196102

196102 196102

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Cryogenic
Thin-Film
Memory Plane

The Scientific
Extension of the
Human Intellect

Delay Lines

The New Electronics
Industry, Education ,
and the Midwest

News of Computers
and Data Processors:
ACROSS THE
EDITOR'S DESK

FEBRUARY
1961

•

VOL. 10 - NO. 2 &

Have you heard about the new Bell System service
that lets modern business machines talk with each
other over regular telephone lines? Its name

1·

DATA-phone

Something new has been added to the art of data
processing. Business machine data can now be sent
in a new "machine language"-~utomatically, from
machine to machine-by telephone.
A new kind of telephone service- Data-Phoneis the connecting link.
You can send any kind of data-from punched
cards, paper tape or magnetic tape-at Super-Phonic
speeds. And you pay for your data transmission just
as you do for regular telephone calls. You simply
place a· phone call to the distant machine location,
switch on your Data-Phone at both ends, and the
machines start "talking." The Data-Phone unit takes

(

little more space than a typewriter, and the monthly
rental charge is small.
Data-Phone can speed the handling of accounting and billing information, inventories, payrolls,
invoices, sales orders and numerous other forms of
business data. And it is compatible with an everincreasing number of data-processing machines in
use today. Many business firms already have it.
Call your Bell Telephone Business Office and ask
for a Communications Consultant. He'll show you
how new, versatile Data-Phone service can streamline your data processing and improve your profit
picture.

THE

.' 1=:::.2

BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM
THE ONE SOURCE FOR

ALL B'JSINESS COMMUNICATIONS

COMPUTERS and A UTOivL\ TIOX for February, 1961

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COMPUTERS

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and AUTOMATION
COMPUTERS AND DATA PROCESSORS, AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION,
APPLICATIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING AUTOMATION
Volume 10
Number 2 & 2B

Established
September 195 1

FEBRUARY, 1961

EDMUND C. BERKELEY
Editor
NEIL D. MACDONALD Assistant Editor
MOSES M. BERLIN
Assistant Editor
PATRICK J. MCGOVERN Assistant Editor
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
ANDREW D. BOOTH
NED CHAPIN
JOHN W. CARR, III
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
ADVISOR Y COMMITTEE
MORTON M. ASTRAHAN
HOWARD T. ENGSTROM
GEORGE E. FORSYTHE
RICHARD W. HAMMING
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
HERBERT F. MITCHELL, JR.
SAMUEL B. WILLIAMS
SALES AND SERVICE DIRECTOR
WENTWORTH F. GREEN
, 439 So. Western Ave. OR 815 Washington St.
Los Angeles 5, Calif.
Newtonville 60, Mass.
DUnkirk 7-8135
DEcatur 2-5453
ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVES'
Los Angeles 5 WENTWORTH F. GREEN
439 So. Western Ave. DUnkirk 7.:..813 5
Chicago l O R E X GAY
18 E. Division St.
MIchigan 2-0778
San Francisco 5
A. S. BABCOCK
605 Market St.
YUkon 2-3954
Elsewhere
WENTWORTH F. GREEN
439 So. Western Ave. OR 815 Washington St.
. Los Angeles 5, Calif.
Newtonville 60, Mass.
DUnkirk 7-8135
DEcatur 2-5453

Vol. 10, No. 2B
News of Computers and Data Processors:

ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK
.

inserted between pages 16 and 17

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FRONT COVER

Cryogenic Thin-Film Memory Plane
ARTICLES
The Scientific Extension of the Human Intellect,
~MONRAMO
.
Delay Lines and Electromagnetic Filters,
MORTON FASSBERG
.
.
.
.
The New Electronics Industry, Education, and the Midwest, DR. FREDERICK E. TERMAN .

1, 6

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and
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READERS' AND EDITOR'S FORUM

Computers in Inspection for Disarmament,
R. L. TURNBOW and the Edito~'
Calendar of Coming Events
Employment of Computers .

22
28

24
25

INDEX OF NOTICES

Advertising Index
Glossary of Computer Terms.
Manuscripts
Reference and Survey Information.
Who's Who Entry Form.

Lah

2,960,
Wo
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REFERENCE INFORMATION

Survey of Recent Articles, MOSES M. BERLIN
New Patents, RAYMOND R. SKOLNICK

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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION is published 13 times a year (monthly except two
issues in June) at 815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass., by Berkeley Enterprises,
Inc. Printed in U.S.A.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES: (United States) $7.50 for 1 year, $14.50 for 2 years; (Canada) $8.00 for 1 year, $15.50 for 2 years; (Foreign) $8.50 for 1 year, $16.50 for 2
years. Address all Editorial and Subscription Mail to Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815
Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass.
ENTERED AS SECOND CLASS MATTER at the Post Office at Boston, Mass.
POSTMASTER: Please send all Forms 35 79 to Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass. Copyright, 1961, by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.
CHANGE of ADDRESS: If your address.changes, please send us both your new address
and your old address (as it appears on the magazine address imprint), and allow three
weeks for the change to be made.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for Fehnrary, 1961

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The Honeywell Word:

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York,
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How it contributes to the flexibility and efficiency of Honeywell fOP Systems

/ A

and
Eng_
mcnt
core

corp.

The basic unit of information in Honeywell Electronic Data
Processing Systems is the Honeywell Word. The Honeywell
Word contains 48 bits representing information. plus additional
bits for checking purposes.

lcord,
arvev
Id :E.
atorv
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Though the checking function is an important feature. this
discussion is primarily concerned with the 48-bit information
portion of the word.

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This 48-bit portion is extremely versatile. As a data word. it
may represent information in the form of decimal or binary
numbers, alphabetic characters or special symbols. As an
instruction word. it causes the System to carry out specific
data processing functions.
Let's look at data words first. Honeywell Systems can
treat a word as a pure binary number consisting of a
sign and 44 bits. or 48 bits without a sign (a positive sign is
normally represented by four binary ones and a negative sign
by four binary zeros).

Data
words

An-

DATA WORDS
TYPE
DECIMAL
ALPHANUMERIC

EXAMPLE
do

Rio

COMBINATION DECIMAL
AND ALPHANUMERIC

BINARY

FLOATING POINT

01 9

714

81 71 6

51 4 1 3

B I I

N I S

P I A

t( 0

I K

(44 Binary digits)
EXPONENT
(7 Binary
Digits)

MANTISSA

(40 Binary Digits)

The 48 bits may be considered as four-bit groups representing
decimal information. Hence a word may contain 12 decimal
digits or II digits plus a sign. Extensive analysis of commercial
data helped to determine the size of the Honeywell Word. A
curve showing the frequency of use of numbers of various sizes
indicates 10 to II-digit numbers as being most common. In the
economics of computer design. a word containing II digits (plus
sign) is thus of optimum size.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for Fehruary, HlOl

12 Bits

I ADDRESS A
I 12 Bits

ADDRESS B

12 Bits

I
I

ADDRESS C

12 Bits

Exceptional programming flexibility is
achieved in several ways. One of these is the
ability to specify the location of data relative to other data
without relying on specific or absolute addresses (indexing).
Masking permits the selection and manipulation of information
units smaller than a word. A special type of instruction called a
Simulator Instruction permits any routine to be treated as if it
were a built-in instruction.
Programming
flexibility

°IN

Alphanumeric information takes the· form of six-bit groups.
resulting in as many as eight alphabetic (or six-bit numeric)
characters in a word. Four-bit and six-bit groups. incidentally,
can be combined in a word. In addition, Honeywell 800 has
optional floating-point arithmetic logic wherein the 48-bit word
is treated as a 40-bit mantissa. a seven-bit exponent and a onebit sign. The floating-point option includes both binary and
decimal arithmetic.

1961

INSTRUCTION WORD
OPERATION CODE

aiser,

Three-address instruction logic. because of its
speed and programming advantages. is standard
in Honeywell EDP Systems. Honeywell instruction words are
interpreted fundamentally as four groups of 12 bits each. The
first group represents a command code or function to be performed. The remaining three groups represent address groups
normally used to designate the location of operands and results.
In certain instructions. however, they may contain special information - such as the number of data words to be transferred.
the number of decimal or binary digits to be shifted. or the
number of words to be edited.
Instruction
words

Still another special word in the Honeywell
System vocabulary is called an Ortho word_
Ortho words are generated by the System and appended to
the end of each record as it is recorded on magnetic tape.
Unique to Honeywell Systems. these Ortho words are an automatically generated mathematical image of the information in
the record. If portions of the record should-for any reason-be
unreadable at some later time, Orthotronic control not only
assures detection. but permits the original information to be reconstructed by the system.
Orthotronic
control

The flexibility and efficiency of the Honeywell
word are indicative of the many advances in
logic and engineering that are typical of Honeywell equipment.
To get full descriptive information on either or both Honeywell
800 and Honeywell 400 Transistorized Data Processing
Systems. just write: Honeywell Electronic Data Processing
Division, Wellesley Hills 81, Massachusetts.
Get the
whole story

B o neY1N"ell

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2,951

'and
"
Rea ers Editor's Forum

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FRONT COVER: CRYOGENIC THIN.FILM
MEMORY PLANE
The front cover shows an experimental cryogenic
thin-film memory plane. It consists of 135 cryotron
devices built up in a 19-1ayer "sandwich." It has been
successfully duplicated many times by automatic control techniques at International Business Machines
Corp. The memory plane is about the size of a large
postage stamp, and stores 40 separate bits of information in 120 of its cryotrons. Of the remaining 15
cryotrons, 10 permit access to the stored bits of information; the other five are "in-line" cryotrons
which switch bits of information from one memory
plane to another.
Cryogenics is the branch of solid-state physics which
is concerned wi th the properties of ma terials and
devices at temperatures of about 450°F below zero.
At such low temperatures certain metals permit electric current to flow endlessly, without additional
power, in devices that can be used to perform logic
and to store information in a computer memory.
Cryotrons are devices in a cryogenic computer which
will perform addition, subtraction, multiplication,
division, logical switching operations, and amplification.
A key to this new development is the special technique which permits accurate duplication of devices.
By means of this technique, microscopically thin layers
of metals and insulating materials are automatically
deposited on a glass substrate.
The equipment used for deposition allows each
layer of a metal or insulator to be sequentially deposited through 17 microscopically adjusted masks,
or perforated metal sheets. The masks are changed
automatically like records in a juke box and are held
in a large metal cylinder operating under high vacuum. Once the masks have been properly aligned,
the process automatically produces duplicate superconducting memory planes with similar electrical and
mechanical characteristics.

COMPUTERS IN INSPECTION
FOR DISARMAMENT
I. From R. L. Turnbow
Modesto, Calif.

I am currently a student at Stanislaus State College
in Turlock, California. In one of my courses, "Economics of Free Enterprise," I am doing a term paper.
My instructor, Mr. E. J. Haga, showed me the
November 1960 issue of Computers and Automation,
where the article, "The Social Responsibilities of
Computer People and Peace Engineering," appeared.
In this article, you noted a bill, H.R. 9305, and a
specific provision of it, "The Agency shall undertake
6

programs to carry out the purpose of this act, including among others, programs ... for development and
application of communications and advanced computer techniques for analyzing the problems involved
in inspection of national budgets and economic indicators as they bear upon disarmament inspection
systems."
This provision is the topic I have chosen for my
term paper.
As this is an entirely new field to me, I would more
than appreciate any and all aid you could give me
in its development, or references to people who know
about this area or have written about it.
I am also writing for a copy of the House Debate
on Bill· H.R. 9305, and to Congressman Charles E.
Bennett, who introduced the bill.

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II. From the Editor
I am very glad that you have chosen for your term
paper the interesting topic of the application of computers to inspection of national budgets and economic
indicators as they bear upon disarmament inspection.
The book which I believe you should begin with
is "Inspection for Disarmament" edited by Seymour
Melman, Columbia University Press, New York, 1958,
291 pages, particularly the paper "The Control of
Disarmament by Fiscal Inspection" by Jesse Burkhead, pp. 75-84 in that book. I would also suggest
that you take a look at the other papers in the book.
The first problem as I see it is proof by a nation
that it is honestly adhering to disarmament agreements
and not spending more than an allowed sum for mili~
tary expenses. The second problem as I see it is detection of attempted concealment by a faction within
a nation that the nation is spending money for armaments contrary to international agreement.
In the case of the first aim, proof of full conformity
with agreement, we can assume full cooperation in
obtaining figures from all parts of the government.
Then it seems to me it would be possible rather easily
to set up a computer program for verifying say 1,000
different tests every 3 months or so on figures and
information coming into the system.
In the case of the second aim, detection of illegal
nonconformity by a faction not the majority of a
government, it seems to me that pretty much the
same plan of checking data, applying great varieties
of tests to data coming in, would succeed in focusing
on spots where unexplained amounts were occurring.
This kind of problem is quite similar to auditing to
prevent dishonesty. References on accounting and
auditing and articles related to computer applications
in this field would be relevant.
I hope these suggestions will be of use to you.

2,954

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1961

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With the Bendix
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TODAY'S MOST ADVANCED COMPUTI NG "PACKAGE"
••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••
Today's high-powered computing equipment is only as good as the programming systems that enable it to do useful work. In the development of the
Bendix G-20,' these all-important programming systems were planned and
perfected in close coordination with the equipment designers, and received
equal emphasis. The result: today's most powerful computing Hpackage~'
• The G-20's simplified programming enables your present personnel to take
advantage of the powerful problem-solving abilities of the computer, regardless of their previous computer experience. Such a programming system is
ALCOM-:an algebraic problem-solver based on the international mathematical
language of ALGOL. Compatible with the ALGO programming system for
the Bendix G-15, ALCOM permits your technical staff to transmit problems
to the floating point circuitry of the G-20 in universal mathematical language.
• ALCOM is complemented by aJibrary of sorting, file maintenance and other
routines for specific tasks. The refined indexing and decision-making capabilities of a powerful command vocabulary have been instrumental in making
these simplified techniques possible. They are unmatched for ease of use and
efficiency. • Not overlooking the G-20 proper, we have recently increased
computing speeds by 40% ... to the rate of 83,000 additions per second (average, floating point, one-word precision). Magnetic tape speed is now 240,000
digits per second ... and printing speed can be up to 1500 lines per minute.
These new characteristics, combined with the G-20's efficient "organization
chart" system design and perfected programming ease, provide an unmatched
return on your computing dollar. Prove this fact to your own satisfaction.

CaU the nearest Bendix Computer office,

01'

write:

donclo
:Ioster,
N. Y.,
Park,
York,
)erger,
, New
:uit.

, 1961

Bendix Computer Division

l~ncU/

tORPORAllON

DEPT. 0-29. LOS ANGELES 45. CALIFORNIA

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1961

lhem,
inclue!
and n
noiog)

rOASSURE
PROPER CR€OfT
RETURN THIS STUB
WITH YOUR

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tom
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for inf
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UTILITY COMPANY CUTS COSTS WITH MACHINE THAT READS DATA
FROM CUSTOMERS' BILL STUBS
When you send in your electric bill with payment,
a machine may be waiting to read it and to translate
{_ / what it says into computer language. Atlantic City
-;:;- Electric Company already uses a Farrington Optical
Scanner for this purpose.
Here's how it works: bill stubs are run through the
Scanner (also known as the EYE) at the rate of 240 a minute.
The Scanner reads each account number and the amount
paid. It instantly converts this "people language" into
"machine language" (computer tape, punched cards or magnetic tape).

By eliminating time-consuming and laborious manual
punching, the Farrington Scanner makes possible such highspeed, high-accuracy cash accounting systems. You'll find it
also being used for Insurance Premium Cash Accounting
and for Subscription Promotion Entry.
The versatility of Optical Scanning permits almost unlimited applications. You can build an entirely new system
around it. Or, if your present system uses three or more
operators who read and punch, chances are that you can
profitably use an Optical Scanner right now. Only Farrington
has the experience to go with it.

For further information. write Farrington Electronics Inc .• Needham Heights 94. Massachusetts
,'r

F!RST NAME IN OPTICAL SCANNING

Unh
pati(
both

COM

The Scientific Extension of the
Human Intellect
nual
~nsc,

f~9J

\..1

Dr. Simon Ramo

. for
).
3,

Executive Vice President
Thompson Ramo-Wooldridge, Inc.
Los Angeles, Calif.

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(Based on a talk "The Scientific Challenge of the New Age" by Dr. Ramo
before the 65th Annual Congress of American Industry, Dec. 7, 1960, New York)

We all now realize that we are in rapid transItIOn
to a new, highly technolob'ical society. The needs of
the new age will present many challenges to the
scientist and engineer. However, these challenges are
as nothing compared with the challenges that scientific
advance will offer to society as a whole.

ger's
ent's
ltheally,
dus) be
king

Gross Imbalance
Already a gross imbalance exists between technologiG!l and sociological progress. Will the transition to
the new society be orderly or chaotic? Civilization
lllust adapt; the impact of technology must be absorbed. 'Ve have no take-it-or-leave-it choice. The
expanding, increasingly fast-paced, complex, and interacting world urgently requires solutions to the
problems of its physical operations of production,
communication, transportation and resources control
and distribution. Because technological creativity is
able to do so, it is furnishing the answers. A match
between need for solutions and supply of solutions
exists. Science and society have finished their court'ship and are now getting married. 'Vill it be wedded
bliss, with the offspring sources of pride and joy, or
will it be a shaky, unstable partnership?
The H-bomb is the established symbol of the growing disparity between rapid scientific change and the
lagging adjustment of society. 'Ve have learned how
to release quickly such tremendous amounts of energy
as to destroy a civilization that has not yet produced
accepted, respected conduct to preclude the use of
force. But the bomb is not the best example. It emphasizes the military side of the world's problems.
Even if no war or peace issue existed, disorder threatens if and as we fail to assimilate the technological
revolution.
Outer Space
Outer space is the newest symbol of the influence
of technology on world affairs, and it brings us headlong into a striking array of challenges in the making
of unprecedented national and international arrangements. vVhat is the role of private, free enterprise?
'I\There do national boundaries end? How will the
world judge the contest for the limited radio spectrum
as satellite repeaters make possible the wholesale interconnection of cOlllmunications into a single, endless, world-wide web? ';\That bodies and agreements
will decide how space technology, meteorology, and
nuclear energy will be applied, not only to predict
but ultimately to influence the earth's weather?

1961

COMPUTERS

uni,sing
This
lters,

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III/({ .\ UTO;\fATIO:\,

for February, 1961

Nuclear energy developments and outer space conquest will change our way of life. So also will chemical and biological discoveries. Large stretches in life
expectancy and flights to and even colonization of
other planets may conceivably occur before the twentieth century is over.
But meanwhile, there is another area of science and
technology already emerging, I believe, as the most
influential and important for the next decade or two.
It will use the greatest fraction of our technical resources, will be most determining in internatipnal
competition, war or peace, and is the most substantive
example of the inequality between technological and
social advance. A discussion of this area will help us
to understand the nature of the coming technological
society.
Intellectual Pursuits Assigned to
Electronic Machines
The rest of this century will see the gross extending
of the human intellect and senses by application of
science and technology. In every intellectual pursuit
in which man is engaged, whether in the professions,
in production control, in the military, in teaching
everywhere,-when we break down what we do with
our minds, we find a part that is best assigned to
electronic machines. 'Ve reduce the intellectual activity to stored and incoming information, to logical
processes, sorting, deciding. The part that is well
understood, that involves rates and quantities too
large for the human mind, we assign to the machine.
This raises the human intellect to the more complex
aspects of the intellectual task, the aspects above the
routine work of the electronic partner.
Intellectronics
Obviously, we are not talking about "automation,"
the replacement of the factory worker. The words
"automatic control" and "computer" are also inadequate and narrow. 'Ve are speaking of a new manmachine partnership in the powerful domain of the
intellect. I like the ncw word "intellectronics," because it reflects extending the intellect by electronics,
suggests a broad technological area, and portends a
great industry. (Anyonc who is inclined to doubt
that the grand-scale extending of the human intellect,
intellectronics, will in a decade or two become our
largest, most significant activity, takes the risk of having his brains listed among the first needing extension!)
The intellectual activity we call science and en9

gineering has already been revolutionized by intellectronics. The intercontinental ballistic missiles, if the
brains of the designer were 'not extended by elev
tronics, would be many years away. Thousands of
Bights would be needed in a clumsy, trial-and-error
approach to optimizing the design. Instead, mere
dozens of actual flights have been sufficien t to finalize
the engineering and prove out the design. The thousands of other trial flights took place in the simulation
laboratories; and the selection of the right cOlllbinaI ion of parameters out o[ the myriad o[ possibilitiestoo huge a task for human comparison and sorting
alone-was made by a man-machine, intelleclronics
partnership.
Practice of Law
Picture the practice of law in the technological
world of a decade from now-or, at least, law as it
might be practiced if technology is used to the fullest.
Every practicing attorney would have in his office
means for convenient electronic connection to a huge
national central repository o[ facts, rules, procedures,
and precedents. For the routine filing of papers, records, and petitions, he or his assistant would in trodduce his data into the intellectronics svstem, a technique his legal training would include.' Any conflict,
omission, inconsistency, or other shortcoming of his
work, any problems with the law or the existing
records or the claims of another, would be automatically, instantly displayed to him. And it would cover
not just the few possibilities an unaided human brain
might have handled, given enough time. It will scan,
select, reject, and present the result of the equivalent
of the work of thousands of searchers covering many
decades of records over the entire nation in a split
second.
It elevates the lawyer's intellect to the more cOlllplex
intellectual tasks, giving him better tools with which
to work. It alters a substantial fraction o[ legal
practice.
Even on the nonroutine legal processes, the attorney,
in the coming intellectronic age, will be able to consult with the equivalent of a host of informed fellow
attorneys. His request to the system [or similar cases
will yield an immediate response from the central
store, together with questions and advice filed by
other attorneys on those similar cases-even as he will
add his facts and guidance into the system for future
use by all.
Consultations for Physicians
This concept of man-machine partnership on difficult intellectual tasks is made clearer by considering
the physician's potential approach in the latter part
of the century. He also will routinely introduce his
data on a given patient to the network of "consultative wisdom." The system will quickly react to give
him some key portions of what would have been the
results of many consultations "'ith other physicians.
It will call out questions he lllay not have asked himself. It will give statistical probabilities of relative
effectiveness of various treatments with numerous
variations to account for the corollary possibilities.
Notice that with diseases-their symptoms, characteristics, treatments-all nationally monitored, the
statistical approach to medical practice takes on an
10

entirely new stature. New branches oL medicine will
emerge based on the practical possibility of studying
cause and effect on a large-scale, yet rapid, basis with
detailed up-to-the-minute facts on the relationship o[
ailment to treatment covering many thousands of
cases.
Partnership of Machine and Man
\Ve observe, from both the legal and medical examples, that merely extending man's memory through
electronics, creating a library that is both mammoth
yet accessible with electronic speed, offers radical advantages in achieving excellence of professional activity. But the memory extension is far from the total
effect. The properly designed system does some of the
processing of the library's information. It handles
the lower intellectual tasks of the first sorting, categorizing, comparing, selecting, questioning. These
tasks, clone well, require ideally tha t tremendous volumes of data be processed quickly. The machine
member o[ the partnership does this high-quantity,
high-rate part of the intellectual job, allowing the
higher intellect of the human partner to concentrate
OIl the more subtle, less clearly defined, less routine
conclusion drawing, decision making, judgmen t aspects of the intellectual task.
Let us continue our quick look at what man is
today engaged in doing with his remarkable intellect,
and we shall see much evidence to suggest that too
often the task is intellectually, qualitatively beneath
him, while oftentimes too much [or him quantitatively.
The coming technological age will be characterized
by a much better match between man's intellectual
ca pabilities and the assigned thinking role, than ks to
t.he concept of man-machine partnership in men tal
activity.
Keeping Track in Banking
Take, for instance, money and banking, and the
whole process of keeping track of who owns what,
where it is, and who owes whom. How absurd that
millions of people are engaged all day in putting little
marks on pieces of paper, reading them off, and reintroducing similar ones on other pieces of paper,
without much need [or deliberation in the processl
This is as unsuitable for the human intellect as pulling huge stone blocks to build the pyramids was to
human muscles. Currency and coins will be for the
rural areas alone in a few decades. Even checks, and
most other of today's forms of human record originations, will be extinct. If you buy a necktie or a house,
your thumb before an electronic scanner will identify
you, and the network ·will debit your account and
credit the seller. The system will automatically do
the routine accounting, call out violation of rules or
problems in the transaction, and list alternatives.
Again, the machine partner does the brainwork when
it is simple but high-quantity and also acts to aid the
human partner for the morc difficult aspects. (Of
course, occasionally a transistor burning out in Kansas
City might accidentally wipe out someone's bank
balance in Philadelphia. One has to expect some
continued dangers and risks in life in the period
ahead, though they will likely be new ones.)

Guidance of Moving Traffic
Hardly a better example can be fonnd of the urge)) t
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need for man-machine, intellectronics partnerships to
handle intellectual tasks than the control of things
moving in the sky and on the ground. For safety and
reliability, at the airports, in the airways, and 011
our surface freeways and streets, it is clear that hUlllall
brains unaided (whether a pilot, an airport controller,
or a Los Angeles automobile driver) cannot integr;lte
all the data and process it fast enough to 111 a ke de,cisions leading to the largest, smoothest, safest use of
the artery. Intellectronic systems are needed ill which
facts as to nature, quantity, rate of change, spatial
:spread, and interconnection of traffic are all sensed
accurately and continuously over wide areas, all tomatic predictions are made and compared as to COIlse(l uences and as to alternate directions to influence
the How. Not only will the handling of plalles and
the role of the pilot be drastically changed with tillIe,
but it is not ridiculous to imagine automobiles of the
future which go onto electronic control if directed
onto crowded freeways, the driver limited to pushing
a button for the number of his chosen exit.
Our factories and refineries already have beglln to
recognize the limitations of reliance on the UllCXtended human intellect for co.otrol of the operation,
even as has the military. Too many things to keep
track of, too rapidly changing a situation, too lllllCh
processing of facts and possibilities. Since llluch of
the intellectual process is clear, only involving high
quantities and rates, the machine partner, properly
integrated, both relieves and suitably elevates the
human intellect and makes for more efficiency, higher
pl'Ofits, or greater security.
World-Wide Integration
J t should be clear from these examples that 11l0St
or the physical operations of the world are candidates
for passing under intellectronics systems control. Bu t
also much of the operations invol\'e world-wide integration and interconnection. :Many millions of huIllan minds and their extensions, in the form of signals
and data and information collection, will be C011nected together, often crossing national and language barriers. No wonder one of the most interesting
of intellectronics areas is in machine translation o[
natural language. Again, the machine member of
the team handles the high volume, cruder intellectual
task. It produces rough translations, identifies double
meaning possibilities, weighs alternative meaning ..;
based on what preceded and followed-it assists and
"sets up" for its more intellectual human partner.
'Vhat is less clear is that the nature of language and
its function will probably change drastically in the
years ahead. The machine partners in the universal
intellectronics systems of the future will want the
facts and the rules in the most efficient language
possible. They will create pressure for a common,
purely informational, completely logical and consistent kind of language. The technological age may
force on the world a real measure of language reform
or at least a new common language for some functions
of human endeavor.

~ence,

Jack

Edueation of Hunlan Beings

nvay,

The most truly intellectual activity of all lllust be
the education of the human brain. \Ve are approach-

. 19Gt

COMPUTERS

fllld

AUTOMATION for Fehruary, 19(il

ing a crisis in education because the needs of a more
complicated, more populous world are increasing
rapidly while our ability to place human resources
behind the educational system is decreasing. But an
intellectronics system of the future can make a tenor hundred-fold change in the effectiveness of eduGItion. The human educator can ha\'e tools analogous
to the physician'S x-rays and electrocardiographs. The
routine material can be presented by machine, leaving
the more difficult concepts for the higher intellect of
the human educator. Programmed machines call
stimulate the thinking of the student, alter the presentation, speed it up, slow it down, add more explanations, skip steps-all automatically as a result of
continually monitoring the student's responses to
questions.
An ill tellectronics sys tem ca n remem ber the progress of millions of students, compare their tested
learning with the plan, measure and report deviations.
Yet, the same system can immediately recognize an
indi\:idual student, give him an accelerated or special
presentation or test, all by a virtually instantaneous
scan of his record and a following of rules put in by
wiser human educators as to how to modify the course
in relation to the individual record.
Such a future system will involve new large inchistries employing experts in the subjects to be ta ught,
. the design of programs, devices, and systems. It will
also call for new professional groups within an augmented educatibnal profession to provide for statistical study, planning, diagnosis of problems, and generally the matching of the synthetic intelligence of the
machine with the human brain to achieve the fullest
utilization of both human and machine resources in
an educational system suited to the coming technological age.
Citizen Participation in National

Decision~

These sketchy portrayals of the nature of the coming technological age should not imply one grossly
wrong conclusion: that the future world will be automatic, robot-like, every human being only a constrained cog in a tight machine, freedom o[ spirt and
expression and democracy dead. On the contrary, if
we should so desire, intellectronics makes possible a
degree of citizen participation in policy and goals,
both discussion and decision, unthinkable today. Consider only that our Congresses, our policy bodies,
could have their deliberations open to millions in
their homes, and further-the added future possibility
-the entire nation could vote by push-button from
their homes 011 any fraction we might choose of all
issues. The resu~t would be kllown to all instantly.
I am not sllggesting that it would he practical to seek
more than a slllall, partial alt;til1lllent of all that
technology could he en:ploycd to provide in this
area. But the future could he one in which a much
greater portion of all people arc up to date, understanding, interested ill, anxiolls to participate and
indeed do participate in determining the aims and priorities of our lives and the manner of reaching our
objectives.
In summary, a basic characteristic of the future
technological society is that brainpo'wer will deter11

mine the course of the world, the stature and influence
of nations. But total brainpower will be the sum of
natural human intellectual activity and synthetic
man-made intelligence. The machine partner '\vill
possess less mentality but will have greater capacity
for the big, lower-grade load.

Disparity Between Scientific and
Sociological Advance
Since the real bottleneck to progress, to a safe,
orderly, and happy transition to the coming technological age lies in the severe disparity between
scientific and sociological advance, we must now ask
the key question: 'Vill intellectronics aid in removing
the imbalance? Obviously, not directly. The challenging intellectual task of accelerating social progress
is for the human mind, not his less intellectual electronic partner. But perhaps there is a hope. If the
machines do more of the routine, every-day intellectual
tasks, man will be elevated to the higher mental
domains. He will have the time, the intellectual
stature, and hence the inclination to solve the world's
social problems. 'Ve must believe he has the inherent
capability.

rattling good history
"War," wrote Thomas Hardy, "makes
rattling good history; but Peace is poor
reading." Scientists at ProJect Omega, in
Washington, taking a pioneering part in the
ancient and honorable tradition of war
gaming that stretches from the first chess of
3,000 years ago to modern stochastic models,
are writing rattling good history in both
fields, war and peace.
Synthetic history, they call it: the application
of advanced mathematical thought, and the
digital computer simulation of war or in
support of map battles, have brought
ProJect Omega to the frontiers of new
developments in gaming, for Army, Navy.
Air Force, OCDM and ARPA, as well as
business and industrial sponsors.
Appointments are available for team leaders
-senior scientists capable of running their
own groups (flexible ones)-especially in
mathematics, computer applications,
and operations research.
For your free copy of THE GAME OF
WAR, an illustrated history of the highlights
of war gaming over 3,000 years,
illustrated with authentic warriors of
the periods, write to James L. Jenkins.

Technical Operations.
Incorporated

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MANUSCRIPTS

WHA

WE ARE interested in artiCles.
papers, reference information, and
discussion relating to computers
and automation. To be considered
for any particular issue, the manuscript should be in our hands by
the first of the preceding month.

LOGH
SyU
Jam
AN]
OJ
A Si
The
The
The

ARTICLES: \Ve desire to publish articles
that are factual, useful, understandable,
and interesting to many kinds of people
engaged in one part or another of the
field of computers and automation. In
this audience are many people who have
expert knowledge of some part of the
field, but who are laymen in other parts
of it.
\Ve look particularly for articles that
explore ideas in the field of computers
and automation, and their applications
and implications. An article may certainly be controversial if the subject is
Ordinarily, the
discussed reasonably.
length should be ] 000 to 3000 words. A
suggestion for an article should be submitted to us before too much work is
done.
NEWS AND DISCUSSION: \Ve desire to prinl
news, brief discussions, arguments, announcements, letters, etc., anything, in
fact, if it is not advertising and is likely
to be of substantial interest to computer
people.
PA YMENTS: In lllany cases, we make small
token payments for articles, if the author
wishes to be paid. The rate is ordinarih
Y2c a word, the maximum is SIS, and both
depend on length in words, whether
prin ted before, etc.
All suggestions, manuscripts, and inquiries about editorial material should be addressed to: The Editor, COMPUTERS
find AUTOMATION, 815 Washington
Street, Newtonville 60, lVIass.

GAME
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3600 M Street Northzeest Washington 7, D. C.
12

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COMPUTERS {lIut

AUTO;\IATIO~

for Fehruary, 19G1

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... a compact, multi-duty
Electronic Data Processing System

i111 rein the
mporin its
IS surpanies
loIs as
:ty of
onsin,
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... a complete E. D. P. system priced at

$75,000

-leased at $1,850 per month
390 ... an "Electronic Statistician" ... electronically analyzes
mountains of paperwork-efficiently and economically.

111

390 ... an "Electronic Accountant" ... electronically maintains complete records that can be read by people and machines.

390 ... an "Electronic Mathematician" ... electronically performs

to be
ldwest
t eurential
st has
Lave a
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[ elee-

390 ... an "Electronic Filing System" ... electronically classifies

tly by

390 ... an "Electronic Reporter" ... electronically digests volumes

g, the
up in
citing
Ie the
ronies
)f the
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ed to
ronies
lng.

y, 1961

all types of business arithmetic and formula computations-at
speeds measured in 1/1000 of a second.
and files data without the need for human decisions. Millions of
digits can be stored on magnetic-tape ledger records, punched
paper tape, and punched cards.
of business data and provides complete, timely reports.

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COMPUTERS alld

AUTO~fATION

for February, 196]

.13

:Delay Lines and Electromagnetic Filters
Morton Fassberg, President
ESC Electronics Corp.
Palisades Park, N.

(From a talk before a group of secnrit~· mUlly"I",
November 30, 19(0)

The principal products of this company arc precision delay networks which account for about 90
per cent of the company's total volume of sales. Other
products include electro-magnetic fllters and widc
band video transformers.
Delay networks, or, as they are widely known, delay
lines, are specially created for specific situations to
do definite jobs. Once a prototype, or successful sam1- I e, has been produced, then others of identical structure are made under the most precise conditions in
whatever numbers the user may wish. To borrow
from a current phrase, the priceless ingredient is
ima~,ination. T,l,lis is m~re than :v~lat we commonly
call know-how. It reqUIres creatIVIty.
What is a Delay Line?
It is not easy to arrive at a simple definition of a
delay line in one-syllable words. Technicians shudder
at the thought of such an eHort because there are so
many nuances in electronics and especially in the
custom-designing of delay lines. A colloquial description of a delay line is less accurate than a technical
exposition, but it may be more generally useful.
A good way to get a glimpse at what a delay linc
does, is to consider the use of delay lincs at airports
which use aircraft identification in landing systems.
During the five years in which delay lincs have comc
into use at airports, it is now possible to identify fivc
times as many planes in the sky, at one time, t hall
was possible just a few years ago. .-\ssigned pulses
from individual planes arc decoded through delay
lines and thus more planes can be identified on thc
ground. This, of course, means beller communication
between ground and air, better control, and greater
safety. The delay lines may bc considered as locks.
The impulses would be the keys . .Just as keys fit locks
and open them, so elcctrical impulses are identified
through delay lines.
Another use of delay networks is on telephone lines.
Some frequencies normally would run ahead of others
on telephone lines. But, for conveying messages properly, it is necessary for the frequencies to be synchronized, to arrive at a given place at a given time. A
delay line equalizes the frequencies, or delays them
different amounts of time so that they arrive at the
right place at the right time. The process is something
like what would happen if an object were dropped
through air and then through a layer of water. It
14

would move faster through the air sector than through
water, which would slow it up. Scientists could provide just the right amount of air and water to be sure
that a weight would use up a predetermined amount
of time if it were dropped. Delay lines do to electric
impulses what the water and air would do in this
homely illustration, but the factors are infinitely more
delicate in electronics as we shall see.
Perhaps one more illustration will serve to picture
these unique electronic components. Staggered traffic
lighting systems, in a sense, perform for traffic what
delay lines do for electric impulses. The staggered
lighting system can be arranged to move automobiles
along at predetermined speeds and thus assure an
even flow, eliminating traffic jams. Delay lines can
be designed to restrain the motion of electric impulses,
similarly, and a Ilm\" them to novv as required.
Infinitesimal Tinle
Electrical impulses travel fast. How fast they travel
is indicated by the demands made on a delay line
that is fashioned to control them. Delay lines reckon
with time so brief that a thousandth of a second is
pedestrian. A thousandth of a millionth or a second
is a commonplace time element in delay lines. In
fact, a word has been illYen ted to design a te this"nanosecond." The delay time involved in all the
thousands of delay lines thus far built by this company, if operatcd end-on-end, ,,"ould add up to less
than one minute.
How Delay Networks Grew
As carriers of in telligence, pulses of electi'ical energy
have been used since the inven tion of the telegraph
because of their simplicity of generation, ease of recognition and rela tive immunity to noise. These inherent characteristics became still more significant
during 'Vorld ,I\'ar II when the development of radar
started a wholly new sciencc of pulse technology.
Today electrical impulses are the primary carriers
of intelligence in almost cvery sophisticated electronic
system.
Of great importance in such systems is a component
that has the ability to achieve a desired time relationship among electrical impulses and signals by delaying one or more of them for specific intervals of
time, generally running in the order of milli-microseconds to milli-seconds. Pulse dclay networks, the principal product of the company, developed as the new
COMPUTERS (lnd

AUTOMATTO~

for February, 1961

t junel
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COMP

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,t'cchnology grew. .\lllong their uses are: in the conuol SyS~C1l1S or guided missiles and in telelllelering systems between satellites and the earth; in digital compUlers and electronic data-processing equipment; in
COIllllluI1ication systems; in radar systems; in television
camera chains; and in aircraft identification and landing systems. Because tbey are passive networks, they
Ferforlll reliably for long periods in extreme environ. men ts.

Why Creativity?

poslvail11 ils
iverepth
Tsity
lities
~ood

Lded,
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vides
also
nded

From this record, it can be seen that as electronics
develops in all phases of human activity, new and
perhaps even unpredictable demands will be made
for delay lines or their counterparts. As developmen ts in TV, radar, data processing, missiles, or any
of the modern wonders, require new combinations
and conditions for controlling electrical impulses,
engineers will go to work designing delay lines for
the new purposes. Since there currently seelllS to be
no end to the variations and implications in the use
of del a y lines, there seems to be no end to the combinations of ways in which they will have to be de-·
signed to solve problems as they arise. To tackle
these problems, awareness of the importance of the
neal ive instinct in a staff of engineers is vital. This
COlli pan)' is fully awake to this challenge.

Filters and Transformers

permost
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Since 1958, this company has been producing addielectronic components, electro-magnetic filters
alld wide band video transformers. Our electro-magnetic filters are designed to select useful or desired
electrical signals and to reject those that interfere or
are undesired. A simple example would be that of a
Illobile radio unit in a taxicab. For obvious reasons,
its recep tion should be tuned to ca b headquarters,
not to the police department. The filter keeps the
cab radio on beam. Electro-magnetic filters' are used
in far more complex and diverse situations than that,
however. They are useful not only in communications
I ional

\VHO'S WHO IN THE
COMPUTER FIELD
From time to time we bring up
to date our "'1\1ho's Who in the
Computer Field." vVe are currently
asking all computer people to fill
in the following 'IVho's Who Entry
Form, and send it to us for their
free listing in the '!\Tho's ,\;Vho that
we publish from time to time in
Computers and Automation. 'IVe
are often asked questions about
computer people-and if we have
up to date information in our file,
we can answer those questions.
If you are interested in the compu tel' field, please fill in and send
us the following 'IVho's Who Entry
Form (to avoid tearing the magazine, the form may be copied on
any piece of paper).
COl\fPlJTERS

1I11t!

systellls, but also in data processing, telemetering,
servomechanisms and multiplex telegraphy.
ESC's wide-band transformers have been custOl\ldesigned and manufactured to meet the requirements
of simultaneous transmission of both low and high
frequencies commonly encountered in television, computers, scatter transmission, atomic instrumenta Lions,
etc. Conventional transformers will transmit only
a relatively narrow band in audio, intermediate frequency range, radio frequency range and very high
frequency range. ESC has constructed a substantial
number of prototypes which have been delivered to
customers, but to date the production orders have
been limited in quantity. It remains to be seen
whether a profitable market will develop.
Transformers, nonetheless, currently offer sOllie
promise. The layman might identify them as devices
which operate like the process that occurs when a
city's water supply pours from many sources through
huge viaducts and then is divided into diverse directions, sizes and pressures, for use in many faucets. The
wide-band transformer, indeed, is an unusual conveyor
and distributor.

Prototypes
.Most businesses do not routinely use the prototype
as it is known in electronics. It is a tested, working
sample, specially designed for the customer's need.
In a limited sense, it is the first try-on suit the customer orders, the one he uses for a fitting before it
is finished. There the similarity ends, for the suitwearer orders only one, or perhaps two-but the
delay-line user may order only a few dozen, or hundreds, or thousands.
The prototype is the ESC answer to the customer
question: "'!\That can you create that will do and be
all these things?" in electronics.
In 1959, the company built 288 prototypes. During
] 960, up to October 30, ESC built and delivered 33:\
prototypes. This is at the rate of about 400 for the
year] 960.

Name? (please print) ....................... .

Year entered the computer field? ...

Your Address? ........... ,...................... .

Occupation? ., ..... ,........................... ,._

Your Organization? ........................ ,.

~nyt!ling

1ts Address? ....................................... .

else? (publica tions, distInctIOns, etc.) ........................ ,........ ,

Your Title? ,...................................... .
Your
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

i\fain Computer Interests?
) Applications
) Business
) Construction
) Design
) Electronics
) Logic
) lVlathematics
) Programming
) Sales
) Other (specify):

Year of birth?, .. " ................ " ............. ,
College or last school? .................... .

,\UTO\L-\TIO:\' for Fel>rllary, I!)(il

When you have filled in this
entry form please send it to: '!\Tho's
Who Editor, Computers and Automation, 815 Washington Street,
Newtonville 60, Mass.
1:)

Mathematical computation: vital element of Space Techno'logy Leadership
The rapid solution of ever-more complex problems is indispensable in converting physical concepts into specifications fOl'
advanced space and ballistic missile systems. Space Technology Laboratories employs the modern, high·speed digital computer
as an integral part of systems engineering. At STL's Computation and Data Reduction Center, computing specialists are daily
expanding the wide potential of modern computing devices, as well as solving problems arising in advanced space technology.
The Center, a modern, flexible facility, has a capability including two IBM 7090's and IBM 1401 auxiliary equipment. Continuing
expansion of STL's activities in this vital area now creates the need for additional specialists with B.S., M.S., or Ph.D. in Mathematics, Engineering or the Physical Sciences, and related experience. Those capable of contributing within the environment of
Space Technology Laboratories are invited to contact Dr. R. C. Potter, Manager of Professional Placement and Development. Their
resumes and inquiries will receive meticulous attention.

SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES, INC.
a subsidiary of Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc.

•

EI Segundo • Santa Maria • Edwards Rocket Base • Canoga Park

P.o. BOX 95005BB, LOS ANGELES45, CALIFORNIA

Cape Canaveral

•

Manchester, England

COMPUTERS and

•

Singapore •

AUTO~r:\TION

Hawaii

for February, 1961

C01\

NEWS

Computers

~~ACROSS

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EDITOR'S

Processors

DESK"

COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION
Volume 10
Number 2B

FEBRUARY 2,1961

Established
September 1951

Published by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington st., Newtonville 60, Mass.

THE COMPUTER DIRECTORY AND BUYERS' GUIDE FOR 1961,
7TH ANNUAL EDITION
The Computer Directory and Buyers'Guide
for 1961, the 7th annual edition, will be
published this year in July on a new basis.

We shall seek to make it a complete and
inclusive directory and guide for the greatly
expanding field of computers and data processors.
It will contain at least the following
reference information:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Roster of Organizations
Roster of Products and Services: The
Buyers'Guide
Roster of Computing Services
Roster of Consulting Services
Descriptions of General Purpose Digital Computing Systems
Descriptions of Analog Computers
Descriptions of Special Purpose Computers; and other reference information

If there is any kind of reference information which you would like to see published in
the Computer Directory, please send us your
suggestions, QUICKLY.
All regular editorial entries in the directory will be published FREE, and the first
25 words of ~ editorial entry will be FREE.
For example, there will be no charge for 22
words of description (subject to editing) of
a product in the "Roster of Products and
Services".
For subscriptions received March 1 and
later, the "Computer Directory" will no longer
be automatically included in every subscrip-

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1961

tion to "Computers and Automation". The price
of the directory will be $12 before publication, $15 after publication. Any purchaser.
of the directory will receive the monthly
issues of "Computers and Automation" at no
additional cost. If the directory is not included in a subscription, the price of the
monthly issues of "Computers and Automatio~'
will remain at $7.50 per year (in the United
States).
BATTERY OPERATED COMPUTER
~ackard Bell Computer
Subsidiary, Packard Bell Electronics
1905 Armacost Ave.
Los Angeles, Calif.

For the first time, we believe, an electronic computer can operate entirely from a
battery power supply. The computer, a PB 250
manufactured by this company, was demonstrated
at the Eastern Join Computer Conference, New
York, in December.
The PB 250 is normally operated from the
battery, which is plugged into a standard 115
volt power line and is continously regenerated
by trickle charging. If the 115 volt input to
the charger is interrupted, however, the computer can continue in operation without any
more electricity for more than one hour. The
PB 250 battery supply incorporates sealed
cells with a life of more than 5 years without service.
The battery supply can be charged from
even poorly regulated mobile generators as
efficiently as from a power line, while the
computer executes thousands of mathematical
operations every second.
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RUGGED, WBILE, DIGITAL COMPUTER OFF TO
U. S. 7TH ARMY IN WEST GERMANY
Sylvania Electronic Systems
Needham 94, Mass.
In January, the mobile general-purpose
digital computer WBIDle 7A built by this company was turned over to the United States 7th
Army, and shipped to Zweibrucken, West Germany.
This digital computer is ruggedized for use
in the field; it occupies 3 standard 30-foot
Army trailer vans.
The vans contain (1) the complete highspeed computer system, (2) an off-line control system which allows independent performance of large-capacity administrative functions simultaneous with operation of the central computer system, and (3) maintenance and
support equipment and facilities. The weight
of the equipment is 6 to 10 tons. The power
required is 30 to 50 KVA. The computer will
perform 50,000 typical operations per second
(10 typical operations are defined as 7 additions plus 3 multiplications). It is a 38bit, parallel, binary machine, with fixed
point. It uses 52 instructions (standard
Fieldata code). The computer can be rapidly
interrupted by a call from high priority program, and when that is completed, will at
once return to its original program.
At Zweibrucken, the first assignment of
MOBIDIC will be to control thousands of sup.ply requisitions for items such as replacement parts for rockets, guided missiles,
electronic warfare, air defense, combat surveillance or atomic artillery. It will process more than 18,000 requisitions each day
to and from depots which supply some 200,000
different line items to the 7th Field Army,
and dispatch supplies from depots to combat
units in hours instead of the days once required. The saving in reduction of inventory
combined with increased accessibility should
pay for MOBIDIC several times over.

MOBIDIC is made rugged for movement and
operation under extreme environmental conditions. Emphasis in design was on performance
with extreme reliability in combat, and resistance to extremes of shock, vibration,
humidity, dust and temperature. In the hard
road testing of ruggedization at the Aberdeen
Proving Ground, the truck containing the computer developed defects and not the computer.
An evaluation model of MOBIDIC was publicly displayed in New York in December in
conjunction with the Eastern Joint Computer
Conference. The picture shows a WHIDIC computer in Central Park, New York, in a snow
storm on December 12, 1959.
Additional models of MOBIDIC are under
development for various military uses, including test at the U. S. Army Electronic'
Proving Ground, Fort Huachuca, Ariz., and applications within the future Army Tactical
Operations Center and other projects.

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NEW RETAIL ACCOUNTING SYSTEM
WITH OPTICAL SCANNER

Farrington Manufacturing Co.
Needham Heights 94, Mass.
A new retail accounting system designed
around an optical scanner has been developed
by this company.
The system includes credit card tokens,
imprinters, variable encoders, cash registers,
forms, the Farrington Optical Scanner, and
conventional business machines or other data
processing equipment.
The optical scanner can "read" the customer's account number, amount of sale, salesperson's number, transaction code, register
and home department number, salescheck number,
and convert the information at high speed into
a punched card record.
It also can recognize other information
such as cash, miscellaneous charges, sales
taxes, etc., and punch machine codes for the
respective answer permitting mechanical sorting of punch card saleschecks into "yes" or
"no" categories. The Farrington reading machine is the only optical scanner in commercial operation today.

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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1961

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FIRST COMPUTER-DESIGNED COMPUTER
OFF TO SOUTH ATLANTIC
Bell Telephone Laboratories
463 West St.
New York 14, N.Y.

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The first computer built from complete
wiring information and parts lists furnished
by another c~mputer has been completed. It
was shipped on Jan. 16 to Ascension Island,
near the target area of the Atlantic Missile
Range. The computer is to be used in connection with target-tracking tests for NIKE-ZEUS,
the U. S. Army's anti-missile defense system.

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The entire logic network of the digital
computer, consisting of 47 sub assemblies,
had been built from wiring diagrams, assembly
information, and parts lists produced by a
specially-programmed, general-purpose digital
computer. The computer was built at Burlington, N.C., by the Western Electric Company.

wire paths to be followed for minimum path
length. Any special-purpose logic packages
to be used in a subassembly were also specified by the computer.
After the wiring information sheets were
completed, a complete parts list including
logic packages, externally wired resistors
and capacitors, and necessary wire was prepared.
The majority of the logic packages in
the Zeus computer are of a single generalpurpose type. Any logic function can be performed anywhere on the subassembly by varying
the interconnections among the packages. The
module package contains four individual and
independent logic switches which can be interconnected to form 2-, 3-, or 4- terminal
logic gates, or flip-flop circuits.

~ell 1aboratories !utomatic DEsign
abbreviated BLADES, required less
than 25 minutes per subassembly to produce
manufacturing information which would have
consumed four man-weeks of manual effort with
conventional drafting methods. Use of the
BLADE System can save thousands of man-weeks
of time in the design of equipment.

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In addition, manufacturing information
can be converted into a control program for
an automatic wiring machine, which would do
the actual assembly work. Initial experiments on this aspect of the program are now
underway. Results indicate that automatic
wiring of the mechanically-designed computer
is feasible. This will, of course, result in
additional substantial savings in time and
money.
The first step in designing the computer
was the synthesis of the logic network to
perform the necessary functions. This network was then converted into a set of topologic equations, expressing both the topology
and logic of the network, in computer language. (Topology involves the geometric
aspects of the network; i.e., the position of
each component and its relation to other components.)
The general purpose computer then used
these topologic equations to produce sheets
of instructions specifying the number of
modular logic packages to be used in a subassembly.
The instructions also specified the pins
to be interconnected, the size and length of
wire to be used in connecting them, and the

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1961

---- A Bell Laboratories' engineer at
Whippany, N.J., checks design information for the first computer built from
complete information furnished by another computer. A subassembly of the
computer is on the table. The computer will be used with the target-track
radar for the Army's NIKE-ZEUS antimissile defense system. --

The computer shipped Jan. 16 uses about
2500 of these logic packages, plus about 200
packages of other types in its 47 subassemblies. The BLADE System, as currently designed, can handle up to 12 different types
of packages.
Separate wIrIng instructions for power
and signal wiring are provided. Also, power
wiring is arranged so that no two successive
logic functions are supplied by the same
power bus.
ELECTRONIC TUTOR AND INTERVIEWER
GUIDED BY A COMPUTER
System Development Corp.
2500 Colorado Avenue
Santa Monica, Calif.
A computer-operated teaching system with
the ability to tailor its instructions to an
individual student's talent was demonstrated
at the recent Eastern Joint Computer Conference. The heart of this "automated teaching
research machine" is a Bendix G-15 electronic
computer, programmed to sense a student's
needs, respond to his errors, and build his
knowledge and confidence quickly and reliably.
Teaching machines may be a major resource in
the face of an expected shortage of teachers
that may amount to 250,000 instructors within
five years.
The electronic tutor could be the forerunner of small individual desk units capable
of being centrally controlled by a master
computer. When properly programmed the system could simulate a human tutor and work
with as many as 100 students simultaneously
but on an individual basis.
The automated teacher took participants
through a series of questions- on Christopher
Columbus. The questions, all multiple-choice,
were displayed by a slide projector controlled
by the G-15. The "student" answered by pressing a key on an electric typewriter. The
computer immediately acknowledged the answer
as "right" or "wrong", ordered up another
slide, and kept a record of performance on
each question.
When the student missed a question, the
machine "detoured" him to a special set of
remedial questions. Once his performance on
the remedial set was satisfactory, he was returned to the main program of the course, to
be detoured again only when he was unsure of
an answer.

basic series if the student requires excessive
remedial help. The computer can make a major
change in the training approach according to
the individual student's needs, just as a
human tutor can do.
Thus the machine can be programmed to
help both the bright and the slow learner.
If the student's performance is high enough
he can skip whole items in the basic series.
If the student indicates doubt or confusion
or takes too much time in answering, the computer may divert the student to less difficult
questions.
This responsiveness to delay in the student's reaction is particularly designed to
help the slow learner.
Though designed originally as a teaching
aid, the automated teaching machine could
also be the basis of other information gathering and dispensing systems.

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Two other possible uses of the "humanized"
computer were also demonstrated. In one case
the system played the role of student counselor
and, acting on previously programmed information about the student's interests, quizzed
him to determine basic aptitude for a chosen
field (in this case, journalism). At the end
of the "interview" the machine suggested a
course of studies and activities that seemed
to best suit the student.
In the other case, the system impersonated a medical interviewer, questioning a
patient on a standard series of facts about
his family's medical history. (Sample question: Have you, or any blood relatives, ever
been afflicted by varicose veins? The patient
can answer "Yes," "No," "I don't know," or "I
don't know what varicose veins are." In the
last case he gets a photographic slide that
shows him what varicose veins are and another
asking the question again). The information
gained from the interview would be immediately
available to doctors for making diagnosis, and
for permanent retention as a complete file on
the patient.
While such machines have certain human
qualities, the instruction-giving or information-collecting abilities it may possess are
only as good as the stored programs placed in
the machines by a teacher, counselor or doctor.

The machine may take the student out of
the original series completely and into other

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1961

rMRYLAND HIGH SCHOOL STUDENTS LFARN COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
AND PRACTICE ON THE IBM 709

Zeke Seligsohn, Public Relations Chairman
Association for Computing Machinery
1111 Connecticut Avenue, NW
Washington 6, D.C.

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On the morning of January 7, the console lights flashed on the giant IBM 709 computer at the IBM Space Computing Center. An
int.ense group of young computer programmers
gathered around the machine, watching as it
calculated second-by-second altitudes of five
simultaneous rocket shots.
An ordinary sight at the Computing Center? Not quite -- because the group consisted of 26 juniors and seniors from BethesdaChevy Chase High School. The students had
reached the climax of a 15-week course in
High-Speed Digital Computing, and were testing the programs they themselve~ had written
to solve the rocket problem.

The Saturday morning course, sponsored
jointly by the Washington, D.C., Chapter of
the Association for Computing Machinery and
the Board of Education of Montgomery ~ounty,
Maryland, is an unusual experiment designed
to attract talented youngsters to the computing field -- and especially to the computer
programming profession. There is a current
nationwide shortage of computer programmers.
It is expected that some 200,000 new program-

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1961

mers will be needed by business, industry,
government and research in the next ten years.
The ACM course covered such topics as the
history of computers, the use of binary and
octal number systems, analysis of typical
problems, fundamentals of programming, and
applications of computers. Several outstanding authorities on war gaming, automatic language translation, satellite tracking, and
business applications addressed the class during the term.
The students learned how to program a
simple, theoretical computer at first. Then
they worked up to writing programs for the

high-speed IBM 709 computer, capable of 40,000
calculations per second. Actual IBM manuals
for the 709 were used as training aids, as
well as motion pictures specifically designed
to teach computer programming and computer
technology. IBM's Federal Systems Division
provided free program check-out time on the
multi-million dollar 709 computer at the
Space Computing Center. First-hand information about the programming profession was

also obtained from IBM personnel during a student field trip to the company's Systems Center in Bethesda, Maryland.
Students who volunteered for the extracurricular course took on three class hours
per week, with an average of 4-5 additional
hours homework a week. Requirements for the
course included: grades of A or B in all
regular classwork; two years of algebra, one
year of geometry, and one year of physics (or
enrollment in one of the latter two courses);
and a high degree of interest in mathematics
and science.
The current course is part of a rapidly
expanding educational program of the ACM -the nation's largest computer organization,
with over 7,000 members. The Washington, D.C.
Chapter plans to present similar courses in
several other local high schools next
semester.
ASSOCIATION OF DATA PROCESSING
SERVICE ORGANIZATIONS FORMED
W. H. Evans, Executive Vice President
Association of Data Processing Organizations
1000 Highland Ave.
Abington, Pa.
Leading American and Canadian companies
in the computer and punched-card service
field have formed the Association of Data
Processing Service Organizations (ADAPSO).
Its purpose is to maintain high-performance
standards and thus further improve service
to business and science, and awareness of
public service aspects.
The new association is made up of companies which service clients through data
processing centers, as distinct from companies which manufacture and rent or sell
equipment. Data processing service centers
or bureaus perform various tasks on their own
premises, for a fee; based on the type of
work done and the time required to complete
it. They serve firms which do not have sufficient work to justify investing in their
own computers or punched-card machines, or
who lack the specialized know-how required
for data-processing systems.
Association officers include:
President: Mr. Romuald Slimak, Mgr. of Remington Rand Univac Service Centers
Vice Pres.: Z. V. Zakarian, Mgr~ New York
Electronic Systems Center, Radio Corporation of America
Treasurer: C. G. Green, President, Statistical Reporting & Tabulating Ltd., Toronto,
Canada
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Director: G. M. Witherspoon, Mgr., Data Processing Centers, National Cash Register Company, Dayton, Ohio
Director: H. W. Robinson, President, Corporation for Economic & Industrial Research,
Arlington, Va.
Director: R. C. May, Vice President, May &
Speh, Chicago, Ill.
Director: J. H. McDonald, Vice President,
Recording & Statistical Company, New York,
N.Y.

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Other members include: W. A. Lynch, The
Service Bureau Corporation; A. M. Lount, Enelco Ltd., Toronto; T. Yamashita, Bendix Corp.;
Walter Camenisch, Walter Camenisch, Inc.;
G. W. L. Davis, Ferranti-Packard Electric Ltd;
William Levy, Nationwide Tabulating Corp.

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Other leading organizations in the field,
which include a great number of independents,
have expressed interest in ADAPSO and are expected to join soon.

The Association is a cross-section of
this new and rapidly growing business service.
Thus, independents (small and large), chains
and manufacturers' centers are equally active.
A one-day symposium was scheduled in New York
on January 20. A first directory of all
American and Canadian centers is in the making.
Membership is limited to those companies
Which perform on their own premises work which
requires the utilization of such equipment as
punched-cards, punched and magnetic tapes, optical readers and computers.
Officers of organizations interested in
the Symposium, in being listed in the Directory, or in membership, should communicate
with W. H. Evans, at the address above.

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------.....---COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1961

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TUBE CARRIERS MADE OF CERAMIC-GLASS

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Division of Corning Glass Works
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Chemically-machined glass ceramic boards
transport 154 electron tubes at once through
a newly-designed automatic conveyor tester,
recently put into operation in the receiving
tube headquarters of Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., at Emporium, Pa.

The glass-ceramic boards are produced
by a photographic-chemical etching process.
The pattern of holes and slots are implanted
in photosensitive glass; then the image is
etched away. The glass is then converted to
a glass-ceramic called Fotoceram.

The computer-programmed machine performs
up to 23 separate measurements per cycle, depending on the tube type being tested. Dif-,
ferent sockets permit testing of hundreds of
tube types. The capacity of the machine is
2,500 tubes an hour.

The unique material was chosen because
of its insulation resistance and its adaptability to odd patterns and successive design changes.

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Glass-ceramic boards made by Corning Electronic Components
carry electron tubes through a newly-designed machine that can
test 2,500 tubes an hour. Odd patterns of holes and slots required for the boards are achieved with a photographic-chemical
etching process. Wire contacts, riding on bus bars, are connected to tubes by metallized circuit paths. Up to 23 separate
measurements per cycle can be made on the computer-programmed
machine, built by Sylvania Electric Products, Inc.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1961

64 WEATHER MAPS PER DAY DRAWN ELECTRONICALLY BY PLOTTER
Electronic Associates, Inc.
Long Branch, New Jersey
The U.S. Weather Bureau put into operational use on Dec. 1 an electronic computerplotter that mechanically draws a complete
weather map of the Northern Hemisphere in
less than three minutes.
Known as the Weather Plotter, and produced by this company, the electronic unit
reads weather information supplied in numerical form on magnetic tape and presents the
information to a digital-to-analog converter.

The converter then instructs the "mechanical
hand" of the plotter to automatically draw contours or isobars, which represent-lines ocequru
barometric pressure, on a 30-by-30 inch map of
the Northern Hemisphere. The plotter produces
a complete weather map in less than three minutes, compared with approximately 20 minutes
required by the former hand-drawn method. Also,
the automatic, electronically controlled method produces maps that are much more accurate
than those that were hand-drawn.

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-- A 30-by-30-inch weather map produced mechanically by the
"Weather Plotter". The isobar map depicts air flow patterns
from 18,000 to 20,000 feet.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1961

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Informatiort fed into the Weather Plotter
is gathered from more than 500 weather observation stations throughout the Northern Hemisphere. Observations are taken twice daily,
at noon and midnight London time, and fed into the National Meteorological Center by
teletype.

Forecasts, for 12, 24, 48 and 72 hours
ahead, are calculated on a programmed computer, and the results recorded on magnetic tape.
The tape is then put on the plotter for reading, converting, and map plotting.

During the course of a 24-hour day, 64
weather maps are produced for various altitudes from sea level to 40,000 feet. Each
map forecasts air flow patterns for a particular forecast period. Maps of these air
flow patterns at 40,000 feet and higher are
prepared for use by the military and by airlines in determining the best flying routes
and altitudes for jet aircraft.

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Immediately after each map is produced,
it is distributed by facsimile to 26 U.S. Weather Bureau stations throughout the United
States for use in local and regional weather
forecasting. Maps also are distributed by
facsimile to more than 600 military airfields
and stations, airlines, universities and commercial weather forecasting operations.
The reduction in time from 20 to less
than three minutes for producing a map permits tightened deadlines with a consequent increase in the usefulness of the information.
The equipment is an important step forward in
the Weather Bureau's efforts to automate weather data processing, weather analysis and
weather forecasting. It is another link in
the fundamental technological changes now
occurring in the science of meteorology •

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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1961

INTELLIGIBLE PHONE CONVERSATIONS
WITH DIFFERENT LANGUAGES AT EITHER END,
DUE IN NEXT 20 YEARS
Dr. Edwin G. Schneider
Vice President, Research and Engineering
Sylvania Electric Products
Needham, Mass.
(Based on a talk before the annual convention
of the Telephone Association of New England,
Sept. 27, Bretton Woods, N.H.)
An intelligible telephone conversation
from continent to continent with different
languages being spoken on either end of the
line will be possible within the next 20
years.
Automatic translation of transoceanic
conversations will be performed through advanced communications and data processing
devices.
In regard to the future growth and expansion of communications, we can forecast:
1.

2.
3.

A communications satellite network
that will make possible global television and high-speed data transmission.
"Wireless" telephone calls by pedestrians through two-way pocket radios
the size of a package of cigarettes.
Transmission of still photographs
through the telephone system at a
moderate cost.

The basic computer mechanism for automatic translation is already in existence,
although primitivei to complete the translation for spoken words, it will be necessary
to recognize automatically the basic sounds
of speech, independent of the peculiarities
of the speaker, and to reconstitute these
sounds from information stored in the computer memory.
Rudimentary translation of Russian into
English is currently being carried out by a
computer. A Russian-English dictionary is
coded and stored in the computer memory.
The document to be translated is typed out on
punched paper tape and fed into the computer,
which looks up the corresponding words in the
other language. The document is then typed
in translated form.
The problem of translation of spoken
words does not appear very formidable when
one considers that there are only 40 basic
sounds used in English. To date, a relatively high degree of success has been achieved
in generating recognizable speech by piecing

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However, the process of automatically
recognizing the basic sounds has so far only
been solved for very limited cases. For example, fairly reliable recognition of vowels
clearly spoken by a male voice has been accomplished -- but the same equipment was unable to understand women. Maybe this was because the men who made the machine didn't
understand women either.
There is little doubt that a solution
for the speech pattern recognition will be
found, and it will have applications beyond
that of automatic translation. Applications
cited were more efficient use of phone lines
-- carrying 100 conversations over a channel
which now carries only one, and a speech
typewriter, which would reproduce a spoken
statement in document form.

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OF COMPUTER QPERATION
The Electrada Corporation
Los Angeles 48, Calif.
An electronic unit which provides a new
display and control link between the human
operator and high speed data processing systems, has been developed.
By matching the logic and speed requirements of the electronic system and the human
operator, -the unit, called the Electrada Datacom, increases the flexibility of computers
and communication systems. In addition, costly interruptions during monitoring and correciing activities are eliminated.
The device accepts digital information
at line speed, automatically translates it to
ordinary alpha-numeric characters and presents
a display on the screen of a cathode-ray tube.
As the information is being displayed, the operator may approve its contents, or he may
alter them in part or in total by striking a
standard typewriter keyboard.
Both incoming and outgoing records are
held in the display. When the operator
punches the send button, the unit retranslates
the information to coded form and transmits it
automatically to the associated communications
network or computer.

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Capable of receiving and sending digital
data at speeds of approximately 3600 characters per second, the unit provides automatic
interface matching between data processing
units or between communications and data
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1961

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processing systems. It allows the operator
to perform selective monitoring, correcting,
editing or re-routing of data. The 'operator
may also compose, transmit, receive, correct
and expand incoming mess'ages, or send messages composed from prerecorded internally
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Display of incoming and outgoing data
takes place in a high-brightness cathode ray
tube, the upper part of which shows the incoming information or message, while the
lower part displays the revised or approved
version which is to be transmitted. A magnetic storage drum with a capacity of 3072
bits provides a display memory which stores
the information for the screen and holds
them ready for editing or transmittal. The
drum uses transistor read-write circuits,
and contains an engraved clock track to prevent accidental clock erasure. Larger-size
storage-memory drums can be provided to fit
any specific application. The Datacom will
also display and correct information stored
in the computer's own internal memory when
linked directly to the computer memory
circui ts.

r
om-

:lp-

that only a reasonable degree of precision is
required of the person marking the card.
The machine is equipped ~ith a sensitivity control mechanism which allo~s adjustment
for cards bearing marks of varying density,
thus making it possible to process cards which
have been too lightly marked with a pencil and
others which may be smudged by dirt or improper erasures.
On reading a card with a missing mark or
a double mark, the machine automatically
catches the error in one of two ways: it
either stops until the error has been corrected, or continues, while automatically
segregating the error card into a special reject pocket. Then the reader stops, indicator
lamps on the machine's. operating control panel
automatically signal the type of error and indicate the location of the improperly marked
columns.
190,000 STOCK ITEMS HANDLED BY COMPUTFB
James E. Burd
Spiegel, Inc.
Chicago 8, Ill.

OPTICAL SCANNING
INTRODUCED IN TABULATING CARD PUNCH
~d

Remington Rand Univac
A Division of Sperry Rand Corp.
New York, N.Y.

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An optical scanning device for data processing systems, called the Optical Scanning
Punch, has been developed. It is designed
to read handwritten markings on a standard
90-column tabulating card and punch the appropriate code holes into the same card. It
works at the speed of 150 cards per minute,
it does not require the use of a special magnetic pencil -- any soft lead pencil will do
-- and no special symbols are needed. It
reads numerals as well as normal pencilled
notations such as check marks, lines, X-marks
and circles.
By eliminating the need for manual card
punching from original source documents, the
device drastically reduces the most time-consuming phase of punched-card data processing
and automatically detects improperly marked
-cards.
As many as 40 columns of information can
be marked on one side of a standard 90 column
card. Suitable cards can be designed to provide 80 columns of marking, using both sides.
The marking area for each position on the
card (which determines the digital value of
the mark) is a relatively large rectangle, so

961

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1961

One of the nation's largest mail order
houses, Spiegel, Inc., has installed a powerful new computer system -- the IBM 7070 -which will ultimately provide dpily electronic
control over its more than one million customer accounts.
The company has a long range program of
automating clerical operations using electronic data processing facilities.
The new system will also eventually provide automatic inventory control for some
190,000 stockkeeping units; therefore the
company will probably be the first major mail
order house in the country to achieve complete inventory control on a computer.
The system installed is comprised of 22
separate pieces of equipment and incorporates
three basic types of data processing -punched cards, punched paper tape and magnetic tape. Eight magnetic tape drive units
each will be able to feed data to the computer at speeds ranging from 15,000 to more than
60,000 alpha-numeric characters per second,
while data on paper tape is fed at the rate
of 500 characters per second.
Extensive use will be made of the new
data processing facilities for other applications, such as sales and marketing research,
payroll accounting, credit research and other
accounting functions.

lIB

","

TELEMETERING DEVICE SHARES ANALOG FREQUENCY CHANNELS
General Electric Co., Inc.
Schenectady 5, N.Y.
A new digital telemetering system that
makes possible transmisSion of integrated
data over existing analog telemeter channels
has been produced.
The system is designed to accumulate and
register digital data inexpensively, and yet
maintain the usual high accuracy inherent to
digital techniques. It is believed to be the
first system available that can share an existing frequency-type channel. eliminating
the need for additional channel facilities.
A typical application for the device will
be to transmit and record kilowatt-hour data
from electric utility tie-lines and substations. In the case of tie-line applications,
the engineers said, the equipment will handle
both "KWH-in" and "K\\H-out" data.
The device is also expected to prove useful in petroleum, natural gas, and hydrostation data collection, where it will permit integrated flow values to be telemetered over
existing rate-of-flow channels and recorded
digitally at the control point.

Advantage of the equipment is that it
eliminates the need for a separate channel,
and 2) avoids the inherent one percent error
characteristic of integrated analog signals.
With the new equipment users will be able to
ielemeter and record integrated digital data
from the sensing source with higher accuracy
and at roughly the same cost of adding a
separate integrating device.
1)

The system's transmitter accumulates
pulse signals and sends totalized data to the
receiver at intervals programmed by a builtin timer. Values are relayed in two or three
digit form. Since the transmission sequence
takes only about four seconds, the interruptions this causes in the analog recording system are negligeable.
Although the digital signal will be
"seen" by the rate readout devices, these
are indicated as "pips" which can be identified by their regular occurrence. If desired,
the rate-recording and associated control devices can be automatically switched out during
transmission of the digital signals.

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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1961

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a//{{ AUTO~L\ TION

for February, 1961

tech;

The New Electronics Industry, Education
and the Midwest

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Dr. Frederick E. Terman
Provost and Vice President
Stanf ord University
Stanford, Calif. .

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(Based on a talk at the National Electronics Conference, Chicago, Ill., Oetoher 12, 1960)

During the last two decades electronics has become
one of the most exciting industries of all times. It is
exciting because of its diversity and because of the
many challenges it offers. Electronics also attracts interest because of its potential for spectacular financial
growth.
A New Electronics
This situation has been brought about by a new
electronics that originated about 20 years ago, and
which is based on sophisticated applications of recent
developments in science and technology. This new
electronics lives close to the frontiers of science, and
requires a high level of technical competence. It
grows by the devclopmen t of new products. It is
characterized by the transistor and other solid-state
electronic devices, by electronic computers, by microwave technology in general and microwave tubes in
particular, by automation, by the electronics associated with outer space research, etc.
Educational Institutions
In the new electronics, education and also educalional institutions, have a new and increasingly important role. To the individual interested in the new
electronics, formal university training is essential because the concepts involved in the more advanced and
in teres ting devices are too complex to be acq uired by
a combination of home study and on-the-job experience. In fact, a minimum of one full year of graduate
training is becoming almost a necessity for the bright
young man who wishes to participate importantly in
the technical aspects of the rapidly moving and most
promising areas of electronics. A Ph.D. has become
desirable for the man who aspires to be a technical
expert.
Concurrently, the university as an institution is acquiring a new significance. Industry is discovering
that for those types of electronic activities that involve a high level of creativity of a scientific and technological character, it is more important to be located near an educational institution (i.e., near a
center of brains) than near markets, raw materials,
components suppliers, transportation, or factory labor.
This is because: First, universities are the sources of
the highly trained young men who represent the most
important raw material going into creative electronics.
Second, universities, through their research activities,
are sources of ideas; a few of these ideas are directly
exploitable commercially, while many others contribute to an understanding that stimulates useful invention and innovation on the part of industry, particularly nearby industry. Third, the faculty members
lR

of a good university provide a panel of experts possessing a wide range of highly developed skills available on a consulting basis to aid industry with its
problems; thus even a small company near a university can have access to specialized knowledge in depth
on a basis that it can afford. Fourth, a university
close at hand can provide educational opportunities
[or employees, whereby bright young men with good
potential but inadequate training can be upgraded.
and whereby all can be kept abreast of new scientific
developments and technological changes. Finally, in
an in tangible but very real way, a university provides
an atmosphere that stimulates creativity and that also
makes a community attractive to scientifically minded
individuals.
The Factor of Education in the Future
of Electronics
'Vhen these various factors are viewed in broad perspective, it is seen that education is perhaps the mosl
significant factor affecting the future of electronics.
Education is a natural resource of first importance
to that part of the electronics industry that is growing
through creative activity. Thus, the Boston area may
be stagnant in many areas o[ commerce, but it is one
of the liveliest places in the country for the new electronics. The reason for this is easily traceable to the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard
University. Similarly, a spectacular development of
creative electronics has taken place on the San Francisco Peninsula during the last dozen years. Stanford
University is at the geographical center of this development, and this is not an accident. Stanford University has over 400 day students in its graduate program
in electrical engineering, and it trains more Ph.D.'s in
electronics than any other school in the country. The
faculty at Stanford in the field of electronics also directs a $3.5 million per year research program, the results of which are open to industry.
Electronics in the l\Iidwest
Electronics in the midwest in general, and in Chicago in particular, lacks t.he explosive character of
electronics on the Pacific Coast and in New England.
This region is not regarded as leading in the development of new ideas and in the opening up of new fronts
of activity. An illustration of this is provided by the
article "The Egghead "Millionaires" appearing in the
September issue of Fortune. This paper is about the
new breed of young industrial entrepreneurs whose
personal roots are founded in technology and applied
science, and who have built successful companies
based on this fact. Of the 18 proper names menCOMPUTERS and AUTO:\L\TIO:\, for Fehrllary. I!IIi I

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tloned in this article-exam pies or egghead IllillioJl;Iil'es-ollly one lives in the midwest bet\veen the AIIeollenies
and the Rockies. Likewise, while ;\UT,
;.,
Stanford, and other schools get favorable mention, not
;1 single college in the whole midwestern area is even
referred to. Now there are at least some egghead
Illillionaries in the midwest, hut the fact remains
that the spotlight is clearly llot on the midwest when
slIch Illauers arc being talked about. This is because
elvctl'Onics in the midwest has for over a quarter celltlll'Y heen more interested in the exploitation and the
rC/inelllcnt of exist ing ideas and existing product lines
than in opening up and entering new fields o[ activity.
I I. has heell more concerned with trying to make money
by redesigning established products than with attempting to grow from the exploitation of new products
barely in\'ented. It has not developed a strong C0111ponent o/" research, and as a result has spawned no Bell
Telephone Laboratories, David Sarnoff Laboratory,
Lincoln Laboratory, General Electric Research Laboratory, etc. In short, the midwest is still preoccupied
with the old electronics.

H'W

Reasons for Lagging
Now why has the midwest lagged in the new electl'Ollilid
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lory models originated in the east by groups lllore
deeply orien ted in science. Midwest electronics simply did not have the scientific competence by and
large to stand on its own feet with respect to these
war developed techniques and devices. I have been
told by men who were connected with handling war
production that the lack of scientific depth of the
midwest electronics industry-the lack of a research
base-made it very difficult-in fact virtually impossible-to use fully the productive capacity of the midwest in getting these new types of devices produced,
whereas on the east coast the production capacity for
these desperately needed items was greatly over taxed
because it was associated with the scientific know-how
necessary to do the job.
At the end of the war electronics in the midwest,
having been only superficially innoculated with the
new ideas of electronics that originated in ',Vorld\,Var
II, happily reverted to its old interests involving the
engineering, design, and production of products and
components emphasizing the consumer market, and
found in television a sufficient challenge. Although
this was highly profitable as long as television was being introduced into new areas, it had limited opportunity for further growth once television was established in every community. In recent years the total
dollar sales of television and radio receivers has not
been growing much and not much growth can be
expected in the years ahead. "Moreover, the Japanese
may well get an increasillg share of the total in the
future. During the lllsh profit days of television, too
few of tile midwest organizations used their television
profits and their existing engineering organizations
as a mea ns of ('st a blishing a strong position in other
areas of eleCll'OlIics that had much greater potential
for long range ex pansion. In this connection, Motorola is an exception, and as a result it has achieved a
growth situation not dominated by its consumer goods
business.
Electronics on the East Coast
In contrast with the post war course of events in
the electronics industry of the midwest, the electronics
industry of the east coast continued its interest in the
further development of the new concepts introduced
into electronics during the war, and maintained and
even strengthened research and technical staffs that
were strongly based in science. The result has been
that the east is now strong in the new areas of electronics such as microwave tubes, electronic computers,
transistors and diodes, ferrites, automation, guided
missiles, pulse communication, instrumentation, etc.
These are the areas that have almost unlimited
growth possibilities, in contrast with the consumer
goods business.
Electronics Oil the West Coast
In view of the above, one may wonder why west
coast electronics has grown so rapidly during the last
15 years, when it was 1llllch less important than the
midwest electron ics both before and during the war.
The answer is tlla t after the war some very strongly
science orien ted electronics concerns began to develop
on the west coast. Hewlett-Packard, Tektronics, Varian
Associates, Hughes Aircraft, and Ampex are examples.
These companies prospered, and demonstrated the
19

possibilities of growth and of profits through developing products in which a high proportion of the value
was in the engineering involved, in contrast with the
principal products of the midwest where the value
resided to a much greater degree in material and labor
costs. Thus the west, without a tradition, got started
in a new and forward looking pattern at the end of
the war. An important feature of this development
of electronics in the west has been the strong emphasis
on graduate training. NIany are familiar with the
phenomenal concentration of men with M.S. and
Ph.D. degrees that Hughes had achieved by the early
fifties, and this is a pattern which has been subsequently copied by numerous other west coast companies. This concentration on brains, and along with
it an interest in education and in universities has
been symbolic of west coast electronics, and probably
accounts in large measure for the fact that electronics
has grown so rapidly in the west.
Midwest Interest in the Ph.D.
In contrast with the electronics industries on the
east and west coasts, the electronics industry of the
midwest has not been much interested in the man
with the Ph.D. and what he can contribute to the
opening up of new frontiers and the resultant development of new products. It has also failed signally to
exploit the educational resources and the educational
institutions that are available to it. It was not willing
during the past fifteen years to put much of its own
money into the development of new kinds of products;
in fact until recently it hasn't shown much interest
in research and development even when the government would pay the bill. To be brutally blunt and
frank the major path of electronics took off in a new
direction in the decade 1940-50, but too little of the
electronics industry of the midwest followed the turn.
There are, of course, individual exceptions to these
general statements, but in broad terms what is said
here is true. Electronics in the midwest somehow just
has not developed much enthusiasm for staffing up
with high concentrations of people who have the
highly technical background required to do creative
work in the new and rapidly growing areas of electronics. This is emphasized by the fact that there are
various companies with headquarters in Chicago that
do their creative work elsewhere in the country, while
examples of the reverse are scarce indeed. This situation is further emphasized by the distribution of
Fellows· of the IRE. These men have received this
award in recognition of creative technical or administrative leadership. The Chicago Section currently includes about 15 fellows, while the San Francisco Section has 32, and the Los Angeles Section has 47.
Anti-Intellectualism
The basic problem of midwest electronics is what
academic people call anti-intellectualism. Speaking
in broad terms, the midwest is more interested in the
man with a lot of practical know-how than in the
man whose strength is depth of training in advanced
science and technology. Not enough of the midwest
companies and their leaders know how to make effective use of the "egghead" type. As a result the midwest companies don't really fight for the men with

master's and doctor's degrees in c1eclronics being produced by their own universities, let alone by universities in other parts of the country. The conse·
quence is that the midwest schools don't produce snch
men in large numbers. For example, Stanford alone,
and Stanford is not a large school, produces more
men each year with advanced degrees in electronics
than do all of the institutions in the entire state of
Illinois together. Put another way, the state of California produces more men with advanced degrees in
electronics each year than do the states of Illinois,
\l\Tisconsin, Indiana, Michigan, NIinnesota, lVIissouri
and Iowa all put together. Under these circumstances
is it any wonder that many of the brightest boys
graduating from midwest schools with bachelor degrees are recruited by west coast colleges, and after
completion of advanced training there devote their
subsequent professional careers to advancing electronics in the west. The same is true of such institutions as MIT and Harvard, who likewise transplant
a group of the brightest young people from the midwest to the east coast for advanced training, after
which they either settle down somewhere 011 the
Atlantic seaboard or move to California in order to
do the type of work they have come to like and for
which they see an attractive future.
Another facet of this same anti-intellectualism referred to above is that the electronics industry in the
midwest has not adequatetly appreciated the importance of the educational institutions that are in its
midst, and has not made full use of them. It is surprising that there are not more electronic companies
of the creative type clustered around such schools as
the University of Illinois, Purdue, University of
Michigan, Michigan State University, \Visconsin,
Northwestern, etc. This is the result both of lack of
vision on the part of industry and of lack of leadership on the part of the educational institutions. On
this particular point, the principal blame may well
be placed on the doorsteps of the universities involved; they have had it in their power to take much
more initiative than they have taken, and it was in
their self interest to do so.
Provocative Intent
These remarks have deliberately attempted to be
provocative. The electronics industry of the midwest
is in a rut and needs to be jolted out of it. It currently lacks the glamour and the growth potential
that it should have. Electronics in the midwest has
a long tradition and a successful past. It can have a
worthwhile future, and can participate more in the
good new things that are ahead in the field of electronics during the next several decades, but only by
developing with the times. If it just plods along, the
midwest will become increasingly the peon group in
the electronics industry, which does hard, unexciting
work and makes a living, while at the same time the
east coast and particularly the west coast electronics
industries will have all of the fun and most of the
growth. If the midwest continues in the present
pattern, it will continue to be the happy hunting
ground where bright young people are recruited to
go to the east and west coasts to make the electronics
industries there steadily stronger and ever growing.
COMPUTERS alld

.\UTO~IATTO:\T

for Fehruary. 1%1

Invc:

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Make over 200 Small Computing
and Reasoning Machines with

ELECTRIC BRAIN
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BRAINIAC

CONSTRUCTION

KIT

WHAT COMES WITH YOUR BRAINIAC® KIT? All 33 experiments from our original kit (1955), with
exact wiring templates for each one. All 13 experiments from the former Tyniac kit. 156 entirely new experiments with their solutions. Over 600 parts, as follows: 6 Multiple Switch Discs; Mounting Panel; 10 Flashlight
Bulbs; 2 Multiple Socket Parts, each holding 5 bulbs; 116 Wipers, for making good electrical contact (novel design,
patented, no. 2848568) ; 70 Jumpers, for transfer contacts; 50 feet of Insulated Wire; Flashlight Battery; Battery
Box; nuts, bolts, sponge rubber washers, hard washers, screwdriver~ spintite blade, etc. ALSO: 256 page book,
"Brainiacs" by Edmund C. Berkeley, including chapters on: an introduction to Boolean Algebra for designing
circuits; "How to go from Brainiacs and Geniacs® to Automatic Computers"; complete descriptions of 201 experiments and machines; over 160 circuit diagrams; list of references to computer literature .
This kit is an up-to-the-minute introduction to the design of arithmetical, logical, reasoning, computing,
puzzle-solving, and game-playing circuits-for boys, students, schools, colleges, designers. It is simple enough
for intelligent boys to assemble, and yet it is instructive even to engineers because it shows how many kinds of
computing and reasoning circuits can be made from simple components. This kit is the outcome of 11 years of
design and development work with small electric brains and small robots by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. With this
kit and manual you can easily make over 200 small electric brain machines that display intelligent behavior and
teach understanding first-hand. Each one runs on one flashlight battery; all connections with nuts and bolts; no
soldering required. (Returnable for full refund if not satisfactory.) ... Price $18.95.
WHAT CAN YOU MAKE WITH A BRAINIAC KIT?
LOG IC i\1 A CHINES
Syllog-ism Prover
James McCarty's Logic Machine
AND, Ol{, NOT, OR ELSE, IF . • . THEN, IF AND
ONLY IF, NEITHER ... NOR Machines
A Simpll' Kalin-Burkhart Logical Truth Calculator
The Mag-azine Editor's Argument
The Hull' About Semicolons and Commas
The Farnsworth Car Pool
GAME-PLA YING MACHINES
Tit-Tat-Toe
Black Match
Nim
Sundorra 21
Franl\: McChesney's Wheeled Bandit
COMPUTERS - to add, subtract, multiply, divide, . . . ,
using- decimal or binary numbers.
- to convert from decimal to other scales of notation
and vice versa, etc.
Opera ting- with Infinity
Adding- Indefinite Quantities
Factoring- Any Number from 45 to 60
Prime Number Indicator for Numbers 1 to 100
Thirty Days Hath September
Three Day Weekend for Christmas
Calendar Good for Forty Years 1950 to 1989
Money Changing Machine
Four hy Four Magic Square
Character of Roots of a Quadratic
Ten Basic Formulas of Integration

The Submarine Rescue Chamber Squalux
The Three Monkeys who Spurned Evil
Sig'nals on the 1\1ang-o Blossom Special
The Automatic Elevator in Hoboken
Timothy's Mink Traps
Josephine's Man Trap
Douglas Macdonald's Will
Word Puzzle with TRICK
QUIZ MACHINES
The Waxing and the Waning Moon
Intelligence Test
Guessing Helen's Age
Geography Quiz
Mr. Hardstone's Grammar Test
Solving Right Triangles
SIGNALING MACHINES
The Jiminy Soap Advertising Sign
The Sign that Spells Alice
Tom, Dick, and Harry's Private Signaling Channels
Jim's and Ed's Intercom
CRYPTOGRAPHIC MACHINES
Secret Coder
Secret Decoder
Lock with 65,000 Combinations
Lock with 15,000,000 Combinations
The General Combination Lock
Leonard's Two-Way Coding Machine

. . . AND MANY MORE
:"11111111111111

PUZZLE-SOLVING MACHINES
The 1\1 issionaries and the Cannibals
The Daisy Petal Machine
Calvin's Eenie Meenie Minie Moe Machine
The Cider Pouring Problem
The Mysterious Multiples of 76923, of 369, etc.
Bruce Campbell's Will
The Fox, Hen, Corn, and Hired Man
The Uranium Shipment and the Space Pirates
General Alarm at the Fortress of Dreadeerie
The Two Suspicious Husbands at Great North Bay

MAIL THIS REQUEST

or a copy of it

11111111111111"

Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.
815 Washington Street, R120, Newtonville 60, Mass.
Please send me BRAINIAC KIT K18, ,includin,g manual,
ins tructions, over 600 parts, templates, circuit diagrams,
etc.
I enclose $18.95 for the kit plus
for handling and
shipping (30c, east of Mississippi; 80c, west of Mississippi; $1.80, outside U.8'.). I understand the kit is returnable in seven days for full refund if not satisfactory (if
in good condition).
My name and address are attached.

;;;;;;;;;;~;.;...._..;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=;;;;;;;;;;;;;;=;;;;;;;;;;;;; -11111 1 II II 1111111111111111111111111 ••• I • I ••••••• I ••• I • I I II • II II .. II 1111 ••• II 1 ..

!llil

C():\[PUTERS a/l(l

.\UTO~L\TIO~

for Fehruary, 19G1

CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS
Feb. 1-3, 1961: Winter Convention on Military Electronics, featuring Communications, Telemetry, Data Handling and Display, Los Angeles, Calif.; contact Dr.
John J. Meyers, Hoffman Electronics Corp., Military
Products Div., 3717 S. Grand Ave., Los Angeles 7,
Calif.
Feb. 13-16, 1961: Third Institute on Information Storage
and Retrieval, The American University, Washington,
D. C.; contact Prof. Lowell H. Hattery, Dir., Center
for Technology and Administration, The American University, 1901 F St., N.W., Washington 6, D. C.
Fcb. 15-17, 1961: International Solid State Circuits Conference, Univ. of Pa. and Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia,
Pa.; contact Jerome J. Suran, Bldg. 3, Rm. 115, General
Electric Co., Syracuse, N. Y.
Mar. 16-17, 1961: Conference on Data Processing Techniques and Systems, sponsored by Numerical Analysis
Laboratory at the University of Ariz., featuring "Discussions of data processing problems in engineering and
scientific research," Tucson, Ariz.; contact Miss Betty
Takvam, Conference Secretary, Numerical Analysis Lab.,
Univ. of Ariz., Tucson, Ariz.
Mar. 20-23, 1961: IRE International Convention, Coliseum and Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York, N. Y.;
contact Dr. G. K. Neal, IRE, 1 E. 79 St., New York
21, N. Y.
April, 1961: Joint Automatic Techniques Conference,
Cincinnati, Ohio; contact J. E. Eiselein, RCA Victor
Div., Bldg. 10-7, Camden 2, N. J.
Apr. 19-21, 1961: S. W. IRE Reg. Conf. and Elec.
Show, Dallas, Tex.; contact R. W. Olson, Texas Instruments Co., 6000 Lemmon Ave., Dallas 9, Tex.
May 2-4, 1961: Electronic Components Conference, Jlck
Tar Hotel, San Francisco, Calif.
May 7-8, 1961: 5th Midwest Symposium on Circuit
Theory, Univ. of Ill., Urbana, Ill.; contact Prof. M. E.
Van Valkenburg, Dept. EE, Univ. of Illinois, Urbana,
Ill.
May 8-10, 1961: 13th Annual National Aerospace Elcctronics Conference, Biltmore and Miami Hotels, Dayton,
Ohio; contact Ronald G. Stimmel, Chairman, Papers
Committee, Institute of Radio Engineers, 1 East 79 St.,
New York 21, N. Y.
May 9-11, 1961: Western Joint Computer Conference,
Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, Calif.; contact Dr.
W. F. Bauer, Ramo-Wooldridge Co., 8433 Fallbrook
Ave., Canoga Park, Calif.
May 22-24,1961: 10th National Telemetering Conference,
Sheraton-Towers Hotel, Chicago, Ill.
May 22-24, 1961: Fifth National Symposium on Global
Communications (GLOBECOM V), Hotel Sherman,
Chicago, Ill.; contact Donald C. Campbell, Tech. Program Comm., LT.T. - Kellogg, 5959 S. Harlem Ave.,
Chicago 3 8, Ill.
May 23-25, 1961: Symposium on Large Capacity Memory
Techniques for Computing Systems, Dept; of Interior
Auditorium, C St., Washington, D. c.; contact Miss
Josephine Leno, Code 430A, Office of Naval Research,
Washington 25, D. C.

June 6-8, 1961: ISA Summer Instrument-Automation Conference & Exhibit, Royal York Hotel and Queen Elizabeth Hall, Toronto, Ontario, Can.; contact William H.
Kushnick, Exec. Dir., ISA, 313 6th Ave., Pittsburgh 22.
Pa.
June 28-30, 1961: Joint Automatic Control Conference,
Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, Colo.; contact Dr. Robert
Kramer, Elec. Sys. Lab., M.LT., Cambridge 39, Mass.
June 28-30, 1961: 1961 National Conference and Exhibit,
National Machine Accoun tan ts Association, Royal York
Hotel, Toronto, Canada; contact R. C. Elliott, NMAA,
1750 W. Central Rd., Mt. Prospect, Ill.
July 9-14, 1961: 4th International Conference on BioMedical Electronics & 14th Conference on Elec. Tech.
in Med. & Bio., Waldorf Hotel, New York, N. Y.;
contact Herman Schwan, Univ. of Pa., School of EE,
Philadelphia, Pa.
July 16-21, 1961: 4th International Conf. on Medical
Electronics & 14th Conf. on Elec. Tech. in Med. & Bio.,
Waldorf Astoria Hotel, New York, N. Y.; contact Dr.
Herman P. Schwan, Univ. of Pa., Moore School of
Electrical Eng., Philadelphia 4, Pa.
Aug. 22-25,1961: WESCON, San Francisco, Calif.; contact Business Mgr., WESCON, 1435 La Ciencga Blvd.,
Los Angeles, Calif.
Sept., 1961: Symposium on Information Theory, M.LT.,
Cambridge, Mass.
Sept. 4-9, 1961: Third International Conference on Analog
Computation, organized by the International Association
for Analog Computation and the Yugoslav National
Committee for Electronics, Telecommunications, Automation and Nuclear Engineering, Belgrade, Yugoslavia.
Sept. 6-8, 1961: National Symposium on Space Elcc. &
Telemetry, Albuquerque, N. M.; contact Dr. B. L.
Basore, 2405 Parsifal, N.E., Albuquerque, N. M.
Sept. 6-8, 1961: International Symposium on the Transmission and Processing of Information, Mass. Inst. of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass.; contact Peter Elias,
RLE, M.LT., Cambridge 39, Mass.
Sept. 6-8, 1961: 1961 Annual Meeting of the Association
for Computing Machinery, Statler Hotel, Los Angeles,
Calif.; contact Benjamin Handy, Chairman, Local Arrangements Committee, Litton Industries, Inc., 11728
W. Olympic Blvd., W. Los Angeles, Calif.
Sept. 11-15, 1961: The Third International Congress on
Cybernetics, Namur, Belgium; contact Secretariat of
The International Association for Cybernetics, 13, rue
Basse Marcelle, Namur, Belgium.
Sept. 11-15, 1961: ISA Fall Instrument-Automation Conference & Exhibit and ISA's 16th Annual Meeting, The
Biltmore Hotel and Memorial Sports Arena, Los Angeles,
Calif.; contact William H. Kushnick, Exec. Dir., ISA,
313 6 th Ave., Pittsburgh 22, Pa.
Oct., 1961: National Symposium on Space Elec. & Telemetry, Albuquerque, N. M.; contact A. B. Church,
1504 Princeton, S.E., Albuquerque, N. M.
Dec. 12-14, 1961: Eastern Joint Computer Conference.
Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington, D. c.; contact Jack
Moshman, C-E-I-R, Inc., 1200 Jefferson Dayis Highway,
Arlington 2, Va.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for Fehrllary. 1%\

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Survey Inlormotion
in the Computer Fieltlfrom

C 0 M PUT E R S
and AUTOMATION
DATA PROCESSORS

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APPLICATIONS

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IMPLICATIONS

Keep!~is List for Handy Reference ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Computers and Automation now publishes more than 20 kinds of reference and survey information. Here
is our latest inventory, of kind of information and issues when published .... Subscribe to Computers and Automation and have this information at your elbow!
Organizations:
Roster of Organizations in the Computer Field
(June 1960)
Roster of Consulting Services (.June 1960)
Roster of Computing Services (June 1960)
Survey of Computing Services (Dec. 1960)

shall do. For it is a fact that reference information of
the kind here described is not computable from automatic computing machinery-instead, it comes from
collecting observations and reports about the real
world. This is our job.

Computers and Data Processors:
Survey of Special Purpose Digital Computers (Sept.
1958)
Survey of Commercial Computers (Jan., Feb. 1960)
Computer Census (July 1960)
Types of Automatic Computing Machinery (Nov.

Be3"innin-r with Fehruary 1960, Computers and
Automation publishes 24 "issues" a year, closing
at semimonthly intervals. The dozen regular
issues, letterpress, close about the 2nd of the
month. The additional issues (numoered B),
photooffset, devoted to "News of Computers and
Data Processors: ACROSS THE EDITOR'S
DESK" close about the 15th of each month. Both
issues in each month are bound together and
mailed as a unit to subscl'ibers, except that in
June they are not bound together, but are mailed
separately-because the regular letterpress issue
in June is The Computer Directory and Buyers'
Guide, which due to its size of over 80 pages is
ordinarily delayed till late in the month.

tHoR)

Products and Services in the Computer Field:
Products and Services for Sale 01' Rent (June 1960)
Classes of Products and Services (June 1960)
Types of Components of Automatic Computing l\Iachillury (Nov. 1958)
Survey of Basic Computer Components (Feb. 1959)
Applit'af ions:
Impo}'t ant Applications of Computers (Oct. 1958,
I !)o!), ] 960)
Novel Applications of Computers (Mar. 1958, Mal'.
l!)f>!))

----.....::;.. GOOD ONLY UNTIL FEB. 2R, 1961 ......r - - - . . . . . . . . . 11

Over :WO Areas of Application of Computers (Jan.
1!)(iO)

I'C-

T,-;S!

•

Marl{cfs:
Computer Market Survey (Sept. 1959)
The Market for Computers in Banking (Sept. 1957)
The Market for Computers in the Oil and Natural
Gas Industry (Noy. 1957)

\Vords and Terms:
Glossary of Terms and Expressions in the Computer
Field, 5th edition, sold separately, $3.95
Informat ion and Publications:
Books and Other Publications (many issues)
New Patents (many issues)
SUl'\'(!~' of Recent Articles (many issues)

('II [

With t.he ever-increasing expansion of the field of
automat ie handling of information, it is easy to predict
that mOl'e and more reference information of these
and otlWI" kinds will need to be published; and this we

I !IIi I

C:C>:\II'I'·I'ERS

1/1/([ .\UTO~I:\TIO~

for Fehruary, l!lok.
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2.95 I ,233 / Felipe R. Tanco, Collingswood, N. J., and Luis A. Rivas, Levittown, N. J. I R. C. A., a corp. of Del.
I An information storage system.
2,!15 I ,234 I Arnold M. Spielberg, Haddonfield, N. J., and Donald W. Evans,
Grand Rapids, Mich. I R. C. A., a corp.
of Del. I A storage interrogation system.
2,~5 1.2:19 I Arthur J. Spencer, Sutton
Coldficld, England I The British Tabulating Machine Co., Lim., London,
Eng. I A magnetic core storage device.
2,!1!i I ,2-10 I Andrew H. Bobeck, Chatham,
N. J. I Bell Telephone Lab., Inc., New
York, N. Y. I A magnetic core circuit.
2,951,2,11 I Edward A. Quade, San Jose,
Calif. I I. B. M. Corp., New York,
N. Y. I A magnetic storage device.
2,~!i1,2'12 I Charles R. Fisher, Jr., and
Hen A. Harris, Rochester, and Darwell
H. Webster, Palmyra, N. Y. I General
Dynamics Corp., Rochester, N. Y. I A
serial-to-parallel binary code converter
device.

Senior Methods Analysts, Scientific Applications
Specialists, and Sales Representatives

GIVE YOUR

FULL EXPRESSION - AT A
LOCATION OF YOUR CHOICE
-\NITH RCA'S EDP DIVISION
There's an atmosphere of achievement at RCA. You
become associated with other highly capable people
working on important projects. You are stimulated
to contribute your best ... and your accomplishments are recognized and rewarded.

September 6, 1960

I Bernard M. Gordon, Newton,
Mass. I Epsco, Inc., Boston, Mass. I A
signal counting apparatus.
2,952,007 I Albert J. Meyerhoff, Wynne·
wood, and John O. Paivinen, Berwyn,
Pa. I Burroughs Corp., Detroit, Mich.
I A magnetic transfer circuit.
2,!)52,OO!1 I Jean F. Marchand, Eindhoven,
Netherlands I North American Philips
Co., Inc., New York I A magnetic
shift register.
2.9:i2.012 I George W. Rodgers, Albuquerque, N. Mex., John E. Althous,
San l>iq~(), Calif., and Davies P. Anderson, (;ene R. Bussey, and Leslie H.
~finncar,
Albuquerque, N. Mex. /
U. S. A. as represented by the U. S.
Atomic Energy Commission I An analog-to·digital data converter.

2,951,98G

You're a vital member of a company whose equipment is universally accepted and respected ... a company that's growing ... expanding its EDP offices
and facilities throughout the country. Because of
this, you're able to choose your own location.
The qualifications required: for Senior Methods
Analysts, an extensive background in EDP systems
analysis and a knowledge of programming methods
and planning. For Scientific Applications Specialists,
a minimum of three years' experience in scientific
computations on EDP tape equipment, plus systems experience.
For Sales Representatives, a background that includes
at least one year of on-quota EDP sales experience
with either government or commercial clients, and
a thorough ED P systems knowledge.

S.'ptember 13, 1960
2,952 .. 107 I Eric Weiss and William S.
Speer. I.os Angeles, Calif. I The National Cash Register Co., a corp. of
Maryland I A parallel adder circuit.
2,952,H,17 I Andrew St. Johnston, Buntingfonl, Eng. I I. B. M. Corp., New
York, N. Y. I An electronic digital
computing machine.
2,!1!i2,8:l!I I Adolfo A. Capanna, Stamford, Conn. I Pitney-Bowes Inc., Stamford, Conn. I An electrical signal storage device.
2,952,8·10 I Desmond S. Ridler and Robert
GrilllmOlHi, London, Eng. I International Standard Electric Corp., New
York, N. Y. I An intelligence storage
device.
2,952,8·1 I I George E. Lund, Havertown,
Pa. I Burroughs Corp., Detroit, Mich.
I A logic circuit using binary cores.

Call or send your resume to the nearest RCA
Electronic Data Processing Divz'sion office for
confidential consideration of your qualifications:

September 20, 1960
2,953,77-1 I Ralph J. Slutz, Boulder, Colorado I u. S. A. as represented by the
Secretary of Commerce I A magnetic
core memory having magnetic core selection gates.
2,953,775 I Vernon L. Newhouse, Moorestown, and Noah Shmarja Prywes, Pennsauken, N. J. I R. C. A., a corp. of
Delaware I A magnetic storage and
coun ting circuit.
2,953,77G I Eli Blutman, Riverside, and
Jacob M. Sacks, Corona, Calif. I U. S. A.
as represented by the Secretary of the
Navy I :\ photographic digital readout
device.
S(~plember

CAPABILITIES

Mr. R. W. Baumann, Pers. Mgr.,
Northeastern Reg.
45 Wall Street
New York, 5, New York
HAnover 2-1811

Mr. R. W. Stephens, Pers. Mgr.,
Western Reg.
11819 W. Olympic Blvd.
Los Angeles, 64, Calif.
BRadshaw 2-8842

Mr. R. C. Mercer, Pers. Mgr.,
Cent. & Southeastern Reg.
RCA Cherry Hill, Bldg. 204-1
Camden, 8, New Jersey
WOodlawn 3-8000,
Ext. PY 5444

Mr. M. G. Young, Pers. Mgr.,
Fed. Gov't Sales
1725 K Street, N.W.
Washington, 6, D.C.
FEderal 7-8500

27, 1960

OilS

2,95·1,lG:1 I Robert H. Okada, Bryn Mawr,
Pa. I Burroughs Corp., Detroit, Mich.
I A transistor binary counter.
2,95-t,lGJ I Kenneth E. Schreiner, Har-

1961

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1961

The Most Trusted Name in Electronics
®

RADIO CORPORATION OF AMERICA

rington I>al'k, N. J., Lowell D. Amdahl,
Redondo Beach, Calif., and Byron L.
Havens, Closter, N. J. I 1. B. M.
Corp., New York, N. Y. I A check
digit monitoring and correcting circuit.
2,954,165 I George H. Myers, Mount Vernon, N. Y. I Bell Telephone Lab., Inc.,
New York, N. Y. I A cyclic digital decoder.
2,954,166 I Donald E. Eckdahl and Rich·
ant E. Sprague, Torrance, 'Villis E.
Dobbins, Manhattan Beach, Bernard
T. Wilson, Los Angeles, and Hrant H.
Sarkissian, Pacific Palisades, Calif. I
The National Cash Register Co., a
corp. of Maryland I A general purpose
digital computer.
2,954,167 I Roger B. Williams, Jr., Toledo, Ohio I Toledo Scale Corp., To·
ledo, Ohio I An electronic multiplier.
2,954,168 I James L. Maddox, Philadelphia, Pa. I Philco Corp., Philadelphia,
Pa. I A parallel binary adder-subtracter circuit.
2,954,467 I Robert H. Hardin, Los Angeles, Calif. I Hughes Aircraft Co., CuI·
ver City, Calif. I A gating circuit.
2,954,481 I William F. Steagall, Merchantville, N. J. I Sperry Rand Corp.,
a corp. of Delaware I A free running
digital multivibrator.
2,954,484 I Frank A. Hill, Van Nuys, and
A. J. Pankratz, Glendale, Calif. I General Precision, Inc., a corp. of Delaware I A direct coupled transistor
flip-flop.

October 4, 1960
2,954,926 I Loring P. Crosman, Wilton,
Conn. I Sperry Rand Corp., a corp. of
Delaware I An electronic data processing system.
2,954,927 I William Woods-Hill, Letch·
worth, Eng. I International Computers

and Tabulators Lim., London, Eng. I
An electronic calculating apparatus.
2,955,281 I Andrew E. Brennemann, Ralph
B. DeLano, Jr., and Donald R. Young,
Poughkeepsie, N. Y. I 1. B. M. Corp.,
New York, N. Y. I A ferroelectric memory system.

October 11, 1960
2,955,755' I Robert S. Bradshaw, Broomall,
Pa. I Burroughs Corp., Detroit, Mich.
I An electromechanical storage transfer,
and read-out device.
2,955,756 I Robert A. Jensen, Flushing,
N. Y. I 1. B. M. Corp., New York, N. Y.
I A serial word checking circuit.
2,955,759 I Gerhard Wolf, Munich-Pasing, Germany I Kienzle Apparale
G. m. h. H., Munich-Pasing, Germany
I An accumulator for computing machines.
2,955,760 I George M. Berkin, Poughkeepsie, New York I 1. B. M. Corp.,
New York, N. Y. I A relay arithmetic
device.
2,956,175 I Theodore P. Bothwell, Collingswood, N. J. I R. C. A., a corp. of
Delaware I A transistor gate circuit.
2,956,182 I Robert H. Norman, Glen
Oaks, N. Y. I Sperry Rand Corp., a
corp. of Delaware I A binary halfadder circuit.

N. J., Lowell D. Amdahl, Redondo
Beach, Calif., John P. Cedarholm and
Joachim Jeenel, New York, N. Y., Harley R. Meadows, Fort Wayne, Ind., and
George E. Mitchell, Endicott, N. Y. I
1. B. M. Corp., New York, N. Y. I A
high-speed electronic calculator.
2,957,690 I Herbert E. Thompson, San
Jose, Calif. I 1. B. M. Corp., New York,
N. Y. I A data storage access mechanism.
2,958,074 I Tom Kilburn, Urmston, and
George R. Hoffman, Manchester, Eng.
I National Research Development
Corp., London, Eng. I A magnetic core
storage system.
2,958,075 I Robert D. Torrey, Philadelphia, Pa. I Sperry Rand Corp., a corp.
of Delaware I A shift register.
2,958,076 I Robert C. Kelner, Concord,
Harrison W. Fuller, Boston, Harvey
Rubinstein, Lynnfield, and Harold E.
Lerner, Chelsea, Mass. I Laboratorv
for Electronics, Inc., Boston, Mass. /
An electrical data synchronizer.
2,958,077 I Carl G. Svala, Alvsjo, Sweden
I Telefonaktiebolaget L. M. Ericsson,
Stockholm, Sweden I A magnetic register circuit.

Novelllber 1, 1960
~,958,465

October 18, 1960
2,957,104 I Richard l\L Roppel, New
Haven, Conn. I ............ I An analogue
to digital converter.
2,957,168 I Jack L. Dempsey, Morristown, and Roderick K. McAlpine, Summit, N. J. I Bell Telephone Lab., Inc.,
New York, N. Y. I A diode gate translator.

October 25, 1960
2,957,626 I Byron L. Havens, Closter, and
Kenneth E. Schreiner, Harrington Park,

I Byron

L. Havens, Closter,
N. J. I 1. B. M. Corp., New York, N. Y.
/ An electronic adding circuit.
2,958,466 I Clayton D. Alway, Kalamazoo,
Mich. I The Upjohn Co., Kalamazoo,
Mich. / A computer circuit.
2,958,851 I Perrin F. Smith, Saratoga,
Calif. I I. B. M. Corp., New York, N. Y.
I A data processing system with synchronous and asynchronous storage de·
vices.
2,958,852 I Howard M. Robhins, Los An·
geles, Calif., and Harold R. Kaiser,

Proc
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EMPLOYMENT OF COMPUTERS

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CI-3C®

PROVIDES THE HUMAN-ENGINEERED APPROACH FOR CONVERTING
VISUAL DECIMAL SETTING TO CODED ELECTRICAL OUTPUT;

Leading

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digit
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specified

DIGISWITCH as their standard manual-input switch.

rcsul
char,
can

Write for information and a demonstration unit.

optic
is tn
bit ~
"Remember the good old days when we could get
five men for a bowling team?"

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for Fehruary, 19GI

dccir
CON

hed

)51

1, 6

Woodland Hills, Calif. / Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City, Calif. I A diodclcss magnetic shifting register.
2.!I!iH.H!i3 I Desmond Sydney Ridler and
Rohcrt Grimmond, London, Eng. /
In ternational Standard Electric Corp.,
New York, N. Y. I An intelligence
storagc device with compensation for
unwantcd output currents.
2,!I!iH,H!i·' I Hewitt D. Crane, Palo Alto,
David R. Bennion, Lorna Mar, and
Frcd C. Heinzmann, Palo Alto, Calif.
I Burroughs Corp., Detroit, Mich. / A
multi-aperture core element design for
magnctic circuits.
2.958,8!i!l / Robert J. Froggatt, Norwood
Grccn, Southall, and Nigel D. Robinson, Ilillingdon, Eng. I Electric an(1
~Iusical Ind. Ltd., Hayes, Eng. I A
data storagc device.
2,9!)8,85G I Raymond Bird and John R.
Cartwright, Lctchworth, Eng. I International Computers and Tabulators, Ltd.,
'London, Eng. I A magnetic storagc
system.
2,9!18,857 I Walter C. Johnson and John
F. Brinslcr, Princeton, N. J. / General
Dcviccs. Inc., Princeton, N. J. I A
multi-signal sampling circuit.
2,!I!iH,Hli I / Joseph Luongo, Cedar Grove,
an (1 Ri('h:inl H. Rywer, Belleville, N. J.,
and Frank p, Turvcy, Jr., Melbourn,
Fla. / Intcrnational Telephone and
Tcll'graph Corp., Nutley, N . .I. I An
:lIIalo~ to digital translator.

Nuvember 8, 1960
9

2.!I!i!1.2H:1 / Donald H. Apgar, Binghamlon, N. Y. / r. B. M. Corp., New York,
N. Y. / .\ data comparing device.
2,9;l9,:1!i I / Francis E. Hamilton, Binghamton. alld Erncst S. Hughes, Jr., and
Warrcll 1\. l.ind, Vestal, N. Y. I I. B. M.
Corp., :'\l'\\ York, N. Y. I A data storage
and proll'ssing machine.

No\'t'lllber 15, 1960
6
22
28

30
26
12

23
I5

I!llil

2,%O.liH I / Thl'odorc H. Bonn, Philadelphia. I'a. / Spcrry Rand Corp, Ne IV
York. :'\. Y. I A transistor function
tahlc.
2,%O,GH:1 / Ralph A. Gregory, Willialll
"rolcnsky and Robert \V. Murphy,
Poughkl'epsic, N. Y., and Charles T.
Baher, .II'.. Philip vV. Jackson, and
Wayne D. Winger, Wappingers Falls,
N. Y. I I. B. M. Corp., Ncw York,
N. Y. / :\ data coordinator.
2,9fiO,(iH!i / Ilcndrick van der Heide, Eind·
hovcn. :'\ctherlands I North American
Philips Co .. Inc., New York, N. Y. /
A magnl't ic switching device.
2,9GO,GHli / Rohert de Gaillard, 12 Rue
~[arlJcuf. Paris, France I ............ I A
mcthod of and device for recording
and reproducing on magnetic carriers
at an)' specd.
2,9(iO,GHi / Gcrson H. Robison, North
~rcrrick. ;\1. Y. and John F. Dickson,
Ncptulu·. N. J. I u. S. A. as represcntcd b\' the U. S. Atomic Energy
COlllm. / :\ coincidence occurrence
indicator.
2.!lliO,(i!IO / Daniel L. Curtis, ~Ianhattan
Bcach. Calif. I Litton, Inc. of Calif.,
Bevcrly Ilills, Calif. / A computer input-output system.

November 22, 1960
2,!lIil,60!1 I Robcrt C. ~Ianring, Phocnix,
,\rizona / Motorola, Inc., Chicago, Ill.
/ A pulse width discriminator circuit.
2,!lIil,liIO / lIans A. Hoscnthien, Fort
Bliss, 'l'l'xas / U. S. A. as represcntcd hy
the S('c. of the Army I :\ reflected nOI1linear lIIodulator in alternating currenl clntrical analog' computcrs.
COMPUTERS

fllld

2,961,G42 / Owen L. Lamb, Poughkeepsie,
N. Y. / I. n. M. Corp., New York, N. Y.
I A peak sensing circuit.
2,DG1,643 / William R. Ayres, Wichita,
Kans., and Joel N. Smith, Westmont,
N. J. I R. C. A., a corp. of Del. I An
information handling system.
2,961,644 I Charles W. Gardi~i{' l'.Ianchester, Mass. / Laboratory~r Electronics, Inc., Boston, Mass. I A data
translating apparatus.

November 29, 1960
2,961,944 I E. Paul Anderson, Burlington,
N. J. and James E. Guertin, Camden,
N . .I. I ............ I A digital computer.
2,962,212 I Herbert A. Schneider, Englewood, N. J. / Bell Telephone Lab., Inc.,
New York, N. Y. / A high speed binary
counter.
2,962,213 I Paul P. Namian, Asnieres,
France I Societe d'Electronique et d'Automatisme, Courbevoie, France I An
electric digital computer.
2,962,214 I Bernard M. Gordon, Newton,
and Marshall M. Kincaid, Arlington,
Mass. I Epsco, Inc., Boston, l'.Iass. I A
function generating apparatus.
2,962,215 I Munro K. Haynes, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. / I. B. M. Corp., New
York, N. Y. / An arithmetic circuit employing magnetic cores.
2,962,216 / Bennett Housman, Arlington,
Va. I I. B. M. Corp., New York, N. Y.
I A binary adder circuit.
2,962,217 I Robert M. Landsman, Norwalk, Conn. I The Perkin-Elmer Corp.,
Norwalk, Conn. I A system of producing
curves from pulse data.
2,DG2,GOI I Hcwitt D. Crane, Princeton.
and Arthur \V. Lo, Elizaheth, N. J. I
R. C. A., a ('orp. of Dclaware / A magnetic cont 1'01 system.
2,DG2,GOl I Willard ~1. Brittain. Amherst,
N. Y. / \\Testinghouse Electric Corp.,
East Pittshurgh, Pa. / :\ scmiconductor
logic circuit.
2,962,G99 I Richard O. Endrcs, Collingswood, N . .J. / R. C. A., a ('01'1" of Del. I
A memory system.

December 6, 1960
2,963,223 / Edmund H. Cooke-Yarborough.
Longworth, near Abingdon, Eng. I
U. S. A. as represented by the U. S.
Atomic Energy Commission I A multiple input binary adder employing
magnetic drum digital computing apparatus.
.
2,963,G85 I George .I. Laurel', Johnson
City, and Carl D. Southard, Endwell,
N. Y. / I. B. M. Corp., New York, N. Y.
I A data storage apparatus and controls
therefor.
2,963,686 I Arthur .J. Spencer, Stevenage.
Eng. / International Computers and
Tabulators Lim., London, Eng. I A data
storage apparatus utilizing cores of magnetic material.
2,963,687 I George R. Briggs, Princeton,
N. J. I R. C. ,-\., a corp. of Del. I A
magnetic system.
2,963,688 I Hiroshi Amensiya, Haddonfield, N. J. I R. C. A., a corp. of Del.
A shift register circuit.
2,DG3,689 / Oscar B. Stram, Paoli, Pa. /
Burroughs Corp., Detroit, ~1ich. / An
input buffer for a magnetic step counter.
2,963,(i!)O / Weslcy A. Holman, San Jose,
Calif. I J. B. ~1. Corp., New York, N. Y.
/ A write-widc, read-narrow magnetic
transducer.
2,!l/i3,(i!)8 / George ~I. Slocomb, Altadena,
Calif. I Consolidated Electrodynamics
Corp., Pasadena, Calif. I A digital-toanalog converter.
2,963,699 I Thaddeus C. Burncttc, Jr..
Swannanoe, N. C. / Amul Propulsion

AUTOMATION for Fehruary, 1961

Laboratory For
Electronics, Inc.
Announces
the establishment of its
Monterey Laboratory at
Monterey, California for

Operations Research
Systems Analysis
Computer Programming
Computer Applications
Located 21A, hours from San
Francisco in the heart of the
Monterey Peninsula, excellent
living and working conditions are
combined with challenging professional opportunities.
An unusual opportunity is now
available for a mathematicianprogrammer to expand his horizons
in mathematical analysis and computer programming. A BS degree
with 3 to 5 years programming
experience on larger scale digital
equipment is required.
For

information

concerning

professional appointments write:

Mr. Harold E. Kren
305 Wehster Street
Monterey, California

LABORATORY FOR
ELECTRONICS, INC.
Boston 15. Massachusetts
Systems, Equipment & Components for
Airborne Navigation
Radar and Surveillance
Electronic Data Processing
Automatic Controls • Ground Support
Air Traffic Control

Inc., a corp. of Del. / An analog-digital
converter.

December 13, 1960
2,964,238 / Kenneth O. Kling, Torrance,
and Constantine M. Melas, Saratoga,
Calif. / The National Cash Register Co.,
Dayton, Ohio / A card readout system.
2,964,242 / Ralph B. Brown, Ralph H.
Beter, and James L. Maddox, Phila.,
Pa. / Philco Corp., Phila., Pa. / A binary computer circuit.

December 20, 1960
2,965,884 / J. Alvin Henderson, Fort
Wayne, Ind. / International Telephone
and Telegraph Corp. / A memory circuit.
2,965,886 / Darrell L. Mitchell, Charleston, N. H. / Ex-Cell-O Corp., Detroit,
Mich. / A device for setting and locking
magnetic transducer heads associated
with a magnetic data storage device.
2,965,887 / John J. Yostpille, Livingston,
N. J. / Bell Telephone Lab., Inc., New
York, N. Y. / A multiple input diode
scanner device.

keepsie, N. Y. / I. B. M. Corp., New
York, N. Y. / An apparatus for transferring pulse information.
2,966,662 / Theodore H. Bonn, Philadelphia, Pa. / Sperry Rand Corp., New

MAN-MACHINE
SYSTEMS

--~

.~,.-

•

December 27, 1960
2,966,304 / Leonard Roy Harper, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. / I. B. M. Corp., New
York, N. Y. / An electronic computer.
2,966,305 / Gerald B. Rosenberger, Wappingers Falls, N. Y. / I. B. M. Corp.,
New York, N. Y. / A simultaneous carry
adder.
2,966,306 / Jean G. V. Isabeau, Berwyn,
Ill. / Zenith Radio Corp., a corp. of
Del. / A computing apparatus.
2,966,307 / Hermann Schmid, Binghamton, N. Y. / General Precision, Inc., a
corp. of Del. / An electronic computer
circuit capable of four-quadrant operation.
2,966,599 / Isy Haas, Menlo Park, Calif.
/ Sperry Rand Corp., New York, N. Y.
/ An electronic logic circuit.
2,966,661 / Munro K. Haynes, Pough-

York. N. Y. / A gating circuit employ·
ing magnetic amplifier.
2.966,664 / Richard C. Lamy, Kenmore.
:"Jew York / I. B. M. Corp .• New York.
:"J. Y. / A magnetic core flip. flop.

. '

The Litton Marine Tactical Data System (AN/ASA-27) is a
digital computer·centered system using CRT and numerical
displays, and advanced read·in/read·out equipment. Unique
interface components integrate the system with sensing and
communications equipment. It is designed to aid Marine
assault forces in combatting any air threat the enemy can
mount. If your discipline can contribute to further advancement in this area, write to Mr. S. L. Hirsch.

LITTON SYSTEMS, INC. Tactical Systems Laboratory
Canoga Park, California

.,"

ADVERTISING INDEX
Following is the index of advertisements. Each item contains: Name and address of the advertiser I page number
wh~re the advertisements appears I name of agency if any.

Minneapolis Honeywell Regulator Co., Honeywell Electronic Data Processing Div., Wellesley Hills 81, Mass.
I Page 5 I Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn

American Telephone & Telegraph Co., Bell Telephone System / Page 2 I N. W. Ayer & Son

National Cash Register Co., Main & K Sts., Dayton 9,
Ohio I Pages 13 & 31 I McCann-Erickson Advertising

Bendix-Computer, 5630 Arbor Vitae St., Los Angeles 45,
Calif. I Page 7 I Shaw Advertising, Inc.

Phil co Computer Div., Willow Grove, Pa.
Maxwell Associa tes, Inc.

Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass. / Page 21/-

Phil co Corp., Government and Industrial Group, Computer Div., 3900 Welsh Rd., Willow Grove, Pa. I Page
3 I Maxwell Associates, Inc.

Digitran Co., 660 So. Arroyo Pkwy., Pasadena, Calif.
Page 28 I Ormsby Adv,ertising

Farrington Electronics, Inc., Needham Heights 94, Mass.
I Page 8 I N. W. Ayer & Son
Laboratory for Electronics, 1079 Commonwealth Ave., Boston 15, Mass. I Page 29 I Hoag & Provandie, Inc.

Page 17

R.C.A., Electronic Data Processing Div., Camden, N.
I Page 27 / Al Paul Lefton

Remington Rand Univac, Div. of Sperry Rand Corp., 2750
W. 7th St., St. Paul 16, Minn. I Page 25 I Mullen &
Associates, Inc.

Space Technology Laboratories, Inc., P. O. Box 95004,
Los Angeles 45, Calif. / Page 16 I Gaynor & Ducas, Inc.

Lockheed Missiles & Space Div., 962 W. EI Camino Real,
Sunnyvale, Calif. I Page 32 I Hal Stebbins, Inc.

Technical Operations, Inc., 3600 M St., N.W., Washington 7, D. C. / Page 12 I Dawson, MacLeod & Stivers

Litton Systems, Inc., Canoga P;;rk, Calif. / Page 30
Compton Advertising, Inc.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for Fehruary, 1%1

Presents opportunities
for peTI'onnel qualified for
the following openings
located at Dayton, Ohio

RESEARCH

& DEVELOPMENT

For advanced planning in ON-LINE REAL TIME SYSTEMS. Applications would generally be focused on large.scale
business and finance operations. Appropriate engineering degree and 6-10 years of experience necessary.
SEMI-CONDUCTOR RESEARCH PHYSICIST: Ph.D.Physicist with 2-3 years' minimum experience in semicOllductor R&D.
DATA TRANSMISSION ENGINEER:

ELECTRONIC ENGINEER: Openings in commercial or
military R&D up to staff or project level. Circuit
alld lo~ical design utilizing advanced concepts. B.S.
Degree plus experience necessary, M.S. preferred.
MAGNETICS: Ph.D. Physicist with primary interest in
maglleties research, experience beyond doctoral work
rcquirtd.
SYSTEMS ENGINEER: B.S. or M.S. in Electrical Engineeri II~ with interest in development of business

machine systems with 3-6 years of experience which
should include some advanced circuit design preferably for Computer Development, but other may suffice.
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS PROJECT LEADER: 6-10
years' experience in military R&D projects related
to Digital Communications. Background in circuits
or systems desirable as well as some supervision.
OPERATIONS RESEARCH SPECIALIST: With interest or
experience in Business Systems Research. Must have
utilized advanced OR techniques, prefer Ph.D. or
equivalent. Position entails research group guidance
involving interrelated complex business functions.
APPLIED MECHANICS: Mechanical Engineer with M.S.
Degree and specialization in applied mechanics and
vibrations of high-speed mechanisms. Man selected
must be able to provide self·guidance, even though
competcnt leadership is available to assist in further
professional growth.

ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING
PROGRAMMERS
The NATIONAL line of EDP systems including the
304, :~ l5 and 310 provides the basis for interesting
and effective work in any operation wherever money
or merchandise is handled. Stability and growing
responsibility are characteristic of the climate at
NATIONAL whether your work is in one of our
Data Processing Centers or with our Data Processing Systems and Sales group in support operations.
General qualifications for present openings are a
college degree and experience with a tape system
applied to business or financial functions.
SALES SUPPORT: At least two years of programming
experience plus B.S. or M.S. in Business Administration or Mathematics will qualify for challenging work
with EDP sales organization. Opportunities are varied
and include:
Programming
Manual Writing
Systems Analysis
Programming Research
Programming Instructor

CUSTOMER SITE REPRESENTATIVE: Locations
will vary. Qualifications require broad experience in
programming, operation and systems analysis. Must
have worked with tape systems and be familiar with
computer·user problems. Training given at Dayton
prior to installation assignment.

F or these and other professional level opportunities
in challenging areas of work, write to:
T. F. Wade, Technical Placement G5-1
The National Cash Register Company
Main & K Streets
Dayton 9, Ohio

• TRADEMARK REG. U.S. PAT; OFF;

ELE.CTRONIC DATA PRO(f.SSlNG
DIVERSIFIEDCHENlICAL·. PRODUCTS<~

THE NATIONAL CASH REGISTER COMPANY, DAYTON 9, OHIO
. .
ONE OF THE WORLD'S MOST SUCCESSFUL CORPORATIONS

77 YEARS OF HELPING BUSINESS SAVE MONEY
!)(il

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1961

ADDING MAcHINES- CASH RE.GISTERS
ACCOUNTINGMACHINES.NCRPAPER
~:

LL~~:~~;~~:y;.~::;~.;;~.i;,.;J·;::d1iii:~::::):::.:::;;:;:.,;;.;.;;.:;)

Said '-'. Stefan and L. Boltzmann: liThe total

radia~ion

from a black body is proportional

to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the black body."

The
Indl
an

Radiation is usually associated with high temperatures. Yet very cold bodies emit a radiation which can be highly
significant in missile and space applications. The problem faced by infrared scientists, trying to detect variations in radiation from low temperature atmospheres, can be likened to detecting a one-foot cube of ice from a distance of five miles.
Lockheed Missiles and Space Division scientists are deeply engaged in studying the problems of infrared emission
0
·from the earth and its atmosphere, as seen from orbital altitudes. Although the earth resembles a black body at 300 Kelvin,
the emission from its atmosphere, under some circumstances, is much colder. To make measurements under these circumstances, Lockheed has evolved radiometric equipment with one of the most sensitive detection systems yet conceived.
Scientists and engineers must also take careful measurements of a potential employer. Lockheed Missiles and Space
Division in Sunnyvale and Palo Alto, California, on the beautiful San Francisco Peninsula, invites this close scrutiny. As
Systems Manager for the DISCOVERER and MIDAS satellites and the POLARIS FBM, Lockheed preeminence in Missiles and
Space creates positions in many disciplines for outstanding engineers and scientists.

Ne,
and

J
E[

Why not investigate future possibilities at Lockheed? Write Research and Development Staff, Dept. M-13H, 962 West
EI Camino Re~!, Sun.nyvale, Calif. U.S. citizenship or existing Department of Defense industrial security clearance required.

lllt:klJeed

MISSILES AND SPACE DIVISION

Systems Manager for the Navy POLARIS FBM and the Air Force AGENA Satellite in the DISCOVERER and MIDAS Programs
SUNNYVALE. PA~O ALTO. VAN NUYS. SANTA CRUZ. SANTA MARIA, CALIFORNIA· CAPE CANAVERAL. FLORIDA. HAWAII

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