195605

The Position

of

the University in the Field

of

High

Speed

Computation

and

Data

Handling

· . . Alston

S.

Householder-

Free Use

of

the Toronto

Computer,

and

Remote

Programming

of

It · . .

c.

C.

Gotlieb

and

Others

The

Mechanized

Muse

·

..

Elizabeth

W.

Thomas

LR.E.

National

Convention,

March,

1956,

New

York -

Titles

and

Abstracts

of

Papers Bearing on

Computers

and

Automation

Western

Joint

Computer

Conference, San Francisco,

February, 1956 -Titles

and

Abstracts

of

Papers

Now,

any

business,

large

or

small, can put

electronic

computers

to

work

to

cut costs

and

increase efficiency.

CD.C

is

proud

to

announce

Canada's

first Data Processing Centre

established by private enterprise. Located

at

the

Company's

Head

Office

in

Ottawa,

this centre

is

available

to

serve

government

and

i.ndustry in

any

part

of

Canada.

USE

OUR

SE,RVICE

.••

.

If

you

are

planning

to

obtain

your

own

computing

facilities,

you can

have

CD.C

test

your

procedures

and

solve specimen

problems using this centre.

If

you

have

your

own

computing facilities,

you

can transfer

your

peak

loads

or

overloads

to

CD.C

If you

cannot

justify

having

your

own

computing

facilities,...

you

can make use

of

those

at

this centre.

If

you

are

confronted

with

an unusually

difficult

research

problem,

you

may

find

you

have neither

the

ne'cessary

staff

nor

sufficient facilities -in such a situation, the

CD.C

Computing

Centre

will

be

found

invaluable.

If

you have

continually

recurring

computing

or

data

prOcess-

sing p·roblems,

you

can

arrange

to

leose communication

facilities linking

your

office

directly

wnh

the

CD.C

Centre.

Highly

qualified

and

experienced

applied

mathematicians

and

engineers,

backed

by

the latest

computer

facilities,

both

digital

and

analog,

are

at

your

service

for

problem

formulation

and

analysis,

programming,

computation,

data

reduction,

application

of

data

processing equipment

to

business procedures,

practical

instruction in

computer

operation

and

5604R

COMPUTERS

AND

CYBERNETICS

ROBOTS

•

AUTOMATION

AUT,O'MATIC

CONTROL

Vol.

5,

No.5

May,

1956

ESTABLISHED SEPTEMBER,

1951

ARTICLES

ANn

PAPEHS

The

Position

of

the

University

in

the

Field

of

High Speed

Computation and Data Handling

Free

Use

of

the

Toronto Computer,

and

Remote

Programming

of

It,Part

1

FICTION

The

Mechanized

Muse

REF~RENCE

INFORMATION

I.R.E.

National

Convention, March,

1956,

New

York

--

Titles

and

Abstracts

of

Papers Bearing

on

Computers and

Automation

Western

Joint

Computer Conference,

San

Francisco

t February t

195.6

--

Titles

and

Abstracts

of

Papers

New

Patents

The

Editor's

Notes

Index

of

Notices

Advertising

Index

•••

A.

S. Householder

•••

C.

C

..

Gotlieb

and Others

......

E.

W.

Thomas

•••

R.

R

..

Skolnick

6

20

11

14

26

40

4

50

Editor:

Edmund C.

Berkeley

Assistant

Editors:

Neil

D.

Macdonald,

F.L.

Walker

Advisory

Committee:

Samuel

B.

Williams,

Herbert

F.

Mitchell,

Jr:,

Justin

Oppenheim

Con

tribu

ting

Edi

tors:

Andrew

D.

Booth,

John

M.

Breen,

John

W.

Carr,

III,

Alston

S.

Householder

Advertising

Office:

Editorial

Office:

Publisher:

Berkeley

Enterprises,

Inc.

513 Avenue

of

the

Americas,

New

York 21, N.Y. -

Algonquin

5-7177

36

West 11

Street.,

New

York,

II,

N.Y. -Gramercy

7-1157

Main

Office:

815

'Washington

Street.,

Newtonville

60,

Mass. -

Decatur

2-5453

or

2-3928

Advertising

Representatives:

Sa~

Francisco

-

W.

A.

Babcock, 605

Market

St.,

San

Francisco

5,

Calif.

Yukon

2-3954

Los

Angeles

-

Wentworth

F.

Green,

439 So. West'ern

Ave.,

Los

Angeles

5,

Cal

if.'

Dunkirk

7- 8135

elsewhere

-

the

Publisher

CDMPllTERS

AND

AUTOMATION

is

published

monthly.

Copyright,

1955

by

Be.rkeley

Enterprises,

Inc.

Subscription

rates

$5.50

for

p.ne

year,

SlO.50

for

two

years,

in

the

United

States;

$6.00

for

one

year,

$11.50

for

two

years,

in

Canada;

$6.50

for

one

year,

$12.50

for

two

years

elsewhere.

Bulk

subscription

rates:

see

page

10.

Advertis-

ing

rates:

see

page

48.

Entered

as

second

class

matter

at

the

Post

Office,

New

York,

N. Y.

- 3 -

THE

EDITOR'S

NOTES

THE

PRINTING

OF

TECHNICAL

INFORMATION

IN

"COMPUTERS

AND

AUTOMATION"

I.

From

Mr.

I.

McNamee

and

E.

Fullemfider,

u.s.

Naval

Ordnance Laboratory

Corona,

Calif.

Thank

you

for

your

letter

of

Feb. 6, and

your

interest

in

our

subject

of

filtering

s~m

pled

functions.

We

would be honored

to

have

our

paper appear

in

"Computers

and

Automation".

Your

suggestions

or

questions,

or

those

of

your

readers,

would be valued

by

us,

since

we

are

still

actively

interested

in

the

gener-

al

problem.

Thank

you

for

your kind

invita-

tion

to

publish

our

paper.

II.

From

the

Editor

to

Mr.

McNamee

and

Mr.

Fullenwider

Thank

you

for

your

letter

of

March

26,

enclosing

your paper

"Filtering

Sampled Func-

tions".

We

think

your paper

is

interesting,

and would

like

to

publish

it,

if

you

could per-

haps

take

on

the

labor

of

typing

it

in

the

fo~

in

which

it

could

be

photographed

for

photo-

of

set

reproduction.

We

make

this

request

be-

cause 'your paper

at

present

covers

41

pages

of

doubled spaced manuscript,

~tt

by

11",

in-

cluding

4

full

pages

of

figures,

38

pages bear-

ing mathematical symbols,

and

several

tables.

The

procedure

for

preparing

master copy

for

photooffset

for

our

purposes

is

quite

sim-

ple.

There

is

only one

main

rule:

type

it

ex-

actly.

right

with

single

line

spacing

in

col-

umns

four

inches wide.

The

rest

of

the

pro-

cedure

is

given below.

We

ask

you

to

do

this

particularly

b

e-

cause

we

h.ave

only one person

at

present

in

our

group

who

can

intelligently

copy

you

r

mathematical symbols, and

who

has

satisfac-

tory

handlvriting

and

that

person

is

quite

busy

with

some

other

tasks.

III.

Comments

from

the

Editor

As

readers

of

"Computers

and

Automation"

will

have

noticed,

tve

have taken

full

advan-

tage

from time

to

time

of

the

fact

that

we

pub-

lish

our magazine

by

photooffset.

Quite

often

for

example,

we

have been

able

to

print

quick-

ly

the

titles

and

abstracts

of

a computer con-

ference

or

meeting because

lve

have

received

. - 4 -

three

copies

of

the

printed

program.

We

could

then

cut

up

two

copies

to

make

a

one-side

set

to

be

photographed, keeping

the

third'copy

fur

reference

and

checking.

The

narrow columns of

most

of

the

programs

of

computer meetings

are

ideal

for

making

columns

in

our

pages.

We

are

eager

to

make

our

publishing'

fa~

cllities\available

to

authors

who

have papers

relating

to

computers

and

their

applications

and

implications.

If

anyone

desires

to

have

his

paper published

somewhere

else,

we

are

completely

satisfied.

But

when

there

is

no

room

somewhere

else

for

his

paper,

and

if

it

appears

suitable

for

the

rather

"un-fenced-

in"

editorial

coverage

of

"Computers and

Au-

tomation",

we

shall

be

glad

to

consider

his

paper,

in

preliminary

form

or

final

form,

for

publication.

It

will

be very easy

for

us

to

say yes

to

publishing

a

technical

paper

if

it

is

sent

in

to

us

in

good form

for

photooffset

repro-

duction.

IV. Procedure

for

Preparing

Master

Copy

for

Photooffset

For

technical

information,

to

be

publish-

ed

in

our

pages

in

two

columns,

the

reduction

in

size

that

we

regularly

use

is

2~~.

In

o~r

words,

an

actual

measurement

of

10

inches

on

the

actual

copy

is

reduced

photographically

to

8 inches

in

the

film

from which

the

magazine

is

printed

and

other

distances

proportion-

ately.

{continued

o~

page

38

1

• * -'f

INDEX'

OF

NOTICES

For Information on:

Advertising

Index

Advertising

Rates

and

Specifications

Back

Copies

Bulk

Subscription

Rates

Computer

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Medi-

cal

Electronics.

To

be

published

in

Part

9

of

the

IRE

Convention Record.

2.3

Medical

Electronics

I

The

Application

of

Automatic, High-

Speed Measurement Techniques

to

Cy-

tology

W.

E.

Tolles,

R.

C.

Bostrom, and

H.

S. Sawyer, Airborne Instruments

Lab.,

Inc.,

Mineola,

N.Y.

The

Cytoanalyzer,

an

instrument

being

devel-

oped

for

high-speed,

automatic

screening

of

cyto-

logical

smears

for

the

early

detection

of

cancer,

is

based

on

the

distinguishable

differences

that

exist

between malignant and normal

cells

when

com-

pared

ldth

respect

to

nucleus

size

and

density.

This paper

disc

usses

the

techniques

us

ed

to

obtain

these

differences

in

cell

characteristics

from

the

electrical

analog

of

the

smear.

The

design

and

operation

of

the

measuring

and

computing

cir-

cuits

used

in

the

instrument,

including

evalua-

tion

test

methods

and

results,

are

described.

~le

design

of

the

scanning element used

to

convert

the

optical

info~mation

of

the

smear to a

serial

elec-

trical

current

is

summarized.

SESSION

III

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Vehicu-

lar

Communications.

To

be

published

in

Part

8

of

the

IRE

Convention Record.

Vehicular

Communications:

"Nelv

Horizons

for

Vehicular

Communications"

3.3

More

Words

Per

Minute

Per

Kilocycle

C. B.

Plummer,

Federal

Communications

Commission, Washington,

D.

C.

The

amount

of

information

lvhich

may

be

trans-

-14 -

mitted

over a

radio

channel

of

a

given

width has

a

close

relationship

to the complexity

of

the

ap-

paratus

involved

in

its

transmission

and

reception.

Virtually

every

radio

service

licensed

by

the Fed-

eral

Communications

Commdssion

utilizes

far

more

radio

spectrum

than

needed to convey

the

necessazy

intelligence

in

order

to

utilize

low

cost

appara-

tus.

There

are

excellent

expansion

possibilities

in

the land mobile

services

which

are

today the

most

inefficient

users

of

our

radio

spectrum.

SESSION

IV

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

CO~

munications Systems.

To

be

published

in

Part

8 a

the

IRE

Convention Record.

4.1

General Communications Systems

The

Place

of

Communications

in

Integrated

Data

Processing

A.'

O.

Mann,

SKF

Industries,

Inc.,

Philadelphia,

Pa.

The

current

status

of

teletypewriter

and

re-

lated

communications equipment

for

integrated

data

processing

at

SKF

lvill

be

described.

Further

de-

scription

will

be

given

of

the

futu~e

plans

for

provision

of

a complete,

national

circui

try

of

tele-

typewri

ter.

The

relationship

of

such communic

a-

tions

equipment

to

a complete computational

and

control

program wi.!l

be

outlined,

highlighting

our

plans

for

a complete

closed

circuitry

with

full

feedback. Included

in

the paper

will

be

descrip-

tions

of

some

new

and

decidedly

novel communica-

tions

equipment t'lhich

l'le

have developed

in

collab-

oration

ldth

A.T. & T.

Co.

and

t~ich

exists

mwhete

else.

4.3

Sixteen

Channel

Time

Division

Multi-

plex

System Employing

Transistors

and Magnetic Core

Memory

Circuits

J.

C.

Myrick, Rixon

Electronics,

Inc.,

Silver

Spring,

Md.

and

Walter

E.

Mo

rro1v,

M.

1.

T.,

Cambridge,

Mass

~

A

four-channel

time

division

multiplex

sys-

tem,

utilizing

vacuum

tubes,

has been

in

use

for

several

years.

This paper

describes

a

new

devel-

opment, lvhich compresses

sixteen

standard

60

0 r

100

lvord

per

minute

teletype

inputs

into

a

tilE

division

multiplex

system developing an

output

suitabl~or

use with

frequency-shift

keying

sys-

tems.

[be

computer

field

has been drawn

on

for

ferrite

core

memory

circuits,

shift

registers,

Computers

binary

count-dotvn

circuits,

and

applications

0 f

and

Automation

transistors.

The

equipment

to

be

described

occu-

pies

the

same

rack

space,

requires

far

less

power

input,

and

is

inherently

much

more

reliable

than

the

multiplex

equipment

currently

in

use.

An

important

feature

of

this

equipment

is

the

incorporation

of

timing

facilities

based

on

an

os-

cillator

with an

inherent

stability

of

one

part

in

ten

to

the

eighth

per

day

or

better.

This

provid~

highly

synchronous

operation

with

infrequent

syn-

chronizing

pulses.

SESSION

VII

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Infor-

mation Theory.

To

be

published

in

Part

4

of

the

IRE

Convention Record.

Information

Theory I

7.1

Information

Theory and

Quality

Control

Jerome

Rothstein,

Signal

Corps

Engineering Labs,

Fort

Monmouth,

N.J.

A

basic

analogy

is

described

between a com-

munication system and a manufacturing system with

the

follotdng

correspondences between terms:

me

s-

sage

source and

specification,

transmitter

and

means

for

modifying

ratv

materials,

channel and ob-

jects

possessing

measurable

characteristics

rele-

vant

to

specifications,

source

of

noise

and cause

for

rejection,

receiver

and

quality

measurement

system,' ensemble

of

received

messages and

lot

of

manufactured

articles

of

measured

statisticalqum-

ity.

The

common

logical

basis

of

statistical

com-

munication

theory

and

statistical

quality

control,

plus

the

fact

that

measurement can

also

be

describ-

ed as communication, assumes

particular

importance

if

automation

is

extended

to

encompass both

qual-

ity

control

and

proQuction.

7.5

Evaluation

of

Complex

Statistical

Functions

by

an

Analog Computer

R.

Favreau

and

H.

Low,

Princeton

Computation Co.,

Princeton,

N.

J.

and

I.

Pfeffer,

The

Ramo-Wooldridge

Corp.,

Los

Angeles,

Calif.

This paper

presents

a technique

for

experi-

mentally

determining a

number

of

statistical

func-

tions

which

are

difficult

or

impossible

to

evalu-

ate

analytically.

Technique developed

tfill

be

described

by

illustrating

its

use

in

evaluating

three

such

functions

listed

below:

1)

The

probability

distribution'of

time

to

first

passage

across

a

threshold

for

a

Gaussian

Random

variable

with a given

spectrum.

2)

The

probability

distribution

ft>

r

the

length

of

interval

between

two

successive

zeros

of

a Gaussian random

variable

with

a given spectrum.

-15 -

3)

TIle

probability

that

a Rayleigh

distribu-

ted

random

variable

tdll

fade

bel

0

tV

a

threshold

for

a given

time.

Results

obtained

for

the

last

two

functions

will

be

presented.

They

agree very

well

wit

h

known

analytical

results.

SESSION

X

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Auto-

matic

Control.

To

be

published

in

Part

4

of

the

IRE

Convention Record.

10.5

Automatic Control

The

"Reasonableness Check"

in

Automation

C.

H.

Doersam,

Jr.,

Doerco-Con-

sultants,

Port

Washington,

N.Y.

The

nature

of

automation

with

respect

to

the

automatic

control

of

a

physical

process

is

revieT.v-

ed.

The

boundaries

of

extent

and

rate

\\hich

limit

the

physical

processes

are

noted.

The

new

con-

cept

of

"reasonableness

concept"

is

defined

in

terms

of

these

boundaries.

ExamplE;

are

given

which

show

that

in

its

most

elemental

form

the

reasonableness

check

is

common.

Its

power

when

extended

to

more

complicated

control

situations

is

discussed.

An

example

of

one such problem

is

given.

This example uses a

digital

computer

in

an automatic

control

problem.

It

serves

to

indi-

cate

some

of

the

methods tvhich have been

develop-

ed from the

basic

concept.

SESSION

XI

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

~roup

on Aero-

nautical

and

Navigational

Electronics.

To

be

pub-

lished

in

Part

8

of

the

IRE

Convention Record.

11.1

Air

Traffic

Control

Symbolic Display System

for

Air

Traffic

Control

L.

T.

Harris,

Griffiss

Air

Force Base,

Rome,

N.

Y.

A

general

statement

is

made

concerning

the

work

that

has been accomplished

to

date

in

the

air

traffic

control

area,

the

inadequateness

of

present

day

air

traffic

control

equipment, and a

revietv

of

various

technical

developments

that

hold

promise

of

being

effectively

used

in

air

traffic

display

systems.

A

plan

is

presented

for

a proposed

integra-

ted

display

system

capable

of

providing

a non-

ambiguous

display

of

aircraft

identity

and

posi-

tion

coordinates

suitable

for

high

density

air

traffic

control

application.

11.2

Computers

amI

4u

tomation

A

Nel\'

Look

at

Requirements

fl~r

SESSION

XVII

Electronic

Systems

in

Air

Traffic

Control

R.

S.

Grubmeyer,

Franklin

Institute,

Philadelphia,

Pa.

As

new

equipments and concepts have been

de-

veloped

for

the

control

of

air

traffic,

simulation

and

other

tests

have

thrOtvn

additional

light

on

the

detailed

requirements

for

nelV

electronic

systems

and

equipments.

Some

of

these

requirements have

been met,

but

others

continue

to

present

a

chal-

lenge

to

the e1ec

tronic

industry.

This paper

1\'111

highlight

the

most

pressing

current

requirements,

presenting

the

background

information

on

their

de-

velopment so

that

alternative

solutions

may

suggest

themselves.

The

primary purpose

of

the paper

is

to

develop

in

the

industry

an

increased

alVareness

of

current

needs so

that

research

and

development

programs can

be

guided along· the most

productive

lines.

11.3

Traffic

Control

Electronics

Research

Goes

Modern

E.

N.

Storrs

and

J.

L.

Ryerson,

Griffiss

Air

Force Base,

Rome,

N.

Y.

This paper

describes

the

system's

research

and

development program

of

the

intercenter

Traffic

Control Approach and Landing

(TRACAL)

team

of

the

Air Research

and

Development

Command

of

the

U.

S.

Air

Force.

The

basic

system

engineering

concepts

of

this

group

are

outlined

in

schematic form

and

the

plans

for

the

Phase

I,

II,

and

III

t r a f f i c

control

systems

are

described.

Details

of

the

techniques

being

applied

in the

development

of

enroute

traffic

control,

approach,

landing,

airfield

guidance, and

display

are

d i

s-

cussed.

11.4

An

analysis

for

Human

Flight

Control

L.

J.

Fogel,

Stavid

Engineering,

Inc.,

Plainfield,

N.

J.

A mathematical

model

of

some

aspects

of

the

aircraft

information

transfer

process

is

suggested

l\'hich

includes

some

usually

disregarded

human

op-

erator

characteristics,

such as

anticipation,

am-

plitude

quantization

and

sequential

sampling.

Various measures

for

system performanceeval-

uation

are

suggested.

These

may

be

used to

examine

the

nonstationary

probability

density

distributwn

of

the

output-message lvith

respect

to

the

input-

signal

probability

density

distribution

as

a

function

of

time.

The

output-message

is

def

in

e d

as

the

actual

flight

path,

.while

the

input-signal

is

taken

to

be

the

"intended"

airpath-that

path

described

by

the

probability

function

0 b t a i

ne

d

from

all

performance 0 f

the

mission phase under

consideration.

The

formulated

solution

permi

ts

both

nonlinear

and

time-varyin

g

elements,

provided

their

transduction

rem

a

ins'

single-valued

ld

th

time

limited

memory.

This

paper'

presents

a

general

survey

of

the

field

and

an

en-

gineering

approach

to

many

highly

complex

display-

control

design

problems. -16 -

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Relia-

bility

and

Quality

Control.

To

be

publishe

din

Part

6

of

the

IRE

Convention Record.

Quality

Control and

Reliability

Studies

of

Electronic

Equipments

17.2

Some

Reliability

Aspects

of

Systems

Design

Fred Moskowitz

and

J.

B.

Mclean,

Griffiss

Air Force Base,

Rome,

N.

Y.

This

report

uses elementary

princ

i p 1 e s 0 f

probabili

ty

theory

and a

systematic

developm e n t

is

presented

which

leads

to

formulas,

charts,

and

guide

rules

for

engineers

involved

in

the

design

of

systems

and

equipments. Examples

are

g i

ve

n

which

illustrate

the

use

of

the

formulas and

th

e

principles

derived.

This

study

attempts

to

show

that

1"

hen

the

problem

is

present

of

obtaining

reliable

e~ment

which

consists

of

unreliable

parts,

the

solutio

n

is

redundancy. Complexi

ty

by

itself

need not

nec-

essarily

lead

to

unreliability

if

complexi t y i s

used

correc

tly

•

1\'0

very s

imp1e

redundancy schemes

are

de-

scribed

and

analyzed.

It

is

shotfn t

hat

~

tis

possible

to

obtain

a

desired

reliability

at

rela-

tively

reasonable

cost

in

terms

of

increased

size

and

Iveight.

SESSION

XVIII

Sponsored

by

the

Profess

ional

Group 0 n N

u-

clear

Science.

To

be

published

in

Part

9

of

th

e

IRE

Convention Record.

18.2

Nuclear

Instrumentation

Punch Card Recording and

Multiple

Counting Data

H.

D.

leVine

and

Henry Sadowski,

U.

S.

Atomic Energy Commdssion,

Health and

Safety

Laboratory,

Net"

York,

N.

Y.

The

system

will

process

data

from as

man

y

as 100

counting

systems

by

channeling

a

complete

set

of

information

on

a given sample into a

central

IBM

card

punch. Automatic

interrogation

of

indi-

vidual

counters

permits

the

elimination

of

manual

techniques and

the

avoidance

of

the

human

erro

r

factor.

Each punch

card

carries

detailed

infor-

mation

on

the

number

of

the

sample, the

character

of

the

sample,

activity,

counting

geometry of the

counti~g

system,

counting

time, and

other

Most

circuits

were

redesigned

to

eliminate

vacuum

tubes and apply

transistor

and glow

counter

techniques.

Computer1'o

nod

SESSION

XXIV

Sponsored

jointly

by

the

Professional

Groups

on Antennas and

Propagation.

Telemetry

and

Remote

Control,

and

Mili

tary

Elec

tronics.

To

be

Published

in

Part

1

of

the

IRE

Convention Record.

Symposium:

The

U.

S.

Earth

Satellite

Program

--

Vanguard

of

Outer Space

Chairman:

W.

R.

G.

Baker, General

Electric

Co.,

Syracuse,

N.

Y.

The

prospect

of

man-made

Earth

Satellites

to

be launched

in

the

International

Geophysical Year

(1957-8) has

excited

the

imagination

of

engineer,

scientist

and layman.

The

launching,

placing

i n

orbi

t,

cons

truc

tion

of

the

rockets

and

satell

i t e

itself

present

interesting

engineering

challenges.

Few

realize,

hotvever,

the

scope

of

the

prob 1

ems

associated

tvi

th

the

conununication and

colI

ec

tio

n

of

data

from such a

missile.

The

objectives

of

the

satellite

program

and

the

scientific

gains

to

be

achieved

will

becovered

in

this

discussion.

The

major emphasis, however,

will

be placed

upon

problems

of:

1)

Keeping

track

of

the

missile

which

is

to

be done

by

radio

and,

more

precisely,

by

optics,

and

2)

Gathering:

data

from

the

missile.

Al

1 0 f

this

involves

radio

transmission,

propagation

and

intermittent

reception

at

many

points

widely

sep-

arated

along the ground, and

rapid

computa t

ions

based

on

such

data.

The

establishment

of

a

satellite

might

co

n-

cei

vably

be

accomplished

without.

the

use 0 f t·h e

electronic

art.

The

use

of

electronics,

however,

will

increase

immeasurably

its

value

to

man.

SESSION

XXVIII

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Telem-

etry

and

Remote

Control.

To

be

published

in

Part

1

of

the

IRE

Convention Record.

Flight

Data Reduction Systems

28.1

An

Improved System

for

Collecting

and

Processing

Flight

Test

Data

H.

W.

Royce, Glenn

L.

Martin Co.,

Baltimore,

Md.

This

report

outlines

a system l'lhich

tvill

be

capable

of

collecting

aircraft

and

missile

flight

tes

t

data

and

of

resolving

data

reduc

tion

pro

b-

lems

presently

encountered.

At

the

s

arne

time this

system

offers

a method

for

preserving

better

ac-

curacy

and

permitting

some

simplification

in

add-

ing

netf

measurements foum\,

to

be

necessary

1

ate

in

the

program.

Reasons

are

presented

for

the

use

of

digital

recording

on

magnetic

tape

as replacement

for

the

-

17

-

AutomRtion

photo panel

and

brown

recorder

and

also

the use

of

magnetic

tape

for

recording

of

high frequency

in-

formation

in

fm

form

to

replace

the

oscillographs

now

being .used. Both !iystems

will

allm'\'

the

use

of

automatic techniques

for

processing

the

d a t a,

since

the

information

is

recorded

in

electrically

retrievable

forms.

The

lot'l frequency system

has

better

accuracy

than

present

systems and

for

most

cases

the

high frequency system has

the

equivalent

or

better

accuracy.

28.2

Airborne Data

Acquisition

System

W.

H.

Foster,

Electronic

Engineer-

ing Co.,

Los

Angeles,

Calif.

The

contents

of

this

paper

are

comprised 0 f

the

results

of

Phase

II

of

Project

DATml,

awarded

by

EAFB

to

EECo

of

Calif.

DATUM

is

the code

name

for

Data

Acquisition

and Transmiss ion

by

Unif 0 r m

Methods. Phase

II

is

the

airborne

data

acquisition

portion

of

the

project.

It

consists

of

both

ac-

cumulati~g

and

recording

flight

data.

In

addi

tion

to

the

entire

system

itself,

sev-

eral

new

units

discussed

in

the

paper

are:

the

airborne

magnetic

tape

recorder,

recently

developed

strain

g·ag~

oscillators,

the

calibration

sys t

em,

and

possibly

a

new

transducer

to

record

total

fuel·

used.

This

new

approach

to

the

accumulation of

air-

borne

data

by

uniform

means

facilitates

rap

i d ,

sometimes

"instantaneous"

data

reduction.

I n

addi

tion,

there

exis

t

no

problems

of

time and event

correlation,

such as

existed

when

some

data

tV

a s

recorded

on

photo

panel,

some

on

oscillograph

re-

cording,

and

some

on

magnetic

tape

after

air

to

gnd

telemetering.

With

this

relatively

new

system

accuracies

of

10

per

cent

are

"readily"

obtainable.

Preliminary

checkout

of

the

system, u n d e r

simulated

conditions,

indicates

that

all

des

i g n

goals

have been met,

some

superseded.

Co

m

pIe

t e

flight

tests

will

be

completed

in

December.

28.3

Requirements

of

a High Speed,

High

Quantity,

All-Electronic

Data

Processing

System

F.

K.

Williams, Rocketdyne

Field

Lab., Rocketdyne, Canoga Park,

Calif.

Handling

large

quantities

of

data

taken over

relatively

wide bandwidths

is

customarily

done

by

hand

or

electromechanical

semi-automatic systems.

To

circumvent

the

problem

of

handling

this

da

t a,

Rocketdyne has developed an

all

electronic,

h

ig

h

speed high

quantity

data

system. This system

op-

erates

on

a

total

bandl.ddth

of

1,500 cps

(b

a

sed

on

Hartley

IS

criterion)

or

10 thousand conversions/

second

of

nine

bits

each.

Analog

information

is

received

from one hundred

separate

input

channels,

multiplexed,

clamped and

converted.

This

data

is

recorded

in

a permanent

storage

on

magnetic

tap

e

capable

of

holding

eight

minutes

of

informationor

four

million

eight

hundred thousand,

eighteen

bit

words.

Each

lyord

contains

the

information

producai

from a channel and

the

identification

of

the

channel

plus

a gross

error

marker. Since

all

of

the

data

Computers

is

recorded

in

digi

tal

form

on

tape,

it

can

00

usoo

to

supply

information

to

a

digital

electronic

conr

puter,

in

this

case

an

IBM

701

or

IBM

704.

Th

e

taped

ral~

data

is

played

back

into

a

data

selector

circui

t

tIThich

eliminates

all

unwanted

data

tim

e-

tvise.

Finally,

the

data

,is

transcribed

onto

t

t"

0

IBM

727

tape

units

in

blocks

of

arbitrary

length.

This

blocked

data

can

then

be

processed

directly

from

the

console

of

the

IBM

computer

in

any

tV

a y

desired.

Analog

records

can

be

reproduced,

com-

puting

can

be

done,

or

punched

card

or

typed

data

taken

from

the

machines

output.

The

latter

part

of

the

system

can

also

be

fed

from

a

digi

tal

radio

telemetering

system.

28.4

Techniques

for

a High

Speed,

High

Quantity

All-Electronic

Data

Processing

System,

IDIOT

II

M.

L.

Klein,

Rocketdyne

Field

Lab.,

Rocketdyne,

Canoga

Park,

Calif.

The

design

of

a

high

speed,

all-elec

tr

0 n i c

data

handling

system

requires

the

use

of

sever

a 1

novel

techniques.

Multiplexing

is

accomplis

he

d

with

anelectr~-mechanical,

mercury

jet

stvitc

h

which

simultaneously

acts

as

a

keying

system

fo

r

the

whole

record.

Each

input

is

s 1 amped

ina

n

all-electronic

system

which

allows

a

finite

period

for

the

conversion

to

binary

code.

The

convertor,

a prograrruned

trial

vol

tage

encoder

tvhich

success-

i

vely

trys

binary

vol

tages

and

executes

a

fix

e d

logic,

yields

a

straight

binary

code

output.

This

output,

along

with

the

channel

identification

and

error

marker

are

transcribed

onto

tape

in

blocks

of

six

and

timing

markers

added.

This

tape

record

is

the

permanent

data

storage.

To

feed

the

d a t a

into

a

computer,

the

data

is

first

played

in

t 0 a

time

filter

t1hich

examines

only

wanted

data.

Each

block

of

six

bi

ts

is

examined

for

oddness

and

even-

ness

and a

pari

ty

check

mark added

to

m a i n t a i n

oddness

of

bits.

Finally

this

data

is

rec

0

rded

on two

IBM

727

tape

uni

ts,

blocked

out

into

p r

e-

set

lengths

with

ten

millisecond

gaps

i

nse

r

te

d

wi

thout

loss

of

data.

This

technique

makes use

of

the

displaced

time

head

method

for

keying.

Wit

h

the

data

available

in

this

form,

it

can

be

use

d

by

the

IBM

701

or

704

computer

from

console

c 0

n-

troL

Several

million

t\Tords

of

data

can

be

handled

automatically

in

this

manner and

processed

at

ex-

tremely

high

speeds.

SESSION

XXXII

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group on

Elec-

tronic

Computers.

To

be

published

in

Part

4 0 f

the

IRE

Convention

Record.

Electric

Computers I

32.1

A

Multiple

Input

Analog

Multiplier

D. D.

Porter

and

A.

S.

Robinson,

Columbia

University,

Net"

York, N.Y.

This

paper

describes

an

electronic

a n a

log

computing

technique

for

obtaining

the

product

of

and

-18 -

Automation

a number

of

input

variables.

Positive

vo

1

tag

e

analogs

of

the

input

factors

are

periodically

Sam-

pled

to

produce

an

output

product

which

changes

in

discrete

steps

at

the

sampling

rate.

The

mUltiplier

consists

of

a

simple

electronic

integrator,

a

comparator,

tt'lO

output

s~

gates,

and an

additional

comparator

for

each

in

pu.t • A

five

input

multiplier

is

described

which

operates

at

a

sampling

rate

of

400

cps

tdth

a

transitio

n

time

to

the

net"

produc

t

val

ue

of

100,"

sec.

32.2

Analog

Multiplying

Circuits

Using

Switching

Transistors

Kan

Chen and R.

o.

Decker,

West-

inghouse

Electric

Corp.,

East

Pittsburgh,

Pa.

Analog

mUltiplication

schemes

based

0 II

the

principle

of

modulated

rectangular

pulses

have been

developed

using

switching

transistors

and

square-

loop

magnetic

cores.

A

two

quadrant

mUltiplying

circuit

employs

amplitude

and

frequency

modulatiDn.

A

four

quadrant

multiplying

circui

t employs ampli-

tude

and

pulsewidth

modulation.

Each

circuit

has

a

high

degree

of

r~produci

bili

ty

and

basic

simplici

ty

that

is

not

found

i n

most vacuum

tube

multipliers.

The

accuracy

0

ve

r

a two

decade

range

of

output

is

as

good

as

t

hat

achieved

by more complex vacuum

tube

c

irc

u

its.

Good

temperature

stability

is

possible

because

the.

transistors

operate

in

a

SId

tching

mode. The

re-

sponse

time

of

both

multiplying

circuits

is

equal

to

one

cycle

of

the

modulated

rectangular

pulses.

With

distinct

durability,

dependability

and

long

1

ife,

these

cireui

ts

should

find

tdde

accept

a nc e

in

both

industrial

and

military

applications.

32.3

Logic

Design

of

the

RCA

Bizmac

Computer

A.

D.

Beard,

L.

S.

Bensky,

D.

L.

Nettleton,

and

G.

E.

Poorte,

Radio

Corporation

of

America, Camden,

N.J.

The

RCA

Bizmac

computer

has

been

deve

1

<>

p e d

as

a

maj

or

element

of

the

Bizmac

sys

tern, and

may

be

described

as a

general-purpose

three-addres

s

stored-program

machine.

It

has

certain

specialized

features

which

make

it

adept

in

cyclical

account-

ing

applications:

completely

variable

word

length

in

all

internal

operations;

highly-flexible

i

n-

struction

complement

directed

toward

data-orga~

ing

abili

ty;

a

control

philosophy

which

of

fer

s

great

operational

flexibility

and s

imp

1

if

i e s

troubleshooting

and

maintenance.

The

present

paper

tfill

outline

the

control

and

organiZational

concepts

of

the

computer.

32.4

Input

and

Output

Devices

in

the

RCA

Bizmac

System

J.

A.

Brustman,

K.

L.

Chien,

C.

I.

Cole,

and

D.

Flechtner,

Radio

Corporation

of

America,

Camden,

N.J.

This

paper

will

describe

the

f u

nc

t

ion

a 1

characteristics

and some

of

the

design

feature

s

of

the

follotdng

equipments:

Computers

and

Automation

analysis.

The

technique

is

applied

to

a v

ari

e t y

Tape1.vri

ter

- A manual keyboard

device

which

creates

punched paper

tape.

Tapewriter-Verifier

--

Permits a character-Qy-

character

verification

of

a

previ

ously

prepared

tape.

Paper

Tape

Transcriber

-

Transfers

informa-

tion

from the punched paper

tape

to

mag-

netic

tape.

Card

Transcriber

--

Trans

lates

informa t

ion

from punched

cards

to

Bizmac code

on

mag-

netic

tape.

Electro-Mechanical

Printer

-

The

major

high-

speed

output

printer

of

the

Bizmac System.

Magnetic Tape

Transcriber

--

Transfersinfor-

mation from magnetic

tape

to

punched

paper

tape

in

the

RCA

Bizmac

code.

Interrogation

Unit

--

Permi

ts

direc

t

acce

s s

to

the

Tape

File

for

a rush random

inter-

rogation.

32.5

Burroughs

Series

G High Speed

Printer

E.

M.

DiGiulio,

Control

Instrument

Co.,

Inc.,

Brooklyn,

N.

Y.

The

Burroughs

Series

G high speed'

printer

is

a device

capable

of

printing

900

lines

per

minute

from punched

cards.

It

represents

the

gre

ate

s t

single

advance

yet

achieved

in

increasing

the speed

of

tabulating

and

printing

machines. This p

ape

r

discusses

some

of

the

basic

design

features

th

a t

make

this

high speed

operation

feasible.

Chi

e f

among

these

are

the

dual

card

feed

with

its

inde-

pendent

picker

knife

control,

the

unique

tiT

ire

printing

arrangement and

the

electronic

circuitry

used

for

decoding and encoding

information

to

be

printed.

The

paper

will

also

cover

some

0 f

the

features

to

be

incorporated

in

subsequent

machines

of

this

series,

such as accumulation,

magneti

c

core

storage,

a

bill

feed

printer

and a

pr

in

t e r

punch.

SESSION

XXXV

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

P r

0-

duction

Techniques.

To

be

published

in

Part

6

of

the

IRE

Convention Record.

35

..

2

Design Approaches

with

Printed

Wiring

Principles

of

Circuit

Design

for

Automation

H.

S.

Dordick, Radio

Corporation

of

America,

Camden,

N.

J.

The

equivalence

of

circuit

design,requi

re-

ments

for

high

volure

automation and j

ob-

s

ho

p

automation

is

shotvn. A

technique

of

a n a I y

sis

known

as

sub-modularization

is

described.

Th

i s

resul

ts

in

circuit

elements

of

standard

s i z e ,

content,

configuration,

and manufacturing p r

0-

cessing.

These elements

are

applicable

to

many

diverse

types

of

equipment,

creating

a

mass

pro-

duced type

of

product

within

the,

job-shop.

A

ma-

thematical

representation

is

given which

aids

in

standardization

of

circuits

and

systematizing

the

of

products and

the

resultant

standardized

aut

0-

mation package

is

shown.

Slides

will

be

presented.

SESSION

XXXIX

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Elec-

tronic

Computers.

To

be

published

in

Part

4

of

the

IRE

Convention Record.

39.1

Electronic

Computers

--

II

Chairman: John

H.

Hmvard,

Burroughs Corp.,

Paoli,

Pa.

A Magnetic

Drum

Sorting

System

B.

Cox

and

J.

Goldberg,

Stanford

Research

Inst.,

Menlo

Park,

Calif.

A

recently

announced

electronic

accounting

machine

(ERMA)

is

required

to

file

50,000 items a

day

to

magnetic

tape

storage.

The

filing

proceeds

continuously

during

the

day and

utilizes

a magnetic

drum

as

a temporary

storage

device.

Each

item

is

identified

by

an

index number;

the

items

are

enter-

ed

to

the

machine

sequentially

in

random index

num-

ber,

but

are

stored

on

magnetic

tape

in

numerical

order.

The

sorting

operation

occurs

between

drum

and

tape

and

is

accomplished

by

a unique

electron-

ic-sorter,

which

is

characterized

by

its

ability

to

scan a

large

number

of

drum

tracks

simultaneous-

ly

td

th

but

a

single

index number

regis

ter

and

a

minimum

of

associated

logical

circuitry.

The

sys-

tem

is

further

characterized

by

a small number

of

lvri

ting-erasing

operations

per

item.

39.2

A Magnetic

Drum

Extension

to

the

Gamma

3

Computer

P.L. Dreyfus,

H.G.

Feissel,

and

B.M.

Leclerc,

Compagnie

Des

Machines

Bull.,

Paris,

France

The

BULL

Gamma

3,

a

production

line

computer,

t'las

primarily

designed

tv!

th

a ,small

internal

stor-

age

to

be

connected

to

standard

punched

card

mach-

ines.

An

extension

including

a magnetic

drum

and

high speed

storage

may

not\'

be

connected

to

the

ex-

isting

model,

increasing

a thousand

fold

its

inter-

nal

storage.

This paper

will

describe

logical

and

techno-

logical

problems.involved

in

this

connection

and

some

basic

features

of

drum

circuitry.

39.3

The

Univac Magnetic Computer -

Part

1.

Logical Design and

Specifications

A.J. Gehring,

L.W.

Stowe, and

L.D.

Wilson, Remington

Rand

Univac

Division

of

Sperry

Rand

Corp.,

Philadelphia~

Pa.

This paper

describes

a

two

address,

decimal

serial,

binary

parallel

computer which uses about

1,500

magnetic

core

devic~s

together

with

german-

ium diodes

to

perform

all

arithmetic

and

control

functions.

The

arithmetic

element

lIS:"S

four

rna/]-

_ 19 -

(continued

o~

page

~2)

Free

Use

of

the

Toronto

Computer,

an'd

the

Remote

Programming

of

It

PART

1

~

c.

GOTLJER

and'others

Computation

~entre

University

of

Toronto

Toronto,

Canada

1.

Note

By

the

Editor:

In

the

December

1955

issue

of

"Computers

and

Automation",

The

Editor's

Notes

contained

a

brief

report

of

a

conversation

in

Boston lvith Dr. C.C.

Gotlieb

of

the

Computation Centre

at

the

Univer-

sity

of

Toronto. Dr.

Gotlieb

said

that

they had

a policy'

of

allowing

free

use of

their

Ferranti

computer

Ferut,

to

a reasonable

extent,

to

any

investigator

(t"hether

in

Canada

or

not)

t"ho

was

not going

to

profit

personally

from

the

research:

this

in

spite

of

the

fact

that

they

regularly

charge $100

an

hour

for

the

use

of

their

computer

on

commercial problems.

He

invited

the

putting

of

problems

of

this

class

on

Ferut.

In

addition

Dr.

Gotlieb

said

that

they were

planning to

tie

in

their

computer

by

teletype

with

many

other

universities

in

Canada, so

that

each

co~ld

have access

to

the

machine and

put

its

ot"n

problems

first

hand onto

the

machine.

In

this

way

they could

make

their

one machine

helpful

to

the

whole

of

Canada

for

research

and

instruction.

II.

From

Dr. C.C.

Gotlieb:

I thought

that

was

a very

fair

report

of

the

conversation

t"e

had

in

Boston.

The

programming

of

our machine

is

such

that

we

have

not

exactly

been

swamped

by

requests

from

outside

users

to

avail

themselves

of

the

free

machine time

for

"r.eal code" problems.

I

am

sending under

separate

cover

a

cop

Y

of our

new

Transcode

Manual

which

contains

a

de-

scription

of

our

system of automatic programming

for

Ferut.

We

find

we

can teach

this

system

in

a few hours and Transcode programs from

outside

Toronto have been coming

in

steadily.

You

will

also

be

interested

to

know

that

we

have had

five

evenings

of

extremely

successful

runs

tvi

th

the

Uni

versi

ty

of

Saskatchelvan

via

the

teletype

link

supplied

by

the

Canadian National Railways.

It

D;lay

be

that

CNR

will

provide

us

wi

th

free

tel

e-

type

lines

to

any

Canadian uni vers i

ty

and

the

experience

t"e

have had

to

date

makes

us

extreme-

ly

enthusiastic

about

this

way

of

running. There

are

already

some

fifteen

people

at

the

University

of

Saskatchetvan

who

have run problems

on

Fer

u t

wi

thout

ever

having seen

the

machine,

and

w e

feel

that

we

can

appreciably

increase

the

number

of

students

tiho

acquire

experience

on

a computer

during

their

university

career.

III.

From

"Transcode Manual"

--

~_System

of

Automatic Programming

for

FERUT,

the

Ferranti

Mark

I

Electronic

Di-

gital

Computer

at

the

University

of

Toronto, published

by

the

Computa-

tion

Centre,

University

of

Toronto,

Canada, October, 1955, 58 pages:

PREFACE

This manual

was

written

for

scientists,

engi-

neers

and

others

in

Canada

to

make

available

to

them

the

use

of

FERUT,

the

automatic

electronic

digital

computing machine

at

the

Computation Cen-

tre

in

the

University

of

Toronto.

It

is

intended

also

to

acquaint

other

readers

with

the

systems

used

here.

With

its

aid

one

can

write

programs

for

computations

by

the

machine

without

having to

learn

the

many

intricacies

that

must be mastered

by

the

professional

programmer

whose

concern

is

with

the

efficient

use of

the

machine

in

long

cal-

culations.

Already programs

in

Transcode have

been

written

outside

Toronto

and

the

results

of

computation

sent

by

mail.

Wherever a

number

of

similar

calculations

have

to

be

done as

part

of

a

research,

it

is

advantageous

to

use

this

method

in

place

of

a desk

calculator.

For

calculaiions

that

do

not involve

many

hours

of

machine time,

Transcode overcomes

the

difficulty

of

providing

sufficient

expert

prograffimdng

help

to

accomplish

all

the

t"ork

for

tvhich

the

machine

is

sui

table

and

for

which computing time

is

available.

The

general

ideas

embodied

in

this

system

were evolved

by

Professors

Hume

and

Gotlieb.

The

very

substantial

amount

of

expert

programmdng

re-

quired

to

prepare

the

machine

to

translate

the

simplified

Transcode program

was

carried

out

by

Professor

Hume

and

Dr. Worsley.

The

system

was

'first

put

in

operation

in

September, 1954. Since

then

a

number

of

elegant

improvements,

especially

those

due

to

Dr. Kates, Dr. Worsley and

Mr.

Wat-

son,

have been

incorporated.

Much

ingenuity

has

gone

into

the

routines

for

the

machine

that

the

user

of

Transcode

unconsciously

relies

on.

Prof.

Griffith

and

Mr.

Weir have

also

contributed

library

routines.

The

manual

was

prepared

by

~

fessor

Gotlieb,

Dr. Worsley and

Mrs

..

A.

Wallis.

Already over

fifty

persons have used

the

system

in

their

work.

To

encourage

learners,

it

may

be

mentioned

that

graduate

students

in

science

and

engineering

at

Toronto have

learned

readily

in

a

very

short

time

and

are

enthusiastic

users.

- 40 -

For

those

without

much

knowledge

of

comput-

ing

by

machine

who

approach

this

manual hopefully,

may

I

suggest

that

the

main

initial

hurdle

to

be

overcome

is

the

mastery

of

new

vocabulary.

A

serious

attempt has been

made

to

make

the

reading

ComputerN

of

this

manual easy

in

that

respect

for

them.

At

the

same

time

it

is

fair.to

point

out

that

al-

though

FERUT

operated

Iii

th Tra:tscode accompl

ishes

in

one hour as

much

calculation

as a

man

with a

desk machine can

do

in

one

month,

the

l'lri

ting

of

a program

means

producing

in

some

detail

the

ser-

ies

of

instructions

required.

Accordingly

atten-

tion

to

detail

cannot

be

avoided.

HOl1ever

it

is

soon

1earned

and

the

aide

memoire

or

summary

sheet

requires

only a

single

sheet

of

paper.

Rnd

Automlltioll

If

any

learner

experiences

difficulty

we

should

like

to

hear

from

his

so

that

lye

may

prof-

it

by

learning

where

lye

failed

as

instructors.

Lest

it

should

be

thought

that

Transcode

is

a

sort

of

programmdng

only

for

amateurs I should

like

to mention

that

in

the

interest

of

speed

of

computing

FERUT

is

a

fixed-point

machine

ordinar-

ily.

Ho'tyever,

programming tv!

th

fixed

dec

i

mal

point

encounters

on

occasion

quite

exacting

pro-

blems

of

scaling.

By

its

use

of

floating

point,

Transcode

is

a

valuable

aid

to

the

programmer

fac-

ing

scaling

problems

and

indeed

in

some

calcu1.a-

tions

Transcode

is

more

economical

than

fixed

point

computation.

Since,

in

Transcode, numbers

are

submitted

to

the

machine

in

decimal form,

the

user

is

saved

all

contact

with

binary

arithmetic.

Finally

in

introducing

the

reader

to

the

au-

thors

may

I

suggest

that

he

keep

in

mind

that

he

is

investing

his

time

in

a rewarding

venture.

Hours

of

desk computing are handled

painlessly

by

the

machine

in

a

few

minutes.

As

Director

of

the

Computation Centre I

moWd

like

to

take

this

opportunity

of

expressing

my

appreciation

of

the

enthusiasm

and

hard

work

of

the

Centre

staff

in

creating

this

new

facility

at

Toronto

to

serve

the

interests

of

scientific

co~

puting

in

Canada. I hope

their

efforts

will

be

rewarded

by

a good response from

the

physicists

and

others

it

is

written

for.

W.H.

Watson,

Director.

TRANS

CODE

MANUAL

TABLE

OF

CONTENTS

Chapter

1.

General

1.1

Electronic

Digital

Computers

••••••••••

l

1.2

Functional

Units

•••••••••••••••••.••••

l

1.3

Machine

Instructions

•••

~

••••••••••••••

2

1.4

Automatic Coding Techniques

•••••••••••

4

Chapter

2.

The

Transcode Machine

2.1

Machine

Description

•••••••••••••••••••

6

2.2

Transcode

Instructions

••••••••••••••••

9

2.3

Tape

Controls

••••••••••••••••••••••••

19

Chapt~r

3.

Operating Notes

3.1

Program Design

•••••••••••••••••••••••

22

3.2

Tape

Preparation

•••••••••••••••••••••

23

3.3

Console Procedures

•••••••••••••••••••

25

3.4

Write Taping

•••••

~

•••••••••••••••••••

26

3.5

Transcode Zero and

Infinity

••••••••••

27

3.6

Special

Coding Techniques

••••••••••••

28

-

21

'-

Chapter

4.

Examples

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••

33

Chapter

5.

Libra~y

Functions

••••.•••••••••••••

43

Appendix I Magnitude

Restrictions

on

~

Transcode

Number

•••••••••••••

53

II

Ferut

Operating Sheet

for

Transcode

•••••••••••

54

III

Times

of

Transcode Operations

••••

56

IV

Glossary of

Terms

••••••••••••••••

57

V

Summary

Sheet

•••.••••••••••••••••

59

CHAPTER

1.

GENERAL

1.1

Electronic

Digital

Computers

The

FERUT

computer

is

one

of

a type

general-

ly

described

by

the terms

digital

and

auto

rna

ti

c.

The

term

digital

is

used to

distinguish

such

co~

puters

from analog,

or

continuosly-variable

d

e-

vices,

of

which

the

slide-rule

and

differenti

a 1

analyser

are

common

examples.

The

earlier

digi-

tal

calculators,

such as

the

abacus and desk-type

adding machines, lyere designed

to

mechanize only

the

ari

thmetical

operations

which

occur

in

han

d

calculations.

H01vever,

these

r~quire

a

human

op-

erator

to

carry

out

such processes as

in

pu

tti

n g

data,

transferring

intermediate

results

from one

register

to

another,

transcribing

the

final

an-

Stfers

into

a

presentable

form and

possibly

e~loy

ing

judgment

at

some

stage

in

the

calculation

to

decide between

alternative

procedures.

The

term

automatic

is

applied

to computers which

are

de-

s igned

to

carry

out

these

processes

wi

thout

the

intervention

of

an

operator.

FERUT

can

also

be

described

as a

stared-pro-

gram

calculator.

That

is

to

say,

it

functions

by

obeying a sequence

of

instructions

which must

first

be

stored

within

the

machine

in

some

coded form.

Finally,

FERUT

may

be

described

as a

un

i -

versal

calculator

in

the

sense

that

it

can be used

to

solve

any

problem which can be reduced

to

a

se-

quence

of

numerical

operations

on

given

data.

Only

considerations

of

speed

and

storage

capacity

can

qualify

this

statement.

1.2

Functional

Units

Computers

satisfying

the

above

description

are

now

named

after

Dr.

A.

M.

Turing

of

Mandeste~

who

first

postulated

the

theoretical

form

of

a

machine

t.vhich

would

calculate

any

computable

nu~

ber.

In

practical

terms, Turing machines must

con-

tain

five

basic

units:

(i)

an

input

unit,

(ii)

a

set

of

storage

registers,

(iii)

an

arithmetical

unit

capable

of

performing

logical

or

arithmetic

operations

on

arrays

of

dig

its

stored

in

the

registers,

(iv)

an

output

unit,

and

(v)

a

control

unit

which arranges

for

the

functioning

of

the

computer

as

a whole.

The

set

of

available

operations

constitutes

Computers

and

Automation

the

instruction

code

of

a

given

computer.

The

pro-

in

the

address 0052

to

the

accumulator and

select

gram,

or

set

of

these

instructions

r~quired

tosriWe

the

out

of

address

7631.

a given pt:oblem, must be

prepared

by

a

proc

es

s

known

as coding, and

fed

into

the

store

0 f

the

comput~r

before

being obeyed.

The

individual

in-

structions

then

assume

the

same

physical

fo

r m

as

numbers

within

the

machine.

The

operation

of

com-

puting

involves

the

following

steps:

(i)

(ii)

(iii)

inputting

the

program, along

with

any

necessary

data,

such as

start-

ing

values,

parameters,

and

tables

of

empirical

functions,

initiating

the

calculation

by

caus-

ing

the

control

to

proceed

to

the

first

instruction,

removing

the

final

results,

(outputting

instructions

are

gener-

ally

included

in

the

program).

A machine

like

FERUT

makes

use

of

special

storage

registers

to

carry

out

its

operations.

There

is

an

accumulator, a

register

into

which

the

immed-

iate

re,sul

ts

of

an

arithmetic

or

logical

operation

are

placed.

,There

is

also

a

set

of

B-registers

which can

be

used

to

modify machine

instructions

as they

are

obeyed

without

altering

their

form

in

the

store

and

without

recourse

to

the

accumulator.

B-registers

can be used as

counters,

since

addition

and

subtraction

can be

carried

out

directly

on

their

contents.

Digit

representation

within

a computer need

not

be

decimal.

Scales

of

32, 8 and 2

are

common.

The

binary,

or

scale

of

2,

representation

is

used

in

FERUT.

Each

bit,

or

unit

of

binary

information,

may

be

represented

by

an

on-or-off

device,

and

re-

cognized

by

the

presence

or

absence

of

a b

rig

h t

spot

on

a

cathode-ray

tube.

1.3

Machine

Instructions

A machine

instruction

consists

of

two

part~

a

functional

operator

and

an

operand.

The

operand

generally

consists

of

one

or

more

addresses,

that

is,

names

of

store

locations

which

contain

rele-

vant

information.

Thus

a

typical

single-address

instruction

might

be

ADD

567

Th

is

l\1ould

ins

truc

t the computer

to

add

the

num-

ber

stored

in

the

567th

storage

location

to

the

number

already

contained

in

the accumulator. A

three-address

instruction

could

take

on

the

form:

SUBT

ABC

anJ

instructs

the

machine

to

subtract

the

number

in

storage

location

B from

the

number

in

storage

location

A and

place

the

result

in

storage

loca-

tion

C.

Machines

in

which

instructions

are

not

obeyed

sequentially

must provide

for

the

operand

to

include

the

address

containing

the

n

ext

i

n-

struction.

Thus

a two-address code

migh.t

pr

0 v

ide

instructions

like

ADD

0052

7631

which l'Jould

require

the machine

to

add

the

number

-

22

-

In

FERUT,

instructions

are

single-address.

Each

is

represented

by

one

"line",

i.e.

a

set

of

'20

binary

digits

(bits)

of

stored

information.

Of

these

20

bits,'

the

last

6

are

used

to

specify

the

operation,

the'first

10

to

specify

the

add-

ress

of

the

operand, 'and

the

remainder

to

specify

the

B-register

used

to

modify

the

instruction.

A

B-register

contains

the

same

number

of

bits

as

a

stored

line,

and

is

therefore

commonly

referred

to

as a

B-line.

Outside

the

machine, each

inst-

ruction

is

represented

by

four

characters,

each

5-bit

character

being a symbol

in

the

standard

teletype

code.

It

should

be

noted

that

machine

instt:uctions

are

generally

quite

elementary.

Each one achieves

only a fragmentary

portion

of

the

entire

task

to

be

performed so

that

much

detailed

work

is

necess-

ary

to

prepare

a problem

for

automatic

solution.

Another

practical

difficulty

often

encoun-

tered

by

the

programmer

for

a

universal

computer

is

that

of

scaling.

FERUT

is

a

fixed-point

m a

ch-

ine,

that

is

to

say,

the

binary

point

~emains

in

a

fixed

position

relative

to

the

binary

digits

used

to

represent

a

number

within

the

machine.

Hence numbers

within

a

limited

t:ange

of

magnitude

only

are

allowed

to

occur

in

the

course

of

a

cal-

culation.

For example, one

may

be using

the

mach-

ine

in

such a lfay

that

all

numbers

are

required

to

lie

between

-1/2

and+l/2.

Since

it

is

poss-

ible

for

the

sum

of

a

set

of

numbers

to

exceed

these

bounds even though each

individual

number

lies

within

them,

suitable

scale

factors

must

be

attached

to

the

individual

numbers so

that

such

an

overflol\' does

not

occur.

Compensation

for

these

factors

must be

made

elsewhere

in

the

pro-

gram.

The

problems

of

scaling

become

acute

when

scale

factors

cannot be chosen so as

to

permit

re-

tention

of

a

sufficient

number

of

significant

fig-

ures.

It

may

then

be

preferable

to

represent

num-

bers

in

floating

form,

that

is,

as

standardized

numbers

or

mantissae

tv!

th

appropriate

exponents.

Thus

-736.25:

~7.3625

x

10

2 and

may

be

repre~ted

by

the

mantissa -7.3625 and

the

exponent

2.

A

fixed-point

computer can

be

made

to

handle

float-

ing

numbers

by

the

use

of

special

coding methods.

Similarly,

of

course,

a

binary

computer can

be

used

to

deal

with numbers

represented

in

any

other

scale

of

notation.

1.4

Automatic Coding Techniques

Experience has

shown

that

certain

routines

(or

sub-sections

of

programs) can

be

devised

in

a

sufficiently

flexible

manner

to

carryover

from

one

problem

to

another.

Thus

routines

can

be

l"ri

t

ten

once and

for

all

to

perform such operatiom

as:

(i)

reading-in

instructions

through

the

input

unit,

converting

them

into

the

form

required

by

the

computer

and

storing

them as

required

by

the

pro-

(ii)

(iii)

gram,

similarly

inputting

decimal

data,

evaluating

certain

functions

such as

sines

and

cosines,

C.omputers

and

Automat101l

Since

the

normal machine code

of

FERUT

is

(iv)

(v)

(vi)

performing

calculations

such as advanc-

ing

the

integration

of

a system

of

dif-

ferential

equations

by

one

step

in

ac-

cordance with

some

established

numeri-

cal

method,

printing

out

data,

with

all

necessary

conversion

from machine form

to

requir-

ed

layout

on

the

printed

page,

arranging

to

perform a sequence

of

in-

structions

a

prescribed

number

of

times

before

proceeding

to

the

of

the

calculation.

This

last

operation

is

commonly

known

as loop-

ing,

and

is

often

accompanied

by

a

systematic

modi-

fication

of

some

of

the

instructions

in

the

s~nce.

It

is

this

technique

t.vhich

really

makes

a

stored-

program

calculator

workable,

since

it

takes

advan-

tage

of

the

repetitive

nature

of

calculations

suit-

able

for

automatic

execution.

To

use a computer

efficiently,

it

is

necessazy

to

consolidate

and

unify

coding

techniques.

First

of

all,

a scheme

of

input

and

organization

of

rou-

tines

must

be

adopted. Compatible

Id

th

this

scheme,

a

library

of

routines

must be

constructed

to

per-

form such

operations

as have

just

bee~

described.

There

is

still

a

considerable

amount

of

work

to

be

done

for

each problem

by

way

of

co-ordinating

lib-

rary

routines

into

a completed program and

this

en-

tails

a

full

knowledge

of

the

code

and

specifica-

tions

of

the

machine.

Thus

the

final

step

towards

automatizing

cod-

ing

techniques

is

to

arrange

for

the

computer

it-

self

to

do

the

organizing

and coding

by

a pseudo-

code. Transcode

is

an

automatic coding

systemt~t

ten

especially

for

FERUT.

It

derives

its

name

from

the

fact

that

it

arranges

for

all

information,

pre-

pared

for

input

in

a

simplified

form,

to

be

read

into

the

machine from a punched paper

tape

and

translated

into

the form

required

by

the

computer.

This

translating

tak~s

place

automatically

on c e

and

for

all

before

the

calculation

proper

is

start-

ed.

Translation

routines

of

this

type

are

a 1 s 0

known

as compiling

routines

or

compilers.

CHAPTER

2.

THE

TRANSCODE

MACH

INE

2.1

Machine

Description

When

programming

t.'Ii

th

Transcode,

FERUT

may

be

regarded

as

another

machine

in

Ivhich

the

specifi-

cations

for

numerical

representation,

storage

or-

ganization

and

instruction

code

are

quite

differ-

ent

from

those

for

the

"real"

machine.

The

fol-

lowing

are

the

properties

of

the

Transcode mach-

ine.

2.11

Number

Representation

It

is

not

necessary

for

the Transcode

user

to

become

familiar

with

the

binary

system.

Numbers

normally

entering

into

a

calculation

are

expres-

sed

in

the

floating

decimal system,

that

is

every

number

has

associated

t"li

th

ita

power

of

ten

which

may

be

considered

as

its

scale

factor.

For

example

-107.345

is

written

-1.07345 x

10

+2.

-

23

-

constructed

to

operate

on numbers

in

fixed-point

binary

form, a

conversion

must

take

place

when-

ever

floating

decimal numbers

are

read

in.

For

Transcode each

floating-decimal

number

is,

in

fact,

represented

by

its

equivalent

floating-bin-

ary form,

two

lines

(40

bits)

of

machine

storage

being used

to

represent

the

mantissa,

and

the

fo~

lowing

line

(20

bits)

to

represent

twice the

bin-

ary

exponent.

(The

factor

two

in

the

exponent

was

adopted

for

convenience

in

coding).

It

is

possible

to

carry

as

many

as

12

significant

deci-

mals

in

a Transcode

calculation.

Integers,

as

well

as

fractions,

can

of

course

be punched

in

floating-decimal

form and

read

into

the

machine.

They

then

occupy

three

lines

of

ma-

chine

storage.

The

representation

may

not

always

be

exact,

however,

since

an

error

of

1

in

~O

may

be

introduced

by

the

conversion.

When

counting

iterations

it

is

necessary

to

represent

integers

exactly

within

the

computer

and

of

a

length

which can

readily

be used

in

a

B-line.

Therefore

an

alternative

representation

has been provided

for

integers.

All

the

numbers

used

in

B-lines

are

20-bi

t

integers

in

fix

e

d-

point

form. Note

also

that

the

exponent

part

of

a

floating

number

is

an even

integer

of

this

sort.

2.12

Storage

OrganiZation

The

Transcode machine,

like

FERUT,

has

two

levels

of

stores,

electronic

and magnetic.

The

ELECTRONIC

store

consists

of

three

pages*

label-

led

X,

Y and Z. There

are

21

addresses

or

store

positions

on

each

of

the

X and Y pages,

labelled

XOl,

X02,

••

X21;

YOl,

Y02,

••

Y21.

The

Z page

con-

tains

only

thirteen

addresses

ZOI

•• Z13. All

of

these

electronic

storage

positions

are

individu-

ally

and

simultaneously

available

during

compu-

tation

and they

may

be

used

to

store

data,

inter-

mediate

results

or

tables.

The

MAGNETIC

store

consists

of

64**DRUM

lo-

cations,

divided

equally

into

two

sets,

called

the

lot..rer

and upper

halves

of

the

range.

Each

DRUM

location

can

be

used as

an

auxiliary

store

for

a block

of

21

electronic

store

positions.

The

contents

of

the

X

or

Y page

may

be

transferred

as

a whole,

to

or

from a

DRUM

location

by

means

of

instructions

described

below.

The

Z page can

be

transferred

only under

the

conditions

of

Section

3.64.

Such an

operation

replaces

the

of

21

numbers with

the

new

material.

DRUM

locations

may

also

be

filled

directly

from

the

in-

put

tape.

It

should be noted

that

the

magnetic

store

is

only

accessible

in

block form,

this

be-

ing

an

engineering

feature

of

the

machine.

Transcode

also

makes

provision

for

storing

up

to

21

CONSTANTS

per

program. These

are

label-

led

COl,

C02,

••

C21.

They

retain

their

identity

'throughout

the

execution

of

a

calculation

and

can

only be

introduced

by

input

from

tape

before

the

calculation

commences.

They

are

actually

stored

among

the

translated

machine

instructions

to

be-

come

available

as

required

by

the

program.

* These pages correspond

to

the

cathode

ray

tubes which can

be

viewed from

the

console.

Each

r...omputers

contains

64

lines

of

machine

storage

arranged'

i n

tl\t)

col

umns.

In

the

X and Y

pages,

the

1 a s t

63

lines

are

used

for

storage

of

Transcode

numbers,

and

the

first

is

spare.

In'

the

Z

page,

the

1

as

t

39

lines

are

used

for

storage

of

Transcode

numbers,

and

the

remainder

are

used

by

Transcode

for

moni-

toring

purposes

and must

not

normally

be

altered

by

the

program.

and

Automa

tion

**

This

number

may

be

increased

by

special

ar-

rangement

with

the

operator.

2.13

Instructions

The program

for

a

calculation

consists

of

a

consecutively

numbered

set

of

instructions.

These

are

numbered

in

sequence,'

as 001, 002, 003

etc.

Thus

each

instruction

in

a

given

program

can

be

identified

by

its

"instruction

number",

jjj.

In-

structions

are

of

the

three

address

type,

and

al-

ways

take

the

form

of:

(i)

a

four

letter

functional

part

specuying

the

operation

to

be

done.

(ii)

three

addresses,

each

having

four

digits,

specifying

the

storage

locations

of

the

operands,

results,

arguments,

etc.

The

first

three

of

the

four

digits

of

each

address

speclfy

a

storage

location

as d

efi

ned

above.

The

fourth

digit

can

refer

to

a B 1 i n

e,

as

described

belo

1

v;

for

the

moment

it

tfill

be

taken

as

zero,

which

indicates

no

B-modification.

Fo

r

some

instructions,

this

four-digit

address

may

take

on a

specialized

form,

such

as

an

integer,

speci-

fying

how

many

Transcode

numbers

arero

be

printed.

It

may

even

be a

dummy,

in

tfhich

case

it

is

repre-

sented

by

four

zeros.

The

exact

meaning

of

e a c h

of

the

four

digits

in

each

of

the

three

addresses

is

defined

below

for

each

instruction

and

thisin-

formation

is

summarized

in

Appendix

V.

A few

preliminary

remarks

may

be

made

abo

u t

Transcode

instructions.

"Storage

location"

her

e

is

to

~an

magnetic

or

electronic.

The

contents

of

any"

storage

location

are

indeterminate,

unt

i 1

filled

by

a programmed

operation.

The

conten

t s

of

storage

locations

used

as

arguments

in

a

Trans-

code

operation

are

left

unaltered

by

the

operation.

The

resul

ts

of

a

Transcode

oper"ation

are

pIa

c e d

in

the

designated

storage

location,

imp

1

yin

g a

replacement

of

information

previously

s

tor

e d

therein.

Constants,

however,

can

only

be

intr

0-

duced

initially

from

the

input

tape.

Let

(x0!) be

used

to

represent

the

contents

of

storage

location

XOI. Then

the

instruc

t

ion

"add

(XO!)

to

(YO!)

and

place

the

result

in

ZOl"

and

having

the

instruction

number

ooj,

is

written

as

OOj

ADDN

XOl.O YOl.O ZOl.O

The

instructions

for

the

TRANS

CODE

machi n e

tdll

be

discussed

under

the

following

headings:

(j)

(ii)

(iii)

(iv)

Arithmetic

instructions

Transfer

instructions

Looping and

control-transfer

instruc-'

tions

Miscellaneous

instructions

-24 -

2.2

Transcode

Instructions

2.21

Arithmetic

Instructions

The

ins

truc

tions

ADDN

SUBT

MULT

DIVD

XOl.O

X01.0

YOLO

YOl.O

Y01.0

YOLO

Z01.0

ZOl.O

have

the

effect

of

placing

respectively

in

ZOI

the

four

results

(XO!)

+ (YO!), (x0!) -(YO!), (x0!) x

(YO!)

and (x0!)

-:-

(YOU.

In

general,

the

fir

s t

two

addresses

may

be any

of

the

X,

Y,

Z

or

C 1

0-

cations,

and

their

contents

are

left

unchanged

by

the

operation.

The

third

address

may

be an

X,

Y

or

Z

location.

The

instruction

1/2QRT XOl.O

000.0

Z01.0

has

the

effect

of

placing

""(XO!)

in

ZOI. The

in-

struction

KOMP

XOl.O Y01.0 ZOl.O

places

I

(XO!)

I -

(YO!)

in

ZOI.

The

possible

addresses

for

these

two

instructions

are

as

for

the

four

instructions

above.

The

use

of

the

first

five

instructions

~

ob-

vious

and

in

fact

they

are

the

basic

compu

tin

g

instructions.

The

KOMP

(compare)

instruction

has

many

uses;

in

particular

if

(Yon =

zero

it

stores

the

modulus

of

a number.

This

is

often

necessary

in

examining

for

convergence

or

in.

determining

if

two

supposedly

equal

res

ul

ts

agree

(see

ex

amp

1 e

below

for

calculating

~

-

>'

).

2.22

Transfer

Instructions

The

instruction

OVER

XOl.O

000.0

ZOl.O

transfers

(XOl)

to

ZOl,

leaving

(XOl)

unchanged.

It

has

possible

addresses

as

for

the

first

fo

u.r

instructions.

Note, however,

that

the

second

ad-

dress

here

is

a

du~.

ZERO

XOl.O

000.0

places

floating

point

zero

(here

.• '

_10-

10

,000)

in

XOI

and

may

be

applied

to

any

X,

Y

or

Z

address.

It

is

useful

for

clearing

locations

bef

0

ret

h e

start

of

an

iteration.

Here

the

last

tlfo addresses

are

dunmies.

The

instructions

arrange

for

the

transfer

of

information

between

the

DRUM

and

electronic

store.

READ

001.0 000.0

XOO.O

copies

the

contents

of

DRUM

position

001 0 n

to

page

X,

i.e.

positions

XOI

to

X21.

This

is

com-

monly

referred

to

as

"reading

down

from

the

DRUM".

WRlE

001.0

000.0

Computers

iOo.o

copies

the

contents

of

page

X on

to

DRUM

position

001.

This

is

commonly

referred

to

as

"writing

up

to

the

DRUM".

In

general

any

of

the

DRUM

positions,

and

the

X

or

Y

page

(but.!!Q.1

the

Z page)

may

be

use

d •

These

instructions

may

be

B-modified

as

explained

at

the

end

of

this

section.

The

analogy

of

reading

pages

out

of

or

Il(ri

ting

pages

into

a book might be

noted.

2.23

Looping and

Control

Transfer

Instructions

To

achieve

econo~

of

effort

in

writing

pro-

grams,

it

is

necessary

to

arrange

that

sequence

s

of

instructions

be

used

over

and

over

again,

i.e.

to

Il(ri

te

loops.

B-lines

have

several

uses,

and

one'

of

the

most

important

is

to

act

as

coun

te

r s

to

facilitate

looping.

The

LOOP

and

B-conditionru

TRNS

(transfer

control)

instructions

h a

ve

bee

n

specially

devised

for

this

pu-rpose.

Suppose

th

a t

it

is

required

to

cycle

through

a

set

of

instruc-

tions

21

times,

before

proceeding

to

the

struction.

This

can

be

achieved

by

001

002

OOn

LOOP

021.0

000.3

(Set

of

INST

to

be

(obeyed

21

times

over)

00

(n +

1)

TRNS

002.0

000.3

000.0

The

LOOP

instruction

here

prepares

the

ma-

chine

to

repeat

21

times

the

set

of

instructions

which

follows,

B3

being

assigned

in

this

case

as

the

counter

for

keeping

track

of

the

number of

the

iteration.

The

third

address

here

is

a

dum

my.

The

TRNS

instruction

terminates

the

sequencetobe

cycled

through

in

the

following

way.

It

m a k e s

the

machine

select

as

its

the

one numbered

002,

provided

That

B3

has

not

ye

t

counted

off

the

numbep

of

iterations

specifiedby

the

LOOP

instruction.

When

B3

shows

the

co

u n t

to

be

complete,

the

TRNS

instruction

allows

con-

trol

to

proceed

as

usual

to

the

00

(n+2)

in

the

numbered

sequence.

The

process

of

looping

is

very

commonly

ac-

companied by

the

progressive

modification

of

cer-

tain

instructions

Id

thin

the

loop.

Tra

ns

cod

e

enables

this

to

be

done

automatically,

using

the

same

B-line

that

controls

the

loop.

Suppose,

for

example,

it

is

desired

to

place

ZERO

in

each

of

the

locations

X01, X02,

•••

X21 •

This

could

be

accomplished

by

the

twenty-one

in-

structions

001

ZERO

002

ZERO

021

ZERO

XOl.O

X-2.0

X2l.0

000.0

000,.0

000.0

The

following

method

allows

a

much

s h 0 r t e r

seq~ence

of

instructions

to

do

the

same

thing:

001

LOOP

002

ZERO

003

TR~

021.0

X21.3

002.0

000.3

000.0

000.3

000.0

an~

Automation

Note

that'

the

address

of

the

last

number

to

b e

operated

upon

is

written

into

the

instruction

ad-

dress

which

is

to

be

progressively

mOdified,

the

fourth

digit

being

the

number

of

the

B

line

co

n-

trolling

the

loop.

While

the

above

three

instruc-

tions

are

the

ones

written

into

the

program,

the

instructions

actually

obeyed

are

carried

0

uti

n

the

following

sequence:

LOOP

021.0 000.3

000.0

ZERO

X01.0

000.0

TR~

002.0 000.0

000.0

ZERO

X02.0

000.0

TR~

002.0

000.0 000.0

ZERO

X03.0

000.0

TRNS

002.0

000.0

ZERO

X21.0

000.0 000.0

I~T

in

004.

The mechanism by

which

the

above

pro

c e s s

takes

place

is

as

follows:

numbers

in

the

X,

Y

or

Z

addresses

are

actually

stored

in

reverse

sequence

Iv!

thin

the

machine,

separated

by 3 machine

address

units.

During

translation,

the

3

written

instruc-

tions

become,

in

words

001.

Set

B 3

to

3(21-1),

an

integer.

002.

Place

"zero"

in

Store

X21

+

(B3)

•

003.

Subtract

3

from

(B3)

and

test

the

sign

of

B3.

If

it

is

positive

or

zero,

send

control

to

instruction

002.

If

it

is

negative,

procee

d

to

the

n a

mel

y

004.

Magnetic

storage

locations

can

also

be p r

0-

gressively

modified.-

However,

since

it

is

gener-

ally

required

to

modify them

in

ascending

and

consecutive

sequence,

a

different

technique,

r

e-

quiring

tll(O

B

lines,

is

necessary.

This

is

d i

s-

cussed

later.

In

general

any

of

the

X,

Y,

or

Z

ad

dre

sse

s

can

be B

modified.

A

control

transfer

can

tak

e

place

to

any

instruction

in

the

program,

and

may

be

made

conditional

on

anyone

of

the

B

lines

2,

3,

4,

5

or

6.

Note

that

the

addresses

of

constants

can

not

be B

modified.

There

are

two

other

control

transferinstruc-

tions

which

are

useful.

TRNS

001.0 000.0 000.0

causes

control

to

obey

instruction

001 n

ext

u

n-

condi

tionally.

The

last

two

addresses

are

dummies.

TRNS

001.0

000.0

X01.0

causes

a jump

of

control

to

001

if

the

mant

is

s a

of

(XOl)~

0,

othe~~ise

the

will

follow

in

the

usual

l'\(ay.

In

general,

the

tit

i r d

address

here

may

refer

to

any

X,

Y

or

Z

positio

n

but

not

B

modified,

and

the

second

address

is

a

dummy.

This

last

control

transfer

instruction

may

be

combined wi

th

the

KOMP

ins

truc

tion

to

m a k e a

simple

way

of

testing

when some

iterated

proces

s

produces

a

negligibly

small

result.

Suppose

for

example

it

is

desired

to

compute

-Q,

-I.

from

its

-25 -

(continued

on

page

14)

WESTERN

JOINT"

COMPUTER

CONFERENCE,

San

Francisco,

February,

1956

Ti

tIes

and

Abstracts

of

Papers

The

Joint

Computer Conference Committee (formed

by

the

American

Institute

of

E~

trical

Engineers,

the

Association

for

Computing Machinery,

and

the

Institute

of

Radio

Engineers)

held

the

Ninth

Joint

Computer Conference

in

San

Francisco,

Calif.,

Feb

7-9,

1956.

The

proceedings

of

the

conference

will

be

printed

soon, and

may

be

purchased

from any

of

th"e

sponsoring

societies,

for

example, from

the

Association

for

Computing

Machinery, 2

East

63

St.,

New

York 21,

N.Y.

Following

are

the

titles

and

abstracts

of

the

papers

given.

Tuesday,

February

7

10:00

a.m

••

Noon

OPENING

SESSIOl'1

Terrace

Rooni

Chairman

Oliver

Whitby,

technical program coordinator, Stan-

ford Research Institute

Keynote

Speaker

Norman

H.

Taylor,

computer systems engineer, Lincolu

Labs., M.I.T.

Walter

E.

Larew,

brigadier general, chief, Army Com-

munications Service Div.,

Office

of the Chief Signal

Officer

Harold

Silverstein,

special assistant to the Chief

Sig~al

Officer

Benedict

Jacobelis,

captain,

Office

of the Chief Signal

Officer

Computation of electronic exploitation techniques for weapons

systems

and

research activities

has

been a

major

activity in

the

military services for over a decade.

The

past

few years

have been

marked

with stimulated interest in

the

application

of these same electronic techniques to the business type

activities of

the

Army.

Acting

under

guidance from

the

top

levels of command

the

Army has established

an

aggressive

program to outline electronic

data

processing systems

in

supply operations, personnel, and fiscal management

and

other

administrative activities. Although this

program

is

aimed

at

far.reaching improvements

through

long-range

planning

and

operations research, it is

planned

to

take

ac-

tion

in

those areas which offer immediate benefits.

:!

:00

• 5

:00

p.m.

PROGRAMMING

AND

CODING

Terrace

Room

Chairman

Francis

V.

Wagner,

group leader, eNgineering com-

puting, North American Aviation, Inc.

Gestalt

Programming:

A

New

Concept

in

Auto-

matic

Programming

Douglas

T.

Ross,

Servo Lab., M.LT. \

Gestalt

Programming

is a desired special language by which

a

human

and computer can converse with each other.

Its

func-

tion is to

allow~

both easily and quickly:

(a)

the

computer

to inform

the

human

of the computer's troubles,

(b)

the

human

to

inquire

as to the status of

the

solution of a prob·

lem being solved on

the

computer,

(c)

the

computer

to do

a

major

portion of its own programming,

or

(d)

the

solu-

tions of problems involving both

human

and

computer

decisions.

A

Truly

Automatic

Computing

System

Mandalay

Grems,

Boeing Airplane Co.

R.

E.

Porter,

Boeing Airplane Co.

A mathematical computing problem can be given directly to

a digital computer as a set of algebraic expressions. These

algebraic expressions are written in terms of familiar symbols

for parentheses, parameters, constants, arithmetic operations,

transcendental

functions, and a few logical operations.

The

computer

itself

interprets

and

translates these expressions to

machine instructions and automatically records these in·

structions in a form which can be used repeatedly with input

data

for

computing

results.

The

input

data

are

entered as

decimal coefficients with reference to a

parameter

or

con·

stant.

The

coefficient includes a decimal

point

and

can be

accompanied by a

"power

of ten."

The

computing

is per-

formed

in

a floating decimal system

and

no scaling of values

is necessary by

the

originator of

the

problem.

Lincoln

Laboratory

Utility

Program

System

H.

D.

Bennington,

Lincoln Lab., M.I.T.

C.

H.

Gaudette,

Lincoln Lab., M.I.T.

This

paper

discusses a

utility

program system to assist the

coding, checkout, maintenance and documentation of large.

scale, control programs. A typical program contains 50,000

instructions, one million bits of

data

storage, and is pre- .

pared by a staff of 20-40 programmers, many of whom are

relatively inexperienced.

The

utility system

requires

25,000

registers.

An

Automatic

Supervisor

Jor

the

IBM

702

Bruse

Moncrieff,

Rand Corporation

The

operation of a large-scale

data

processor

making

ex·

tensive use of magnetic tapes is a routine·dominated situ·

ation. Recognition of this leads to

the

hope

that

many of

the

operating

procedures

can

be

given over to the machine.

The

motive is to increase

the

operating

efficiency by

cutting

down

the

non-productive time between

jobs;

by

reducing

the

human

effort

in

tape

handling

and

identification;

and

by

reducing

the

re-run time caused by

operator

errors.

2:00

p.m.·

5:00

p.m.

AUXILIARY

EQUIPMENT

Nob

Hill

Theater

Chairman

W.

F.

Gunning,

Beckman Instruments, Inc.

26 -

Computers

and

Automation

Magnetic

Recording

Head

Design

A.

S.

Hoagland,

assistant professor, University of Cali-

fornia

An

analysis of

the

process of

magn~tic

recording of

digital

data

is presented from which qualitative head

design

con-

cepts

are

developed

and

their

usefulness

demonstr~ted,

both

in

the

evaluation of

structures

and

in

design for

high

density

storflge.

The

vector

nature

(or

three

dimensionality)

of

the

problem is considered

and

the condition of

operation

is

non-contact.

A

'1

erminalJor

Data

Transmission

Over

Telephone

Circuits

E.

B.

Ferrell,

switching research engineer, Bell Tele-

phone

Laboratories

In

a recent experiment, a simple

terminal

for

data

trans-

mission

has

been demonstrated. Such a

terminal

might

be

associated with a special telephone line. Between two such

terminals it would be possible to send

data

back

and forth

at

the

rate of 750 bits

per

second, or 1000 words

per

minute.

The

demonstration equipment involved magnetic

tape

to

magnetic

tape

transmission using

amplitude

modulation of

a 1200·cycle

carrier.

It

err,ployed a 7·bit self-checking code.

The

Use

of

the

Charactron

With

An

Era

1103

Ben

Ferber,

supervisor, Digital Computing Lab., Con-

vair

As

an

aid

in

debugging, the Char act

ron

can

display

the

con-

tents

of memory'

at

the

rate

of fifty words

per

second. A

floating point

program

can

be

traced

at

the

rate

of

ten

commands

per

second.

For

problems with many answers re-

quired

at

each interval, the format

can

be

vertical for ease

in reading, While the Computer is calculating

and

displaying

one page of answers,

the

camera is fixing

and

developing

the

previous page.

The

Charactron

has also

been

successfully

used as

an

aid in

editing

input

data.

A

New

lUagnetic

Tape

Handler

for

Computer

Ap-

plications

Robert

M.

Brunlhaugh,

Ampex Electric

Corporation

The

recently announced Ampex Series FR200 magnetic

tape

transports have been expressly designed for the storage

and

processing of information in digital form.

This

Series fea-

tures 5 millisecond start·or-stop time, single· loop threading,

and

a

unique

simplified servo tape feed control. Various

elements of the

tape

transport

mechanism are discussed

in

detail,

including

the basic design considerations,

and

opera-

tion of the servo system. Typical application'i in the com-

puter

field

are

outlined.

6

:00

p.m.

- 8

:00

p.m.

COCKTAIL

PARTY

Venetian

Room

Wedllesday,

February

9

:00

a.m.

-

Noon

Chairman

MACHINE

DESIGN

Terrace

Room

William

L.

Martin,

director of research,

Marchant

Re-

search, Inc.

Requirements

for

a

Rapid

Access

Data

File

George

Eisler,

Electronics Division, National Cash Reg-

ister Co.

General purpose data processing maehines now on the

market

are limited in

their

performance by

the

electronic

data

file

systems associated with them.

This

paper

discusses the

various means of organizing such file systems with

the

hope

that

equipment

designers will be helped in achieving a much

needed solution.

The

desirable factors

havin~

the

greatest

influence

on

system utility are discussed in

detail:

Speed,

addressing, capacity

and

volatility.

Engineerin!!

Desi!!n

of

a

Magnetic

Disk

Random,

2i

-

Access

JUemory

T.

Noyes~

project

engineer~

I.B.M.

W.

E.

Di('kinson~

project engineer. I.B.l\I.

The

IBM 305 :Magnetic Disk Random Acce:;s File is a

5,000.000

character

storage unit with fairly rapid access to

any individual record.

The

random access time places this

storage medium in the range between magnetic cores

and

magnetic tapes.

The

general construction and layout of

the

machine will be reviewed.

The

access mechanism

and

posi.

tioning of

the

magnetic heads is discussed in detail

and

a

description of the air-heads is presented. Recording densities

are

variable

and

a modified non·return·to·zero method of

recording

is used.

"Print"

Coding

System

for

the

IB~I

705

U.

W.

Berner,

I.B.M. Corp.

PRINT

(PRe-edited

INTerpretive system) is basically

an

interpretive system which incorporates a

number

of compiling

features

in

a pre·edit routine.

The

cost of

interpreting

ver-

sus compiling has been found to be only

five

percent

greater

in

time

and

much less in compactness, e.g.,

the

multiplica-

tion of two matrices requires the writing of only six pseudo

commands. A complete method of symbolic

indexing

and

diagnostics is incorporated.

The

system

retains

the

compact· ,

ness

and

efficiency of the interpretive method with minimum

interpretation

time.

The

IBM

Type

705

Autocoder

Roy

Goldfinger,

I.B.M. Corp.

This

paper

describes a system of automatic coding being

developed

for

the

IBM

Electronic

Data

Processing Machine

Type 705.

The

Autocoder System permits the

programmer

to define records

and

constant

data

in terms of

their

English

names

and

character

lengths.

Ordinary

705 operations, com-

binations

of

705 operations, called macro-operations,

and

library functions may make

reference'

to defined fields

and

records by name.

Program

Interrupt

on

the

Univac

Scientific

Com-

puter

;.

Mersel,

Supervisor, 1103 (Univac Scientific Com-

puter)

Computing Group, Remington

Rand

A

computational

run

on a computer involves several different

types of operations such as

input,

output,

and

special com-

puting

routines. These all involve

transfer

of control

in

the

computer

program

and in

the

case of

input-output

operations,

close synchronization is

required

in

the

program. Computer

programming

can

be

simplified

and

versatility

can

be in-

creased by building into the

computer

certain

facilities for

automatic

transfer

of control.

(,~

:00

a.m.

-

Noon

Chairman

SYSTEMS

Noh

Hill

Theater

G.

D.

McCann,

professor, Electrical Engineering, Cali-

fornia

Institute of Technology

A.

Pulse

Duration

Modulated

Data

Processing

Sys-

tem

John

Lowe,

Douglas

Aircraft

Co., Inc.

Jack

Middlekauff,

Douglas

Aircraft

Co., Inc.

PDM

telemetry

data

are

recorded on magnetic

tape

in analog

form.

Time

marks

are

recorded

in

a second

channel

of

the

same tape.

An

analog-to·digital converter (Magnavox Series

200)

translates

this analog tape to a digital

(pure

binary)

tape

of a form suitable for

reading

into

an

IBM

Type 701

EDPM.

The

701 performs a

number

of operations

including

Computers

integrating

the

time

marks,

edItmg

and

checking, stripping,

scaling,

and

calibrating.

It

punches

binary

cards

for plot-

ting

on

an

IBM

Type

407

Accounting

Machine.

and

Automation-

A

P.D.M.

Data

Converter

w.

R.

Arsenault,

project

engineer, Magnavox Research

Laboratories

Digitizing pulse

duration

modulated

data

at

a

rapid

rate

and

presenting

it

in

a

suitable

form for

data

reduction

has

been

a problem for some time.

The

Magnavox Series 200 Con-

verter

is designed to

accept

PDM

data

recorded

on

magnetic

tape, automatically digitize it,

and

record

the

digital

in-

formation

on

the

magnetic

tape

in a form suitable for

input

to a

digital

computer

or

other

data

reduction

equipment.

This

paper

covers

the

design

and

operation

of

the

Series 200

converter.

The

machine has

been

in operation

for

a period

of

eight

months

and

this

experience

will be reported.

An

Improved

Multichannel

Drift-Stabilization

System

Peter

G.

Pantazelos,

research engineer, Massachusetts

Institute

of

Technology

Drift

stabilization is essential

in

doc

amplifiers in electronic

differential analyzers. To

make

possible the simultaneous

drift

stabilization of 30

computing

amplifiers, a multichan-

nel drift·stabilization system was

built

at

the

Dynamic An-

alysis

and

Control Laboratory at the Massachusetts

Institute

of Technology. A

multichannel

system is

superior

in several

respects to individually stabilized amplifiers,

in

particular,

reduced

initial cost, smaller size,

and

less maintenance.

The

system built at

the

D.A.C.L.

retains

the

basic advantages

of a

multichannel

system

and

incorporates several design

features

that

improve its

operation

and

extend its

range

of

usefulness.

The

features of

the

D.A.C.L. drift-stabilization

system result in

better

performance

than

previous multichan-

nel systems

and

are

particularly

advantageous in general-

ized high·accuracy analogue facilities.

f.ombined

Analog

and

Digital

Computing

Tech-

niques

for

the

Solution

of

Differential

Equa-

tions

Paul

A.

Hurney~

supervisor, Electronic Development,

Massachusetts Institute

of

Technology

One of the difficulties in

the

use of an electronic analogue

computer

for the solution of

ordinary

differential equat ions

invoh-ing variable coefficients is its relative inability to per-

form

certain

multiplications rapidly

and

accurately.

In

in-

",tances where a variablt'

mm~t

bt' multiplied by a function of

another

variable, this difficulty is

particularly

apparent.

This

paper

describes how a digitally stored table of functions may

be used with

an

analogue

computer

to solve this general

class of

ordinary

differential equations.

12:30

-

2:00

p.ln.

Chairman

CONFERENCE

LUNCHEON

Venetian

Room'

John

F.

Haanstra~

senior

project

engineer, Interna-

tional Business

\Iachines

Corp.

Speaker'

Edward

Teller,

professor of physics, lTniversity

of

California. Berkeley

2

:00

p.lll.

-5

:00

p.nl.

DESIGN,

PROGRAl\Il\IING

AND

CODING

Terrace

Room

Chairman

Paul

L.

Morton,

professor

and

chairman,

Division

of

Electrical Engineering, Vniversity

of

California

An

Experimental

Monitoring

Routine

for

the

IB~l

705

Helen

V.

l\leek,

Programming

and

Operations Research

Staff, Hughes

Ai~craft

An

experimental

interpretive

routine

for

the

JB:\I 705 has

been

prepared

which monitors

the

instructions of the code in

question

and

gives a complete history of

the

computer

ac-

tion as a result of this code

..

-\ll instructions.

or

only selected

instructions.

depending

on a console switch setting. will be

monitored.

The

history will be

written

directly to a line

printer

or

to magnetic

tape

for

later

printing.

again

depend·

ing

on

the

position of a console switch.

The

Logical

Design

of

a

Digital

Computer

for

a

Large

Scale

Real-Time

Application

1\1.

Astrahan,

B.

Housman,

and

W.

H.

Tholnas~

I.B.M.

J.

F.

Jacobs

and

R.

P.

l\layer,

Lincoln Lab, l\I.I.T.

The

computer

described

in

this

paper

is a large. binary. gt'n-

eral

purpose. dif!:ital

computer

designed jointly by JB:\I

and

MIT

engineers. ,Some of

the

features which make its opera-

tion efficient

are

a 6.0 microsecond cycle magnetic core mem-

ory, an

indexing

system for

automati~ally

modifying instruc-

tion addresses, an

input-output

control

which eliminates all

interruptions

of computation

including

those caused by

access time, a

dual

arithmetic

element which opt'rates

on

two sets of

operands

simultaneously, a buffer

drum

system

which

handles

high

data

rates

by

writing

in the first empty

register

to pass

the

heads.

and

a one-half micro-second-per-

bit

multiplication.

The

prototype

has

been in operation for

over a year.

Computer

Design

to

Facilitate

Linear

Pro-

gramming

R.

C.

Gunderson,

mathematician, Remington

Rand

The

growing importance of

linear

programming

in

business.

industry,

and

go\ernment

has

presentt'd

the

users

and

manu-

facturers of high speed

digital

computers

with

an

exciting

facet of

computer

application. However, the question im·

mediately arises as to how we might

better

deiign

future

computers to exploit

the

possibilities of this powerful tool.

The

actual needs are few

and

mathematically simple.

Furth·

ermore. these needs

are

extremely compatible with those

logical properties desired by logicians. However. considera-

tion must he

gi\en

to

the

a(hantages

gained timewise by

more efficient use of

high

spt'ed storage Illt'dia. Secondly.

the

occurrence of many zeros in

the

linear systems involved

suggests

the

use of some form of zero suppression, conserv-

ing

both time and storage space.

These

are

but a few of

the

requirements

which should be

gh

en consideration in

the

building

of

the

future machines of

our

industry.

Considerations

in

,Uaking

a

Data

Gathering

Sys-

tem

Computer

Compatible

Bill

L.

Waddell,

G.

::\1.

Giannini

&:

Company. Inc.

The

paper

discusses

the

design problems facing

the

Data

Systems engineers

required

to produce a

Data

Collection

System that will be

able

to

enter

easily a computer. Some

empirical formulas

are

presented with a discussion of how

to use tJIt'''e formula

...

The

many

recording

tools

and

their

application to

Data

Systems

preparing

for

entry

into com·

puter"

are

dt'''crilwd with a discussion of

the

place of

each

recordin~

clt'\

ict'.

The

second section of the

paper

is a criti-

cal analysis of

Four

Data

Recording

or

Gathering

Systems

dt',ignt'd to

go

directly to a Digital Computer.

-28 -

Computers

and

Automation

2

:00

p.m.-5

:00

p.m.

SCIENTIFIC

APPLICATION

The

proper

role of the

small

machine

in

handling

scientific

Nob

Hill

Theater

and engineering computations will be illustrated by examples

Chairman

n.

H.

Lehmer,

professor,

Department

of Mathematics.

University of California, Berkeley

Using

a

Variable

Word

Length

Computer

Jor

Sci-

entific

Calculation

Fred

Gruenherger,

numerical analyst, General Electri('

Company

E.

H.

Coughram,

I.B.M.

branch

manager, Richland.

Washington

Variable word

length

alphameric machines are designed pri-

marily for commercial

data

processing. One would expect

relatively low efficiency

and

some compromise with desired

operations in using such a machine for numerical analysis

work.

Just

the

reverse seems to be

the

case.

The

variable

word length affords many

outstanding

advantages which far

outweigh two small disadvantages.

Unusual

Problems

and

Their

Solutions

by

Digital

Computer

Techniques

Lawrence

Rosenfeld,

head, Operations Research,

Mathematical Services Group, Melpar, Inc.

A

number

of case histories of

"unusual

problems" will be

outlined and discussed.

These

will

include:

(1)

The

de-

termination of stock

trends

for

the

speculative

department

of a

large

brokerage

house;

(2)

Baseball forecasting

and

its

use by a gambling

house;

(3)

The

determination of opti-

mal

trucking

routes

through

a given traffic congestion pat-

tern.

A

Progress

Report

on

Computer

Applications

in

Computer

Design

S.

R.

Cray,

electrical engineer, Remington

Rand

R.

N.

Kisch,

electrical engineer, Remington

Rand

This

paper

summarizes

the

logical properties of a set of mag-

netic switch building blocks and presents mechanized pro·

cedures for computer design using these elements_ Symbols

are defined for representing

the

building

blocks

in

algebraic

equations. All of

the

combinatorial ground rules for

proper

electrical operation are

reduced

to equation formats. A three-

phase design

program

is

then

outlined which has been used

for processing those portions of computing systems which

are constructed of these

building

blocks.

-1

Topological

Application

oj

Digital

Computing

Machines

Ascher

Opler,

Research Department, Dow Chemical

Company

A method has been devised by which networks can

be

reo

duced to a digital code which

represents

the

topological

configuration. Logical

programs

may be written which en·

able a digital

computer

to analyze these coded representa-

tions for

the

existence of specified sub-networks.

The

code

appears capable of extension to

other

elementary operations

in

applied topology.

Thursday,

February

9

:00

a.m.

-

Noon

APPLICATIONS

Terrace

Room

Chairman

Roger

Sisson,

Canning, Sisson & Associates

Applications

oj

the

Small

Digital

Computer

in

the

Aeronautical

Industry

Huhert

M.

Livingston,

sales engineer,

Burroughs

Corp.

Edgar

L.

Lyons,

sales engineer,

Burroughs

Corp.

of

the

performance of

the

Burroughs

EIOl

in the aeronauti-

cal field.

The

basic

parameters

of

the

machine, speed, capa-

city, etc., will

be

outlined

in

order

to provide a framework

to evaluate the specific applications which will be presented.

Traffic

Simulator

with

a

Digital

Computer

s.

y .

Wong,

Philco Corp.

This

paper

presents a method of traffic simulation with a digi-

tal

computer as means to (1) study traffic control systems

(2)

plan

new roadways

and

(3) supply information for the-

oretical studies.

Integrated

Data

Processing

with

the

Univac

File

Computer

R.

P.

Daly,

data

handling

systems engineer, Remington

Rand

The

manner

in

which

the

Univac

File

Computer meets

the

needs of

input/output

flexibility, balanced

internal

storage of

large

capacity,

and

adequate

external

storage for

integrated

data

processing is discussed with examples.

A

Fixed-Program

Data-Processer

Jor

Banking

0

p-

erations

Jack

Goldberg,

research engineer, Computer Labora-

tory, Stanford Research

Institute

The

internal

programming differs from

that

of

the

typical

stored-program computer in

that

the sequence of operations

in

the

main

is pre·programmed by the wiring of the machine

rather

than

by coded

instruction

words.

The

machine is in-

tended for an "On-line" operation

reqbiiing

a large variety

of simultaneously

occurring

processes, with severe require-

ments of accuracy

and

reliability.

9:00

a.m.

-

Noon

Chairman

CIRCUITS

Nob

Hill

Theater

J.

D.

Noe, assistant director, Division of

Engineering

Research,

Stanford

Research Institute

A

One-Microsecond

Adder,

Using

One-Megacycle

Circuitry

A.

Weinberger,

National

Bureau

of

Standards

J.

L.

Smith,

National

Bureau

of

Standards

An

analysis of

the

functional representation of

the

carry

digits

in

the

addition

process shows

that

the

one-megacycle

circuitry of SEAC

and

DYSEAC

can

be organized logically to

permit

the

formation of many successive carries simultan-

eously. A parallel

adder

utilizing

this

principle is developed

which is capable of

adding

two 53-bit numbers in one micro·

second, with relatively few additional components over those

required

in a parallel

adder

of more conventional design.

The

Transfluxor:

A

Magnetic

Gate

with

Stored

Variable

Setting

Jan

A.

Rajchman

and

Arthur

W.

Lo,

RCA

Labora-

tories, Princeton, New Jersey

The

transfluxor is a new magnetic gate with stored variable

setting.

It

comprises a core of magnetic

material

with a

nearly

rectangular

hysteresis loop

and

having two

or

more

apertures.

The

control of

the

transfer

of flux between

the

three

or

more legs of

the

magnetic core provides novel means

to store

and

gate

electrical signals.

The

characteristics of a

representative two-aperture transfluxor

are

described.

-

29

-

Computers

and

Automation

Bilateral

Magnetic

Selection

Systems

for

Large-

Characteristics

of

the

'RCA

Bi~mac

Computer

Scale

Computers

Amir

H.

Sepahban,

section engineer, Government &

Industrial Division, Philco Corporation

Selective writing of information on a chosen

channel

of

a

large memory system (e.g., a magnetic

drum

memory)

and

selective

reading

of information from

one

out of many such

memory channels

can

be accomplished by use of a single

two-way magnetic pyramid made solely of high quality mag-

netic

saturable

cores_

A description is given of a working

magnetic selection unit used in a large inventory control sys-

tem with a few thousand magnetic

drum

channels.

T

he

Megacycle F

erractor

T.

H.

Bonn,

department head, Component Research &

Development, Remington

Rand

The

ferractor is a magnetic amplifier designed to replace

vacuum tubes

in

digital computer pulse circuits. Operation

at

information

rates

as high as

2%

megacycles with moderate

power gains

and

power levels has been achieved.

Ferractors

are

readily

adaptable

to modular construction.

Using

them

as building blocks,

the

control

and

arithmetic sections

of

com-

puters

can

be

economically constructed with a minimum

number

of

circuit types.

2

:00

p.m.

- 5

:00

p.m.

Chairman

RCA BIZMAC SYSTEM

Terrace

Room

E.

S.

Calhoun,

manager, Electronic Data Processing Re-

search,

Stanford

Research Institute

Purpose

and

Application

of

the

RCA

Bizmac

System

W.

K.

Halstead,

J. W. Leas, J. N.

Marshall,

E.

Minett,

Radio

Corporation of America

The

RCA Bizmac System has been designed specifically to

meet

the

data-processing needs of large business operations.

Therefore, a

number

of novel features were incorporated

into the RCA Bizmac System. These include an entirely new

concept of data-recording variability, a much

higher

level

of system integration than heretofore provided,

and

several

special-purpose machines designed to take much of

the

bur-

den of the

major

computer, which .is

part

of the system also.

Functional

Organization

of

Data

in

the

RCA

Bizmac

System

A.

D.

Beard,

W. K.

Halstead,

J. F.

Page,

Radio

Corporation

of

America

The

characteristics of business

data

will be discusse.d, as

well as the influence which these characteristics

had

on the

basic planning of the RCA Bizmac System.

It

was desirable

to provide complete variability of data-item

and

message

length

in

storing information on magnetic tape. Th!s led to

compression factors as high as

five

in

the

storage of certain

files when compared with the earlier fixed-word, fixed,block

concept.

The

System

Central

Concept

in

the

RCA

Bizmac

System

J.

A.

Brustman,

P.

T.

O'Neil, J. L. Owings, Radio

Corporation of America

The

purpose of the System Central is to integrate the ele-

ments of a Bizmac System and to provide for controlling the

performance of each element so that the combination func-

tions in

proper

concert. In the Bizmac System, specialized

supervi'lory equipments have been designed to apply over-all

control and direction.

A. D.

Beard,

L. S.

Bensky,

D. L.

Nettleton,

G.

E.

Poorte,

Radio Corporation

of

America

In

the RCA Bizmac Computer

the

input

and

output

data

are

stored on magnetic

tape

stations. Five

input

and

ten

output

trunks

are

available.

The

Computer has a high·speed

memory of 4,096 characters,

and

an

auxiliary memory of

32,000 characters.

The

latter

serves as the main instruction

storage.

The

machine

has

an instruction complement

of

twenty· two different instruction types, many of which

can

be

subject

to

minor

variations at the discretion of the pro·

grammer. Instructions

are

of the three-address type.

Programming

the

Variable-Item-Length

RCA

Biz-

mac

Computer

L. S.

Bensky,

T.

M.

Hurewitz,

A.

S.

Kranzley,

R.

A.

C.

Lane,

Radio Corporation of America

30 -

The

design characteristics of the computer were arrived at

after

a careful study of

the

processing needs of business

problems.

The

most important of these characteristics is the

fully variable

length

of

data

items on magnetic tape.

The

manner

in

which

the

computer handles variability

in

all of

its

aspects

has

provided a uniquely adaptable tool for com-

mercial applications.

The

writing of programs for

the

Bizmac

Computer

is

therefore also

unique

in

many

ways.

*

___________

ICc

----------

•

SPE.CIAL ISSUES

OF

('('C'OMPUTERS AND

AUTOMATION"

Tbe

June

issue

of "Computers

and

Automa-

tion"

commencing

with June, 1955,

is

aspecia1

issue,

"Tbe

Computer

Directory."

For

details

about

the

next com

put

e r

directory,

see

"The

Computer Directory, 1956:

.Notice.

~,

..

MANUSCRIPTS

We

are

interested

in

articles,

papers,reference

information,

science

fiction,

and

discussion

re-

lating

to

computers and automation.

To

be

con-

sidered

for

any

particular

issue,

the

manurer~t

should

be

in

our hands

by

the

fifth

of

the

pre-

ceding month.

Articles.

We

desire

to

publish

articles

that

are

factual,

useful,

understandable,

andin~sting

to

many

kinds

of

people engaged

in

one

part

or

an-

other

of

the

field

of

computers

and

automation.

In

this

audience

are

many

people

who

h

ave

expert

knowledge

of

some

part

of

too

field, but

wOO

are

lay-

men

in

other

parts

of

it.

Consequently

al~iter

should seek

to

explain

his

subjec

t,

and

show

its

context

and

significance.

He

should

define

un-

familiar

terms,

or

use them

in

a

way

that

make s

their

meaning unmistakable.

He

should

identify

unfamiliar

persons

with

a

few

\\I'ords.

He

shruld.

use examples,

details,

comparisons,

analogies,

etc.,

whenever they

may

help

readers

to

under-

stand

a

difficult

point.

He

should

give

data

supporting

his

argument and evidence

for

his

assertions.

We

look

particularly

for

articles

that

explore

ideas

in

the

field

of

computers

and automation, and

their

applications

and im-

pl~ca~ions.

An

article

may

c~rtainly

be

contr~

versial

if

the

subject

is

discussed

reason ably

Ordinarily,

the

length

should be

1000

to

4000

words. A

suggestion

for

an

article

should

be

submitted

to

us

before

too

much

work

is

done.

Technical

Papers.

Many

of

the

foregoing

~quUe

ments

for

articles

do

not

necessarily

apply

to

technical

papers.

Undefined

technical

terms,

unfamiliar

assumptions, mathematics,

circuit

diagrams,

etc.,

may

be

entirely

appropriate.

Topics

interesting

probably

to

only a

few

people

are

acceptable.

Reference

Information.

We

desire

to

print

or

re-

print

ref~rence

information:

lists,

roste~

ab-

stracts,

bibliographies,

etc.,

of

use

to

com-

puter

people.

We

are

interested

in, m a

king

arrangements

for

systematic

publication

from

time

to

time

of

such

information,

with

other

people

besides

our

own

staff.

Anyone

who

would

like

to

take

the

responsibility

for

a type

of

reference

information

should

write

us.

Fiction.

We

desire

to

print

or

reprint

fiction

which

explores

scientific

ideas

and

possibili-

ties

about computing machinery,

robots,

cyber-

netics,

automation,

etc.,

and

their

implica~

~9Qt1nued

on

pags!

ti'

How

Commercial

Controls

FleKDwriters®

and

Auxiliary Equipment are

used

for

INSTRUMENTATION

~nd

CONTROl

Commercial Controls punched paper

tape

equipment is

now used in offices, factories, and a wide variety of research

and

development projects.

The

Flexowriter automatic

writing machine will print, punch

and

read paper tape.

In

addition,

it

will transmit or receive information directly.

Many

types of equipment are now using

the

Flexowriter

for direct

data

input

and

output-to

prepare program

tapes for

input-to

capture

output

data

in

printed form.

The

Auxiliary Motorized

Tape

Punch, when cable-

connected

to

other equipment, records

data

in punched

paper tape.

The

Auxiliary Motorized

Tape

Reader reads punched

tape

to

direct

the

automatic operation of other equipment.

AUXILIARY

MOTORIZED

TAPE

READER

FLEXOWRITER

FEATURES

Prints

at

100

words

per

minute

Remote Non-Print Control

Automatic

Feed

Back pulses

Automatic Timing pulses

Printing up

to

280

characters

per

line

Control

voltage

90

or

48

VDC

Remote Color Shift Control

Automatic

Tab

and

Carriage

Return

Programmed

Format Control

Transmit

or

Receive directly

Available

in

5,

6,7,

8-Channel

Tape

APPLICATIONS

Computers-Input

Output

Recording

and

Logging Systems

Machine Tool Controls

Automatic Calculations

Conveyor Controls

Data

Reduction Systems

Punched

Tape

Verifying

Data

Preparation

Punched

Tape

Conversion

Punched

Card

Preparation

Process Control Systems

~~

.•

WRITE

for

complete Information. -V

~

· I .

Please

mention

the

application

in

which

you

are

interested.

.........................................

COMMERCIAL

CONTROLS CORPORATION

1 Leighton

Avenue

• Rochester

2,

New

York

Dept.

CA·56

Sales

and

Service offices

in

principal cities listed

in

classified

telephone directory under "Typewriters-Automatic"

-31 -

LR.E.

(continued

from

page

19)

~omputers

and

Automation

netic

one-word

registers

of

the

recirculating

type.

A

six-bit

static

register

stores

instruction

dig-

its

and

drives

a

switching

matrix

to

produce need-

ed

control

signals.

A

t1Yo-phase

square-tvave clock

operating

at

660

kc

drives

the

two

standard

types

of

series

magnetic

amplifiers.

These

amplifiers.

and

all

other

circuitry

in

the

computer

are

pack-

aged

on

plug-in,

printed~viring

panels

of

seven-

teen

types.

Memory

is

provided

by

a magnetic

drum

rotating

at

16,500

rpm

Ivhich

stores

2,000

machine

1fords.

39.4.

The

Univac Magnetic Computer

--

Part

II.

Megacycle Magnetic Modules

B.K.

Smith, Remington

Rand

Univac

Division

of

Sperry

Rand

Corp.,

Philadelphia,

Pa.

Through

intelligent

packaging, mass-produc-

tion

economy

is

possible

on

even unique

or

s p

e-

cialized

computers.

The

magnetic

amplifier,

ad~t

able

to

all

normal vacuum-tube computer

functions,

has proved a

satisfactory

module. This

pap

e r

.points out

that,

in

consideration

of

the

proper-

ties

of

magnetic

materials,

a

nelY

philosophy

of

'design

is

required.

This philosophy

entails

close

collaboration

of.logicians,

designers,

packaging

engineers.

and

research

physicists,

from

the

be-

ginning

of

the

development

of

a computer.

Through nelf

miniaturization

techniques

and

improved magnetic

materials,

Sperry

Rand

Corpora-

tion

has

obtained

reliable

·results

from magnetic

amplifiers

at

frequencies

over 2

me.

Development

of

useful

computer forms

to

replace

common

logi-

cal

circuits

is

discussed.

Criteria

for

the

selection

of

the

type

of

logic

are

considered,

and

single-layer

logic

is

offered

as'

the

optimum

logic

for

this

application.

39.5.

The

Univac Magnetic Computer

--

Part

III.

Drum

Memory

V.J.

Porter,

S.E.

Smith,

and

M.

Naiman,

Remington

Rand

Univac

Division

of

Sperry

Rand

Corp.,

Philadelphia,

Pa.

A magnetic

drum-memory

with a

capacity

of

110,000

bits

at

an

operation

frequency

of

658

kc

is

described.

Storage

includes

24,000

bits

at

a

maximum

access time

of

0.9

millisecond

and

72,000

bits

at

3.6

milliseconds,

with the remainder

for

sprocket

and

timing

functions.

The

memory

is

sealed

in

helium to

protect

it

against

corrosion,

reduce

input

pot~er,

and improve

heat

dissipation.

The

drum's high speed (16,600

rp~

and

high

pulse-density

ensure

the

short

ac-

cess

times

and

the

high

bitrate.

A method

of

magnetic-head

construction

is

described

tvhich

makes

for

a

compac

t

struc

ture

and

facilitates

the

precise

locations

of

heads

in

respect

to

the

drum.

-'32

-

SESSIGN

XLII

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Elec-

tronic

Computers.

To

be

published

in

Part

4

of

the

IRE

Convention Record.

Electronic

Computers

III--

Symposium

on

the

Impact

of

Computers

on

Science and

Society

Chairman: Theodore

H.

Bonn,

Sperry

Rand

Corp.,

Philadelphia,

Pa.

'The

recent

development

of

digital

and analog

computers has had a profound

effect

on

science

a

and technology. Science has been given a

new

tool

--

the

ability

to

perform

calculations

that

were

heretofore

considered

impossibly complex

and

time consuming. In

addition,

the

development of

computers as a branch

of

teChnology has

contri-

buted

to

the

generation

of

new

ideas,

which

in

turn

are

affecting

other

disciplines.

How

are

these

events shaping

the

course

of

scientific

research

and

technological

development?

On

what

new

goals

are

scientists

focusing

their

attention

nOlY

that

computers

are

available

to

them?

HOIV

Itlll

these

new

tools

of

science

affect

our

daily

lives?

What

problems

will

they

present

and what

benefits

does

the

future

hold?

A panel

of

distinguished

speakers

will

talk

on

the

above problems.

At

the

conclusion

of

pre-

pared

talk~,

there

will

be

a round

table

discus-

sion

of

the

problems

raised.

42.1.

42.2.

42.3.

42.4.

A.V.

Astin,

National Bureau

of

Standards,

Washington,

D.C.

R.E. Meagher,

University

of

Illinois,

Urbana,

Ill.

D.

Sayre,

International

Business

Machines Corp.,

New

York,

N.Y.

J.W.

Forrester,

M.I.T.,

Cambridge,

Mass.

SESSION

XLVIII

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

In-

strumentation.

To

be

published

in

Part

5

of

the

IRE

Convention Record.

48.3.

Instrumentation

II

Extending

the

Versatility

of

a Lab-

oratory

Magnetic

Tape

Data-Storage

Device .

A.V.

Gangnes,

Ampex

Corp_,

Redwood

City,

Calif.

The

fields

of

research

and

development

en-

.

compass a

vast

number

of

processes

requiring

many

different

methods of

acquiring,

storing,

and

evaluating

test

inffrrmation. This paper

des-

(continued

on

page

44)

•

ENSINEERS

....

1

pioneers

in

INERTIAL

NAVIGATION

Immediate

openings

for

Supervisory

and

Staff

positions

as

well

as

for

Senior

Engineers.

Engineers,

and

Associate

Engineers,

experienced

in:

SYSTEMS

EVALUATION

GYROSCOPICS

DIGITAL

COMPUTERS

ACCELEROMETERS

TELEMETRY

GUIDANCE

SYSTEMS

STABILIZING

DEVICES

SERVOMECHANISMS

AUTOMATIC

CONTROLS

THERMODYNAMICS

OPTICS

ENVIRONMENTAL

RESEARCH

TRANSFORMERS

RELIABILITY

WEIGHT

CONTROL

•

ARMA,

recognized

for

its

accomplishments

in

the

fields

of

navigation

and

fire

control,

is

a

leader

in

the

development

of

Inertial

Navigation.

This

new

system

deals

solely

with

space,

time

and

acceleration

••.

acting

independently

of

external

influences.

Creative

engineering

of

the

highest

order

is

required

to

develop

components

making

Inertial

Navigation

possible:

accelerometers

to

measure

acceleration;

integrators

to

convert

this

information

into

velocity

and

distance;

D'IIrOs

to

provide

directional

reference

and

hold

the

system

stable;

computers

to

calculate

course-to-steer

and

distance-to-go.

Components

must

meet

rigid

weight

and

size

requirements

...

and

function

with

undreamed-of

accuracy.

ARMA,

one

of

America's

largest

producers

of

ultra-precise

equipment,

offers

unlimited

opportunity

for

engineers

to

help

in

this

great

endeavor.

Challenging

projects

and

ARMA's

extensive

supplementary

benefits

make

an

ARMA

career

doubly

attractive.

ARMA

engineers

are

currently

working

a 48

hour

week

at

premium

rates

to

meet

ao

critical

demand

in

the

Defense

Dept's

missile

program.

Moving

allowances

arranged.

Send

resume

in

confidence to:

Technical

Personnel

Dep't.

2-500

Division

of

American

Bosch

Arma

Corporation

Roosevelt Field, Garden City, Long Island,

N.

Y •

•

RCA

offers

opportunities

IN

MISSILE

TEST

Data

Reduction

for

~

MATHEMATICIANS

~

STATISTICIANS

~

PHYSICISTS

~

ASTRO-PHYSICISTS

Degree plus experience in reduction of

test

data, applied mathematics,

sta-

tistical techniques, or observatory

practices. Positions now available on

Florida's central east coast.

Liberal company

benefits-Relocation

assistance.

For information and arrangements for

personal

interview,

send

complete

resume

to:

Mr.

D.

E.

Pinholster

Employment

Manager,

Dept.

N-14E

e.

RADIO

CORPORATION

OF

AME~ICA

Missile Test

Proiecf

RCA Service Co., Inc.

P.O. Box

1226

Melbo"urne,

Florida

-33 -

TORONTO

COMPUTER

{continued

from

page

25}

Computers

antI

Automation

series

expansion,

-Aurmning

the

terms

until

they

be-

temporarily,

the

content

of

a B

line

until

required.

corne

less

than 10 •

When

needed,

the

B-line

may

be

restored

with a

BSET

Let

(COl)

=1;

available

in

ZOI.

-"

(002)

:=:

10,

-8

and

let

x b e

Then

the

following

seq

u

en

c e

computes

~

:

001

OVER

COl.O

000.00 Z02.0

002

OVER

COl.O

000.00 Z03.0

003

ZERO

Z04.0 000.0 000.0

004

MULT

Z02.0

ZOl.O

Z02.0

005

ADDN

COl.O

Z04.0 Z04.0

006

DIVD

Z02.0 Z04.0 Z02.0

007

ADDN

Z03.0 Z02.0 Z03.0

008

KOMP

Z02.0 C02.0 Z05.0

009

TRNS

004.0

000.0

Z05.0

The

answer

is

available

in

Z03.

It

was

seen

how

iterations

on

numbers

in

the

elec

tronic

s

tore

are

done

td

th

the

help

of

the

LOOP

instruction.

In

such

iterations

the

B

counters

are

set

and reduced

automatically

by

the

program.

When

it

is

desired

to perform a sequence

of

iter-

ations

on

DRUM

positions

this

automatic

controlof

the

B

counters

is

impossible

and

it

is

necess a

ry

to

set

and

reduce them

by

explicit

instructions.

For example

the

instruction

BSET

000.5 011.0 000.0

puts

the

integer

11

in

B

line

5,

the

tidrd address

being a

durmny.

BSET

000.5 000.0

XOl.O

puts

(X0l)

in

B

line

5,

the

second address

being

a

dummy.

Specifically

it

is

the

content

0 f

the

exponent

line

only

of

XOI

that

is

involved

here.

Any

B

line

2 to 6

inclusive,

may

be

set

by

either

of

these

two

instructions

and

any

store

position

(X,

Y,

Z

or

C)

not B-modified,

may

be

used

in

the

third

address

of

the

second

of

these

instructions.

To

reduce

the

counters,

the

instruction

NEGB

000.5 001.0 000.0

subtracts

1 from

(BS)

and

NEGB

000.5 000.0 X01.0

subtracts

the

(exponent

line

of

XOl)

from (BS).

If

it

is

desired

to add a number

intoaBline

INCB

000.5 001.0 000.0

adds

the

integer

1

into

(BS).

Finally,

it

is

sometimes convenient

to

store

the

contents

of

a B

line.

This

may

be

done

with

JOTB

000.5 000.0 X01.0

t'tfhich

stores

(BS)

in

the

exponent

line

0 f

XOI.

Possible

addresses

for

the

last

four

instructions

are

as

for

the

B-set

instructions.

If

more

than

five

B

lines

are

simultaneously

required

in

a program,

JOTB

may

be

used to

store,

-

34

-

instruction.

The

basic

instructions

transfering

da

ta

be-

tween

the

X

or

Y page and

DRUM

storage

locations

have been

described.

The

following

two

examples

illustrate

the

use

of

B

instructions

when

modify-

lng

drum

positions:

Wri

te

the

X page

on

DRUM

pos i

tion

{001..- (B4)

where

B4

is

to

contain

the

integer

n:

BSET

WRTE

000.4

001.0

OOn.O

000.4 000.0

XOO.O

There

is

one important

restriction,

namely,

that

the

unmodified

DRUM

location

and

the

modified

DRUM

location

must both

lie

in

the

same

half

of the

range.

The

tt"o

halves

of

the

range

are

numbere d

001, 002,

•••

032

and

033,

034

•••

064

respectively.

If

n

is

to

take

on

the

values

1,

2,

•••

15,

16

in

succession,

these

instructions

should

be

embed-

ded

into

a loop as

follows:

001

002

003

004

005

BSET

LOOP

WRTE

I

NCB

TRNS

000.4

016.0

001.0

000.4

003.0

000.0

000.3

000.4

001.0

000.3

000.0

xOO.O

000.0

In

the

last

example, note

that

B3

is

used

to

control

the

loop and

B4

to

control

the

progressNe

modification

of

the

magnetic

DRUM

address.

Not

e

also

that

the

run

of

DRUM

positions

lies

entirely

in

the

lOtfer

half

of

the

range.

Some

further

notes

on

DRUM

selection

are

given

in

Section

3.62.

2.24 Miscellaneous

Instructions

There remain to

be

described

8

number

of

in-

structions

which perform miscellaneous

operations.

PRNT

007.2 006.0 X01.0

causes

the

machine to

output

seven numbers, e ac h

with a

six-digit

mantissa,

two

numbers

per

paper

line,

from

consecutive

storage

locations,

begnming

tvi

th (XOl).

The

output

may

be

"print"

only, "ll.llldl" ,

only

(for

later

printing

on

a

separate

Teleprinter)

or

"print

and punch", according

to

the

setting

of

a

3-t'ITay

std

tch

on

the

console.

Apart

fro

m

the

specifications

in

the

PRNT

instruction,

the

form&

of

the

printing

is

fixed,

consisting

of:

for

each

number

the

mantissa (one

digit

before

the

decimal

point

and

rounded-off)

the

mantissa's

sign

1 space

the

exponent

modulo

100

(two

digits)

the

exponent's

sign

2 spaces

Thus,

in

the

above example,

if

(XOD

=

(X02)

=

(X03)

-=

(X04)

=

(X05)

::

... 0.01234567

-1.234567-

T 123.4567

-12345.67

-t

1234567.

(continued

on

page

3(.)

PHYSICIST

or

ENGINEER

ANALOG

COMPUTER'

HEAD

We're

looking

for

an

individualist.

We'd

like him

to

be

of a

high

order

of

analytical

ability,

and

to

have

already

become

proficient in computer

programing

in

support

of

activities

in

the

fields

of

reactor

physics,

heat

transfer,

hydraulics,

and

mechanics.

After

that

he will

take

the

reins;

and

using

his

administrative

abilities, show

us

that

this

is one position

that

is definitely fitted

to

~he

man.

If

you have the vision to keep on looking

ahead

and

are

realistic

enough

to

keep a staff looking

ahead

right

up

there

with

you,

then

we invite you

to

write

in

confidence

to

General Electric.

For

now, more

than

ever, people like

you

are

creating

the posi-

tions

they

will continue

to

grow

with.

Personal

Interviews will

be

arranged

with

all

selected candidates.

In

writing; please include your experience, age. academic background and technical references.

Mr.

E.

P.

Galbraith Technical Personnel Placement

GENERALe

ElECTRIC

Richland, Washington

-35 -

"

)

1DR~1D

Cml.PUfER

(continued

from

page

34)

Computers

and

Automation

(X06)

':::

(X07)

= -123456789.

+ 12345678912.

the

output

will

be

printed

as:

1.23457

..

1.23457+

02-

02

...

06+

10+

1.23457-

OO~

1.23457-

04+

1.23457-

08+

An

extr~

line

feed

terminates

the

PRNT

instruction.

A £ symbol and one

other

character

associated

l'11ith

checking procedures,

will

terminate

each

printed

line.

All

these

should

be

ignored. See

Section

3.65.

Note

that

the

last

line

need not

contain

a

full

complement

of

numbers.

In

general,

from 1

to

21

numbers

(inclusive)

may

be

output

by

one

PRNT

instruction,

the

number

of

digi

ts

per

mantissa

may

be

betlveen 1 and

12

(inclusive),

and

the

address

of

the

first

number

may

be

any

X,

Y

or

Z

position,

not B-modified.

The

decimal

point

is

always

printed,

even

if

only

one

digit

it

called

for.

The

length

of

a paper

line

must be

adjusted

so

that

the

total

number

of

digits,

signs,

spaces

etc.

does not exceed 64.

Since

the

format

is

fixed,

this

means

that

(8tm>N

~

64

where m

is

the

number

of

digits

per

mantissa

and

N

is

the

number

of

numbers

per

paper

line.

Some

further

facilities

of

the

PRNT

instruction

are

given

in

Sections

3.5,

3.66,

and

3.67.

The

instruction

VOID

000.0 000.0

000."0

inserts

a

dummy

instruction

into

the

program, and

is

obeyed

without

action.

Of

the

four

letters

used to

designate

the

function

of

an

instruction

only

the

first

is

act-

ually

interpreted

by

the

Transcode program.

tEre-

fore

an

unwanted

instruction

may

be

over~vritten

on

the

tape

by

converting

its

first

character

to

a

V,

but

it

should

be

noted

that

for

sequencing

purposes

there

is

still

an

instruction

present.

In

particular

the

tape

representations

for

P

and

V

are

as

shotvn

in

Fig.

2.1,

so

that

a P

may

be

l'

V

Fig.

2.1

changed

to

a V

by

inserting

one

additional

hole.

This

makes

it

very convenient

to

use

the

PRNT

instruction

for

printing

out

intermediate

results

during

the

stage

of

program development, and then

to

convert

PRNT

to

VOID

once

the

program

is

known

to be

correct.

As

already

explained,

Transcode works b y

having

its

program read

tape

and

replacing

pseudr

-36 -

instructions

as

it

finds

them

by

a corresponding

sequence

of

instructions

in

real

machine code.

When

the

last

pseudo-instruction

has been read

in

there

must

be

some

way

of

indicating

to

the

mach-

ine

that

it

is

now

to

make

final

preparations

for

obeying

the

program.* This

is

accomplished

by

the

instruction

QUIT

000.0 000.0 000.0

which must

be

the

last

instruction

in

any

set.

Note

that

QUIT

is

never used

for

any

other

pur-

pose than

this~

The

instruction

HALT

000.0 000.0

inserts

a stopU

into

the

program,

and

is

generally

used to

terminate

a

piece

of

calculation.

In

real

FERUT

code

there

are

two

stop

instruc-

tions

designated

as

/G

and

/L.

The

console

has

two

switches corresponding to

these

instructions.

If

a

/G

(or /L)

stop

is

encountered,

and

the

/G

(or" /L) switch

is

on,

the

machine t-vill

come

to

a

halt

until

instructed

to

go

on

by

means

of

the

console switch marked

MANUAL

PREPULSE.

In

normal

running procedure, the

/G

is

on, the

/L

off.

It

is

also

possible

to

program a dynamic

stop

by

meam

of

a

short

loop

of

instructions

from which

control

can emerge only

by

manual

intervention.

For

calculations

which proceed over a

consid-

erable

time

there

is

some

danger

that

information

on

the

electronic

store

will

be

lost.

This danger

can

be

lessened

by

inserting

the

instruction

COKE

000.0 000.0 000.0

at

intervals

corresponding to a

calculating

time

of

5

to

10

minutes, causing

certain

constants,

instructions

etc.

to

be

refreshed

automatically

from

their

more

permanent form

on

the

drum.

The

times

for

individual

operations

are

listed

in

Ap-

pendix

III.

Note

that

all

three

addresses

in

each of

the

four

instructions

VOID,

QUIT,

HALT

and

COKE

are

dummies.

They

need not

necessarily

be punched as

zeros,

provided

that

they look

like

permissible

Transcode

addresses.

This allolvs

any

Transcode

instruction

to

be

converted

into

a

VOID,

as

men-

tioned

above.

The

last

instruction,

FNTN,

is

a

particularly

important one, allowing simple

utilization

of

Transcode

library

programs which have been

written

to

carry

out

standard

mathematical

processes.

Sup-

pose,

for

example,

that

is

necessary

to

evaluate

the

sine

of

an

angle during a Transcode program.

There

is

available

a

standard

routine

for

this,

and

it

may

be

assigned

an

arbitrary

function

num-

ber,

say 001,

for

the

problem

in

which

it

is

to

be

used. During

input,

in

the

manner

explained

in

Section

2.3,

the

library

tape

for

TC:SIN

will

be read

into

the

storage

location

reserved

for

the

first

function.

The"

FNTN

instruction

must

also

specify,

in

addition

to

the

function

number,

the

addresses where

the

argument

is

to

be found

(continued

on

page

44)

ROBOT

SHOW STOPPERS

Did you

see

our

story

Magazine,

March

19,

pp

in

L

if

e

l73--T76?

From

time

to

time

you

may

nee

d t 0

help

organize

a

display

in a

business

show

including'some

device

that

you

hope

will

"STOP"

every

pers

0 n

at-

tending

the

show

and

make

him

notice

your

display

- a

device

which

may

be

called

a

"SHOW-STOPPER".

In

addition

to

publishing

the

maga-

zine

"COMPurERS

AND

AUTOMATION",

we

have

for

six

years

been

developing

and

constructing

"ROBOT

SHOW-STO

P-

PERS",

small

robot

machines

tha

t

respond

to

their

environmen

tan

d

behave

b.y

themselves.

Two

of

them

are:

RELAY

MOE:

A machine

that

will

play

the

game

Ti

t-Tat-Toe

with a

human

being,

and

ei

ther

win or draw

all

the

time,

or

(depending 0

nth

e

setting

of a

st'lli

tch)

will

so

m

e-

times

lose,

so as

to

make

the

game

more

interesting

for

the

hum

an

being

(tvas

at

the

I.R.E.

Show,

in

Guardian

Electric's

exhibit;

see

picture

in

Life

Magazine);

SQUEE:

An

electronic

robot

squir-

rel

that

will

hunt

for

a

"nut"

indicated

by

a person

in

the

audience,

pick

it

up

in

his

"hands",

take

the

nut

to

his

"nest",

there

leave

it

and

then.

hunt

for

more

nuts

(see

picture

in

Life

Magazine); .

Besides

these

we

have

other

small

robots

finished

or

under development.

These machines

may

be

rented

for

shows under

certain

conditions;

a~

so,

modifications

of

the

small

ro-

bots

to

fit

a

particular

purp 0

se

are

often

possible.

To: Berkeley

Enterprises

Inc.,

513

Ave.

of

the

Americas,

R156

New

York

11,

N.

Y.

Please

send

us

more

informa

ti

0 n

about your

ROOOT

SHOW

STOPPERS.

The

advertising

appliclltion

tile

h,w.::

i n

mind

is:

________________________ _

From:

(Organization)

(Address)

(Filled

in

by:

Name,

Title,

Date)

Bryant

magnetic

drums

for

semi·permanent

storage

of

data in digital

computers

or

for

use as delay lines

• Designed

to

purchaser's

requirements

•

Drum

runout

,00010"

T.LR.

or

less

• Air bearings

or

super'precision ball bearings

• Belt drive

or

integral

motor

drive

• Speeds

to

100,000

RPM

• Capacities

to

5,000,000

bits

or

more

• Vertical

or

horizontal housing

• Head

mounting

surfaces to

suit

• High density magnetic oxide

or

electroplated

magnetic alloy coating

Complete

Information

On

Request-write:

BRYANT

GAGE

and

SPINDLE

DIVISION

P.

O.

Box

620-K,

Springfield,

Vermont,

U.

S.

A.

DIVISION

OF

BRYANT

CHUCKING

GRINDER

CO.

-

37

-

MEeHANI

ZED

MUSE

(continued

from

page

13)

,

Computers

and

oline!

George!

Rodney!"

shouted

the

Doctor.

Doors

flew

open on

all

sides

of

the

room,

and

four

agitated

young

people

hurried

to

the

Doctor's

side.

"Who

has

left

the

cards

in

alphabetic

a 1

order?"

thundered

the

Doctor,

his

mild

b 1 u e

eyes

fairly

flashing.

"I

ask

you

please

t 0

look

--"

Four

shocked

young

faces

bent

0 v e r

the

printed

lines,

and

four

trembling

voices

re-

peated

them.

"Ve

put

the

vocabularies

in

alphabetical

order

every

few weeks

for

checking

and

replac-

ing

worn

cards,"

explained

the

Doctor,

moppillJ

his

br01'1.

''My

staff

has

the

strictest

orders

to

randomize

them

before

returning

them

to

the

files.

It

ees

routine.

What

has

happened?"

"These must be

the

checking

cards,"

said

one

of

the

girls

--

El

iz

abeth,

I

think

--

in

a

faint

voice.

"They must have

been

put

in

the

file

by

mistake.

I'll

get

you

the

right

ones

immediately

--

I

put

them

through

the

Rando~

izer

myself.

I'll

have

them

here

in

two

min-

utes.

tI

While

we

were

t'laiting

for

the

correc

t

cards,

I

asked

Dr.

Yaffee

what

the

Randomizer

was.

"The Randomizer,

al

though

only

a

by-prod-

uct

of

the

Poem-Writer,

ees

a most

valu

a

bl

e

adjunct."

he

said

proudly.

"It

was

built

at

a

cost

of

half

a

million

dollars,

and

has

since

proved

useful

in

many

other

fields.

Briefly,

it

accomplishes

in

a few

seconds

t\fhat

it

tvould

take

you

many

hours

to

do

if

you

sat

down

in

the

middle

of

this

room and

tossed

the

card

s

about

repeatedly.

Furthermore,

it

put

s

th

e

cards

in

random random

order,

rather

than

i n

ordered

t;andom

order.

I

make

myself

clear?"

By

the

time

the

Doctor

had made

himse

I f

clear,

Elizabeth

returned,

announcing

that

the

checking

cards

had

been

removed

from

the

card

feed

and

the

correct

cards

inserted.

0 n c e

more,

Willy

pushed

the

"ON"

std

tch,

and

w e

gathered

breathlessly

about

the

machine~

the

type

bars

started

to

move.

mE

HOUR

IS

TWICE

A

CAT

ON

VELVET

ROSE

WHO

MELTS

THE

MOON

UNTIL

llIE

WILLOW

SINiS

UNFOUND

DELIGHT

STANDS

MIERE

1HE

LANTERN

GROWS

AND

MEETS

mE

GLASSY

SHORE

ON

DOWNCAST

WINGS

"Holy

--

jumping

-MO$es," 0 b s e r

ve

d

Willy.

Automation

THE

WEARY

NOMAD

FRAMES

HIS

ROAD

APART

REPELLED

BY

CAUTION

ON

THE

SHATTERED

BRINK

TO

HER

HE

FLINGS

HIS

INCANDESCENT

HEART

UNCERTAIN

OF

THE

SNOW

HE

LONGS

TO

SINK

"Note

the

appearance

of

an 0 b

Ii

gat

0 r y

word,"

the

Doctor

pointed

out.

FORGOTTEN

FEARS

CREEP

DOWN

THE

BROKEN

WALL

DIM

SHADOWS

1WIST

THE

CONTOURS

OF

mE

SEA

THE

WIND

REPEATS

llIE

EARNEST

SEAGULLS

CALL

AND

GIVES

llIE

DREAMING

RAIN

THE

MORNINGS

KEY

The machine

shuddered

slightly

and

paused,

as

if

gathering

strength

for

the

final

assault.

AS

ANXIOUS

CANDLES

FORGE

A

FLEETING

CLUSTER

THE

NUBILE

MOllIS

REVOLVE

IN

PRAISE

OF

BUSTER

"A

very

fair

example,"

said

the

Doctor,

tearing

off

the

sheet

and

handing

it

to

Willy.

"A

little

polishing,

perhaps

--

but

you

have

some

fine

lines

there."

As

I

left

to

catch

my

commuters'

trai

n,

Willy

was murmuring

the

lines

over

to

himself,

a

puzzled

look

in

his

eyes,

but

p

rid

e 0 f

authorship,

I

feel

sure,

dawning

in

the

depths

of

his

nubile

incandescent

heart.

-

END

-

*

---------

)'~----------*

EDITOR'S

NOTES

(continued

from

page

4)

1.

Copy

should

be

typed

in

columns

four

inches

wide

td

th

single

spacing

using

a

bl

ack

ribbon

on

white

paper.

It

is

very

desirable

to

have

a

carbon

paper

ribbon

on

the

typewr.irer

since

that

makes a

great

deal

of

difference

in

tvhat

the

camera

sees,

and what

the

p r i n

ted

pages

look

like.

It

is

also

desirable

of

oourse

that

the

typewriter

have

well-aligned

keys.

2.

We

do

not

require

exact

right-hand

justification

of

lines

of'typing:

one

or

at

most two

characters

over,

and

one,

two,

three,

or

four

characters

less

are

all

satisfactory

to

us.

3.

Any

untypable

information,

such

as

mathematical

formulas,

should

be

entered

td

th

good

handwriting

using

jet

black

ink,

and mak-

(continued

on

page

42)

-38 -

,'/,' f

''.

/'

'

~

/~/~

';

~,

'/:

NOW!

dependable

relays

for

printed

circuits

Maybe

you,

too,

have

been

awaiting

availability

of

a

gpod

relay

for

direct

insertion

into

printed

circuits.

Now

Automatic

Electric

can

solve

your

problem

with

a

minia-

ture

relay

that

is

just

right.

120 million

operations,

without

a single

readjustment

or

relubrication!

That's

what

you

get

from

this

rugged,

improved

Series

SQD

Relay,

because

it

features

a special

heavy-duty

bearing

and

bearing

pin.

Also a recess

in

the

bearing

plate

retains

an

adequate

supply

of

lubricant

for

long-term

lubrication

of

the

bearing

pin.

Consider

these

additional

advantages:

1.

The

sections

of

the

terminals

that

insert

into

the

printed

circuit

board

are

NOT

brazed

or

welded

into

place,

but

are

integral

parts

of

the

coil

ter-

minals

and

contact

springs-thus

preyenting

in-

ternalloss

in

conductivity

or

continuity.

2.

Terminal

design

permits

direct

plug-in

of

the

relay

into

a

printed

circuit

board,

ready

to

be

secured

in

place

with

any

acceptable

soldering

technique.

Usually

the

desired

contact

spring

combination,

or

pile-up,

is

sufficiently

large

so

that

additional

mounting

(support)

of

the

relay

is

not

necessary.

SQD Miniature Printed Circuit Relays

are

available

with

many

different

contact

spring

arrangements,

and

for a

multitude

of

applications.

Springs

can

be

made

of

phosphor-bronze,

~~Bronco"

metal,

or

other

special-

purpose

materials,

as

required.

Of

course

the

long

life,

heavy-duty

features

of

the

improved

SQD

Relay

can

be

had

in

the

conventional

/

type

of

plug-in

relay,

if

tegular

sockets

are

preferred

for

use,

whether

in

printed

circuitry

or

other

applications.

To get complete details, write:

Automatic

Electric

Sales

Corporation,

1033

West

Van

Buren

St.,

Chicago

7,

Illinois.

In

Canada:

Automatic

Electric

(Canada)

Ltd.,

Toronto.

Offices

in

principal cities.

AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC

NEW PATENTS

Ht\YMOND

R.

SKOLNICK,

Reg.

Patent

Agent

Ford

lost.

Co., Div.

of

Sperry

~nd

Corp.

tong

Island

City

I,

New

York

The

following

is

a

compilation

0 f

pat

e n t s

pertaining

to

computers and

associated

equip-

ment from

the

Official

Gazette

of

the

Uni

te

d

States

Patent

Office,

dates

of

issue

as

indi-

cated.

Each

entry

consists

of:

patent

number

/

inventor(s)

/

assignee

/

invention.

January

31.1956:

2,733.004 / John

E.

Rich-

ardson, Pasadena,

Calif.

/ - /

An

electrical

computer

for

solving

the

equation

El E2=E3

F4

of

Ifhich

El.

E2, and

E4

have a

predeter-

mined amplitude.

2,733,008 / John

B.

D'Andrea

and

Herbert

M.

Heuver, Dayton,

Ohio

/ - / A

digi

tal

c 0

n-

verter.

2,733,383 / George

C.

Wilson, Chatham,

N.

J.

/

- /

An

electrical

time

delay

apparatus.

2,733,388/

Adolf

W.

Rechten

and

Bria

n

M.

Bellman, 'Taplol\f, Eng. /

British

Telecommun-

ications

Research,

Ltd.,

Taplow, Eng. / A

magnetic

amplifier

for

effecting

the

momen-

tary

operation

of

an

electromagnetic

rela

y

in

response

to

an

impulsive

signal.

2,733,391 / Robert

H.

Mayer, Middle R i v e

r,

Md.

/

The

Glenn

L.

Martin

Co.

,Middle

River,

Md.

/

An

integrator.

2,733,392 / Harold

M.

Wright, Troy,

Ohio

/ - /

An

apparatus

for

synchronizing

a

slave

r

0-

tating

element with a

constant

speed master

rotating

element

at

a predetermined angular

displacement

relative

to

the

master element.

2,733,409 / Saul Kuchinsky,

Philadelphia,

Pa./

Burroughs Corp.,

Detroi

t,

Mich. / A

puIs

e

code modulation system.

2,733,410/

William

M.

Goodall,

Oakhurst,

N.

J.

/

Bell

Telephone Lab.

Inc.,

Nm'JYork,

N.

Y.

/ A

pulse

code modulation

coder.

2,733,425 /

Frederick

Calland Williams,

Tim-

perley,

Eng.,

and

Gordon E.

Thomas,

P 0 r t

Talbot,

Wales / National Research

De

ve

10

p-

ment

Corp.,

London, Eng. / A servo

contro

1

means

for

data

storage

device.

2,733,432 / Jack Breckman,

Long

Branch,

N.J./

U.S.A. / A

circuit

for

encoding a s i 9 n a 1

ampli tude as a code group

of

digits

ign a 1 s

in

cyclic

binary

code.

February 7. 1956: 2,733,631 /

Dan

McLachlan,

Jr.,

Salt

Lake

City,

Utah / Research Corp.,

Nelv

York,

N.

Y.

/

An

optical

analog comput-

er

using

projected

light

patterns.

2,733,862 / lIans P. Luhn,

Armonk,

N.

Y.

/

In-

ternational

Business Machines Corp.,

New

York,

N.

Y.

/ A

binary

decode

counter.

2,734,160 /

Clifford

V.

Franks, Cleve 1

and

,

Ohio

and

Walter

J.

Brown,

Titusville,

Fla./

Walter

J.

Br01.l'n

/

An

electrical

system

having a

controllable

converter

supply

in

g

power

to

a

load.

-40 -

2,734,162 / Gordon

C.

Blanke,

Sierre

Madre,

Calif.

/

Beckman

Instruments

Inc.,

Sou

t h

Pasadena,

Calif.

/ A

rectifying

and

voltage

regulating

circuit

producing a

voltage-con-

trolled

direct

current

output

from a

source

of

alternating

current.

2,734,165 /

Carroll

W.

Lufcy,

Silver

S

pri

n g

and

Albert

E. Schmid,

Jr.,

Greenbelt,

Md.,

U.S.A. / A magnetic

amplifier

with half-wave

phase

reversal

type

output.

2,734,168 / Robert

A.

Zachary and

Joh

n

G.

Schermerhorn, Syracuse,

N.

Y. /

Ge

ne

r a 1

Electric

Co.,

N.

Y.

/ A phase

detector

cir-

cuit

responsive

to

the

phase

difference

be-

tween

two

alternating

vol

tages

of

the

sam

e

frequency.

2,734,182 / Jan

A.

Rajchman,

Princeton,

N.J./

Radio Corp.

of

America, Del. / A

magnet

i c

matrix

and

computing

device.

2,734,186 /

Frederick

C.

Williams, Timperley,

Eng. / National Research Development Corp.,

London, Eng. / A magnetic

recording

system

for

an

electronic

binary

digital

computing

machine

operating

with

serial

mode

p u

Is

e

train

signals.

2,734,187 / Jan

A.

Rajchman,

Princeton,

N.J. /

Radio Corp.

of

America, Del. / A system

for

selectively

driving

to

a \.desired magne

tic

condi

tion

one

or

more

of

n

plurality

of driven

magnetic elements

individually

identifiable

as corresponding

to

the

elements

of

a matrix

arranged

in

rows

and columns.

February 14. 1956: 2,734,684 / Harold D.Ross,

Jr.,

and Clarence E.

Frizzell,

Poughkeepsie,

N.

Y. /

International

Business

Mac

h i n e s

Corp.,

New

York,

N.

Y.

/

An

e 1 e c t

ron

i c

counter

made

up

of

cascade connec

te

d

bi-

stable

elements.

2,734,692 / Leland P. Robinson,

Pas

a

de

n a ,

Calif.

/

Electro

Data Corp., Pasadena,Cauf./

A

tape

storage

device

for

data

keeping equip-

mente

2,734,949 /

Clifford

E.

Berry, Altadena,

Cal-

if.

/ Consolidated Engineering

Corp.,

Pasa-

dena,

Calif.

/ A device

for

automatic a

11

y

and

periodically

correcting

the

zero

d r

if

t

in

an

amplifier.

2,734,954 / Marshall

C.

Kidd,

Haddon

Heights,

N.

J.

/ Radio Corp.

of

America, Del. / A

card

swi

tching

device

in

a

data

s

tor

age

device.

2,735,005 / Floyd

G.

Steele,

Manhattan Beach,

Calif.

/ Northrop

Aircraft,

Inc.,

Ha.vthorne,

Calif.

/ A

two-way

binary

counting

circuit.

2,735,021 / Ole

K.

Nilssen,

Collings1vo 0 d ,

N.

J.

/ Radio Corp.

of

America, Del. / A

magnetic

binary

device.

2,735,066 / John

L.

Coil,

Richmond, and Rich-

At

Ramo-Wooldridge today there exists a wide

range

of

projects

intended

to aid aircraft

in

navi~ating

to

the

vicinity of targets, finding

the

targets, destroying

them,

and

returning safely to base.

Work

is

under

way

in

such

fields

as

infrared

and

microwave detection, information

display, communication

and

navigation,

and

analog

and

digital computing. Some projects are

in

the

laboratory

development stage, some

in

the

flight test stage, some

in

pilot production.

Good progress is being made

in

the establishment

of

facilities and operational patterns that are well tailored

to

the unique requirements

of

advanced electronic

systems work.

AIRBORNE

ELECTRONICS

AND

WEAPON

CONTROL

SYSTEMS

Positions

are

available

for

scientists

and

engineers

in

these

fields

of

current

activity:

Communications

Systems

Digital

Computers

and

Control

Systems

Airborne

Electronic

and

Control

Systems

Electronic

Instrumentation

and

Test

Equipment

Guided

Missile

Research

and

Development

Automation

and

Data

Processing

Basic

Electronic

and

Aeronautical

Research

The

Ramo-Wooldridge

Corporation

15730

ARBOR

VITAE

STREET.

LOS

ANGELES

415.

CALIFORNIA

Computers

and

AutomRtion

ard

Gundelfinger, San Pablo,

Calif.

FBerkeley

tegrating

reI

ay

and

signal

mechanism.

Scientific

Corp., Richmond,

Calif.

IA

count-

2,736,889

I Harold

R.

Kaiser,

Woodlands

Hills,

ing-rate

meter. Claude

A.

Lane, Culver

City,

and Wilford

S.

2,735,082 I Jacob Goldberg, Bonnar Cox,

and

Shockency, Torrence,

Calif.

I

Hughes

Aircraft

James

E.

Heywood,

Palo

Alto,

Calif.

I -I A Co., Del. I A high speed

electronic

digital-

data

sorting

system.

to-analogue

converter

system.

February

21,

1956:

2,735,302

I Arnold

T.

Nord-

sieck,

La

Jolla,

Calif.

I -I A mechanic a 1

integrating

device.

2,735,615 I Harvey

O.

Hoadley, Rochester,

N.Y.I

Eas

tman

Kodak

Co., Roches

ter

,

N.

Y.

I

An

electronic

analog

multiplier

circuit.

2,735,616 I Harvey

O.

Hoadley, Rochester,

N.Y.I

Eastman

Kodak

Co., Rochester,

N.

Y.

I A n

electronic

multiplier

circuit.

2,735,971 I Robert S. Raven,

Catonsville,

and

Harry

C.

Moses, Baltimore,

Md.

I U.S.A.

IA

two

speed

control

circuit

for

a servo system.

2,735,977 I William

M.

Webster,

Jr.,

Princeton,

N.

J.

I U.S.A. I

An

inverter

circuit.

2,735,987 I

James

B.

Camp,

Fairfield

and

Cole-

man

H.

Watson, Birmingham, Ala. I U.S.

Steel

Corp.,

N.

J.

I A magnetic

memory

device.

2,736,007 I David E.

Kenyon,

Cold Spring Harbor,

N.

Y.

I Sperry

Rand

Corp., Del. I A

teledata

system

for

conveying a

plurality

of

intelli-

gence

signals

to

a remote

point.

2,736,019 I Clyde E. Vogeley,

Jr.,

and

Theodore

Miller,

Pittsburgh,

Pa. I U.S.A. I A

phas

e-

comparator

tracking

system.

2,736,021 I David

E.

Sunstein,

Bala-Cynwyd,

Pa.1

Philco

Corp.,

Philadelphia,

Pa. I A s

ig

na 1

integrating

system.

February

28,

1956:

2,736,490

I

John

W.

Schneirer,

Upper

Darby, Pa. I -I A computing

de

vic

e

for

determining a

ratio

between

two

quantita-

tive

measurements.

2,136,770 I Joseph T.

McNaney,

San Diego, Calif./

General

Dynamics

Corp., Del. I A

pr

in

t e r

capable of responding

to

a source

of

in

put

information

comprising code

and

synchronizing

signals.

2,736,801,1

Clyde

E.

Wiegand, Oakland,

and

~~en

Chamberlain, Berkeley,

Calif.

/ U.S.A. I A

distributed

pulse

height

discriminator.

2,736,802 I Lawrence Cranberg,

Los

Alamos,

New

Mex.

I U.S.A. I A

pulse

height

analyzer

sys-

tem.

2,736,851 I Jean

R.

H.

Dutilh,

Paris,

Fr./

-I

An

electromechanical

phase-shifter

in

an

angular

position

data

transmission

device.

2,736,852 I Eldred

C.

Nelson,

Los

Ang e 1 e s ,

Calif.

I -I

An

automatic

digital

motor con-

trol

system

for

machine

tools.

2,736,880 I Jay

W.

Forrester,

Wellesley,Mass./

Research Corp.,

New

York,

N.

Y.

I A

multico-

ordinate

digital

information

storage

device.

2,736,881 I

Andrew

Donald Booth, Fenny

Compton,

Eng. I

The-

Bri

tish

Tabulating

Machine

Co.,

Ltd.,

London, Eng. I A

data

storage

dev

ice

with

magneto-strictive

read-out.

2,736,883 I Leonard Boddy,

Ann

Arbor, Mich. /

King-Seeley Corp.,

Ann

Arbor, Mich. I

An

in-

-FNl -

*---------

___

--

_______

t::

EDITOR'S

NOTES

(continued

from page

~R)

ing

sure

that

there

are

no

faintly

or

partial-

ly

written

lines.

4.

Any

guide

lines

or

other

notations

which are

not

to

be

photographed should

be

written

lightly

with a

blue~riting

mechani-

cal

pencil,

because

the

camera

regularly

sees

blue

as

white,

and so does

not

photograph

it.

5.

If

a small mistake

is

made,

it

can

be

erased,

and

typed

over.

If

a

large

mistake

is

made,

the

correction

can be typed

on

a

sep-

arate

piece

of

paper and cemented

tv!

th rubber

cement

accurately

over

the

mistake. W

hat

counts

is

what

the

camera

sees.

Rubber cenent

should

be

used

not

glue

since

rubber cement

does not buckle

the

paper.

6.

For removing untfanted black

marks

(sucl1

as a

blot),

a good grade

of

artist's

poster

white can

be

bought

at

an

art

store

and

paint-

ed

on

with a

fine

small

paint

brush.

Painting

white

stuff

over a mistake

is

excellent

remov-

al

of

it.

7.

Small

line

drawings

may

be

placed

where

they

occur

in

the

text.

Other

figures

and

illustrations

should be

furnished

separately,

with

no

colors

except

black,

gray,

and

white,

and

with

names

like

Figure

1,

Figure 2, and

so

forth.

The

text

should

contain

references

to

the

figures

using

these

designations,

so

that

there

is

some

leetvay as

to

where

the

fig-

ures

may

be

placed

in

the

printed

article.

The

separately

furnished

figures

when

printed

may

be

full

size

or

any

size,

not

necessarily

reduced

20%.

For

in

photooffset

printing,

copy

and

illustrations

can

be

stretched

or

shrunk

as

if

they were

on

rubber

sheets.

8.

We

shall

of

course

inspect

master

copy

that

we

receive

and

if

necessary

make

other

corrections.

But

since

our

style

of

type

will

often

be

different

from

the

author's

style

of

type,

it

will

be

a

help

if

the

author

does as

much

as

possible

of

his

own

correcting.

Publishing

by

photooffset

is

becoming

steadily

more

important.

More

and

more

people

are

preparing

their

final

drafts

of anything

in

a form

in

lvhich

copies

can

be

easily

sup-

plied

to

anybody

for

any purpose.

The

day will

come

I

think

lvhen

the

normal t

...

ay

of typing

anything

will

be

in

such a form

that

1 to 5000

copies

can

be

easily

made

from

the

first

final

typing.

-42 --El'TI -

P

UBLICAT

IONS

P 34;

LINEA~

PROG~A~MING

~ND

COMPUTEnS.

Reprint

of

tHO

articles

by

Chandler Davis,

in

July

and August

1955

"Computers and Auto-

mation".

A

clear,

well-written

in-

troduction.to

linear

programming,willi

emphash.

on

the

ideas.

•

.•.

$1.20

P

2D:

THE

COMPUTER

DIRECTORY,

1955.

164

pages, 7500 Who's

Who

entries,

300

Organization

entries,

and

600

entries

of

Produc

ts

and

Services

for

Sale

in

the

Computer

Field;

250,000

words

of

condensed

factual

informa-

tion

about

the

computer

field,

June

1955

issue

of

"Computers and Auto-

mation."

..••

$4.00

P 32:

SYMBOLIC

LOGIC,

by

LB~IS

CAR-

ROLL.

Reprint

of

"Symbolic Log i

c,

Part

I,

Elementary,"

4th

editioo,

1897,

240 pages,

by

Lewis

Carroll

(C.

L.

Dodgson). Contains

Letlfis

Carroll's

inimi

table

and

entertaining

problems

in

symbolic

logic,

his

method

of

so-

lution

(now

partly

out of

date),

and

his

sketches

of

Parts

II

and

III,

Hhich he never

t'Vrote

since

he

die

d

in

1898. •

•••

$2.50

P 25:

NUMBLES

NUMBER

PUZZLES

FOR

NIMBLE

MINDS.

Report.

Con

t a

ins

collection

of

puzzles

like:

TRY

I

II

A V E I and T R A I N

+ T II

ESE

FUN

your

WIT

S

=TWVAS

WASE

ENTNS

WYE

=

VIF

In

fact,

you

can

also:

90893 85202

44393 29081 (Solve

for

the

digits--

each

letter

stands

for

just

one digi t

o

to

9)

.

All

are

new

numbles,

additions,

mul-

tiplications,

etc.;

some

easy,

some

hard.

Each

wi

th

two

messages, 0 n e

open, one

hidden.

Hints

for

solution.

Good

exercises

in

logical

reasoning.

••••

$1.00

--------MAIL

THIS

COUPON----------

or

copy

it

Edmund

C.

Berkeley and

Associates,

815

Washington

St.,

R159

Newtonville 60, Mass.

Please

send

me

publications

circled

and

your

announcement

of

publications:

2D

25

32

34

I

enclose

$

in

full

payment.

(Add

10¢

per

item

to

cover

c..ost 0 f

handling

and

mailing.)

It

is

under-

stood

that

if

I

am

not

satisfied,

I

may

return

any

item

lUi

thin

five

days

after

receiving

it,

and

you

will

at

once

refund

my

money.

My

name

and

address

are

attached.

en

c::

en

UI

I-

UI

en

z:

>-

(!I

...J

(!I

~

z:

z: z:

UI

~

en

(!I

(!Im~

C

z: 0 z: z:

I-

i=

0

::)

c::

D- D-

l-

:=

c.J

:=

0 o

~

c.J c.J

UI

5-A-4;1-A

-43 -

en

c::

UI

z:

(!I

en

z:

en

UI

:::

c::

...J c.J

UI

~

UI

c.J

I-

==

~

en

z:

:=

en

(!I

~

z:

UI

c::

z:

:z:

:::

:z:

UI UI

c.J c.J

l-

I-

...J

t

::)

UI

~

e

D-

~

p

:=

U

z:

:= :=

r

c.J

6

:z:

c.J Q 0 Z

c::

UI

c.J

~

I-

::::i

~

:z:

c.J c.J

UI

co

D-

en

...J

~

D-

UI

...J

~

Q

:=

Would

you

like

to

join

one

of

the

progressive

Computing

Centers

on

the

West

Coast

...

where

a

broad

variety

of

equipment

and

activities

will

be

a

constant

challenge?

If

you

are

already

an

experienced

computing

analyst

or

engineer,

you

will

find

work

here

to

interest

you.

S

If

computing

and

data

reduction

are

new

to

you

but

you

are

a

qualified

engineer,

mathematician

or

a

laboratory

technician,

contact

us

and

learn

how

you

may

establish

a

career

in

this

vital

field.

Applied

mathematicians

and

engineers

are

needed

as

computing

analysts

for

aSSignment

to

Northrop's

analogue

computing

facility,

and

too,

for

the

newly

expanded

digital

electronic

computer

department

which

provides

unparalleled

service

in

the

practical

solution

of

complex

engineering

problems.

Design

and

development

groups

of

Northrop's

Computing

Center

offer

additional

opportunities

in

the

original

development

of

computing

and

data

reduction-

components

and

systems.

Laboratory

technicians,

electronic

engineers

and

mechanical

engineers

are

needed

for

the

design

and

development

in

reconnaissance

data

systems

and

computing

equipment

involving

transistors,

magnetic

decision

elements,

printed

circuits

and

miniaturization

techniques.

A

large

number

of

job

classifications

written

specifically

for

computing

personnel

provide

unlimited

opportunities

with

proper

salary

and

advancement

assured.

If

you

qualify

for

any

phase

of

computer

research,

design

or

application,

contact:

Northrop

Aircraft,

Inc.,

1001

E.

Broadway,

Hawthorne,

California.

Phone

ORegon

8·9111,

Extension

1893.

NORTHROP

AIRCRAfT,

INC.

PIONEERS

IN

ALL

WEATHER

AND

PILOTLESS

FLIGHT

I.R.E.

(continued

from

page

32)

Computers

cribes

a system philosophy

of

instrument

develop-

ment

that

provides a device

of

sufficient

versa-

tility

that

a

large

variety

of

these

data-hand-

ling

applications

can be

fulfilled

by

a

single

machine.

Attention

is

given

to

various

encoding

methods

available,

variation

in

volume

of

infor-

mation

to

be

stored,

and

the

need

for

acquiring

anel

evaluating analog

data

on

different

time

ba-

ses.

Particular

emphasis

is

placed

on

efficient

use

of

equipment

space,

component environment,

and

standardization

of

components, inasmuch as

these

factors

directly

affect

reliability,

cost,

and

service

abili

ty.

f(moNTo

COMPLTER

-

END-

----------------*

(cont

inued

from page

~6)

and

the

result

stored.

Thus

the

instruction

FNTN

001.0

XOl.O

YOl.O

lvill

place

sin

(XOl)

in

YOlo

In

general

the

second address can

be

any

X,

Y,

Z

or

C

address,

B-modified except

for

the

C

case,

and

the

third

address can be

any

X,

Y

or

Z

address,

B-modified. Function numbers

may

norm-

ally

range from 001, 002, •• 015,

but

a

larger

num-

ber

may

be had

by

special

arrangement

lvi

th

the

op-

erator.

Chapter 5

of

this

manual

includes

a

list

of

Transcode

functions

available

in

the

library,

with

notes

on

their

use.

Functions

of

more

than

one argument can be accommodated, and even

opera-

tions

such as

matrix

inversion

can

be

brought

in-

to

the

scheme. (See

library

descriptions).

The

FNTN

instruction

can

also

be

used

to

di-

vide

a long program

into

convenient

segments.

Thus, a programmer

may

construct

his

Oll1n

FNTN's,

as

described

below.

In

fact,

whenever

the

total

number

of

instructions

in

one

set

appreciably

ex-

ceeds 100,

the

progra~

should

be segmented.

* During

the

tape

read-in,

Transcode addresses

are

replaced

by

machine code

addresses.

However,

this

cannot

be

done

for

control

transfers

to

in-

structions

yet

to

come

and

therefore

a

directory

list

of

machine

addresses

is

built

up

during

the

read-in.

Part

of

the

final

preparations

consists

of

using

this

list

to

fill

in

the

actual

addresses

where

necessary.

In

this

connection

it

should

be

. noted

that

provision

is

made

for

at

most

64

for-

ward

control

transfers,

but

this

is

not

likely

to

be a

restriction

in

any

Transcode program.

'#

(continued

on page

45)

///G

in

machine code.

*--~~--~~~~--~~---------------------

¥anuscript

N~tice

(continued

from

page

31)

and which

at

the

same

time

is

a good

story.

~

dinarily,

the

length

should

be

1000

to

400h\Urds.

Discussion.

We

desire

to

print

in

"Forum" brief

discussions,

arguments, announcements, news,

letters,

descriptions

of

remarkable

new

devel-

opments,

etc.,

anything

likely

to

be

of

sub-

stantial

interest

to

computer

people.

and

Automation

THE

COMPUTER

DIRECTORY,

1956:

NOTICE

The

June 1956

iss

ue

of

"Computers

and

Auto-

mation"

will

be

the

second

issue

of

"The

Com-

puter

Directory".

Last

year

I'Ve

published

the

first

issue,

164

pages.

Our

present

plans

for

the

June 1956

directory

follow:

Part.

1

of

the

directory

in

1956

will

be

a

cumulative

"Roster

of

Organizations

in

the

Com-

puter

Field"

based

on

the

last

cumulative

ros-

ter

(published December 1955,

containing

about

330

entries)

and

brought

up

to

date.

Entries

in

this

roster

will

be

free.

If

you

knOl4J

0 f

any

changes, addi

tions,

or

corrections

1"

hi c h

should

be

made

in

the

entries,

please

tell

u s.

Part

2

of

the

directory

will

be

the

secund

edi

tion

of

"The

Computing Machinery

Fie

1 d :

Products

and

Services

for

Sale."

0 v e r

600

entries

on

21

pages appeared

in

the

firs

t

edi-

tion

in

June 1955; a

considerable

increase

is

anticipated.

The

and blank

forms, were

sent

in

February,

to

suppliers

for

revie

1

'/,

checking,

and

additions.

A nom

ina

1

charge

of

$6.00

an

entry

is

requested

from each

supplier

in

order

to

help

defray

the

cos t 0 f

preparing

and

printing

the

directory;

but

if

the

charge

is

not

paid,

the

entry

may s

till

appear

in

condensed form,

if

desirable

to

make

the

listing

complete.

Part

3

of

the

directory

will

be

the

third

edi

tion

of

the

Who's

Who

in

the Computer

Field.

In

the

June 1955

issue,

about 7500

en

t r i e s

appeared

on

96

pages; of

these

about 2600were

full

entries,

and

the

remainder

were

brie

f

entries.

Our

present

plans

are

to

p

ubI

ish

only

nety

or

revised

Who's

Who

informati

0 n in

the

June 1956

directory.

Blank forms

for

nelV

or

revised

entries

l'{ere

sent

in

March

to

a I I

computer people

l'11e

knotv

of.

A nominal charge

of

$2.00

an

entry

or

other

support

of the

Who's

Who

was

requested

from each person

t"hose

entry

is

printed,

in

order

to

help

defray

the

cos

t

of

preparing

and

printing

the

Who's

Who.

The

main

reason

for

the

nominal

charges

mentioned above

is

that

lve

look

on

the

direc-

tory

as a

service

to

many

people

in

the

c 0

m-

puter

field;

yet

so

far

it

has not

paid

for

itself;

and

we

need

to

make

a com

pro

m i s

e,

publishing

at

least

some

information

ab 0 u t

everything

that

sh9uld

appear in the

directory,

but

fuller

information

for

those

tv

h 0 h a v e

shared

directly

in

the

cost.

·~ayments.

In

many

cases,

we

make

small token

payments

for

articles,

papers,

and

fiction,

if

the

author

wishes

to

be

paid.

The

rate

is

or-

dinarily

~¢

a word,

the

maximum

is

$20,

and

both depend

on

length

in

words, whether

print-

ed

before,

whether

article

or

paper,

etc.

-

END

--

44

-

TORONfO

COMPUfER

(continued

frorr

page

44)

2.3

Tape

Controls

Computers

and

Automation

In

addition

to

the

instructions,

there

is

available

in

the

Transcode system a

set

of

TAPE

CONTROLS

which

facilitates

the

inputting

of

in-

structions

and

data

and

organization

of

the

pro-

gram.

When

the

computer

is

started

by

reans

of

certain

settings

on

the

console

hand

switches,

it

proceeds

to

read

tape

until

it

encounters

one

of

these

TAPE

CONTROLS,

tthereupon

it

takes

the

appro-

priate

action.

Blank

tape

has

no

effect

and

may

precede

any

tape

control.

If

any

character

other

than

a

TAPE

CONTROL

or

blank

tape

is

encountered,

a dynamic stop*

tvill

occur

and

tape

input

t"lill

cease.

The

follotdng

is

a

list

of

the

TAPE

CON-

TROLS

and a

description

of

their

effects.

INST

ooj

is

for

reading

the

program.

It

must be followed

directly

by

j

operational

instructions

of

the

type

described

above,

the

last

one

necessarily

being

QUIT

000.0 000.0

000.0.

Instructions

are

.

read

into

the

store

consecutively

in

the

same

se-

quence as they

are

punched

on

the

tape,

the

first

instruction

becoming 001,

the

second 002

etc.

When

it

is

required

to

make

reference

to

any

in-

struction

the

instruction

number

is

specified

and

it

is

not

necessary

to

know

where

the

instruction

is

stored

with

reference

to

the

"real"

machine.

~ote

that

the

instruction

numbers and

the

decimal

separator

for

the

B-line

are

not punched.

CNST

pqq

reads

in

the

set

of

constants,

the

first

being

CO~

the

second

C02,

etc.

Assimilation

by

the

program

is

automatic and

takes

place

during

translation.

Note

the

termination

by'"

to

indicate

that

the

last

constant

has been

read

in.

There can be

at

most

21

constants

per

program.

NUMB

pqq

•••••

~n~

pqq

•••••

<tt.

n

!.

pqq

•••••

qtn±

~

reads

in

a page

of

21

(or

fewer) numbers to a stan

d-

ard

electronic

page.

It

should

be

follot'led immedi-

ately,

except

for

spaces,

by

a

DRUM

tape

control

to

store

these

numbers

on

the

magnetic drum.

DRUM

oOm

copies

the

set

of

numbers

read

in

by

the

las

t

NllMB

tape

control

to

magnetic

drum

position

m.

FNTN

OOf

copies

a

library

function

tape

into

the

function

location

OOf

of

the

magnetic

store.

Note

that

FNTN

is

both

an

instruction

and a

tape

control.

The

reading-in

of

each

function

is

terminated

by

a

stop.*

The

tape

control

STOP

causes

the

machine

to

stop

reading

tape**.

It

is

used,

for

example,

to

terminate

data

when

this

is

-45 -

punched

on

a

separate

tape

from

the

instructions.

ENTR

initiates

the

translation

of

instructions

read

in

by

the

above

tape

controls

and

starts

the

calcu-

lation

l.vhen

translation

is

complete. A s

top~::**

separates

the

translation

from

the

calculation.

Often

it

is

desired

to

perform a

calculation

by

operating

on

a

batch

of

data,

outputting

the

results,

reading

in

a

new

batch

of

data

etc.

This

can

be

accomplished

with

the

tape

control

REEN

(Reenter)

which

starts

the

calculation

from

the

point

fol-

lowing

the

IL

stop

of

ENTR.

This assumes

that

translation

of

the

instructions

has

taken

place

successfully

and

that

the

constants

are

present.

If

new

constants

are

required,

they should

be

read

in

and

ENTR

used.

Note

that

when

the

calculation

of

the

firs

t

batch

of

results

is

complete

the

mach-

ine

will

automatically

proceed

to

hunt

for

Tape

Controls

provided

the

last

instruction

obeyed

was

QUIT.

REEN

can

also

be

used

to

restart

the

cal-

culation

if

a machine

failure

occurs,

thus saving

the

time

of

retranslating,

provided

the

failure

has

not

altered

the

data

or

program as

stored

on

the

drum. Both

ENTR

and

REEN

include

the

effect

of

a

COKE

instruction,

so

that

a

COKE

need

not

pre-

cede

the

QUIT

when

more

tape·

is

to

be

read

in.

The

last

tape

control,

KOPY,

is

used

to

punch

(and

print

also

if

desired)

the

translated

instruc-

tions

and

assimilated

constants

in

a form

suitable

for

re-input

by

means

of

the

FNTN

and

REEN

tape

controls.

It

may

be

used

for

preparing

FNTN

tapes

or

for

obtaining

the

program

in

a form which can

be

input

into

the

machine

with

the

safeguard

of

check-sums and

1'/i

thout

translation.

(See

Section

3.4

headed ''Write Taping".)

* DsIQ

in

machine code

**

FF/G

in

machine code

*~~,::

IIIG

in

machine code

**** $ $/L

in

machine code

CHAPTER

3.

OPERATING

NOTES

See

the

original

manual.

TO

HE

CONTINUED

COMPUTERS

AND'

AUTOMA:TION -

Back

Copies

REFER£NCE

INFORMATION:

(with notes regarding

latest

is'sues

containing

same)

Organizations:

Roster

of

Organiz

ations

in

the

Com

put

e r

Field

(Dec. 1955)

Roster

of Computing

Services

(Dec. 1955)

Roster

of

Consulting

Services

(June 1955)

Computing Machinery and Automation:

TYpes

of Automatic Computing Machinery (Dec.

1955)

List

of Automatic Computers (Feb. and April

1955)

Outstanding Examples

of

Automation

(J

u 1 y

1954)

,

Commercial Automatic Computers (Dec. 1954)

Types

of Components

of

'Automatic

Computing

Machinery

(March

1955)

Products and

Services

in

the

Computer

Field:

Products and

Services

for

Sale

(June 1955)

Classes

of

Produets and

Services

(April 1956)

Words

and Terms:

Glossary

of

Terms

and Expressions

in

the

Computer

Field

(Jan.

1956)

Information

and

Publications:

Books

and

Other

Publications

(many

issues)

New

Patents

(nearly

every

issue)

Roster

of

Magazines (Dec.

1955)

Titles

and

Abstracts

of

Papers G i

ve

nat

Meetings

(many

issues)

People: .

Who's

Who

in

the

Computer

Field

(June

and

Sept.

1955)

June:

THE

COMPUTER

DIRECTORY,

1955 (164 pages):

--Part

1:

Who's

Who

in

the

Computer

Field

Part

2:

Roster

of

Organizations

in

the

Co

m-

puter

Field

P~rt

3:

The

Computer

Field:

Prod

u c t

san

d

Services

for

Sale

July:

Mathematics,

the

Schools,

and

the Oracle -

Alston

S.

Householder

The

Application

of

Automatic Computing Equip-

ment

to

Savings

Bank

Operations

--

R.

Hunt

Brown

The

Book

Reviet'ler

--

Rose Orente

Linear

Programming and Computers,

Par

t I

Chandler Davis

August:

The

Automation

of

Bank

Check

Processing

R.

Hun

t

BrOt'ln

Linear

Programming and Computers,

Par

t

II

Chandler Davis

Justifying

the

Use

of

an

Automatic Computer

Ned

Chapin

Charting

on

Automatic Data

Processing

Systems

--

Harry

Eisenpress,

James

L. McPherson,

and

Julius

Shiskin

A

Rotating

Reading

Head

for

Magnetic

Tape

and

Wire

--

National Bureau of Standards.

Some

Curiosities

of Binary Arithmetic

Useful

in

Testing

Binary Computers

--

Andre

tV

D.

Rooth

Septembet: A Big

Inventory

Problem

and

the

IBM

702

--

Neil Macdonald

-46 -

Publications

for

Business

on

Automatic

COl11luters:

A Basic

Listing

--

Ned

Chapin

Franchise

--

Isaac

Asimov

Automatic Coding

for

Digital

Computers

--

G.

M.

Hopper .

Automatic Programming:

The

A-2

Compiler System

--

Part

1

October:

The

Brain and Learned

Behavior

--

Dr.

Harry F. Harlow

Automatic Programming:

The

A-2

Compiler System

--

Part

2

Who

Are

Manning

the

New

Computers?

--

Joh

n

M.

Breen

November:

Automatic Answering

of

Inquiries

--

L.

E.

Griffith

Found: A "Lost"

Moon

--

Dr. Paul Herget

Mister

Andrew

Lloyd

--

R.

W.

Wallace

December:

Digital

Computers

in

Eastern

Europe

Alston S. Householder

Automatic Airways

--

Henry T.

Simmons

January.

1956: Machines and

Religion

--

Elliot

Gruenberg

Automatic Coding Techniques

for

Business D a t a

Processing:

Directions

of Development

Charles

W.

Adams,

Bruce Moncreiff

What

is

a Computer?

--

Neil

D.

Macdonald

February:

The

Function

of

Automatic Programming

for

Computers

in

Business Data

Processing--

R.

E. Rossheim

Computers and Engineering Education

--

Paul

E.

Stanley

The

Planning Behind

the

IBM

702

Installation

at

Chrysler

Corporation

--

Eugene Lindstrom

March:

Organization

of

a Programming

Library

for

a

Digital

Computer

Center

--

Werner L.Frank

Growth

of

IBM

Electronic

Data-Processing

Oper-

ations

on

the

West

Coast

--

Neil D.Macdonald

.

Translating

Spoken

English

into

Written

Word

s

--

E.

C.

Berkeley

IBM

Trust

Suit

Ended

by

Decree

April:

Computing Machines and Automation

--

A.V.

Astin

Tape

Identification

and

Rerun Procedures

for

Tape

Data

Processing

Systems

--

L.

Eallson

BACK

COPIES:

Price,

if

available,

$1.25

ea

c

h,

except

June, 1955,

$4.00.

Vol. 1,

no.l,Sept.

1951,

to

vol.

I,

no. 3,

July,

1952:

.0

u t 0 f

print.

Vol. 1, no.

4,

Oct. 1952:

in

p

rin

t.

Vol.

2,

no. 1,

Jan.

1953,

to

vol.

2,

no.

9,

Dec. 1953:

in

print,

except

March,

no.2,

May,

no. 4, and

July,

no.

5.

Vol.

3,

no.

1,

Jan.

1954,

to

vol.

3,

no. 10, Dec.

1954:

in

print.

Vol.

4,

1955, no. 1

to

12,

in

print.

A

subscription

(see

rates

on

page

4)

may

b e

specified

to

begin tii

th

the

current

month's

or

the

preceding month's

issue.

WRITE

TO:

Berkeley

Enterprises,

Inc.

Publisher

of

COMPUTERS

AND

AUTOMATION

513

Avenue

of

the

Americas

Netv

York

11,

N.

Y.

Did you

see

our

story

in

L

if

e

Magazine,

March

19,

pp

l73-l~

MAKE

YOUR

OWN

BABY

GENIUS

COMPUIERS

WITII

GENIAC

EIcc

tric

Brain

Construction

Kit

No.1

Diagram

of

the

versa-

".

: .'

"\

tile

mul

tiple

swi

tch,

.:-.:.::.<:.\l'lhich

can

be

as~embled

.

0::

• :'.'1

to

make any s

t'V

1 t c h

00,

,."

••

}.

combination

from

16

•

0.0·:'

:

....

0

j'

decks

of

2

positions,

: • .

to

2

decks'

of

16

posi-

tions.

This

ki

t

is

an

introduc

tion

to

the

design

of

arithmetical,

logica

1 ,

reasoning,

comI1lting, puzz

le-solvirg,

and

game-playing

circui

ts.

It

i s

simple

enough

for

intelligent

boy

s

to

assemble,

and

yet

is

instructive

to

computer

men

because

it

shotl/s

how

many

kinds

of

computing

and

reason-

ing

circuits

can

be

made from

simple

~omponents

'.

With

this

kit

and

64-page

manual,

you

can

easily

make

over

30

sma

1 1

electric

brain

machines

that

exhibit

intelligent

behavior.

Each

runs

on

one

flashlight

battery.

All

connec-

tions

with

nuts

and

bolts

i no s 0

1-

dering

required.

Price,

$17.95

(add

80t

for

Shipment

in

U.

S.

wes

t

of

Mississippi,

$1.80

for

shi

pm

en

t

outside

U.

S.).

If

not

satisfactory,

returnable

in

seven

days

for

full

refund.

A few

of

the

machines you

can

make:

Logic

Machines:

Reasoning,

Syllogism

Machine,

Intelligence

Tes

ting.

Game-

playing

Machines:

Nim,

Ti

t-tat-toe

•

Ari

thmetic

Machines:

Adding,

S u

b-

tracting,

MUltiplying,

Divid

in

g,

Carrying,

etc

• .!d:YP.tograpldc f.bchines:

Secret

Coder

and

Decoder,

Combination

Locks.

Puzzle

Machines:

The

Space

Ship

Airlock,

The Fox Hen Corn and

Hired

Man,

Douglas

Macdonald's

Will,

The Uranium

Ship

and

the

Space

Pir-

ates.

--------Maii

this

Request---------

or

a Copy

of

It

Berkeley

Enterprises,

Inc.

S13 Avenue

of

the

Americas,

R159

New

York

11,

N.

Y.

Please

send

me

Geniac

Kit

I~O.

1

and

Manual.

Price,

$17.95

(add

80~

for

shipment

in

U.

S.

wes t

of

Mississippi,

$1.80

for

shipment

outside

U.

S.

)

I

enclose

in

full

payment.

•

(If

in

good

condition,

it

is

returnable

in

seven

days

for

full

refund.)

My

name

and

address

are

attached.

OPPORTUNITY

IN

SOUTHERN

CALIFORNIA

*

excellent salaries

for-

DIG:lTAL

ENGINlElEJR§

who can

fill

key creative posts

in

long-range, non-military

research and design

FOR

ADVANCED

BUSINESS

COMPUTER

SYSTEMS

*

SENIOR

ELECTRONICS

ENGINEERS

To

specialize in research

an<l.

design

for advanced business computer

sys-

tems. Must have exceptional creative

ability, plus knowledge of vacuum

tube

circuit

design,

transistor

circuitry.

*

SENIOR

DIGITAL

COMPUTER

TRANSISTOR

CIRCUITRY

ENGINEERS

For projects

in

advanced computer

design, development and application.

Must have thorough knowledge of

digital computer logic and circuitry,

input-output devices, programming.

ENGIN1::ERS

For advanced research and design

in

computer

transistor

·circuitry.

Capabilities should include ability

to direct others in new project work.

OPPORTUNITY

FOR

ELECTRONIC

OR

ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERS

Background

in

one or more of the fields below equips you for excellent

career

posi~ions

with NCR Electronics Division:

LOGICAL

DESIGN.

FERROELECTRICS

•

MAGNETIC

CORES.

COMPUTER

SYSTEMS.

TRANSISTOR

CIRCUITS.

INPUT·OUTPUT

DEVICES

APPLICATIONS

OF

PHYSICS.

COMPUTER

SYSTEMS

SPECS.

DEF.

OF

SYSTEM

REQUIREMENTS

"GROUND

FLOOR"

OPPORTUNITY

WITH

UNUSUAL

STABILITY

Openings listed here are for the basic organization of the

NCR

Electronics Division.

If

you qualify for one of them. you'll be a

key member of this fast-developing division of one of APlerica's

top companies. You'll enjoy the freedom of a small, select research

group -operated

by

engineers for engineers -

as

well

as

the exceptional

financial stability

of

a large, long-established firm. A full program

of

employee benefits, too. New, modern, air-conditioned plant with

every modern research and development facility

in

a conveniently

situated

Los

Angeles suburb.

* For illustrated company brochure,

write

Director

of

Personnel.

~*

TRAt>EMARK

REG.

U. S. PAT. OFF.

NATIONAL

CASH

REGISTER

COMPANY

ELECTRONICS

DIVISION

3348 West

BI

Segundo Blva., Hawthorne, Calif.

-

47

-

ADVERTISING

IN

~~ICO,MPUTERS

AND

AUTO,MATION"

Memorandum

from Berkeley

Enterpr1ses,

Inc.

Publisher

of

COMPUTERS

AND

AlJTO\1ATION

513

Ave.

of

the Americas,

New

York 11,

N.Y.

1.

What

is

"COMPUTERS

AND

AUTOMATION"?

It

is

a monthly magazine

containing

articles,

papers,

and

reference

information

computing

machinery,

robots,

automatic

control,

cybernet-

ics,

automation,

etc.

One

important

piece

of

reference

information

published

is

the

"Ros t e r

of

Organization~

in

the

Field

of

Computers and

Automation".

The

bas

ic

subscription

rat

e

is

$5.50

a

year

in

the

Uni

ted

States.

Sin

g 1 e

copies

are

$1.25,

except

June,

1955, "The Com-

puter

Directory"

(164

pages,

$4.00).

For

the

titles

of

articles

and

papers

in

recent

issues

of

the

magazine,

see

the

"Back

Copies"

page

in

this

issue.

2.

What

is

the

circulation?

The

circulation

includes

2000

subscribers

(as

of

Feb.lO):

over

300

purchasers

of

individual

back

copies;

and

an

estimated

2500

nonsubscribing

readers.

The

logical

readers

of

COMPUTERS

AND

AUTOMATION

are

people

concerned

with

the

field

of

computers

and

automation.

These

include

a

great

number

of

people

tvho

will

make

recommendations to

their

organizations

about

purchasing

computing

ma-

chinery,

similar

machinery,

and

components,

and whose

decisions

may

involve

very

substan-

tial

figures.

The

print

order

for

the

May

issue

wa~

2700

copies.

The

overrun

is

largely

held

for

eventual

sale

as

back

copies,

and

in

the

'case

of

several

issues

the

over

ru

n

has

been

exhausted

through

such

sale.

3.

What

type

of

advertising

does

COMPUTERS

AND

AU1~MATION

take?

The

purpose

of

the

mag-

azine

is

to

be

factual

and

to

the

point.

For

this

purpose

the

kind

of

advertising

Ivan

ted

is

the

kind'.that

answers

questions

factually.

We

recommend

for

the

audience

that

we

reach,

that

advertising

be

factual,

useful,

interesting,

understandable,

and

new

from

issue

to

issue.

We

reserve

the

right

not

to

accept

advertismg

that

does

not

meet

bur

standards.

4.

What

are

the

specifications

and

cost

of

advertising?

'COMPUTERS

AND

AUTOMATION

is

pub-

1

ished

on

page~

8~"

x

11"

(ad

size,

7"

x 10")

and

produced

by

photooffset,

except

that

print-

ed

sheet

advertising

may

be

inserted

and

bound

in

with

the

magazine

in

most

cases.

The

clos-

ing

date

for

any

issue

is

approximate

1 y

th

e

10th

of

the

month

'preceding.

If

poss

ible,

the

company

advertising

should

produce

final

copy.

For

photooffset,

the

copy

should

be

exact

I y

as

desired,

actual

size,

and

a~sembled,

and

may

include

typing,

'oJri

ting,

1

in

e

dr

a

tv

in

g,

printing,

screened

h,'lf

tones,

and any

othe

r

-48 -

copy

that

may

be

put

under

the

photo

0 f f

set

camera

without

further

preparation.

Unscreened

photographic

prints

and any

other

copy

requirmg

addi

tional

preparation

for

photooffset

shou

I d

be

furnished

separately;

it

will

be

prep

ared,

finished,

and

charged

to

the

advertiser

a t

small

additional

costs.

In

the

case

of

printed

inserts,

a

sufficient

quantity

for

the

issu

e

should

be

shipped

to

our

printer,

addres

s

on

request.

Display

advertising

is

sold

in

units

of

a

full

page

(ad

size

7"

x

10",

basic

rate,

$190)

two-

thirds

page

(basic

rate~

$145),

and

half

pag

e

(basic

rate,

$97);

back

cover,

$370;

in

sid

e

front

or

back

cover,

$230.

Extra.

for

color

red

(full

pages

only

and

only

in

certain

pasi

tions),

35%. Two-page

printed

insert

(one

sheet),

$320;

four-page

printed

insert

(tt'lO

sheets),

$590.

Classified

advertising

is

sold

by

the

tv

0 r d

(60

cents

a word)

with

a minimum

of

20

words.

5.

Who

are

our

advertisers?

Our

advertisers

in

recent

issues

have

included

the

follow

in

g

companies,

among

others:

Aircraft-Marine

Products,

Inc.

American Bosch

Corp.

Ampex

Corp.

Armour

Research

Foundation

Arnold

Engineering·

Co.

Automatic

Electric

Co.

Bendix

Aviation

Corp.

Cambridge

Thermionic

Corp.

Epsco,

Inc.

Ferranti

Electric

Co.

Ferroxcube

Corp.

of

America

General

Electric

Co.

Hughes

Re~earch,

and Development

Lab.

International

Business

.Machines

Corp.

Lockheed

Aircraft

Corp.

Lockheed

Missile

Systems

Logistics

Research,

Inc.

The Glenn L.

Martin

Co.

Monrobot

Corp.

Norden-Ketay

Corp.

Northrop

Aircraft,

Inc.

George

A.

Philbrick

Researches,

Inc

•.

Potter

Instrument

Co.

Ramo-Wooldridge

Corp.

Reeves

Instrument

Co.

Remington Rand,

Inc.

Republic

Aviation

Corp.

Sprague

Electric

Co.

Sylvania

Electric

Products,

Inc.

Mathematical

Analyst

Keith Kersery loads

jet transport flutter problem into one

of

Lockheed's two 701's. On order: two

704's to. help keep Lockheed in fore-

front

of

numerical analysis and pro-

duction con1rol data processing.

704's

and

701~s

speed

Lockheed

research

in

numerical

analysis

LOCKHEED

BURBANK

With

two

701

digital

computers

already,in operation, Lockheed

has ordered two 704's to

pennit

greater application of numerical

analysis to

cOP1plex

aeronautical.problems now being

approached. Scheduled for delivery early next year, the 704's

will replace the 701

'so

Much

of the work scheduled

or

in

progress is classified.

However, two significant features are significant to career-minded

Mathematical Analysts: '1) the

wi&~

variety of assignments .

created by Lockheed's diversified development program

and

2)

the

advanced nature of the work, which falls largely into

unexplored areas

of

numerical analysis.

Career

positions

for

Mathem·~tical

Analysts

Lockheed's expanding development program in nuclear energy,

turbo-prop and"jet transports, radar search planes, extremely high-

speed aircraft and other classified projects has created a number of

openings for Mathematical Analysts to work on the 704's.

Lockheed offers you attractive salaries, generous travel and moving

allowances which enable you and your family to move to Southern

California

at

virtually no expense; and an extremely wide range

of

employe benefits which add approximately 14%

to

each engineer's

salary

in

the form

of

insurance, retirement pension, etc.

Those interested

in

advanced work in this field are invited to

write E. W. Des Lauriers, Dept.

MA-3~-5.

AIRCRAFT

CORPORATION.

CALIFORNIA

DIVISION

CALIFORNIA

ADVERTISING IN.DEX

The

purpose

of

COMPUTERS

AND

AUTOMATION

is

to

be

factual,

useful,

and

understandable.

For

th

i s

purpose,

the

kind

of

advertising

we

des

ire

t 0

publish

is

the

kind

that

answers

questions,

suc

h

as:

What

are

your

products?

What

are

lOur

services?

And

for

each

product,

What

is

it

called?

W

hat

does

it

do?

Hot\'

well

does

it

lvork? What

are

its

main

specifications?

Following

is

the

index

and a summary

of

advertise-

ments.

Each

item

contains:

Name

and

address

0 f

the

advertiser

/

subject

of

the

advertisemen

t /

page

number where

it

appears

/

CA

number

in

cas

e

of

inquiry

(see

note

below).

Aircraft

Marine

Products,

Inc.,

2100 P

axto

n

St.,

Harrisburg,

Pa.

/

Taper

Technique

/

Page

51 /

CA

No. 127

Arma

Division,

American Bosch

Corp.,

Roo

seve

1 t

Field,

Garden

City,

L.

I.,

N.

Y.

/

Engineering

Opportunities

/

Page

3 /

CA

No.

128

Automatic

Electric

Company, 1033

W.

Van

Buren

St.

,

Chicago,

Ill.

/

Relays

for

Printed

Circ

ui

t s I

Page

39

/

CA

No.

129

Berkeley

Enterprises,

Inc.,

513

Ave.

of

the

Amer-

icas,

New

York 11,

N.

Y.

/ Robot Show

Stoppers,

Publications,

Geniac

Kit

/

Pages

37,

43,

47

/

CA

No. 130

Bryant

Chucking

Grinder

Co.,

P.

O.

Box

62

O-K,

Springfield,

Vermont /

Magnetic

Drums

/ P

age

37

/

CA

No. 131

Computing

Devices

of

Canada,

Ltd.,

P.

O.

Box

508,

Ot

tawa,

Canada /

Elec

tronic

Computers / P

age

2 /

CA

No.

135

Ferroxcube

Corp.,

East

Bridge

St.,

Saugerties,

N.Y./

Magnetic

Core

Materials

/

Page

35 /

CA

No.

136

General

Electric

Co.,

{Hanford Atomic

Prod

uc

ts}

,

Richland,

Washington

/

Help

Wanted / Page 35 /

CA

No. 137

Lockheed

Aircraft

Corp.,

California

Div.,

Burbank,

Calif.

/

Mathematical

Analys

ts

Wanted / P

age

49

/

CA

No. 139

National

Cash

Register

Co.,

Electronics

Div.,

3348

W.

E.

1 Segundo

Blvd.,

Hawthorne,

Cal

if.

/

Digi

tal

Computer

Engineers

/

Page

47

/

CA

No

.140

Northrop

Aircraft,

Inc.,

Hawthorne,

Calif.

/

Em-

ployment

Opportunity

/ Page

43

/

CA

No. 141

Ramo-Wooldridge

Corp.,

8820

Bellanca

Ave.,

Los

Angeles

45,

Calif.

/ Employment

Opportunities

/

Page

41 /

CA

No. 142

R.C.A.

Service

Co.,

Inc.,

Missile

Test

Project,

P.

O.

Box

1226,

Melbourne,

Fla.

/ Help Wanted /

Page

33

/

CA

No.

143

Sprague

Electric

Co.,

377

Marshall

St.,

Nor

t h

Adams, Mass. /

Pulse

Transformer

Kit

/ P

age

52

/

CA

No. 144

READER'S

INQUIRY

Cambridge

Thermionic

Corp.,

430

Concord

Ave.,

If

you

wish

more

information

about

any

products

Cambridge

38,

Mass. /

Perma-Torg

Units

/ P

age

or

services

mentioned

in

one

or

more 0 f

the

s e

5 /

CA

No.

132

advertisements,

you

may

circle

the

appro

pr

i

ate

Commercial

Controls

Corp.

(Flexowriter),

Rochester

.

CA

Nos.

on

the

Reader's

Inquiry

Form

below

and

2,

N.

Y.

/ Use

Flexolvriter

/ Page

31

/

CA

No.

send

that

form

to

us

(we

pay

postage;

see

the

133

instructions).

We

shall

then

forward

your

i

n-

Computers and

Automation,

513

Ave.

of

the

Ameri-

quiries,

and you

will

hear

from

the

advertisers

cas,

New

York

11,

N.

Y.

/ Back

Copies,

Adver-

direc

t.

If

you do

not

tvish

to

tear

the

magazine,

tising

/Pages

46,

48

/

CA

No. 134

just

drop

us a

line

on a

postcard.

*

*--------------------------~--------------------*

READER'S

INQUIRY

FORM

Paste

label

on envelope:J...

Enclose

form

in

envelope:

'"

r - -

-------

--

-

--

--...,

..

---

- -

------

- - - -

--

-

--

-

--

- - - - - - - - - - -

---

Z 0

~

:

-:-

go

.,

m

0lIl

;:II;

m

...

m

-<

m

z

-f

m

0lIl

."

0lIl

iii

m

.!"

Z

.::..

~a:J

"A-

.c

~en

""'0

>-

0

~Z

ell

~m

......

01

~en

~

zen

CD

?l

~

.$

:;:0

~m

~"'O

"r-

CO

~-<

CD

~r-

""'0

z»

01

a.:

OJ

m

CO

r-

"<

!l

:

fi

z",-U

::!.

~

r

~

:I!

:r:

(")

~

3:

...

:<

~

~;o:;~

READER'S

INQUIRY

FORM

Name

(please print) ......................... .

Your Address?

.............

'

...

.

Your

Organization?

lis

Address?.....

..

.

Your Title? ......

..

...

.

Please send me additional information on the following subiects for which I

have

circled the CA number:

I 2 3 4 5

26

7l

28 29

30

51

52 53 54

55

76 77 78 79

80

101

102 103 104

105 126

127

128

129

Y.lQ

6 7 8 9

10

31

32 33 34

35

56

57 58

59

60

81

82 83 84 85

106 107

lOB

109 110

131

132

133 134

ttl

11

12

13 14

15

36

37 38

39

40

61

62

63

64 65

86 87 88

89

90

111

112 113

114 115

136

137

138 139 140

16

17 18

19

20

41

42

e

44

45

66

67 68 69

70

91

92 93 94

95

116 117

118119

120

141

142

Ie

144 145

21

22

23

24

25

46

q

48 49

50

71

n

73

7A

75

96 97 98

99

100

121

122

123 124 125

1-16!A7

148

U9

150

REMARKS:

JIIIIIIIIIIIII

g i

~

•

________

0

__

........

___

--""

........

:...1

_________________________________________

_

-

50

-

ask

about

~@~~

TO

BETTER

WIRING

More

Co~fide~ce

. . . -

Less

[}{pe

~se

with

A-MP

Taper

Pins,

Taper

Bloks,

Taper

Tips,

Taper

Tabs

and

Taper

Tab

Receptacles

offer

great

freedom of circuit design

and

insure

maximum

electrical stability.

They

cut

material cost

...

cut

labor

cost

...

and

reduce assembly time.

Taper

Tech-

nique

is

benefiting manufacturers of business

machines, aircraft, guided missiles

and

electronic equipment.

You, too,

can

benefit by

the

A-MP

Taper

Technique.

Consult

your

local A-MP sales-

man

or

write to Harrisburg.

@A-MP

1956

Aircraft-Marine

Products

I

Inc.

General Office: Harrisburg,

Pa.

A-MP

of

Canada,

Ltd.,

Toronto,

Canada.

A-MP-Holland

N.V.,

's-Hertogenbosch,

Holland

Aircraft-Marine

Products

(G.B.)

Ltd.,

London,

England.

Societe

A-MP

de

France,

Courbevoie, Seine,

France

HERE'S

THE

IDEAL

TOOL

FOR

ENGINEERING

DEVELOPMENT

OF

CIRCUITS

USING

PULSE

TRANSFORMERS

Type

Sprague

on

request

will

provide

you

with

complete

application

engineering service

for

optimum

results

in

the

use

of

pulse

transformers.

Sprague's

new

Type

lOOZI

Pulse

Transformer

Kit

contains

five

multiple

winding

transformers.

each

chosen

for

its

wide

range

of

practical

application.

Complete

technical

data

on

each

of

the

trans-

formers

is

included

in

the

instruction

card

in

each

kit

so

that

the

circuit

designer

may

readily

select

the

required

windings

to

give

transformer

characteristics

best

suited

for

his'

applications

...

.

whether

it

be

push-pull

driver.

blocking

oscillator.

pulse

gating.

pulse

amplifier.

or

impedance

match-

ing.

The

electrical

characteristics

of

the

transform-

ers

in

the

kit

have

been

designed

so

that

they

may

be

matched

by

standard

Sprague

subininiature

hermetically-sealed

pulse

transformers

shown

in

engineering

bulletin

5028.

For

complete

infor-mation

on

this

kit,

as

well

as

the

extensive

line

of

Sprague

pulse

transformers.

write

to

the

Technical

Literature

Section.

Sprague

Electric

Company.

377

Marshall

Street,

North

Adams.

Massachusetts.

Export

ror

lhe

Americas:

Sprague

Eleclric

Inlernalional

Ltd.,

North

Adams,

Massachusetts.

CABLE:

SPREXINT.

195605

195605 195605

Navigation menu

Versions of this User Manual:

Views

Navigation