report is as follows:
OCS (ESC P) S Pnl ; Pn2 ST (ESC-\)

Pnl contains:

The Row value if cell coordinates have been selected or the X value if
pixel coordinates are selected. no parameter will be returned if so
specified in the Select Graphic Cursor Report Type command.

Pn2 contains:

The Column value if cell coordinates have been selected or the Y value
if pixel coordinates are selected. no parameter will be returned if so
specified in the Select Graphic Cursor Report Type command.

Save Cursor
Syntax Form:

ESC 7

Description:

Saves the cursor position, graphic rendition, character set and origin
mode.

Screen Mode
Syntax Form:

ESC [? 5 lorh

Parameters:

I - Reset (Normal Mode - white on black)
h - Set (Reverse Mode - black on white)

Description:

This is a parameter for the and commands.
The reset state causes the screen to be black with white characters. The
set state causes the screen to be white with black characters.
There is no effect if the terminal is already in the requested mode.

Defaults:

5-32

Reset

TERMINAL EMULATION

Select Graphic Cursor Report Type
Syntax Form:

ESC Q <; <; Set Top and Bottom Margins
Syntax Form:

ESC [ <; <; Character (#31)
Syntax Form:

(Char #31)

Description:

This control function is a no-op.
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action is a no-op and the ANSI command sequence
processing continues.

Vertical Tab Character
Syntax Form:

(char #11)

Description:

VT has the same effect as (LF), linefeed.
If this control character is received during an ANSI command sequence
this control action occurs and the ANSI command sequence processing
continues.

KEYBOARD DETAILS
Shift, Ctrl, and Caps Lock Keys
The two SHIFT keys have identical functions. They and the CTRL key are used to access
alternate meanings for other keys.
Pressing CAPS LOCK turns on the led in the key and puts the keyboard in caps lock mode.
Pressing the key again turns the led off and removes the terminal from caps lock mode. While in
caps lock mode, each of the alphabetic keys has its uppercase meaning, regardless of whether a
SHIFf key is being held down. Caps lock mode affects only the alphabetic keys.

5-34

TERMINAL EMULATION

Default ANSI Mode Meanings of Keys
Alphanumeric Keys
Table 5-8 shows the ANSI mode meanings for the main part of the keyboard alphanumeric keys.

the

In this table, control characters are represented by the standard two-or three-letter abbreviations,
given in ANSI X3.4 and ISO 646. Special symbols are represented by the four-character codes
assigned to those symbols in ISO 6937.

Table 5-8
ANSI Meanings of Alphanumeric Keys
Key Name

Unshifted

2
3

5
6
7
8

9
0

#
$
%
A

Keyboard Row 1

Shifted

Control
ESC
1

*
(
)

5
6
7
8
9
0

#
$
%
A

*
(
)

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

#
$
%
A

*
(
)

US
+

]

+
}

]

RUB

DEL

J
DEL

DEL

+
}

CTRL-Shifted
ESC

}

5-35

TERMINAL EMULATION

Table 5-8 (cont.)
ANSI Meanings of Alphanumeric Keys
Key Name

Keyboard Row 2

Shifted

Unshifted

Control

CTRL-Shifted

t::SC

J::;~C

t::SC

ESC

I
DCI

DCI

E
R
T
Y
U
I
0
P

E
R
T
Y
U
I
0
P
,

w
e
r

ETB
ENQ
DC2

DC4

EM
NAK
HT
SI
OLE
FS
BS

u
i
0

p
\

ETB
ENQ

DC2
DC4
EM
NAK
lIT
SI
OLE
FS
BS
LF

Table 5-8 (cont.)
ANSI Meanings of Alphanumeric Keys
Key Name

Unshlfted
HT

A
S
0
F

Shifted
HT
A
S
0
F

H
J
K
L
;

H
J
K
L
:

g
h

RTN

TAB

Keyboard Row 3

5-36

a
s
d
f

Control
HT
SOH
DC3
EOT
ACK
BEL
BS

j
k
1
;

LF
VT

CfRL-Shlfted
HT
SOH
DC3
EOT
ACK
BEL
BS
LF
VT

;

:
"

TERMINAL EMUlATION

Table 5-8 (cont.)
ANSI Meanings of Alphanumeric Keys
Key Name

Shifted

Unshifted

Control

SUB

X
C

x
c

v
b

N
M

n
m

CAN
ETX
SYN
STX
SO
CR

<
>

Keyboard Row 4

Row 5 Keys -

CTRL-Shifted

Spacebar is space in all states.

Numeric Pad Keys
The numeric pad is located to the right of the main set of alphanumeric keys. The codes sent by
these keys are detennined by the state of the Keypad Numeric!Applications mode setting
(TEKKPNMlfEKKPAM). In Numeric mode, the meaning of the keys is that marked on the
keytops; in Applications mode, the numeric pad keys are defined to be a control sequence. Table
5-9 shows the Applications mode (TEKKPAM) ANSI meanings of these keys.

Table 5-9
Applications Mode (TEKKPAM) Meanings of Keypad Keys
Key

Shifted

Key Pad State
Unshffted
Control

~Up

,t;:sc Up

,t;:sCU p

1
2
3
4
5
6

ESCOq
ESCOr
ESCOs
ESCOt
ESCOu
ESCOv
ESCOw
ESCOx
ESCOy
ESCOm
ESCOI
ESCOn
ESCOM

ESCOq
ESC Or
ESCOs
ESCOt
ESCOu
ESCOv
ESC Ow
ESCOx
ESCOy
ESC Om
ESCOI
ESCOn
ESCOM

ESCOq
ESCOr
ESCOs
ESCOt
ESCOu
ESCOv
ESCOw
ESCOx
ESCOy
ESCOm
ESC 0 1
ESCOn
ESCOM

7
8
9

ENT

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

Ctrl-Shlfted
J!:SCU P
ESCOq
ESCOr
ESCOs
ESCOt
ESCOu
ESCOv
ESCOw
ESC 0 x
ESCOy
ESCOm
ESC 0 1
ESCOn
ESCOM

5-37

TERMINAL EMULATION

Joydisk Keys
The joydisk is located to the upper left of the main set of alphanumeric keys. The function of the
joydisk in ANSI mode is to act in the place of cursor keys. The codes sent by the joydisk are
affected by the Cursor Key mode in union with the Keypad Applications mode. The default
codes are sent unless both TEKKPAM and TEKCKM are set. Table 5-10 shows the ANSI mode
meanings of its keys.

Table 5-10
ANSI Joydisk Key Meanings
Position
Up
Down
Right
Left

Shifted
ESC[A
ESC[B
ESC[C
ESC[o

Default Mode
Unshifted
CTRL
ESC[A
ESC[A
ESC [B
ESC[B
ESC[C
ESC[C
ESC [0
ESC[o

CTRL-Shifted
ESC[A
ESC [ B
ESC[C
ESC[o

Shifted
ESCO!
ESC 0"
ESCO#
ESCO$

TEKPAM and TEKCKM Mode
Unshifted
CTRL-Shifted
CTRL
ESCOA
ESCOl
ESCOl
ESCOB
ESC02 ESC02
ESCOC
ESC03
ESC03
ESCOo
ESC04 ESC 04

Function Keys
The function keys FI-FI2 are grouped in three groups of four keys and are located in a row above
both the alphanumeric keys and the numeric key pad. Table 5-11 shows the ANSI mode
meanings of these keys.

Table 5-11
ANSI Meanings of FUnction Keys
Function Key
1"1
F2

F3
F4
F5
F6
F7

F8
F9
FlO
Fll
F12

5-38

State
Shifted

Unshlfted

Ctrl

ESCO%

ESCOE

ESC05

ESC 0&
ESCO'
ESCO(
ESC 0)
ESCO·
ESCO+
ESCO,L
ESCOP
ESCOQ
ESCOR
ESCOS

ESCOF
ESCOG
ESCOH
ESCOI
ESCOJ
ESCOK
ESCOL
ESCOP
ESCOQ
ESCOR
ESCOS

ESC06
ESC 07
ESC08
ESC09
ESCO:
ESCO;
ESCO<
ESCOP
ESCOQ
ESCOR
ESCOS

ESC06
ESC 0 7
ESC 0 8
ESC09
ESCO:
ESCO;
ESC 0 <
ESCOP
ESCOQ
ESCOR
ESCOS

Ctrl-Shlfted

TERMINAL EMULATION

Special Function Keys
There are only two special function keys on the 4400 keyboard. One is the up-arrow/ left-arrow
key in the upper left comer of the main key area, while the other is the BREAK key in the lower
right comer of the main key area. While most terminal emulators do not send a character
sequence when the BREAK key is pressed, this emulator does - under the assumption that the
communication program will recognize the sequence and perform the appropriate break signal.
Table 5-12 shows the default ANSI mode meaning of these keys.

Table 5-12
ANSI Meanings of Special Function Keys

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

5-39

Section 6

ACCESSING SYSTEM RESOURCE~
INTRODUCTION
You can access the 4400 series hardware directly, but in general, this tends to be cumbersome
and error-prone. The operating system has embedded within it device drivers, or software
routines that offer a uniform interface to the operating system. Most programs should interface
with the 4400 series hardware through these device drivers.
This section discusses the device drivers and system calls to the 4400 series hardware.

DEVICE DRIVERS
Device drivers are divided into two types: block-oriented and character-oriented. Block-oriented
devices include the disks and other peripherals on the SCSI bus. Character-oriented devices
include the console, the communications port, the sound generator, the printer port, the optional
network interface, and special devices for" raw" access to the block-oriented devices. Each of
these devices is identified by a file in the Idev directory.
The system calls ttyget and ttyset can be used with the console, communications port, sound, and
printer devices. Descriptions of the parameters to these calls are found in Section 4, System
Calls, of the 4400 Series Assembly Language Reference.

SCSI Peripherals
A SCSI bus gives access to the block-oriented devices. These devices include such things as
winchester disks, floppy disks, and (optional) streaming tape drives.
The ldev SCSI peripheral devices are:
• disk. The winchester disk with the system files.
• diskl .. diskn. Optional winchester disks.
• floppy. Floppy disk drive.
The standard 4400 series contains a single floppy disk (I dev/floppy) and a winchester disk mass
storage device (ldevldisk). Option 20 contains an additional 40 Megabyte winchester disk and a
streaming tape drive.
Device ldevldisk is the standard system device and is the default device from which to boot the
system. You must use the interactive boot procedure to boot from another device.

Console Device
The device Idevlconsole supports the 4400 display and keyboard. It is connected to a terminal
emulator that acts like an industry-standard terminal (described in Section 5 of this manual).
To read and write tenninal settings and other parameters of this device, use the ttyget and ttyset
system calls, or the conset utility.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

6-1

ACCESSING SYSTEM RESOURCES

Communications Port
The device /dev/comm supports the RS-232C host communications port. You can control the
baud rate, number of stop bits, parity, and XON/XOFF or DTR flow control. You can also cause
new input or completion of output to generate a signal, as well as read the number of characters
pending in the input and output queues.
The ttyget and ttyset system calls, and the commset utility allow you to read and write the
communications port parameters.

Sound Generator
The device /dev/sound is the 4400 sound generator. By sending a formatted byte stream to this
device (a TI 76496 sound generator chip), you can cause the 4400 to produce sounds.
This device is a write-only device. An attempt to read it will return an error. It is also an
exclusive-use device and may be opened by only one task at a time.
The ttyset and ttyget system calls can change operation settings and examine device status.

Controlling the Sound Device
/dev/sound expects a stream of bytes in the following form:

\n,e,e,e . . . e,t
or

\O,tempo
with the following values:

A single byte specifying the number of commands to follow.

A single byte binary command to the sound chip. (See the following discussion on
sound chip operation and commands.)

A byte value specifying the length of time to hold this set of commands. T is in units
of tempo set by the second format

tempo

A 16-bit (word) value of time with a unit value of 16.667 ms.

/dev/sound Operation and Commands
The sound chip contains three frequency generators, each coupled to a programmable attenuator.
It also contains a white-noise generator (a shift register with an exclusive-OR feedback network)
that contains a frequency control and programmable attenuator.

6-2

ACCESSING SYSTEM RESOURCES

Frequency Control
Changing the value in a frequency generator requires two command bytes. Byte 1 contains the
address information (which frequency generator to alter) and the low order 4 bits of the value to
store. Byte 2 contains the high order 6 bits to set the frequency. Thus, the two bytes contain a 3bit address and a 10-bit binary number to set the frequency to be generated.
The frequency is equal to the clocking rate of the chip (which is 3.15 MHz) divided by thirty-two
times the binary number that is stored in the frequency generator.
Table 6-1 shows the bit assignments in Byte 1 and Table 6-2 shows the bit assignments in byte 2.

Table 6-1
Frequency Selection (BYTE 1)
Bit
U

I
2
3
4

Tvne
I
R2
RI
RO
F3

FI
FO

Descrlntlon
This bit 18 always I
Register address bit 2
Register address bit I
Register address bit 0
Frequency data bit 3
Frequency data bit 2
Frequency data bit 1
Frequency data bit 0

Table 6-2
Frequencey Selection (BYTE 2)
Bit
0
I
2

3
4
5
6
7

Tvne
0
x

F9
F8
F7
F6
FS
F4

Descrlntlon
This bit IS always 0
Unused
Frequency data bit 9
Frequency data bit 8
Frequency data bit 7
Frequency data bit 6
Frequency data bit 5
Frequency data bit 4

Controlling Attenuation
You can control the attenuation on any frequency generator with a single command byte. This
byte contains a 3-bit field to select the attenuator and a 4-bit field to specify the amount of
attenuation. Four bits give you 16 possible attenuations. Table 6-3 shows the attenuation
settings and Table 6-4 shows the bit assignments for the attenuation control byte.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

6-3

ACCESSING SYSTEM RESOURCES

Table 6-3
Attenuation Control
A3
0

A2
0

0
0
0
1
I

0
0
1
0
I

0
I
0
0
I

I
0
0
0
I

Attenuation Wel2bt(dB)
ON (Full Volume)
2
4

16
Off

Table 6-4
Attenuation Byte Bit Assignments
Bit

Type

I
2
3
4
5
6
7

R2
Rl
RO
A3
A2

Al
AO

Description
Always 1
Register address bit 2
Register address bit I
Register address bit 0
Attenuation control bit 3
Attenuation control bit 2
Attenuation control bit I
Attenuation control bit 0

Controlling the Noise Generator
The noise generator consists of a noise source and an attenuator. You can control the type of
feedback in the exclusive-OR network, the shift rate, and the attenuator itself.
Table 6-5 shows how you control the feedback, Table 6-6 shows the shift-rate control, and Table
6-7 shows the bit assignments for the noise generator command byte.
Table 6-S
Noise Feedback Control

6-4

ACCESSING SYSTEM RESOURCES

Table 6-6
Noise Frequency Control
Shift Rate

NFl

NFO

0
0

49218

1
1

24609
12304
Tone generator 3 output

Table 6·'
Noise-Control-Byte Bit Assignments
Bit

Type

I
2
3
4

R2
RI
RO

6
7

NFl
NF2

Description
Always 1
Register address bit 2
Register address bit I
Register address bit 0
Unused
Feedback control bit
Shift rate control bit 1
Shift rate control bit 0

Control Registers
The sound chip has eight internal registers that detennine whether the byte(s) sent control the
frequency or attenuation of the three tone generators or the control or attenuation of the noise
generator. The destinations for all addressed bytes are given in Table 6-8.

Table 6-8
Control Register Addresses

0
0

I
1

0
0

1
1

1
1
I
1

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

1
1
1
1

Address reulster
Tone 1 frequency
Tone 1 attenuation
Tone 2 frequency
Tone 2 attenuation
Tone 3 frequency
Tone 3 attenuation
Noise control
Noise attenuation

6-5

ACCESSING SYSTEM RESOURCES

Sound Examples
The following examples show how you can control the sound device by sending bytes to it. The
"en program in example 1 outputs an array of bytes to the standard output device. Redirect the
compiled program output with the command:

sound-example > /dev/sound
The data in the array controls the sound device output. To determine what the program data
means to the sound output device, each byte is described in the text following the example.
Using Tables 6-1 through 6-8, you can create your own sound effects or music from the 4400
series products.

***********************************************************
*
*

*
*
*

Sound generation routine sample.

***********************************************************

#include
int buf[]

= {O,O,59,/*
2,175,13,0,/*
1,176,1,
/*
1,188,2,
/*
1,191,1,
/*
1,228,0,
/*
1,249,2,
/*
/*
/*
1,255,1}; /*

Set the tempo
Set the frequency
Set the volume
Reduce volume 2 beats
Turn voice off
Turn on white noise
Reduce volume 2 beats
Replace 249 with 244
for greater volume
Turn voice off

*/
*/
*/
*/
*/
*/
*/
*/
*/
*/

main ()
{

int i;
for (i = 0;i<25 ;i++)/* Set up a FOR loop to */
putchar(buf[i]);/* Output the data in
*/
/* the array
*/

Example 6-1. Sound Example.

6-6

ACCESSING SYSTEM RESOURCES

Set the tempo to be 1 beat per second (1000 millisec/beat):
Byte 1
Byte 2
Byte 3

°
°
59

"Tempo word follows."
"High order byte = (1000 div 16.667) div 256."
"Low order byte = (1000 div 16.667) mod 256."

Set the frequency for voice 2 to be 440 Hz:
Byte 4

Byte 5

=175

"2 command bytes follow."
010

111 1

"Always 1"
"Voice 2
frequency"
"Low order 4 bits calculated as
(3,150,000 div (32 * 440»
div 16."
Byte 6

= 13

"Always 0"

° ° ° ° 110 1

"Unused"
"High order 6 bits:
(3,150,000 div(32 * 440»
Byte 7

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

"Hold this set of commands

div 16."

° beats."

6-7

ACCESSING SYSTEM RESOURCES

Play voice 2 at full volume for 1 beat:
Byte 8

Byte 9

==176

"I command follows."
1

011

o 0 0 0

I
I
"Voice 2
I
attenuation"
I
I
"Leave it all the way on."

"Always I"

Byte 10

"Play for 1 beat."

Turn the volume of voice 2 down by 12 dB and play for 2 beats:
Byte 11 -

Byte 12 ==188

"I command byte follows."
1

011

110 0

"Always 1"
"Voice 2
attenuation"
"Attenuate by 12 dB."
Byte 13 -

"Hold for 2 beats."

Turn voice 2 off so it won't play forever:
Byte 14 -

Byte 15 -191

"I command byte follows."
1 0 1 1

1 1 1 1

"Turn voice 2 off."
Byte 16 ==

6-8

"Hold for 1 beat."

ACCESSING SYSTEM RESOURCES

Play white noise (hissing sound):
Byte 17

"1 command byte follows"

Byte 18 ==228

110

o 0"
"Shift rate = 0 (least
coarse hissing sound).n

"Always 1"
"Noise
control"

"White noise"
"Unused"

Byte 19

"Hold 0 beats."

Turn down the volume 18 dB and hold for 2 beats:
Byte 20

"1 command follows"

Byte 21 =249

111

1 0 0 1

"Always 1"
"Noise
attenuation"
"Attenuate by 18 dB."
Byte 22 ==

"Hold 2 beats."

"1 command follows"

Turn noise off:
Byte 23 -

Byte 21 =255

111

1 1 1 1

"Always 1"
"Noise
attenuation"
"Attenuate by 30 dB."
Byte 25 -

"Hold 1 beat."

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

6-9

ACCESSING SYSTEM RESOURCES

Printer Port
The device /deY/printer provides interface to the 4400 series parallel interface printer port. This
port provides a Centronics-compatible parallel port that can drive most inexpensive dot-matrix
(and some letter quality) printers.
/dev/printer accepts character streams and recognizes the ANSI X3.64 Select Graphic Rendition
escape sequences for bold or italic characters.

These devices are write-only; any attempt to read them will return an error. They are exclusiveuse devices and may be opened by only one task at a time.
The system calls ttyget and ttyset can be used to examine device status and change operation
settings.

Other Devices
The / dev directory contains other entries for devices supported by the operating system:
diskc
Raw system disk
Raw optional winchester disk
disklc .. dislmc
floppyc
Raw floppy disk drive
tapec
Raw streaming tape drive
null
Null device
pmem
Physical memory
smem
System memory
Swap space on winchester disk
swap
These devices are all character-oriented. The raw versions of the peripheral devices provide
access to them as simple character streams without file systems. The null device may be used as
a data sink. The memory devices can be used to inspect and modify the system's memory.
These devices, with the exception of /dev/null, are reserved for use by system programs.

CAUTION

Be very careful when you use these devices because
errors in programming them may crash the operating
system and destroy the disk file structure.

6-10

ACCESSING SYSTEM RESOURCES

DISPLAY, MOUSE, AND KEYBOARD SUPPORT
The display of the 4400 series products is dependent upon the hardware design. Refer to the
appendices for a description of the display of each product. The operating system controls access
to the display and is consistant throughout the product family. The operating system also
supports the creation and movement of a display curser. Information about mouse and keyboard
event processing can be found in the 4400 Series Assembly Language Reference.
The 4400 series display uses Smalltalk-80 conventions. The upper-left comer of the display has
coordinates (0,0), while the lower-right comer has coordinates (1023,1023). X coordinates
increase toward the bottom of the screen; Y coordinates increase to the right.
Full program access to interactive event processing is supported through system calls to an event
manager. Events include mouse movements, and up/down transitions of the mouse, keyboard,
and joydisk contacts. The design of the event mechanism is patterned closely after a similar
mechanism described on pages 648-650 of the book Smalltalk-80: The Language and Its
Implementation.

Cursor and Mouse Tracking
The cursor is a 16 X 16 bit-map that is displayed by logically ~Ring it into the display bit-map.
The contents of the area under the cursor are saved and they are restored when the cursor is
moved. The operating system allows the cursor's position to track the motion of the mouse.
When this feature is enabled, the operating system will automatically move the cursor whenever
the mouse is moved.
The mouse position is not allowed to exceed certain bounds when the cursor is linked to the
mouse. The default bounds are the virtual display coordinates. The user may change these
bounds and allow the cursor to be moved off the virtual display.

FLOATING POINT SUPPORT
The operating system provides access to the floating point hardware. Floating point values are in
IEEE format. Both 32-bit single precision and 64-bit double precision formats are supported.
For more information about floating point support, refer to 4400 Series Assembler Language
Programmers Reference.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

6-11

Appendix A
4404 HARDWARE DEPENDENCIES
This appendix is specifically for the 4404 Artificial Intellegence Machine, containing infonnation
about the display and memory organization. Section 6 describes how to access the hardware with
the software in the 4400 series family.

DISPLAY SUPPORT
The 4404 display is a 1024 X 1024 virtual display viewed through a 640 X 480 physical display
viewport. The relation between the virtual display and the display viewport is shown in Figure
A-I. The operating system includes support that allows positioning and smooth panning of the
viewport over the virtual display. The operating system also supports the creation and movement
of a display cursor.
The 4404 display uses Smalltalk-80 conventions. The upper-left comer of the display has
coordinates (0,0), while the lower-right comer has coordinates (1023,1023). X coordinates
increase toward the bottom of the screen; Y coordinates increase to the right.
Full program access to interactive event processing is supported through system calls to an event
manager. Events include mouse movements, and up/down transitions of the mouse, keyboard,
and joydisk contacts. The design of the event mechanism is patterned closely after a similar
mechanism described on pages 648-650 of the book Smalltalk-80: The Language and Its
Implementation.

Display Panning
The operating system allows the 640 X 480 hardware display viewport to be positioned anywhere
on the virtual display as long as the upper left comer has an X-coordinate less than 383 and a Ycoordinate less than 543.
The operating system supports the panning of the viewport over the virtual display under control
of the mouse and joydisk. When joydisk panning is enabled, pushing the top of the joydisk
causes the Y-coordinate to decrease by 5 pixels during each vertical sync interrupt, while pushing
the bottom causes it to increase a like amount. Pushing the left side of the joydisk causes the Xcoordinate to decrease 5 pixels per interrupt; while pushing the right side of the joydisk causes it
to increase. Joydisk panning ceases in a particular direction when the coordinate for that
direction reaches zero or its maximum value.
The cursor remains at a fixed position on the virtual display while the viewport is panned by the
joydisk. When cursor panning is enabled, moving the cursor will also cause the viewport to pan
so that the cursor is always located within the physical viewport. This allows the mouse to pan
the viewport position because the cursor position is usually linked to mouse movement.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

A-I

~04HARDWAREDEPENDENCIES

Figure A-I. 640 X 480 Window Into 1024 X 1024 Bit-Map.

A-2

4404 HARDWARE DEPENDENCIES

MEMORY USE
Overall Address Space
The 68010 processor on the 4404 is capable of addressing 16 Mb of memory. Of this, the 4404
recognizes the lower 8 Mb. (All addresses given in this discussion will be hexadecimal unless
stated otherwise.> The 4404 operating system uses a virtual memory scheme whereby 8 Mb of
virtual memory is mapped into the 4404's physical memory in 4 Kb increments. To a
programmer working through the operating system, it appears that the entire 8 Mb address space
(ranging from 000000 through IFFFFF) is available.

Physical Memory
The standard 4404 contains 1 Mb of physical RAM in addresses 000000 through OFFFFF.
Option 1 adds an additional 1Mb of physical memory in addresses 100000 through 2FFFFF.

Addresses 200000 through SFFFFF are reserved for future expansion.

Display Memory
The 4404 display memory begins at address 600000 and occupies through address 6FFFFF. The
virtual display begins in the upper left corner at address 600000 and proceeds in 1024 (decimal)
lines of 64 (decimal) 16-bit (decimal) words. Each word has the most significant bit first, thus
each word controls 16 pixels on the display.

1/0 and ROM Memory Space
The memory segment from 700000 through 7FFFFF is dedicated to ROM, 110, and various
utilities. It consists of eight 128 Kb pages arranged as:
700000 -- 71FFFF
720000 -- 73FFFF
740000 -- 7SFFFF
760000 -- 77FFFF
780000 -- 79FFFF
7 AOOOO -- 7BFFFF
7COOOO -- 7FFFFF

Spare 0
Spare 1
Boot ROM
Debug ROM space (for factory use)
Processor Board 110 (treated later)
Peripheral Board 1/0 (treated later)
EPROM application space

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

A-3

#04 HARDWARE DEPENDENCIES

Processor Board 1/0
780000 --781FFF
782000--783FFF
784000 -- 78SFFF
786000 -- 787FFF
788000 -- 789FFF
78AOOO --78BFFF
78COOO -- 78DFFF
78EOOO -- 78FFFF

Map Control Registers
Video Address Registers
Video Control Registers
Spare
Sound
Floating Point Hardware
Debug ACIA
Spare

Peripheral Board 1/0
7AOOOO -- 7AFFFF
7BlOOO--7BlFFF
7B2000 -- 7B3FFF
7B4000--7BSFFF
7B6000 -- 7B7FFF
7B8000 --7B9FFF
7BAOOO -- 7BBFFF
7BCOOO -- 7BDFFF
7BEOOO -- 7BFFFF

A-4

Reserved for future expansion
Diagnostic registers
Printer
Serial I/O
Mouse
Timer
Calendar
SCSI bus address registers
SCSI

Appendix B
4405
HARDWARE DEPENDENCIES
This appendix is specifically for the 4405 Artificial Intellegence Machine, containing
infonnation about the display and memory organization. Section 6 describes how to access the
hardware with the software in the 4400 series family.

DISPLAY SUPPORT
The 4405 display is a 1024 X 1024 virtual display viewed through a 640 X 480 physical display
viewport. The relation between the virtual display and the display viewport is shown in Figure
B-1. The operating system includes support that allows positioning and smooth panning of the
viewport over the virtual display. The operating system also supports the creation and movement
of a display cursor.
The 4405 display uses Smalltalk-80 conventions. The upper-left comer of the display has
coordinates (0,0), while the lower-right comer has coordinates (1023,1023). X coordinates
increase toward the bottom of the screen; Y coordinates increase to the right.
Full program access to interactive event processing is supported through system calls to an event
manager. Events include mouse movements, and up/down transitions of the mouse, keyboard,
and joydisk contacts. The design of the event mechanism is patterned closely after a similar
mechanism described on pages 648-650 of the book Smalltalk-80: The Language and Its
Implementation.

Display Panning
The operating system allows the 640 X 480 hardware display viewport to be positioned anywhere
on the virtual display as long as the upper left comer has an X-coordinate less than 383 and a Ycoordinate less than 543.
The operating system supports the panning of the viewport over the virtual display under control
of the mouse and joydisk. When joydisk panning is enabled, pushing the top of the joydisk
causes the Y -coordinate to decrease by 5 pixels during each vertical sync inteffilpt, while pushing
the bottom causes it to increase a like amount. Pushing the left side of the joydisk causes the Xcoordinate to decrease 5 pixels per inteffilpt; while pushing the right side of the joydisk causes it
to increase. Joydisk panning ceases in a particular direction when the coordinate for that
direction reaches zero or its maximum value.
The cursor remains at a fixed position on the virtual display while the viewport is panned by the
joydisk. When cursor panning is enabled, moving the cursor will also cause the viewport to pan
so that the cursor is always located within the physical viewport. This allows the mouse to pan
the viewport position because the cursor position is usually linked to mouse movement.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

B-1

#05 HARDWARE DEPENDENCIES

Figure B-1. 640 X 480 Window Into 1024 X 1024 Bit-Map.

B-2

4405 HARDWARE DEPENDENCIES

MEMORY USE
Overall Address Space
The 68020 processor on the 4405 is capable of addressing a 32 Mb logical address range of
memory. Of this, the 4405 recognizes the lower 16 Mb. (All addresses given in this discussion
will be hexadecimal unless stated otherwise.) The 4405 operating system uses a virtual memory
scheme whereby 32 Mb of virtual memory is mapped into the 4405's physical memory in 4 Kb
increments. To a programmer working through the operating system, it appears that the entire 32
Mb address space (ranging from 000000 through FFFFFF) is available.

Physical Memory
The standard 4405 contains 2 Mb of physical RAM in addresses 000000 through IFFFFF.
Option 2/4 adds an additional 214 Mb of physical memory in addresses 200000 through 6FFFFF.
Addresses 700000 through DFFFFF are reserved for future expansion.

Display Memory
The 4405 display memory begins at address EooOOO and occupies through address EFFFFF. The
virtual display begins in the upper left comer at address EOOOOO and proceeds in 1024 (decimal)
lines of 64 (decimal) 16-bit (decimal) words. Each word has the most significant bit first, thus
each word controls 16 pixels on the display.

I/O and ROM Memory Space
The memory segment from FOOOOO through FFFFFF is dedicated to ROM, IJO, and various
utilities. It consists of eight 128 Kb pages arranged as:
FOOOOO -- FIFFFF
F20000 -- F3FFFF
F40000 -- F5FFFF
F60000 -- F7FFFF
F80000 -- F9FFFF
FAOOOO -- FBFFFF
FCOOOO -- FFFFFF

Spare 0
Spare 1
Boot ROM
Debug ROM space (for factory use)
Processor Board IJO (treated later)
Peripheral Board IJO (treated later)
EPROM application space

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

B-3

~05HARDWAREDEPENDENCIES

Processor Board I/O
F80000 -- F81FFF
F82000 -- F83FFF
F84000 -- F85FFF
F86000--F87FFF
F88000--F89FFF
F8AOOO -- F8BFFF
F8COOO -- F8DFFF
F8EOOO--F8FFFF

Map Control Registers
Video Address Registers
Video Control Registers
Spare
Sound
Floating Point Hardware
Debug ACIA
Spare

Peripheral Board 1/0
FAOOOO -- F AFFFF
FBIOOO -- FBIFFF
FB2000--FB3FFF
FB4000 -- FB5FFF
FB6000--FB7FFF
FB8000 -- FB9FFF
FBAOOO -- FBBFFF
FBCOOO -- FBDFFF
FBEOOO -- FBFFFF

B-4

Reserved for future expansion
Diagnostic registers
Printer
Serial 110
Mouse
Timer
Calendar
SCSI bus address registers
SCSI

Appendix C
4406
HARDWARE DEPENDENCIES
This appendix is specifically for the 4406 Artificial Intellegence Machine, containing
infonnation about the display and memory organization. Section 6 describes how to access the
hardware with the software in the 4400 series family_

DISPLAY SUPPORT
The 4406 display is a 1280 X 1024 raster display. The operating system supports the creation
and movement of a display cursor.
The 4406 display uses Smalltalk-80 conventions. The upper-left corner of the display has
coordinates (0,0), while the lower-right corner has coordinates (1023,1023). X coordinates
increase toward the bottom of the screen; Y coordinates increase to the right.
Fqll program access to interactive event processing is supported through system calls to an event
manager. Events include mouse movements, and up/down transitions of the mouse, keyboard,
and joydisk contacts. The design of the event mechanism is patterned closely after a similar
mechanism described on pages 648-650 of the book Smalltalk-80: The Language and Its
Implementation.

MEMORY USE
Overall Address Space
The 68020 processor on the 4406 is capable of addressing a 32 Mb logical address range of
memory. Of this, the 4406 recognizes the lower 16 Mb. (All addresses given in this discussion
will be hexadecimal unless stated otherwise.) The 4406 operating system uses a virtual memory
scheme whereby 32 Mb of virtual memory is mapped into the 4406's physical memory in 4 Kb
increments. To a programmer working through the operating system, it appears that the entire 32
Mb address space (ranging from 000000 through FFFFFF) is available.

Physical Memory
The standard 4406 contains 2 Mb of physical RAM in addresses 000000 through 1FFFFF.
Option 214 adds an additional 214 Mb of physical memory in addresses 200000 through 6FFFFF.
Addresses 700000 through DFFFFF are reserved for future expansion.

OPERATING SYSTEM REFERENCE

C-l

#06 HARDWARE DEPENDENCIES

Display Memory
The 4406 display memory begins at address EOOOOO and occupies through address EFFFFF. The
virtual display begins in the upper left comer at address EOOOOO and proceeds in 1024 (decimal)
lines of 64 (decimal) 16-bit (decimal) words. Each word has the most significant bit first, thus
each word controls 16 pixels on the display.

1/0 and ROM Memory Space
The memory segment from FOOOOO through FFFFFF is dedicated to ROM, I/O, and various
utilities. It consists of eight 128 Kb pages arranged as:
FOOOOO -- FIFFFF
F20000 -- F3FFFF
F40000 -- F5FFFF
F60000 -- F7FFFF
F80000 -- F9FFFF
FAOOOO -- FBFFFF
FCOOOO -- FFFFFF

Spare 0
Spare 1
Boot ROM
Debug ROM space (for factory use)
Processor Board I/O (treated later)
Peripheral Board I/O (treated later)
EPROM application space

Processor Board 1/0
F80000 -- F8I FFF
F82000 -- F83FFF
F84000--F85FFF
F86000 -- F87FFF
F88000 -- F89FFF
F8AOOO -- F8BFFF
F8COOO -- F8DFFF
F8EOOO--F8FFFF

Map Control Registers
Video Address Registers
Video Control Registers
Spare
Sound
Floating Point Hardware
Debug ACIA
Spare

Peripheral Board 1/0
F AOOOO -- F AFFFF
FBl000 -- FBIFFF
FB2000 -- FB3FFF
FB4000 -- FB5FFF
FB6000 -- FB7FFF
FB8000 -- FB9FFF
FBAOOO -- FBBFFF
FBCOOO -- FBDFFF
FBEOOO -- FBFFFF

C-2

Reserved for future expansion
Diagnostic registers
Printer
Serial I/O
Mouse
Timer
Calendar
SCSI bus address registers
SCSI

Appendix U
4400 Series O/S Reference Update
Please add the following subjects to your copy of the 4400 Series Operating System Reference
Manual. The infonnation was not available when the manual was printed.

cc
The

'c' compiler, CC, takes the additional option +Q.

Additional Options
+Q

-Suppress quad word alignment on 68020 code generation*

*68020 only

Explanation Of Options
The 'c' compiler, by default, aligns data structures on quad word (words consisting of four
eight-bit bytes) boundaries. This, while allowing the 68020 to load and execute faster, causes
"holes" in the data structures. The +Q option lets you suppress this alignment to allow close
packing of data structures or compatilbility with data structures generated with non quad-aligned
compilers, such as 68000 or 68010 compilers.

4400 Series O/S Reference

Update

U-I

4400 Series DIS Reference Update

conset
You can choose several sizes and styles of monospaced fonts for your normal screen display on
the 4405 and 4406.

Additional Options
selectFont=

-- small, smallBold, medium, mediumBold,
large, largeBold, extraLarge, extraLargeBold*

*68020 only.

Explanation Of Options
Conset allows you to select the size and style of fonts used by the terminal emulator. It allows
you to select the suitable monos paced fonts from the selections in the directory Ifonts. The
additional fonts in this directory are available via Smalltalk-80 or the graphics library.

U-2

upctacc

4400 Series OIS Reference Update

headset
The headset command allows you to enable or disable the floating point processor signals,
enable or disable demand-load operation, and block-align??? (questions here) ...

Additional Options
+f/-f
+I/-I

+Z1-Z

-- make file demand-load and block-aligned
-- set or clear "floating-point signal" bit
-- block-align text and data segments on 512 byte boundaries

Explanation Of Options
The +fl-f option makes the file block-aligned (see the +Z option) and causes it to be demandload - that is, only pages that cause a page fault are loaded into physical memory.
Unreferenced pages are not loaded.
The +1/-1 option allows you to catch or ignore signals generated by the floating point processor.
By default, floating point signals are ignored. If you want to catch these signals, enable them
with the +1 option.
The +Z/-Z option lets you force text and data segments to begin on 512 byte boundaries.

4400 Series 015 Reference

Update

U-3

4400 Series O/S Reference Update

load
Additional Options
+q
+1
+z

-- suppress quad word alignment of each segment*
-- enable floating point signal processing
-- align text and data segments on 512 byte boundaries

*68020 only

Explanation Of Options
Nonnally, the loader aligns the beginning of each segment on a quad word (a word consisting of
four eight-bit bytes) boundary. The +q option allows you to suppress this alignment.
The loader nonnally does not enable floating point processor signals. If you are using, or need to
catch, these signals, enable them with the +1 option. You can enable or disable signals on a
compiled and loaded program via the headset utility.
The +Z option lets you force text and data segments to begin on 512 byte boundaries.

U-4

Index

Abort 4-20

acknowledge character (#6) 5-3
Address space A-3, B-3, C-l
ANSI Commands 5-3
ANSI Command
acknowledge character (#6) 5-3
auto-repeat mode 5-25
auto-wrap mode 5-26
backspace character 5-3
bell character 5-3
carriage return character 5-5
character (#0) 5-17
character (#1) 5-23
character (#127) 5-9
character (#16) 5-9
character (# 17) 5-7
character (#lS) 5-S
character (#19) 5-S
character (#2) 5-24
character (#20) 5-S
character (#21) 5-16
character (#22) 5-25
character (#23) 5-12
character (#24) 5-3
character (#25) 5-11
character (#26) 5-24
character (#27) 5-12
character (#2S) 5-13
Character (#29) 5-13
character (#3) 5-13
character (#30) 5-19
character (#31) 5-33
character (#4) 5-12
character (#5) 5-12
control representation mode 5-5
cursor backward 5-5
cursor backward Tab 5-4
cursor down 5-6
cursor forward 5-6
cursor horizontal tab 5-4
cursor key mode 5-26
cursor position 5-6
cursor position report 5-4
cursor up 5-7
delete character 5-S

4400 Series Operating System Reference

delete line 5-9
device attributes 5-7
device status report 5-10
disable manual input 5-12
disable manual input 5-9
enable manual input 5-12
enable manual input 5-9
erase character 5-10
erase in display 5-11
erase in line 5-11
form feed character 5-13
graphic cursor position report 5-27
horizontal and vertical position 5-14
horizontal tab character 5-13
horizontal tab set 5-14
identify terminal 5-27
index 5-15
insert character 5-14
insert line 5-14
insertion/replacement mode 5-15
keyboard action mode 5-15
keypad application mode 5-27
keypad numeric mode 5-27
line feed character 5-16
line-feed/new-line mode 5-16
mouse button and graphic cursor position reportin:
next line 5-16
origin mode 5-30
private use 1 5-17
request graphic cursor position report 5-31
request terminal parameters 5-30
reset mode 5-lS
reset to initial state 5-1S
restore cursor 5-30
reverse index 5-17
save cursor 5-31
screen mode 5-31
select character set 5-20
select graphic cursor report type 5-32
select graphic rendition 5-21
5-20
send/receive mode 5-24
set mode 5-22
set top and bottom margins 5-32
shift in character 5-22
shift out character 5-23

Index-! .

space character 5-24
tabulation clear 5-25
vertical tab character 5-33
ANSI X3.64 escapes 6-11
Append 4-27
Attenuation 6-3
Beats 6-10

bell character 5 -3
Boot procedure 6-1
Bottom 4-24
Break 4-28

backspace character 5-3

character (#24) 5-3

cursor backward tab 5-4
Cchange 4-30
Centronics-compatible port 6-11
Change 4-29

cursor horizontal tab 5-4
Commset 6-2
Conset 6-1
Coordinates, display 6-12, A-I, B-1, C-l
Copy 4-30

cursor position report 5-4

carriage return character 5-5
Crash 6-11

control representation mode 5-5

cursor backward 5-5

cursor down 5-6

cursor forward 5-6

cursor position 5-6
Cursor 6-12, A-I, C-l
operation 6-12

cursor up 5-7

device attributes 5-7

Index-2

Dbs 6-8

character (# 17) 5-7

character (#18) 5-8

character (#19) 5-8

character (#20) 5-8

delete character 5-8
Decibels 6-8

Character (#127) 5-9
Delete 4-31
/dev 6-1,6-11
/dev/comm 6-2
/dev/console 6-1
/dev/disk 6-1
Device driver, block-oriented 6-1
Device driver, character-oriented 6-1
Device drivers 6-1
Device port 6-11
/dev/null 6-11
/dev/printer 6-11
/dev/sound 6-2
Display cursor A-I, B-1, C-l
Display memory A-3, B-3, C-2
Dkl 4-11
Dk2 4-11

delete line 5-9

character (#16) 5-9

disable manual input 5-9
Dot-matrix printer 6-11

device status report 5-10

erase character 5-10

erase in display 5-11
Edit 4-20

erase in line 5-11

character (#25) 5-11

enable manual input 5-12

character(#5) 5-12

character (#4) 5-12
Esave 4-12

character (#27) 5-12
Eset 4-13

character (#23) 5-12

character (#3) 5-13
Event manager 6-12, A-I, B-1, C-l
Expand 4-32

fonn feed character 5-13
Find 4-24
Floating point
IEEE number fonnat 6-12
precision 6-12
support 6-12
Floppy disk drive 6-1
Flush 4-40
Frequency generator 6-3

character(#28) 5-13

character(#29) 5-13
Hardware 6-1
Header 4-13

horizontal tab set 5-14

horizontal and vertical position 5-14

insert character 5-14

insert line 5-14

index 5-15
Insert 4-33, 4-34
Interactive events 6-12, A-I, B-1, C-l
Interface 6... 1
I/O memory space A-3, B-3, C-2

4400 Series OperatiDg System RefereDce

insertion/replacement mode 5-15
Joydisk A-I, B-1
Kl 4-14
K2 4-14

keyboard action mode 5-15
Keyboard description
alphanumeric keys 5-34
caps lock key 5-33
control key 5-33
function keys 5-37
joydisk keys 5-37
numeric keypad 5-36
shift key 5-33
special keys 5-38

line feed character 5-16
Lkl 4-15

line-feedlnew-Iine mode 5-16
Log 4-21
Memory devices 6-11
Memory use A-3, B-3, C-1
Merge 4-35
Mouse A-I, B-1
Move 4-35

character (#21) 5-16

next line 5-16
New 4-40
Next 4-25
Noise generator 6-4

character (#0) 5-17
Null 4-39
Null device 6-11
Numbers 4-16
Overlay 4-36,4-37
Panning A-I, B-1
Parallel port 6-11
Peripheral devices 6-1, 6-11
Phyical memory A-3, B-3, C-l
Position 4-26
Print 4-37
Printer device 6-11

private use 1 5-17

Index-3

RAM memory A-3, B-3, C-l
Read 4-41
Renumber 4-16
Replace 4-38
5-17

reverse index 5-17

reset to initial state 5-18

reset mode 5-18
ROM memory space A-3, B-3, C-2

character (#30) 5-19

select character set 5-20
SCSI bus 6-1
5-20
Set 4-17

select graphic rendition 5-21

shift in character 5-22

set mode 5-22

shift out character 5-23

character (#1) 5-23
Sound device examples 6-2,6-6
Sound generation 6-2

space character 5-24

send/receive mode 5-24
Stop 4-21
Streaming tape drive 6-1

character (#2) 5-24
_{character (#26) 5-24

character (#22) 5-25
System calls 6-1
Tab 4-18

tabulation clear 5-25

auto-repeat mode 5-25

Index-4

auto-wrap mode 5-26

cursor key mode 5-26

graphic cursor position report 5-27

identify terminal 5-27

keypad application mode 5-27

keypad numeric mode 5-27

mouse button and graphic cursor position reporting 5-28

origin mode 5-30

restore cursor 5-30

request terminal parameters 5-30

request graphic cursor position report 5-31

save cursor 5-31

screen mode 5-31

select graphic cursor report type 5-32

set top and bottom margins 5-32
Tempo 6-7
Terminal
compatibility
DEC VT-l00 5-2
tektronix 4100 series terminals 5-2
Terminal emulation 5-1
standards 5-1
Terminal emulator 6-1
Text 4-39
Top 4-26
Ttyget 6-1,6-11
Ttyset 6-1,6-11
U 4-22

character (#31) 5-33
Verify 4-18
Viewport A-I, B-1
Virtual display A-I, B-1

Virtual memory scheme A-3, B-3, C-l
Voice 6-7
Volume 6-8

vertical tab character 5-33
Wait 4-22
White noise 6-10
White noise generator 6-2
Winchester disk 6-1
Write 4-42
X 4-23
Zone 4-19

4400 Series Operating System Reference

Index-5}}}

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