1 09 1797, YPI 180 N. LaSalle Owner V. II V 1091797
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First Division
July 19, 2010
1-09-1797
YPI 180 N. LaSALLE OWNER, LLC, a ) Appeal from the
Delaware Limited Liability ) Circuit Court
Company, ) of Cook County.
)
Plaintiff-Appellant, )
)
v. ) No. 09 CH 6451
)
180 N. LaSALLE II, LLC, a )
Delaware Limited Liability )
Company, ) Honorable
) William O. Maki,
Defendant-Appellee. ) Judge Presiding.
PRESIDING JUSTICE HALL delivered the opinion of the court:
This appeal arises from the grant of a motion to dismiss
brought under section 2-615 of the Illinois Code of Civil
Procedure (Code) (735 ILCS 5/2-615 (West 2006)). The overarching
issue before the court concerns the right of an assignee of a
contract to rescind the contract on the ground of impossibility
of performance. For the reasons that follow, we affirm.
The appeal focuses on two common-law doctrines of contract
law: impossibility of performance, which is an affirmative
defense to a breach of contract claim (Radkiewicz v. Radkiewicz,
353 Ill. App. 3d 251, 260, 818 N.E.2d 411 (2004)); and equitable
rescission, which allows a party to rescind or abandon a contract
based on, among other things, the impossibility of performance.
See (30 R. Lord, Williston on Contracts §77:95, at 593 (4th ed.
2007) ("Impossibility of performance, as a ground for rescission
of a contract, refers to those factual situations where one party
No. 1-09-1797
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to a contract finds that the purposes for which a contract was
made have become impossible to perform on one side")).
BACKGROUND
On August 12, 2008, defendant-appellee, 180 N. LaSalle II,
LLC (LaSalle), as seller, and Younan Properties, Inc. (Younan),
as purchaser, entered into a purchase agreement (contract), for
the sale and purchase of commercial property located at 180 North
LaSalle Street, Chicago, Illinois. The purchase price was $124
million. The purchase price (less earnest money) was to be
deposited with an escrow agent two business days prior to
closing. Pursuant to the contract, Younan deposited initial
earnest money of $2.5 million into an escrow account.
Between August 29, 2008, and September 30, 2008, LaSalle and
Younan executed three amendments to the contract. The first
amendment extended the time in which Younan could evaluate and
then terminate the contract if it decided to do so. In the
second amendment, LaSalle and Younan acknowledged that the time
to terminate the contract had expired, and as a result, Younan
deposited an additional $2.5 million in earnest money with the
escrow agent.
In the third amendment, LaSalle provided Younan with a
$500,000 credit against the purchase price, and Younan deposited
an additional $1 million in earnest money with the escrow agent.
LaSalle and Younan also directed the escrow agent to release $1
million of the earnest money to LaSalle and agreed that the
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released earnest money would be credited against the purchase
price at closing but was "hereby deemed earned by Seller and
shall be non-refundable to Purchaser for any reason whatsoever
except in the event of a default by Seller of Seller's
obligations to close the sale or a failure of a condition to
Purchaser's obligation to close the sale."
On October 9, 2008, Younan assigned all of its rights,
title, and interest in the contract to plaintiff-appellant, YPI
180 N. LaSalle Owner, LLC (YPI). The assignment provided that
Younan remained liable under the contract.
In early October 2008, Younan received notice that one of
its lenders, Allied Irish Bank, had pulled out of the financing
arrangement on the ground that economic conditions in Ireland
beyond the bank's control or anticipation had forced it to
withdraw from the credit markets.
Between October 15, 2008, and December 9, 2008, LaSalle, and
this time YPI, executed additional amendments to the contract.
On October 15, 2008, pursuant to the fourth amendment to the
contract, LaSalle and YPI directed the escrow agent to release
the remaining earnest money to LaSalle and also agreed that the
earnest money would be credited at closing and was deemed earned
by seller and non-refundable, except in the event of default by
seller of seller's obligations to close the sale. In return, the
parties extended the closing date to December 17, 2008.
Also in the fourth amendment, LaSalle and YPI acknowledged
No. 1-09-1797
1 Pursuant to section 13.3 of the contract, LaSalle waived
its rights to seek any additional damages from Younan or YPI for
their failure to close the sale.
-4-
the assignment and agreed that Younan would be jointly and
severally liable with YPI for buyer's obligations under the
contract. Younan joined in execution of the fourth amendment.
On November 20, 2008, LaSalle and YPI executed a fifth
amendment to the contract. Under this amendment, LaSalle agreed
to reduce the purchase price by $4 million, and YPI waived the
option to extend the closing date beyond December 17, 2008.
Younan joined in execution of the fifth amendment.
On December 9, 2008, LaSalle and YPI executed a sixth and
final amendment to the contract. Under this amendment, the
parties agreed to extend the closing date to no later than
February 18, 2009. Younan also joined in execution of this sixth
amendment.
When Younan failed to close on purchase of the commercial
property, LaSalle terminated the contract and retained the
deposited earnest money as its sole remedy for breach of the
contract.1 Shortly thereafter, YPI filed the underlying
complaint against LaSalle seeking to rescind the contract and
recover $6 million in earnest money retained by LaSalle.
YPI argued that pursuant to the contract-law doctrine of
impossibility of performance, it was excused from performing
No. 1-09-1797
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under the contract due to the 2008 global credit crisis which it
claimed prevented it and Younan from obtaining the commercially-
practical financing contemplated when the contract was originally
formed.
Following a hearing, the trial court granted LaSalle's
section 2-615 motion to dismiss, striking YPI's complaint with
prejudice and without leave to amend. This timely appeal
followed.
ANALYSIS
The threshold question before the court is whether YPI, as
an assignee of the contract, has the right to rescind the
contract. We answer in the affirmative.
Rescission is an equitable remedy that seeks to restore the
contracting parties to their precontract positions. See Horan v.
Blowitz, 13 Ill. 2d 126, 132, 148 N.E.2d 445 (1958)
("'[R]escission' is the cancelling of a contract so as to restore
the parties to their initial status ***"). When a contract is
rescinded, it is as if the contract never existed in the first
place. See Puskar v. Hughes, 179 Ill. App. 3d 522, 528, 533
N.E.2d 962 (1989) ("[w]here a contract is rescinded, the rights
of the parties under that contract are vitiated or invalidated").
A trial court's decision granting or denying a request to rescind
a contract is within the sound discretion of the court, whose
ruling will not be disturbed absent an abuse of that discretion.
Farmer v. Koen, 187 Ill. App. 3d 47, 50, 542 N.E.2d 1326 (1989).
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An assignment is the transfer of some identifiable property,
claim, or right from the assignor to the assignee. Buck v.
Illinois National Bank & Trust Co., 79 Ill. App. 2d 101, 106, 223
N.E.2d 167 (1967); Bishop v. Village of Brookfield, 99 Ill. App.
3d 483, 490, 425 N.E.2d 1113 (1981). The assignment operates to
transfer to the assignee all of the assignor's right, title or
interest in the thing assigned, such that the assignee stands in
the shoes of the assignor. Community Bank of Greater Peoria v.
Carter, 283 Ill. App. 3d 505, 508, 669 N.E.2d 1317 (1996).
Because of the equitable and personal character of the right
to sue for rescission, mere naked claims for rescission are
generally not assignable. Banque Arabe Et Internationale
D'Investissement v. Maryland National Bank, 850 F. Supp. 1199,
1214 n.7 (S.D.N.Y. 1994), citing Soderberg v. Gens, 652 F. Supp.
560, 565 (N.D. Ill. 1987). However, ordinary business contracts,
other than those requiring purely personal services, are
generally assignable. In re Estate of Frayser, 401 Ill. 364, 372,
82 N.E.2d 633 (1948). Moreover, executory contracts for the
purchase of real estate, such as the one at issue in this case,
may be assigned. See In re Estate of Martinek, 140 Ill. App. 3d
621, 630, 488 N.E.2d 1332 (1986).
In the instant case, LaSalle contends that Younan, the
assignor of the contract, waived its right to seek rescission of
the contract and that therefore, YPI, as assignee of the
contract, lacks standing to seek rescission of the contract.
No. 1-09-1797
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LaSalle contends that after Younan entered into the contract and
learned of the 2008 global credit crisis, it nevertheless
reaffirmed the contract by assigning the contract to YPI and then
executing amendments to the contract. LaSalle maintains that
Younan consequently waived its right to seek rescission of the
contract, and that YPI, as an assignee of the contract, lacks
standing to rescind the contract. We disagree.
The right to rescind a contract must be exercised promptly
on discovery of facts that confer the right to rescind, otherwise
the right is waived. See Gibson Electric Co., Inc. v. State of
Illinois, 27 Ill. Ct. Cl. 60 (1970); Mound City Distilling Co. v.
Consolidated Adjustment Co., 152 Ill. App. 155, 159 (1909); see
also Vincent v. Vits, 208 Ill. App. 3d 1, 7, 566 N.E.2d 818
(1991) ("A right to rescission must be exercised promptly"). In
this case, there is nothing in the record to suggest that at the
time Younan or YPI executed the amendments to the contract, that
they possessed knowledge of the 2008 global credit crisis
sufficient to justify rescission of the contract. As a result,
we find that YPI, as an assignee of the contract, has standing
and the right to rescind the contract.
The next question is, if YPI does in fact have standing and
the right to rescind the contract, is the contract rescindable on
the ground of impossibility of performance under the facts and
circumstances of this case? We must answer in the negative.
Impossibility of performance as a ground for rescission of a
No. 1-09-1797
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contract refers to those factual situations where the purposes
for which the contract was made have, on one side, become
impossible to perform. See 30 R. Lord, Williston on Contracts
§77:95 (4th ed. 2004). The doctrine of impossibility of
performance in contract was recognized by our supreme court in
Leonard v. Autocar Sales & Services Co., 392 Ill. 182, 187, 64
N.E.2d 477 (1945). See Mouhelis v. Thomas, 95 Ill. App. 3d 181,
183, 419 N.E.2d 956 (1981); Joseph W. O'Brien Co. v. Highland
Lake Construction Co., 17 Ill. App. 3d 237, 241, 307 N.E.2d 761
(1974).
The doctrine excuses performance where performance is
rendered objectively impossible due to destruction of the subject
matter of the contract or by operation of law. Leonard, 392 Ill.
at 187; see also 407 East 61st Garage, Inc. v. Savoy Fifth Avenue
Corp., 23 N.Y.2d 275, 281, 296, 244 N.E.2d 37, 41, 296 N.Y.S.2d
338, 343-44 (1968) ("impossibility of performance is limited to
the destruction of the means of performance by an act of God, Vis
major, or by law"); Seaboard Lumber Co. v. United States, 308
F.3d 1283, 1294 (Fed. Cir. 2002) (performance of contract only
excused under doctrine of impossibility when it is objectively
impossible). This doctrine has been narrowly applied "due in
part to judicial recognition that the purpose of contract law is
to allocate the risks that might affect performance and that
performance should be excused only in extreme circumstances." Kel
Kim Corp. v. Central Markets, Inc., 70 N.Y.2d 900, 902, 519
No. 1-09-1797
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N.E.2d 295, 296, 524 N.Y.2d 384, 386 (1987).
The party advancing the doctrine must show that the events
or circumstances which he claims rendered his performance
impossible were not reasonably foreseeable at the time of
contracting. Illinois-American Water Co. v. City of Peoria, 332
Ill. App. 3d 1098, 1106, 774 N.E.2d 383 (2002). Where a
contingency that causes the impossibility might have been
anticipated or guarded against in the contract, it must be
provided for by the terms of the contract or else impossibility
does not excuse performance. See Leonard, 392 Ill. at 187
("subsequent contingencies, not provided against in the contract,
which render performance impossible, do not bring the contract to
an end"); see also United States v. Winstar Corp., 518 U.S. 839,
905, 116 S. Ct. 2432, 2469-70, 135 L. Ed. 2d 964, 1010 (1996)
("'[i]f [the risk] was foreseeable there should have been
provision for it in the contract, and the absence of such a
provision gives rise to the inference that the risk was
assumed'"), quoting Lloyd v. Murphy, 25 Cal. 2d 48, 54, 153 P.2d
47, 50 (1944).
In this case, YPI argues that its performance under the
contract was made impossible due to the 2008 global credit
crisis, which it claimed prevented it and Younan from obtaining
the commercially-practical financing contemplated when the
contract was originally made. YPI's argument is misplaced.
Even if the global credit crisis made it difficult, to
No. 1-09-1797
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nearly impossible, to procure the sought-after commercial
financing, this is not the relevant issue. The primary issue is
whether it was foreseeable that a commercial lender might not
provide Younan and YPI with the financing they sought. See Ner
Tamid Congregation of North Town v. Krivoruchko, 638 F. Supp. 2d
913, 928 (N.D. Ill. 2009). Even without the global credit crisis
of 2008, it was foreseeable that a commercial lender might not
provide Younan and YPI with the financing they sought. See Ner
Tamid Congregation of North Town, 638 F. Supp. 2d at 928
(contracting party's failure to obtain commercial financing in
connection with purchase of property was not a ground to rescind
contract under doctrine of impossibility of performance since it
was foreseeable, for any number of reasons, that a lender might
not provide the sought after financing).
The potential inability to obtain commercial financing is
generally considered a foreseeable risk that can be readily
guarded against by inclusion in the contract of financing
contingency provisions. Ner Tamid Congregation of North Town, 638
F. Supp. 2d at 928. If the inability to obtain commercial
financing, standing alone, were sufficient to excuse performance
under the doctrine of impossibility of performance, then the law
binding contractual parties to their agreements would be of no
consequence. See, e.g., Northern Illinois Gas Co. v. Energy
Cooperative, Inc., 122 Ill. App. 3d 940, 952, 461 N.E.2d 1049
(1984) ("If changed prices, standing alone, constitute a
No. 1-09-1797
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frustrating event sufficient to excuse performance of a contract,
then the law binding contractual parties to their agreements is
no more").
In addition, the doctrine of impossibility of performance
does not apply to excuse performance "as long as it lies within
the power of the promisor to remove the obstacle to performance."
Felbinger & Co. v. Traiforos, 76 Ill. App. 3d 725, 733, 394
N.E.2d 1283 (1979). The underlying complaint alleged that
Younan's current assets exceeded $1.6 billion. Nothing in the
record indicates that Younan lacked sufficient assets or equity
to pay the contract purchase price. To the extent its resources
were not liquid, nothing in the record suggests it would have
been impossible for Younan to convert its nonliquid assets to
liquid assets in order to pay the contract purchase price.
We find that under the facts and circumstances of this case,
as a matter of law, Younan's and YPI's failure to obtain the
commercially-practical financing they sought was not an adequate
ground to rescind the contract under the doctrine of
impossibility of performance.
A section 2-615 motion to dismiss attacks the legal
sufficiency of the complaint and should be granted if, after
viewing the allegations in the light most favorable to the
plaintiff, the complaint fails to state a cause of action on
which relief can be granted. McCready v. Secretary of State, 382
Ill. App. 3d 789, 794, 888 N.E.2d 702 (2008); McHenry County
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Defenders, Inc. v. City of Harvard, 384 Ill. App. 3d 265, 280,
891 N.E.2d 1017 (2008). The grant of a section 2-615 motion to
dismiss presents a question of law, which is reviewed de novo.
McHenry County Defenders, Inc., 384 Ill. App. 3d at 280.
In the instant case, we find that the trial court properly
struck YPI's complaint with prejudice and without leave to amend
pursuant to section 2-615 of the Code, on the ground that the
complaint failed to allege sufficient facts warranting rescission
of the contract under the doctrine of impossibility of
performance.
Accordingly, for the reasons set forth above, the judgment
of the circuit court of Cook County is affirmed.
Affirmed.
PATTI and LAMPKIN, JJ., concur.
