195705

Computer

Market

Survey -Report

No.

1

. . . Edmund

C.

Berkeley

New

Products

and

Ideas

Reliability in Business Automatic Data Processing

Herbert

T.

Glantz

Automatic Search

of

Library Documents

. S. Richard

Moyer

I.

R.

E.

National

Convention,

March,

1957,

New

York -

Titles

and

Abstracts

of

Papers Bearing on Computers

and

Data

Processors

As recently as ten years ago it was just becoming

evident

that

digital techniques in electronics were

destined to create a new and rapidly growing field.

Today,

incorporat~d

in

electronic compu,ters

and

other equipment, they constitute one

of

the most sig-

nificant developments

in'

scientific computation, in

electronic data processing for business and industry,

and in electronic

cantlol

s~stems

for the military.

In

the

near

future they are expected to become a major

new factor in industrial process control systems.

The digital computer for scientific computation is

becoming commonplace in research and development

laboratories. Such machines range from small spe-

cialized units costing a few thousand dollars, to large

general purpose computers costing over a million

dollars. One

of

these large computers

is

a

part

of

the

Ramo-Wooldridge Computing Center, and a second

such unit will be installed the latter

part

of

this year.

The digital computer has not only lightened the com-

putation load for scientists and engineers,

but

has

made possible many calculations which previously

were impracticable. Such computers have played a

major

role

in

the

modern

systems

engineering

approach to complex problems.

Electronic data processing for business and industry

is

now well under way, based

on

earlier developments

in electronic computers.

Data

processors have

much

in common with computers, including the utilization

of

digital techniques.

In

this field, teams

of

Ramo-

Wooldridge specialists are providing consulting serv-

ices to a variety

of

clients

on

the application

of

data

processing equipment to their problems.

The

use

of

digital techniques in military

control

systems

is

an accomplished fact. Modern interceptor

aircraft, for example, use digital fire control systems.

A number

of

Ramo-Wooldridge scientists and engi-

neers have pioneered in this field, and the photograph

above shows a part

of

an R-W-developed airborne

digital computer.

These, then, are

some

of

the

aspects

of

the

rapid

growth which is taking place in the field

of

digital

techniques. Scientists

and

engineers with experience

in this field are invited to explore openings at

The

Ramo-

Wooldridge Corporation in:

Automation and Data Processing

Digital Computers and Control Systems

Airborne Electronic and Control Systems

Guided Missile Research and Development

Electronic

Instrumentation

and Test Equipment

Communication Systems

The

Ramo-Wooldridge

Corporation

5730

ARBOR

VITAE

STREET

•

LOS

ANGELES

45, CALIFORNIA

COMPUTERS

AND

CYBERNETICS

•

ROBOTS

•

AUTOMATION

AUTOMATIC

CONTROL

Vol. 6,

No.

5

ESTABLISHED

SEPTEMBER,

1951

ARTICLES

Computer

Market

Survey

-

Report

No.1

Reliability

in

Business

Automatic

Data

Processing

Automatic

Search

of

Library

Documents

NEW PRODUCTS AND IDEAS

REFERENCE

INFORMATION

Edmund

C.

Berkeley

Herbert

T.

Glantz

S.

Richard

Moyer

1.

R.

E.

National

Convention,

March

1957, New

York

-

Titles

and

Abstracts

of

Papers

Bearing

on

Computers

and

Data

Processing

New

Patents

FORUM

May,

1957

8

20

24

18

30

36

Magazines

on

"Computology"

The

United

States

Mails

-

Field

for

Automatic

Processing

of

Information

...

Samuel

J.

M.

England

37

...

The

Reader's

Digest

and

38

the

U.

S.

Post

Office

Analogue

Computers

in

Europe

P.

A.

R.

Wright

42

Association

for

Computing

Machinery

Meeting

...

J.

F.

Summers

44

The

Editor's

Notes

Index

of

Notice

s

Advertising

Index

Edi

tor:

Edmund

C.

Berkp.ley

Assistant

Edi

tors:

Neil

D.

lJacdonald,

F.

L.

Walker

Contributing

Editors:

Andrew

D Booth, John

W.

Carr,III,

Alston S.

Hous~holder

Advisory Committee: Samuel

B.

Williams,

Herbert

F.

Mitchell

Jr.,

Howard

T. Engstrom,

Alston

S. Householder,

H.

Jefferson

Mills,

Jr.

Sales

and

Service

Manager: -

Miltnl'>

L. Kaye,

601

Madison Ave.,

New

York

22,

N.Y.

-

Plaza

5-4680

Advertising

Representatives:

New

York

-Mil,ton

L.

Kaye,

601

Madison Ave.,

New

York

22, N.Y.,

Plaza

5-4680

San

Francisco

-

W.A.

Babcock,

605

Market

St.,

San Francisco 5,

Calif.,

Yukon

2-·3954

6

46

Los

Angeles -Wentworth

F.

Green,

439

So. Western Ave.,

Los

Angeles 5,

Calif.,

Dunkirk 7-8135

Elsewhere -

the

Publisher

Publisher:

Berkeley

Enterprises,

Inc.,

815

Washington

St.,

Newtonville 60, Mass., Decatur 2-5453

or

2~3928

COMPUTERS

ANn

AUTOMATION

is

published

monthly. Copyright, 1957,

by

Berkeley

Enterprises,

Inc.

'Subscription

rates:

in

the United

States

-

one

year

$5.50,

two

years

$10.50;

in

Canada -one

year

$6.00,

two

years

$11.50;

elsewhere -

one

year

$6.50,

two

years

$12.50

Entered

as second

class

matter

at

the

Post

Office,

New

York,

N.Y.

- 3 -

New

Sylvania package offers

Maximum

Dissipation

Cooler

operation

resulting

from

higher

qissipation

of

Sylvania

glass-

to-metal

miniature

diode

permits

closer

printed

board

spacing

for

maximum

savings

in

space.

Right

angle

bending

of

leads

for

printed

board

insertion

does

not

affect

the

diode

body

since

metal-to-

glass

design

avoids

chipping

or

cracking.

v

V

./

l/

V'

....

V

./v

1/

.

10

20

30 40

50

JUNCTION

TEMPERATURE RISE,

TOC,

Typical

dissipation

curve

of

the

Sylvania

glass-to-metal

diode.

LIGHTING

RADIO

in

Miniature

Diodes

Actual

comparison

of

Sylvania

miniature

diodes

with

all-glass

miniatures

shows

that

the

Sylvania

metal-to-glass package design

results

in

greater

dis-

sipation. As a

result,

cooler

operation

can

extend

diode life aiid

improve

product

dependability

and

performance. Diodes

can

be

banked

closer

on

printed

circuit

boards

for

maxim~m

space savings.

Metal-to-glass package offers

other

important

ad-

vantages.

The

diode

cartridge

is assembled before

installation

of

the

whisker

and

d~e-avoiding

ex-

cessive heating.

In

addition,

right

angle bending

of

the

leads for

printed

board

insertion does

not

result

in

chipping

or

cracking

of

the

diode body.

Sylvania

offers a complete line

of

miniature

diodes

in

the

glass-to-metal package'.

The

package

meets

the

standard

RETMA

outline

of

.105"

maximum

diameter

and

.265"

maximum

overall length.

Write

for complete details .

TELEVISION

SYLVANIA

ELECTRIC

PR(>DUCTS

INC.

1740

Broadway,

New

York

19,

N.

Y.

In

Canada: Sylvania Electric (Canada) Ltd.

Shell Tower Bldg., Montreal

ELECTRONICS

ATOMIC

ENERGY

MinimU'm

Forward

Current

Type

at

1

volt

IN67A

4ma

IN90 5

ma

;,)N98

20ma

IN126

Sma

IN127

3ma

IN128

3ma

IN191

Sma

IN198

4ma

(5

ma

@

75°

C)

IN631

IN632

IN633

IN634

SOma

IN635

SOma

Note

1:

For

type 1

N191

at

55° C the

reverse resistance will be 400 ohms or

greater

between

-10

and

-50

volts

when swept

from

0 to

-70

volts

at

a

60 cycle rate.

.

The

reverse recovery time will not ex·

ceed 0.5 usec

at

700 ua or 3.5 usec

at

87.5 ua of current when rapidly switched

, (at a 60 cycle rate)

from

+30

ma for-

/

f'

/

;1,

W

l

//

~'

#

I'

J

ELECTRICAL CHARACTERISTICS

OF

SYLVANIA

MINIATURE

DIODES

AT

25

0 C

Minimum Minimum

Maximum

Peak

Inverse

Voltage

Maximum

Reverse

Current

(0

dynamic

impedal;1ce)

Forward

Voltage

Resistance

50

ua

@

-50

volts

100

volts

5

ua

@-5

volts

750

Oa @

-50

volts

75

volts

100

ua

@

-50

v

100v

8

ua

@-S

v

850

ua

@

-50

v

75

volts

SO

ua

@

-10

v

300

ua

@

-50

v 125

volts

25

ua

@

-10

v

10

ua

@

-10

v

50

volts

Note

1

Note

1

50

ua

@

-50

v 100

volts

(Note

2)

10

ua

@

-10

v

45

ua

@

-45

v 115

volts

100

ua

@

-100

v

175

ua

@

-150

v 165

volts

ward current to

-35

volts.

Nate

2:

For

type IN198

at

75° C the

maximum reverse current at

-50

volts

is

250 ua and

at

-10

volts

is

75

ua.

Note

3:

a) Forward current exposure =

5

mao

b)

Reverse test voltage = 40

±2

volts.

c)

DC

circuit resistance = 2000

ohms.

3.5

v

500

kohms

(Note

4)

(Note

5)

1 V

500

kohms

If

= 7

ma

(NoteS)

lV

If =

125

ma

500

kohms

(Note

6)

Note

4:

Peak measurement with half

sine wave of 50 ma peak current,

0.1

usec pulse width, and 100

kc

pulse rep·

etition frequency.

Note

5:

Minimum resistance

in

thou·

sands of

oh'ms

when Ell characteristic

is

swept

at

60 cycles

from

0 to

-70

volts

and resistance slope observed between

-10

and

-60

volts.

Maximum

Reverse

Recovery

@

0.3

usee

(Note

3)

Stability

500

ua

Note

7

800

ua

Note

7

1650

ua

Note

7

Note

6:

Minimum resistance

in

thou·

sands of ohms when Ell cha'racteristic

is

swept

at

60 cycles

from

0 to

-100

volts and resistance slope observed

be·

tween

-20

and

-90

volts.

Note

7:

Additional control measure-

ments are made for reverse current hys·

teresis, reverse current drift, and flutter.

"Sylvania-synonymous with

~Semiconductors"

THE EDITOR'S NOTES

BARRIERS TO COMMUNICATION

I.

The

Computation

Laboratory

of

Harvard

Uni-

versity

held

"An

International

Symposium

on

the

Theory

of

Switching",

April

2

to

5,

in

Cambridge,

Mass.

As

the

conference

began,

Dr.

Howard

H.

Aiken,

Director

of

the

Computation

Laboratory,

read

some

cables.

The

first

one

was

from

Dr.

Michael

A.

Gavrilov,

'Professor,

Doctor

of

Tech-

nical

Sciences,

Academy

of

Sciences,

Moscow,

U.

S.

R.,

saying

that

illness

prevented

him

from

coming;

his

paper

was

"Investigation

of

Switching

Theory

in

the

Soviet

Union".

The

second

cable

was

from

the

Institute

of

Mathematical

Machines,

Academy

of

Sciences,

Prague,

Czechoslovakia,

saying

"Svoboda

can

not

come";

Dr.

Antonin

Svoboda,

Director

of

the

Institute,

was

to

give

a

paper,

"Some

Applications

of

Contact

Grids".

Dr.

Aiken

said

that

the

other

speakers

from

the

u.

S. S.

R.

(G.

N.

Povarov,

Academy

of

Sciences,

Moscow,

whose

paper

was"

A

Mathematical

The-

ory

for

the

Design

of

Contact

Networks";

Alexan-

der

G.

Lunts,

Associate

Professor

of

Mathemat-

ics,

Leningrad

Electrotechnical

Institute,

Lenin-

grad,

whose

paper

was

"Network

Equivalent

Trans-

formations

by

Means

of

Characteristic

Functions";

and

V. N.

Roginskii,

Senior

Research

Associate,

Academy

of

Sciences,

Moscow,

whose

paper

was

"A

Graphic

Method

for

the

Synthesis

of

Contact

Multipoles")

had

not

been

heard

from,

and

had

not

arrived

at

the

conference.

He

expressed

the

regret

-

his

own

and

of

all

those

present

-

that

none

of

these

welcome

scientists

from

the

U.

S.

R.

and

Czechoslovakia

had

been

able

to

come;

and

he

hoped

that

Dr.

Gavrilov's

illness

was

not

con-

tagious.

Dr.

Aiken

added

that

the

texts

of

all

pap-

ers

had

been

received,

would

be

read

at

the

sched-

uled

place

in

the

program,

and

would

be

published;

but

that

it

was

a

great

pity

that

discussion

of

ques-

tions

with

the

author

s

could

not

take

place.

We

think

we

speak

for

all

computer

people

when

we

say

we

also

deeply

regret

political

con-

siderations

spreading

contagiously

into

scientific

fields.

We

cannot

see

any

earthly

use

to

these

stupid

barriers

to

scientific

communication.

We

are

all

of

us

human

beings

jointly

pursuing

scien-

tific

search

to

find

out

the

secrets

of

nature.

II.

But

this

kind of

barrier

is

not

the

only

kind

of

a

barrier.

I

thought

as

I

walked

around

the

- 6 -

Symposium,

and

looked

at

a

great

many

new

faces,

how

much

I

might

have

in

common

with

many

of

them,

if

only

I

had

a

short

cut

for

the

first

five

min-

utes

of

conversation

-

when

one

decides

whether

or

not

"this

man

is

intere

sting

to

me;

we

should

talk

together".

So

far,

the

be

st

form

of

communication

at

any

computer

meeting

seems

to

be

the

cocktail

party:

no

one

sits

down;

everyone

is

mobile;

you

can

wander

around,

say

many

hellos,

introduce

many

people,

and

be

introduced

to

many.

But

there

ought

to

be

much

better

techniques

of

communication

at

computer

meetings:

(1)

The

tag

which

you

wear

at

a

meeting

should

show:

your

name;

your

organization;

your

main

interests.

This

would

give

a

wonderful

starting

point.

(2)

In

your

pocket

you

should

have

a

thumbnail

sketch

of

your-

self,

a

"Who's

Who"

report,

-

so

that

while

you

read

your

new

acquaintance's,

he

can

read

yours.

If

computer

people

suffer

from

lack

of

com-

munication,

we

have

mainly

ourselves

to

blame:

we

are

supposed

to

be

experts

in

information

hand-

ling,

information

engineer

s I

*

----------

*

----------*

NEW

PRO,DUCTS AND

IDEAS

Page

1.

A

Three-Axis

Simulator

for

Controlled

18

Flight

Test

of

Airborne

Systems

2.

A New

Radar

Device

for

Corrected

19

Mapping

3.

Lattice

Networks

for

Digital

Storage

19

4.

A New

Idea

in

Component

Supply

19

* * *

INDEX

OF

NOTICES

For

Information

on:

Advertising

Index

Advertising

Rates

and

Specifications

Back

Copies

Bulk

Subscription

Rates

Manuscripts

Reader's

Inquiry

Form

Special

Issues

See

Page:

46

see

Apr.

issue

see

Apr.

issue

see

Apr.

issue

see

Mar.

issue

46

see

Mar.

issue

Address

Changes:

If

your

address

changes,

please

send

us

both

your

new

and

your

old

address

(torn

off

from

the

wrapper

if

possible),

and

allow

thr~e

weeks

for

the

change.

........

,

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I,

NEW

HI-SPEEi>

SWITCHING

TRANSISTORS

Assures Computer Reliability

Computer

engineers

long

seeking

NPN

transistors

in

applica-

tions

requiring

high

current

and

fast

switching

will

specify

General

Transistor's

new

2N356, 2N357,

and

2N358

for

peak

reliability.

2N358:

As

developed

by

General,

a

typical

switching

speed

of

.4

of

a

microsecond

at

300

milliamperes

of

collector

current

is

possible

with

only

15

rna.

of

drive

current.

The

series

resistance

of

these

GT

transistors.

when

conducting,

is

V2

ohm;

the

nonconducting

series

resistance

is

as

high

as

5

megohms

with

a

result

that

approaches

optimum

efficiency

at

high

current

levels

.

Computer

manufacturers

know

they

can

depend

on

General's

engineering

and

development

as

well

as

their

quality

and

service.

That's

why

GT

is

the

largest

supplier

of

transistors

for

computers.

2N358

CHARACTERISTICS

Parameter

Conditions

Min

Typical

Max

Collector-Base

Ic

=

25Ila

__

20V

__

30V

Voltage

Vcb

=

SV

51la

Collector

Cutoff

Ic

=

300ma

Current

_

Vce=.2SV

___

20

__

30

__

S0

D.C.

Current

Gain

__

lc=

Ima

gmc

Alpha

Cutoff

Vcb

=

SV

Frequency

___

lc=

Ima

gmc

Ie a300Ma .

lSI

·I~

Ma

.

out

In"

5

Ma

.

Write

for

GT's

special

NPN

Computer

Transistor

Specifications

Bulletin.

GENERAL

TRANSISTOR

CORP

•

Jamaica

3S,

N.

Y.-OLympia

7-9700

Cable:

Transistor

New

York

COMPUTER

MARKET

SURVEY

-

REPORT

NO.1

Edmund C.

Berkeley

Edi

tor,

"Computers

and

Automation"

INTRODUCTION

At

the

beginning

of

March,

we

mailed out

to

our

subscribers

in

the

United

States

and

Canada a survey form,

the

main purpose

of

which

was

to

make

an

estimate

of

the

market

for

computer

products

and

services.

A copy

of

the

survey form appears

on

page 40.

Approximately 2200

of

these

forms were

mailed

out;

and as

of

the

middle

of

April,

about 200 forms,

or

9

percent,

had

been

re-

turned.

The

replies

contain

interesting,

im-

portant,

and

extraordinary

information,

show-

ing

the

nature

and

size

of

the

current

market

for

computing and

data

processing

machinery.

The

replies

will

furnish

the

material

for

several

reports

to

our

readers,

particularly

after

they have been

carefully

projected,

industry

by

industry,

to

determine

their

prob-

able

implications.

In

the

meantime,

we

think

that

the

inter-

ests

of

our

readers

will

be

best

served

if

we

publish

a

serial

tabulation

of

a

part

of

the

raw

data

received

for

each

reply.

This

is

especially

true

because

often

in

surveys

the

examples

of

the

raw

data

are

just

as

interest-

ing as summaries

of

the

data.

The

tabulation

given below

includes

all

replies

except a

few

incomplete

or

inapplicable

returns.

Each

entry

in

the

tabulation

is

important,

because

it

represents

a

report

by

a

subscriber

of

"Computers and Automation" (whose

title

in

his

organization

has been

indicated)

who

kindly

took

the

trouble

to

serld

us

in

his

estimate

for

the

advantage

of

others.

We

express

our

app~

ciation

to

these

subscribers

of

ours

for

send-

ing

us

this

information.

WHAT

THE

TABULATION

CONTAINS

An

explanation

of

the

information

in

the

table

follows: '

(1) Code. This code

identifies

the

re-

turn,

not

the

organization.

Although

the

name

of

the

organization

was

given

on

nearly

every

return,

we

cannot

publish

the

name

since

it

- 8 -

was

requested

"for

statistical

purposes" only.

(2)

Type

of

Organization.

This

is

self-

explanatory.

(3)

Size.

Size

is

reported

in

number

of

employees, grouped. S

stands

for

small

size,

I

to

50

employees;

M,

medium

size,

51

to

500

employees;

L,

large

size,

501

to

5,000 employ-

ees;

vL,

very

large

size,

over 5,000 employees.

(4) Recom.,

Title.

Here

is

the

report

on

the

question

"Do

your recommendations

affect

purchases?",

and

the

title

of

the

person

fill-

ing

in

the

questionnaire.

The

purpose

of

this

information

is

to

give

some

indication

of

the

probable

authority

of

the

estimate

here

re-

ported.

(5) Products and

Services.

Here

is

the

report

on

the

question

"What

kinds

of

computer

products

and

services

does your

organization

buy

or

rent

(or

is

considering

buying

or

rent-

ing?"

Column

(a)

reports

on

"automatic

digital

computers".

Column

(b)

reports

on

"automatic

analog

computers".

Column

(c)

reports

on

"other

computers";

the

codes

are

as

follows:

S -

simulators

.

v -

other

data

processing

machines

Column

(d)

reports

on

"components";

the

codes

are

as

follows:

D - Delay

lines

M - Magnetic

tape

devices

T -

Transistors

o

~

Other components

Colum~(e)

reports

on

"services";

the

codes

are

as

follows:

P - comPuting

services

S -

conSulting

services

o - Other

services

(6)

Likely

Spending Next Five Years.

This column

reports

on

the

question:

"Can

you

estimate

roughly and approximately

about

how

much

your

organization

is

likely

to

spend

on

products

and

services

in

the

com-

puter

field

in

the

years?

Between and

_____

"

Computer

Market

If

a lower

figure

was

given

but

no

upper

figure,

'we

have

inserted

for

the

upper

figure

an amount

equal

to

twice

the

low~r

figure.

If

this

ques-

tion

was

not answered,

but

the

"likely

spend-

ing"

in

the

months

was

estimated,

we

have

taken

the

one

year

figures

and

multi-

plied

by

five.

A

ROUGH

AND

APPROXIMATE

ESTIMATE

OF

THE

MARKET

FOR

COMPUTER

PRODUCTS

AND

SERVICES

The

total

of

the

figures

in

Column

(6)

of

the

tabulation,

"Likely

Spending Next

Five

Years",

for

the

201

cases

in

the

sample,

is

"between

$415,459,500

and

$758,660,000,"

or

rounding

off,

"between

$400,000,000

and

$750,000,000".

In

this

sample,

there

are

70

cases

not

giving

any

figures;

they

have been

added as

zero;

but

let

us

ignore

that

in

order

to

be

conservative.

It

is

possible

to

take

this

total

and

multiply

it

by

a

factor

F, and

arrive

at

a

rough and

approximate

estimate

of

the

market

for

computer

products

and

services.

Every-

thing

however depends

on

the

amount

of

the

factor

F.

The

factor

could

be chosen as

10

or

II--

the

ratio

of

2000

or

2200

to

200,

but

there

are

many

reasons

why

this

is

incorrect

and

should

not be done. (1)

It

is

not

necessari-

ly

true

that

the

sample

here

is

a

representa-

tive

sample;

it

is

far

more

likely

to

be non-

representat

i ve. (2)

Exami

ni

ng

the

entries

in

the

tabulation

we

can

see

that

there

is

a heavy

preponderance

of

replies

from

buyers

of

com-

puters

and

systems.

Buyers

of

components

are

hardly

represented.

Yet

in

order

to

make

the

computing systems

shown

above,

there

will

have

to

be tremendous

purchasing

or

manufacturing

of

components

to

go

into

them.

This

would

tend

to

increase

F. (3) There

may

be

bias

associated

with

returning

the

survey

form. A

number

of

subscribers

to

"Computers and Auto-

mation"

could

have

said

to

themselves

"Well,

my

recommendations would not

affect

purchase

--this

kind

of

questionnaire

is

not

for

me

to

fill

out

and

return".

This

would

tend

to

decrease

F.

And

there

are

many

more

reasons.

But

the

factor

F

is

almost

certainly

not

less

than

2. For

it

would be

very

hard

to

believe

that

a 9

percent

sample has

reported

50

percent

of

the

market.

Also

it

would be

hard

to

believe

that

the

factor

F

is

much

greater

than

30;

for

it

would be

hard

to

be-

lieve

that

a 9

percent

sample has

reported

only

3

percent

of

the

market.

Suppose

then

that

we

temporarily

apply

a

factor

of

10,

until

the

time

when

we

have com-

pared

these

reports

more

carefully

and

made

industry

by

industry

predictions.

Then

we

- 9 -

wind

up

with

a rough and

approximate

overall

estimate

of

the

computer market

in

the

United

States

and Canada

over

the

years:

"between fou r

bi

11

ion

and seven and a

hal

f

billion

dollars".

KEY

TO

SOME

OF

THE

ABBHEVIATIONS

acty

admn

anal

apln

chmn

comp

ctr

des

EDPM

EE

eng

eqpmt

flt

gp

indir

ins

ldr

leg

meth

oper

orgn

pIng

phys

poss

proc

procg

prom

prgmr

rec

ref

ret;

rep

res

sci

sim

stat

sys

tabg

actuary

administration,

-or

analyst,

-is

application,

-s

chairman

of

comrr!ittee

computer,

-ation

center

design

electronic

data

processing

machines

electrical

engineer,

-ing

engineering

equipment

flight

group

indirectly

insurance

leader

legislation

methoQs

operatio.l1s

orga.l1ization

planning

physicist

possibly

procedures

processing

promotion

programmer

records

reference

regional

representative

research

science,

-tist

simulation

statistician

systems

tabulating

Computers

and

Automation

Tabulation

1

ESTIMATE

OF

COMPUTER

MARKET

--

SUMMARY

OF

REPLIES

MARCH

8

TO

APRIL

15

0)

(2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Products

and

Services

Likely

Spending

Recom.,

(a) (b) (c) (d) (e)

Code

Type

of

Organiza,.!.ion

Size

Title

Q!.9..

Anal. Other

Compo

Servo Between:

And:

1.Bl

.digital

computing

service

S yes, dept v v

director

lB2

reliability

research

M yes, div v v $ 75,000 $125,000

mgr

lB3

radar

&

radar

data

procg, L yes, engrg -v

DMT

P

special

receivers,

gen.

consltnt

electronics

lB4

insurance

vL

yes,

dir

v v M

meth

res

IB5

air

transportation

vL

yes,

dir

v v

TO

PS

2,000,000 4,000,000

res

IB6

custom designed

processes

S

yes,pres

v v M

PS

1,000 500,000

and systems

lCl investment

services

L yes, div v M S 400,000 1,000,000

mgr

lC2

industrial

instruments L yes,comptr v v M 1,300,000 1,500,000

supvr

IDI

electrical

machinery

vL

yes, -v v S 1,500,000 6,000,000

ID2

air

conditioning

vL

yes,

dir

v M 600,000 700,000

of

proc

lD3

semiconductor devices M yes, gen 0

mgr

lEI

oper

res

services

M yes,

sr

P

res

assoc

IFI

instruments

M

yes,staff

v

DMT

100,000 200,000

engr

IF2 chemicals

vL

yes, engr v v v M P 10,000,000 15,000,000

lF3

life

insurance

vL

yes,

sr

v M 2,000,000 3,000,000

res

assoc

IG1

industrial

instruments L yes, -v v T S 300,000

500,00~

IHI

elecnc

tube

sales

dept - , analyst

IH2

electrical

apparatus and

vL

yes, v v

SO

MTO

25,000,000

35,OOO,QOO

eqpmt

consltnt

183 chemicals L yes,

mgr

v v M 500,000 1,000,000

184

heat

transfer

apparatus

L yes, dept v 250,000 350,000

mgr

185 banking L yes,

2nd

v 15,000 2,000,000

VP

-10

-

Computer Market

(1)

(2) (3) (4) (5) (6)

Products

and

Services

Likely

Spending

Recom.,

(a)

(b) (c) (d)

(e)

Years

Code

Type

of

Organization

Size

~

Dig. Anal.

Other

Compo

Servo Between:

And:

III

banking

services

L

yes,

VP

v

$15,000

$

2,000,000

II2

banking M

yes,

res

v v M

analyst

IJI

research

M

yes,

div

v 25,000 250,000

head

IJ2

data

procg machines

vL

no, -v P

IJ3

computers,

data

procg

nO',

applied v

SO

M

PS

eqpmt

'-..

sci

rep

IKI

mfg

surgical

dressings

L

yes,

supvr v 250,000 400,000

ILl

consulting

service

S yes,mgmt

engr

IL2

naval

reactors

L

yes,

mgr

v M P ,

5,000,000

8,000,000

IMI

retail

chain

apparel

M

yes,

treas

v P 50,000 60,000

men

& boys

1M2

detergents,

shortening,

vL

yes,

sr

sys

v 250,000 750,000

marQilrine,

dentifrice

analyst

INI banking

services

L

yes,

asst

v 480,000 700,000

cashier

IN2

drugs,

fine

chemicals,

vL

yes,

dept

v v S

1,000,000

2,000,000

pharmaceuticals

mgr

101

naval

ship

construction

vL

yes,

CDR

v v

8,500

60,000

SC

IRI

service

orgn

(library)

L

yes,

adm

v v

asst

lSI

printing

& punched

card

L

yes,

VP

v S 150,000 200,000

services

IS2

office

eqpmt -,

reg'l

mgr

IS3

education

&

research

M

yes,

asst

v v P 100,000 500,000

prof

IS4

casualty,

fire

& marine

vL

yes,

mgr

v M

2,500,000

3,000,000

insurance

ITI

electronic

research

M

yes,

acct

2,500

5,000

mgr

IT2

oil

& chemicals

yes,

asst

v v M P

2,500,000

7,500,000

mgr

IT3 engrg development S

yes,

exec

DMI'O

-100,000

250,QOO

engr

IT4

gen

mail

order

L

yes,

comp

v v

MO

P

2,500,000

5,000,000

ctr

mgr

ITS

textiles

vL

yes,

-v v

-11

-

Computers

and

Automation

(1)

(2) (3)

(4

) (5) (6)

Products

and

Services

Likely

Spending

Recom.,

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(e)

Next Five Years

Code

T~Ee

of

Organization

Size

Title

Qi[.

Anal.

Other

ComE.

Servo Between:

And:

lUI

research

& development M

yes,

head v v M

PS

$1,000,000

$

2,000,000

math

apln

gp

lU3

electrical

wire

&

cable

L

yes,

methods

v M 500,000

1,000,000

dir

lVl

elecnc

digital

computers M -, advt & M

prom

mgr

lV2

textiles

vL

yes,

mgr

v 200,000 250,000

lV3

maps

L

yes,

sec v M

PO

3,000,000

10,000,000

chief

lWl

valves

vL

yes,

staff

v 100,000 500,000

speclst

2Bl

electronic

eqpmt M

yes,

oper

v

OMT

S 700,000

1,000,000

mgr

2B2

rayon, nylon,

staple

L no,

mgr

v

MO

750,000

1,000,000

2B3

ord,

A & S group,

pension

M

yes,

asst

v v M 600,000 800,000

insurance

VP

2B4

fire

&

casualty

insurance

M

yes,

VP

v M

PS

2Cl shoe

retail

&

mfg

M no,

IBM

v S

mgr

2C2

prototypes

(miss &

flares)

vL

no,

anal

v v v M

PS

2C3

computers

yes,

reg v

mgr

2C4

yes,

dir

v

201

petroleum

vL

yes,

asst

v

PS

2,000,000

4,000,000

to

mgmt

202

aeronautical

electronics

M

yes,

VP

v v v 0

PS

500,000

1,000,000

systems

203

test

&

evalln

aircraft

S

yes,

supvsr

v v

MO

0 100,000 200,000

arm

systems mathn

204

containers

vL

yes,

dept

v 500,000 625,000

mgr

205

aircraft

vL

yes,

desn v v v

OTO

speclst'

2El

life,

fire

&

casualty

ins

M

yes,

mgr

v v

MT

600,000 800,000

2Fl

ferro-alloys

&

metals

vL

yes,

mgr

v 500,000

.1,000,000

2Gl

aircraft

-,

chief

v v 550,000 700,000

2G2

shoes L

yes,

tabg

mgr

2G3

computers L

yes,

project v v

OMTO

PS

1,200,000

2,500,000

supvsr

.2G4

automobiles

vL

yes,

anal

v

-

12

-

Computer

"arket

(1)

(2) (3) (4 ) (5)' (6)

Products

and

Services

Likely

Spending

Recom., (a) (b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

Years

Code

T~~e

of

Organization

Size

Title

Q![.

Anal.

Other

Com~.

Servo Between:

And:

2G5

steel

producer

vL

yes,

v M

!j)

875,000

$1,250,000

supvsr

2Hl

rubber,

plastics,

etc

vL

yes,

mgr

v M S 100,000 200,000

EDP

2H2

AEC

installation

yes,

comp

v

1,000,000 1,500,000

supvsr

2Jl

business

machines

yes,

devel

engr

2Ml

life

insurance

L no,

assoc

v M 600,000 750,000

acty

2Nl

transformers

& components S

yes,

dir

engrg

2N2

1

ibrary

service

M

yes,

admn

asst

201

business

machines

vL

yes,

head

MTO

100,000,000

200,000,000

res

dept

202

airplane

missiles,

reactors

yes,

gen v v M

35,000,000

50,000,000

supvsr

203

airframes

vL

yes,

EDPM

v v

4,620,000

6,200,000

supvsr

204

ordinary

life

insurance

L

yes,

asst

v M 0

1,800,000

2,800,000

act'y

2PI

research

(atomic

energy)

L

yes,

mathn

v v v

DMTO

P50

5,000,000

7,500,000

2P2

1

He

insurance

M

yes,

asst

v M

400,000

500,000

compt

2P3

petroleum

products

vL

yes,

sr

v v M 500,000 700,000

res

phys

2Ql

life

insurance

L

yes,

data

v 0 240,000 300,000

procg

dir

2Q2

data

redn

systems L

yes,

-

MT

P 750,000

1,250,000

2Q3

pharmaceuticals

vL

yes,

mgr

v 0

mach

rec

div

2Q4

engrg,

consltnt

serv

M

yes,

des v v 0 P

80,000

120,000

engr

251

computers -component

pass,

-v

MO

PS

252

digital

computers

2S3

steel

L

yes,

mfr v M

2,000,000 2,500,000

2Tl

railroad

transportn

vL

-,

asst

v v M

engr

vaIn

2T2

savings

accounts

M -,

audit

v M

2T3

basic

agric

& i

ndustl

L

yes,

sys

v 0 P 180,000 200,000

chemicals

supvsr

-

13

-

Computers and Automation

(1)

(2) (3)

(4

) (5) (6)

Products

and

Services

Likely

Spending

Recom.,

(a)

(b) (c) (d) (e) Next Five Years

Code

T~~e

of

Organization

Size

Title

Dig. Anal.

Other

Com~.

Servo Between:

And:

2T4

dept

store

L

yes,

proj v P $17,500 $225,000

rep

2Ul

pipe

forgings,

flanges,

L

yes,

sys v v M

1,000,000

1,500,000

fittings

analst

2U2

detect

syst

transistors

L

yes,

data

v v v 700,000 1,000,000

elect

comp

procg

supvsr

2Vl

leasing

of

tank

cars

L

part,

asst v v

MO

500,000 1,000,000

s & P

2V2

insurance

L

yes,

const v v S

1,125,000 1,500,000

2V3

insurance

M

yes,

mgr

v M 300,000 500,000

2V4

admn

fed

leg

re

rail

L

indir,

v M

workers

s~pvsr

2V5

medical &

hospital

care

S no,.

asst

v

med

admn

2Xl

nuclear

consltg

services

M yes,

dept

v v P 100,000 500,000

head

2X2

research

&

devel

M

yes,

sec v v

MTO

PS

25,000 50,000

mgr

2X3

digital

computing

serv

S

yes,

supvsr v v v T

PS

2,500,000

3,000,000

engr

2X4

services

to

medicine S

yes,

pathol v

MT

2X5

statistics

S no, prgmr v M

2Al

radio,

TV,

hearing

aids

vL

yes,

supvsr v M

tab

dept

381

rocket

engines

vL

yes,

sr

v v v M

2,500,000

5,000,000

engr

382

designs

S

yes,

EE

S

383 baked goods

yes,

offc

v 0

mgr

384

insurance

underwriters

M

yes,

data

v M S

1,750,000

2,500,000

procg anal

385

data

procg

for

geodetic

S no, mathn v v

div

proj

ldr

386 management

education

M

yes,

spec v

PS

125,000 250,000

proj

dir

3Cl

research

& development

-,

mgr

math

v v M P

3,000,000

5,000,000

anal

sec

3C2

data

procg, comptg, math S yes,

chief

v v v M 100,000 300,000

&

stat

res,

surveys

res

sci

3C3

airplanes

vL

yes,

actg

v M P

1,680,000

3,560,000

supvsr

3Dl

transportation

service

vL

yes,

sys v v v M

PS

5,000,000

10, 000,

OOu

dey

chief

-14 -

Computer

Market

(1)

(2) (3 )

(4

) (5) (6)

Products

and

Services

Likely

Spending

Recom.,

(a) (b) (c) (d)

(e)

Next Five Years

Code

Type

of

Organization

Size

Title

Qi[.

Anal. Other

Compo

Servo Between:

And:

302 no,

sr

$300,000 $400,000

prgmr

303

life

insurance

L

partly,

v v

MO

2,000,000

2,500,000

asst

mgr

304

M

yes,

head v v S

OMTO

-

3,000,000

5,000,000

flt

simlab

3El

agriculture

L

yes,

mgmt

v v

OM

°

1,300,000

1,500,000

anal

3E2

answers S

yes,

data

v v P 375,000 500,000

procg

dir

3E3

logistics

S

yes,

OEP-

v

4,000,000

6,000,000

LOPOO

3E4

research

& development M yes,

VP

SO

OMTO

P 500,000

1,000,000

3Fl -,

ref

v v

SO

OMT

librarian

3Gl

insurance

M

yes,

mgr

v M

3G2

banking L

yes,

VP

v v M

1,500,000

2,000,000

3G3

aluminum

extrusions

& L yes,

compr

v v

steel

sash

mgr

3Hl

none,

general

composing M

yes,

mgr

v v M S 200,000

3,000,000

function

3H2

digital

computers M

yes,

lab

OMTO

-

adm

.3H3

life

insurance

M

yes,

v 225,000 275,000

coordtr

3Jl

digital

computers

vL

no,

sci

rep

3J2

digital

computers &

acctg

vL

no,

assoc

machines

engr

3J3 petroleum

products

vL

yes,

chmn

v v M S

3,000,000

4,000,000

3J4

insurance

L yes, supvsr v v M 800,000 900,000

elecncs'

3J5 potentially,

partner

3Ml

electronic

L

yes,

data

v

proc

mgr

3M2

casualty

insurance

vL

yes,

mgr

v v 250,000

1,000,000

3M3

airplanes

vL

yes,

mgr

v v S M S

7,000,000

10,000,000

3Nl

ship

construction

and

vL

yes,

asst

v M P

5,000,000

10,000,000

repairs

comptrlr

3N2

insurance

L

yes,

supvsr -v M

301

adding machines, cash L no,

sr

sys -

MT

registers,

data

proc sys

engr

-15

-

Computers

and

Automation

(1)

(2) (3)

(4

) (5) (6)

Products

and

Services

Likely

Spending

Recom.

,

(a)

(b) (c) (d)

(e)

Years

Code

Tn:!e

of

Organization

Size

Title

Dig. Anal.

Other

Compo

Servo Between:

And:

302

aircraft

&

assoc

~qpm

yes,

engr

v v

DMTO

303

natural

gas

transmission

L

yes,

data

v M

$2,000,000

$3,000,000

proc

dir

3Pl

crude

oil

&

refined

prods

vL

yes",

s upvsr v v

2,500,000

3,000,000

3Ql

truck

transportation

L

yes,

dir

v v 250,000 500,000

acctg

3Q2

telephone

service

vL

no,

sr

v v T

PS

engr

3Q3

personnel

research

M

yes,

anal

v v M 150,000 300,000

stat

3Q4

engines

&

accessories

M

yes,

gp

v v v S 400,000

1,000,000

Idr

3S1

electronics

&

research

L

yes,

techl

v v

SO

MT

staff

3S2

research

L no,

asst

v

mathn

3S3

research

for

air

force

L

yes,

dept

v v v

TO

3,000,000

6,000,000

chief

3S4

research

&

techl

training

L

yes,

-v v

MTO

10,000,000

20,000,000

3S5

compr systems -, sys

anal

3T3

state

government

vL

yes,·techn

v v v

MO

P

5,000,000

10,000,000

tabg

sys

3T4

compensation

insurance

L

yes,

div

chief

3T5

petroleum

products

vL

yes,

chmn

v v

TO

PS

500,000

5,000,000

3Ul computer

services

S

yes,

pres

v v S

PS

50,000

75,000

3U2

core

memories,

matrices,

M

yes,

VP

v

MTO

S

10,000,000

25,000,000

buffers,

data

procg sys

3Vl pharmaceutioo;als L

yes,

asst

v M

PS

1,000,000

2,200,000

chief

acctnt

3V2

personnel

research

S no, psychst v v P

2,000,000

2,500,000

3Xl

written

communications

vL

no,

div

rep

4Bl

electronic

&

nuclear

R & D M

yes,

head v v

SO

MTO

S

3,000,000

5,000,000

production

data

procg

4B2

military

&

industrial

L

yes,

ohief v v

DMTO

PS

engr

4Cl

research

L

yes,

head v v

comp

lab

4C2

airplanes

vL

no,

res

v v

5,000,000

10,000,000

engr

-

16

-

Computer

Market

(1)

(2)

(3

)

(4

) . (5) (6)

Products

and

Services

Likely

Spending

Recom., (a) (b) (c) (d) (e) Next

Five

Years

Code

Type

of

Organization

Size

Title

Dig. Anal.

Other

Compo

Servo Between:

And:

4C3

electric

utility

L

yes,

sys v v

SO

v 0 $240,000 $480,000

anal

engr

4Dl

yes,

supvsr v v

4D2

aircraft

mfg

vL

yes,

gp,ldr v v v

MO

600,000

1,500,000

compg

4D3

electrical

apparatus

vL

yes,

mgr

v v v M

2,000,000

3,000,000

404

aircraft

vL

no,

res

v v 5

engr

4D5

aircraft

vL

no, v v

SO

50,000,000

100,000,000

prgmr

4El

technical

college

vL

no,

ref

v

libr

' n

4Fl

data

procg

serv,

consltg

5

yes,

v

MTO

20,000

60,000

serv

owner

4F2

petroleum

research

M

yes,

chern

v v M 0 700,000 900,000

engr

4Gl

communication equipment

vL

yes,

mgr

DT

purchg

4Hl

computers M

yes,

-v v

SO SO

15,000,000

30,000,000

4Kl

el.

aircraft

power systems L

yes,

staff

v v M P 100,000 300,000

engr

4Ll

training

of

students

5

yes,

head v v P

dept

EE

4Nl

M

yes,

chief v

~

2,500,000

3,100,000

res

&

pIng

4N2

credit

information

M

yes,

exec v 100,000 500,000

mgr

4N3

business

consultants

M

yes,

-v

401

telephone

service

vL

yes,

v v 15,000,000 20,000 ,000.

supvsr

4Pl

instruction,

res

services

5

yes,

asst

v v v

MTO

PS

300,000 600,000

prof

4Ql

banking

services

L

yes,

AVP

v v M 5 500,000

2,000,000

451

~ata

procg eqpmt no, meth v v P

anal

452 antenna

couplers,

spec L no,

serv

DMT

purpose computers

engr

453

aircraft

components

vL

yes,

sys v v

SO

M 10,000 40,000

anal

4Tl

contractor

to

AEC

vL

yes,

div

v v

SO

DMTO

PSO

supvsr

4T2

airborne

analog comptr L

yes,

sec

v T p

head'

(cont'd

on

page

44)

-17 -

NEW

PRO,D,UCTS,

AND,

ID,EAS

A

THREE-AXIS

SIMULATOR

FOR

CONTROLLED

FLIGHT

TEST

OF

AIRBORNE

SYSTEMS

Bendix Computer

Division

Los

Angeles,

Calif.

A

new

simulator

is

resulting

in

faster

and

mor~

efficient

testing

of

controls

and

guidance systems

for

missiles

and

aircraft.

It

is

comprised

of

a

3-axis

flight

table

and

a

precise

analog

simulator

control

unit;

it

reduces

or

eliminates

the

need

for

expensive

trial

flights

in

the

evaluation

and de-bugging

of

airborne

systems.

Tests

can be conducted

with

angular

mo-

tions

at

accelerations

and

velocities

pro-

grammed

into

the

computer.

The

three

gim-

balled

assembly, mounted

on

a massive,

vibra-

-

18

-

tion

absorbing

base,

can be

moved

outdoors

for

line-of-sight

tracking

simulation

of

mis-

sile

guidance systems.-

It

produces

the

mo-

tions

of

roll,

pitch

and

yaw

through

preci-

sion

hydraulic

servos.

The

3-axis

simulator's

electronic

sec-

tion

contains

its

own

analog computer, de-

signed

to

exactly

match

the

requirements

of

the

system.

The

hydraulic

supply

is

also

included,

eliminating

the

need

for

auxiliary

movement.

The

flight

table

specifi-

cations

follow:

Maximum

acceleration,

with

50

lbs.

load mounted

on

the

table,

in

radians

per

second:

roll,

2500;

yaw,

500;

pitch,

500.

Maxi-

mum

velocity,

in

radians

per

second:

roll,

50;

yaw,

15;

pitch,

15.

Al-

titude

range:

continuous

on

all

gimbals.

Frequency

for

90

degree phase

shift

(with

the

same

load as

above),

in

cycles

per

se-

cond:

roll,

100;

yaw,

45;

pitch,

45.

New

Products

and

Ideas

A

NEW

RADAR

DEVICE

FOR

CORRECTED

MAPPING

Fairchild

Controls

Corp.

Syosset,

Long

Island,

N.Y.

A novel

device

which promises

to

inaugu-

rate

a

new

era

in

the

use

of

radar

for

accur-

ate

mapping and

charting

has been completed.

The

instrument

has been

named

the

"Radar

Restitutor";

it

was

invented,

designed

and

fabricated

by

the

Electronics

Division

of

Fairchild

Controls

Corporation,

a

subsidiary

of

Fairchild

Camera and

Instrument

Corporation.

Photographs

of

radar

displays

are

not

normally

true

maps

since

they

contain

many

distortions

and

inaccuracies.

This

makes such

photographs

unsuitable

for

measuring

distances

between

different

points

on

the

ground. The

Radar

Restitutor

automatically

computes

the

errors

which

give

rise

to

the

distortions

present

in

the

radar

photography, and

it

pro-

duces a

new

photograph

on

which

every

ground

object

is

accurately

located.

The

photographs

produced

by

the

Restitutor

are

then

used

in

the

compilation

of

maps.

The

chief

distortion

on

the

original

radar

photographs

is

caused

by

the

fact

that

radar

records

the

distance

between

the

radar

station

and an

object,

and

for

airborne

radar

sets

this

means

that

the

slant

distance

is

recorded.

For mapping

purposes,

though,

it

is

necessary

to

know

the

ground

distance

be-

tween

the

point

directly

under

the

aircraft

and

the

ground

object.

Another

source

of

error

is

the

fact

that

an

airborne

radar

is

continually

moving,

while

the

radar

display

does not

take

this

motion

into

consideration.

The

Restitutor

not only computes

these

dis-

tortions

but

several

additional

distortions

as

well,

and

positions

the

grou~d

object

at

the

corrected

coordinates

on

the

new

photo-

graph which

it

produces.

*-------------------*-------------------*

LATTICE

NETWORKS

FOR

DIGITAL

STORAGE

R.

H.

Davies

Ferranti

Electric

Inc.

New

York

20,

N.Y.

To

the

Editor:

Following

is

a

brief

description

and a

photograph

of

a

new

type

of

lattice

network

which

we

have developed

for

use

in

digital

memory

stores.

We

trust

'you

will.

find

this

-19

-

item

sufficiently'interesting

for

publication

in

the

"New

Products"

section

of

your magazine.

These

Lattice

Networks

for

digital

stor-

age

consist

of

a novel

type

of

lumped

constant

electromagnetic

network

specifically

developed

and

designed

for

digital

storage.

It

uses

only

1.2

elements

per

bit,

and

provides

highly

stable

characteristics

without

extreme

toler-

ances

in

the

individual

elements.

Hermetically

sealed

units

can be

supplied

for

any

capacity

up

to

30

bits

at

digit

rates

up

to

5 megacycles,

for

satisfactory

operation

over

a

temperature

range

of

-

20

0C

to

t

70

0

C.

The

units

provide

an

extremely

economical and

compact form

of

storage

in

this

capacity

range,

and can

readily

be grouped

for

serial

or

parallel

operation

with

rapid

access.

*-------------------*--------------------*

A

NEW

IDEA

IN

COMPONENT

SUPPLY

v.

Guignon

Great

Neck, N.Y.

In

1952, a

new

idea

in

supply

of

elect-

ronic

components

was

started.

The

idea

was

simple

but

had

never

been

tried;

it

was

to

gather

under one

roof

a

maximum

of

ten

import-

ant

lines

of

components

--

no

more

--,to

know

everything

possible

about

those

ten

lines,

and

to

stock

amply

every

item

manufactured

within

those

lines.

Users

could

then

count

on

suff-

iciently

large

stock

in

the

distributor's

hands

to

have

their

orders

delivered

to

them

in

hours

instead

of

weeks.

Any

engineer

in

charge

of

producing

equipment

to

meet a

deadline

knows

well

that

a

bottleneck

in

supply

is

just

as

ser-

ious

as

any

other

kind.

Now,

in

1957,

the

company, Schweber

Elect-

ronics,

Mineola,

N.Y.,

has grown

to

30

persons,

(cont'

d

on

page

41)

RELIABILITY

IN

BUSINESS

AUTOMATIC

DATA

PROCESSING

Herbert

T.

Glantz

John

Diebold

&

Associates,

Inc.

New

York,

N.

Y.

(Based

on

a

talk

delivered

February

27,

1957

at

the

Western

Joint

Computer Conference

Los

Angeles,

California)

Introduction

Throughout

the

past

few

years

a

great

deal

of

study

has been

devoted

to

analyzing

the

different

characteristics

and

require-

ments

of

scientific

and commercial

data

pro-

cessing

systems.

Although

early

general

agreement

was

reached

on

the

fact

that

such

systems were

different,

the

exact

cause

and

nature

of

these

variations

has not

yet

been

clearly

defined.

Equipment

manufacturers

attempted

to

resolve

this

difficulty

by

de-

signing

two

distinct

"lines"

of

computer

models.

In

some

instances

these

manufactur-

ing

distinLtions

have become

blurred

with

usage,

with

the

result

that

a Remington

Rand

Univac

is

utilized

for

engineering

calcula-

tions,

while

an

IBM

704

is

applied

to

payroll

preparation.

But,

in

the

main,

this

dichoto-

my

of

design

and

application

is

being

effec-

tively

preserved.

Dr. Jay

Forrester,

the

former

Director

of

MIT

Project

Whirlwind, has

characterized

the

chronology

of

electronic

computation

as

falling

into

three

distinct

phases.

Begin-

ning

in

1945, an

intensive

amount

of

research

was

devoted

to

investigation

of

the

physical

possibility

of

building

electronic

digital

computers.

The

early

studies

of

computer.

logic

and

circuit

design

were conducted

al-

most

entirely

by

various

engineering

uni-

versities.

By

1950

it

was

apparent

that

the

basic

problems

could

be

solved

and

that

elec-

tronic

computation

would become a

reality.

Shortly

afterwards,

the

major

portion

of

re-

search

activity

was

shifted

to

the

applica-

tion

of

these

machines

to

various

problems.

The second phase

of

the

history

of

electronic

computation

was

devoted

to

computation

in

the

fields

of

engineering

and

science,

as

the

first

large-scale

digital

computers began

to

appear

in

the

universities

and

aircraft

com-

panies.

In

1955

the

emphasis

of

machine

ap-

plications

research

began

to

switch

from

engineering

to

commercial problems.

This

trend

marked

the

entry

into

the

third

and

perhaps

the

most

vital

phase

of

development

of

electronic

computation.

As

the

problem

of

utilizing

electronic

-20 -

equipment

for

business

applications

was

ap-

proached,

it

became

apparent

'that

there

were

major

differences

in

the

requirements

of

this

new

area.

The

early

studies

devoted

to

this

problem

concentrated

on

seemingly obvious

operational

variations.

Business

problems

called

for

vast

amounts

of

input-output

data,

while

scientific

problems

required

lengthy

and

involved

internal

calculations.

Thus,

in

short

order

a

convenient

categorization

grew up:

Engineering

and

Scientific

Applications:

Small volume

of

input-output

data;

large

amounts

of

complex

internal

calculations.

Commercial

Applications:

Large volumes

of

input-output

data;

small

amounts

of

simple

internal

calculations.

Although

this

fairly

arbitrary

and sweeping

.classification

proved

adequate

for

early

needs

of

the

industry,

an

increasing

sophistication

in

computer usage has

tended

to

obscure

these

demarcation

lines.

It

has become

increasingly

evident

that

such

operational

differences

do

not

provide

an

adequate

representation

of

the

two

different

systems.

If

one

considers

instead

the

respective

functional

purposes

of

scientific

and commer-

cial

systems,

a

striking

contrast

may

be

ob-

served.

Scientific

data

processing

installa-

tions

may

be

regarded

as

self-contained

sys-

tems which

function

only

to

satisfy

the

dic-

tates

and

requirements

of

the

parent

organiza-

tion.

Thus,

in

a

broad

sense,

all

input

data

originates

within

the

system

proper;

all

com-

putations

are

determined

by

the

needs

of

the

overall

organization;

and

the

timing,

quantity,

and amount

of

output

information

is

again

dic-

tated

by

the

requirements

of

the

system

itselL

Commercial

data

processing

systems,

on

the

other

hand, must

inevitably

exist

and

per-

form

their

functions

in

constant

relationship

with

the

environment

of

the

business

world

at

large.

This

relationship,

which dominates

both

the

design

and

performance

of

business

systems,

is

notably

evidenced

in

three

ways.

The mass

of

data

entering

the

system

origi-

nates

externally

and

is

to

a

large

extent

uncontrolled

in

format,

timing,

content,

and

accuracy.

The

calculations

that

are

performed

Reliability

are

frequently

regulated

by

the

rules

of

out-

side

agencies

such

as

the

S.E.C.,

I.C.C.,

and

the

Bureau

of

Internal

Revenue.

Finally,

the

daily

deadlines

that

must be

satisfied

are

generally

determined

by

an

essentially

indif-

ferent

environment and

are

frequently

unyield-

ing and seemingly

unrealistic.

Accordingly,

whereas a

scientific

data

processing

system

exists

and

operates

to

satis-

fy

its

own

n~eds,

commercial systems must

func-

tion

in

large

measure

to

satisfy

requirements

imposed from

outside

the

system.

The

Design

of

Business

Systems

Business

systems

are

growing

increasingly

more complex as

their

range

of

applications

expands

to

cover

more demanding and more

in-

tricate

areas.

A

functioning

commercial

data

processing

system

includes

a

variety

of

in-

formation

handling

components, human,

mechani-

cal,

and

electronic,

which

are

linked

together

by

an

overall

communications network. The

term

"integrated

data

processing"

has

gradu-

ally

corne

to

be

accepted

as a

generic

descrip-

tion

of

the

workings

of

such

systems.

The

design

of

these

systems has

created

a

strikillg

opportunity

for

the

business

world.

We

are

now

able

to

conceive

of

all

routine

daily

operations

of

a company

being

controlled

and

directed

by

an

automatic

system.

Auto-

matic

process

control

is

already

a

familiar

occurrence

in

the

chemical and

petroleum

in-

dustries.

We

are

on

the

verge

of

applying

similar

concepts

to

a number

of

commercial

enterprises.

The

underlying

theme

in

such

systems

is

automatic

control

of

business

operations

including

a feedback loop

for

the

correction

of

errors.

At

the

same

time,

the

managing

executive

is

to

be

provided

with

information

that

will

allow

him

to

exercise

control

over

entire

company

policy

on

the

basis

of

reliable

and

timely

data.

However,

in

painting

this

picture

of

successful

office

automation

we

have

passed

over

a number

of

evidently

dangerous

pitfalls.

For as

automatic

systems

exercise

a

greater

amount

of

control

and

direction,

one must

place

a

correspondingly

greater

emphasis

on

their

operating

reliability.

Intermittent

or

periodic

failures

in

such systems can

wreak more havoc

than

is

to

be

gained

from

long

intervals

of

reliable

operation.

The

increased

complexity

of

these

systems

intro-

duces more components

that

are

liable

to

fail-

ure and, due

to

their

varying

interrelation-

ships,

introduces

a

greater

degree

of

diffi-

culty

in

isolating

and

replacing

the

faulty

elements.

Many

systems

engineers

become so

enamored

of

possible

accomplishments

that

they

tend

to

overlook

the

question

of

system

-21 -

reliability

and

the

implications

of

component

failure.

As

an

illustration

of

the

problems

that

are

inherent

in

the

operation

of

business

data

processing

systems,

I

should

like

to

briefly

discuss

two

systems

that

our

organization

has

designed

for

commercial

organizations.

In

both

cases

we

have

completely

restructured

the

data

processing

operations

of

the

companies

involved.

In

both

cases,

although

substantial

dollar

savings

were

accomplished,

our

primary

aim

was

to

have

the

data

processing

system

provide

more

effective

aid

to

the

sales

organ-

ization

and

to

top

management

of

the

company.

In

both

cases

this

was

effected

by

centraliz-

ing

the

data

processing

elements

and

by

util-

izing

extensive

communications

networks.

A

Stock

Brokerage

House

"X"

is

one

of

the

largest

stock

brokerage

houses

in

the

country.

Their

main volume

of

business

originates

on

the

West

Coast

where

they

maintain

a number

of

branch

offices.

One

of

the

principal

requirements

of

competitive

existence

in

the

brokerage

field

is

rapid

ful-

fillment

of

customers'

orders,

and

requests

for

sample

prices,

or

"quotes".

Since

most

of

the

clients'

trading

is

done

on

the

floor

of

the

New

York

Stock

Exchange,

the

company

utilizes

an

extensive

private

wire

system

to

link

the

branches

with

the

Eastern

trading

center.

It

is

not unusual

for

an

order

to

originate

in

Los

Angeles,

be

flashed

to

New

York, be

executed

on

the

Exchange, and be

con-

firmed back

to

Los Angeles

in

a

matter

of

two

or

three

minutes.

The

system

that

we

have

designed

for

this

firm

includes

an

automatic

teletype

switching

center

on

the

West Coast and a Data

Processing

Center

in

New

York.

The

data

processing

cen-

ter

utilizes

a medium-scale

general

purpose

digital

computer

as

the

nucleus

of

all

inform-

ation-processing

activities.

All

branch

orders

are

received

by

the

West

Coast message

center

and

are

automatically

routed

on

to

New

York

where

they

are

simultaneously

sent

to

the

Exchange and

to

the

data

processing

cen-

ter.

Execution

reports

from

the

Exchange

are

sent

directly

to

the

originating

branch

and

to

the

data

processing

center.

These

orders

and

execution

reports

are

received

on

5-channel

teletype

tape

which

is

fed

directly

into

the

computer. The volume

of

business

handled

during

the

five

and one

half

hour

trading

day,

coupled

with

overall

speed

requirements,

necessitate

a system

capacity

of

twelve

such

order-execution

pairs

per

minute.

Basic

input

is

also

provided

to

the

sys-

tem

by

the

branch

and

New

York

office

reports

of

daily

receipts

and

disbursements

of

cash

and

securities.

This

extensive

input

data

·

Computers

and

Automation

must be

processed

each

day

according

to

a

rigid

timetable.

In

general,

all

of

one

day's

business

activity

must be

completely

recorded

and

processed

before

the

start

of

the

day.

All

of

this

work

is

subject

to

the

detailed

scrutiny

of

various

Exchanges,

the

S.E.C.,

and

the

auditors.

By

utilizing

the

extensive

private

wire

system,

the

data

processing

center

in

New

York

is

able

to

direct

the

complex

daily

operational

activities

of

this

company.

Furthermore,

although

the

company's

top

man-

agement

is

separated

from

the

data

processing

center

by

3,000

miles,

the

center

is

able

to

provide

them

with

a normal

supply

of

reports

while

at

the

same

time

rapidly

fulfilling

requests

for

special

analysis.

A

Transportation

Company

"Y"

is

a medium-size

company

in

the

trans-

portation

industry.

The

main volume

of

their

work

is

concerned

with

cross-country

movement

of

railroad

freight

cars.

The

majority

of

such movements

originate

in

East

Coast

ports

and

are

destined

for

Western

cities.

However,

a

considerable

portion

of

volume

consists

of

overnight

movements

into

such

mid~~stern

cities

as

Chicago,

St.

Louis,

and

Cincinnati.

A

further

complication

is

caused

by

the

fre-

quent

necessity

of

transfer

operations,

as

when

Baltimore

and Boston shipments

are

merged

in

St.

Louis

before

going

on

to

Los

Angeles.

A

Shipping

Order

is

prepared

by

the

cus-

tomer and

delivered

to

the

Company

with

each

consignment

of

merchandise.

These

Shipping

Orders

are

the

basic

input

to

the

system and

are

used

to

prepare

Freight

Bills,

Railroad

Manifests,

Receivabl~s

Entries,

and so

forth.

A completed

Freight

Bill

must

precede

each

shipment

to

its

destination

and must be on

hand

at

the

appropriate

Transfer

Points

be-

fore

arrival

of

the

various

freight

cars.

All

daily

processing

activities

are

subject

to

I.C.C.

regulation

and

are

continually

com-

pared

by

Carrier

Railroads

with

their

own

computations.

Our

client

processes

an

aver-

age

of

10,000

Shipping

Orders

each working

day.

The

data

processing

operations

of

this

company

are

characterized

by

a

large

mass

of

input

data,

a

requirement

for

flexible

pro-

cessing

schedules

that

allow

for

the

periodic

interruptions

of

rush

movements, and a high

volume

of

printed

output

accompani~d

by

a

moderate amount

of

punched

paper

tape

output

suitable

for

direct

teletype

transmission.

Our system

design

for

this

company

util-

izes

a medium-scale

general

purpose

digital

computer

installed

in

a Data

Processing

Cen-

ter

located

in

Chicago.

Due

to

the

fluctu-

ating

nature

of

data

transmission

time

sche-

dules,

the

overall

system

design

is

based

on

combined use

of

direct

teletype

input

and

output

and

extensive

air

mail

communication.

Original

Shipping

Orders,

as

well

~s

other

operational

data,

are

sent

to

the

data

pro-

cessing

center,

which

functions

as

the

con-

trolling

element

for

the

entire

company.

In

addition

to

processing

routine

daily

operating

data,

the

computer

is

utilized

for

the

formu-

lation

of

strategic

decisions

as

to

selection

of

optimum

freight

car

routings

and

Carrier-

Tariff

combinations.

Operational

Characte~istics

The X

Brokerage

House and

the

Y

Transpor-

tation

Company

are

in

two

vastly

different

fields

of

business.

Yet

the

requirements

and

characteristics

of

the

data

processing

systems

that

have been

designed

for

these

companies

are

strikingly

similar.

These

similarities

reveal

a

great

deal

about

the

nature

of

such

business

systems:

Both companies

operate

over

a wide

geo-

graphic

area

and use an

extensive

com-

munications

network and a medium-scale

computer

in

a

central

data

processing

installation.

In

both

cases,

basic

input

data

is

pro-

vided

by

activities

that

are

outside

of

the

system and

are

essentially

unin-

terested

in

the

workings

of

the

system

and

the

difficulties

that

are

caused

by

incorrect

data.

In

both

cases,

input

data

arrives

in

a

fairly

random

fashion

but

must

neverthe-

less

be

processed

upon

receipt,

since

all

operations

are

conducted

against

fairly

intractable

time

deadlines.

In

both

cases,

normal

operational

sche-

dules

must be

flexible

enough

to

accom-

modate

the

intermittent

interruptions

of

rush

jobs.

In

both

cases,

internal

system

proces-

sing

must conform

to

rulings

of

various

outside

regulatory

agencies.

"Real Time"

Business

Systems

The most

important

characteristic

of

both

systems,

however,

is

that

they

are

"real

time"

business

systems.

The

standard

definition

of

a

real

time

data

processing

system.is

one

"whose

actions

influence

the

input

data

that

is

being

received".

In

the

world

of

business

data

processing

systems,

this

definition

may

be

modified

to

read:

"A

real

time

business

system

operates

on-line

with

its

input

data".

One

such

automatic

real

time

business

system

is

the

American

Airlines

Reservisor

system

wherein

passenger

requests

for

seats

are

satisfied

as

they

are

received

with

essen-

tially

no

processing

delay.

-22 -

Reliability

Until

very

recently,

almost

all

commer-

cial

installations

of

general

purpose computer

sys~ems

were used

in

non-real

time

situations

and

relied

extensively

on

"batch

processing"

techniques.

Examples

of

areas

that

are

amen-

able

to

such

techniques

form an honor

roll

of

the

problems

first

handled

by

business

sys-

tems:

Payroll,

Receivables

Accounting,

In-

ventory

Accounting,

Insurance

and

Utility

Billing,

and so

forth.

'

The

functional

nature

of

a

real

time

business

system

requires

that

essential

con-

trol

and

direction

of

the

business

be

vested

in

the

data

processing

system

itself.

Both

of

the

systems

described

above

receive

in-

formation

concerning

the

environment

or

stimu-

li

or'

the

business.

In

one

case

these

are

orders

for

security

trades;

in

the

other,

they

are

Shipping

Orders.

The

automatic

system

processes

the

information

contained

in

these

initial

messages and

issues

directions

so

that

successive

appropriate

measures

may

be

taken.

Finally,

the

data

processing

'center

is

notified

of

the

results

of

these

actions

and

acts

to

issue

either

corrections

or

in-

structions

for

further

measures.

All

opera-

tional

data

funnels

into

the

processing

sys-

tem and

all

routine

operational

directions

issue

from

the

system.

Further,

the

formu-

lations

of

company management

are

based

on

analysis

prepared

by

the

data

processing

system from

information

that

is

contained

in

the

records

of

the

system.

An

operation

of

this

type

sounds

delight-

ful

to

the

systems

engineer,

for

we

have

in

large

measure

eliminated

the

human

element

from

routine

business

functions.

The

auto-

matic

system

directs

and

controls

daily

oper-

ations

while

using

the

results

to

provide

management

with

timely

reports

on

which

to

base

long-range

policy

decisions.

However,

the

practical

businessman views

such a system

in

an

entirely

different

light.

The

system

will

reduce

direct

operating

costs;

it

will

provide

greater

flexibility

and

effi-

ciency

than

the

present

manual system; manage-

ment

will

receive

information

in

time

to

for-

mulate

important

decisions

that

direct

the

company's

future

operations.

But,

while

ac-

cepting

the

validity

of

such

advantages,

the

executive

also

realizes

that

if

this

beauti-

ful

system

should

fail,

his

company

will

be

out

of

business.

In

the

final

analysis,

this

factor

of

reliability

is

the

most

important

character-

istic

of

real

time

business

systems and

pro-

vides

the

greatest

single

functional

differ-

ence between

on-line

and

batch

processing

systems.

If

the

payroll

is

late,

there

will

be unhappy

labor

force,

and

if

the

utility

bills

are

delayed

the

company

will

be

corres-

-23 -

pondingly

tardy

in

receiving

revenue.

But

if

an

on-line

s~stem

fails,

all

company

opera-

tions

cease.

Reliability

in

Real

Time

Systems

At

the

same

time,

the

inherent

benefits

that

may

accrue

from

the

utilization

of

auto-

matic

real

time

business

systems

are

signifi-

cantly

greater

than

those

provided

by

the

earlier

systems.

It

is

just

this

factor

of

automatic

control

of

routine

operations

that

provides

the

appeal

of

on-line

systems.

For

the

effect

of

a

day's

activity

will

be

re-

flected

in

reports

early

enough

for

the

ex-

ecutive

to

exert

an

effective

influence

on

these

same

operations.

Such

real

time

data

processing

systems

are

capable

of

implement-

ing

the

theory

of

"management

by

exception"

in

actual

daily

operations.

We

thus

have a

system

concept

that

can

provide

extensive

and

valuable

benefits

to

a

business

organization

and can

also

do

ir-

reparable

harm

in

case

of

failure.

Accord-

ingly,

we

must

provide

a system

design

that

will

reliably

ensure

against

failure

while

retaining

the

maximum

benefits.

Only

in

this

fashion,

can

we

hope

to

implement

this

signi-

ficant

step

forward

in

the

application

of

automatic

data

processing.

In

the

design

of

real

time

business

sys-

tems

we

have

adopted

a

concept

that

is

based

on

the

assumption

that

all

components

of

a

system

are

liable

to

failure,

but

that

over-

all

operations

must

not

fail.

One

of

the

simplest

and most

effective

means

of

ensuring

system

reliability

is

through

the

use

of

re-

dundancy.

This

technique

is

utilized

by

the

human

brain

and nervous system, and

the

anal-

ogy

is

a

natural

one

since

the

data

processing

system

functions

in

a

similar

fashion

for

the

business

organism. However,

in

view

of

the

economic

realities

of

commercial

life,

it

would

appear

more

practicable

to

approach

the

problem

in

a

slightly

different

manner.

The

first

requisite

of

our

system

is

high

quality

of

design

and

performance

in

each

individual

element.

Practically,

this

implies

that

only

proven components

can

be

incorporated

in

the

system.

As

newer compu-

ters

are

developed,

they

should

be

"broken

in"

on

the

batch

processing

problems.

If

that

is

not

feasible,

one must

insist

on

a

substantial

period

of

rigorous

testing

before

accepting

such

equipment.

Continual

preventive

maintenance

of

all

equipment

is

required.

A number

of

engineer-

ing

installations

of

medium-scale computers

adopted

the

practice

of

eliminating

preven-

tive

maintenance

periods.

These

organizations

(cont'd

on page 42)

AUTOMATIC SEARCH OF LIBRARY DOCUMENTS

s.

Richard

Moyer

University

of

Pennsylvania,

The

Institute

for

Cooperative

llesearch

Philadelphia,

Pa.

(This work

was

supported

in

full

by

the

Air

Research

and Development

Command

under

Contract

No.

AFI8(600)-125

with

the

Institute)

The

idea

of

an

automatic

library

has been

the

object

of

speculation

for

a

considerable

length

of

time.

Various

schemes,

some

grand-

iose

and

some

quite

modest, have been advanced

for

its

accomplishment.

Some

involve

machin-

ery

that

would

stagger

the

designers

of

a

modern

oil

refinery,

while

others

are

quite

simple;

some

display

Rube

Goldberg

overtones,

and

others

seem

quite

sensible.

Most

of

them

aim

at

a

level

of

automation

and a speed

of

operation

that

still

require

development and

research

before

becoming

realities.

However,

if

these

schemes

are

discarded

and an examin-

ation

is

made

of

the

various

types

of

auto-

matic

machinery

already

in

production

in

the

plants

of

electronic

computer

manufacturers,

it

will

be

possible

to

automatize

many

of

the

operations

of

the

modern

library.

Although

the

ultimate

degree

of

automation

has

not

yet

been

realized,

sufficient

progress

has been

made

to

eliminate

many

man-hours

of

labor.

While

the

possible

speed

of

operation

is

not

phenomenal,

when

viewed

in

relation

to

the

speed

of

present

methods

it

does

represent

a

very

substantial

saving

of

time.

The

cost,

furthermore,

will

be

considerably

less

than

that

for

present

methods

of

operation.

Currently,

both

industry

and

science

are

finding

it

increasingly

difficult

to

retrieve,

for

research

purposes,

information

stored

in

special

and

general

purpose

libra~y

collection~

This

situation

is

the

result

of

the

present

overflow

of

information

that

not

only

contri-

butes

to

the

time and

care

required

in

find-

ing

anything

specific

in

an

already

massive

collection,

but

also

complicates

the

task

of

adding

the

constantly

expanding incoming flow

of

new

information

to

that

collection.

Naturally,

a

great

capital

investment

is

necessary

to

install

electronic

computers and

automatic

maChinery

in

a

library.

This

fact

may

be viewed

by

many

with

trepidation,

but

several

industries

and government

agencies

already

have

electronic

computers

that

could

be

devoted

to

part-time

library

work,

thus

greatly

reducing

the

initial

investment.

Such

agencies

normally

represent

a

specialized

field

of

endeavor

and have

libraries

that

might

contain

100,000

to

200,000 documents,

i.e.,

publications

or

parts

of

publications

considered

as

single

units

for

indexing

pur-,

poses.

If

~n

automatic

installation

were made,

various

possibilities

of

improved

operation

would open up, and

substantial

savings

of

time

and money,

as

well

as

increased

thoroughness,

would

accrue

to

industrial

research.

Electronic

computer

manufacturers,

consequently,

would

soon

begin

to

design

and

build

special

purpose

machines

for

increasing

the

speed

of

operation

to

a

point

where

the

goals

of

the

visionaries

would be

approached.

At

the

present

time,

the

speed

of

exist-

ing

production

models

of

automatic

data-hand-

ling

machinery

probably

makes

the

operation

impractical

for

libraries

of

more

than

1,000,000

to

2,000,000

documents,

unless

the

required

machinery

is

installed

in

multiple

units.

Furthermore,

the

initial

cost

of

such

an

installation

would be

prohibitive.

Al-

though

obsolescence

might be a

serious

factor

initially,

stimulated

interest

would soon

pro-

duce

special

equipment

capable

of

greater

speed,

and such

institutions

as

the

Library

of

Congress,

as

well

as

the

predicted

50,000,000

document

library

of

the

future,

could

be

automatized.

The

idea

of

using

electronic

computers

for

searching

the

document

collection

of

a

library

is

not

new.

In

1951

Philip

Rutherford

Bagley

prepared

at

the

Massachusetts

Institute

of

Technology a

master's

thesis

entitled

Elec-

tronic

Digital

Machines

for

High Speed

Inform-

ation

SearChing.'

Because

of

the

rapid

growth

of

the

mass

of

published

articles,

books,

etc.,

during

the

past

few

years,

he

specified

that

the

machines must be

able

to

search

50,000,000

documents

within

a

reasonable

length

of

time.

Bagley's

method

of

recording

the

necessary

information

in

the

memory

system

of

the

elec-

tronic

computer

involves

the

use

of

a

series

of

terms

called

descriptors

which

consist

of

single

words used

singly

or

in

groups

to

de-

scribe

the

characteristics

of

the

subject

matter

of

a document.

This

information

is

arranged

in

the

memory

system

of

the

computer

in

the

form

of

consecutive

lists

of

descrip-

tors,

each

list

describing

a

single

document

headed

by

its

serial

number.

This

document

record

consists

of

only

two

types

of

informa-

tion:

(1)

the

serial

number

of

a document

which

allows

for

its

positive

identification;

and (2) a number

of

descriptors

that

describe

-24 -

4

Incominqfll,.

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Document!'

Outgoing

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for

..tI

fcS.\\\\\\..\.

\.

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~

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"

....

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To

Document

Collecti,on

..

, , "

"I

, I

I

DOCOMENT DOCUMENT

~

I

~

I

RECEPTION

PROCESSING

I

Assignment

Of

Cataloging

For I

DOCUMENT

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.J'

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COLLECTION

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Serial

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~

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"

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,~

CODING

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"""":-

BIBLIOGRAPHICAL

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.--

MEIDRY

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T I

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I

I'

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"-

A schematic diagram of the flow

of

information

among

the

various

operations

and

parts

of a

modern

library

that

utilizes

an

electronic

computer

for

literature

searches

(information

retrieval)

•

~

,

....

,

E-t

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~~ffi

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Requests

Computers

and

Automation

the

contents

of

the

text

of

the

document.

Bagley's

method

provides

for

an

average

of

30.0

descriptors

per

document, as

well

as

for

a

search

procedure

designed

so

that

vari-

ous numbers

of

descriptors

in

various

combin-

ations

can be

specified

as

the

subjects

of

the

information

retrieval

operation.

Invest·i-

gation

revealed

that

the

digital

computer,

Whirlwind

I,

could

search

approximately

11,990

documents

per

hour and would

require

approxi-

mately

41,700 hours

to

search

a

collection

of

50,000,000

documents. Bagley

then

outlined

an

idea

for

a

'special

purpose computer

that

could

be

designed

to

search

documents

at

the

rate

of

4.66

million

per

hour

(or

10.7

hours

to

search

a document

collection

of

50,000,000).

Recently,

Harley

E.

Tillitt,

at

the

U.S.

Naval Ordnance

Test

Station

at

China Lake,

California,

published

a

paper

entitled

An

Experiment

In

Information

Searching

Wit~The

'

701

Calculator.

Like Bagley,

Tillitt

used

in

his

experiment

the

mechanism

of

the

descrip-

tor

to

delineate

the

contents

of

the

document,

but

he

recorded

each

descriptor

only

once and

associated

serial

numbers

with

it.

Thus

the

record

in

the

memory

system

contains

lists

of

serial

numbers

of

many

different

documents

headed

by

a

single

descriptor,

signifying

that

each document

in

the

list

contains

the

inform-

ation

labeled

by

a

descriptor

at

the

head

of

the

list.

In

this

system, each

consecutive

list

refers

to

many

documents.

As

in

Bagley's

method,

the

record

consists

of

only

two

types

of

information:

(1)

a

serial

number

that

allows

for

positive

identification

of

the

documentj and (2) a number

of

descriptors

that

define

the

contents

of

the

text

of

the

document.

Tillitt's

operation

actually

adapted

the

Uniterm system

to

an

IBM

701

Electronic

Data

Processing

Machine and used an

average

of

7.6

descriptors

per

document.

This

method

provides

for

searches

by

the

IBM

701

of

vari-

ous numbers

of

descriptors

in

different

com-

binations.

Using

this

system,

Tillitt

found

that

he

could

record

the

information

for

approximately

34,000

documents

on

a 1200

ft.

magnetic

tape.

Because

of

divergent

factors

peculiar

to

dif-

ferent

types

of

searches,

he

found

that

the

minimum

search

time

for

34,000

documents

was

20

seconds and

the

maximum

4

minutes.

If

the

maximum

search

time

is

used as a

base,

Tillitt's

method would

provide

a

search

rate

of

510,000

documents

per

hour,

or

98.04 hours

for

50,000,000

documents.

Both

Bagley's

thesis

and

Tillitt's

opera-

tion

were aimed

at

overcoming

the

problem

of

retrieving

information

stored

in

a document

collection.

The

solution

of

this

problem

would remove one

of

the

major

obstacles

in

carrying

out

adequate

literature

research

to-

day. However,

the

problems

of

the

modern

-26 -

library

do

not

consist

solely

of

information

retrieval.

Another major

obstacle

is

the

processing

of

incoming documents

before

they

are

put

into

the

document

collection

and

thence

become

available

to

individuals

engaged

in

re-

search.

The

processing

of

documents

consists

of

assigning

serial

numbers, numbering

the

document,

cataloging

the

document, and

pre-

paring

appropriate

records

for

document con-

trol.

With

the

increasing

mass

of

publica-

tions

in

recent

years,

processing

of

documents

has

created

a

serious

delay

in

the

progress

of

information

storage

in

itself,

so

that

it

is

not

uncommon

for

large

libraries

of

one

to

two

million

items

to

have documents backlogged

for

as

much

as one

or

two

years.

Such a

situ-

ation

impedes

research,

inasmuch

as

current

publications

are

not

available

in

collections.

Naturally,

this

is

an

important

factor,

con-

sidering

the

current

advances

in

scientific

research.

In

view

of

this

fact,

it

would

seem

that

there

is

a need, not

only

to

pro-

vide

faster

means

of

searching

document

col-

lections,

but

also

to

streamline

and mechanize

the

processing

of

documents

for

a

collection.

These

things

must be done

before

the

problems

of

the

modern

library

will

be

solved

even

partially.

A

study

of

the

modern

library

reveals

that

the

use

of

electronic

computers

for

search

ac-

tivities

will

not

permit

us

to

eliminate

the

card

catalog

completely.

Search

activities

which

involve

checking

for

the

presence

or

absence

of

a

particular

document,

locating

a

document

by'a

given

author,

finding

any docu-

ment under

certain

broad

classifications,

etc.,

can

still

be

carried

out

best

by

the

use

of

a

card

catalog.

However,

the

card

catalog

thus

actually

becomes an

auxiliary

aid

and

should

be

considerably

streamlined

so

that

it

would

contain

only

author

and

title

cards

and a

maximum

of

three

of

the

traditional

sUbject

cards

per

document.

A

new

operation,

indexing

by

the

use

of

descriptors,

takes

the

place

of

extensive

cataloging.

The

product

of

this

process

is

the

record

which

is

searched

by

the

computer

mechanism.

The

use

of

descriptors

for

index-

ing

eliminates

the

necessity

for

making numer-

ous

involved

judgments which

are

critical

to

the

efficient

functioning

of

the

standard

card

catalog

as an

information

retrieval

system.

This

being

true,

personnel

requirements

for

the

indexing

operation

may

be somewhat lowered

in

respect

to

the

extent

of

time

required

for

training,

and

the

level

of

intellectual

ability

of

the

trainee.

This would

tend

to

ease

the

existing

shortage

of

professional

librarians

and would

also

release

such

people

for

the

more

critical

tasks

of

documentation

in

the

automatic

library.

Other

items

necessary

to

the

functioning'

Automatic

Search

of

a modern

library

are

the

accession

record

( a

record

of

each document

in

the

collection

in

the

order

of

its

receipt),

the

shelf

list

(a

record

of

the

shelf

position

of

each

docu-

ment

in

the

collection),

and a

series

record

(a

record

which

allows

for

the

location

or

grouping

of

any

given

series

of

documents

issued

periodically).

These

three

records

taken

together

constitute

the

document

con-

trol

system and

they

must be produced

when

the

document

is

processed.

The

author

and Mrs. Gwendolyn

M.

Bedford,

members

of

the

Institute

for

Cooperative

Re-

search

of

the

University

of

Pennsylvania,

working

in

conjunction

with

Dr. Donald

Thomsen

and

Mr.

David Lawrence

of

the

Applied

Science

Division

of

the

Philadelphia

offices

of

the

International

Business

Machines

Corporation,

have

designed

a system

that

utilizes

an

IBM

705

Electronic

Data

Processing

Machine

to

search

document

collections.

The

selection

of

IBM

equipment

for

study

as

to

the

possibil-

ities

of

such an

application

evolved

from a

survey

of

the

Sharp &

Dohme

punch

card

in-

formation

retrieval

system

at

West

Point,

Pa.

This

system employs an

IBM

101

Electronic

Statistical

Machine.

There

is

no

doubt

that

the

system

devised

at

the

Institution

for

Cooperative

Research

is

compatible

with

other

automatic

machinery,

since

other

computer

builders

have

in

pro-

duction

machines

of

similar

scope and

capa-

city.

The

intent

in

this

system

is

to

use a

special

assembly

of

IBM

typewriter

card

punch

equipment

(or

comparable equipment from any

other

manufacturer),

including

a number

of

remotely

controlled

typewriters,

to

produce

in

one

operation

all

the

cards

for

the

aux~

iliary

card

file

and

all

the

necessary

con-

trol

records.

This

assembly

of

equipment

will

produce

simultaneously

all

the

necessary

input

to

the

computer

memory.

The documentary

information

fed

into

the

computer

memory

is

called

the

document

record

in

this

system.

It

consists

of

two

sections,

a

bibliographical

facts

section

and

descrip-

tor

section.

The

bibliographical

facts

sec-

tion

contains

seventeen

facts

about

the

docu-

ment, such

as

an

identifying

and

locating

number,

the

author

or

authors,

the

publisher,

the

date

of

publication,

etc.

The

descriptor

section

of

the

document

record

contains

an

average

of

thirty

descriptors

per

document

to

define

the

contents

of

the

document. '

On

the

basis

of

past

experience,

it

was

decided

at

the

time

this

system

was

designed

that

an

average

of

thirty

descriptors

per

document

is

necessary

to

define

the

contents

completely

enough

to

locate

the

various

types

of

inform-

ation

a document

may

contain.

Within

the

descriptor

section

it

will

be

possible,

if

it

is

so

desired,

to

signify

such

things

as

-27 -

the

year

or

era,

the

geographic

and

political

areas

to

which

the

contents

pertain,

and

the

basic

nature

of

the

contents.

In

this

system,

as

in

Bagley's,

each

con-

secutive

list

of

information

in

the

memory

system

of

the

computer

refers

to

a

single

document. The

list

contains

(1)

the

serial

number

of

the

document,

allowing

for

its

positive

identification,

(2)

the

shelf

loca-

tion,

(3)

the

bibliographical

facts

such as

author,

publisher,

date,

etc.,

and (4)

the

list

of

descriptors

pertaining

to

that

docu-

ment.

The coding system

designed

for

the

de-

scriptor

section

obviates

some

of

the

diffi-

culties

existing

in

earlier

systems such as

Uniterm and

various

other

adaptations

of

Coordinate

Indexing.

The

system under

dis-

cussion

provides

for

the

division

of

the

de-

scriptors

of

any

given

document

into

arbi-

trary

groups.

Thus

two

or

more

discussions

in

a

single

document

may

be

specified

as

unrelated.

If

this

feature

is

used

in

conjunction

with

certain

types

of

search

programs,

the

breadth

as

well

as

the

level

of

abstraction

of

the

retrieved

in-

formation

may

be

controlled.

At

the

option

of

the

user,

this

system

also

provides

for

the

qualification

of

descriptors

that

appear

in

the

descriptor

section

of

the

document.

The

system under

discussion

carries

much

more

information

in

the

computer

memory

(the

document

record)

than

the

systems

of

either

Bagley

or

Tillitt.

The

inclusion

of

seven-

teen

bibliographical

facts

permits

one

to

locate

any document

that

contains

the

neces-

sary

information,

whether

the

search

be

carried

out

by

author,

by

issuing

agency,

or

by

publication

date.

The

reader

can

easily

imagine

many

other

combinations

that

might

be

desired.

The

experience

of

research

li-

braries,

moreover,

corroborates

the

necessity

for

such

flexibility

and'

capacity.

Such a document

record,

with

seventeen

bibliographical

facts

and

thirty

terms

in

the

descriptor

section,

will

be

stored

on

reels

of

magnetic

tape.

Each 2500

ft.

reel

of

tape

will

hold

the

record

of

14,000 docu-

ments.

This

document

record

can be

searched

by

an

IBM

705

Electronic

Data

Processing

Ma-

chine

at

the

rate

of

150,000 documents

per

hour.

The

results

of

the

search

will

be

de-

livered

by

the

printer

of

the

Elec~ronic

Data

Processing

Machine

in

the

form

of

a

list

(bibliography)

of

identifying

and

locating

numbers

for

the

documents

containing

the

desired

information.

Upon

request,

the

printer

could

print

out

the

entire

document

record

of

each document.

To

study

the

bibli-

ography more

intensively

before

consulting

-the

documents

themselves,

one would need

only

Computers

and

Automation

to

decode

the

document

record.

One

IBM

705

Electronic

Data

Processing

Machine would

re-

quire

333.33 hours

to

search

a

library

of

50,000,000

documents

(Bagley's

goal),

using

the

system

described

here.

Since

such a

length

of

time

is

prohibitive,

it

would seem

that

search

of

a

50,000,000

document

library

will

have

to

await

the

development

of

some

such

device

as

Bagley's

"special

purpose

computer".

The

system

described

here

is

slower

than

Tillitt's

operation

with

the

701

but,

were

Tillitt

to

raise

his

average

descriptor

load

from

7.6

to

30.0

descriptors

per

document,

it

appears

that

his

search

speed would be

cut

from 510,000

to

146,166 documents

per

hour.

If

he

were

also

to

include

17

bibliographical

facts,

the

speed seems

to

drop

to

93,279

docu-

ments

per

hour. This

is

only

a

tentative

estimate

because

there

may

be

several

ways

of

arranging

the

record

in

the

memory

system

of

the

computer.

Some

of

these

arrangements

might

increase

the

speed

of

search

to

more

than

93,279 documents

per

hour.

On

the

other

hand,

there

is

a chance

that

it

may

be im-

possible

to

include

more

than

one

biblio-

graphical

fact

in

Tillitt's

system

(in

this

case

an

identifying

number

or

serial

number

of

the

document)

because

of

the

way

he

lists

his

records

of

documents

in

the

computer

memory.

During

the

winter

of

1953-54,

the

writer

was

concerned

with

a

literature

search

of

a

library

of

approximately

1,000,000

documents

for

some

important

key

facts

connected

with

a problem.

After

600 hours

of

labor

had been

expended

at

the

cost

of

approximately

$1425,

nearly

1700

promising

document

titles

had

been assembled from

the

card

catalog,

and

from

various

abstracts,

footnotes,

indices,

bibliographies,

etc.

The 1700 documents

themselves had not been examined. For

vari-

ous

reasons,

including

cost

and

lack

of

person-

nel,

the

search

was

abandoned

at

this

point.

However, as a

conservative

estimate,

the

time

required

to

make

an

adequate

examination

of

the

1700 documents would

certainly

be

in

ex-

cess

of

850

hours.

The

labor

charges

for

this

operation

would have amounted

to

at

least

$2025. At

this,point,

the

costs

are

already

$3450,

without

the

inclusion

of

any

charges

for

stenographic

services

or

materials.

Even

with

such an

expenditure,

the

search

would have

exploited

neither

the

major

por-

tion

of

the

collection's

periodical

holdings

nor a number

of

other

possible

source

areas.

More

important

than

the

fact

that

some

areas

were not

searched

is

the

fact

that,

be-

cause

of

conventional

methods

of

cataloging,

many

relevant

references

were undoubtedly

missed

in

the

areas

that

had been

covered.

-

28

-

It

should

also

be

noted

that,

in

the

areas

that

were

thoroughly

combed,

many

irrelevant

references

were

undoubtedly

tagged

for

exami-

nation.

Although

these

two

situations

may

occur

in

searches

conducted by

electronic

com-

puter,

they

are

not

likely

to

do

so

because

the

descriptor

concept

of

indexing

is

more

flexible

and

at

the

same

time more

precise

than

the

conventional

method.

What

about

cost

and

time

outlays

for

in-

formation

retrieval

procedures

of

the

system

outlined

in

this

article?

An

IBM

705

Elec-

tronic

Data

Processing

Machine

costs

approxi-

mately

$28,180

per

month. A crew

of

six

oper-

ating

21

hours a day,

or

two

people

on

each

shift,

would

cost

approximately

$3000

per

month. Each

shift

would

consist

of

an

oper-

ating

specialist

($8000

per

year)

and a

ser-

vice

clerk

($4000

per

year).

It

is

difficult

to

estimate

what

other

personnel

and

material

are

necessary

or

at

what

point

cataloging

and

library

control

services

leave

off

and

litera-

ture

searching

activities

begin,

but

it

would

seem

that

an

additional

$10,000

per

month

would

take

care

of

this

overlap,

as

well

as

of

additional

staff

and

material

needs.

This

staff

would program

searches

during

the

day

for

the

around-the-clock

operation

and

enter

records

of

documents

in

the

memory

system.

Thus

the

total

operating

costs

add

up

to

approximately

$41,180

per

month,

or

$2059

per

day. Under

the

system

outlined,

the

machinery

could

search,

barring

breakdown and

excluding

multiple

searches,

3.15

million

documents

every

24

hours

(21 hours

of

work).

If

the

machine were

operated

20 days

per

month,

the

cost

would be

approximately

$653.65

per

search

of

1,000,000

documents,

or

18.9%

of

the

$3450

necessary

to

carry

out

the

same

operation

by

a

completely

human

agency.

The

result

of

the

search

would be

delivered

in

the

form

of

serial

numbers

of

documents (and

in

many

cases

page numbers

of

·the

desired

information)

which would

permit

the

location

of

any document

in

the

document

collection.

So

far

as

time

outlays

are

concerned,

such a system would

allow

the

search

of

a

million

documents

every

6.66

hours

without

an

increase

in

capital

investment

for

ma-

chinery,

barring

breakdowns and

multiple

searches.

If

demands were so heavy

as

to

make

it

necessary

to

install

two

electronic

computers,

search

time

per

million

documents

could

be

cut

to

3.33

hours

at

approximately

the

same

cost.

If

all

set

forth

,in

thi

s

di

scus

s

ion

are

accepted,

it

can be

readily

estimated

that

an

equivalent

but

less

precise

and complete

search

of

a

million

documents

could

be

carried

out

by

a

completely

human

agency

in

6.66

hours,

with

approximately

221

individuals

using

existing

library

facilities

and equipment. However,

Automatic

Search

the

point

must be

made

that

the

coordination

of

a

force

of

221

individuals

to

prosecute

such a

search

represents

an

almost

insur-

mountable proulem.

In

addition,

it

must be

pointed

out

that

the

task

of

procurement

of

so

large

a group

capable

of

pursuing

such a

search

is

virtually

impossible.

It

is

cer-

tain,

in

any

case,

that

the

cost

would

still

exceed $3450.

Table

1

(see

below) summarizes

the

speeds

of

the

various

methods

of

literature

searching

that

have been

discussed

in

this

article.

It

must be

re-emphasized,that

the

cost

estimates

given

here

for

a

human

agencyVs

searching

operations

are

extremely

conserva-

tive.

In

addition,

attention

should

be

called

to

the

fact

that

6897 documents

are

not

actu-

ally

examined

per

hour

in

such an

operation.

The major

portion

of

the

6897

are

really

documents whose

titles,

contents,

and

catalog

cards

are

not examined

or

even

known

by

the

searcher.

Whereas

the

electronic

computer

actually

searches

every

document

record,

the

human

agency

searches

only

in

certain

areas

of

the

card

catalog

where

subject

headings,

etc.,

indicate

that

the

documents

containing

the

required

information

are

likely

to

be

listed.

Thus,

vast

areas

of

the

catalog

are

eliminated

without

ever

being

touched.

The

figure

of

6897 documents

per

hour

may

also

vary

widely

from

searcher

to

searcher

and from

search

to

search

because

of

differences

in

card

catalog

construction

as

well

as

in

the

efficiency

and

thoroughness

of

the

searcher.

In

most

cases

it

is

highly

probable

that

the

TABLE

1

documents

searched

by

a

completely

human

agency

will

number

far

fewer

than

6897

per

hour.

On

the

other

hand,

it

can be

stated

that

the

probabilities

that

the

actual

operating

speed

will

approximate

the

estimates

for

Whirl-

wind

I,

the

IBM

705

system,

and

Bagley's

"Special

purpose computer"

are

high

if

the

planned

procedures

are

used.

Of

course,

there

is

no

question

about

the

speed

of

operation

of

the

IBM

701

system

using

TillittVs

system,

since

his

data

are

drawn from

actual

experienca

In

conclusion,

the

savings

accrued

through

the

use

of

automatic

machinery

versus

the

com-

pletely

human

agency,

insofar

as

they

are

pre-

dictable

at

this

time,

can be summarized

as

follows.

The

IBM

705

system,

staffed

by

the

necessary

crew,

could

do

a

literature

search

of

a document

collection

in

approximately

two

percent

of

the

man-hours

required

by a

completely

human

agency;

the

cost

of

such a

search

would be

approximately

18.9%

of

the

cost

of

carrying

out

the

same

search

by

a

completely

human

agency; and

the

results

of

the

search

would be more

accurate,

thorough,

and complete

than

the

results

of

a

search

carried

out

by

a

human

agency.

In

respect

to

input

to

the

document

collection

~~,

it

would seem

that

this

can be

simplified

and

expedited

considerably

by

the

use

of

descrip-

tor

indexing

in

conjunction

with

existing

items

of

automatic

machinery.

Finally,

the

electronic

computer

as

an

information

storage

mechanism

offers

unlimited

possibilities

for

a

higher

potential

number

of

descriptors

and

bibliographical

facts

per

document

than

any

existing

automatic

equipment.

Comparative Speeds

of

Various

Search

Agencies

Searching

Agency

Completely

Human

Agency

Whirlwind I

IBM

705

system

as

described

in

this

article

IBM

701

system

using

Tillitt's

method

Bagley's

Special

Purpose

Computer

Documents

Searched

Per

Hour

6,897

11990.4

150,000

510,000

4,761,900

100,000

Documents

145

man

hours

83.4

hours

.66

hours

.196

hours

.021

hours

-

29

-

Time

Required

to

Search

1,000,000

50,000,000

Documents Documents

1450

man

hours

72,500

man

hours

834 hours

41,700

hours

6.66

hours

333.33

hours

1.96

hours

98.04

hours

.214

hours

10.72

hours

IRE

NATIONAL

CONVENTION,

MARCH,

1957,

NEW

,YORK

TITLES

AND

ABSTRACTS

OF

PAPERS

BEARING

ON

COMPUTERS

AND

DATA

PROCESSORS

The

Program

of

Technical

Sessions

of

the

IRE

National

Convention

in

New

York,

March

1957,

con-

tains

a number

of

papers

having

some

relation

to

computers and

data

processors.

Following

are

the

titles

and

abstracts

of

these

papers,

and

nota-

tions

of

the

part

of

the

IRE

Convention Record

in

which

they

will

be

published.

Copies

of

this

publication

will

be

obtainable

from

The

Institute

of

Radio

Engineers,

Inc.,

One

East

79

St.,

New

York

21,

N.Y.

SESSION

6

Sponsored

by

th~

Professional

Group

on

Com-

munications

Systems.

To

be

published

in

Part

8

of

the

1957

IRE

Convention Record.

MULTIPLEX

COMMUNICATIONS

SYSTEMS

6.2

Time-Division

Multiplex

System

with

Addressed

Information

Packages -

R.

Filipowsky and

E.

Scherer,

Westinghouse

Electric

Corp.,

Balti-

more,

Md.

A

digital

multiplex

communication system

is

described

wherein

the

channels

are

combined

in

asynchronous time

division;

there

is

no

fixed

and

predetermined

sequence by which

the

individual

transmission

interval

is

electronically

"auctioned"

and

is

allotted

to

the

highest

bidder,

i.e.,

to

the

channel having

instantaneously

the

most

urgent

need

for

forwarding

its

message

or

a

fraction

thereof.

The

receiver

has

no

knowledge

to

which

channel

the

information

within

one

transmission

interval

should

be

directed,

unless

each

interval

will

carry

its

own

address.

One

interval

may

con-

tain

one

quantized

sample only

or

a

larger

amount

of

time compressed

information,

i.e.,

one

informa-

tion,package.

SESSION

9

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Auto-

matic

Control.

To

be

published

in

Part

4

of

the

1957

IRE

Convention Record.

AUTOMATIC

CONTROL--GENERAL

9.1

Digital

Controllers

for

Feedback Systems -

J.

R.

Ragazzini,

Columbia

University,

New

York,

N.Y.

A

digital

controller

for

a feedback

control

system

is

a computer which

accepts

a sequence

of

numbers

at

its

input

and

delivers

a

processed

-30 -

sequence

of

numbers

at

its

output.

The

implemen-

tation

of

the

computer

may

be

completely

analog

or

digital,

or

a combination

thereof,

as

will

be

shown

by

typical

designs.

The

output

sequence

of

the

controller

may

be

generated

at

a

rate

equal

to

or

at

a

multiple

of

the

input

sequence

rate.

For

linear

systems,

it

is

possible

to

program

the

computer

to

cause

the

control

system

to

have a

desirable

over-all

prototype

response

subject

to

certain

theoretical

limitations.

For computers

in

which

the

output

data

rate

is

a

multiple

of

the

input

rate,

faster

response

can be

achieved.

The

theory

of

sampled-data systems

is

applied

to

the

synthesis

of

the

digital

controller

program

which

will

produce

these

desirable

prototype

re-

sponse

functions.

The

theoretical

restrictions

which

limit

the

choice

of

response

functions

are

pointed

out.

Examples

of

typical

designs

which

illustrate

the

theory

are

given.

9.4

Solution

of

Statistical

Problems

by

Automatic

Control

Techniques -

R.

L.

Cosgriff,

Dept.

of

Elec.

Eng.,

Ohio

State

University,

Columbus,

Ohio

It

has been widely

accepted

that

many

pro-

cesses

in

the

broad

field

of

science

essentially

can be

classified

as

closed-loop

systems.

Many

of

the

problems

encountered

in

these

fields

are

essentially

statistical

in

nature

and,

as

a

re-

sult,

have not been

analyzed

using

the

differential

equation

approach; however

,_

au~ocorrelation

and

spectral

density

approach have been used.

~t

is

demonstrated

that

the

differential

equation'

approach can be used

to

determine

the

expected

behavior

of

many

of

the

"statistical

type

systems."

SESSION

22

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Infor-

mation Theory.

To

be

published

in

Part

2

of

the

1957

IRE

Convention Record.

INFORMATION

THEORY--APPLICATIONS

22.1

An

Inductive

Inference

Machine -

R.

J.

Solomonoff,

Technical

Research Group,

New

York,

N.Y.

A

study

has been

made

of

a

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Groups

on

Elec-

tron

Devices and

Broadcast

and

Television

Receivers.

To

be

published

in

Part

3

of

the

1957

IRE

Conven-

tion

Record.

TELEVISUAL

SYSTEMS

DEVICES

23.4

An

Electrostatic

Character-Writing

Tube -

K.

Schlesinger,

B.

Maggos,

and

A.

F.

Hogg,

Motorola,

Inc.,

Chicago,

Ill.

A

19-inch

charactron

tube

has been developed,

which uses

electrostatic

fields

throughout

for

character

selection

and

distribution,

as

well

as

for

image

formation

and

intensification.

Two

pairs

of

conjugate

electrostatic

yokes

are

used

for

letter-selection,

and a

fifth

unit

for

charac-

ter-positioning

at

wide

angles

(70

degrees).

A long

decelerating

electrostatic

lens

is

used

for

image

formation,

permit~ing

instantaneous

change

of

size

between small and

capital

letters.

A

new

barrier-mask

accelerator

has been

de-

veloped

to

increase

beam

velocity

twelve-to-one

over

the

last

inch

of

its

path

ahead

of

the

screen.

SESSION

26

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Elec-

tronic

Computers.

To

be

published

in

Part

4

of

1957

IRE

Convention Record.

ELECTRONIC

COMPUTERS

I--DIGITAL

COMPUTERS

26.1

An

RCA

High-Performance Tape

Transport

Sys-

tem -S. Baybick and

R.

E.

Montijo, Radio

Corp.

of

America,

Camden,

N.J.

A

high-performance,

multichannel

digital

tape

transport

has been developed

to

meet

the

needs

of

the

data

processing

industry

in

general.

This

is

tubeless

equipment which

provides

very

fast

start

and

stop

times

at

very high-

repetition

rates

through

the

use

of

semi-conductor

and magnetic components.

This paper

describes

the

electronics

and

me-

chanism

in

detail

including

the

methods employed

in

obtaining

start-stop

rates

to

120

per

second,

start

and

stop

times

of

less

than

2

milliseconds,

and a

start-stop

spacing

of

less

than

0.2

inches.

The

transport

handles

various

widths

of

tape

from

1/2

to

1

1/8

inches

and magnetic heads which

pro-

vide

up

to

18

recording

tracks.

The

weight-type

reel

servo

system,

the

high-

current

transistor

solenoid

driver,

and

the

tape

control

logic

are

also

described.

Several

unique

features

of

this

equipment have been employed

in

this

developmental equipment

to

achieve

perform-

ance and enhance

its

reproducibility.

26.2

A Magnetic

Pulse-Current

Regulator

-

J.

D.

Lawrence,

Jr.

and

T.

H.

Bonn, Remington

Rand

Univac,

Philadelphia,

Pa.

This

paper

describes

a magnetic

current

regu-

lator

using

a

square

hysteresis

loop

core

with

two

windings. A

direct

current

flowing

in

one winding

holds

the

core

in

a

saturated

condition

and

pro-

vides

a

current

reference

for

regulation.

The

core

presents

a

low

impedance

to

a

current

pulse

passing

through

the

other

winding

until

the

pulse

mmf

exceeds

the

dc

mmf.

When

this

happens,

the

core

moves

into

the

unsaturated

region

of

its

hysteresis

loop and

presents

a high impedance

to

the

current

pulse,

thereby

preventing

further

in-

crease

in

this

current

,pulse.

Design

considerations

are

presented.

The

precision

of

regulation

is

directly

proportional

to

the

number

of

turns

on

the

pulse

winding and

inversely

proportional

to

the

magnetizing

mmf

re-

quired

by

the

core

in

its

unsaturated

region.

Hence,

precision

of

regulation

is

limited

by

the

amount

of

air

core

inductance

that

can be

toler-

ated

and

the

number

of

turns

that

it

is

physically

possible

to

place

on

a

core.

The

use

of

a

thin-

wall

metal bobbin

substantially

improves

the

regu-

lation.

26.3

Diodeless

Magnetic Core

Logical

Circuits

-

L.

A.

Russell,

IBM

Research

Center,

Pough-

keepsie,

N.Y.

Magnetic

cores

having

rectangular

hysteresis

loops have been

shown

to

be

useful

as a key

ele-

ment

in

logical

circuits

for

digital

computers.

However, most

of

these

circuits

use

diodes

for

coupling,

requiring

windings

of

large

numbers

of

turns,

or

large

cores.

A

special

class

of

mag-

netic

core

logical

circuits

will

be

presented

in

which

cores

are

used

for

coupling.

By

avoiding

the

use

of

diodes,

these

circuits

offer

major

ad-

vantages

in

economy,

reliability,

and compactness

in

medium

speed

applications.

The

basic

tech-

nique

that

eliminates

the

need

for

diodes

requires

that

some

of

the

cores

have a

switching

threshold.

Specific

examples

of

possible

circuits

and

their

operating

characteristics

will

be shown.

26.4

Digital

Computer Designs

Circuit

for

Longest

Mean

Time

to

Failure

-

J.

Alman, P.

L.

Phipps

and

D.

L.

Wilson, Remington

Rand

Univac, Div.

of

Sperry

Rand

Corp.,

St.

Paul,

Minn.

This

paper

describes

a system

of

circuit

de-

sign

utilizing

a

digital

computer.

The

digital

-

31

-

COmputers

and

Automation

computer

is

programmed

in

such a manner so

that

it

can compute

the

circuit

that

w~uld

give

the

longest

mean

time

for

failure

of

the

circuit.

This

is

accomplished

by

programming

into

the

computer

the

characteristics

of

life

test

of

com-

ponents.

The

computer computes

the

circuit

many

times looking

for

the

combination

of

circuit

com-

ponents

that

would

still

meet

the

output

require-

ments and

give

the

longest

mean

life

to

failure.

The

main computer

output

then

becomes

just

the

circuit

which would

give

the

longest

mean

time

to

failure

possible

with

the

existing

component

char-

acteristics

which were programmed

into

the

computer.

26.5

Considerations

in

the

Design

of

Character

Recognition

Systems -

E.

C.

Greanias

and

Y.

M.

Hill,

International

Business

Machines

Corp.,

Endicott,

N.Y.

The

basic

factors

pertaining

to

the

Character

Sensing

problem

are,discussed.

These

are

range

of

style,

range

of

quality,

and number

of

characters

and symbols

to

be

recognized.

Possible

defini-

~ions

of

ch~racter

quality

and

units

for

measuring

It

are

described.

The

information

handling

steps

of

the

recognition

process

are

outlined

as:

1) Conversion

of

marks

on

paper

to

electrical

signals.

2)

Discrimination

between

signal

and

noise.

3)

Reduction

of

filtered

data.

4)

Identification

of

characters

and symbols

based

on

reduced

data.

5)

Validity

checks.

The

use

of

digital

computers

in

the

simula-

tion

of

data

reduction

and

recognition

is

de-

scribed.

A method

for

generating

realistic

test

specimens

on

a

digital

computer

is

outlined.

SESSION

28

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Nu-

clear

Science.

To

be

published

in

Part

9

of

the

1957

IRE

Convention Record.

NUCLEAR

INSTRUMENTATION

28.3

O.l-Microsecond,

2000-Channel,

Electrostatic

Storage

System

for

Time-of-Flight

Experiments

-

J.

Hahn, Dept.

of

Physics,

Columbia

Univer-

sity,

New

York,

N.Y.

\

An

instrument

has been developed

for

measur-

ing

neutron

time-of-flight

which has 2000

discrete

time

channels,

each having a width

of

0.1

micro-

second. A temporary

electrostatic

storage

is

used

in

conjunction

with

a magnetic

drum

memory.

Neutrons

initiated

by a

cyclotron

burst,

which

occurs

at

approximately

a

60-cps

rate,

are

de-

tected

after

traversing

a

fixed

flight

path,

and

their

times

of

arrival

are

stored

in

the

electro-

static

memory.

Before

the

occurs

the

stored

information

is

read

into

the

drum, and

the

storage

tube

is

cleared.

This

paper

describes

the

electrostatic

storage

system and

circuitry~

The

major system

blocks

which

are

discussed

are:

the

10-mc

pulsed

oscillator

and

clock

pulse

generator;

the

"clock-stopper"

or

staticizer;

the

fast

carry

flip-flop

deflection

circuit

drivers;

the

current

adder

stairstep

deflection

generators,

and

the

storage

tube.

-32 -

SESSION

35

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Audio.

To

be

published

in

Part

7

of

the

1957

IRE

Conven-

tion

Record.

SPEECH

ANALYSIS

AND

AUDIO

AMPLIFIERS

35.1 A Demonstration

of

the

Representation

of

Speech

by

Poles

and Zeros -S.

H.

Chang

and

R.

Bach,

Jr.,

Northeastern

University,

Boston,

Mass.

Aside from

the

phonemic

description

of

speech

the

most

effective

representation

of

speech

is

supplied

by

the

dynamic model. The

latter

concept

of

excitation

functions

and system

functions

is

very

appealing

to

communication

scientists.

Work

remains

to

be done

to

demonstrate

how

successful

this

concept

is

in

solving

speech compression

problems. This

paper

demonstrates

our

progress

to

date.

SESSION

40

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Produc-

tion

Techniques.

To

be

published

in

Part

6

of

the

1957

IRE

Convention Record.

PRODUCTION

TECHNIQUES

40.2

An

Approach

to

Airborne

Digital

Computer

Equipment

Construction

-P.

E.

Boron and

E.

N.

King, Hughes

Aircraft

Co.,

Culver

City,

Calif.

This

paper

is

a

discussion

of one method

of

building

airborne

digital

equipment, making use

of

the

unitized

etched wiring

plug-in

philosophy-

and

utilizing

an

all-etched

wiring

harness

to

make

the

large

number

of

connections

between

plug-

in

units.

Points

of

emphasis

are

miniaturization,

reliability,

small

weight,

accessibility,

and

manufacturability

of

the

equipment.

SESSION

41

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Elec-

tronic

Computers.

To

be

published

in

Part

4

of

the

1957

IRE

Convention Record.

ELECTRONIC

COMPUTERS

II--SYMPOSIUM

ON

COMPUTERS

IN

SIMULATION,

DATA

REDUCTION,

AND

CONTROL

Chairman:

R.

D.

Elbourn,

National

Bureau

of

Stand~

ards,

Washington,

D.C.

A

rapidly

expanding

class

of

computer

appli-

cations

that

includes

the

simulation

of

complex

systems

in

real

time,

on-line

reduction

of

experi-

mental

data,

and

automatic

process

control

is

in-

troducing

new

problems

that

were not met

in

the

mathematical and

business

applications.

Problems

of

speed and

control

affect

the

de-

sign

of

the

computer

itself.

For

sufficient

speed

it

may

have

to

be wholly

or

partly

analog

or,

if

digital,

it

may

have

to

be a

special

purpose

rather

than

general

purpose machine.

The

control

may

have

to

permit

interruption

for

special

tasks

and

then

return

automatically

to

a former

task.

IRE

-

Abstracts

Communication between

the

computer and

the

rest

of

the

system

may

involve

problems

of

con-

version

between analog and

digital

data,

of

multi-

plexing

many

data

channels

into

one computer chan-

nel,

of

smoothing

or

interpolating

sampled

data,

or

of

preparing

displays

suitable

for

human

beings.

The

first

two

speakers

will

deal

generally

with

these

problems,

then

three

speakers

will

de-

scribe

their

solutions

in-three

specific

applica-

tions:

1) A

large

combined

analog-digital

simulator.

2)

The

digital

control

of

machine

tools.

3)

The

reduction

of

wind-tunnel

data.

After

these

talks

there

will

be a round

table

discussion

of

present

and

future

solutions

of

these

problems.

SESSION

44

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Indus-

trial

Electronics.

To

be

published

in

Part

6

of

the

1957

IRE

Convention Record.

INDUSTRIAL

ELECTRONICS

44.1

The

Canadian Mail Handling System and

the

Problem

of

Coding -

M. M.

Levy and

A.

Barszczewski,

Post

Office

Dept.,

Ottawa,

Ontario,

Canada

The

Canadian

Post

Office

has under

develop-

ment an

Electronic

Automatic Mail

Sorting

System.

The

efficient

operation

of

the

system

is

made

possible

by

use

of

a

proper

code and coding methods.

The

proper

names

of

towns,

villages,

and

streets

are

converted

into

a

special

code

suit-

able

for

electronic

handling.

The

process

of

coding

is

performed

mentally

by

the

operators

according

to

a

set

of

simple

rules.

The

addresses

of

letters

are

read

by

the

operators

in

special

reading

stations

and men-

tally

coded,

the

code

is

then

marked

on

the

enve-

lopes

by

a

speCial

keyboard.

Afterwards

the

re-

maining

operations

are

performed

completely

auto-

matically.

The

prototype

of

the

system

is

briefly

de-

scribed.

The

paper

is

dealing

mainly

with

the

coding problem and

human

factors

involved

in

it.

A

clear

account

is

given

of

various

codes and

coding

aspects.

Description

is

given

of

mini-

mization

of

errors.

The

realization

of

a working

system

did

depend

to

a

large

extent

on

suitable

coding and

therefore

its

importance

is

stressed.

Although

this

paper

is

restricted

to

the

specific

application

only,

nevertheless

the

meth-

ods used have

large

potential

possibilities

in

other

fields

where

realization

of

electronic

sort-

ing and

filing

of

data

is

essential.

SESSION

45

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Relia-

bility

and

Quality

Control.

To

be

published

in

Part

10

of

the

1957

IRE

Convention Record.

RELIABILITY

PROGRAMS

45.1

Air

Force Ground

Electronic

Equipment

Relia-

bility

Improvement Program -

J.

Naresky,

-

33

-

Rome

Air

Development

Center,

Griffiss

Air

Force Base,

N.Y.

As

the

demands

of

modern

warfare

have

dic-

tated

increases

in

electronic

equipment complex-

ity,

reliability

has been

correspondingly

de-

creased,

thus

necessitating

the

institution

of

a

comprehensive program

of

reliability

improvement

in

the

Department

of

Defense.

This

paper

describes

the

factors

leading

to

the

development

of

the

pro-

gram

at

the

Rome

Air

Development

Center

and

the

methods

of

its

implementation on

radar

and

other

ground

electronic

equipment developed

by

RADC.

The

RADC

Reliability

Program--past,

present,

and

future--is

discussed.

The

general

areas

covered

are:

1) Methods

of

educating

design

engineers

on

reliability;

2) development,

veri-

fication

and use

of

a

reliability

prediction

technique;

3) development

of

automatic

monitoring

equipment; 4) component and

circuit

reliability

improvement

techniques,

and 5)

insertion

of

quanti-

tative

reliability

requirements

into

equipment

specifications.

45.2

A

Reliability

Program -

R.

E.

Kuehn,

Inter-

national

Business

Machines

Corp.,

Owego,

N.Y.

The

introduction

of

complex

electronic

sys-

tems

into

general

usage has

made

the

organiza-

tion

of

reliability

engineering

groups a

neces-

sity.

This

group can

function

best

by

reporting

to

the

manager

of

engineering

as an independent

evaluation

and

service

agency.

The

tasks

of

'

reliability

engineering

include

the

development

and

application

of

reliability

prediction

tech-

niques;

the

operation

of

a

failure

reporting

and

analysis

system;

the

selection,

qualification,

and

application

of

components;

the

environmental

and

life

testing

of

components,

units,

and systems,

and

the

evaluation

of

systems

on

the

bench and

in

the

field

for

reliability,

maintainability,

accu-

racy,

and

operational

suitability.

45.3

A

Reliability

Program

for

Rand

D

Projects

-

E.

F.

Dertinger,

American Bosch

Arma

Corp.,

Garden

City,

N.Y.

The

proposed

paper

will

describe

a

long-range

reliability

program which has been

inaugurated

during

the

initial

design

stage

of

developing

and

producing an

inertial

guidance

system

for

ballistic

missile

application.

This

program

represents,

to

the

writer's

knowledge,

the

first

all-out

attempt

to

"design-in"

complete

missile

system

reliability.

Considerable

effort

will

be

extended

toward

presenting

the

procedures

and

techniques

developed

for

"comparative

evaluation"

of

functionally-suit-

able

component

parts

and

"reliability

qualifica-

tion"

of:

1)

parts

selected

for

design

incorpora-

tion,

2)

assemblies

and major components, and 3)

complete systems.

The

philosophy

of

Arma

manage-

ment as

regards

reliability

and

the

support

given

to

this

program

will

be

described.

45.4

The

Role

of

Quality

Engineering

in

Procuring

and Producing

Reliable

Products

-

R.

A.

Hulnick,

International

Business

Machines

Corp.,

Kingston,

N.Y.

To

assure

production

of

a

reliable

product,

quality

engineering

must

formulate

for

the

manu-

Computers

and

Automation

facturer

a

plan

which encompasses a

design

of

ac-

ceptable

reliability,

adequate

controls

over

pro-

curement and

processing,

and

techniques

for

con-

tinuous

performance

evaluation

for

the

purpose

of

product

improvement.

SESSION

46

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Telem-

etry

and Remote

Control.

To

be

published

in

Part

5

of

the

1957

IRE

Convention Record.

SYMPOSIUM--DIGITAL

TECHNIQUES

FOR

PROBLEMS

IN

TELEMETERING

AND

REMOTE

CONTROL

Chairman:

C.

H.

Hoeppner,

Jr.,

Radiation,

Inc.,

Melbourne,

Fla.

46.1

A High-Speed

Digital

Data-Handling System -

G.

F. Anderson,

Radiation,

Inc.,

Melbourne,

Fla.

This

paper

describes

a

high-speed

digital

data-handling

system which

provides

digitizing,

editing,

and

processing

of

pwm

and fm/fm

data.

This

system

digitizes

a

maximum

of

22

channels

of

analog

data

at

a

channel-sampling

rate

of

22,000

data

points

per

second.

An

over-all

accuracy

of

one

part

in

1024

is

provided,

utilizing

a

10-bit

binary

straight

code. Simultaneous sampling

of

the

data

to

an

accuracy

of

33 microseconds

is

provided.

Editing

is

provided

by

the

Quick-Look

analog

recording

system.

The

processing

system

generates

an

output

code

compatible

with

the

IBM

650 computer; however,

with

slight

altera-

tions,

the

output

format can be

made

compatible

with

other

types

of

digital

computers.

46.2

Magnetic Tape Playback and

Digital

Conversion

of

Telemetered

Flight

Data

for

Entry

into

Digital

Computers -

G.

C.

Dannals,

Radiation,

Inc.,

Melbourne,

Fla.

Paper

describes

an

automatic

digital

conver-

sion

and

data

processing

system

designed

and

built

by

Radiation,

Inc.

for

the

AC

Spark

Plug

Division

of

General Motors Corp. Decommutated and

separ-

ated

pdm

and fm/fm

data

recovered

during

magnetic

tape

playback

of

telemetry

records

is

electronic-

ally

sampled and

converted

to

ten-pit

binary

code

and

further

processed

to

suitable

form

for

entry

into

high-speed

digital

computers. Data

editing,

intermediate

recording,

and

processing

control

features

are

incorporated.

Other

salient

features

as

regards

system

accuracy,

high-speed-handling,

and

operational

flexibility

are

discussea.

46.3

Design

Considerations

for

Super Speed

Perfor-

ated

Tape

Digital

Recording -

J.

Bellinger,

J.

T.

MacNeill, and

C.

F.

West, Soroban En-

gineering

Co.,

Melbourne,

Fla.

Until

recently,

techniques

for

recording

digital

data

on

perforated

tape

have been

per-

fected

to

meet

the

requirements

of

the

communi-

cation

industry.

The

recorder

described

in

this

paper

probably

represents

the

first

tape

perfor-

ator

designed

for

instrumentation

as

well

as

digi-

t?l

computer

output

data

recording

applications.

-34 -

The

design

now

permits

recording

of

standard

5,

6,

7,

or

8-hole

code

patterns

to

be

reliably

performed

at

controlled

rates

up

to

240 codes

per

second.

The

perforator

executes

a

basic

record-

ing

cycle

of

one code

in

approx~mately

4

milli-

seconds.

Since

a

recording

cycle

can

only

be

executed

on

demand

associated

electronic

control

circuits

will

permit

recording

of

random

or

a-

synchron"ous

data

at

variable

rates

up

to

240/

second.

46.4

A High-Speed

Binary-to-Binary-Decimal

Trans-

lator

-

C.

A.

Campbell,

Radiation,

Inc.,

Melbourne,

Fla.

A

high-speed

translator

has been developed

which

accomplishes

binary-to-binary-decimal

trans-

lation

yet

requires

only

about

three

vacuum

tubes

per

bit.

By

suitably

arranging

the

feedback and

trig-

ger

logic

circuits

the

binary

decades

accept

counts

with

weights

of

1, 2,

4,

.6,

or

8.

With

minor

circuit

changes

the

counter

will

operate

with

any

integral

weight from 1

through

9.

Arranging

these

decades

in

cascade,

inputs

with

weights

of

16, 32, 64,

etc.,

are

accepted

and

totaled

to

decimal

readouts,

which

may

be

in

either

binary

or

decimal

presentation.

The

present

decade

requires

about

five

micro-

seconds

per

binary

digit

for

computation; however,

the

state

of

the

art

can

allow

an

increase

of

at

least

tenfold

in

this

speed.

46.5

Simplicity

for

Reliable

Low-Cost

Operation

in

a

Digital

Data-Processing

System -

J.

W.

Prast,

Bell

Aircraft

Corp.,

Buffalo,

N.Y.

A

simple

and

straightforward

digital

data-

processing

system

for

telemetering

purposes

was

developed

in

1954

and has been

in

operation

since

that

time

for

processing

special

precision

in-

formation

during

test

flights

of

guided

missiles.

Experience

gained

in

operational

use

will

be

reported

with

emphasis

on

reliability

and

cost

aspects.

The

system

features

0.1

per

cent

accuracy,

inherent

reliability,

and

low

cost

on

the

ad-

vantageous

side

with

limitations

in

versatility

as

a

disadvantageous

feature;

it

was

originally

designed

for

processing

fm-type

information

essentially

not changing

over

a sampling

inter-

val

of

approximately

50

milliseconds.

Improve-

ments and

additional

applications

for

processing

information

in

analog-voltage

form and

fully

automatic

operation

will

be

discussed.

SESSION

49

Sponsored

by

the

Professional

Group

on

Relia-

bility

and

Quality

Controlr

To

be

published

in

Part

10

of

the

1957

IRE

Convention Record.

ANALYSIS

AND

TECHNIQUES

FOR

IMPROVED

RELIABILITY

52.4

Reliability

Prediction

Technique

for

Use

in

Design

of

Complex Systems -

H.

E.

Blanton,

Hycon

Eastern,

Inc.,

Cambridge, Mass.

A

relatively

simple

reliability-prediction

technique

has been developed which can be

insti-

tuted

during

the

early

stages

of

the

design

of

complex systems. Through

the

use

of

reliability

diagrams

(obtained

by

modifying

engineering

block

diagrams) and

basic

rules

from

probability

theory,

reliability

formulas

for

proposed

designs

are

derived.

Effects

of

secondary

failures

and

vari-

ations

in

requirements

for

successful

performance

are

included.

By

evaluating

the

reliability

formulas

using

the

best

available

component-relia-

bility

estimates,

alternative

designs

can be

com-

pared

and

the

need

for

redundancy

or

component

improvement

is

established.

An

example

based

on

an

airborne

telemetering

system

illustrates

the

technique.

N'EW

PATENTS

RAY:\10ND

R.

SKOLNICK Reg.

Patent

Agent

Ford

Inst.

Co.

Div.

of

Sperry

nand

Corp.

Long

Island

City

1,

New

York

The

following

is

a

compilation

of

patents

pertain-

ing

to

computers

and

associated

equipment

from

the

Official

Gazette

of

the

United

States

Patent

Office,

dates

of

issue

as

indicated.

Each

entry

consists

of:

Patent

number

/

inventor(s)

/

assign-

ee

/

invention.

january

22, 1957 (contVd from

Mar.

issue):

2,778,624

/

Louis

D.

Statham,

Beverly

Hills,

Calif.

/

Statham

Laboratories,

Inc.,

Los

Angeles,

Calif.

/

An

angular

Accelerometer.

January

29, 1957:

2,779,538

/

William

M.

Shanhouse, Roslyn

Heights,

N.Y.

/ - / A

navigational

relative

motion computer.

2,779,539

/

Sidney

Darlington,

Passaic

Town-

ship,

Morris County,

N.J.

/

Bell

Telephone

Laboratories,

Inc.,

New

York,

N.Y.

/ A

multiple

code wheel

analogue

-

digital

translator.

2,779,655

/

Waldo

H.

Kliever,

Minneapolis,

Minn. / Minneapolis-Honeywell

Regulator

Co.,

Minneapolis,

Minn. / A

graphical

to

digital

indication

converter.

2,779,871

/

Omar

L.

Patterson,

Media, Pa. /

Sun

Oil

Co.,

Philadelphia,

Pa. / A

differ-

entiating

circuit.

2,779,872

/

Omar

L.

Patterson,

Media, Pa. /

Sun

Oil

Co.,

Philadelphia,

Pa. /

An

inte-

grating

circuit.

Feb.

5,

1957:

2,780,408

/

Loring

P. Crosman,

Wilton,

and

Francis

B.

Hannon,

Milford,

Conn. /

Sperry

Rand

Corp.,

Del. /

An

elec-

tronic

accumulator

for

adding and

subtract-

ing

received

digit

values.

2,780,409

/ George

A.

Haidenbergh,

St.

Paul,

Minn. / U.S.A. I A

binary

accumulator

cir-

cuit

of

the

parallel

type.

2,780,410

/

Rolland

N.

Bued,

Clifton,

N.J.,

Willard

B.

Groth,

Bronx, N.Y., Gordon

C.

Irwin,

Fair

Haven, and

Lindley

A.

Kille,

Morristown,

N.J.,

and George

Riggs,

Port

Washington,

N.Y.

/

Bell

Telephone

Labora-

tories,

Inc.,

New

York,

N.Y.

/ A

tape

-

to

-

card

convecter

circuit.

2,780,455

/

Howard

F. Devaney,

Albuquerque,

N.

Mex.

/ U.S.A. / A

combination

of

accel-

eration

sensing

and

integrating

means.

2,780,672

/ Johannes Anton

Greefker

and

Piet

van

Tilbuy,

Eindhoven,

Netherlands

/

Hart-

ford

National

Bank and

Trust

Co.,

Hartford,

Conn. / A

device

for

separating

synchronizing

pulses

and

signal

pulses

with

pulse-code

modulation.

.

-36 -

2,780,673

/ John

B.

Singel,

Catonsvflle,

Md.

/

Westinghouse

Electric

Corp.,

East

Pittsburgh,

Pa. / A

phasing

system.

2,780,725

/

Norman

L.

Johanson,

Seattle,

Wash.

/ Boeing

Airplane

Co.,

Seattle,

Wash.

/

A

modulator

-demodulator

limiter

transistor

circuit.

2,780,760

/ Warren

E.

Dion,

Bristol,

Conn. /

Bristol

Co.,

Waterbury, Conn. / A

servo

sys-

tem

with

quick

-

action

response.

Feb. 12, 1957:

2,781,168

/

Ivan

A.

Greenwood,

Jr.,

Stamford,

Conn. /

General

Precision

Laboratory

Inc.,

N.Y.

/ A

great

circle

com-

puter.

2,781,169

/ John F. Donan, Los

Angeles,

and

Lawrence

D.

Hindell,

Gardena,

Calif.

/

Northrop

Aircraft,

Inc.,

Hawthorne,

Calif.

/

Means

for

the

electronic

addition

of

vectors

at

substantially

any

angle.

2,781,170

/ Donald F. Walker, Hollinwood,

Eng.

/

- /

An

electrical

computing

instrument

for

deriving

the

value

of

an

unknown

quantity

of

a problem

to

be

solved

from

three

known

quantities,

where

the

latter

can be

repre-

sented

as

elements

of

a

triangle.

2,781,447

/

Burton

R.

Lester,

Camillus,

N.Y.

/

General

Electric

Co.,

N.Y.

/ A

binary

digital

computing and

counting

apparatus.

2,781,482

/ James

L.

Montgomery,

Indianapolis,

Ind.

/ U.S.A. / A

balanced

bridge

type

servo

system.

2,781,504

/ Michele Canepa, South Norwalk,

Conn. /

Olivetti

Corp.

of

America,

New

York,

N.Y.

/ A

binary

system

capable

of

providing

indications

of

the

presence

of

a

signal

or

of

its

binary

complement.

Feb. 19, 1957:

2,781,967

/

Rolf

E.

Spencer,

Ealing,

London, and

Richard

H.

Booth,

Beaconsfield,

Eng. /

Electric

and Musicol

Ind.

Lim., Hayes, Eng. /

An

apparatus

for

evaluating

the

instantaneous

value

of

cos

a x where a

is

a

constant

and x

is

an

inde-

pendent

variable.

2,781,968

/

Pierce

J.

C.

Chenus,

Paris,

Fr.

/

Compagnie

des Machines

Bull

(Socie't~

Anonyme),

Paris,

Fr.

/

An

addition

and

subtraction

operating

device

for

electric

calculating

machines

operating

in

the

binary

system.

2,781,969

/

Alexander

Somerville,

Birmingham,

Ala.

/ - /

An

apparatus

for

determining

the

product

of

a

pair

of

variable

quantities

expressed

in

input

voltages

proportional

to

the

quantities.

2,781,970

/

Sidney

Kaufman, Houston, Tex. /

Shell

Development

Co.,

Emeryville,

Calif.

/

An

electronic

analog

computer.

2,782,347

/ John

A.

Herbst,

Montville,

N.J.

/

Bogne

Electric

Manufacturing

Co.,

Patterson,

N.J.

/ A

fail

-

safe

servo

system.

2,782,408

/

Walter

W.

Fisher,

Pacoima, and

Carl

E.

Sohlgren,

San Fernando,

Calif.

/

Bendix

Aviation

Corp.,

North Hollywood,

Calif.

/

An

apparatus

for

translating

re-

flected

binary

code

multidigit

signals

into

corresponding

impedance

values

between

first

and second main

terminals.

(cont'd

on

page 37)

Forum

MAGAZINES

ON

"COMPUTOLOGY"

Samuel

J.

M.

England

Columbus, Ohio

I have

recently

joined

the

staff

of

the

Systems

Engineering

Division

at

-----,

where

I

am

engaged

in

making a

study

of

the

computer

field.

I have not

previously

acquainted

my-

self

with

your

publication,

but

now

I have

sat

myself

down

and

digested

each

(available)

issue

from

the

beginning

tp

the

present.

I

am

sufficiently

impressed

by

the

"tone"

of

"Computers & Automation"

to

be

moved

to

write

to

you.

You

will

be

the

best

judge

of

my

bias;

-my

feelings

are

as

follows:

I have

for

the

past

two

years

read

most

of

the

issues

of

"-----", "-----",

"-----,,

and

"-----".

I

subscribed

to

one

of

them,

"-----",

and

receive

free

copies

of

another,

"-----,,

My

feeling

about

these

journals

is

that

for

the

most

part

they

are

rather

poorly

disguised

efforts

to

get

advertizing

into

one's

hands. Though

this

statement

is

too

harsh

to

be

entirely

true,

the

fact

remains

that

they

serve

some

other

purpose

than

that

which meets

with

my

approval.

In

contrast,

your

publication

has improved

rather

than

deteriorat~d

since

Jan.

'54

(the

first

copy

that

I

have).

The

thing

that

I

commend

is

a

certain

evidence

of

courage

on

the

part

of

your

staff

for

such

articles

as

may

appear

to

some

to

be a

non

sequitur--for

example,

the

article

No.

2 under

Forum

in

the

Jan.

1954

issue,

page 14,

entitled

"Shakuntala

Devi, Mathematical

Prodigy".

In

fact,

when

I

ran

across

your

editorial

comment

in

April

1954, 'which I

will

quote,

I

was

by

then

assured

that

you

indeed

have

this

intention:

"In

the

pages

of

this

magazine

we

shall

do

our

best

to

promote

controversy,

honorable

controversy,

which

tries

to

make

sure

that

each

side

of

a

question

is

expressed

fairly~

without

calling

names,

attacking

reputations,

or

hugging

orthodoxy."

May

you

prosper

in

this

design,

though

the

path

is

fraught

with

difficulty.

Another

policy

which I

detect,

which

in

the

long

run

will

prove

invaluable,

is

that

of

talking

to

the

audience.

There

is

need

in

technology

and

science

for

the

Greek Dramatic

mechanism

of

the

chorus.

Do

not

suppress

the

part

of

the

chorus,

for

the

audience

need

to

feel

that

they

have a

representative

to

medi-

ate

for

them

in

the

drama.

I

detect

a

feature

which should be

ex-

ploited

in

order

to

further

the

influence

of

your

journal.

I

will

cite

two

examples:

In

your January 1957

issue

there

is

an

accept-

ably

quantitative

article

by

Walter

F. Bauer

entitled

"Modern Large

Scale

Computer System

Design".

This

article

and

its

kind

must be

made

available

to

budding

computologists

to

act

as a

bridle

to

their

untried

speculation

about computers.

In

comparison

to

this,

I

was

impressed

also

by

what might be

called

a more

literary

article

which

appears

in

the

October

1956

issue,

page

37,

entitled

"The

Pure

Word

of

St.

Euphorus",

by

J.

W.

Granholm.

In

this

same

vein

but

of

a more

sober

or

scholarly

nature

is

the

article

in

the

most

recent

(March and

April

i57)

issues

dealing

with

the

History

of

Robots and a

bibliography.

I

am

not

entirely

certain

that

you

are

directed

by

anything

but

expediency

because

of

the

lack

of

qualified

manuscripts;

but

I

do

not

believe

this

to

be so, and

therefore

would

congratulate

you

for

the

face

that

your

publication

chooses

to

display.

I hope

that

your

journal

will

be

able

to

continue

carrying

the

spirit

that

is

to

be

identified

with

such

people

as

Norbert

Wiener,

John

Von

Neumann,

Vannevar Bush,

M.

Turing,

and

others,

who

would

prefer

the

"human use

of

human

beings".

-

END-

*

---------

*

----------*

NEW

PATENTS

(cont'd

from page 36)

Feb.

26. 1957:

2,782,985

I Edward L. Vibbard,

La

Jolla,

Calif.

I

Bell

Telephone

Laborator-

ies,

Inc.,

New

York, N.Y. I A

tape

control

arrangement

for

a computer.

2,783,421 I Karl

W.

Hering,

Ridgefield,

Conn.1

The

Perkin-Elmer

Corp.,

Norwalk, Conn. / A

compensated

velocity

servo-loop

system.

2,783,422

/ Marcel

Fouassin,

Liege,

Belgium /

- / A

preset

servo

system.

-

END

-

-37 -

Forum

THE

UNITED

STATES

MAILS

FIELD

FOn

AUTOMATIC

PROCESSING

OF

INFORMATION

I.

From

The

Reader's

Digest,

Pleasantville,

N.Y.

A.

Release

of

April

8

The

Post

Office

system "needs mechaniz-

ing and

st:eamlining

all

the

way

through,"

a

Reader's

DIgest

article,

titled

"Our Horse and

Buggy

Mails",

will

say

in

the

May

issue

of

the

magazine.

This

will

not appear

until

April

23. But

the

publication

today

released

a

summary

of

the

5,000-word,

article

by

Wolfgang Langewiesche

when

the

magazine

learned

that

someone

in

Wash-

ington

without

authority

from

Reader's

Digest

had

made

the

article

available

to

certain

mem-

bers

of

Congress

prior

to

the

normal

publica-

tion

date.

"The

present

administration

has begun

some

mechanization

but

we

are

years

behind

Europe," says

the

article

which concludes with

the

appeal:

"Let's

create

a modern mail

sys-

tem."

According

to

the

article,

which

discusses

Post

Office

methods,

buildings

and

policies

~he

servi~e

"uses

the

same

methods

of

gathe~

lng,

sortIng

and

delivering

the

mail

that

it

did

100

years

ago" and mail

is

now

"slower

than

it

was

before

World

War

II."

The

Post

Office'is

one

of

the

country's

top

12

enterprises

in

volume

of

business

and

t~ird

in

number

of

employees. But

it

st~adily

vIolates

the

business

principle

of

"stay

ahead

of

the

times--or

die,"

the

article

states.

"The

Post

Office

needs

money

for

research

and development

•••

It's

asking

for

four

million

dol~ars

this

year.

That's

chicken feed!

Es-

pecIally

~hen,

for

lack

of

research,

it

spends

--beyon~

Its

income--half

that

much

a day!

ProportIonately,

the

Telephone

Company

spends

18

times as

much

on

research!"

W~ges

take

75

percent

of

postal

costs.

Mec~anlzation

would

cut

the

costs,

says

the

artIcle,

and

enable

the

Post

Office

to

stay

on

top

of

the

mail

flood.

But

instead

of

machines,

men

are

used

in

"primitive

proced-

~res"

that.

waste

ti~e,

effort

and

money.

'

In

other

Industries,

the

bigger

the

volume,

~h;

lower

the

cost,"

the

article

says.

"But

It

s a

technological

law:

'you're

supposed

to

work

with

machines--bigger,

faster,

more

effi-

cient

machines."

-

38

-

Most

mail

sorting

in

this

country

is

now

done

by

hand,

but

the

article

suggests

that

much

of

it

could be mechanized.

It

states

that

Holland began experimenting

with

letter

sorting

machines

in

1928, and

the

Dutch

Post

Office

now

has

11

such machines each

sorting

50

letters

per

minute

to

300

or

more

destina-

tions

as opposed

to

25

per

minute

to

50

des-

tinations

by

hand.

New

buildings

in

new

locations--on

the

outskirts,

near

airports--are

needed, with

midtown

buildings

concentrating

on

local

mail

moving only a

few

blocks

between

sender

and

addressee.

Helicopters

could

lift

whole

trailers

full

of

mail between

sorting

plants

and

downtown

locations.

Whether mechanized

or

not,

the

article

says,

a

post

office

building

should be

"a

sort

of

factory."

It

should be

tall,

so

the

mail can flow

down

from

floor

to

floor,

or

else,

it

should be

flat

with a

floor

plan

in

which conveyor

belts

can

fan

out

like

rail-

road

tracks

in

a

freight

yard.

Instead,

the

article

points

out,

we

have

~',a

Greek temple,

or

a

best

a

First

National

bank" and

many

post

offices

date

from

the

last

century.

Many

were

built

during

the

depression

"when

the

idea

was

to

make

more

work" and designed "mostly

to

express

the

majesty

of

the

federa,l government."

The

article

ends

by

stating

that

"in

the

20th

century

even

this

wealthy

country

can't

subsidize

19th-century

mail systems

indefinitely."

B.

The

first

part

of

the

Article:

"Our Horse and

Buggy

Mails"

By

annual

business

done--three

billion

dollars--the

U.S.

Post

Office

ranks

among

A~erica's

top

dozen

enterprises,

among

such

gIants

as Ford, General

Electric,

U.S.

Steel.

By

number

of

employes--half

a

million--it

ranks

third,

right

after

the

Telephone

Com-

pany and General Motors.

It

handles 60

per-

cent

of

the

world's

mail.

It

has 40,000

branch

offices.

Every day

it

carries

one

piece

of

mail

for

every

man,

woman

and

child

in

the

country.

This

makes

the

Post

Office

one

of

the

world's

biggest

industrial

operations.

But

between

real

business

and

Post

Office

busi-

ness

there

is

one

big

difference:

u.

s.

~ails

Every American

business

knows

that

it

must

stay

ahead

of

the

times--or

die.

This

is

the

principle

that

has

broug~t

us from

the

hand workshop

to

the

automatic

factory.

Today

we

are

in

the

age

of

the

jet,

of

lightning

communication,

but

the

Post

Office

is

not

with

us.

It

still

plods

along,

horse

and buggy

fashion.

It

uses

the

same

methods

of

gathering,

sorting

and

delivering

the

mail

that

it

did

100

years

ago.

The

result

is

something

close

to

chaos.

The

mail

is

slower

than

it

was

before

World

War

II.

A

letter

often

takes

48 hours

to

travel

100

miles.

One

letter,

mailed

Tues-

day morning,

was

not

received

seven

miles

away

till

Thursday

afternoon.

Circulars

in

New

York

City

go

undelivered

for

as long as

ten

days.

A

letter

mailed

in

New

York

Wednesday noon

took

until

Monday

afternoon

for

delivery

In

Chicago. A

letter

to

Chicago

mailed

from

Glencoe,

18

miles

distant,

took

three

days.

A

few

years

ago

residential

mail

deliveries

were

cut

to

one a day.

So

now,

if

a

letter

misses

connections

by

a minute,

it

misses

by

24

hours.

The

Post

Office

is

floundering

in

a

sea

of

mail

that

gets

deeper

every

year.

Postal

volume has

risen

steadily

in

the

last

20

years.

(It

has doubled

in

New

York

City.)

This

'is

a

flood

situation;

it

calls

for

swift

and

basic

action.

The

Post

Office

has

tried

to

keep

pace,

but

despite

its

efforts

it

keeps

falling

behind.

And

the

price

we

pay

is

staggering.

The

Post

Office

is

spending

two

million

dol-

lars

a day more

than

it

receives

in

revenue.

Even

old-fashioned,

slow-going Europe has

kept pace

better

than

we

have.

In

London,

to

speed

the

handling

of

the

mails,

the

Post

Office

has

its

own

subway, from one end

of

the

city

to

the

other.

A housewife can

mail

her

grocery

order

in

the

morning and

get

stuff

de-

livered

the

same

day. A week-end

guest's

bread-and-butter

letter

arrives

so promptly

that

an American

exclaimed:

"He

must have

mailed

it

before

he

came:" A

letter

mailed

in

Paris

before

6 p.m.

is

delivered

the

anywhere

in

France.

When

it

is

necessary

to

catch

the

early

local

trains

departing.from

provincial

centers

special

mail

planes

fly

it

at

no

extra

charge.

In

Munich

you

can

get

a

special-delivery

letter

to

anybody

within

an

hour.

Our

Post

Office

performance

also

contrasts

strangely

with

private

enterprise

here

at

home.

United

Parcel

Service--the

firm

that

delivers

packages

for

retail

stores--also

has a

service

for

wholesalers.

It

sometimes

charges

less

than

the

Post

Office

would

to

take

the

same

package

to

the

~ame

address.

Further,

it

picks

up

at

the

sender's.

It

promises a

delivery

date

(the

Post

Office

doesn't).

It

makes

-

39

-

three

attempts

at

delivery

(the

Post

Office

makes only

one).

It

throws

in

$100

insurance,

free.

And

it

makes a

profit,

and

it

pays

taxes!

~n

parcel

post

the

Po~Office

just

about

breaks

even.)

You

might

say--yes,

but

the

United

Parcel

picked

the

juiciest

part

of

the

parcel

business.

Not

so. They have

to

fight

urban

congestion.

Besides,

they

have

just

started

to

serve

two

entire

states,

Illinois

and

Massachusetts,

from

metropolis

to

the

quietest

back-country

farm.

It

re-

cently

started

a

coast-to-coast

air

parcel

service--at

half

the

rate

of

air

parcel

post!

Also,

at

rates

comparable

to

ground

parcel

post,

it

airlifts

parcels

coast-to-coast

on

a

space-available

basis

in

four

days,

beat-

ing

the

U.S. Mails

by

a week!

Why

is

the

Post

Office

so

far

behind

the

times?

The

reasons

are

many

••••

II.

From

Arthur

E. Summerfield,

The

Postmaster

General,

Washington, D.C.

A.

Form

letter

of

April

18

Dear

Postal

Patron:

The

President

has asked

me

to

reply

to

your

concerning

our

postal

problem.

The

attached

press

statement

announcing

the

resumption

of

service,

with

the

accom-

panying

fact

sheet,

will,

I

trust,

answ~r

some

of

your

questions.

Thank you

very

much

for

your

interest

in

this

all-important

subject.

B.

Excerpts

from

Release

of

April

16

I

am

happy

to

announce

the

resumption

of

normal

mail

service

and

gratified

to

have

the

overwhelming

affirmative

vote

of

the

Congress

giving

the

Department funds

for

this

purpose.

The

legislation

passed

yesterday

by

the

House and

this

noon

by

the

Senate

gives

the

Post

Office

Department $41

million

for

its

operations

through

June 30.

Within

24

hours

mail

service

will

be back

on

nearly

the

same

basis

it

was

prior

to

the

issuance

of

our Order

last

Friday.

The

need

for

supplemental

appropriations

is

common

and

often

unavoidable

in

the

Post

Office

Department. In

the

past

20

years

they

were needed

in

all

except

3

years

during

which

the

present

postal

administration

re-

turned

$235

million

of

unspent

money

to

the

(cont'd

on page 43)

This

form

was

used

for

our

March

survey,.

See

page

8.

SURVEY-ESTIMATE

OF THE COMPU,TER

M,ARKET

The

computer

field

contains

many

hard-to-

answer

questions,

which

can

be

partly

answered

through

surveys.

The

purpose

of

this

first

survey

being

made

by

"Computers

and

Automation"

is

to

form

an

estimate

of

the

size

of

the

market

for

com-

puters,

data

processors,

and

Following

is

the

inquiry

form

for

this

survey.

The

response

of any

person

who

considers

him-

self-

in

the

computer

field

IS

welcome,

and

will

be

much

appreciated.

The

form

may

be

torn

out

of

the

magazine,

or

may

be

copied

on any

piece

of

paper.

We

hope

that

the

results

when

published

will

be

of

use

to

all

our

readers.

ESTIMATE

OF

THE MARKET

FOR

COMPUTERS

AND DATA PROCESSORS

Questions

1.

What

kinds

of

computer

products

and

services

does

your

organization

buy

or

rent

(or

is

consider-

ing

buying

or

renting)?

Computers

-

automatic

digital

computers?

-

automatic

analog

computers?

-

simulators?

-

other

data

processing

mach-

ines?

Yes

No

( ) ( )

such

as:

______________

_

Components

-

delay

lines?

-

magnetic

tape

devices?

-

transistors?

-

other

components?

Yes

( )

No

( )

such

as:

______________

_

Services

-

computing

services?

-

consulting

services?

-

other

services?

Yes

No

( ) ( )

such

as:

_____________

_

-

40

-

2.

Can

you

estimate(roughly

and

approximately)

about

how

much

your

organization

is

likely

to

spend

on

products

and

services

in

the

computer

field

-

in

the

months?

between

$

and

$

___

_

-

in

the

years?

between

$

_____

and $

___

_

3.

What

perplexing

questions

or

subjects

would

you

like

us

to

inquire

about

in

our

surveys?

_________

(attach

paper

if

needed)

4.

Any

remarks?

____________

_

And

for

statistical

purposes:

Your

department?

Your

chief

job

responsibilities?

______

_

Do

your

recommendations

affect

purchases?

Your

organization

I s

main

products

?

_____

_

No. of

employees?

___________

_

Filled

in

by:

Name

__________

_

Title

____________

Date

____

_

Organization,

______________

_

Address

_________________

_

When

completed

to

the

extent

you

conveniently

can,

please

return

this

sur

ve

y

for

m

to

E.

C.

Berkeley,

Editor,

Computers

and

Automa-

tion,

815

Washington

St.,

Newtonville 60,

Mass.

NEW

PRODUcrS

AND

IDEAS

(cont'd

from

page

19)

and has

become

known

as a

swift

source

of

el-

ectronic

computer components

(within

the

lines

that

it

covers).

Its

speed

derives

from

its

or-

iginal

idea,

the

structure

of

its·

organization,

the

system

of

inventory

(which does

not

use

automatic

data

processing

machinery), and

its

experience.

For

example, a

large

Chicago

company

called

one morning

for

some

special

connectors

needed

at

once

to

complete work

on

an

experimental

com-

puter

for

the

government's guided

missile

prog-

ram. Customarily each

day's

orders

are

proc-

essed

by

3:00

p.m.,

but

since

this

was

an

em-

ergency,

the

complete

order,

filled

out

of

stock

on

hand,

was

delivered

to

LaGuardia

Airport

in

time

for

the

11:00 a.m. plane

to

Chicago.

The

flight

number

was

telegraphed

via

Western Union

Desk Fax, and

the'purchaser

picked up

the

mat-

erial

at

the

Chicago

Air

Terminal about 2:00 -

p.m. Chicago

time.

Before

the

day

was

over,

the

connectors

were being

installed,

and

the

delay

was

eliminated.

Again, a

short

time ago, a

call

from

Bourns

Laboratories

in

California

came

in,

to

verify

the

supply

of

a

particular

item,

a

trimpot.

It

turned

out

that

General

Pre-

cision

Laboratories

of

Pleasantville,

N.Y.,

was

holding

another

long

distance

line

to

the

Bourns

factory,

while

Bourns phoned Schweber.

Schweber,

with

an

ample

stock

of

the

partic-

ular

trimpot

needed,

was

able

to

send

the

whole

order

to

Pleasantville

immediately.

Bourns

Laboratories

said,

'We

feel

that

Schweber

Electronics

is

an

outstanding

ex-

ample

of

a

new

type

of

distributor

in

the

el-

ectronics

field.

These

distributors

handle

relatively

few

lines

and

carry

very

complete

stocks.

This allows each person

in

their

or-

ganization

to

spend a

greater

amount of time

in

acquiring

and

disseminating

knowledge

of

each

particular

line.

We

feel

that

the

com-

pany has

established

a

national

reputation

for

always having any

particular

item

in

the

lines

that

they

handle."

The

company

in

fact

acts

as a warehouse

for

its

customers,

reducing

their

investment

in

inventory,

storage

space,

and maintenance,

a nd

their

risk

of

obsolescence

of

compon-

ents

due

to

rapid

change

in

design.

,

When

tantalum

qapacitors

were

first

de-

veloped,

only a few types had been manufac-

tured:

But

it

appeared

to

the

company

that

the

aIrcraft

and guided

missile

field

would

soon

require

a

new

high

temperature

capacitor.

So

they

placed

their

own

order

for

an

addi-

tional

100

types

in

the

high

temperature

range

to

meet

this

forecasted

need.

The

investment

was

made

in

a

new

line

with

no

known

demand

and no

real

assurance

that

demand

would

de-

velop.

,

Delivery

at

the

time

of

the

company's

order

was

five

months.

Tantalum

capacitors

are

now

an

integral

part

of

every

guided

missile.

For

a

time,

the

company

was

the

only

source

of

supply

that

could,

from

stock,

deliver

high

temperature

tantalum

capacitors

when

suddenly demanded

by

industry.

Accordingly,

many

prototypes

for

important

defense

projects

were completed

with-

out

five

months

of

delay.

Ninety-eight

percent

of

the

company's

business

is

conducted

by

telephone.

There

is

no

switchboard;

calls

go

directly

to

any

of

the

eleven

sales

specialists,

who

are

trained

to

handle

at

once any and

all

customer

require-

ments. This

sales

staff

know

their

ten

lines

(made

up

of

ten

thousand

different

items) ,

and

are

able

to

make

recommendations

to

en-

gineers

as

to

the

correct

component

for

their

need.

The

company

maintains

an

apparently

crude

but

effective

and

quick

inventory

control.

With

a

glance

at

the

card

record,

the

stock

on

hand

of

any

particular

item

is

revealed,

also

how

many

are

on

order,

when

material

is

due

in,

how

many

units

are

committed

by

and which customers use

this

item.

Therefore,

a customer

placing

an

order,

can be

told

at

once

how

soon

he

can

expect

delivery

in

order

that

his

engineers

may

schedule

the

production

accordingly.

There

are

no

"runners"

or

"stock

men". Each salesman

posts

the

running

record

on

the

inventory

card.

Since

his

relationship

with

his

customers depends

on

his

accuracy,

this

record

stays

accurate

at

all

times.

Two

large

punch

card

manufacturers

were

·both

asked

to

improve

the

inventory

control,

and were

requested

to

investigate.

After

an-

.

alysis,

they

said

they

could

not.

The

reason

basically

is

the

up-to-date-ness

of

the

entries

made

by

the

actual

man

who

deals

directly

with

the

customers

--

with

no

intervening

key punch

operators,

supervisors

of

key punch

operators,

etc.

The

volume

of

business

at

the

company has

doubled each

year

for

the

past

three

years.

To

better

meet

the

growing need

of

the

computer

and

missile

industry,

the

company

plans

to

build

a

new

plant

and

also

establish

a

west

coast

branch.

-41 -

nr..LIAIHLll

r

(cont'd

from page 23)

have found

it

more economical

to

run

the

com-

puter

until

it

breaks

down

before

calling

for

the

engineers.

It

seems

obvious,

however,

that

this

practice

could not be

tolerated

in

our

system.

The mere

availability

of

"backup"

or

re-

serve

equipment does not

provide

insurance.

Since

the

computer

in

our

system

f~nctions

as

the

nerve

center

of

a complex communications

network,

it

will

generally

be

impossible

to

transfer

operations

to

another

machine

at

a

distant

location

without

severely

disrupting

the

information

flow. However, commercial

teletype

lines

and

neighboring

printer

units

can be

utilized

as temporary

replacements

for

certain

system components.

A fundamental

requirement

in

our

system

design

is

the

provision

of

means

for

human

intervention.

Intermittent

failures

in

sys-

tem

components

are

to

be

expected;

their

functions

must be performed

during

the

inter-

val

necessary

to

correct

and

replace

the

me-

chanical

faults.

At

present,

an

intelligent

human

being

is

the

surest

substitute

and

the

safest

means

of

providing

against

the

varying

and complex

difficulties

that

can

arise.

Ac-

cordingly,it

is

necessary

to

provide

the

me-

chanical

system

with

a

capable

and

trained

operating

staff.

This

staff

must be

thor-

oughly aware

of

precisely

what

the

system

is

accomplishing

so

that

it

can immediately

introduce

the

correct

remedial

steps

in

case

of

failure.

We

have found

it

wise

to

run

periodic

"alerts"

in

which a

variety

of

fail-

ures

are

simulated

and

the

proper

counter-

measures

are

promptly

initiated.

Application

of

the

principles

of

auto-

matic

control

to

the

operation

of

business

organizations

presents

an

exciting

opportun-

ity.

Commercial

data

processing

systems

de-

signed

to

utilize

these

techniques

will

as-

sume

responsibility

for

the

direction

and

control

of

all

routine

daily

functions.

The

use

of

comprehensive communications networks

will

enable

a

central

data

processing

unit

to

exercise

effective

supervision

over

operations

of

the

entire

organization.

The

incorporation

of

feedback loops

in

the

system

will

provide

a means

of

notifying

the

data

processing

cen-

ter

of

the

results

of

earlier

activities.

Management

reports

will

be

abstracted

from

the

flow

of

daily

information,

thus

providing

the

executive

with

an

accurate

analysis

of

the

current

situation.

As

such

real

time

business

systems

as-'

sume

more

overall

responsibility

and

control,

an even

greater

stress

must be

placed

on

the

reliability

of

their

operation.

For

failure

in

these

systems

implies

not

just

delay

and

annoyance

but

almost complete

paralysis

of

activity.

It

is

imperative

that

extreme.

care

be

exercised

in

the

design

and

operation

of

on-line

systems so

that

all

component

fail-

ures

are

provided

against.

Only

in

this

f?sh-

-

42

-

ion

will

we

be

adequately

assured

that

the

possibility

of

total

failure

has been

elimin-

ated

and

that

operations

can be

safely

en-

trusted

to

the

system.

-

END-

*---------

*

----------

*

Forum

ANALOGUE

COMPU'IERS

IN

EUROPE

P.

A.

R.

Wright

Short

Brothers

& Harland

Ltd.

London, England

We

were

interested

to

read

in

the

Febru-

ary

edition

of

"Computers and Automation",

the

article

by

Everett

S.

~alhoun

on

"New

Computer

Developments Around

!-he

World".

Whilst

his

article

was

extremely

well

in-

formed,

we

were

surprised

to

note

that

it

was

confined

almost

exclusively

to

digital

comput-

ing

equipment

with

little

reference

to

progress

in

the

analogue computing

field.

The use

of

Analogue Computers

in

Europe

is

increasing

remarkably, and

is

a

subject

which

we

think

you should mention

in

future

editions

of

your

Journal.

Such Analogue

Com-

puters

are

in

use

in

all

aircraft

companies

in

this

country

and

in

several

of

the

aircraft

firms

in

France.

We

ourselves

are

using

eight

computers

of

the

type

described

in

the

enclosed

brochure,

and

twenty-seven

computers

of

this

type

are

also

employed

by

other

aircraft

firms

in

this

country,

by

Fiat

Mirafiori

in

Turin,

Italy,

by

the

National

Luchtvaartlaboratorium,

Amsterdam, by

the

Technische Hochschule,

~raun

schweig, Germany, and

by

Stenhardt

Ingeniors-

firma

AB

in

Stockholm.

In

Mr.

Calhoun's

article

there

is

mention

of

Darmstadt Technische Hochschule which

is

regarded

as

the

computing

centre

in

Germany.

Although

this

University

has been engaged

primarily

on

digital

computing

techniques,

there

has been

some

considerable

research

there

by

Dipl.-Ing.

W.

Dehn

on

multiplying

devices

and

repeti

tively

drift-corrected

0 pe

ra

-

tional

amplifiers

for

Analogue Computers.

Most

Analogue Computer

work

in

Germany, however,

is

currently

undertaken

by

the

Technische Hoch-

schule

Braunschweig, under

the

direction

of

Dr.

Horst

Herrmann

of

the

Institut

fUr

Ange-

wandte Mathematik.

As

regards

computer

production

in

Germany,

it

is

no

longer

true

to

say

that

the

only

work

is

in

"a

barn

in

Neukirchen-Hiinfeld". Apart

from

our

computer which

is

now

in

use

in

Braun-

schweig,there

is

under development

by

Telefunken,

in

Ulm,

a

general

purpose Analogue Computer;

Analogue Computers have

also

been manufactured

by

the

German

firm

of

Schoppe

und

Faeser

and

by

the

American

subsidiary

Company

of

Beckman

Instruments,

G.m.b.H.

in

Munchen.

We

hope

the

above

brief

comments

will

be

of

some

interest

to

your

readers.

U.

S.

MAILS

(cont'd

from page 39)

Treasury (in 1953,

1954

and

1955)

out

of funds

appropriated

to

the Post

Office

Department

by

*

the

Congress.

Let

me

say

that

the

letters

the public has

sent

us during the

past

10

days

are

also

appre-

ciated.

By

an

overwhelming

majority,

they have

endorsed our

actions

and

many

of

them

have

in-

dicated

their

willingness

to

pay

more

postage

so

that

they might

get

better

mail

service

•

~:

How

much

does the Post

Office

Department

s

pend

in

a year?

A:

About

$3

billion,

250

million.

Of

this

amount, 78.4 percent goes

for

postal

em-

ployees'

salaries

and

fringe

benefits,

fixed

by

Congress; 15.5

percent

for

transportation

of

mail,

set

by

Government agencies;

1.8

per-

cent

for

rents,

utilities

and communication

set

by

F.C.C. Only

4.3

percent

is

left

for

controllable

expenses over which the Depart-

ment

really

excercises

any

control:

printing

stamps, buying

trucks,

etc.

Three reasons

why

it

is

costing

more

to

give

the

American people the mail

service

they

deserve,

expect,

and

pay

for,

are

these:

1.

More

mail than

estimated

by

about a

billion

pieces.

And

this

increased

vol-

ume

of mail

doesn't

provide funds

to

op-

erate

the

Post

Office

Department,

since

all

revenues

go

directly

to

the Treasury

De

par

tmen

t •

2.

Increased mail

service

to

1.3

million

new

homes

and

250,000

new

businesses.

3.

Higher

wages

to

employees as

required

by

law.

All

three

of

these

reasons

are

beyond con-

trol

of

the Department.

Q:

Are

you

cutting

costs

in

the Post

Office

Department?

A:

Yes.

The

Department

is

now

carrying

20

percent

more

mail with fewer employees than

six

years ago.

Q:

How

many

postal

employees

are

there?

1952

-------------

523,757

1955

-------------

511,613

1956

-------------

508,587

Q:

How

is

mail

volume

increasing?

1952

----------

49.9

billion

pieces

1956

----------

56.4

billion

pieces

1957 (Est)

----

58.8

billion

pieces

1958

(Es

t)

----

59.7

billion

pieces

(cont'd

on

page 44)

*

-

43

-

< '

["BURROUGHS

RESEARCH'

CENTER

NEED's

'Good

ENGINEERS

L,

'

,,-"

THAT

CERTAIN

MAN

1

'nq~,It1e$

ate

invited

i,

from

tItO$.

qualified

as:

t •

ELECTRICAL

ENGINEERS

'

:'

,'.

ELECTROMECHANICAL

ENGINEERS

"

.'

MECHANICAL

DESIGN

ENGINEERS

" •

MECHANICAL

ENGINEERS

, •

MATHEMATICIANS

•

PHYSICISTS

COMPUfER

MARKET

(cont'd

from page 17)

(1)

Code

4T3

4T4

4T5

4Ul

4Vl

4V2

4V3

4V4

4V5

4V6

4V7

*

(2) (3) (4)

Recom.,

T:iI~e

of

Organization

Size

Title

research

L yes, -

insurances

& annui

ties

L yes, pIng

off

crystal

diodes & L no, -

transistors

petroleum

products

vL

yes,

coordn

comptg

services

S yes,

supvsr

education

L

yes,

prof

of

math

data

on

water

resources

L

yes,

proj

engr

advanced educ

for

naval M yes,

prof

officers

aero

controls

vL

yes,

res

supvsr

oil

yes,

data

procg anal

communications

vL

yes, supvsr

sys &

proc

U.

S.

MAILS

(cont'd

from page 43)

.2,:

Is

the

Post

Office

Department

satisfied

with

mail

service

today?

A:

Of

course

not.

It

is

better

than

it

was

but

still

not

good enough.

.2,:

What

is

the

Post

OffIce

Department doing

to

improve

service?

A:

It

is

spending over $4

million

this

year

alone

on

research.

It

has

set

up

an

Office

of

Research and

Engineering.

It

is

working

with

9

engineering

firms

and

the

Bureau

of

Standards.

It

is

developing mech-

anical

and

electronic

devices

to

speed mail

through

post

offices.

Over

1500

obsolete

post

offices

have been

replaced

in

the

past

four

years

with

new

ones

built

by

private

cap-

ital.

Our

objective

is

delivery

of

mail anywhere

in

the

United

States

-

END-

(5) (6)

Products and

Services

Likely

Spending

(a)

Dig.

v

*

(b) (c) (d) (e)

Years

Anal. Other

Compo

Servo Between:

And:

v

SO

DMI'O

-

v

DM

$2,000,000 $3,000,000

v

v v

MI'

PS

2,000,000 4,000,000

v 0

PSO

200,000 250,000

v v 0

PS

500,000 1,000,000

v 0 500,000 700,000

v

SO

DTO

2,000,000 3,000,000

0 250,000 500,000

M 1,300,000 1,500,000

Forum

ASSOCIATION

FOR

COMPUTINi

MACHIN!:RY

MEETlNi

J.

F.

Summers

The

Texas

Company

P.

O.

Box

2332

Houston 1, Texas

The

Twelfth Annual Meeting

of

the

Associa-

tion

for

Computing Machinery

will

be

held

at

Houston, Texas,

on

June 19-21, 1957,

on

the

campus

of

the

University

of

Houston

at

Houston,

Texas.

The

program

will

be

printed

around

May

1, and

may

be

obtained

by

writing

Associa-

tion

for

Computing Machinery, 1957 ,Meeting

Headquarters,

University

of

Houston,

Cullen

Boulevard, Houston

4,

Texas.

-44-

*

-------------------

*

-------------------

*

RCA

oilers

opportunities

IN

MISSILE

TEST

Data

Reduction

for

~

MATHEMATICIANS

~

STATISTICIANS

~

PHYSICISTS

ASTRO-PHYSICISTS

Degree plus experience in reduction

of

test

data, applied mathematics,

sta·

tistical techniques, or observatory

practices. Positions now available on

Florida's central east coast.

Liberal company

benefits-

Relocation

assistance.

For information and arrangements for

personal

interview,

send

complete

resume

to:

Mr.

H.

N.

Ashby

Employment

Manager,

Dept. N-14E

Missile Test Proiect

e·

RADIO

CORPORATION

OF

AMERICA

RCA Service Co., Inc.

P.O. Box

1226

Melbourne,

Florida

-

45

-

ADVERTISING

INDEX

The

purpose

of COMPUTERS

AND

A UTOMA TION

is

to

be

factual,

useful, and

understandable.

For

this

pur-

pose,

the

kind

of

advertising

we

desire

to

publish

is

the

kind

that

answers

questions

such

as:

What

are

your

products?

What

are

your

services?

And

for

each

product: What

is

it

called?

What

does

it

do?

How

well

does

it

work?

What

are

its

main

specifications?

Following

is

the

index

and a

summary

of

advertisements.

Each

item

contains: Name and

address

of

the

advertiser

/

subject

of

the

/

page

number

where

it

appears

/ CA

number

in

case

of

inquiry

(see

note below).

AMP,

Inc.,

2100

Paxton

St.,

Harrisburg,

Pa.

/ - /

Page

48 /

CA

No. 12

Burroughs

Research

Center,

Paoli,

Pa.

/

Employment

Opportunities

/

Page

43 /

CA

No. 13

General

Transistor

Corp.,

1030-11

90th

Ave.,

Rich-

mond

Hill,

N.

Y.

/

Transistors

/

Page

7 /

CA

No.

14

Lockheed

Missile

Systems

Division, Box 504, Sunnyvale,

Calif.

/

Employment

Opportunities

/

Page

47 / CA

No.

15

R. C. A.

Service

Co.,

Missile

Test

Project,

Patrick

Air

Force

Base,

Florida

/

Employment

Opportuni-

ties

/

Page

45, CA No. 16

Ramo-Wooldridge·

Corp.,

5730

Arbor

Vitae

St.,

Los

Angeles

45,

Ca.JJL

/

Employment

Opportunities

/

Pages

2,

45

/

CA

No. 17

Sylvania

Electric

Products,

Inc.,

1740

Broadway,

New

York

19,

N.

Y. / - /

Pages

4, 5 / CA No. 18

READER'S

INQUIRY

If

you

wish

more

information

about any

produc~s

or

services

mentioned

in

one

or

more

of

these

adver-

tisements,

you

may

circle

the

appropriate

CA

Nos.

on

the

Reader's

Inquiry

Form

below and

send

that

form

to

us

(we pay

postage;

see

the

instructions).

We

shall

then

forward

your

inquiries,

and you

will

hear

from

the

advertisers

direct.

If

you

do

not

wish

to

tear

the

magazine,

just

drop

us

a

line

on

a

post-

card.

*----------------------------------------------*------------------------------------------------.

REPLY

Paste

label

on

envelope:~

READER'S

INQUIRY

FORM

Enclose

form

in

envelope:·-.It

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -

-1

,,-

- - - - - - -

--

...

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - .... - - - - - - - - -

-.

i

I

CI:I

m

..,

:::II::

m

r-

m

-<

m

Z

-I

m

..,

."

..,

Vi

m

CIt

z

to

0

...

C

0

(,I)

~

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G) Z

m

~

m

~

(,I)

z

(,I)

m

0

u:

:::c

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:;;

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"'0

rrJ

::u

3:

:;

:!!

::a

VI

-t

I

1

READER'S

INQUIRY

FORM

Name

(please print) .......................................................................................................................... .

Your Address ? ..................................................................................................................................... .

Your

Organization

? ........................................................................................................................ .

Its

Address ? ........

'"

..................................... _ ......................................................................... .

Your Title?.......... ................. ...... ...... . ................ " ...................................... .

Please send me

additional

information

on the

following

subjects

for

which I have

circled th'e'

CA

number:

1 2 3 4 5

26

'0

28

29

30

51

52 53 54 55

76

77

78 79

80

101

102

103 104 105

126

1'0

128

129

130

6 7 8 9

10

31

32

33 34 35

56

57

58 59

60

81

82 83

s.4

85

106 107 108 109

110

131

132

133

134

135

11

12

13 14

15

J6

37

38

39

40

61

62

63

64 65

86

87 88 89

90

III

112

113114115

136

137

138 139

140

16

17

18

19

20

41

42

43 44

45

66

67

68 69

70

91

92 93 94

95

116

117

118119120

141

142143

144

145

21

22

23

24 25

46

47 48

49

~

71

72 73

74 75

96

97 98 99

100

121

122 123

124

125

146

147

148

149.

ISO

REMARKS:

111111111111111

I

1 _

________

~

_____

.....

_

..1_,

________________________________________

_

::a-v 0

1'.

Z

5:

r-

0

z·

VI

• lie -VI

:<

fO

O'l

CD

0

-

46

-

MISSILE

SYSTEMS

ELECTl~ONICS

Activities

at

Lockheed Missile Systems Division laboratories

in Palo Alto cover virtually every field of electronics

related to missile systems. Inquiries are invited from those

who desire to perform research and development of a

most advanced nature.

Here staff members discuss a laboratory model

of

an airborne

component

oj

a guidance system.

Left

to right:

Dr.R.J.Burke,

telemetering;

E.A.Blasi,

antennas; K.

T.

Larkin, radar and

command

guidance;

Dr.S.B.Batdorf,

electronic division head;

Dr.H.H.Leifer,

solid state; S.Janken, product engineering.

~IISSILE

SYSTE:\,IS

DIVISION

research

and

engineering staff

LOCKHEED

AIRCRAFT

CORPORATION

PALO

ALTO.

SUNNYVALE

•

VAN

NUYS

CAI

..

IFORNIA

Design-Engineered

with

Positive

Wiping

Contact

and

Frictional

Grippage

Another

of

the

many

unique

designs

made

available

by

the

AMP-Edge

technique

is

the

new,

low-cost, com-

pact

AMP-Edge

Connector

Block.

It

allows

freedom

of

arrangement,

with small

area

displacement

.

~

C-~

TO

BETTER

WIRINC

Its

open

construction

provides

aeration

to

prevent

moisture

en-

trapment

.

195705

195705 195705

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