195703

Office

Equipment

Outlook

. . .

Oliver

J.

Gingold

New

Products

and

Ideas

Group

Behavior

of

Robots

Manfred

Kochen

Robots

and

Automata:

A Short

History

James

T.

Culbertson

Automatic

Computing

Machinery

-

List

of

Types

Components

of

Automatic

Computing

Machinery

-

List

of

Types

The

Computer

Field: Products

and

Services

for

Sale

or

Rent -

List

of

Headings

COMMUNICATIONS

at

Ramo-Wooldridge

Communications activities at

The

Ramo-Wooldridge

Corporation include research, development, and

manufacture

of

advanced types

of

radio communica-

tion systems, ground-reference navigation systems,

and electronic countermeasure systems. Major

programs are in progress in each

of

these fields.

New and unusual techniques have been employed to

provide systems having a high order

of

security in the

transmission

of

information, broad flexibility in

combating unfavorable signal propagation conditions,

and substantially greater information capacity

per

operating channel.

Some

of

the techniques used have made possible

an

increased range for given levels

of

transmitter power

and reliability

of

communications. Others have

provided specific advantages in very long distance

communications

or

in operational situations requiring

unique signaling capabilities. Developments in

navigation systems have resulted in new equipment

that

is

suitable for the guidance

of

aircraft at long

ranges from their bases.

In

the work currently under way, some systems are

in

the laboratory development stage, some in the

flight test stage, some are in production. Several

types

of

systems developed and manufactured

by

Ramo-Wooldridge are in extensive operational use.

",

'1

•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••

Openings exist

for engineers

and scientists

in these fields

of

communications

activities:

Systems

study

and

analysis

Airborne

transmitters

Transistorized

video

and

pulse

circuitry

Airborne

receivers

Reconnaisance

systems

Digital

communications

systems

The

Ramo-Wooldridge

Corporation

5730

ARBOR

VITAE

STREET

•

LOS

ANGELES

45, CALIFORNIA

COMPUTERS

AND

CYBERNETICS

•

ROBOTS

•

AUTOMATION

AUTOMATIC

CONTROL

ro1.

6,

No.

3

~arch,

1957

ARTICLES

Office

Equipment

Outlook

Group

Behavior

of Robots

ESTABLISHED

SEPTEMBER,

1951

•

.•

Oliver

J.

Gingold

•

•.

Manfred

Kochen

Robots & Automata: A

Short

History

(Part

1) • ••

James

To

Culbertson

NEW

PRODUCTS

AND

IDEAS

REFERENCE INFORMATION

8

16

32

10

New

Patents

15

Automatic Computing

Machinery

-

List

of

Types

22

Components of Automatic Computing Machinery -

List

of

Types

24

The

Computer

Field:

Products

and

Services

for

S

ale

or

Rent

-

List

of Headings

28

Survey

-

Estimate

of the

Computer

Market

39

FORUM

Courses

in

Automatic

Control

Symposium on

Systems

for

Information

Retrieval

Education

&

Computers:

Discussion

0

••

A.

Lange and

others

The

Service

Bureau

International

Conference

on

Operations

Research

Education

and

Computers

•.•

B.

Brown

Numerical

Analysis

Course

Instruments

and

Regulators

Conference,

Chicago,

Apr.

7

-10

The

Editor's

Notes

Index of

Notices

Advertising

Index

Editor:

Edmund

C.

Berkele~'

Assistant

Edi

tors:

Neil

D.

Macdonald,

F.

L.

Walker

Contributing

Editors:

Andrew

D.

Booth~

John

M.

Breen, John

W.

Carr,

III,

Alston S. Householder

Advisory Committee: Samuel

B.

Williams,

Herbert

F.

Mitchell

Jr.,

Howard

T. Engstrom,

Alston

S. Householder,

H.

Jefferson

Mills,

Jr.

Publisher:

Berkeley

Enterprises,

Inc.

815

Washington

Street,

Newtonville 60, Mass. -

Decatur

2-5453

or

2-3928

Advertising

Represen

ta

ti

ves:

New

York

-Milton

L.

Kaye,

601

Madison Ave.,

New

York

21, N.Y.,

Plaza

5-4680

San

Francisco

-W.A.Babcock,

605

Market

St.,

San

Francisco

5,

Calif.,

Yukon

2-3954

Los Angeles -Wentworth

F.

Green,

439

So.

Western Ave., Los Angeles

5,

Calif.,

Dunkirk

7-8135

Elsewhere -

the

Publisher

DMPUTERS

AND

AUIDMKl'IONis

published

monthly. Copyright,

1957,

by

Berkeley

Enterprises,

Inc.

25

29

30

31

42

44

45

47

6

50

~bBcription

rates:

in

~he

United

States

-one

year

$5.50,

two

years

$10.50;

in

Canada -

one

year

$6.00,

two

years

$11.50;

elsewhere -one

y~ar

$6.56, two

years

$12.50

Entered

as second

class

matter

at.;he

Post

Office,

New

York,

N.Y.

- 3 -

y.

"

",!Ie

',"

\

..

\ \

~\

,,~~

\ \

Design engineers indicaie widespread

use for

Sylvania

Powver

Transist-or

Type2N242

While

the

type

2N242 is well known for

its

original use

in

the

output

stage

of

hybrid

auto

radio,

it

is

rapidly

becoming

the

standard. for general purpose use

in

a wide

range

of

power applications.

There

are

good reasons for

its

growing

popularity-IO

watts

collector dissipation,

for

instance-welded

hermetic

seal-and

a

storage

temperature

of

85° C

to

eliminate

heat

problems

under

idle conditions.

GENERAL

FEATURES

OF

THE

2N242

PNP

POWER

TRANSISTOR-

•

10

watts max. collector dissipation

• 2 amps max. collector current

.45

volts max. collector

voltage

• New

welded

hermetic

seal

•

30

db

minimum

power

gain (typically

35

db)

•

85°

C

storage

temperature

•

100°

C iunction

temperature

• Thermal

drop_3°

C

per

watt

(typically

2°

per

watt)

If

you

have

plans for general purpose

tran-

sistors you'll

be

glad

to

know Sylvania's

semiconductor

plant

in

Hillsboro,

New

Hampshire

is

just

about

completely de-

voted

to

the

production

of

the

Type

2N242.

That

means

Sylvania

can

meet

your

vol-

ume

requirements. And, Sylvania's leader-

ship

in

the

manufacture

of

semiconductors

means

you're

assured

of

high

~Joduct

uni-

formity

and

dependable performance.

SYLVANIA

ELECTRIC

PRODUCTS

INC.

1740

Broadway,

New

York

19,

N.

Y.

In

Canada: Sylvania Electric (Canada)

Ltd.

Shell Tower Building, Montreal

LIGHTING

•

RADIO

•

TELEVISION

•

ELECTRONICS

•

ATOMIC

ENERGY

Here

are

iust

some

of

the

applications

in

which

designers

are

eflectively

using

or

planning

to

use

the

2N242

{]I

Q

§

::J

-2

• I

1

I

-

T,

'

~

~~~~_-

,,,,,,,,.,.,.,,,,,.,,.,,,~\¢~

....

.w,,,,.,,,.,,,,\,,,.,1",,,,,,,,h,..._~r

"""<"-"''',..,.",.'''''.t\..P,.,

........

,~,.,.."_"..,..,

.......

".:.,,,..\~,,

....

~''',!

~Transistor

Voltage Regulation

Pransistorization

of

voltage

regulator

circuits

is

one

If

the

most

popular

general

purpose

applications

indi-

:ated

for

the

2N242.

Here

is

a

typical

regulator

circuit

ncorporating

the

Type

2N242.

DC

to

AC

converter

'ates

second

in

popular

usage

for

this

power

transistor.

How

about

your

general purpose

plans

for the

Type

~N242

pOUJer

transistor? Call

your

Sylvania representa-

ive

or

write for technical data.

*

VOLTAGE

REGULATION

DC

CONVERTER

OSCILLATOR,

AMPLIFIER

TRANSISTOR

COMPUTER

MAGNETIC

CORE

DRIVER

SERVO

AMPLIFIER

VERTICAL

SWEEP

OUTPUT

PULSE

POWER

QUTPUT

HIGH

CURRENT

SWITCH

RF

MODULATOR

.....

...,

.....

'-'

....

, U

l.

..

'-'

...

~tJ

1.

The

Computer

Directory

and

Buyers'

Guide

2.

Estimate

of

the

Computer

Market

3.

53

Foreign

Subscriptions

At

Once

4.

Reference

Information

THE

COMPUTER

Directory

and

Buyers'

Guide,

1957".

The

last

issue

was

published

in

June,

1956.

Part

1 of

the

Directory

in

1957

will

be

a

cumulative

"Roster

of

Organizations

in

the

Com-

puter

Field".

The

last

cumulative

listings

we

r e

published

in

the

June

and

August

1956

issues

of

"Computers

and

Automation",

and

covered

ove

r

380

organizations.

In

the

cumulative

listing

in

the

Directory,

there

will

be a

requested

nominal

charge

of

$10

an

entry.

Par

t 2

of

the

Directory

will

be

a

cumula-

tive

"Buyers'

Guide

to

the

Computer

Field:

Prod-

ucts

and

Services

for

Sale

or

Rent".

Over

700

en-

tries

under

67

headings

appeared

in

the

last

issue;

and

it

is

anticipated

that

more

will

appear

in

the

1957

issue.

There

will

be

a

requested

nominal

charge

of $10

an

entry;

there

will

also

be

an

oppor-

tunity

for

pictures

and

associated

advertisements.

The

list

of

67

headings

appears

on

page

28

in

this

issue.

The

and

blank

forms

will

be

mailed

out

in

February

and

March

to

organizations

for

revisions,

changes,

and

additions.

The

closing

date

for

receipt

of

corrected

information

will

b e

about

April

10.

The

form

of

entry

for

organizations

and

for

products

appears

on

page 43 of

this

issue.

Part

3 of

the

Directory

will

be

a

cumulative

edition

of

"List

of

Automatic

Computers".

The

last

edition

appeared

in

June,

1956

and

contained

about

220

entries.

It

is

expected

that

some

other

new

features

will

also

be

included.

One

part

of

the

Directory

and

Buyers'

Guide

Corrections

Manuscripts

Reader's

Inquiry

Form

Roster

Entry

Forms

Special

Issues

~

50

40

46

47

6

10

11

12

13

14

44

42

50

43

44

*

Address

Changes:

If

your

address

changes,

please

send

us

both

your

new

and

your

old

address

(torn

off

from

the

wrapper

if

possible),

and

allow

three

weeks

for

the

change.

CTC

Capacitor

Data:

Metallized

cerami.c

forms

CST-50,

in

range

1.5

to

12.5

MMFD's;

CST-6,

in

range

0.5

to

4.5

MMFD's;

CS6-6,

in

range

1

to

8

MMFD's:

CS6-50,

in

range

3

to

25

MMFD's;

CST-50-D,

a differential

capacitor,

with

the

top

half

in

range

1.5

to

10

MMFD's

and

lower

half

in

range

5

to

10

MMFD's.

These

Midgets

do

big

jobs

well

These

capacitors

outperform

capaci-

tors

several

times

their

size.

Their

tun-

able

elements

virtually

eliminate

losses

due

to

air

dielectric,

resulting

in

wide

minimum

to

maximum

capacity

ranges.

The

tuning

sleeves

are

a t

ground

po-

tential,

and

can

be

locked firmly

to

elim-

inate

undesirable

capacity

change.

Every

manufacturing

detail

has

to

conform

to

the

highest

quality

control

standards.

Because

of

these

standards,

CTC

can

guarantee

the

performance

of

this

family,

and

of

every

electronic

com-

ponent

CTC

makes.

Other

precision-made

CTC

com-

ponents

that

benefit

from

CTC

high

quality

standards

include

terminals,

terminal

boards,

swagers,

hard

ware,

in-

sulated

terminals

and

coil forms.

For

all

specifications

and

prices,

write

Cambridge

Thermionic

Corporation,

456

Concord

Ave.,

Cambridge

38,

Mass.

On

the

West

Coast

contact

E.

V.

Roberts

and

Associates,

Inc.,

5068

West

Washington

Blvd.,

Los

Angeles

16,

and

61

Renato

Court,

Red

wood

City,

California.

New

Series

X2122

Stand-Off

Capacitors

with

ceramic

dielectric

are

exceptionally

rugged.

These

are

general

RF

by-pass

capacitors

for

use

in

high

quality

electronic

equipment.

The

encapsulat-

ing

resin

provides

rigidity

and

durability

under

extreme

conditions

of

shock,

vibration,

and

humidity.

Over-all

height

mounted

is

under

%".

Available

in

a

range

of

values.

:;,,:'"~,

~/o,

'/»~"""

'/

CAMBRIDGE

THERMIONIC

CORPORATION

makers

0/

guaranteed electronic components

custom or

standard

See

CTC's

Guaranteed

Components

on

Display

at

Booth

2219,

IRE

Show,

New

York

Coliseum,

March

18-21

OFFICE

EQUIPMENT

OUTLOOK

Oliver

J. Gingold

New

York,

N.

Y.

(Reprinted

with

permission

from

The

Wall

Street

Journal,

January

17,

1957,

published

by

Dow

Jones

&

Company,

Inc.,

New

York

4,

N.

Y .

.)

Business

machine

manufacturers

are

riding

the

crest

of

the

biggest

boom

in

the

industry's

his-

tory

and

they

expect

it

to

pick

up

added

momentum

this

year.

Trade

sources

calculate

that

the

indus-

try

rolled

up

nearly

$2

billion

in

sales

during

1956

after

doing

$1. 7

billio~

in

1955.

The

forecast

for

1957: A

jump

of

approximately

20%,

which

would

push

the

figure

to

$2.4

billion.

Earnings

generally

have

kept

pace

with

sales,

though

some

companies

insist

prices

are

too

low

to

produce

what

they

con-

sider

a

reasonable

profit.

Steps

to

correct

t

his

were

taken

in

1956:

typewriter

producers

jacked

up

portable

prices

in

the

spring,

office

models

in

the

fall;

and

giant

International

Business

Machines

Corp.

stiffened

rental

fees

for

the

first

time

in

its

history.

More

of

the

same

seems

almost

inevitable

some

time

during

1957.

Individually,

companies

assess

the

outlook

this

way:

1.

B.

M.

Eyes

$1

Billion

Sales

-

International

Business

Machines

Corp.

which

chalked

up

new

sales

and

earnings

records

in

1956,

is

fast

on

its

way

to

becoming

the

industry's

first

billion-dollar

company.

In

fact,

IBM now

anticip-

ates

revenue

of

$1,250,000,000

by

1960 -

more

than

double

its

1955

volume.

In

1956,

it

is

understood,

sales

were

in

the

neighborhood

of

$700

million,

a

gain

of

more

than

20%

over

the

$563,548,792

registered

in

1955.

Net

profits

soared,

too,

reaching

more

than

$65

million,

or

about

$12.40

a

share,

compared

with

$55,872,633,

or

$10.64

a

present

share

a

ye

ar

earlier.

IBM

officials

expect

continued

growth

in

both

sales

and

earnings

during

1957,

"assuming

a

con-

tinued

healthy

economic

climate."

As

they

did

last

year,

new

products

(at

least

one

major

com-

puter

development

is

nearing

completion)

will

play

a

key

role

in

bolstering

volume.

Another

factor

tending

to

push

this

year's

sales

and

earnings

higher

-

perhaps

at

the

ex-

pense

of

profits

in

later

years

-

is

IBM's

offer,

under

the

terms

of

its

1956

consent

decree,

to

sell

as

well

as

lease

its

machines.

The

company

con-

cedes

this

point,

but

maintains

that

"a

large

rna]-

ority

of

customers

will

continue

to

rent

the

equip-

ment.

"

The

concern's

expenditures

for

factories,

lab-

oratories,

equipment

and

"rental

machine

assets"

last

year

topped

the

record

$134,015,108

spent

for

these

purposes

in

1955;

and

executives

figure

1957

capital

spending

will

go

even

higher.

The

princip-

al

reason

is

a

string

of

new

plants,

now

under

con-

struction

at

Rochester,

Minn.,

San

Jose,

Calif.,

Owe go, N.

Y.,

Lexington,

Ky.,

and

Sherman,

Tex-

as;

and

a

new

research

laboratory

-

IBM's

ninth

-

at

Yorktown,

N. Y.

The

present

state

of

the

money

market,

~ays

IBM,

will

have

no

effect

on

these

projects.

Burroughs

Counts

on

New

Products

-

Burroughs

Corp.

in

1956

earned

"somewhere

between

$2.25

and

$2.40

a

share"

on

the

6,029,000

shares

currently

outstanding,

John

s.

Coleman~

president,

disclosed.

For

1955

the

company

re-

ported

profits

of

$2.19

a

share,

basoed

'On

the

5,549,000

shares

then

outstanding.

Last

year's

sales

were

up,

too,

climbing

to

about- $260

million

from

$218,592,481

in

1955.

Mr.

Coleman

took

a

rosy

view

of

Burroughs'

prospects

for

1957,

predicting

the

company's

rev-

enues

this

year

will

move

past

the

$290

million

mark.

New

products,

involving

all

the

company's

major

divisions,

will

be

introduced

during

the

last

six

months

of

this

year.

It

is

understood

at

least

one

of

these

will

come

from

Burroughs'

Electro-

,

Data

division

-

acquired

l~st

year

to

give

the

company

an

entree

into

the

burgeoning

computer

business.

The

Detroit-based

concern,

undaunted

by

the

tight

money

market,

is

pushing

the

most

extensive

construction

program

in

its

history.

with

n e.w

-8-

Equipment

Outlook

plants

abuilding

in

the United

States.

Royal McBee Making

Progress

-

Sales

of

Royal

McBee

Corp.,

the

nation's

big-

gest

manufacturer

of

typewriters,

are

growing

at

a

somewhat

faster

pace

than

earnings.

In

the

four

months

to

November

30,

first

four

of

the

fiscal

year,

volume

was

about 12%

ahead

of

a

year

earlier,

it

is

understood, while

profits

were

approximately

5%

better.

It

is

anticipated

that

the

same

percentages

gen~rally

will

carry

through

the

remainder

of

the

first

half, which

ends

January

31.

The company, which

initiated

last

year's

round

of

price

increases

on

manual

and office

type-

writers,

concedes

that

further

increases

may

be

in

the offing. But,

officials

add,

this

time

stiffer

prices

will

most

likely

affect

portable

rather

than

office

machines.

Royal

McBee

currently

is

ponder-

ing

several

major

expansion

programs,

despite

the

tight

money

situation.

National

Cash

Register

Prospects

-

National

Cash

Register

Co.

in

1957

expects

to

better

the

sales

and

earnings

records

set

in

1956.

Stanley

C.

Allyn,

president,

disclosed

re-

cently

the

big

Dayton

concern

earned

between

$18

million

and $19

million

in

1956,

compared

with

$15,387,861

in

1955.

Sales

also

jumped

ahead

last

year,

reaching

$340

million

against

$301

million

in

1955. The

current

12

months,

Mr.

Allyn

pre-

dicts,

will

produce

sales

in

the

neighborhood of

$400

million,

and

profits

greater

than

those

reg-

istered

in

1956.

Addressograph

Records

in

Sight -

Indications

are

that

Addressograph-

Multi-

graph

Corp.

will

post

new

highs

iIi

sales

and

earn-

ings

in

the

fiscal

year

ending

July

31, 1957,

with

sales

expected

to

cross

the

$100

million

mark

for

the

first

time.

The

best

was

turned

in

during

fiscal

1956, when

sales

total-

led

$86,

980,51~,

and

profits

amounted to $7,289,268,

or

$8.34 a

share.

Despite

disruptions

of

operations

resulting

from

a

seven-day

strike

in

November

and

the

usual

holiday slow-down,

it

is

anticipated

sales

and

earn-

ings

for

the

second

quarter

·of

the

fiscal

year

will

be

comparable

to

those

in

the

first

quarter.

In

that

period,

ended

October

31, the

company

reported

vol-

ume of $25,586,825 and

profits

of $1,967,289,

or

$2.22 a

share;

both

figures

were

substantially

high-

er

than

a

year

earlier.

The

company's

cheerful

outlook

on

1957

is

re-

flected

in

a

decision

to

boost

sales

quotas

27%

ove~

- 9 -

last

year,

Mr.

Ward

said,

and

its

optimism

for

future

years

is

demonstrated

by

a $5,500,000

ex-

pansion

project

now

under

way

at

Cleveland.

The

addition,

providing

50

%

more

floor

space

for

a

planned

increase

in

research,

engineering,

and

manufacturing,

is

slated

for

completion

in

March.

Sperry's

Stake -

Remington

Rand

division

of

Sperry

Ran

d

Corp..

will

complete

"the

biggest

year

in

its

his-

tory"

on

March

31,

"and

it

would

appear

that

will

be

even

bigger,

"

Marcell

N. Rand,

ex-

ecutive

vice

president

and

general

manager,

asser-

ted.

In

the nine

months

ended

December

31, 1956,

sales

and

earnings

of the

division

"ran

well

ahead"

of a

year

earlier,

Mr.

Rand added.

No

figures

are

available

for

comparison,

however,

since

Remington

Rand

operated

as

an

individual

company

until

July

1,

1955, when

it

merged

with

S

per

r y

Corp.

to

form

the

present

concern.

A few

months

ago, Gen.

Douglas

MacArthur,

Sperry

Rand

chairman,

forecast

that

the

company's

1957

sales

would

reach

$775

million.

It

is

under-

stood

that

sales

of Remington Rand office

equip-

ment

continue to

account

for

about one

third

of

Sperry

Rand

sales.

Mr.

Rand

voiced

the

opinion

that

prices

on

office

equipment

should

be

raised

to

meet

con-

stantly

climbing

costs.

But

as

to

Remington

Rand's

probable

course

of action, he would

say

only

that

"the

company

is

studying

prices

on

all

our

products

quite

carefully.

"

Remington

Rand,

which

added

four

new

plants

in

calendar

1956,

is

presently

considering

further

expansion

projects.

Tight

money,

says

Mr.

Rand,

hasn't

affected

such

planning up to

this

time.

Smith-Corona

Acquisition

Helpful -

The

acquisition

of

Kleinschmidt

Laborator-

ies,

Inc.,

completed

last

August

after

a

protracted

legal

battle,

is

apparently

paying off

for

Smith-

Corona,

Inc.

Elwyn

L.

Smith,

,president,

believes

sales

and

earnings

for

the

six

months

ended

Decem-

ber

31

were

"substantially"

ahead

of

the

records

set

in

the

first

half

of

fiscal

1956.

In

the

earlier

period,

the

Syracuse

concern

posted

profits

of

$866,000 on

sales

of

$19,300,000.

He

anticipates

that

sales

and

earnings

for

fiscal

1957,

ending

June

30,

will

also

be

at

new

highs.

Supporting

this

forecast,

he added,

is

the

fact

that

new

orders

outstripped

production

for

several

weeks

late

in

1956. A

further

boost

may

come

from

the

introduction

of

an

ele,ytric

port-

(cont'd

on page 31)

NEW PRODUCTS AND IDEAS

SIMULATORS

FOR

TRAINING

AffiPLANE

CREWS

American

Airlines

Los

Angeles,

Calif.

The

first

of

four

DC-6

and

DC-7

airplane

pro-

cedural

trainers

developed

by

American

Airlines

for

training

new

flight

crews

and

refreshing

veter-

an

crews

in

cockpit

operating

techniques

-has

been

installed

by

American

Airlines

at

Los

Angeles.

These

trainers,

which

are

on

the

ground

and

not

airborne,

are

full-scale

mockups

of

the

DC-6

and

DC-7

flight

deck,

and

include

pilot's,

co-pilot's,

and

flight

engineer's

positions.

Each

will

be

used

by

the

airline

to

make

crews

familiar

with

the

cockpit,

the

location

of

instruments,

and

operation-

al

techniques.

The

new

equipment

will

en

a b 1 e

crews

to

practice

engine

starting

and

control,

man-

agement

of

fuel,

operation

of

electrical

and

hydraul-

ic

systems,

emergency

procedures,

and

coordina-

tion

of

the

crew

under

simulated

operating

condi-

tions.

The

trainers

are

designed

primarily

to

make

crews

familiar

with

all

parts

of

normal

and

emergency

procedures,

but

navigational

training

is

not

included.

Incorporated

in

the

equipment

is

an

instructor's

station

and

a

control

panel.

An

instructor

thus

may

introduce

emergencies

and

operational

problems,

for

the

crew

in

training

to

solve.

These

trainers

have

been

constructed

by

Burton

Rodgers,

Technical

Training

Aids,

Cin-

cinnati,

Ohio.

They

are

being

installed

in

Amer-

ican

Airlines'

major

training

bases

at

New

York,

Chicago,

and

Fort

Worth,

as

well

as

at

Los

An-

geles.

All

units

have

mechanical-type

computers,

externally

mounted

adjacent

to

the

cockpit.

They

are

designed

for

swift

disassembling

and

easy

shipment,

and

may

be

separated

into

sections

no

larger

than

60

inches

wide

and

80

inches

high.

Development

of

the

trainer

goes

back

to

1948

when

M.

C.

Thompson,

of

American

Air-

lines,

designed,

constructed,

and

installed

a

handmade

version

at

the

company's

former

train-

ing

base

at

Ardmore,

Okla.

Airplane

Procedural

Trainer

-

This

trainer

was

developed

by

American

Airlines

to

familiarize

flight

crews

for"

DC-6

and

DC-7

planes

in

cockpit

operating

techniques.

The

instructor

(left)

may

use

his

control

panel

to

introduce

operational

problems

and

emergencies

for

the

three-man

flight

crew

to

solve.

Virtually

any

problem

encountered

in

flight

may

be

simulated

in

these

procedural

trainers,

to

be

installed

in

New

York,

Chicago,

Fort

Worth,

and

Los

Angeles.

-10

-

New

Products

and

Ideas

TRANSISTOR ARITHMETIC CONTROL UNIT

Philco

Corp.,

Philadelphia,

Pa.

Figure

1 shows a

Transac

arithmetic

control

unit, developed

at

Philco's

Government

and

Indus-

trial

Division.

This

computing

unit

occupies

only

one-third

cubic foot and

weighs~

less

than

12 pounds.

It

operates

on

only 3

volts

potential

and

employs

a

unique.

direct-coupled

circuitry,

and

thereby

elim-

inates

many

components

usually

found

in

electronic

computers.

The

unit

contains

nearly

1,000

tiny

transistors,

300

resistors

and

12

capacitors

per-

manently

dip-soldered

into

compact,

plug-in,

print-

ed-circuit

cards.

Each

card

provides

all

the

neces-

sary

functions

for

one

binary

digit

including add,

subtract,

multiply,

divide,

square

root,

shift

right,

shift

left,

sign

magnitude, and

absolute

magnitude.

Ten

"math"

cards

and

seven

"control"

cards

are

plugged

into

the

ten

inch

long unit to

provide

all

arithmetic

processing

facilities

between

convention-

al

input

and output

devices.

Input-output

connections

are

made

by

plugs.

This

Transac

unit

adds

two

numbers

in

1.5

microseconds;

it

multiplies

in

15

microseconds.

A

row

of

indicator

lights

provides

visual

display

of

results.

Transac

math-control

units

with

larger

digital

capacities

can

be

built

in

"building

block"

fashion

by

simply

increasing

the

number

of

plug-in

"cards

fl.

Figure

1 -

Transac

Arithmetic

Control

Unit

-11

-

new

rrUUUC.L:!i

UDU

.l,.ueU:!i

MINIATURE TAPE RECORDER

North

American

Instruments,

Inc.

Altadena, Calif.

A

tiny

tape

recorder

has

solved one of the

most

perplexing

problems

in

missile

flight

test

programs:

the

collection

of

aerodynamic

data

from

missiles

too

small

for

telemetering

equip-

ment.

Developed

by

North

American

Instruments,

Inc.,

Altadena,

California,

the

miniature

magnet-

ic

recorders

are

being

used

by a dozen

different

companies

which

are

conducting

rocket

and

miss-

ile

tests

on

government

contracts.

To

date,

the

principal

use

of the

instrument

has

been

for

obtaining

skin

temperature

s

during

oritical

periods

in

high-speed,

high

altitude

flights

of

missiles.

In

particular,

it

has

gathered

vital

data

from

test

flights

of the

hypersonic

test

vehicle

(HTV) developed

by

Aerophysics

Development

Corp.

,

Santa

Barbara.

The HTV

has

reached

a

speed

of

5,000

miles

per

hour

at

altitudes

in

the

region

of

50,000

feet.

The

recorders

also

are

beginning to

be

used

to.

gather

many

kinds

of

data

from

both

test

miss-

iles

and

free-flying

models

in wind

tunnels.

Until

recently,

data

from

both the

real

and

simulated

flights

usually

has

been

transmitted

by

radio

sig-

nals

from

heavier,

bulkier

telemetering

equipment.

Use

of

telemetering

equipment

has

presented

problems

for

midget

missiles

and

models.

The newly-developed

miniature

recorders

are

four

inches

in

diameter,

five

inches

high and weigh

2-1/4

pounds and,

according

to

Eugene Bollay,

pres-

ident

of

North

American

Instruments;

they

are

ex-

tremely

reliable

and

rugged.

One

Northam

recorder,

Bollay

says,

has

been

recovered

and re_used

eight

times

in

missile

tests

at

Holloman

Air

Developme~t

Center,

New

Mexico.

In

contrast,

telemetering

equipment.

shat-

ters

upon

initial

ground

impact.

Rugged

Miniature

Tape

Recorder

-

This

miniature

(4" wide, 5" high,

2-1/4

pounds)

tape

recorder

made

by

North

American

Instruments

has

demonstrated

its

durable

construction

by

surviving

eight

high-.

altitude

missile

flights

in

the HTV

(hypersonic

test

vehicle)

program

at

Holloman

Air

Development

Center.

-12

-

New

Products

and

Ideas

ELECTRONIC ROULETTE DEMONSTRATES COMPUTERS

Bendix Aviation

Corp.,

Computer

Div.

Los

Angeles, Calif.

To

demonstrate

the

automatic

features

of the

Bendix G-15

Computer

at

the

recent

Automation

Exposition

held

at

the beginning of

December,

1956,

in

New York,

an

electronic

roulette

game

calI

e d

"GAMBIT"

was

introduced

to

visitors

at

the

Bendix

Computer

Division

exhibit.

Players

placed

"chips"

on the

board

and when

all

chips

were

down

the

com-

puter

blinked

lights,

rang

bells,

figured

the

odds,

typed out

the

winning

numbers.

"GAMBIT"

derives

its

name

from

"Game

for

Automation-Minded

Bigwigs

Insensitive

to

Treachery".

Maurice

Horrell,

General

Manager

of Bendix

Computer

Division,

said,

"The

digital

computer

has

a

reputation

for

drudgery

-

all

work

and no play.

Year

in

and

year

out they

help

overworked

engineer-

ing and

research

staffs

solve

complex

and

repeti-

tive

mathematical

problems.

So

we

gave one a

short

vacation

and took

it

to

New

York

to

let

it

live

a

little,

Las

Vegas

style.

"

Bendix

Computers

are

being

used

in

a

num-

ber

of

applications

such

as

solving

problems

in

the

design

of

cams,

gears

and

optical

lenses;

in

the

construction

of highways and pipe

lines;

in

strain

gauge

testing,

automatic

control

of

hi

g h -

pre

-

ci8ion

machine

tools,

wind

tunnel

experiments,

correlation

of

hydroelectric

power

factors,

as-

tronomical

navigation

studies,

flight

path

calcula-

tions,

crude

oil

reservoir

and

gas

storage

prob-

lems,

plus

an

increasing

number

of

general

lab-

oratory

uses.

ELECTRONIC ROULETTE, "GAMBIT", a

game devised

by

engineers

of the Bendix Aviation

Corporation's

Computer

Division

to

illustrate

the

company's

newest

general

purpose

computer.

When

all

of

the

jumbo

"chips"

are

down, the

attendant

flicks

a switch, the

computer

calculates

the

odds and

automatically

types

out

the

winning

number.

-13

-

New

Products

and

Ideas

SUPERMENDUR -

AN

IMPROVED MAGNETIC ALLOY

Bell

Telephone

Laboratories

New

York,

N.

Y.

Substantial

improvements

in

magnetic

amplif-

iers,

switching

and

memory

devices,

pulse

trans-

formers,

and

power

transformers

are

now

possible

as

a

result

of a new

magnetic

alloy

which

has

been

developed

at

Bell

Telephone

Laboratories.

This

material

will

permit

reductions

in

the

size

of

mag-

netic

components

without

any

sacrifice

in

perform-

ance'

and

will

facilitate

the

design

of

new

compon-

ents

having

greatly

improved

performance

charac-

teristics.

Called

Supermendur,

the

alloy

has

a

number

of

exceptional

properties,

including

higher

perme-

ability

and

lower

hysteresis

losses

at

high

flux

densities

than

any

material

heretofore

available.

The

composition

of

Supermendur

(nominally

49%

iron,

49%

cobalt

and

2%

vanadium)

is

similar

to

2V-Permendur,

a

magnetic

alloy

developed

at

Bell

Laboratories

many

years

ago.

However,

H.

L.

B. Gould and D. H. Wenny

have

improved

the

characteristics

of

the

alloy

to

a

remarkable

de-

gree.

The

hysteresis

losses

have

been

reduced

by

a

factor

of

ten.

Maximum

permeability

is

now

66,000

at

20,000

gausses;

remanence,

21,500

gausses;

coercive

force,

.26

oersted;

and

satura-

tion,

24, 000

gausses.

Core

losses

are

under

6

watts

per

pound

at

400

cycles

at

a

flux

density

of

100,000

lines

per

square

inch.

The

hysteresis

loop

is

rectangular

with

a

flux

swing

of

45, 500

gausses

from

minus

remanence

to

plus

saturation.

These

outstanding

properties

have

been

achieved

by

using

commercial

materials

of

the

highest

purity,

melting

in

a

controlled

atmosphere

furnace,

and

subjecting

the

resulting

alloy

to

a

prescribed

schedule

of

rolling

and

heat

treatment

in

a

magnetic

field.

The

material

is

so

malleable

that

it

can

be

cold-rolled

from

0.090"

to

0.003"

without

intermediate

anneals

and

without

losing

its

ductility.

Power

transformer

cores

of

.004"

or

.002"

Supermendur

tape

can

provide

an

output

more

than

30%

greater

than

comparable

grain-oriented

sili-

con

steel

cores,

the

best

previously

available

mat-

erial.

Advantages

on

an

ampere

turn

excitation

basis

are

even

greater

percentage-wise.

This

per-

mits

a

reduction

in

core

size

and

weight

of aJ;

least

30%

for

the

same

output, a

significant

fac·

tor

in

many

applications.

Flux

density

can

ex-

ceed

140,000

lines

per

square

inch

without

ex-

cessive

losses.

Characteristics

of

this

material

make

it

ideally

suited

for

power

transformers,

pulse

transformers,

and

magnetic

amplifiers.

The

precipitous

sides

of

the

hysteresis

loop

indicate

that

the

gain

of a

magnetic

amplifier

can

be

in-

creased

as

much

as

80%

over

that

obtainable

with

grain-oriented

silicon

steel.

Other

possible

applications

include

telephone

receiver

diaphragms,

and

switching

and

memory

devices.

The

material

may

be

especially

useful

where

miniaturization

is

desired,

or

where

high

temperature

operation

is

contemplated.

Western

Electric

Company,

Inc.

does

not

plan

to

produce

Supermendur

for

commercial

consumption.

However,

a:

number

of

companies

have

expressed

an

interest

in

the

material

and

it

probably

will

be

manufactured

under

Western

Electric

license

in

the

near

future.

*.---------

*

---------

*

NEW

AIR-TO-AIR

GUIDED MISSILE

Hughes

Aircraft

Co.

Culver

City,

Calif.

The

United

States

Air

Force

and

Hughes

Air-

craft

Company

have

announced

the

existence

of a

new

air-to-air

guided

missile

that

can

climb

at

supersonic

speed

higher

than

any

other

existing

armament

of

its

kind.

The

missile,

a

new

version

of

the

Hughes

Falcon

designated

GAR-ID,

was

developed

in

the

Culver

City,

Calif.

laboratories

of

Hughes

and

is

being

manufactured

by

it

at

Tucson,

Ariz.

The

GAR-ID

is

a

radar-guided

supersonic

missile

designed

to

be

carried

in

quantity

by

all-

weather

jet

interceptors

like

the

Northrop

F-89H

Scorpion

and

the

supersonic

delta-wing

Convair

F-102A,

the

joint

announcement

said.

It

is

slightly

longer

than

six

feet,

has

an

air-frame

diameter

of

approximately

six

inches

and

weighs

less

than

an

average

man.

With a

range

measured

in

miles,

the

new

Falcon

can

be

launched

well

below

an

enemy

bomb-

er

and

the

tremendous

thrust

from

its

rocket

mot-

or

will

carry

it

to

altitudes

well

in

excess

of

the

capability

of

the

interceptor.

-14 -

NE.W

PATENTS

RAYMOND

R.

SKOLNICK

Reg.

Patent

Agent

Ford

Inst.

Co.

Div.

of

Sperry

Rand

Corp.

Long

Island

City

1,

New

York

The

following

is

a

compilation

of

patents

pertain-

ing

to

computers

and

associated

equipment

from

the Official

Gazette

of the United

States

Patent

Office,

dates

of

issue

as

indicated.

Each

entry

consists

of:

Patent

number

I

inventor(s)

I

assign-

ee

I

invention.

December

11, 1956

(cont'd

from

Feb.

issue):

2,

774,026

I

George

H.

Towner,

San

Diego,

Calif.

I

Northrop

Aircraft

Inc.,

Hawthorne,

Calif

I

A

digital

servomotor.

December

18. 1956:

2,774,429

I

Edward

J.

Ra-

benda,

Poughkeepsie,

N.

Y.

I I.

B.

M.

Corp.,

New

York,

N.

Y.

I A

magnetic

core

converter

and

storage

unit.

2,774,534

I

Roland

H. Dunn, London, Eng. I

Inter-

national

Standard

Electric

Corp.,

New

York,

N. Y. I

Electrical

counting

and

like

devices.

2,774,535

I

Lloyd

D.

Anderson,

Tacoma

Park,

Md. I -I A

variable

amplitude

signal

ana,lyzer.

2,774,825

I

Soloman

Sherr,

Tuckahoe,

N.

Y.

I

General

Precision

Lab.,

Inc.,

N. Y. I A

logar-

ithmic

amplifier.

2,774,868

I

Byron

L.

Havens,

Closter,

N.

J.

I

I.

B.

M.

Corp.,

New

York,

N.

Y.

I A

binary-

decade

counter.

2,774,

957

/

George

H.

Towner,

San

Diego,

Calif.

/

Northrop

Aircraft

Inc.,

Hawthorne,

Calif.

/

An

analog

to

digital

function

converter.

December

25, 1956:

2,775,122

/

Robert

E.

Smith,

Downey,

and

John

M.

Wuerth,

Whittier,

Calif.

/

North

American

Aviation,

Inc.,

Calif.

/ A

vertical

velocity

computer.

2,775,124/

Frederick

H.

Gardner,

Long

Beach,

James

C.

Elms,

Newport

Beach,

and

David

Rosenstock,

Long

Beach,

Calif.

/

North

Am-

erican

Aviation,

Inc.,

Calif.

I An

angle

of

attack

computer.

2,775,402

/

Eric

Weiss,

Los

Angeles,

Calif.

/ - /

A

coded

decimal

summing

circuit.

2,775,404/

Harold

R.

Lahr,

Chicago,

Ill.

/

United

Air

Lines,

Inc.,

Chicago,

Ill.

/ A

computer

for

the

solution

of

navigation

problems.

2,775,694

I

Alan

D.

Blumlein,

Ealing,

London,

Eng.

/

Electric

and

Musical

Industries,

Ltd.,

Eng.

I An

electrical

circuit

arrangement

for

effecting

integration

and

applications

thereof.

2,775,726

I

Jan

Louis

de

Kroes

and

Alphonsus

Heetman,

Hilversum,

Netherlands

/

Hartford

National

Bank

and

Trust

Co.,

Hartford,

Conn.

I An

apparatus

for

registering

pulses.

2,775,727

I

John

J.

Kernahan,

Livingston,

and

John

C.

Lozier,

Short

Hills,

N.

J.

/

Bell

Tele-

phone

Lab.,

Inc.,

New

York,

N.

Y.

/ A

digital

to

analog

converter

with

digital

feedback

control.

2,775,754

/

Robert

L.

Sink, Altaoona,

Calif.

/

Con-

solidated

Electrodynamics

Corp.,

Pasadena,

Calif.

I An

analog-digital

converter.

2,775,755

I

Robert

L.

Sink,

Altadena,

Calif.

I

Con-

solidated

Electrodynamics

Corp.,

Pasadena,

Calif.

I An

angular

position

transducer.

2,775,756

/

Sylvanus

B.

Bracy,

Eatontown,

N.

J.

and

Paul

M.

Levy,

New York, and

Rocco

L.

Sarlo,

Mamaroneck,

N.Y. I

U.

S. A. / A

fac-

simile

recorder

computer.

January

1, 1957:

2,766,418

I

Ralph

Townsend,

Letchworth,

Eng.

I The

British

Tabulating

Machine

Co.,

Ltd.,

Letchworth,

Eng.

I

Appar-

atus

for

comparing

a

first

and

second

binary

pulse

train

using

an

electronic

storage

device.

2,776,419

I

Jan

A.

Rajchman,

Princeton,

and

Milton

Rosenberg,

Trenton,

N.

J.

I

Radio

Corp.

of

America,

Del.

I A

magnetic

memory

system.

2,776,422

I

Eugene

A.

Slusser,

Arlington

Heights,

Mass.

I

U.

S. A. I A

range

tracking

system.

2,776,423

I

Frank

L.

Richardson,

Carle

Place,

N. Y. I

Sperry

Rand

Corp.,

Del.

I A

moving

range

indicator

for

automatic

tracking

radar.

2,776,426

I

Frederick

J.

Altman,

Ridgewood, N.

J.

I

International

Telephone

and

Telegraph

Corp.,

Maryland

I A

moving

target

range

tracking

unit.

January

8. 1957: 2,

776,794

I

Frederick

C.

Will-

iams,

Timperley,

and

Arthur

A.

Robinson,

Scunthorpe,

Eng. I

National

Research

Develop-

ment

Corp.,

London, Eng. I An

electronic

cir-

cuit

for

multiplying

binary

numbers.

2,777,098

I

Paul

Duffing,

Berlin-Siemensstadt,

and

Gerhard

Conradi,

Berlin-Tegel,

Germany

I

Siemens-Schuckertwerk

Aktiengesellschaft,

Berlin-Siemensstadt,

Germany

I A

magnetic-

ally

controlled

electric

counting

apparatus.

2,777,103

I

Arthur

E.

Reed,

Schenectady,

N. Y. I

General

Electric

Co.,

N.

Y.

I A

drift

stabilized

velocity

servo.

2,777,109

I

ArIon

G.

Sangster,

Leominster,

Mass.

I -I An

electromechanical

servo

positioning

mechanism.

January

15, 1957:

2,777,354

I

Michael

E.

Stickney,

Alhambra,

Calif.,

Royal

Glen

Madsen,

Green-

wich,

Conn.,

and

Lawrence

R.

Pugh,

Monrovia,

Calif

I

Beckman

Instruments,

Inc.,

So.

Pasa-

(cont'd

on

page

27)

-15

-

GROUP

BEHAVIOR

OF

ROBOTS

Manfred Kochen

International

Business

Machines

Corp.

Poughkeepsie,

N.Y.

(The

contents

of

this

article

wer~

presented

as

part

of a

lecture

entitled

"Networks

of Multipole Sequence

Transducers",

at

the

meeting

of

the

Association

for

Computing

Machinery

in

Philadelphia,

Sept.

1955.)

Introduction

The

behavior

of people

in

social

groups

is

very

complex,

even

if

the

behavior

of

each

indi-

vidual

could be

accurately

and

consistently

des-

cribed.

The

construction

and

analysis

of

models,

mathematical

and

otherwise,

presents

difficult

conceptual, logical, and

empirical

problems.

The

simulation

of

group

behavior

with

the

use

of

large

high-speed

digital

computers

may

serve

to

bring

these

problems

into

relief,

and

it

may

help

the

social

scientist

to

formulate

his

basic

concepts

amd

assumptions

more

precisely.

Furthermore,

this

use of

computers

may

be

of

help

in

the

solu-

tion

of the

mathematical

problems

encountered

by

the

model-builder,

which have

frequently

been

be-

yond the

scope

of

presently

available

analytical

knowledge.

Most

important,

however,

is

the

possibility

of

"testing"

models

by

mirroring

an

experimental

situation

within

the

computer

(e.

g.

Monte

Carlo

Methods), when

actual

experimenta-

tion

or

observation

is

much

more

costly,

or

even

impossible.

The

numerical

experiments

to

be

re-

ported

here

illustrate

the

concrete

realization

of

a highly

idealized

model

of

social

interaction

by

means

of

a

computer

program.

Conceptual

Framework

In

order

to

describe

the

experiments,

as

well

as

to

illustrate

how

computer

simulation

can

guide the

scientist

in

the

development

of

precise,

testable

concepts,

it

will

be

necessary

to

summar-

ize

some

of the

basic

concepts

of a

model

on

which

the

experiments

are

based.

The

model

is

more

fully and

rigorously

developed

elsewhere.

1,2

The

main

ideas

in

this

model

are

discussed

below:

.,

1.

Each

component

or

individual

in

a

group

of

such

members

is

specified

by

the

manner

iIi

which

its

"response"

and

present

"internal

state"

is

codetermined

by a

"stimulus"

and

"internal

state"

at

the

preceding

instant.

For

instance,

if

the

"internal

state"

of

an

organism

at

a

cer-

tain

time

is

interpreted

as

a

state

of

sleep,

and a

stimulus

in

the

form

of a pin

prick

is

applied

at

that

time,

'there

is

a

high

probability

that

the

internal

state

at

the

tan

t 0 f

time

will

be

a waking

state,

accompanied

by

a

response

in

the

form

of a

yell

or

a

jerk.

In

the

idealized

description,

it

is

assumed

that

there

are

only two

possible

r'esponses,

which

are

abstractly

denoted

by

0 and

1.

This

was

assumed

because

of

the

mathematical

simpllii-

cation

which

results,

because

of

the

binary

nature

of

most

digital

computers,

and

'also

be-

cause

this

is

suitable

for

certain

applications,

such

as

switching

circuits.

The

internal

state

was

also

supposed

to

be

specified

by

a

finite

number

of

binary

digits,

for

the

same

reasons

as

above. The stin'lulus

or

input to

each

com-

ponent

is

composed

of

the

outputs

or

responses

of

the

other

components.

(Possibly,the

output

of

a component

may

be

fed

back

to

be

part

of

its

own input one

time

unit

later.)

Hence,

the

input

also

consists

of

a

finite

number

of

binary

variables,

or

bits.

The

values

of

all

these

bi-

nary

variables

can

change only

at

regular

in-

tervals;

this

assumption

is

again

the

synchronous

cha.+acter of

computers

and

the

simplicity.

of

the

mathematics.

The

joint

con-

ditional

probability

of the

response

(output) and

the

state

variables

at

any

instant

of

time,

given

1 Kochen,

M.,

"An

Information-Theoretic

Model

of

Organizations",

Transactions

of

Ie

R.

E.,

P.

G.

I.

T.

-

4,

p. 67, Sept. 1954 '

2Kochen,

M.,

"Organized

Systems

with

Discrete

Information

Transfer",

Journal

of

the

Association

for

Compt!ting

Machinery,

forthcoming.

-16

-

Group

Behavior

the

stimulus

(input)

and

state-variables

at

the

instant

of

time

corresponding

to

the

preceding

clock

pulse,

is

called

the

behavior

function

of

the

component

in

question.

Thus,

in

a

switch-

ing

circuit,

a

response

of

1

might

denote

the

presence

of a

pulse

at

the

output

terminal,

and

o the

absence

of

a

pulse;

a

set

of O's and 1

's

in

the

input

denote

the

absence

or

presence

of

pul-

ses

at

the

input

terminals;

the

set

of

O's and

l's

in

the

state

variables

represent

the

state

of

the

internal

switches

or

secondary

relays

(open

or

closed).

The

behavior

function

is

determined

by

the

topology

of

the

switching

network,

the

physical

laws

governing

the

behavior

0 f

the

sWitching

elements

and

their

reliabilities.

An-

~ther

simple

example

is

furnished

by a

type

of

counter,

where

an

output

of

0

means

that

th,e

number

of

l'

s

in

both

the

input

and

the

"0

I d

It

state

together

is

even,

and

an

output

of

1

means

that

it

is

odd;

the

"new"

state

consists

0 f

the

"old"

state

with

the

variables

of

the

input

re-

placing

certain

variables

which

were

previously

allO.

In

human

individuals,

the

stimuli

may

be

interpreted

as

que

stions

encoded

into

binary

form,

and

the

response

as

No

(0)

or

Yes

(1)

answers,

with

the

internal

state

being

inter-

preted

as

the

accumulated

state

of

knowledge

or

experience.

Note

the

similarity

of

the

com-

ponents

as

described

here

with

the

"robots"

in-

troduced

by

Murray

3 .

2.

It

is

assumed

that

the

outputs

and

internal

states

of

all

the

N

components

in

a

group

are

sampled

at

the

same

time,

at

regular

intervals.

That

is,

all

the

components'

actions

are

regard-

ed

as

synchronized

with

a

system

clock,

with

all

the

outputs

occurring

simultaneously.

The

group

behavior

is

specified

by the

variation

of

the

set

of

outputs

from

all

the

components

with

time.

Whereas

each

input

bit

is

the

output

of

some

component

in

this

system,

the

internal

variables

of a

given

component

are

not

directly

affected

by

the

internal

variables

of

any

other

component.

Thus,

an

example

of a

system,

or

group

of

components

is

furnished

by

several

switching

circuits,

with

the

output

terminal

of

each

connected

to

the

input

terminals

of

one

or

more

of

the

others;

the

entire

system

has

no

in-

put

or

output

terminals.

3.

The

organizational

structure

of

the

system

(net-

work

topology)

is

specified

by

describing

from

which

other

components

each

component

re-

ceives

the

ouput

from

one

component

other

than

himself,

a

directed

circle

network

is

obtained.

3Murray,

F.

J.,

"Mechanisms

and

Robots",

Jn'l

of

the

Ass'n

for

Comput.

Mach.

,

April

1955

-17

-

If

there

is

one

component

who

receives

informa-

tion

from

all

others,

with

the

others

receiving

information

only

from

him,

a type

of

star

net-

work

is

obtained.

Another

example

is

the

case

in

which

each

component

is

connected

to:.~

every

other

one.

4.

Each

individual

is

"rewarded

rl

or

"punished"

for

his

response

to

the

stimulus

(or

a

time

se-

quence

of

these

extending

into

the

past)

accord-

ing

to

a

specified

reward

schedule,

called

the

Value

functions.

In

one of

the

experiments

which

will

be

described,

the

Value

functions

can

be

described

as

follows:

Let

Pi

denote

the

ith

in

a

in

a

group

of N

individuals.

Pi

is

rewarded

at

the

present

instant

if

he

responds

with

a 1

(pulse,

Yet,

etc.)

to

a 0

by

Pi-l

at

the

or

if

he

responds

with

a 1

at

present

to a 0

by

Pi-l

previously;

Pi

is

punished

at

present

if

he

does

not

so

respond.

Pi

can

control

whether

or

not

he

shall

be

rewarded

only

if

he

can

receive

information

from

Pi-l

(about

what

Pi's

response

was

at

the

preceding

instant);

this

information

must

be

part

of

Pi's

input.

If

Pi'S

behavior

function

is

such

that

whenever

he

can

control

his

reward,

he

will

respond

in

such

a

manner

as

to

assure

himself

of

reward

rather

than

punish-

ment,

this

behavior

function

is

said

to

be

self-

oriented

with

respect

to

the

Value fWlCtion

for

Pi.

In

the

following

experiments,

the

Value

functions

are

specified,

and

the

only

assump-

tions

about

the

behavior

functions

are

that

they

are

self-oriented.

This

may,

in

some

applica-

tions,

be a

more

realistic

procedure

than

to

make

definite

assumptions

about

the

behavior

functions

themselves.

In

the

early

stages

of

the

interaction

process

under

discussion,

Pi

may

be

thought

of

as

selecting

his

response

at

random,

1.

e.:

tossing

a

coin

and

making

the

response

1

in

case

of

heads,

0

in

case

of

tails.

Pi

does,

however,

record

the

outcome.

More

preCisely,

he

records

what

response

he

chose

(at

random)

together

with

the

associated

stimulus

and

the

fact

whether

this

response

was

rewarded

or

punished.

The

internal

state,

or

"memory"

of

Pi'

thus

is

changed

from

"blank"

(storing

no

in-

formation)

to

the

storage

of

this

one

item

of

exper-

ience

(consisting

of

three

variables).

The

ne

xt

time

that

a

stimulus

is

presented

to

Pi,

Pi's

mem-

ory

will

be

searched

for

a

of

this

stimulus.

If

this

stimulus

has

not

0 c c

ur

red

previously,

it

will

not

be

found

in

the

memory,

and

the

response

is

~ain

determined

at

random,

and

the

outcome

is

stored

again

as

a

new

item

of

exper-

ience

ready

for

future

reference.

If,

however,

the

incoming

stimulus

has

occurred

before,

it

will

have

been

stored;

the Value

(reward

or

non-reward)

Computers

and

Automation

associated

with

this

is

looked

up;

if

lt

was

reward,

the

present

output

is

the

same

as

the

one

made

in

that

if

the

Value

was

punishment,

the

present

output

is

the

opposite of

what

it

was

then.

This

is

the

s c

hem

e

which

was

actually

used,

but

it

is

only one

of

sever-

al

possible

behavior

functions which

are

self-orient-

ed.

Fcfr

example,

if

the Value

associated

with

the

was

punishment,

the

pre~ent

response

might

be

made

at

random

rather

than

op-

positely

to

what

it

was

previously,

as·

described

above.

Several

interesting

questions

may

be

raised

with

regard

to

the

properties

of the

conceptual

frame-

work

which

was

informally

sketched

above. The

most

important

theoretical

properties

relate

to

the

existence

of

self-oriented

and

other

types

of

be-

havior

functions, and how

these,

together

with

the

organizational

network,

determine

the

group

be-

havior.

If

the

components

are

interpreted

as

the

memory

and computing

circuits

(adders,

Scheffer

organs,

etc.)

organized

into a

complex

information

processing

system,

questions

of

system

reliability,

efficiency, and

asymptotic

behavior,

may

be

pre-

Cisely

formulated

and

in

some

cases

answered.

The

converse

problem,

of how to

select

and

com-

bine

robots

according

to

their

behavior

functions

so

as

to

realize

a

specified

group

behavior

is

of

great

practical

and

theoretical

interest,

for

in-

stance

in

complex

automata,

such

as

guidance

and

control

systems,

etc.

It

may

be

expected

that

di-

rect

simulation

procedur~s

could

be

of

considerable

value

in

such

synthesis

and

design

problems,

and

some

practical

problems

have

already

been

attacked

by

this

procedure.

Numerical

Experiments

The

main

object

of

these

experiments

is

to

dem-

onstrate

a

technique

of

using

digital

computers

as

logical

tools

to

help

in

the

construction

of

models,

rather

than

to

obtain

specific

results.

It

is,

there-

fore,

of

some

interest

to

describe

the

pro

g

ram

used

in

the

design

of

the

experiment,

and

the

man-

ner

in

which

it

employs

the

non-arithmetical

feat-

ures

of

the

machine.

This

use of

computers

is

re-

lated

to

the

simulation

procedures

which

are

more

f.requently

associated

with

analogue

devices;

when

a

digital

computer

is

used

instead,

the

name

"num-

erical

experiment"

has

been

used. Monte

Carlo

Procedures,

as

used

in

the

testing

of

learning

mod-

els,

for

instance,

are/examples

of

numerical

ex-

periments.

Figure

1

gives

a

verbal

flow

diagram

of

the

pro-

-18

-

gram

in

summary.

Initially,

responses

were

selected

from

a

stored

table

of

random

binary

digits.

It

was

necessary

to

obtain

the

random

numbers

from

a

table

rather

than

to

generate

pseudo-random

numbers

by

means

of a

subrout-,

ine (e. g.

squaring

a

20-bit

number,

extracting

the

middle

20

bits

from

the

40

-bit

product,

and

repeating

the

process),

because

of the

frequency

with

which

they

were

required;

also,

it

was

re-

quired

that

the

random

choices

of

PI,

...

,

PN

were

statistically

independent of

each

other,

and

also

independent of

these

choices

at

all

other

times.

The

table

was

such

that

the

probabilities

of 0 and 1

were

nearly

equal.

Each

Pi

is

essentially

specified

by

a

set

of

storage

locations

containing

the·instructions

and

variables

which

are

associated

with

the

behavior

function

of

Pi.

'The

computer

which

was

used

had

a

capacity

of 1024

40-bit

words

of

high-speed

memory

(Williams

tubes), and 2048

words

of

low-

er

speed

memory

(Magnet ·drum). Using

the

en-

tire

capacity

of

the

machine,

it

is

possible

to

permit

each

component

to

"remember"

up to 256

items

of

experience,

with

a

network

consisting

up

to

32

components

(robots),

each

connected

to

at

most

8

others.

This

means

that

each

component

is

described

by

256 x( 8 + 1 + 1) 2560

binary

state-variables;

by

8

binary

input

variables,

and

one

binary

output

variable;

in

addition,

there

is

1

binary

Value

(reward)

variable

as~ociated·with

each

component.

The

problem

on which

these

experiments

were

focused

was

as

follows: Given a

set

of N

Value functions,

with

self-oriented

behavior

func-

tions

as

described

before,

what

is

the

effect

of

various

organizational

networks

on

the

group

behavior?

The

rewards

were

assigned

by

a

sub-

routine

which

was

not

associated

with

any

of

the

components, and the Value functions

were

the

same

for

each

component.

Experiment

I:

N

robots

were

connected

in

a

circle

network,

in

which

each

robot

received

in-

formation

from

only a

right.

and

a

left

neighbor.

It

was

desired

to

study

the

effect

of

N upon

the

group

behavior,

1.

e.

the

variation

of

the

combin-

ation

of

all

the

N outputs

with

time.

In

this

case

it

is

possible

to

formulate

the

problem

analytic-

ally,

but

the

estimation

of

numerical

results

still

involve~

tedious

computations.

It

is

easy

to

show

that

as

N

increases,

the

probability

of

any

partic-

ular

group

output

time

sequence

decreases

ex-

ponentially. Such

conclusions

caD.

be

tested

ex-

perimentally

by

repeating

each

run

a

large

num-

ber

of

times,

each

time

with

a

different

table

of

Start

J

'"

Group

Behavior

1

~i

I

Form

I~

from

~

•..•

~

Search

the

2

channels

on the

~

Has

I~

been

drum

which

are

assigned

to .

J

~

and

incidence

matrix

h

an

input

before?

Pi

for

the

presence

of

Ii'

1\

i + 1

~i

I

.~

\

Respond

in

the

same

way

as

J:

reviouslv.

No

,~

IIsi)N?

L

r

J,

J I'

starting

with

the

quantity

stored

last.

Did the

~es

to I

~

result

in

v. =

1?

1 1

j,

No

Yes

Respond

oppositely

to the

res-

ponse

made

when

If

was

last

encountered.

No

Has

(xf,

..

,

X~)

become

periodic

yet?

-

Store

I h

.~

+ 1 . ..h + 1

after

i'

vi

,oX,!,

,

vf

+ 1

is

computed

as

a definite

function

of

If

and

x~

+ 1, and

store

it

in

the

place

in

the

state-storage.

-

Select

the

response

at

random.

Store

it

in

the

proper

place

for

the

Yes

Read

out

the

entire

history:

all

the

re-

sponses

of

each

Pi

and the

internal

state

at

each

h. The output

is

on

punched

cards,

and

can

be

read

directly.

h+1

Xi

Figure

1 -

Flow

Diagram

for

thE!

Program

to

Simulate

the

Group

Behavior

of

Robots

represents

the

output,

or

response,of

Pi

at

time

h.

(0

or

1 )

represents

the input,

or

stimulus,

to

Pi

at

time

h.

It

consists

of

the

outputs

at

time

h - 1

of

those

Pj

from

which

Pi

receives

information,

as

specified

by

the

organizational

network

(1.

e.,

the

incidence

matrix)

is

t~e

Value (1

if

reward,

0

if

punishment)

ass~ned

to

Pi

at

time

h,

on

the

basis

of

response

xf

to

stimulus

If

- .

-19

-

I

Network

I

Network

IV

Computers

and

Automation

Netw9rk

ill

Figure

2

Network

VI

Figure

3

-20 -

Network

II

Network

V

Group

llehavior

random

numbers,

in

order

to

obtain

a good

sample.

It

was

not

possible

to

carry

out

this

procedure

sat-

isfactorily,

because

each

run

took

about

10-20

of

machine

time.

(The

time

was

limited

by

the

acc-

ess

time

to

the

drum

via

mechanical

relays;

within

the

highspeed

memory,

the

speed

is

of

the

order

of

minutes.)

The following

table

shows

a

sample

of a

group

output

sequence

for

a

circle

network'

wit

h

N=4.

Time

OutEut

Time

OutEut

1 1111 9 1101

2 1001 10 0101

3 0110

11

0100

4 1001

12

1100

5 0111 13 1101

6 0101 14 0101

7 0001 15 0100

8 0110 16

1100'

It

can

be

demonstrated

rigorously

that

after

a

certain

time

the

group

behavior

will

become

per-

iodic;

the

periodic

cycle

in

the

above

run

is:

(1101,

0101, 0100, 1100).

This

cycle

is

o_f

length

4,

and

first

starts

on

the

9th

trial.

The

four

robots,

PI,

P2, P3

and

P4

stored

3,3,3,

and,4

items

of

ex-

perience

in

terms

of

their

internal

state

variables

at

the

time

periodicity

began.

For

example,

the

first

item

which

was

stored

by

PI

was

the

fact

that

its

response

of 1

to

the

of

1

by

both

P 4 and P2,

resulted

in

punishment,

(0). The

reward

schedule

(Value

functions)

used

in

the

prog-

ram

was

such

that

if

Pi

responded

with

a 1

to

a

by

Pi

_ 1

and

by

Pi

+ 1

of

10

or

01, and

with

a 0

to

11

or

10,

the

consequence

was

reward,

and

punishment

otherwise.

Initially,

all

the

state

variables

were

taken

equal

to

0,

with

all

inputs

and

outputs

0

also.

The following

table

shows

the

results

of

runs

on

circle

networks

with

N 6, 7, 8

and

9,

with

an-

other

sample

for

N = 4,

and

two

samples

for

N = 6.

Instead

of

presenting

the

complete

output

sequence

for

each

run,

the

follOWing

data

are

summarized:

Column

2

shows

the

trial

number

(time)

at

which

periodicity

first

appeared

(a

complete

cycle

begins);

Column

3

shows

the

length

of the

cycle

(the

period);

Column

4

gives

the

number

of

items

of

experience

stored

by

PI'

...

, P N

in

that

order.

Time

to

N

Eeriodici!y

Period

No.

items

stored

4 8 5

3.3,3,4

6 25 15

3,2,

2, 3,

3,

1

6 4 1

4,4,4,4,4,4

7 5 8

2,3,4,4,3,4,3

8 13

12

4,4,4,4,4,4,4,4

9 8 4

4,3,2,3,3,2,3,3,4

-21 -

Experiment

II: N

was

kept

constant

at

5,

and

the

effects

of

networks

I, II, and III of

Figure

2,

on

the

group

behavior

were

studied.

In

these

net-

work

diagrams

(oriented

linear

graphs),

an

arrow

terminating

on

a

component

indicates

that

this

com-

ponent

receives

information

from

that

component

from

which

the

arrow

originates.

Four

samples

were

obtained

for

network

I,

three

for

network

II,

and

only

one

run

was

made

on

ill.'

The

results,

tabulated

as

above,

were:

Time

Number

Network

SamEle

to

Eeriod

Period

items

stored

I 1 18 7

8,7,7,9,2

2

23

1

13,13,13,13,1

3 20 1

7,8,4,4,5

4 10 1

7,7,8,8,2

II

1 13 1

4,2,3,3,4

2

13

2

3,3,4,4,3

3 5 2

3,3,4,3,4

ill

1 8 1

5,1,2,1,1

ExPeriment

ill:

The

three

networks,

IV,

V,

and

VI

of

Figure

3,

with

N = 7

were

tested

for

their

effect

upon

group

behavior.

The

results,

with

a

single

run

on

each

network,

are

shown

below:

Time

No.

of

Network

to

Eeriodicity

Period

items

stored

IV

20 1

8,10,8,4,4,3,3

V

12

8

5,11,

12,7,7,6,

6

VI 43 7

7,22,22,20,20,22,22

Discussion

In

these

experiments,

the

capacity

of

the

machine

was

only

partly

utilized.

In

more

com-

plex

systems,

if

the

number

of

trials

required

to

reach

periodicity

exceeds

256, no

further

items

of

experience

can

be

stored.

An

alternate

prog-

ram

might

erase

those

items

which

were

stored

in

the

remote

past,

and

the

storage

locations

thus

liberated

could

be

used

to

store

the

newly

exper-

ienced

items

at

the

most

recent

end.

Ordinarily,

the

state

-variables

are

scanned,

one

item

of

ex-

perience

at

a

time,

starting

with

the

one w

hi

c h

was

stored

most

recently,

and

proceeding

to

those

which

were

stored

in

the

more

remote

past.

An-

other

variation

of

the

program

which

is

read!ly

in-

troduced

is

that

of

weighting

the

most

recently

stored

experiences

more

heavily

than

the

remote

ones.

This

may

be

accomplished

by

decreasing

the

density

of

the

number

of

items

to

be

consult-

ed

with

progress

towards

the

remote

end

of

the

memory.

For

example,

each

of

the

five

most

re-

(cont'd

on

page 48)

:Automatic

Computing

Machinery

-List

of

Types

(Edition

3,

cumulative,

information

as

of

February

3, 1957)

The

purpose

of

this

list

is

to

report

types

of

machinery

that

may

well

be

considered

automatic

computing

or

data

processing

machinery,

that

is,

automatic

machinery

for

handling

information

or

data,

reasonably.

We

shall

be

grateful

for

any

comments,

cor-

rections,

and

proposed

additions

or

deletions

which

any

reader

may

be

able

to

send

us.

Accounting-bookkeeping

machines,

which

take

in

numbers

through

a keyboard, and

print

them

on

a

ledger

sheet,

but

are

controlled

by

"program

bars",

which,

according

to the

column

in

which

the

number

belongs,

cause

the

number

to

enter

positively

or

negatively

in

anyone

of

several

totaling

counters,

which

can

be

optionally

print-

ed

or

cleared.

Addressing

machines,

programmable,

which

take

in

names

and

addresses,

either

on

metal

plates

or

punch

cards,

and

print

the

names

and

add-

resses

on

envelopes,

wrappers,

etc.,

and which

may

be

controlled

for

selection

and

in

other

ways,

by

notches,

punched

holes,

and

other

signals,

on

the

plates

or

cards.

Air

traffic

cootrol

equipment

(including ground

con-

trol

approach

equipment), which

takes

in

informa-

tion' about the

location

of

aircraft

in

flight

and

gives

out

information

or

control

signals

for

the

guidance of the

flight

·of

the

ai~craft.

Analog

computers,

which

take

in

numerical

infor-

mation

in

the

form

of

measurements'

of

physical

variables,

perform

arithmetical

operations,

are

controlled

by

a

program,

and give out

num-

erical

answers.

Analog-to-digital

converters,

which

take

in

analog

measurements

and give out

digital

numbers.

Astronomical

telescope

aiming

equipment,

which

adjusts

the

direction

of a

telescope

in

an

ob-

servatory

so

that

it

remains

pointed

at

the

spot

in

the

heavens

which

an

astronomer

intends

to

study.

Automatic

process

controllers,

pneumatic,

elec-

tronic,

hydraulic,

etc.,

which

take

in

indica-

tions

of humidity,

temperature,

pressure,

vol-

ume, flow, liquid

level,

etc.,

and

put

out

sig-

nals

for

changing

positions

of

valves,

altering

-22 -

speeds

of

motors,

turning

switches

on and off,

etc.

Automobile

traffic

light

controllers,

that

take

in

indications

of the

presence

of

motor

cars

from

the

operation

of

treadles

in

the

pavement

or

in

other

ways, and give out

signals,

according

to

a

program

of

response

to

the

volume

and

den-

sity

of

traffic.

Card-to-tape

converters,

which

will

take

in

in-

formation

on punched

cards,

and

put

out

cor-

responding

or

edited

information

on punched

paper

tape

or

on

magnetic

tape.

Control

systems

for

handling

connected

or

flowing

materials,

which will

take

in

indications

of

flow,

temperature,

pressure,

volume,

liquid

level,

etc.,

and give

out

the

settings

of

valves,

rollers,

tension

arms,

etc.,

depending on

the

program

of

control.

Control

systems

for

handling

separate

materials,

which

will

move

heavy

blocks,

long

rods,'

or

other

pieces

of

material

to

or

from

stations

and

in

or

out

of

machines,

while

taking

in

in-

dications

furnished

by

the

locations

of

materials,

the

availability

of the

machines,

etc.,

all

depending on

the

program

of

control.

Data

sampling

systems,

which

will

take

in

a

con-

tinuous

voltage

or

other

physical

variables

and

give

out

samples,

perhaps

once a

second

or

perhaps

a thousand

times

a second;

this

mach-

ine

may

be

combined with

an

analog-to-digital

converter,

so

that

the

report

on the

sample

is

digital

not

analog.

Desk

calculating

machines,

including

des

k

adding

machines,

which

may

take

in

number

s

to

be

added,

subtracted,

multiplied;

and

di-·

vided, and

put

out

results

either

shown

in

dials

or

printed

on

paper

tape;

such

machines

store

one up

to

several

numbers

(but

not

many

numbers)

at

one

time,

and m.ay

store

a

simple

program

such

as

automatic

multiplication

by

controlled

repeated

addition and

shifting.

Digital

computers,

which

take

in

numerical,

al-

phabetic,

or

other

information

in

the

form

of

characters

or

patterns

of

yes-noes,

etc.,

perform

arithmetical

and

logical

operations,

are

controlled

by

a

program,

and

put

out

in-

formation

in

any

form.

Digital-to-analog

converters,

which

take

in

digital

numbers

and give

out

analog

measurements

Facsimile

copying equipment, which

scans

a

docu-

ment

or

picture

with a phototube

line

by

lin

e

and

reproduces

it

by

making

little

dots

with

a

moving

stylus

or

with

an

electric

cur

r e n t

through

electrosensitive

paper.

Types

File-searching

machines,

which

will

take

in

an

ab-

stract

in

code, and

search

for

and find

the

refer-

ence

or

references

alluded

to.

Fire

control

equipment,

that

take~

in

indications

of

targets

from

optical

or

radar

perception

and

puts

out

directions

of

bearing

and

elevation

for

aiming

and

time

of

firing

for

guns,

according

to

a

program

that

calculates

motion

of

target,

motion

of

the

firing

vehicle,

properties

of

the

air,

etc.

Flight

simulators,

which

will

take

in

simulated

conditions

of

flight

in

airplanes,

and

the

actions

of

airplane

crew

members,

and

show

the

neces-

sary

results,

all

for

purposes

of

training

air-

plane

crews.

Game-playing

machines,

in

which

the

machine

will

play a

game

with

a

human

being,

either

a

simple

game

such

as

tit-tat-toe

or

nim

(which h a v e

been

built

into

special

machines)

or

a m 0 r e

complicated

game

such

as

checkers,

chess,

or

billiards

(which have

been

programmed

on

large

automatic

digital

computers).

Inventory

machine

s,

which

will

store

as

many

as

ten

thousand

totals

in

an

equal

number

of

reg-

isters,

and

will

add

into,

subtract

from,

'clear,

and

report

the

contents

of

any

called-for

regis-

ter

(these

machines

apply

to

stock

control,

to

railroad

and

airline

reservations,

etc.).

Machine

tool

control

equipment,

which

takes

in

a

program

of

instructions

equivalent

to a

blue-

print,

or

a

small

size

model,

or

the

pattern

of

operations

of

an

expert

machinist,

and

'controls

a

machine

tool

so

that

a

piece

of

material

is

shaped

exactly

in

accordance

with

the

program.

Navigating

and

piloting

systems,

which

will

take

in

star

positions,

time,

radio

beam

signals,

motion

of

the

air,

etc.,

and

deliver

steering

directions.

Network

analyzers,

which

take

in

analog

informa-

tion

about

the

resistances,

inductances,

and

capacitances

of

an

electric

power

plant's

net-

work

of

electrical

lines

and

loads,

and

enable

the

behavior

of

the

system

to

be

calculated,

and

the

system

to

be

appropriately

designed

and

rendered

safe

and

economical.

Printing

devices

of high

speed,

which

will

take

in

punched

cards

or

magnetic

tape

and

put

out

printed

information

at

rates

from

600

to

2000

characters

per

second.

-23 -

Punch

card

machines,

which

will

sort,

classify,

list,

total,

copy,

print,

and do

many

other

kinds

of office

work.

Railway

signaling

equipment,

which

for

example

enables

a

large

railroad

terminal

to

schedule

trains

in

and

out

every

20

seconds

during

rush

hours

with

no

accidents

and

almost

no

delays.

Reading

and

recognizing

machines,

which

scan

a

printed

digit

or

letter,

observe

a

pattern

of

spots,

route

the

pattern

through

classifying

circuits,

recognize

the

digit

or

letter,

and

ac-

tivate

output

devices

accordingly.

Sale

recorders,

also

called

point-of-sale

record-

ers,

which

take

in

the

amount, the type, and

other

information

about

sales

of goods,

and

produce

records

in

machine

language,

w

hi

c h

'can

later

be

automatically

analyzed

and

sum-

marized

by

punch

card

or

computing

equipment.

Spectroscopic

analyzers,

which

will

vaporize

a

small

sample

of

material,

analyze

its

spectrum,

and

report

the

presence

and

the

relative

quan-

tities

of

chemical

elements

and

compounds

in

it.

Strategy

machines,

which

enable

military

officers

in

training

to play

war

games

and

test

strateg-

Ies,

in

which

electronic

devices

automatically

apply

attrition

rates

to

the

fighting

forces

be-

ing

used

in

the

game,

growth

rates

to

the

in-

dustrial

potential

of

the two

Sides,

etc.

Tape-to-card

converters,

which

will

take

in

in-

formation

on

punched

paper

tape

or

on

mag-

netic

tape,

and

put

out

corresponding

or

ed-

ited

information

on punched

cards.

Telemetering

transmitting

and

receiving

devices,

which

enable

a

weather

balloon

or

a

guided

missile

to

transmit

information

detected

by

instruments

within

it

as

it

moves;

the

informa-

tion

is

recorded

usually

on

magnetic

tape

in

such

fashion

that

it

can

later

be

used

for

com-

puting

purpose

s.

Telephone

equipment

including

switching,

which

enables

a

subscriber

to

dial

another

subscrib-

er

and

get

connected

automatically.

Telephone

message

accounting

systems,

which

record

local

and long

distance

telephone

calls,

assign

them

to the

proper

subscriber's

acc-

ount, and

compute

and

print

the

telephone

bills.

Test-scoring

machines,

which

will

take

in

a

test

paper

completed

with

a

pencil

making

elec-

trically

conductive

marks,

and

will

give

out

the

score.

Toll

recording

equipment,

which

will

r e

cor

d,

check,

and

summarize

tolls

for

bridges,

high-

ways

and

turnpikes.

Training

simulators,

which

will

take

in

simul-

ated

conditions

affecting

the

training

of

one

or

more

persons

in

a job,

and

their

responses

(cont'd

on

page

25)

Components

of

Automatic

Computing

of

Types

List

Machinery

(Edition 3,

cumulative,

information

as

of

February

3, 1957)

The

purpose

of

this

list

is

to

report

types

of

components

of

automatic

machinery

for

computing

or

data

processing.

We

shall

be

grateful

for

any

comments,

cor-

rections,

and

proposed

additions

or

del

e t

ion

s ,

which any

reader

may

send

us

•

LIST

10

Storage

mediums,

for

both

internal

and

exter-

nal

storage:

Punch

cards

Punched

paper

tape

Magnetic

tape

Magnetic

Wire

Metal

plates

Plugboards,

i.

e.,

panels

of

patch

cords

(All

these

physical

forms

express

machine

language; when

inserted

into

a

machine,

they

give

the

machine

information

and

instruction;

when

left

in

a

filing

cabinet,

they

hold

informa-

tion

and

instructions

in

reserve

for

later

use.

Sometimes

it

is

the whole

area

of

the

storage

medium

which

is

used,

as

in

the

ordinary

punched

card.

Sometimes

it

is

only the edge

which

is

used,

as

in

edge-punched

cards

or

edge-slotted

metal

plates.

)

2.

Storage

mediums,

internal

only:

Magnetic

drums

Magnetic

tape

devices

Magnetic

disc

devices

Magnetic

belt

devices

Magnetic

cores,

arranged

either

one-dimen-

sionally

as

in

a

magnetic

shift

register,

or

in

two

or

three

dimensions

as

a

mag-

netic

core

matrix

memory;

they

may

be

made

of

special

iron

alloys,

iron

oxide

ceramics

called

ferrites,

etc.

Electrostatic

storage

tubes,

in

particular

cathode

ray

storage

'tubes and

glass-met-

al

honeycomb-type

storage

tubes

Delay

lines,

of

mercury,

quartz,

nickel,

electrical

elements,

etc.

-24 -

Relays,

in

relay

registers

and

stepping

switches

Electronic

tubes,

in

registers

of

flip-flops,

counting

rings,

etc.

Cryotrons,

on-off

devices

operating

at

liquid

helium

temperatures

Barium

titanate

crystal

devices

Switches: toggle

switches

and

dial

switches

Buttons

Keyboards

Rotating

shafts

Voltages

3.

Calculating

and

controlling

devices:

Mechanical

computing

elements:

latches,

gears,

levers,

ratchets,

''Program

bars",

cams,

etc.

Relay,

stepping

switch, and

other

switching

circuits

Electronic

tube

circuits

Rectifier

circuits,

using

diodes:

electronic

tube,

germanium,

selenium,

silicon

Other

solid

state

device

circuits

Transistor

circuits

Cryotron

circuits

Auxiliary

circuit

elements:

amplifiers,

pulse

transformers,

voltage

regulators,

etc.

Analog computing

elements:

resolvers,

synchros,

integrators,

adders,

etc.

Automatic

process

controllers

as

such,

pneumatic,

electronic,

hydraulic,

etc.

4.

Input

devices:

Buttons

Switches

Paper

tape

readers:

mechanical,

electrical,

photoelectric

Punch

card

readers:

mechanical,

electrical,

photoelectric

Magnetic tape

readers

Automatic

curve

followers:

photoelectric

Scanners:

electric,

photoelectric

Sensing

instruments

of

all

kinds

(The

category

"sensing

instruments"

verges

(cont'd

on page 25)

LIST

(cont'd

from page 23)

under

these

simulated

,?onditions,. and show the

results,

all

for

the

purpose

of

teaching

them;

SEE

also

flight

simulators.

Typing

machines,

programmable,

which

will

store

paragraphs

and

other

information,

and combine

them

according

-to

instructions

into

correspond-

ence,

form

letters,

orders,

etc.,

stopping and

waiting

for

manual

"fill-ins"

if

so

instructed.

Vending

machines,

which

will

take

in

various

coins

and

designations

of

choices,

and

then

give out

appropriate

change, coffee,

soft

drinks,

sand-

wiches,

candy, stockings,

and

a

host

of

other

articles,

or

else

allow somebody

top

I a y a

game

for

a

certain

number

of

plays,

etc.

-

END-

*---------

*----------*

mMPONENTS

(cont'd

from page 24)

into

the

science

of

instrumentation,

w

her

e

humidity,

temperature,

pressure,

v 0 I u

me,

flow,

liquid

level,

etc.,

and

m~y

othe

r

physical

variables

can

be

measured

and

re-

ported

to

a

machine

in

machine

language.)

5. Output

devices:

Visual

displays,

such

as

lights,

dials,

os-

cilloscope

screen,

etc.

Electric

typewriter,

or

other

electrically-

operated

office

machine

Line-at-a-time

printer

Matrix

printer,

that

forms

each

character

by

a

pattern

of

dots

Automatic

plotter,

which

will

trace

or

VI!>t

a

curve

according

to

information

-deliv-

ered

by

the

machine

Facsimile

printer

Photographic

recording

Paper

tape

punch

Magnetic

tape

recorder

Punch

card

punch

Microphones,

telephones,

loud

speakers,

alarms,

etc.

Article

delivery

mechanisms

as

in

vending

machines

Positioning

devices,

that

may

operate

a

valve,

roller,

tension

arm,

etc.,

result-

ing

~

control

of

a

manufacturing

opera:-

tion

or

process,

the

aiming

of-a gun,

etc.

-25 -

News

Release

COURSES

IN

AUTOMATIC CONTROL

Univ.

of

Michigan

College

of

Engineering

Ann

Arbor,

Mich.

The

University

of Michigan, College

of

En-

gineering,

has

announced two

summer

Intensive

Courses

in

Automatic

Control.

The

first

is

sched-

uled

for

June

17

to

22

inclusive,

and the

second

for

June

24

to

26, 1957,

inclusive.

The

courses

are

intended

for

engineers

who find

it

necessary

or

who

wish

to

obtain

a

basic

understanding

of the

field,

but

who

cannot

spare

more

than

a few

days

for

this

purpose.

The

aim

of

the

courses

is

to

make

it

easier

to

learn

by

a

coherent

presentation

of

the

fundamentals

of

modern

automatic

control

and

by

providing

a

comprehensive

set

of

notes

to

serve

as

a

framework

for

further

study. - -

The

courses

are

built

around

the

principles

and

application

of

measurement,

communication

and

control.

Course

I

will

consist

of

the

funda-

mentals

in

each

of

these

fields

and

will

inc

Iud

e

some

basic

work

in

nonlinear

systems.

Course

n

will

take

up

applications

of

the

fundamentals

to

more

advanced

problems.

There

will

be

four

hours

of

lecture

each

morning

and

three

hours

of

labora-

tory

demonstration

in

the

afternoon.

Extensive

use

will

be

made

of

computing,

instrumentation

and

servo

laboratories

on

the

campus.

The

role

of

analog

computing

methods

will

be

emphasized.

These

courses

have

been

given

previously

in

the

summers

of

1953, 1954, and 1955.

April

15

is

the

closing

date

for

registration.

Further

information

may

be obtaiD.ed

by

writing

to

Professor

L. L.

Rauch, Room 1521,

East

Engin-

eering

Building,

University

of

Michigan, Ann

Arbor,

Michigan.

-

END-

•

Research and development at Lockheed

Missile Systems Division laboratories

in Palo Alto is of a most advanced nature.

Particular areas of interest include microwaves,

telemetering, radar, guidance, reliability, data

processing, electronic systems, instrumentation,

servomechanisms. Inquiries are invited

from those qualified by ability and experience

for exploratory efforts of utmost importance.

Here members

of

the Electronics Division

discuss systems radar problems related to

measurement

of

missile trajectories.

Left

to right:

K.

T.

Larkin, radar and

command

guidance;

Dr. S.B. Batdorf, head

of

the Electronics Division;

Dr.H.

N.

Leifer (standing), solid state,'

Dr.R.I.

Burke, telemetering;

S.lanken,

product engineering.

MISSILE

SYSTEMS

DIVISION

research and engineering staff

LOCKHEED

AIRCRAFT

CORPORATION

PALO

ALTO

•

SUNNYVALE.

VAN

NUYS

CALIFORNIA

I·R·E

"NATIONAL

CONVENTION

.'

AND

RADIO

SHO"'W'"

Significant developments

at

Lockheed

Missile Systems Division have created

new openings for:

, Controls Systems

Engineers

-to analyze

and synthesize complex automatic

control systems.

Inertial

Guidance

Engineers

-to perform

systems analysis and design

of

inertial

guidance systems.

Infrared

Specialists -

to

perform

preliminary systems design and

parametric optimization

of

advanced

infrared

dc::tection

systems.

Data

Processing Systems Specialists -to

perform advanced system development

and design in new techniques

of

automatic data processing.

Weapons

Systems Specialists -to perform

basic analysis

and

systems evaluation

of

advanced weapons systems.

Electronic

Product

Engineers

-to

translate laboratory electronic systems

into prototype models meeting the

rigid requirements

of

modern weapons

systems.

Radar

Systems

Engineers-to

develop

advanced radar systems

as~bciated

with

guided missiles.

Theoretical

Physicists

-to

analyze

propagation

of

electromagnetic waves .

through the ionosphere and through

dielectric materials and study radiation

problems pertaining to advanced

antennas in the microwave and

millimeter dontain. including scattering

problems related to the reflection

of

electromagnetic waves from simple

and compl,ex boundaries.

Experimental

Physicists

-to

investigate

microwave circuit components including

ferrites and various millimeter wave

techniques such as MAZUR.

Antenna

Specialists -

to

design and

develop airborne antennas and radomes

for high speed missiles for

telemetering, radar, and, guidance

systems application.

Video Specialists

-to

develop advanced

systems

for

the transmission

of

visual

data by electronic means.

,Circuit Design Speeialists

-to

design

telemetering

and

guidance systems

utilizing advanced circuit components.

Positions are open

at

the Palo Alto Research

Center and Sunnyvale

and

Van Nuys

. Engineering Centers. M. H. Hodge,

M.

W.

Peterson and senior members

of

the technical staff will be available .

for consultation

at

the convention hotel.

'Phone PLaza 14860

or

14861.'

MISSILE

SYS'rEMS

.DIVISION

NEW

PATENfS

(cont'd

from page 15)

dena,

Calif.

/ An

apparatus

for

recording

and

reproducing

variables.

2,777,634

/

Frederic

C.

Williams,

Timperley,

and

Tom

Kilburn,

Manchester,

Eng. / National

Research

Development

Corp.,

London, Eng. /

An

electronic

digital

computing

machine.

2,777,635

/

Geoffrey

C.

Tootill,

Shriveham,

near

Swindon,

Frederic

C.

Williams,

Timperley,

and

Tom

Kilburn,

Manchester,

Eng. /

National

Re-

search

Development

Corp.,

London, Eng. / An

electronic

digital

computing

machine.

2,777,637

/

Morton

P.

Matthew,

Takoma

Park,

Md. /

The

Ahrendt

Instrument

Co.,

College

Park,

Md. / A

shaft

revolution

counter

for

counting

the

number

of

revolutions

of

an

in-

put

shaft.

2, 777, 945 /

Henri

Gerard

Feissel,

Paris,

France

/ Compagnie

des

Machines

Bull,

Paris,

France

/ A

pulse

producing

system

with

interrelated

repetition

frequencies

•.

2,777,

946 /

John

C. Owen,

Palisades

Park,

N.

J.,

and

Alfred

Bennett,

Bronx, N.

Y.

/

Bendix

Aviation

Corp,

Teterboro,

N.

J.

/

An

electron-

ic

integrator.

2, 777, 947 /

Conrad

H.

Ho~ppner,

Washington,

D.

C.,

and

Carl

Harrison

Smith,

Inc.,

Arling-

ton, Va. / - / A

pulse

width

discriminator.

2,777,

959 /

Johmn

E.

Richardson,

Los

Angeles,

Calif.

/ The Magnavox

Co.,

Los

Angeles,

Calif.

/ A

control

apparatus

for

producing

pulses.

2,777,

971 /

Frederic'

C.

Williams,

Timperley,

and

Tom

Kilburn,

Davyhulme, Eng. /

Inter-

national

Business

Machines

Corp.,

New

York,

N.

Y. / A

method

of

writ

ing

information

into

or

reading

information

from

a

cathode

ray

tube

storage

means

in

which

the

information

is

stored

on

a

raster

of

lines.

2, 777, 981 /

John

D.

Rector,

Edgar

H.

Fritze,

and

Leo

P.

Kommerer,

Cedar

Rapids,

Iowa /

Col-

lins

Radio

Co.,

Cedar

Rapids,

Iowa /

An

A.

C.

to D.

C.

converter

2,778,009

/

Jack

E.

Bridges,

Franklin

Park,

lli.

/

Zenith

Radio

Corp.,

m.

/ An

encoding

mech-

anism

for

a

subscription

type

of

communication

system.

2,778,011

/

Robert

E.

Frank,

New

York,

N.

Y.

/

Sperry

Rand

Corp.,

Del. / An

apparatus

~or

time-delay

measurement.

2,778,012/

Philip

W.

Crist,

Hempstead,

N.

Y. /

Sperry

Rand

Corp.,

Del. / A

pulse

synchron-

izer

January

22, 1957: 2,

778,472

/

James

E.

Young,

Los

Angeles,

Calif.

/ The

Garrett

Corp.,

Los

Angeles,

Calif.

/ A

multi-stage

actuating

mech-

anism.

2,778,623

/

Louis

D.

Statham,

Beverly

Hills,

Calif.

/

Statham

Laboratories,

Inc.,

Los

Angeles,

Calif.

/ An

angular

accelerometer.

-

END-

-

27

-

The

Computer

Field:

Products

and

Services

(or

Sale

or

Rent-·List

of

Headings

toll

owing

is

the

prelimiIiary

list

of

headings

which we

expect

to

use

for

products

and

services

in

the

list

of

them

in

"THE COMPUTER

OmECT-

ORY

AND

BUYERS' GUIDE, 1957",

the

June

1957

issue

of

"Computers

arid Automation".

If

you

notice

headings

tha~

you

wish

your

pro-

ducts

or

services

to

be included

under,

pie

as

e

send

us

entries

at

once

(see

details

on p.43).

Al-

though

the

closing

date

for

this

section

is

April

10,

we

expect

to

be

able

to

squeeze

in

additional

entries

up

to

April

30

or

the

first

few

days

in

May.

If

your

products

and

services

do

not

fit

under

any of

the

listed

headings,

we

will

gladly

consider

your

suggestions

for

other

headings.

A:

Adding

Machines

Addressing,

Machines

Analog

Computers

Analog-to-Digital

Converters

Arithmetical

Circuits

(for

Digital

Computers)

Automatic

Control

Equipment

£:

Capacit~s

(computer types)

Card-to-Thpe

Converters

Computer

Components

(see

also

specific

types)

Computers

(see

also: Analog

Computers,

Dig-

ital

Computers),

Computers,

Test

Equipment

Computing

Services

Connector's

(computer

types)

Consulting

Services

Courses

by

Mail

(computer

field)

D:

Data

Processing

Machinery

(see

also

Digital

Computers)

Delay

Lines

(computer

types)

Desk

Calculators

Differential

Analyzers

(see

also

Analog

Com-

puters)

Digital

Computers

Digital-to-Analog

Converters

Diodes

(computer

types)

E:

Electric

Typewriters,

controlled

Electronic

Tubes

(computer

types)

-

28-

F:

Fire

Control

Equipment

I:

Information

Retrieval

K:

Keyboards

L:

Line-a-Time

Printers

Logical

Circuits

(for Digital

Computers)

M:

MagI'!etic

Core~

(computer

types)

Magnetic

Drums

Magnetic

Heads

Magnetic

Storage

Systems

¥agnetic

Tape

Magnetic Tape

Handlers

(see

also

Magnetic

Tape

Recorders)

Magnetic

Tape

Recorders

(see

also

Magnetic

Tape

Handlers)

0:

Ofiice

Machines

(computer

types)

(see

also

specific

types)

P:

Paper

Tape

Filing

Systems

Paper

Tape

Punches

Paper

Tape

Readers

Patchcords

Photoelectric

Card

Readers

Photoelectric

Decoding

Readers

Photoelectric

Tape

Readers

Photographic

Recorders

(computer

types)

::plotters

Potentiometers

Printers

(see

also

Line-a-Time

Printers,

Electric

Typewriters,

controlled)

Publications

~se

Transformers

Punch

Card

Machines

R:

Recording

Papers

Rectifiers

Relays

(computer

types)

Resistors

Resolv~rs

Robots,

Small

S:

Scanners

Signaling

Controls

(cont'd

on page 29)

News

Release

SYMPOSIUM

ON

SYSTEMS

FOR

INFORMATION

RETRIEVAL

Western

Reserve

University

Cleveland

6, Ohio

The

School of

Library

Science

of

Western

Reserve

University,

and

its

Center

for

Documenta-

tion

and

Communication

Research,

will

present

on

April

15, 16,

and

17,

1957, a

comprehensive

dem-

onstration

of

systems

presently

in

use

for

the

or-

ganization,

storage,

and

retrieval

of

recorded

in-

'formation,

together

with

a

symposium

on

informa-

tion-handling

problems

and

techniques~

A

co-sponsor

of

these

activities

is

the

Coun-

cil

on

Documentation

Research,

a

group

recently

formed

by

representatives

of

organizations

in

gov-

ernment,

industry,

and

education

to

promote

co-

operation

among

those

who

produce,

organize,

and

use

information

of

all

types

in

all

fields.

This

symposium

is

an

outgrowth

of

the

Con-

ference

on

the

Practical

Utilization

of

Recorded

Knowledge

held

in

Cleveland

January,

1956.

The

April

three-day

program

will

bring

together

20

or

more

information

systems

devised

or

adapted

by

their

users

to

meet

specific

problems.

Machines

needed

to

make

the

presentations

most

effective

will

also

be

demonstrated,

but

the

emphasis

is

to

be

on

working

systems.

Verner

Clapp,

Director

of

the

Council

on

Lib-

rary

Resources

recently

formed

by

the

Ford

Founda-

tion,

will

discuss

the

role

of

foundations

in

docu-

mentation

research.

For

the

three

days

of

the

symposium

a

model

information

center

will

be

set

up

on

the

University

campus,

and

answers

to

questions

asked

in

Cleve-

land

will

be

sought

in

the

information

resources

of

cooperating

organizations

across

the

country

and

abroad.

In

this

way

both

high

-speed

transmission

methods

and

rapid

searching

techniques

will

be

shown

in

operation.

Following

is

a

list

of

organizations

already

participating

in

this

activity.

Further

information

may

be

obtained

from:

Jesse

H.

Shera,

Dean

School

of

Library

Science

Western

Reserve

University

Cleveland

6, Ohio

-

29

-

Participating

Organizations

American

Bar

Foundation

American

Documentation

Institute

American

Library

Association

American

Society

for

Metals

Bakelite

Corpor

ation

Case

Institute

of

Technology

Center

for

Documentation

and

Communication

Re-

search,

Western

Reserve

University

Chemical-Biological

Coordination

Center

Cleveland

Public

Library

Committee

on

Technical

Aids

to

the

Law,

Ameri-

can

Bar

Association

Eastman

Kodak

Company

Electro

Metallurgical

Company

Ethyl

Corporation

Filmorex

Corporation

of

France

The

John

Crerar

Library

Lehigh

University

Linde

Air

Products

Corporation

Midwest

Interlibrary

Center

National

Bureau

of

Standards

New

Jersey,

Law

Institute

Office of

Ordnance

Research,

Smith,

Kline,

and

French

Socony-Mobil

Corporation

Watertown

Arsenal

Wyandotte

Chemical

Company

U. S.

Patent

Office

U. S.

Army

*----------------------*-----------------------------*

HEADINGS

(cont'd

from page 28)

Simulators

Stepping

Switches

Storage

Systems

(see

Delay

Lines,

Magnetic

Storage

Systems)

Synchros

T:

Tape-to-Card

Converters

Transistors

Translating

Equipment

V:

Visual

Displays

Forum

EDUCATION AND COMPUTERS -DISCUSSION

I.

From

A.

Lange,

Wayland,

Mass.

Mr.

Truitt's

article

"Objective

Measures

of

Education"

in

the

January

issue

of

"Computers

and

Automation"

is

certainly

of

interest

to

us

all;

most

of

us

are

greatly

concerned

with

the

general

prob-

lem

of

education

from

several

viewpoints;

as

par-

ents,

as

engineers

or

scientists,

as

educated

people

concerned

with

the

social

and

technological

requirements

of

a

complex

society,

and

soon.

Consequently,

the

shock

we

all

received

from

be-

coming

aware

of

poor

Sam's

illiteracy

would

cer-

tainly

stir

us

into

action,

if

we

only

knew

how

or

where

to

act.

Mr.

Truitt

has

made

some

positive

suggestions

which

should

certainly

prove

benefi-

cial,

but

I tliink

he

begs

the

issue

of

how

we

are

to

convince

our

fellow

townspeople

that

such

steps

are

not

only

desirable

but

necessary.

While

reading

Mr.

Truitt's

article,

it

seemed

to

me

that

it

existed

on

at

least

two

planes

of

mean-

ing:

one

concerned

with

education,

the

other

con-

cerned

with

Sam's

morals.

(The

thought

occurred

to

me

that

Sam

and

the

smoking

essay

were

sup-

posed

to

be

considered

as

an

allegory;

however,

in

this

event,

the

illiteracy

Sain

displayed

is

an

in-

vention

of

Mr.

Truitt's.

Regardless

of how

real

are

the

facts

upon

which

this

invention

is

bas

ed,

the

shock

loses

its

impact

if

it

is

founded on a

fic-

tion.

Hence,

I

rejected

the

possibility

of

the

in-

cident

being

an

allegory).

The

question

that

comes

to

mind

is

why

did

Mr.

Truitt

make

this

particular

agreement

with

Sam?

There

seem

to

be

two

possibilities~

one,

that

Mr.

Truitt

was

encouraging

Sam

to

accept

some

sort

of

self-discipline,

or,

two,

that

Mr.

Truitt

was

induc.ing

Sam

not

to

smoke

or

drink.

If

the

latter

is

true,

Mr.

Truitt

attempted

to

bribe

Sam,

and

such

an

attempt

seems

doomed

to

fail.

In

fact,

one

cannot

help

but

feel

that

Sam

was

correct

in

deciding

that

the

gain

of

$100

was

an

insufficient

motive

for

accepting

the

personal

domination

of

another

person.

If

Mr.

Truitt

was

encouraging

Sam

to

assume

a

program

of

self

-discipline,

he

might

have

app-

roached

the

problem

from

Sam's

viewpoint;

Sam

has

evidently

demonstrated

considerable

self-dis-

cipline

in

the

fields

of

automotive

mechanics

and

-

30

-

cabinet

making.

In

either

of

these

fields,

or

some

Sam

might

have

over-turned

heaven

and

earth

for' $100: I

agree

that

it

would

be

deplorable

if

a

person

of

Sam's

capabilities

were

to

limit

himself

to

the

pragmatic

(as

opposed

to

the

abstract)

dis-

ciplines,

but

he

is

young

enough

to

broaden

his

in-

terests

himself,

if

suitably

encouraged.

And

it

may

be

noted

that

it

will

take

more

than

$100

bon-

uses

to

induce

our

many

Sarns

to

seek

more

re-

fined

goals

than

they

do now.

Lastly,

to

this

reader

(and

to

most

profes-

sionals

concerned

with

the

effects

of

smoking

and

drinking),

Sam's

conclusions

seem

both

valid

and

logical.

In

fact,

the

"statistic"

that"4,000,000

people

have

trouble

with

drinking"

cannot

logically

lead

one

to

the

conclusion

that

one

shouldn't

drink.

There

is

no

evidence

in

the

statistic

or

in

the

re-

search

behind

it,

that

drinking

is

the

cause

of

the

"trouble".

In

fact,

the

evidence

seems

to

show

that

drinking

is

a

result

of

"trouble".

All

of

these

latter

points

are

important

only

in

that

they

point

up how

much

Mr.

Truitt

has

weakened

his

central

theme,

which

is

important,

and

demands

the

immediate

concern

of

all

of

us.

II.

From

D.

Truitt,

Nelleston,

Conn.

In

regard

to

Mr.

Lang's

letter,

first

let

me

say

that

Sam

is

a

real

person,

and

everything

that

he

wrote

in

the

quoted

report

is

absolutely

real.

He

is

a

relative

of

mine,

in

fact;

the

original

in-

tention

of

the

arrangement

between

Sam

and

me

was

to

persuade

him

to

put

off

drinking

and

smok-

ing

until

a

wise

age

to

decide

for

himself

what

he

wanted

to

do.

There

was

no

intention

to

"bribe"

Sam

either

way

-

simply

to

"reward"

him

for

waiting.

Personally

I

believe

that

every

young

person,

as

soon

as

he

is

old

enough,

should

make

all

his

own

decisions:

the

important

problem

of-

ten

is

to

persuade

a young

person

t,o

wait

to

be

old

enough

in

order

to

make

his

decisions

Wisely.

I

am

sorry

that

the

example

was

so

vivid

perhaps

that

it

distracted

from

my

main

thesis:

that

all

of

us

need

to

be

intensely

concerned

with

the

actual

quality

of

ed

ucation

that

our

you

n g

people

are

actually

receiving.

(cont'd

on page 42)

EQUIPMENT

OUTLOOK

(cont'd

from

page

9)

able

typewriter

-

billed

by

the

company

as

"the

world's

first"

-

which

will

go

on

public

sale

in

February.

Underwo<;>d

An

Exception

-

Underwood

Corp.,

alone

among

the

major

companies

in

the

industry,

will

report

a

loss

for

1956.

A

variety

of

factors

have

resulted

in

the

con-

cern's

sudden

reversal,

which

has

carried

it

from

a 1955

profit

in

excess

of $1,500,000 to a 1956

loss

which

may

reach

$7

million.

A

big

chunk

of

the

red

ink

is

the

result

of a

non-recurring

write-off

of $3,624,079

made

in

September,

and

inventory

adjustments

to $602,389,

made

at

the

same

time.

But

these

additional

elements

had

their

part

in

the

earnings

plunge: A

strike

at

Bridgeport,

Conn.,

plant

which

halted

output

througout

September;

an

expanded

advertising

effort;

a

substantial

stepping

up

of

training

programs;

large

expenditures

for

the

development

of

new

products.

Just

when

Underwood

will

be

able

to

climb

out

of

the

red

isn't

certain,

but

Fred

M.

Farwell,

president,

feels

confident

the

concern

will

show

a

profit

for

1957

as

a

whole.

He's

not

so

sure,

how-

ever,

that

the

first

two

quarters

will

find

Underwood

in

the

black.

The

Elecom

125

computer,

introduced

last

year,

is

counted

on

to

make

the

company

a

fac-

tor

in

the

lucrative

data

processing

business;

and

new

models

in

other

lines,

it

is

hoped,

will

bolster

sales,

too.

One

advantage

accruing

to Underwood

from

its

bad

fortune

last

year,

the

company

asserts,

is

a

tax

carry-forward

of

roughly

$3,750,000

avail-

able

for

deduction

against

taxable

income

in

the

years

1957-1962.

At

the

Water

Cooler

-

Sales

of

dictating

equipment

are

humming,

too.

Voicewriter

diVision

of

the

newly-formed

McGraw-Edison

Co.

pegs

industry

sales

at

$55

million

in

1956,

against

$50

million

a

year

ago.

Voicewriter's

volume

jumped

20%

to

$18

million

last

year,

reports

Charles

H.

Goddard,

vice

president.

•.•

Dictaphone

Corp.

(over

the

counter)

also

reportedly

chalked

up

sales

gains

during

1956.

. . .

Clary

Corp.

(American)

sums

up 1956:

"Sales

up,

earnings

down."

Hugh

L.

Clary,

president,

said

he

expected

second

half

1956

earnings

equaled

first

half

net,

which

was

9

cents

a

share;

profits

in

1955

totaled

34

cents

a

share.

He

is

optimistic

about

this

year.

.

..

Marchant

Calculators,

Inc.

,

is

expected

to

report

earnings

of

about

$1,770,000,

or

$3

a

share,

com-

-31 -

pared

with

net

of $1,558,000,

or

$2.75 a

share,

in

1955. The

company's

future

results

may

be

aided

by

a $5

million

plant

at

Oakland,

Calif.,

which

will

be

ready

for

partial

occupancy

late

this

year.

A

6%

to

10%

price

increase

last

November

is

ex-

pected

to

substantially

bolster

profit

margins.

. . .

Acquisition

of

Commercial

Controls

Corp.

,

a

data

processing

concern,

in

Apr

iI,

1

956

,

strengthened

second

half

operations

of

Friden

Cal-

culating

Machine

Co.,

Inc.

(Pacific

Coast).

The

West

Coast

company's

first-half

earnings

were

$1,265,823, and

second

half

profits,

it

is

calcul-

ated,

will

be

at

roughly

the

same

rate.

The

com-

pany

earned

$2,300,000

in

1955.

-

END-

*------------------*--------------------*

News

Release

THE SERVICE BUREAU

International

Business

Machines

Corp.

New

York,

N.

Y.

International

Business

Machines

Corporation

has

announced

that

control

of

its

nationwide

service

bureau

operations

has

been

transferred,

effective

January

1,

to

a

wholly-owned

subsidiary

corpora-

tion,

to

be known

as

The

Service

Bureau

Corpora-

tion.

The

company

will

utilize

advanced

account-

ing

machine

and

electronic

equipment

to

handle

commercial

and

scientific

data

processing

for

customers

on

an

hourly

contract

or

volume

basis.

Each

branch

Service

Bureau

will

be

equipped

with

the

complete

line

of IBM

punched

card

accounting

machines.

In

16

larger

cities"

they

also

will

op-

erate

an

IBM 650

electronic

magnetic

drum

com-

puter.

These

machines

solve

with

ease

s u c h

problems

as

pipeline

design,

production

schedul-

ing,

design

characteristics

for

advanced

aircraft,

earth

movement

calculations

for

road

b u

il

d e r s ,

production

control

calculations,

and

cost

account-

ing.

Technical

and

methods

assistance

will

be

provided

to

customers

by

a

field

force

of

sales

representatives

and

applied

science

specialists

following a

comprehensive

training

program.

Applications,

both

commercial

and

sci

en

-

tific.

suitable

for

processing

on

giant

brains

will

be

handled

by

a

scientific

computing

center

in

New

York

City

equipped

with

an

IBM 704

electronic

data

processing

machine.

Similar

centers

are

planned

for

other

locations

to

provide

a

nationwide

network

of

high-speed

data

processing.

ROBOTS

AND

AUTOMATA:

A

SHORT

HISTORY

James

T.

Culbertson

California

State

Polytechnic

College

San

Luis

Obispo,

Calif.

(Taken

from

the

first

chapter

of a

forthcoming

book

"The

Minds

of

Robots:

Behavior

and

Sense

Data

in

Hypothetical

Automata".

Numbers

in

brack-

ets

refer

to

the

bibliography;

the

whole

bibliography

of the book

is

in-

cluded

at

the

end

of

this

article.

)

Even

before

the

dawn

of

history,

men

have

been

interested

in

trying

to

explain

self-moving

self-acting

beings,

and

for

over

2000

years,

men

have

experimented

in

making

such

devices.

The

stagE;s of

mythology

and

imagination,

simple

ex-

periments

and

ingenious

devices,

and

scientific

investigation

and

extraordinary

technical

achieve-

ment

may

all

be found.

Legends

About

Man's

Creation

In

philosophical

biology

there

are

mechanists,

and

vitalists.

The

mechanists

say

that

the

laws

of

physics

and

,chemistry

suffice

to

explain

the

opera-

tion

and

also

the

creation

of

living

things;

or

at

least

these

laws

will

suffice,

they

say,

when we

know

more

about

them.

The

vitalists,

on the

other

hand,

deny

this.

They

hold

that

animals

and

plants

are

esseqtially

different

from

non

-living

things

due

to

some

kind

of

principle

or

capacity

not

found

in

inorganic

ob-

jects.

No

combination

of

component

parts,

they

say,

however

put

together,

can

result

in

a

living

thing,

since

in

addition

to

the

physical

parts

cor-

rectly

put

together

there

must

be

added

the

non-

physical

living

principle,

or

entelechy

-

the

"spark

of

life"

so

to

speak.

This

is

the

tradition-

al

point

of

view,

especially

in

regard

to

human

beings.

Thus

Genesis

says

that

Yahweh-Elohim,

or

Jehovah,

made

the

earth

and

heaven

and

after

that

''he

formed

man

of

dust

from

the

ground

and

then

blew

into

his

nostrils

the

breath

of

life

and

then

man

became

a

living

being".

In

other

words,

not

just

the

right

components

properly

put

togeth-

er

can

make

a

man,

but

only

these

plus

the

"breath

of

life"

or

yital

principle.

-

32

.,..

Again

and

again

in

the

various

legends

of

the

creation

we

find

this

same

emphasis

on

the

necessity

of

a

supernatural

animating

principle.

In

the

Gnostic

myth, the

first

man,

so

far

as

his

body

was

concerned,

was

completely

constructed

by

the

angels

who

created

the

world.

As

thus

created,

however,

man

was

unable

even

to

move

until

the

Supreme

Power

put

into

him

the

"spark

of

life"

and

he

became

alive.

Some

accounts

tell

of

several

failures

be-

fore

the

successful

instillation

of

the

human

spirit

into

created

bodies.

According

to

the

Central

American

version

found

in

the

Popul

Yuh,

or

book

of

national

traditions

of

Guatemala,

the

creators

said

"earth"

and

the

earth

was

formed

like

a

cloud

or

fog.

Then

mountains

appeared

"like

lobsters

from

the

water",

after

which

there

appeared

beasts

and

birds,

but

these

could

not

speak

the

names

of

the

creators.

So

the

creat-

ors

then

tried

making

men

out

of

clay,

butthese

had

no

vitality

or

consciousness

and

melted

into

the

water.

Then

the

creators

tried

a

race

of

wooden

automata

or

mannikins

which

were

not

much

better;

so

they

burned

these

by

pouring

pitch

down

on

them.

Those

that

survived

became

the

present

day

monkeys.

Finally

the

first

four

men

with

the

spark

of

human

life,

and

their

wives,

were

properly

created

and

the

human

race

came

into

being.

Why

four

couples

were

required

is

not

clear.

Sometimes

after

the

principal

creation

there

were

special

creations

to

satisfy

local

needs.

In

Greek

mythology,

for

example,

Cadmus

grew

some

new

military

recruits

by

planting

drag-

on

r S

teeth.

Also,

the

gods

animated

Pygmalion

r s

statue

so

that

it

became

his

wife,

the

beautiful

History

Galatea.

The

principle

of

the

robots

and

automata

dis-

cussed

here

is

non-vitalistic.

All

automata

dis-

cussed

are

definitely

mechanistic.

Robots

in

Literature

and Mythology

As

early

as

1624

Francis

Bacon

prophesied

various

mechanical

automata

in

his

description

of

"Salomon's

House"

where

they

"imitate

motions

of

living

creatures

by

images

of

men,

beasts,

birds,

fishes

and

serpents".

Also,

however,

he

r

ash

I y

prophesied

that

they

could

chemically

"make

a

num-

ber

of kinds of

serpents,

worms,

flies,

fishes,

of

putrefaction,

whereof

some

are

advanced (in

effect)

to

be

perfect

creatures,

like

beasts

or

birds,

and

have

sexes,

and do

propagate"

(4). (Note

also

the

homunculi

made

by

the

alchemists;

Paracelsus'

De

generatione

'r~~rum;

and

Goethe's

Faust,

Part

2. )

In

Mrs.

Shelley's

novel,

"Frankenstein

or

the

Modern

Prometheus",

the

hero,

a

physiologist,

creates

a

powerful

living

monster

with

human

de-

sires

and

in

the

form

of a

man,

though

very

ugly.

Likewise

in

Capek's

play

"R.

U.

R. ", although

Ros-

sum's

Universal

Robots

at

first

merely

acted

like

intelligent

humans

but

lacked

feelings,

those

later

constructed

were

able

to

experience

emotions

and

for

this

reason

revolted

against

their

enslavement

by

man.

(The

word

"robot",

first

used

in

this

play,

comes

from

a

Czech

word

meaning

"forced

labor"

or

"work".

The

Teutonic

Christian

name

"Robert"

derives

from

"brilliant

and

famous"

and

has

no

con-

nection

with

this,

but

the

Czech

names

"Rob

at"

,

"Robath",

"Roboth", "Rob old " ,

"Robelt",

are

all

derived

from

"worker".)

In

Greek

mythology

there

are

a few

instances

where

something

like

the

construction

of

automata

is

suggested.

Vulcan, who

built

the

bronze

houses

of

the

gods,

their

chariots

and

winged

shoes

for

fly-

ing,

Jupiter's

thunder-bolts,

and

whatever

modern,

or

rather

divine,

conveniences

they

needed,

gave

self-motion

to

some

of

his

devices.

He

made

the

tables

and

chairs

(tripods)

to

move about

by

them-

selves

as

required

-

in

and

out

of

the

celestial

hall

or

up

to

anyone who

wished

to

be

seated.

Presum-

ably

some

signal

was

always

given

by any

expectant

sitter.

Prometheus,

one of

the

Titans,

a

race

of

giants

who

inhabited

the

earth

before

man,

con-

structed

a

device

of

manlike

shape

and

act

ion,

but

then,

being

an

imperfect

robotologist,

he

had

to

steal

fire

from

heaven

to

give

it

"life"

and

also

-33 -

superiority

over

the

other

animals.

Woman

was

not

yet

made.

"The

gods

were

assembled

in

coun-

cil,

and

it

was

determined

that

woman

should

be

created,

and

sent

to

man

as

a

punishment

for

re-

ceiving

Prometheus's

gift"

(15)

•.

Vulcan

made

the.

first

one and

she

was

called

Pandora.

Self-moving

machines

or

robots

simulating

the

form

and

actions

of

human

beings

were

called

androides

or

androids.

The

mythical

Daedalus

made

one of

these,

a

bronze

man

who

repelled

the

Argonauts, and

he

also

made

a wooden cow

for

Pasiphae.

(We do

not

know how

this

cow

compared

with the

very

lifelike

mechanical

cow

at'the

Century

of

Progress

Exposition

in

Chi~ago.

This

certainly

looked

just

like

a cow -walked,

moved

its

head,

jaws,

eyes,

ears,

belly

and

tail,

while

its

sides

went

through

the

motions

of

breathing.

Simulated

milk

was

pumped

through

concealed

tubes

'to

the

udder.

The

purpose

of

this

realistic

bovine

was

to

demonstrate

the

use

of a

milking

machine.

)

The

ancients

were

very

much

interested

in

automata

as

evidenced

by the

fantastic

stories

they

made

up about

them,

like

the

story

of

the

brass

fly

trained

as

a

watch

dog, which

was

sta-

tioned

on

the

gate

of the

city

and

kept

all

the

other

flies

from

entering

for

eight

years.

In

Hebrew

mythology we find

reference

to

an

android.

There

is

the old

Jewish

legend

of

"Golem",

the

strong

- a

man

artificially

made

but

having no

soul.

The Golem,

running

amuck,

is

destroyed

just

in

time

by

its

maker.

A

Sev-

enteenth

Century

version

says

that

the

myster-

ious

Rabbi

Loew of

Prague

constructed

the

gigan-

tic

quasi-human,

the

Golem, to

protect

the

per-

secuted

Jews

if

things

ever

got too bad. The

Golem

was

kept

in

suspended

animation

most

of

the

time.

He

was

much

too

powerful

to

be

let

loose

on

ordinary

occasions

since

he

twisted

iron

beams,

pushed

over

walls

and

cracked

pillars

when up and about. '

History

of

Automata

The

ancients

constructed

simple

automata

in

the

form

of

mechanical

devices

to

imitate

spon-

taneously

the

movements

of.

men

and

animals.

Needless

to

say

these

were

not

believed

to

be

alive

or

conscious

by

those

who

'constructed

them,

no

matter

how

much

they

looked

like

or

behaved

-

like

living

beings.

The

ancients

refer

to

temple

statues

that

moved

and

were

considered

divinely

animated

by

the

populace.

Computers

and

Automation

The

first

authentic

automata,

though

perhaps

quite

simple,

were

the

human

figures

which

ann-

oWlCed

the

hours

by

means

of

bells

and

horns

on

the

clepsydra

or

water

clocks

of the

Egyptians

about

1500

B.

c.

When we

examine

the

early

history

of

auto-

mata,

we find

that

the

accounts

of

some

of

them

seem

very

surprising.

Thus

in

400 B.

C.

Archytas

of

Tarentum

is

said

to

have

made

a wooden pigeon

that

could

take

off, fly

around,

and

then

land.

Sur-

prising

as

this

may

be,

it

is

well

authenticated

since

"Many

well-known

Greeks

and the

philospher

Favor-

inus,

a

very

assiduous

antiquarian,

have

definitely

asserted

that

Archytas

constructed

a wooden

model

of

a dove

according

to

certain

mechanical

principles,

and

that

the dove

actually

flew,

so

delicately

bal-

anced

was

it

with

weights

and

propelled

by

a

cur-

rent

of

air

enclosed

and

concealed

within

it"

(20).

Some

historical

devices

were

run

hydraulic-

ally

like

some

of

those

constructed

py

Heron

of

Alexandria

about 300 B. C.

He

was

the

man

who

made

the

jet

rotated

steam

engine

or

eolipile

and

wrote

treatises

on

mechanics.

He

made

a

figure

of

Hercules

and

the

dragon,

which

was

powered

hydraulically.

When

activated,

Hercules

launched

an

arrow

at

the

dragon

which

rose

with

a

scream

and

then

fell.

(On a

larger

and

more

complex

scale

was

the

famous

hydromechanical

theater

at

the

palace

of

Hellbrun,

near

Salzburg,

built

around

1615.)

Heron

of

Alexandria

also

made

the

first

penny-in-the-slot

machines.

By

inserting

on

e

dinar,

the

Greek

customer

could

cause

such

a

machine

to

give

some

life-like

performance

(88).

Leon

of

Thessalonica,

who

flourished

about

829-867 and

was

the

inventor

of

an

optical

tele-

graph,

made

similar

life-like

contrivances;

while

the

Persian

poet

Firdawsi

(932-1020)

made

sundry

inventions

including

various

automata

(88).

Then

about

1200

many

Eastern

Muslims

were

concerned

''with

the

invention

or

making

of

automata

and

con-

trivances

such

as

were

described

by

Heron

of

Al-

exandria

and

other

Hellenistic

mechanicians"

(88).

During

the Middle

Ages

many

instances

of

automata

are

recorded,

such

as

the

android

butler

of

Albertus

Magnus.

This

robot,

which

took

thir-

ty

years

to

construct,

advanced

to

the

door

when

anyone knocked and

then

opened

it

and

saluted

the

visitor.

It

was

broken

to

pieces

by

Thomas

Aqui-

nas.

A

later

example

is

the

little

iron

fly

of

Reg-

-34 -

iomontanus

which

he

constructed

around

1470 and

which

would

flutter

around

the

room

and

return

to

his

hand.

He

also

made

an

eagle

which

flew

be-

fore

the

emperor

Maximilian

when

he

entered

Nuremberg.

Around 1500

Leonardo

da

Vinci,

unsuccess-

ful

with

his

flying

machine,

turned

to

making

an-

imated

toys.

To

some

of

these

he

gave

a

surpris-

ing

artistic

twist,

like

the

"lion

constructed

with

marvelous

subtlety

which

walked

from

its

place

in

a

room

and

then

stopped

and opened

its

breast

which

was

full

of

lilies

and

other

flowers"

(69).

He

also

made

"figures

of

animals,

formed

of

a

paste

made

of wax,

which

flew

through

the

air

when

inflated"

(69).

In

the

fifteenth

and

sixteenth

centuries,

the

Swiss

and

other

Europeans

made

very

ingenious

mechanical

figures

which

announced

the

hours

-

such

as

those

on

the

famous

Nuremburg

clock.

Likewise

the

public

clock

at

Strassburg,

construc-

ted

in

1574,

displayed

a

sequence

of

scenes

in-

cluding

processions

of

the

apostles

and

other

persons

and a

crowing

rooster;

and a Venice

clock

had

two

bronze

giants

that

struck

the

hours.

The

philosopher

Descartes

was

certainly

one

of

the

first

to

say

that

one could find

out

how

the

parts

of

the

body

interact,

investigating

it

as

if

it

were

a

machine.

He

compared

animals

to

mach-

ines

and

hence

was

nluch

impressed

by

automata

such

as

the

above-mentioned

hydromechanical

ones

at

HeIlbrun.

He

may

have

constructed

auto-

mata

himself

but

some

accounts

of

this

see

m

apocryphal.

It

is

said

that

he

constructed

an

auto-

maton

in

the

figure

of a woman,

which

he

called

his

daughter

Frances.

He

took

Frances

on a

sea

trip,

but

the

captain,

suspecting

magic

in

her

human-like

movements,

had

her

thrown

over-

board

(38).

This

may

not

be

true,

however,

since

in

another

account

Frances

was

not

his

daughter

at

all

but

a

beautiful

salamander

he

kept

in

alarge

chest

-one of

those

female

fire

spirits

that

loved

the

alchemists.

The

earliest

efforts

of

mechanical

ingen-

uity

in

Europe

were

chiefly

directed

towards

the

construction

of

clocks,

watches,

I and

automata.

Men did

not

think

of

applying

this

mechanical

in-

genuity

to

any

other

industrial

operations.

The

clocks

and

watches

were,

of

course,

very

useful;

but

the

automata

were

just

toys.

Yet

talented

mechanical

artisans

sometimes

devoted

a Whole

lifetime

to

some

ingenious

device

which,

after

all,

was

of

value

only

as

an

entertaining

curios-

ity.

The

goal

of

these

early

roJ?otologists

was

merely

to

make

the

simulation

of

living

agencies

History

by

inanimate

clockwork

as

complex,

detailed,

and

natural

as

possible.

Never

did

they

make

any

prac-

tical

applications

-

it

is

principally

supposed

be-

cause

the

steam

engL.lC

¥fas

not

yet

invented.

The

power

available

was

weak

except

for

the

waterfalls

which

they

could

have

used.

These

automata

were

seli-acting

machines

contrived

so

as

to

silnulhte

the

conduct

of

living

creatures.

Thus

Pierre

Droz,

the

Swiss

watch-

maker,

made

a

large

clock

and

orrery

with

many

attached

automata

run

by

it

- a

sheep

that

walkeJ

about

bleating,

a

dog

which

snarled

and

bar

ked

when

anyone

trieu

to

take

some

fruit

from

a

basket

it

was

guartlin8;,

and

some

human

figures

that

moved

about

in

a

natural

manner,

one

of

which

used

a

pen-

cil

to

draw

pictures

of

the

king

and

queen

of

Spain.

The

wonderful

duck

nlade

by

Jacques

de

Vau-

canson,

the

famous

eighteenth

century

mechanician,

is

often

mentioned.

This

duck

waddled

about

and

was

able

to

eat,

drink,

and

imitate

exactly

the

nat-

ural

voice

of

that

fowl.

Still

more

remarkable,

the

food

it

swallowed

was

evacuated

in

a

digested

state,

or

at

least

it

was

altered

by

chemicals

in

its

artif-

icial

stomach.

The

wings,

viscera

and

bones

close-

ly

resembled

those

of

a

living

duck,

and

its

behavior

in

eating

and

drinking

showed

the

strongest

resemb-

lance,

even

to

the

mudt11in~

of

water

with

its

bill.

Later,

when

exhibited

in

Paris

in

1844,

it

was

brok-

en

but

was

successfully

repaired

by

Robert

Houdin,

the

celebrated

conjurer

and

robot

maker.

Vaucanson

also

made

the

mechanical

flute

player

mentioned

be-

low,

while

the

renowned

Doctor

Camus

constructed

a

little

chariot

which

would

run

around

the

edge

of

ahy

suitable

table,

various

personnel

getting

in

and

out

and

bowing

or

saluting

from

time

to

time.

In

1738

Vaucanson

finally

finished

his

flute

player

"

••.•.

a

figure

about

five

feet

and

a

half

in

height

situated

on

a

fragment

of

a

rock,

fixed

upon

a

square

pedestal.

. •• Nine

pairs

of

bellows

dis-

charged

their

air

into

three

different·

tubes,

which;

asc.ending

through

the

body

of

the

figure,

termina-

ted

in

three

small

reservoirs

in

its

trunk;

these

then

united

into

one,

which,

ascending

to

the

throat,

formed

the

cavity

of

the

mouth.

To

each

of

the

three

pipes,

three

pairs

of

bellows

were

attached.

•..

Another

piece

of

clockwork,

contained

within

the

pedestal,

was

for

the

purpose

of

communicat-

ing

the

proper

motions

to

his

fingers,

his

lips,

and

his

tongue.

•

•.

This

mechanism

enable

M.

Vaucan-

son

to

produce

all

the

motions,

requisite

for

an

ex-

pert

flute

player,

which

it

executed

in

su~h

a

man-

ner

as

to

produce

music

equal

in

beauty

to

that

de-

-

35

-

rived

from

the

exertions

of a

weil-practiced

liv-

ing

performer"

(36).

Another

Swiss

made

a

female

piano

player

~

She

was

said

to

perform

eighteen

tunes

and

her

movements

were

always

elegant

and

graceful,

and

"so

nearly

imitating

life

that

even

on a

near

ap-

proach

the

deception

can

hardly

be

discovered.

Her

bosom

heaves

and

her

eyes

move

to

follow

the

keys.

"

...

(36).

A whole

automaton

opera

in

miniature

was

constructed

by

Father

Truchet

to

entertain

Louis

XIV, and

likewise

a

number

of

tiny

mechanical

theaters

were

created.

The

se

automata,

however

complex,

merely

execute

a

planned

series

of

actions

and,

unlike

modern

automata,

they

do

not

contain

"feedback"

devices.

Most

non-feedback

automata

act

in

a

pre-

fixed

way

regardless

of

circumstances

that

arise

during

the

course

of

their

behavior.

Feedback

enables

an

automaton

to

adjust

its

behavior

to

circumstances

that

arise

either

from

its

own

ac-

tivity

or

from

some

other

source.

Automata

hav-

ing

feedback

devices

are

goal

seeking

in

the

follow-

ing

sense.

'1;hey

receive

input

or

stimuli

from

the

goal

in

such

a

way

that

their

deviation

from

goal

directed

behavior

is

continuously

corrected.

This

input

is

called

negative

feedback.

A

m?chanical

"dog"

embodying

negative

feedback

correction

is

discussed

later

on

in

this

section.

In

the

latter

half

of

the

18th

century,

Pierre

Droz,

the

Swiss

mechanician

already

mentioned

above,

and

his

son,

Henry,

made

some

famou::~

androids

which

are

still

preserved

in

the

museum

at

Neuchatel,

Switzerland.

One

of

these

was

their

famous

writing

automaton.

This

was

a

figure

of

a

boy

sitting

at

a

desk

holding

a

pen.

It

would

dip

the

pen

into

an

inkwell

and

then

carefully

write

on

a

piece

of.

paper.

It

would

write

out

a whole

p~ge

and

then

sign."

its

name

at

the

bottom.

Pierre

Droz

was

one

of

the

most

accomplished

of

the

Swiss

watchmakers.

It

must

be

admitted,

though,

that

he

sometimes

enhanced

the

amazing

animation

of

his

devices

by

a

little

innocent

inter-

vention.

On

his

disastrous

trip

to

Spain

he

took

along

one

of

his

clocks.

"

•..

This

clock

was

so

constructed

as

to

be

capable

of

performing

the. following

movements.

There

was

exhibited

on

it

a

negro,

a

Shepherd,

and

a dog. . When

the

clock

struck,

the

shepherd

played

six

tunes

on

his

flute,

and

the

dog

approached

and,

Computers

and

Automation

fawned upon

him.

This

clock

was

exhibited

to

the

King

of

Spain, who

was

greatly

delighted

with

it.

'The

gentleness

of

my

dog',

said

Droz,

'is

his

least

merit.

If

your

majesty

touch

one of

the

a p

pie

s

which

you

see

in

the

t?,hepherd's

basket,

you

will

admire

the

fidelity

of

this

animal'.

The

king

took

an

apple,

and the dog

flew

at

his

hand, and

barked

so

loud

that

the

King's

dog, which

was

in

the

same

room

during

the

exhibition,

began to

bark

also;

at

this

the

courtiers,

not

doubting

that

it

was

an

affair

of

witchcraft,

hastily

left

the

room,

crossing

them-

selves

as

they

went

out. Having

desired

the

master

of

marine,

who

was

the

only one who

ventured

to

stay

behind,

to

ask

the

negro

what

o'clock

it

was,

the

minister

asked,

but

he

obtained

no

reply.

Droz

then

observed

that

the

ne

gro

had

not

yet

1

ear

ned

Spanish, upon

which

the

minister

repeated

the

ques-

tion

in

French

and the

black

immediately

answered

him.

At

this

new

prodigy

the

firmness

of

the

min-

ister

also

forsook

him,

and

he

retreated

precipit-

ately,

declaring

that

it

must

be

the

work

of

a

super-

natural

being.

It

is

probable

that,

in

the

perform-

ance

of

these

tricks,

Droz

touched

certain

springs

in

the

mechanism,

although

this

is

not

mentioned

in

any of the

accounts

of

his

clock"

(18).

\yith

an

English

manager,

Droz

s

howe

d

these

robots

in

Spain

where

the

King

was

much

in-

terested

and

Droz

was

very

well

received

at

court.

But

the

superstitious

populace

resented

the

lifelike

androids.

Droz

was

cast

into

the Dungeon

of

the

Inquisition,

over

which

the

King

had

no

jurisdiction.

His

manager

stole

his

robots

and

sold

them

to

a

French

count.

Droz

was

released

and

made

an

un-

happy

return

to

Switzer

land.

The

French

owner

died

on

a

trip

to

America

and the

androids

were

left

forgotten

in

his

attic

for

many

years.

Art

experts

in

1900

estimated

the

value

of

the

"Pianist",

the

"Draughtsman",

and

the

"Musician"

at

$6·0,000.

No

androids

like

these,

in

complex

mechanical

per-

fection,

have

ever

been

made

since.

Many

others

besides

Droz

were

making

de-

vices

of

this

;kind.

Bontemps

made

mechanical

singing

birds

and

other

such

mechanical

contriv-

ances.

Friederich

Kaufmann

made

automatic

trum-

peters

that

played

marches.

Maillardet

made

a

snake

which

crawled

along,

hissing

while

its

tongue

darted

in

and

out.

Also

he

made

a

spider

of

steel

which

ran

around

in

a

spiral

toward

the

center

of

a

table.

Miral

constructed

figures

which

played

various

instruments

and

gave

concerts.

In 1782,

Miral

completed

two

mechanical

heads

which

were

said

to

speak

whole

phrases

Q!l

their

own. A

long

flat

wire

properly

notched

just

right

with

extreme

care

and

drawn

rapidly

along

-

36

-

the

edge

of

a

suitable

diaphragm

could

produce

the

sounds

and

was

supposed

by

some

to

have

been

the

means

he

used.

Few

nowadays

would

spend

the

many

years

he

did

to

produce

such

a

merely

amus-

ing

result.

(Over

a

century

later

Edison's

talking

man-

nikin

was

easily

and

quickly

constructed

as

a

pleas-

ing

diversion

once

he

had

developed

the

phonograph.

This

device

was

a

largc

doll

with

a

concealed

mech-

anism.

The

doll

would

repeat

in

a

clear

voice

any

speech

addressed

to

it.

)

The

largest

exhibit

recently

given

of

these

h..j.storically

interesting

grownups'

toys

was

in

a

Manhattan

gallcry

in

1950. The

Pretalozza

Founda-

tion

of

America

exhibited

165

automata,

all

still

in

working

condition

-

some

even

from

the

16th

and

17th

centuries

but

most

of

them

from

the

18th

and

19th.

There

were

18th

century

mechanical

mice,

each

a unique

individual

creation.

One

of

these

would

become

animated

if

we

pulled

his

tail.

He

would

rise

on

his

feet,

hesitate,

dart

away,

stop

suddenly,

turn

about

three

times,

and

then

take

off

in

a

different

direction.

Also

there

was

a

cat-

erpillar

that,

when wound up,

inched

along

with

a

remarkable

simulation

of

nature.

One

small

18th

century

mechanical

juggler

was

powered

by

falling

sand.

A

large

container

was

filled

with

sand

before

each

performance.

From

this

the

sand

fell

out

through

a

small

hopper

to

move

paddle

wheels

connected

to the

rest

of

the

mechanism,

the

whole

being

constructed

entirely

of

cardboard

and

wire.

The

juggler

went

through

a

long

and

complex

series

of

maneuvers

with

little

green

and

red

balls.

As

just

a

single

example

from

the

last

cen-

tury

consider

the

celebrated

life-size

zither

play-

er,

Isis,

constructed

by

C.

E.

Nixon, a

dentist

in

San

Francisco.

Her

works

were

in

her

body

and

also

in

the

cabinet

on

which

she

sat.

She

played

anyone

of

sixty-three

compositions,

in

response

to

the

human

voice

or

the

proper

note

struck

on

the

piano.

If

the

room

got

too

hot

she

removed

her

veil.

Most

of

the

robots

before

this

century

in-

volved

practically

no

feed-back,

as

we

have

said.

Their

performance

was

not

corrected

or

adjusted

very

much

by

input

during

their

performance.

They

were

merely

automatic

machines

which

functioned

in

a

fixed

way

throughout

their

cycle

of

operation

without

the

intervention

of

human

effort.

Thus

they

were

essentially

the

same

as

the

less

spec-

tacular

watches,

clocks,

orreries,

and

other

History

clockwork

toys

of

the

Renaissance

and

later

times.

Many

machines

used

even

now

in

industrial

opera-

tions

such

as

wrapping

up

chewing

gum

or

cigarettes

are

just

the

same

except,

of

course,

that

they

are

useful.

Disregarding

all

informatioI?-

except

the

throw

of

the

starting

switch,

their

behavior

proceeds

with

pre-fixed

inexorable

relentlessness,

regard-

less

of

further

stimuli

until

they

are

turned

off,

or

run

down,

or

become

jamnled

or

broken.

The

new

engineering

emphasis,

as

is

well

known,

is

on

the

use

of

devices

with

corrective

or

"negative"

feedback,

so

that

during

their

performance

they

can

modify

their

behavior

according

to

the

circumstances

that

arise.

Two

stock

examples

are

thermost3:ts

and

engine

governors.

A

very

interesting

twentieth

century

robot

with

faed-back

was

the

mechanical

dog

invented

by

J.

H.

Hammond,

Jr.,

in

1915.

This

goal-directed

automaton

was

positively

phototropic,

that

is,

it

would

move

toward

the

light

like

a

moth.

If

it

be-

gan

to

deviate

too

much

from

the

direct

route

to

the

light,

this

deviation

caused

the

steering

wheel

(by

j'negative

feedback~')

to

turn

the

moth

or

"dog",

as

it

was

called,

back

again

onto

the

direct

route

to

the

light

source.

It

would

pursue

the

light

how-

ever

the

light

moved

(73).

"This

'Orientation

Mechanism'

consists

of

a

rectangular

box,

about

3

feet

long,

1-1/2

fee

t

wide,

and

1

foot

high.

This

box

contains

all

the

.

instruments

and

mechanism,

and

is

mounted

on

three

wheels,

two

of

which

are

geared

to

a

driving

motor,

and

the

third,

on

the

rear

end,

is

so

mount-

ed

that

its

bearings

can

be

turned

by

solenoid

elec-

tro-magnets

in

a

horizontal

plane.

Two

5-inch

condensing

lenses

on

the

forward

end

appear

very

much

like

large

eyes.

nIf a

portable

electric

light,

such

as

a

hand

flashlight,

be

turned

on

in

front

of

the

machine

it

will

immediately

begin

to

move

toward

the

light,

and

moreover,

will

follow

that

light

all

around

the

room

in

many

complex

maneuvers

at

a

speed

of

about

~

feet

~er

second.

•

•.

"Upon

shading

or

switching

off

the

light

the

dog

can

be

stopped

immediately,

but

it

will

resume

its

course

behind

the

moving

light

so

long

as

the

light

reaches

the

condensing

lenses

in

sufficient

intensity.

Indeed,

it

is

more

faithful

in

this

re-

spect

than

the

proverbial

ass

behind

the

bucket

of

oats.

To

the

uninitiated

the

performance

of

the

pseudo

dog

is

very

uncanny

indeed.

"The

explanation

is

very

similar

to

that

given

by

Jacques

Loeb,

of

reasons

responsible

for

the

flight

of

moths

into

a

flame

..•.

-37 -

"The

orientation

nlechanism

.•.

possesses

two

selenium

cells

corresponding

to

the

two

eyes

of

the

moth,

which

when

influenced

by

light

effect

the

control

of

sensitive

relays.

.

•.

TI10

two

-relays

.••

control

electro-magnetic

switches,

which

ef-

fect

the

follOWing

operat

ions:

When one

cell

or

both

are

illuminated

the

current

is

switched

on

to

the

driving

motor;

when' one

cell

alone

is

illumin-

ated

an

electro-magnet

is

energized

and

effects

the

turning

of

the

rear

steering

wheel.

The

re-

sultant

turning

of

the

machine

will

be

such

as

to

})ring

the

shaded

cell

into

the

light.

As

sooJ? and

as

long

as

both

cells

ar.e

equally

illwninate~.

in

sufficient

intensity,

the

machine

moves

in a

straight

line

toward

the

light

so~rce.

By

throwing

a

switch,

which

reverses

the

driving

motors,

the

machine

can

be

made

to

back

away

from

the

light

in

a

most

surprising

manner

••••

"

This

automaton,

and

others

like

it,

exhibit-

ed

as

interesting

curiosities,

were

a

little

be.fore

their

time.

They

did

not

excite

the

great

military

inte,rest

that

their

target-seeking

descendants

now do.

Clearly,

however,

Hammond's

phototropic

dog

was

the

Adam

of

a

new

species

quite

different

from

·the

automata

each

executing

its

planned

series

of

predetermined

actions

with-

out

benefit

of

feedback

correction.

.

To

carry

the

history

of

automata

further

in-

to

the

present

century

would

be

too

large

a

topic

to

include

in

this

book,

though

.some

modern

.robots

such

as

Grey-Walter's

turtles

(47),

E.

C.

Berkeley's

electromechanical

squirrel

(140),

the

RAND

auto-

mata,

and

Shannon's

maze

running'rat

are

referred'

to

later.

The

bibliography,

to

which

the

numbers

for

notes

refer,

will

be

published

in

the

*----------

*---------*

SECOND NATIONAL SIMULATION

CONFERENCE,

HOUSTON, TEXAS,

APRIL

11-13·

The

Second

National

Simulation

Conference

and

the

Ninth

Southwestern

I.

R.

'E •

.conference

and

Electronic

Show

will

take

place

at

the

Shamrock-

Hilton

Hotel,

Houston,

Texas,

April

11, 12,

and

13.

Topics

of

the

sessions

include

Instrumenta-

tion,

Computer

Devi~es,

Geophysics,

Physical

Simulation,

Communications,

Function

Generators,

Medical

Electronics,

and

Applications"

Approxi-

,

mately

100

exhibitors

will

take

part

in

the

show.

\

For

more

information

write

to

M.

A.

Art

h

1:l

r

,.

Humble

Oil,

Po

O.

Box

2180,

Houston

1,

Texas.

(cont'd

from

page

6)

The

survey

form

(a

copy

of

it

appears

0 n

page

39)

asks

mainly

two

questions:

1.

What

kinds

of

computer

products

and

services

does

your

organization

buy

or

rent?

2.

Can

you

estimate

roughly

how

much

your

organization

is

likely

to

spend

on

such

pro-

ducts

and

services

in

the

months?

in

the

years?

The

third

question

in

the

survey

is:

What

perplexing

subjects

would

you

like

us

to

inquire

about

in

our

surveys?

We

shall

be

particularly

glad

to

hear

from

our

readers

in

regard

to

this.

The

purpose

of

the

surveys

is

to

help

the

comput-

er

field.

The

survey

form

is

being

mailed

to

our

sub-

scribers.

But

we

shall

be

glad

to

have

a

reply

from

any

computer

person,

whether

subscriber

or

not,

and

take

his

reply

into

account

also.

The

survey

form

may

be

copied

on

any

piece

of

paper,

filled

in,

and

sent

to

us

53

FOREIGN SUBSCRIPTIONS AT ONCE

One

day

in

the

middle

of

February

we

were

surprised

and

pleased

to

receive

a

single

order

(with

check

for

$304.00)

for

53

foreign

subscrip-

tions

to

"Computers

and

Automation".

The

19

sub-

orders

were

to

be

sent

as

follows:

No.

Class

Place

5 New (N) Moscow 31

1

Renewal

(R)

Moscow

1 R Moscow 34

2 1

N,

lR

"

1 N "

1 R

Leningrad

164

1 R "

1 N "

2 1 N,

lR

Moscow

1 R

Tbilisi

1 N Moscow

1 N "

3 1 N, 2R

Leningrad

4 N Moscow

8 R Moscow 71

7 R

Moscow

88

3 N "

9 2

N,

7R

Moscow

--±.

R

Moscow

37

53

21N, 32R

This

suggests

a 65

percent.

increase

in

cir-

culation

of

"Computers

and

Automation"

in

the

U.

S. S. R.

from

1956

to

1957.

-

38

-

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

The

reason

this

magazine

exists

is

"reference

information".

In

September

1951 we

issued

a

"Ros-

ter

of

Organizations

in

the

Computing

Machinery

Field

If,

a

purple

ditto

list

of

12

pages

listing

some

75

organizations

in

the

field.

That

turned

out

to

be

vol.

1 no. 1

of

"Computers

and

Automation".

We now

publish

16

kinds

of

reference

information,

and

we look

forward

to

the

day when we

shall

be

publishing

30

kinds

of

reference

information.

What do we

mean

by

"reference

information"?

Such

information

consists

of

answers

to

questions

like

"What

are

all

the

••.•.•

? ";

it

is

the

kind

of

information

found

in

directories,

almanacs,

tables,

dictionaries,

lists,

rosters,

and

all

kinds

of

enu-

merations.

Often when one

investigates

a

subject,

the

cru-

cial

knowledge

is

reference

information.

For

ins-

tance,

if

you

are

investigating

from

whom

to

buy

a

magnetic

drum,

the

crucial

knowledge

consists

of

the

names

and

addresses

of

suppliers

so

that

a

reasonable

choice

can

be

made

between

them.

This

particular

kind

of

information

is

provided

in

a

piece

of

reference

information

which we

publish

called

"Roster

of

Products

and

Services

in

the

Computer

Field

If;

the

list

will

be

in

the

June

1957

issue

of

"Computers

and

Automa-

tion"

•

In

the

present

issue

of

the

magazine,

we

bring

up

to

date

and

publish

once

more

three

pieces

of

reference

information

that

are

the

Roster

of

Products

and

Services.

One

is

"Automatic

Com-

puting

Machinery

--

List

of

Types"

(on

page

22);

this

list

reminds

a

reader

of

some

of the

many

ways

automatic

machinery

for

handling

information

is

now

being

applied.

A

second

list

is

"Components

of

Automatic

Computing

Machinery

--

List

of

Types"

(on

page

24);

this

reflects

pointedly

the

progress

of

the

computer

art

to

date.

The

third

list

is

"Products

and

Services

in

the

Computer

Field

-

List

of

Head-

ings"

(on

page

28);

this

is

a

list

of

headings

which

we

expect

to

use

with

minor

change

s

in

the

sue

of

the

Roster

of

Products

and

Services.

On

page

46

of

this

issue

appears

a

list

of

the

16

kinds

of

reference

information

which

we

publish.

Any

comments,

revisions,

and

suggestions

which

anyone

may

be

kind

enough

to

send

us,

will

be

welcome.

-END -

SURVEY-E'STIMATE

OF THE COMPU:TER M,ARKET

The

computer

field

contains

many

hard-to-

answer

questions,

which

can

be

partly

answered

through

surveys.

The

purpose

of

this

first

survey

being

made

by

"Computers

and

Automation"

is

to

form

an

estimate

of

the

size

of

the

market

for

com-

puters,

data

processors,

and

Following

is

the

inquiry

form

for

this

survey.

The

response

of any

person

who

considers

him-

self

in

the

computer

field

is

welcome,

and

will

be

much

appreciated.

The

form

may

be

torn

out

of

the

magazine,

or

may

be

copied

on

any

piece

of

paper.

We

hope

that

the

results

when

published

will

be

of

use

to

all

our

readers.

ESTIMATE

OF

THE MARKET

FOR

COMPUTERS

AND

DATA PROCESSORS

Questions

1.

What

kinds

of

computer

products

and

services

does

your

organization

buy

or

rent

(or

is

consider-

ing buying

or

renting)?

Computers

Yes

No

-

automatic

digital

computers?

(

()

-

automatic

analog

computers?

(

()

-

simulators?

(

()

-

other

data

processing

mach-

(

()

ines?

such

as:

______________

_

Components

-

delay

lines?

-

magnetic

tape

devices?

-

transistors?

-

other

components?

Yes

(

No

( )

such

as:

________________

_

Services

-

computing

services?

-

consulting

services?

-

other

services?

such

as:

Yes

No.

( ) ( )

---------------

2.

Can

you

estimate(roughly

and

approximately)

about how

much

your

'organization

is

likely

to

spend

on

products

and

services

in

the

computer

field

-39 -

-

in

the

months?

between

$

and

$

___

_

-

in

the

years?

between

$

_____

and $

___

_

3.

What

perplexing

questions

or

subjects

would

you

like

us

to

inquire

about

in

our

surveys?

_________

(attach

paper

if

needed)

4.

Any

remarks?

----------------

And

for

statistical

purposes:

Your

department?

Your

chief

job

responsibilities?

-------

Do

your

recommendations

affect

purchases?

Your

organization

I s

main

products?

------

No. of

employees?

___________

_

Filled

in

by:

Name

____________

__

Title

_________________

~Date

_____

_

Organization

______________

_

Address.

--------------------

When

completed

to

the

extent

you

conveniently

can,

please

return

this

sur

ve

y

for

m

to

E.

C.

Berkeley,

Editor,

Computers

and

Automa-

tion, 815

Washington

St.,

Newtonville 60,

Mass.

ADVERTISING IN "COMPUTERS

AND

AUTOMATION"

Memorandum

from

Berkeley

Enterprises,

Inc.

Publisher

of

COMPUTERS

AND

AUTOMATION

815 Washington

St.,

Newtonville 60,

'Mass.

1.

What

is

"COMPUTERS

AND

A UTOMA TION"?

It

is

a

monthly

magazine

conta~ing

articles,

papers,

and

reference

information

computing

,

machinery,

robots,

automatic

control,

cybernetics,

automation,

etc.

One

important

piece

of

reference

~ormation

published

is

the

"Roster

of

Organiza-

tions

in

the

Field

of

Computers

and

Automation".

The

basic

subscription

rate

is

$5,50

a

year

in

the

United

States.

Single

copies

are

$1. 25,

except

the

June

issue,

"The

Computer

Directory",

(1956,

$6

..

00; 1955,

$4.00).

For

the

titles

of

articles

and

papers

in

recent

issues

of

the

magazine,

see

the

"Back

Copies"

page

in

this

issue.

2

~

What

is

the

circulation?

The

circulation

in-

cludes

2650

subscribers

(as

of

Feb.

15);

over

300

purchasers

of

individual

back

copies,

and

an

esti-

mated

4000

nonsubscribing

readers.

The

logical

readers

of COMPUTERS

AND

A UTOMA TION

are

people

concerned

with

the

field

of

computers

and

automation.

These

include

a

great

number

of

peo-

ple

who

will

make

recommendations

to

their

organ-

izations

about

purchasing

computing

machinery,

similar

machinery,

and

components,

and

whose

decisions

may

involve

very

substantial

figures.

The

print

orde~

for

the

February

issue

was

3000

copies.

The

overrun

is

largely

held

for

eventual

sale

as

back

copies,

and

in

the

case

of

several

issues

the

overrun

has

been

exhausted

through

such

sale.

3.

What type

of

advertising

does

COMPUTERS

AND

AUTOMATION

take?

The

purpose

of

the

mag-

azine

is

to

be

factual

and

to

the

point.

For

this

pur-

pose

the

kind

of

advertising

wanted

is

the

kind

that

answers

questions

factually.

We

recommend

for

the

audience

that

we

reach,

that

advertising

befac-

tual,

useful,

interesting,

understandable,

and

new

from

i,ssue

to

issue.

We

reserve

the

right

not

to

accept

advertising

that

does

not

meet

our

standards.

4.

What

are

the

specifications

and

cost

of

advertis-

ing?

COMPUTERS AND A UTOMA TION

is

pub-

lished

on

pages

81/2"

x

11"

(ad

size,

7"

x10")

and

produced

by photooffset,

except

that

printed

sheet

advertising

may

be

inserted

and bound

in

with

the

magazine

in

most

cases.

The

closing

date

for

any

issue

is

approximately

the

lOth of

the

month

pre-

ceding.

If

possible,

the

company

advertising

should

produce

final

copy.

For

photooffset,

the

cop

y

-

40-

should

be

exactly

as

desired,

actual

size,

and

as-

sembled,

and

may

-include typing,

writing,

,line

drawing,

printing,

screened

half

tones,

and

any

other

copy

that

may

be

put

under

the

photoofiset

camera

without

further

preparation.

Unscreened

photographic

prints

and any

other

copy

requiring

additional

preparation

for

photooffset

shoul~

be

,

furnished

separately;

it

will

be

prepared,

finished,

and

charged

to

the

advertiser

at

small

additional

costs.

PLEASE

DO NOT SEND

US

METAL

PLATES

OR

ELECTROS;

please

send

reproduc-

tion

proofs

instead.

In the

case'

of

printed

inserts,

a

sufficient

quantity

for

the

iss

u e s h 0 u I d

be

shipped

to

our

printer,

address

on

request.

.

Display

advertising

'is

sold

in

units

of a

full

page

(ad

size

7"

x

10",

basic

rate,

$190),two-thirds

page

(basic

rate,

$145),

half

page

(basic

r8rt~,

$97),

and

quarter

page

(basic

rate,

$55);

back

cover,

$'370;

inside

front

or

back

cover,

$230~

Ex-

tra

for

color

red

(full

pages

only and only

in'cer-

tain

positions),

35%. Two-page

printed

insert

(one

sheet),

$320;

four-page

printed

insert

,two

sheets),

$590.

Classified

advertising

is

sold

by

th.e

word

(60

cents

a word)

with

a

minimum

0;£

20

,

words.

5. Who

are

our

advertisers?

Our

advertisers

in

recent

issues

have

included

the

following

compan-

ies,

among

others:

AMP,

Inc.

American

Bosch

Corp.

Ampex

Corp.

Armour

Research

Found.

Arnold

Engineering

Co.

Automatic

Electric

Co.

Bendix

Aviation

Corp.

,Bryant

Chucking

Grinder

Co.

Cambridge

Thermionic

Epsco,

Inc.

Ferranti

Electric,

Co.

Ferroxcube

Corp.

General

Electric

Co.

General

Transistor

Corp.

International

Business

Machines

Corp.

Lockheed

Aircraft

Corp.

Lockheed

Missile

Systems

The Glenn

L.

Martiri

Co.

Monrobot

Corp.

Norden-Ketay

Corp.

Northrop

Aircraft

Inc.

George

A.

Philbrick

Researches,

Inc.

Potter

Instrument

Co.

Ramo-Wooldridge

Corp.

R.

C. A.

Service

Co.

Reeves

Instrument

Co.

Remington

Rand, Inc.

Republic

Aviation

Corp.

'Sprague

Electric

Co.

Sylvania

Electric

Products,

Inc.

ARE

YOU

LOOKING

FOR

COMPUT'ER

PEOPLE?

mathematicians,

engineers,

programmers,

systems

analysts,

supervisors,

an

d

other

trained

people

in

the

computer

field?

If

so

--

• We

can

help

you

in

three

ways:

1

--

Who's

Who

in

the

Computer

Field

1956-57:

This

extra

number

of

"Computers

and

Automation"

will

be

published

probably

in

March.

We

estimate

that

it

will

be

over

190

pages

long,

and

will

contain

names,

addresses,

and

some

information

for

over

11,000

computer

people.

Sample

full

entry

(inter-

preted):

Carr"

John

W,

ill

/

Asst

Prof

Math, Univ

of Michigan,

Ann

Arbor,

Mich

/ ADLMP

(i.

e.

,

main

interests:

Applia.ations,

Design,

Logic,

Math-

ematic

s,

Programming)

/

(born:)

'23,

(last

c 0

lI-

ege:)

Mass

Inst

of

Techn,

(entered

computer

field:)

'48, (occupation:)

mathematician

/

(distinctions:)

pres

Assocn

for

Computing

Machinery

1956.;..8.

Sample

brief

entry:

Sutherland,

Ivan

/ 152

Brad-

ley

Road,

Scarsdale,

NY.

•

Following

is

an

order

form

$19 a

thousand

envelopes

addressed

(less

for

par-

ticipants

in

the

list,

and

for

non

profit

organiza-

tions).

(Note: Send

us

your

proposed

mailing

piece

first

for

approval,

then

send

the

envelopes

for

addressing

NOT

TO

us

in

Massachusetts

BUT

TO

Publishers

Mailing

Service,

38

First

St.,

New

York

3,

N.

Y.,

where

the

plates

are

located.)

•

Following

is

an

order

form

I

hope

we

can

be

of

help

to

you

--

E~C~~

Edmund

C.

Berkeley

Editor,

Computers

and

Automation

2

--

Advertising

in

"Computers

and

Automation".

Many

important

companies

use

our

pages

for

their

ads

to

enlist

computer

people

for

their

organiza-

tions.

Our

advertisers

of

employment

opportuni-

ties

include

General

Electric,

International

Busi-

ness

Machines,

Lockheed,

North

American

Avia-

tion,

Ramo-Wooldridge,

Remington

Rand,

and

many

more.

We

have

over

2500

subscribers

and

an

additional

(estimated)

5000

readers.

Quarter

page

rate,

$55;

full

page,

$190.

--

- - - - MAIL THIS REQUEST

or

a

copy

of

it

---

--

•

Our

rate

card

and

details

will

be

sent

to

you

for

the

asking

3

--

Mailings

to

Computer

People.

We

have

on

metal

address

plates

over

10,000

names

of

com-

puter

people

(entrants

in

the

Who's

Who,

mem-

bers

of

computer

societies,

expiries

to

"Comput-

ers

and

Automation",

registrations

at

computer

meetings,

etc.).

They

are

subdivided

geograph-

ically.

Their

number

is

increasing

daily.

Cost,

From:

COMPUTERS

AND

AUTOMATION

Berkeley

Enterprises,

Inc.

815

Washington

St

•.

Newtonville 60,

Mass.

-41 -

To: COMPUTERS

AND

AUTOMATION

815

Washington

St.

Newtonville 60,

Mass.

1.

( )

Please

send

us

copy(ies)

bf

"Who's

Who

in

the

Computer

Field

1956-57"

when

published,

at

$17.50.

Returnable

within

one

week

after

deliy-

ery

(probably

in

March),

if

not

satisfactory,

for

full

refund.

We

enclose

$

________

,

2. ( )

Yes,

we

may

be

interested

in

advertising

in

"Computers

and

Automation".

Please

send

us

rate

card

and

more

information.

3.

( ) We

are

interesting

in

using

your

address

plates

for

mailings

to

computer

people.

Here

is

our'

proposed

mailing

piece

for

your

approval.

Nam_e

_____________________

TiUe

________

__

Organization

______

----

____________________

_

Address

-----------------------------------

t

I

..

I

EDUCATION

AND

COMPUTERS

(cont'd

from

page

30)

I

think

Mr.

Lange

has

put

his

finger

on

the

most

important

of

all

the

points:

"how

we

are

to

convince

our

fellow

townspeople

that

such

steps

are

not

only

desirable

but

necessary."

In

order

to

convince

people,

you

have

to

have

evidence

(or

in-

formation

or

data

or

literature)

and

you

have

to

have

authority

(or

standing

or

status

or

reputation);

then

you

can

be

convincing.

So

there

are

two

steps

that

go

hand

in

hand:

publications

and

publicity

on

"The

Improvement

of

Education"

and

an

organiza-

tion

"Society

for

the

Improvement

of

Education".

In

other

words,

we

need

a

pressure

group;

even

the

best

causes

need

pressure

groups!

I

believe

it

is

up

to

Mr.

Lange

and

me

and any

other

people

who

agree

with

us

to

form

a

society

and

put

out

information

in

a

coordinated,

organized

way,

leading

towards

"The

Improvement

of

Education".

*-------------------*------------------*

Forum

INTERNA TIONAL

CONFERENCE

ON

OPERATIONAL RESEARCH

Operations

Research

Society

of

America

The

Institute

of

Management

Sciences,

U. S. A.

Operational

Research

Society

of

Great

Britain

An

IIl!ernational

.Conference

on

Operational

Research

is

being

organized

by

the~e

~ee

Societies,

and

will

be

li~ld

at

Oxford,

Engl~~,

from

September

2

to

September

6,

1957.

The

object

of

the

confer-

ence

will

be

to

unify

and

extend

the

science

of

Op-

erational

R~search.

Papers

will

be

presented

in

several

sessions,

including:

the

"Wholeness"

.

or

Underlying

Unity

of

Operational

Research;

the

Methodology;

Applications;

etc.

Further

information

regarding

this

confer-

ence

will

be

circulated

later

this

ye

ar

.

In

the

meantime,

proposed

papers

are

invited.

Summar-

ies

totalling

not

more

than

200

words

should

be

sent

to

Dr.

Thornton

Page

7100

Connecticut

Ave.

Chevy

Chase,

Md.

Opportunities

wil.l

be

made

available

for

people

coming

from

abroad

to

visit

British

Opera-

'tional

Research

Establishments

studying

specific

•

problems

or

using

specific

techniques.

Arrange-

ments

are

being

made

to

publish

the

conference

proceedings.

-

42

-

We

are

interested

in

artic)es,

paper~,

reference

information,

and

discussion

relating

to

computers

and

automation.

To

be

considered

for

any

parti-

cular

issue,

the

manuscript

should

be

in

our

hands

by

the

fifth

of

the

preceding

month.

Ordinarily,

the

length

should

be 1000

to

4000 words.

Articles.

We

desire

to

publish

articles

that

are

factual,

useful,

understandable,

and

interesting

to

many

kinds

of

people

engaged

in

one

part

or

an-

other

of

the

field

of

computers and

automation.

In

this

audience

are

many

people

who

have

expert

knowledge

of

some

part

of

the

field,

but

who

are

laymen

in

other

parts

of

it.

Consequently

a

wri-

ter

should

seek

to

explain

his

subject,

and

show

its

context

and

significance.

He

should

define

unfamiliar

terms,

or

use them

in

a

way

that

makes

their

meaning

unmistakable.

He

should

identify

unfamiliar

persons

with

a

few

words.

He

should

use examples,

details,

comparisons,

analogies,

etc.,

whenever

they

may

help

readers

to

under-

stand

a

difficult

point.

He

should

give

data

supporting

his

argument and

evidence

for

his

as-

sertions.

We

look

particularly

for

articles

that

explore

ideas

in

the

field

of

computers and

auto-

mation,

and

their

applications

and

implications.

An

article

may

certainly

be

controversial

if

the

subject

is

discussed

reasonably.

A

suggestion

for

an

article

should

be

submitted

to

us

before

too

much

work

is

done.

Technical

Papers.

Many

of

the

foregoing

require-

ments

for

articles

do

not

necessarily

apply

to

technical

papers.

Undefined

technical

terms,

unfamiliar

assumptions,

mathematics,

circuit

dia-

grams,

etc.,

may

be

entirely

appropriate.

Topics

interesting

probably

to

only

a few

people

are

acceptable.

Reference

Information.

We

desire

to

print

or

re-

print

reference

information:

lists,

rosters,

.ab-

s

trac

ts,

bibl

iographies,

etc."

of

use

to

computer

people.

Discussion.

We

desire

to

print

in

"Forum"

brief

discussions,

arguments,

announcements, news,

letters,

descriptions

of

remarkable

new

develop-

ments,

etc.,

anything

likely

to

be

of

substantial

interest

to

computer

people.

Occasionally,

we

print

or

reprint

science

fiction

which

explores

scientific

ideas

and

possibilities

about

computers,

robots,

cybernetics,

automation,

etc.,

and

their

implications,

and which

is

at

the

same time a good

story.

Payments.

In

many

cases,

we

make

small

token

pay-

ments

for

articles

and

papers,

if

the

author

wishes

to

be

paid.

The

rate

is

ordinarily

~¢

a

word,

with

a

maximum

of

$20, and

half

that

if

it

has been

printed

before.

ROSTER

ENTRY

FORMS

"Computers

and

Automation"

publishes

from

time

to

time

over

a

dozen

types

of

reference

infor-

mation.

One type

is

"Roster

of

Organizations

in

the

Computer

Field";

the

last

instance

of

this

Ros-

ter

appeared

in

the August, 1956

issue.

Here

is

a

sample

entry:

"Potter

Instrument

Co.,

115

Cutter

Mill

Rd.

,

Great

Neck, N. Y. /

Great

Neck

2-9532

/ *C

Electronic

counters.

Magnetic

and

perfora-

ted

paper

tape

handlers;

digital

printer.

Shift

registers.

Magnetic

core

memory.

Random

access

memory.

High-speed

printer

("Fly-

ing

Typewriter"):

6-1/2

lines

of

characters

printed

per

second.

Analog-to-digital

con-

verter.

Ms(115) Me(1942) Dc RMSa

(MEANING. Medium

size,

115

employees.

Established

1942.

Interested

in

digital

com-

puting

machinery.

Research,

manufacturing,

and

selling

activity.

) "

A

second

type

is

"The

Computer

Field:

Products

and

Services

for

Sale

or

Rent";

the

last

instance

of

this

appeared

in

the

June, 1956

issue.

Here

is

a

sample

entry

(together

with

the

heading

under

which

it

appeared):

"21.

DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERTERS

"ACF

ELECTRONICS,

INC.,

800

N.

Pitt

St.,

Al-

exandria,

Va. / ACF Model 1002

Decoder

/

DESCR:

All-electronic,

rack-mountable

converter

providing

rapid,

preCise,

and

de-

pendable

conversion

of

digital

data

to

analog

voltages.

Unit

capable

of

accepting

up

to

200,000

ten-bit

binary

codes

per

second

with

a

precision

one

part

in

1024. / USE:

applica-

tions

in

digital

computing

systems

0 r d a t a

transmission

links

/ $950 "

The

in

which

these

rosters

will

be

published,

cumulative

and up

to

date,

is

the

June

1957

issue,

"The

Computer

Directory

and

Buyers'

Guide", which

closes

~bout

April

10.

If

you

are

interested

in

sending

i~ormation

to

us

for

these

rosters,

following

is

the

form

of

entry.

To avoid

tearing

the

magazine,

the

form

may

be

copied

on

any

piece

of

paper.

The

request-

ed

nominal

charge

of $10

per

entry

applies

to

the

cumulative

listing

in

the

Directory

issue,

but

not

to

supplements

published

in

the

magazine

fro

In

time

to

time.

Organization

Entry

Form

1.

Your

organization's

correct

name?

2.

Your

address?

____________

_

3.

Telephone

number?

__________

_

-43 -

4.

Types

of

computing

machinery

or

components

or

computer

field

products

and

services

that

you

are

interested

in?

5.

Types

of

activity

that

you

engage

in:

( )

research

()

other

(please

( )

manufacturing

explain)

____

_

( )

selling

( )

consulting

6.

Approximate

number

of

your

employees

?

__

7.

Year

when

your

organization

was

established?

Filled

in

by

_____________

_

Title

___________

Date

___

_

When

filled

in,

please

send

this

form

to

COM-

PUTERS

AND

AUTOMATION, 815

Washington

St.,

Newtonville 60,

Mass.,

with

$10.00

requested

nominal

charge

per

entry,

on

or

before

APRIL

10,

1957.

Product

Entry

Form

1.

Name

or

identification

of

produce

(or

service)?

2.

Brief

description

(20

to

50

words):

____

_

3.

How

is

it

used?

____________

_

4.

What

is

the

price

range?

________

_

5.

Under

what

headings

should

it

be

listed?

Or

ganizati0

n:...-

_____________

_

Address

__________________________

__

Filled

in

by

_____________

_

Title

___________

....;Date

_____

_

When

filled

in,

please

send

this

form

to

COM-

PUTERS

AND

~UTOMATION,

815

Washington

St.,

Newtonville 60,

Mass.,

with $10.00

requested

nominal

charge

per

entry,

on

or

before

APRIL

10,

1957.

Forum

EDUCATION

AND

COMPUTERS

Bo

Brown

Jenkintown, P

a.

000000000

o

Dc>

o~CJc.>o~

o

00

,DO

00

~

"Daddy,

could

you

run

my

homework

through

again?"

*-------------------

*

-------------------

*

SPEciAL

ISSUES

OF

·~·~'COMPiJTERS

A'ND"

AUrOMATI.ON"

The

June

issue

of

"Computers

and

Automa-

tion"

in

each

year

commencing

with

1955

is

a

special

issue,

"The

Computer

Directory",

con-

taining

a

cumulative

"Roster

of

Organizations"

and

a

cumulative

"Roster

of

Products

and

Services

in

the

Computer

Field",

and

other

reference

in-

formation.

In

June

1957 we

shall

publish

the

special

issue

"THE

COMPUTER

DmECTORY

AND

BUYERS'

GUIDE,

1957".

For

more

information

about

this

issue

see

page

6.

In

early

1957, we

shall

publish

Edition

No.2

of

a

cumulative

"Who's

Who

in

the

Computer

Field",

as

an

extra

number

of

"Computers

and

Automation".

For

more

information,

see

page

6 •

-

44

-

CORRECTIONS

In

the

February,

1957

issue

of

"Computers

and

Automation":

Page

24,

1st

column,

6th

line,

replace

''with''

by

"wish".

Page

25, 2nd

column,

replace

"this

about"

by

"this

is

about".

Page

41,

1st

column,

8th

line,

rep

1

ace

"Trump"

by

"Trumpet".

News

Release

NUMERICAL ANALYSIS COURSE

Clemson

College

Mathematics

Department

Clemson,

South

Carolina

Beginning

with

the

second

semester,

1957,

the

Mathematics

Department

will

offer

a

course

in

"Numerical

Analysis

(Math

308)."

The

course

is

unique

in

that

it

is

the

first

time

that

a

mathe-

matics

course

will

be

conducted

on

a

"Theory-

Lab"

baSiS,

the

3

hour

credit

being

2

theory

hours

and

a 3

-hour

lab.. Also,

Clemson

will

be

one of

the

few

colleges

or

universities

offering

Numer-

ical

Analysis

at

the

undergraduate

level.

Any

stu-

dent

who

has

completed

Integral

Calculus

(Math

204)

will

be

eligible

for

enrollment.

The

prim~y

objectives

of

the

course

are

to

present

the

theory

of

various

methods

of

obtaining

approximate

solutions

to

problems

arising

in

the

physical,

biological

and

social

sciences,

and

to

provide

practice

in

rapid

means

of

obtaining

the

approximations

through

the

use

of

mechanical

and

electronic

computing

devices.

The

course

will

have

three

major

aspects:

(1)

Approximation

Methods -

to

include

"trapping

techniques,

interpolation

and

extra-

polation

methods,

successive

approximations,

series

solutions,

etc.

These

will

be

applied

to

arithmetic

problems,

high

degree

algebraic

equations,

transcendental

equations,

differ-

ential

equations,

and

certain

boundary

value

problems.

(2)

Theory

of

Approximations

-

to

include

elements

of

error

analysis,

numerical

differ-

entiation

and

integration,

principle

of

least

squares,

probability

equations,

central-

differ-

ence

formulas,

etc.

(3)

Introduction

to

High-speed

Computer

Methods -

to

include

elementary

Boolean

al-

gebra

and

Laws

of Logic,

principles

of

data

reduction

and

programming.

If

possible,

a

small

scale

digital

computer,

using

relays,

will

be

constructed

and

used

for'

demonstra-

tions

and

practice

in

these

areas.

The

course,

although

elementary,

should

be

useful

to

all

Engineering

and

Science

majors,

and

of

particular

value

to

students

interested

in

nuclear

work

and

certain

phases

of

Industrial

Management.

-

END-

-

45·

Physicists

and

mathematicians

HOW

DO

YOUR

SPECIAL

SKILLS

FIT

INTO

THE

AIRCRAFT

NUCLEAR

PROPULSION

PICTURE

AT

GENERAL

ELECTRIC

Many

physicists

and

mathematicians

who

recognize

the

excep.

tional

promise

of

a

career

in

General

Electric's

fast

growing

Aircraft

Nuclear

Propulsion

Department

have

asked

if

their

skiIls

can

be

used

in

this

significant

project.

If

you

are

qualified

to

work

on

THERMODYNAMIC

and

AIR

CYCLE

ANALYSIS

REACTOR

ANALYSIS

SHIELD

PHYSICS

NUCLEAR

INSTRUMENTATION

APPLIED

MATHEMATICS

DIGITAL

and

ANALOG

COMPUTER

THEORETICAL

PHYSICS

you

can

move

NOW

into

major

assignments

in

the

develop.

ment

of

nuclear

propulsion

systems

for

aircraft.

You

do

not

need

experience.

Through

General

Electric's

fuII-tuition

refund

plan

for

advanced

university

courses

and

in

plant

training

conducted

by

experts,

you'II

acquire

the

necessary

nucleonics

knowledge.

The

field

itself

assures

you a

rewarding

future,

but,

more

than

that,

the

physicist

or

mathematician

who

likes

to

work

in

a

top-level

scientific

atmoophere

wiII

appreciate

General

Electric's

encouragement

of

creative

thinking,

its

recognition

of

accomplishment.

Comprehensive benefit program • Periodic merit

reviews • Excellent starting salaries • Relocation

expenses paid

OPENINGS

IN

-

Cincinnati, Ohio and Idaho

Falls,

Idaho

Write

in

confidence stating salary requirements,

to

location

you

prefer:

J.

R.

ROSSELOT

P.

O.

Box

132

Cincinnati,

Ohio

L.

A.

MUNTBER

P.

O. Box 535

Idaho

FaIls,

Idaho

GENERAL

e

ELECTRIC

COMPUTERS

AND AUTOMATION -

Back

Copies

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

Sixteen

kinds

of

reference

information

that

com-

puter

people

can

hardly

afford

to

be

without

(lat-

est

issues

containing

each

are

indicated):

Organizations:

Roster

of

Organizations

in

the

Computer:

Field

(June,

Aug.

1956)

Roster

of

computing

services

(June 1956)

Roster

of

Consulting

Services

(June

1956)

Computing Machinery and Automation:

Types

of

Automatic computing Machinery

(March 1957)

Roster

of

Automatic Computers (June 1956)

Outstanding

Examples

of

Automation

(July

1954)

Commercial Automatic Computers (Dec. 1956)

Types

of

components

of

Automatic Computing

Machinery (March 1957)'

Products and

services

in

the

Computer

Field:

Products

and

.Services

for

sale

(June 1956)

Classes

of

Products and Serv

ices

(March 1957)

Words

and Terms:

Glossary

of

Terms and

Expressi~

in

the

Computer

Field

(Oct. 1956)

Information

and

Publications:

Books

and Other

Publications

(many

issues)

New

Patents

(nearly

every

issue)

Roster

of

Magazines (Dec. 1955)

Titles

and

Abstracts

of

Papers Given

at

Meet-

ings

(many

issues)

People: Who's

Who

in

the

Computer

Field

(various

issues)

ARTICLES,

PAPERS,

ETC.

June:

THE

COMPUTER

DIRECTORY,

1956 (104

pages)

Part

1:

Roster

of

Organizations

in

the

Com-

puter

Field

(cumulative)

Part

2: The Market

Place

--

The Computer

Field:

Products

and

services

for

Rent

or

Sale

(cum-

ulative)

Part

3: Who's

Who

in

the

Computer

Field

(supp-

lement)

Part

4:

Roster

of

Automatic computers

(cumu~~e)

August.:

Two

Electronic

computers

Share

a Sing

Ie

Problem

--

National

Bureau

of

Standards

IBM

Electronic

Data

Processing

Operations

in

the

Midwest

--

Neil

D.

Macdonald

Complaint

by

sperry

Rand

corp.

in

Anti-Trust

Suit

Against

Intern.

Bus.

Mach

Corp.,

&

Answer and

Counterclaim

by

IBM

September:

The

IBM

Computer

AN/FSQ-7

and

the

Electronic

Air Defense System

SAGE

--

H.T.

Rowe

Glass

and Metal

Honeycomb

Type

of

Electrostatic

Storage

Memory

--

General

Electric

Research

Laboratory

The

Computer

Age

--

Staff

of

Business

Week

An

Ocean-Based Automatic Weather

Station

-_

National

Bureau

of

Standards

U.S.

District

Court,

U.S.A.,

Plaintiff,

vs.

IBM

Corp.,

Defendant,

Final

Judgment

-

4ti-

October:

Glossary

of

Terms

in

the

Field

of

Com-

puters

and Automation

(cumulative)

Systems

Engineering

in

Business

Data

Process-

ing

--

Ned

Chapin

Magnetic Ink

Character

Recognition

in

Mechan-

ization

of

Check Handling

November:

Use

of

Automatic Programming

--

Walter

F.

Bauer

Data Problems

of

a Grocery

chain

--

Frank

A.

Calhoun

The

power

of

the

Computer

--

George

J.

Huebner,

Jr.

An

Automatic Micro-Image

File

--

National

Bureau

of

Standards

December: Indexing

for

Rapid

Random

Access

Memory

Systems

--

Arnold

I.

Dumey

Self-Repairing

and Reproducing Automata

--

Richard L. Meier

The

Computer's

Challenge

to

Education

--

Clarence

B.

Hilberry

January.

1957

(vol.

6,

no.l):

Modern

Large-Scale

Computer System Design

--

Walter

F.

Bauer

Logical

and

Combinatorial

Problems

in

Computer

Design

--

Robert

McNaughton

Transistorized

Magnetic Core

Memory

--

Bell

Telepho~e

Laboratories

Education

for

Automation

--

Alston

S. House-

holder

_

Social

and

Public

Relations'

Responsibilities

of

the

Computer

Industry

--

Jay

W.

Forrester

High School

Science

Education

--

Richard

W.

Mel

ville

Objective

Measures

of

Education

--

Donald

Truitt

February:

Computation

for

an

Earth

Satellite

Neil

D.

Macdonald

New

Computer Developments Around

the

World

--

Everett

S. Calhoun

Industry

and

the

Automated

Future:

Problems

Along

the

Way

--

John Diebold

Electronic

Digital

Data-Handling

--

Howard

T.

Engstrom

The

Solution

of

boundary Value Problems

on

a

REAC

Analog Computer

--

M.

Yanowitch

BACK

COpy

PRICE:

If

available,

$1.25

each,

except

June 1955,

$4.00,

and June 1956,

$6.00

(the

June

issue

is

the

Computer

DirectorY'issue)

- - Mail

this

,coupon

(or

a copy

of

it)-

- - -

To:

Berkeley

Enterprises,

Inc.

815 Washington

St.,

R

191

Newtonville

60, Mass.

Please

send

me

the

following

back

copies:

I

enclose

$

in

full

payment.

If

not

satisfactory,

returnable

within

week

for

full

re-

fund

(if

in

good

condition).

My

name

and

address

are

attached.

*------------------------------------------ * -------------------------------------------*

News

Release

INSTRUMENTS AND REGULATORS CONFERENCE,

CHICAGO,

APRIL

7

-10,

1957

The

American

Society

of

Mechanical

Engineers

New

York

18,

N.

Y.

The

Instruments

and

Regulators

Division

of

the

American

Society

of

Mechanical

Engineers

will

hold

its

Third

Almual

Conference

at

Northwestern

University,

Evanston,

ID.

(adjacent

to

Chicago) ,

on

April

8,

9,

and

10, 1957.

The

Conference

will.

be

devoted

to

papers

concerned

with

the

applica-

tion

of

new

techniques

as

reported

in

ferences

to

actual

control

problems.

These

techniques

include

the

use

of

frequency

response

methods

for

the

analysis

of

non-linear

con-

trols,

analog

computers,

statistical

methods,

effects

of

noise

on

operation,

designing

to

fit

the

statistical

properties

of

actual

disturbances,

impulse

methods,

and

the

optimizing

of

industrial

processes.

A

sub-

ject

of

particular

interest

is

the

performance

of

industrial

automatic

controls

in

the

presence

of'

random

disturbances

and

the

application

of

statis-

-47 -

tical

methods

for

the

solution

of

this

problem.

There

will

be

least

one

paper

on

the

use

of

analog

computers

in

various

applications.

-

END-

*--------------------*-------------------*

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\,Jnuur

D£.nJ\YJ.Un

(cont'd

from page 21)

cently

acquired

items

is

consulted; only

every

other

item

which

was

stored

during

the

ten

trials

prior

to

that

is

consulted;

and only

every

third

it-

em

on

the

15

items

stored

that,

etc.

Another

variation

which

is

easily

effected

consists

of

permitting

certain

of

the

robots

to

skip

the

i r

turns

at

specified

times.

There

is

a

great

free-

dom of

choice

in

selecting

the

Value

functions;

re-

lative

to

each

Value function,

it

is

possible

to

con-

struct

behavior

functions

other

than

the

ones

which

were

discussed

above.

For

instance,

they

might

be

such

that

the

majority

of

the

robots

will

be

re-

warded,

even

though individual

robots

may

at

times

be

punished.

There

are

also

some

other

interesting

vari-

ations

on

these

experiments,

which would involve

a

slight

revision

of

the

program.

Thus,

outputs

consisting

of

more

than

a

single

binary

variable

could

be

considered

without

much

difficulty. The

form

of

the

behavior

function

may

be

made

to

vary

with

time,

by

altering

the

instructions

wh

i c h

specify

the

behavior

function

automatically.

One

of

the

robots

might

be

outside

of

the

computer

(such

as

a

source

of

random

IiUInbers),

but

this

would

slow

the

program

down

somewhat.

It

may

be

observed

that

if

the

storage

capac-

ity

allotted

to

each

robot

(number

of

state

variables)

is

too

small,

it

may

happen

that

the

response

will

continue

to

be

chosen

at

random;

that

is,

Pi

will

not

have

been

able

to

acquire

and

store

enough

in-

formation

upon which to

base

"rational"

decisions

which

will

insure

reward.

Periodicity

begins

when

the

last

robot

has

ceased

to

guess

his

res-

ponse.

It

is

possible

that

different

strategies

for

acquiring

items

of

experience

may

increase

the

speed

of

learning,

and

reduce

the

minimum

re-

quired

memory

capacity.

Conclusions

The

experimental

results

may

be

r 0

ugh

-

ly

summarized

as

follows:

Mter

a

certain

time,

the

time

variation

of

the

group

responses

becomes

periodic.

The

length

of

the

period,

and

the

time

at

which

periodicity

first

appears,

are

not

relat-

ed

to

the

number

of

robots

involved

for

the

cases

which

were

tested:

4,

6, 7, 8, 9

robots

connected

in

a

circle

network.

The

average

time

to

tbe

start

of

periodicity

increases

with

the

complexity

of

the

network,

although

the

period

is

not

affected

greatly.

When

periodicity

is

reached,

the

internal

state

variables

of

the

robots

no

longer

change.

These

state-variables

specify

the

accumulated

and

stored

experiences

acquired

by

a

robot

during

-48 -

the

course

of

its

interactions

with

the

others

and

with

the

reward

schedule.

The

final

complexity

of

this

internal

state

(number

of

items

of

informa-

tion

stored

when

periodicity

is

reached)

increases

with

the

complexity

of

the

network,

particularly

with

the

position

of

that

robot

in

the

network.

If

the

storage

capacity

alloted

to

each

robot

for

stor-

ing

experience

is

sufficiently

small,

periodicity

will

not obtain, and

responses

will

continue to

be

made

at

random.

These

experiments

suggest

that

digital

com-

puters

could

serve

as

useful

tools

in

the

construc-

tion

of

models

in

the

social

sciences.

A

program

of

the

type

discussed

can

take

the

place

of

writing

a

very

complicated

set

of

difference

equations,

not

to

mention

solving

these.

It

may

further

serve

to

help

the

model-builder

in

proving

the

falseness

of

conjectures,

as

guides

to

the

revision

of

basic

concepts

and

assumptions,

and

in

the

generation

of

"data"

to

be

compared

with

empirical

results.

Such

programs

are

in

no way

substitutes

or

crut-

ches

for

mathematical.

thinking; on

the

contrary,

it

is

intended

and

expected

that

they

will

free

the

model-builder

from

chores

which

are

not

his

chief

interest,

so

that

he

may

devote

more

effort

to

that

area

of thought

in

which a

machine

cannot

at

present

be

used:

in

creative

mathematical

thinking, involving

the

invention and

formulation

of

fruitful

concepts,

definitions,

assumptions,

conjectures,

and

methods

of proof.

Acknowledgement: The

use

of the

computer

and

facilities

at

the

Electronic

Computer

Project

of

the

Institute

for

Advanced Study,

at

Princeton,

N.

J.,

where

these

experiments

were

programmed

and

run

in

the

summer

of 1955,

is

hereby

grate-

fully acknowledged.

-

END-

*---------*

---------*

SYMPOSIUM

ON

THE THEORY

OF

SWITCHING,

CAMBRIDGE, MASS.,

APRIL

2-5

An

International

Symposium on

the

Theory

of

Switching

will

take

place

at

the

Computation

Labor-

atory

of

Harvard

University,

Cambridge

38,

Mass.,

April

2

to

5, 1957.

Topics

to

be

discussed

include

Abstract

Models,

Contact

Networks,

Magnetic

and

Transistor

Logic, Switching

Systems,

etc.

For

more

information,

write

to

Howard Aiken,

Direc-

tor

of

the

Computation

Laboratory.

putting

IIDEASI

to

work-research at

IIBMI

•

Powder

to

parts:

light

metal

powders

form

solid

finished

parts

needing

little

or

no

machining.

•

Connections

are

important:

new

IBM

developments

in

printed

circuitry

solve

two

contact

problems.

•

Contact

erosion

studies:

measurements

of

erosion

or

bridging

by

electric

arcs

on

various

contact

materials.

Powder

to parts

Although IBM's modern data processing

machines have been streamlined they are

still complicated affairs. Even a small

machine like the Card Punch

is

composed

of

some 3,000 parts. Many

of

these parts,

ranging from simple stampings to com-

plex die castings, are fabricated

by

con-

ventional methods. Others, because

of

either their shape

or

the machine require-

ments which they must fulfill, are most

satisfactorily and economically produced

by

using the sintered metal technique.

This technique involves the pressing

of

metal powders in a mold and heat-treat-

ing the resulting shape to form usable

parts requiring little or no machining.

Sma

I!

parts manufactured

by

the sintered metal technique.

In

his technical paper,

"The

Use

of

Sintered Metal Parts in IBM

Products"

Athan Stosuy

of

the Poughkeepsie Prod-

uct Development Laboratory cites the

details behind the two major reasons for

the company's interest in sintered metals

-economics

and machine improvement.

I n addition to illustrating a number

of

sintered metal applications, the

author

details several special functions

of

sin-

tered metal

products-magnetic

cores,

the

"memory"

units for electronic com-

puters, for

example-and

outlines the

typical procedures used

at

IBM to main-

tain the highest possible standards

of

quality and usefulness

of

sintered metal

parts.

Mr. Stosuy's paper was presented

at

the Metal Power Association meeting

at

Cleveland on April

11,

1956.

Write for

IBM Bulletin No. 600.

Connections

are

important

"What

won't they think

of

next?"

is

a

question that can certainly be applied to

electronic computers. At the Product

Development Laboratory, though,

we

more often say

"What

did they think

of

this morning?" We keep up with the

newest things this

way.,

Such things, for

instance, as a special three-dimensional

printed wire back panel for intercon-

necting circuit packages. This new panel

has helped lick two problems in the

application

of

printed wiring techniques

to complex computing machines. These

problems were the design

of

individually

printed circuit cards for economical

mass-production, and the interconnec-

tion

of

these printed wiring packages.

IBM's

E.

R.

Wyma explains how this

has been accomplished in his recent

paper,

"The

Three-Dimensional Printed

Back-Panel." He begins with a section

devoted to "Back Panel Design Require-

ments," then proceeds to the "Three-

Dimensional Array" itself, in which cir-

cuit connections are made by terminating

the machine's printed wiring cards

at

a

large printed

panel-a

big step, obvious-

ly,

in machine simplification, cost reduc-

tion, and time saving.

"The

purpose

of

this paper

is

to show

how the three-dimensional printed cir-

cuit concept satisfies the requirement for

flexible design

of

the panel and permits

mechanized production

of

the connecting

devices." Write for IBM Bulletin No. 601.

Contact erosion studies

To see what could be done to meet the

vital need for more reliable electrical

components such as circuit breakers

and

relays, a contact studies team headed by

Dr. William

B.

Ittner, III, was organized

in

IBM's Product Development Labora-

DATA

PROCESSING

•

ELECTRIC

TYPEWRITERS

•

TIME

EQUIPMENT

•

MILITARY

PRODUCTS

tory

at

Endicott, New York. The group

studied the

electrica~

and metallurgical

phenomena affecting contact life and

performance.

200r---------~,-----------

SHOgT

ARC

EROSION

...........

_---

---------

....

5(}%

Pd

c.OMPOsrnON

BY

WEIGHT

A

STUDY

OF

CONTACT

EROSION

BY

ENERGY

OISSlPATf.D

IN

iHE

SHORT

ARC,

DOHED

LINE

REt>RESENTS

THE01<ETlCAl

PROJECTION

OF

SILVER.

AND

PALLAOIVM

ALLOY

Q

,

CONT

ACT

PllOFII

..

t

SHOWING

EROSION

ON

A

CONTACT

SURFACE

There were three distinct types

of

arcs

where investigations were most needed:

the short arc, the normal arc, and the

high-powered arc. During the investiga-

tion, pure forms and alloys

of

palladium,

copper, platinum, silver, tungsten and

other materials were tested. The funda-

mental behavior characteristics

of

these

arcs were observed to determine bridging

and erosion by such arcs

on

all types

of

contact

materials.

Measurements

of

anode and cathode erosion

or

bridging

were also made.

When all the facts were in, the group

made

specific

recommendations

for

metals and alloys to be used in IBM re-

lays, circuit breakers, and contact points

for particular circuit parameters.

Full details are described in IBM

Bulletin No. 602.

eRESEARCH

at

IBM

means IDEAS

at

work.

For

bulletins mentioned above,

write International Business Machines

Corp.,

Dept.

CA-22,

590

Madison

Avenue, New York

22,

New York.

ADVERTISING

INDEX

The

purpose

of COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION

is

to

be

factual,

useful,

and

understandable.

For

this

pur-

pose,

the

kind

of

advertising

we

desire

to

publish

is

the

kind

that

answers

questions

such

as:

What

are

your

products?

What

are

your

services?

And

for

each

product:

What

is

it

called?

What

does

it

do?

How

well

does

it

work?

What

are

its

main

specifica-

tions?

Following

is

the

index

and a

summary

of

advertise-

ments.

Each

item

contains:

Name

and

address

of

the

advertiser

/

subject

of

the

/

page

num-

ber

where

it

appears

/

CA

number

in

case

of

inquiry

(see

note

below).

AMP,

Inc.,

2100

Paxton

St.,

Harrisburg,

Pa

/

Patch-

cords

/

Page

52 / CA No. 151

Cambridge

Thermionic

Corp.,

430

Concord

Ave.,

Cam-

bridge

38,

Mass.

/

Components

/

Page

7 /

CA

No. 152

Computers

and Automation, 815

Washington

St.,

New-

tonville

60,

Mass.

/

Advertising,

Computer

People,

Back

Copies

/

Pages

40, 41, 46 / CA No. 159

General

Electric

Co.,

Aircraft

Nuclear

Propulsion

Dept.,

Cincinnati,

Ohio /

Employment

Opportun-

ities

/

Page

45

/

CA

No. 153

General

Transistor

Corp.,

1030-11

90th

Ave.,

Rich-

mond

Hill, N. Y. /

Transistors

/

Page

51 /

CA

No. 154

International

Business

Machines

Corp.,

590 Madison

Ave.,

New

York

22, N. Y. /

Employment

Oppor-

tunities

/

Page

49

/ CA No. 155

Lockheed

Missile

Systems

Division,

Box

504, Sunny-

vale,

Calif.

j.

Employment

Opportunities

/

Page

26,

27

/ CA No. 156

The

Ramo-Wooldridge

Corp.,

5730

Arbor

Vitae

St.,

Los

Angeles

45,

Calif.

/

Data

Processing,

Employ-

ment

Opportunities

/

Pag'es

2, 47 /

CA

No. 157

Sylvania

Electric

Products,

Inc.,

1740 Broadway,

New York,

19,

N. Y, /

Diodes

/

Pages

4, 5 /

CA

No. 158

READER'S

INQUIRY

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you

wish

more

information

about

any

products

or

services

mentioned

in

one

or

more

of

these

adver-

tisements,

you

may

circle

the

appropriate

CA

Nos.

on

the

Reader's

Inquiry

Form

below

and

send

th

at

form

to

us

(we

pay

postage;

see

the

instructions).

We

shall

then

forward

your

inquiries,

and

you

will

hear

from

the

advertisers

direct.

If

you

do

not

wish

.

to

tear

the

magazine,

just

drop

us

a

line

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111111111111111

Name (please print) ........................................................................................................................... .

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41

<42

.0

....

45

66 67

68 69

70

91

92

93

94 95

116 117

118

119 120

141

142

1.0 1 ....

145

21

22

23 24

25

46 47

.cs

49;'i()

71

72

73 74 75

96

97

98 99

100

121

122

123 124

125

146 147

1.cs

149.150

REMARKS:

I

,

\-

-- - --

_.:-,..

--- - --

..-

-

..1-

________________________________________

_

-50 -

In

computer

or

in

other

applications

where

current

,

must

be

a!Uplified

in'either

dfreetion,

you

can

now,

'

specify,

General

Transistor's

new

GT-34S

bi..direc·

tiona)

transistor.

As

developed

by

Gf,

this

symmetrical

transjsto~

'"

,

cal'),

al.so,

be

used

~s

a

hi·directional

sWitch

when

placed

in

series

with

the

load.

For

greater

reHab

11-

itYf

to

s~ve

production

time,

and

for

compactness

,

you

'should

exami~e

GT's·34S

••.

another

reason

for'

General's

leadership

in

the

manufacture

and

devel·

,'opment

of

transistors

for

computers.

"

Write

for

Bulletin

GT·34SJor

complete

specifications.

' '

~,

' " ",

GENERAL

TRANSISTOR

CORP.

91-27

138th

Place,

Jamaica

35,

N.

Y.

OLympia

7-9700

AMP'S

PATCHCORD

PROG

AMMING

$/~

confirmation

A

wide

variety

of AMP

Taper

Technique

product

provides

long-life

assurance

of

perfect

electrical

terminations

and

is a

contributing

factor

in

keepin9

electronic

equipment

compact.

The

AMP

Patchcord

Programming

System offers a multiformity ,

of

internal

wiring

arrangements

and

con-

nections

and

permits

circuit

versatility

by

use

of

pre

patched,

removable

front

boards.

A

number

of

major

airlines,

including

the

Long

Island

City facilities of

Pan

American

Airlines

(shown

above),

have

installed

electronic

equipment

man

ufac-

tured

by

Teleregister

Corporation,

Stamford,

Connecticut

to

eliminate

delay

and

uncertainty

in

air

travel

reservations

procedure.

AMP

Taper

Technique

and

AMP

Patchcord

Programming

Systems

are

prominent

in

the

design

of this

equip-

ment.

AMP

Taper

Technique

and

AMP

Patch-

cord

Programming

Systems

have

been

utilized for

years

to solve

problem5

inherent

in

the

design

of

computers,

business

machines,

.

and

automatic

control

equip-

ment.

Complete

information

is

available

on

request.

{

~

,

! < '

You

are cordially invited

to

visit

our display

at

the

IRE

show

in

New

York

City,'

March

18th

to

21st,

1957.

,

BOOTHS

2427·2429

Wholly

Owned

Subsidiaries:

Aircraft-Marine

Products

of

Canada

Ltd.,

Toronto,

Canada

Aircraft-Marine

Products

(G.B.) Ltd ,

London,

England

Societe

AMP

de

France,

Le

Pre

SI.

Gervais,

Seine,

France

AMP-Holland

N. V.

's-Hertogenbosch,

-Holland

Japanese

Distributors:

Oriental

Terminal

Products

Co.,

Ltd.,

Tokyo,

Japan

, 1

AMP'S

PATCHCD

~

A

wide

variety

of

AMP

Taper

Technique

product

provides

long-life

assurance

of

perfect

electrical

terminations

and

is a

contributing

factor

in

keeping

electronic

equipment

compact.

The

AMP

Patchcord

Programming

System

offers a

multiformity

of

internal

wiring

arrangements

and

con-

nections

and

permits

circuit

versatility

by

use

of

prepatched,

removable

fron

t

boards

.

A

number

of

major

airlines,

including

the

Long

Island

City

facilities

of

Pan

American

Airlines

(shown

above),

have

installed

electronic

equipment

man

ufac-

tured

by

Teleregister

Corporation,

Stamford,

Connecticut

to

eliminate

delay

and

uncertainty

in

air

travel

reservations

procedure.

AMP

Taper

Technique

and

AMP

Patchcord

Programming

Systems

are

prominent

in

the

design

of

this

equip-

ment.

AMP

Taper

Technique

and

AMP

Patch-

cord

Programming

Systems

have

been

utilized

for

years

to

solve

problem&

inherent

in

the

design

of

computers,

business

machines,

and

automatic

control

equip-

ment.

Complete

information

is

available

on

request.

AMP

INCORPORATED

General

Office:

Harrisburg,

Pa.

Wholly

Owned

Subsidiaries:

Aircraft-Marine

Products

of

Canada

Ltd., Toronto,

Canada

Aircraft·Marine

Products

(G.B.)

Ltd"

London,

England

Societe

AMP

de

France,

Le

Pre

St.

Gervais,

Seine,

France

AMP-Holland

N.V.

's.Hertogenbosch,

Holland

Japanese

Distributors:

Oriental

Terminal

Products

Co.,

Ltd.,

Tokyo,

Japan

195703

195703 195703

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