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The FX-1 Computer at Lincoln Laboratory
Mechanization of Accounting and Statistics in the U. S. S. R.
Programmed Learning and the Use of Teaching MachinesA Revolution in I ndustrial Training
OCTOBER
1961
•
VOL. 10 - NO. 10
\-
Now business machines can Htalk" over telephone lines
service makes it possible. It's the new Bell System development that lets you
send business data over regular telephone lines, at regular telephone rates. DATA-PHONE
service converts either card-punched or taped data into a special language which can
be sent by telephone at speeds up to 1600 words per minute. It speeds data collections
from branches, improves customer service, promotes more efficient, more profitable operations. Like to know more? Just call your Bell Telephone Business Office and ask for a
Communications Consultant. He'll bring you
complete details. No obligation, of course.
DATA-PHONE
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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 19G1
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SYNCHRONOUS
Synchronous computers waste time waiting!
OPERATION
OPERATION
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ASYNCHRONOUS
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The Philco 2000 Series, the only asynchronous computers, work
!i!!.! time!
and
lllce.
Cor-
Save money with the Philco 2000 Series
quaient.
In other computers the master clock breaks ti1ne into cycles
-
tailored to the longest operation. Shorter operations are also con1,41'
pleted within these same time limits. Tin1e is wasted ... luail ing.
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In the asynchronous Philco 2000 Series, there are no clocks.
Each operation triggers the next. Time is spent working . . . not
waiting. More operations accomplished in the same time.
Let us tell you more about asynchronous operation and the
Philco 2000 Series, the only asynchronous computers. Write today.
HOW MUCH TIME DO THE
PHILCO 2000 SERIES
COMPUTERS SAVE? COMPARE:
Typical processing rate: 639,000
additions per second, including
access time.
Access time: 0.5 microsecond.
Multiple processing capability: up
to seven instructions simultaneously through four-way processing. Multiplies time saving by four.
Typical problem: Invert a 100 x
100 matrix.
Computation load: 1 million
multiplications and 1 million
ndditions.
Time: only 6 seconds!
32
5 /
Iter
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1961
Challenging positiolls ('xis/ lit I'hilco for Senior Computer Specialists.
PH ILea
PHILCO
COI~PORATION
• GOVERNMENT & INDUSTRIAL GROUP
COMPUTER DIVISION, 3900 WELSH ROAD, WILLOW GROVE, PA
COMPUTERS
2,981
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and AUTOMATION
2,98
.
•
COMPUTERS AND DATA PROCESSORS, AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION,
APPLICATIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING AUTOMATION
Volume 10
Number 10
OCTOBER, 1961
EDMUND C. BERKELEY
Editor
PA TRicK J. MCGOVERN Assistant Editor
NEIL D. MACDONALD
Assistant Editor
MOSES M. BERLIN
Assistant Editor
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Established
September 1951
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2,98
News of Computers and Data Processors:
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ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK
2,98
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In
inserted between pages 24 and 25
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CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
ANDREW
D.
BOOTH
NED CHAPIN
JOHN W. CARR, III
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
FRONT COVER
An Arithmetic Unit in a 19-Pound Magnetic Computer
for Space Vehicles
2,98!
C;
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ar
2,98!
C;
1, 6
ARTICLES
ADVISOR Y COMMITTEE
MOR TON M. ASTRA HAN
HOWARD T. ENGSTROM
GEORGE E. FORSYTHE
RICHARD W. HAMMING
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
HERBER T F. MITCHELL, JR.
SALES AND SERVICE DIRECTOR
EDMUND C. BERKELEY
815 Washington St.
Newtonville 60, Mass.
DEcatur 2- 5453
ADVERTISING REPRESENT A TIVES
Los Angeles 5 WENTWORTH F. GREEN
439 So. Western Ave. DUnkirk 7-8135
San Francisco 5
A. S. BABCOCK
.605 Market St.
YUkon 2-3954
Elsewhere
EDMUND C. BERKELEY
815 Washington St.
DEca tur 2- 5453
Newtonville 60, Mass.
pt
The FX-l Computer at Lincoln Laboratory,
JOHN A. KESSLER
IB
(following page 8)
2,98:
Mechaniz1tion of Accounting and Statistics in the
U. S. S. R., S. V. SAZONOV
2,98:
N
Programmed Learning and the Use of Teaching
Machines - A Revolution in Industrial Training,
ROBERT L. CHAPMAN
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2,98:
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READERS' AND EDITOR'S FORUM
Factors in Evaluating Personnel for Assignments in
Electronic Data Processing Work,
MRS. HELEN SOLEM
Continuing Discussion on Social Responsibilities: I. The
Austin Formula; II. On War Safety Control, PAUL
G. JACOBS
P(
2,98
at
6
I.
pi
2,98
C
T
6
Calendar of Coming Events.
16
"Restless Giant"- Comments,
WALTER BRANDENBURG
25
Computer Associations .
25
...
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2,98
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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION is published monthly at
815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass., by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. Printed in U.S.A.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES: United States, $15.00 for 1 year,
$29.00 for 2 years, including the June Directory issue; Canada,
add 50c a year for postage; foreign, add $1.50 a year for postage. Address all Editorial and Subscription Mail to Berkeley
Enterprises, Inc., 815 \Vashington St., Newtonville 60, Mass.
ENTERED AS SECOND CLASS MATTER at the Post Office
at Boston, Mass.
POSTMASTER: Please send all Forms 3579 to Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Ncwtonvillc 60, Mass.
Copyright, 1961, by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.
CHANGE of ADDRESS: If your address changes, please send us
both your new address and your old address (as it appears on the
magazine address imprint), and allow three weeks for the change
to be made.
·1
REFERENCE INFORMATION
di
Who's Who in the Computer Field (Supplement) .
26
2,98
G
New Patents, RAYMOND R. SI$-OLNICK .
32
2,98
Books and Other Publications, MOSES M. BERLIN
34
la
D
2,98
INDEX OF NOTICES
Advertising Index
Fl
o
.
34
C
Computer Directory and Buyers' Guide
31
Glossary of Terms .
31
Manuscripts
30
Reference and Survey Informa tion
31
Who's Who Entry Form
27
2,98
H
COMPUTERS and . \ UTOMATION for October, 1961
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AE
CAN
DO
If you're stymied by switching problems in
data processing, automatic control or highspeed keying, then consider the unusual
attributes of AE's Series V51 mercurywetted contact relay.
This fleet switcher can be driven at speeds up to
100 operations per second, completely free from
contact bounce. It requires no maintenance within
its life of over a billion transfers. The contacts
can switch dry circuits or handle loads up to 250
volt·amperes. Operate and release time is approximately 3 milliseconds.
AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC
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Subsidiary of
GENERAL TELEPHONE & ELECTRONICS
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Contact and armature assemblies of the V51
are hermetically sealed in a glass capsule
with a high-pressure hydrogen atmosphere.
Mercury wetting continuously renews the
contacts, eliminates wear, erosion, welding
and sticking. Operating sensitivity is 250
milliwatts, minimum.
AE engineers will be glad to aid in applying
the V51 to your designs. Ask for Circular
1988 covering full specs on the V51. Write
the Director, Control Equipment Sales, Automatic Electric, Northlake, Illinois.
CO~IPUTERS
allcl AUTOMATION for October, 1961
Readers' and Editor's Forum
FRONT COVER: AN ARITHMETIC UNIT IN A
19-POUND MAGNETIC COMPUTER FOR
SPACE VEHICLES
The front cover shows a tiny arithmetic unit made
up of interwoven magnetic ferrites which is part of a
new magnetic digital computer. The computer can
operate reliably up to 40 times longer than comparable equipment, as the "brain" of guidance and control systems for space vehicles. The computer, made
by the Sperry Gyroscope Co., division of Sperry Rand
Corp., Great Neck, N. Y., is no larger than a telephone, and is the first known to employ magnetic circuits throughout. The computer can accurately handle more than 12,000 computations a second (300,000 cycles) for up to 20,000 hours without maintenance. Thus it is highly suitable for aircraft, missile,
and space applications where continuous, trouble-free
operation is required. This performance compares
with only 500 to 1,000 hours of operation before conventional computers using semi-conductor components
would require servicing.
On any extended trip into outer space, the computer acts as the brain of the vehicle's guidance and
control system, until the mission is completed. Thousands of times faster than a human mind, the computer
makes decisions on steering the vehicle, acts on information received from various sensors, and stores
valuable information obtained during the journey.
The computer's reliability is achieved by replacing
transistors and diodes with magnetic ferrites that have
a life expectancy up to 1,000 times longer. In some
circuits, one ferrite replaces as many as 24 semi-conductor elements.
Also, because the magnetic materials cost only onetenth that of the transistors and diodes they replace,
the company is able to offer the computer at a fraction of the cost of comparable equipment. This reduced price is expected to lead to many applications
in other military and commercial uses as well as outer
space.
Another advantage of using magnetic materials is
their high resistance to the effects of nuclear radiation. Tests have shown that the various magnetic
components used are as much as 100,000 times more
resistant to radiation damage than transistors and
diodes. This is a valuable asset in the radiated areas
of outer space or when using nuclear propulsion or
power generation.
In addition to its magnetic computing circuits, the
device includes a revolutionary solid-state magnetic
memory that performs between minus 67 and plus
250 degrees Fahrenheit without special compensations. The memory is made up of elements that can
be packaged at densities up to 2,700 bits per cubic
inch.
The computer weighs only 19 pounds, occupies
less than half-a-cubic foot in its compact package,
alld requires less than 90 watts to operate. This low(j
power requirement is made possible by employing
so-called dynamic logic in which power is used only
during actual computations. Comparable computers
using static logic need power even when not performing an operation.
FACTORS IN EVALUATING PERSONNEL
FOR ASSIGNMENTS IN ELECTRONIC
DATA PROCESSING WORK
Mrs. Helen Solem
Hillsboro, Oregon
After months of gruelling watching of a RAMAC
operation get off the ground, mulling over in my mind
the problems involved, talking with people concerned,
and much reading on the subject, I have concluded
there is a crying need in the world today for more
light on the requisites for Electronic Data Processing
personnel. When the Wall Street Journal writes that
computers have been oversold-to my mind this is
just another extension of the same problem.
From the introduction to Martin Gardner's new
book, "Mathematical Puzzles and Diversions," comes
the following remark: "The computers are not replacing mathematicians; they are breeding them. It
may take a computer less than twenty seconds to solve
a thorny problem, but it may have taken a group of
mathematicians many months to program the problem." This concept is a great stride forward in recognizing the progress needed in this area.
Many of the management people at our company
have instead the alarmirig idea that a short course to
learn how to turn the rightswitches is in essence the
sum and substance of the knowledge required to use
a computer!
On this account I have been moved to formulate
some of my ideas, as follows:
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"Just about everyone has his own ideas concerning
the abilities and the supporting character traits that
make up top-notch Data Processing Systems people.
Also at some time or another just about everyone who
manages other people experiences a helpless feeling
of peering off into inky, murky darkness. What on
earth is wrong here? Why can't we get the show on
the road? Everyone seems to be working hard. Yet
you see the progress being made isn't satisfactory.
Tom, you reflect, is a pretty weak point, but then his
personality rubs some people the wrong way ... maybe
we're not being fair to him ... what can we do? Right
at this point the only answer seems to be that you
require a better crystal ball. And since crystal balls
aren't for sale, you move people around more often
than not by a trial and error method.
The task of maneuvering people is most difficult.
You can purchase the best equipment, provide excellent office facilities, and yet with the wrong people
all your planning and hard work C~tll still go right up
in smoke.
Apl
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
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To begin with a solution, important traits can be
isolated and defined carefully so that they may be more
readil y discerned:
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1. Intelligence is first on the list. This must be of
a high enough degree to respond to a continually changing, rapidly expanding field of endeavor.
2. Organizing and Planning Ability. To be able
naturally to put work in order is a vital factor.
3. Careful A ttention to Detail. Seeking solutions
requires most accurate work. Here overlooking
little, perhaps seemingly insignificant, coding can
fill up waste baskets in short order. Dollars in
quantity go down the drain because of careless
people.
4. Persistence. Applying a computer is no area for
easily discouraged people. Only the stout of
heart will succeed. The "will do" traits that
enable a person to stay with a job to the very
end, even though it doesn't turn out his way,
or even the most satisfactory way, are a must.
:Many an otherwise capable individual who becomes too easily discouraged loses the race long
before the final score is tallied.
5. Imagination. It is highly desirable for a person
to be able to visualize more than one solution for
problems.
6.
Concentration. Knotty, lengthy problems demand the ability to concentrate often long
periods of time, without interest waning, or
thought interruption.
7. Written and Verbal EXjJression. Solutions to
problems alone are not sufficient; good EDP
people must be able to transmit these thoughts
fluently to others-written statements reinforce
the verbal explanation.
S. Respunsibility. It must be possible to depend a
great deal on the data processing planner. The
integrity of the person must be such that he
will not shrug off responsibility lightly or "pass
the buck" when difficulties arise.
9. Perspective. This is "seeing the big picture"scope and breadth to all thinking. Details in
themselves can be engulfing, yet nothing is so
small, so trivial, that it stands alone. In industry all jobs have a relation to others.
10. Judgment. The greatest value of this trait lies
in the potential growth of the person. People
possessing the 9 above listed factors in sufficient
quantity are prime nominees for future key positions. Wise decisions, good judgment, is something learned. As experience widens horizons
[or added responsibility, the opportunity to
exercise judgment will come more and more.
Someone once wrote "Chance favors the prepared mind."
When selecting or evaluating systems people, all
of these factors need to be considered. It may even
be convenient to assign numerical points to score each
of these abilities. One half of the maximum score
should be average. However, a good systems developCO~IPUTERS (/1/d
AUTOMATION for October, 1961
ment group would need more people scoring % of
the maximum and above rather than below.
Complex systems of computers have arrived on the
scene. The ability of human beings to put them to
work in solving problems will more and more spell
the difference between success and failure. Obviously
they can not by themselves do useful work in a new
application. People, carefully selected people, make
the difference!
CONTINUING DISCUSSION ON SOCIAL
RESPONSIBILITIES:
I. THE AUSTIN FORMULA
(From the N,·w Yorh Il,?rtlitl Tribune, Sept. 10, 1961)
Here is the code of conduct for executives proposed
by Prof. Robert \IV. Austin, Prof. of Business Administration, Harvard Business School, Cambridge,
lV1ass., at the National Business Conference held there
recently:
"1. The professional business manager affirms that
he will place the interest of the business for which he
works before his own private interests.
"2. He affirms that he will place his duty to society
above his duty to his company and above his private
interest.
"3. He affirms that he has a duty to reveal the facts
in any situation where:
"A. His private interests are involved with those
of his company.
"B. The interests of his company are involved
with those of the society in which it operates.
"4. He affirms that, when business managers follow
this code of conduct, the profit motive is the best incentive for the development of a sound, expanding
and dynamic economy."
II. ON WAR SAFETY CONTROL
Paul G. Jacobs
Editor of Automatic Control
Ucinhold Puhli!Shing Corp.
N(!w York 22, N. Y.
(Editorial, entitled "The \Var We Have to Start," reprinted
with permission from the August, 1961, issue of
Autolllatic Control)
Consider please that at the time of this writing
two new observation type satellites have been placed
in orbit; one for peaceful weather observation purposes and one of serious political and military consequence. The science and engineering mobilization
behind these two orbiting systems is tremendous. The
control and instrumentation technologies are powerful things. But policy level decisions more powerful
than lcch lIolo!!,"), determine whether the combination
serves to draw nations together or to provide superior
and more efficient instruments and systems for conflict.
Technology has been commandeered within the
concept of lIati()lIal (It:f(:lIse. But there is a difference
between national (It:fcl/.w: and 1Iational security. If
the newest weapons systems are ever used in the
name of national defense) they will almost certainly
destroy our national security.
Technology can be mobilized to annihilate mankind. This we are proving.
(Please Turn to Page 24)
7
• Chemistry: unconventional, non-gelatin
photographic materials, high resolution
photographic processes, solar batteries,
properties of solid propellants, etc.
• Systems engineering: digital transmission
systems, reliability and test design, digital display systems.
--
FORT MONROE, VIRGINIA: This is
where CORG (Combat Operations Research Group) conducts a variety of military operations, research studies including a
considerable effort in the improvement of
war gaming. We've described it fully in this
series. If you've forgotten, ask us to send
you a reprint of that first, history-making,
hair-raising recruiting piece.
M4
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• Meteorology: analyses of weather systems, atmospheric absorption of radiation.
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• Mapping and photogrammetry: military
map-making, photo-interpretation, among
other areas.
Maybe you haven't told your children the
story about the group of blind men who
were encountering an elephant for the first
time and trying to size it up by the sense of
touch. Here's a short version of the old
Hindu fable:
One blind man seized the elephant's tail.
"This beast is shaped like a rope," he said.
"No," said the man holding the elephant's
trunk, "it's more like a snake!" The third
man was embracing a leg, and he cried:
"You're crazy, it's like a tree." And the
fourth was patting the elephant's side.
"You're all blind," he said. "This beast is
like a wall !"
Supply your own moral, while we supply a
parallel: some people, even those who work
for Technical Operations, have an equally
hard time describing the Company.
OPERATIONS RESEARCH: This is the
area where our needs are greatest-though
if you have background and capabilities in
any of the areas we've sketched briefly
above, we'd be happy to hear from you
about them.
Broad experience in operations and systems
analysis-for important military, government, business and industrial organizations
-these are among tech/ops' fortes. In
somewhat more detail:
• Evaluation of large, complex weapons
and communications systems, studies of
logistic systems to increase operational
efficiency.
• Mathematical analysis, and its application
to operational problems; e.g., queueing
theory, linear programming, inventory
control analysis, equations describing
combat operations.
We have a good example here. This almost
turned out to be the only recruiting ad in
history with five or more headlines.
One of our fellows wanted to headline this
piece: "tech/ ops is doing some fascinating lVork ill computers." Another favored:
"tech/ops is all operations research outfit."
One suggested: "tech/ops is heavily inl'olved ill physics and chemistry." A fourth
said: "tech/ops is doillg a great deal of work
ill systems engineering." And so on ...
Curiously enough, they're all good descriptions of Technical Operations, Inc. (most
of our friends call us tech/ops for short).
So we thought it might be time to try a
short summary that would set us all straight.
PHYSICAL SCIENCES: Strong programs
in the physical sciences and engineering are
important to tech/ops. We mention these
here briefly, mainly to round out the picture and to indicate that the specialized
knowledge developed in these programs is
often applicable to the OR projects we undertake. Quick summary:
• Experimental and theoretical physics:
dynamics of hot rarefied gases, hydrodynamics of hypervelocity impacts, applications of lasers and theory of partially
coherent light.
• Simulation techniques: using high-speed
computers to determine the impact of
new operational procedures, plans or
equipment, when direct experimentation
is too costly or otherwise impractical.
• Computer programming: tech/ops has a
large staff skilled in the use of computer
techniques and in computer programming.
We could (and will, if you like, under separate cover) list dozens of successful applications of these capabilities in major projects,
past and present. Space being costly, let's
talk about Company locations:
BURLINGTON, MASSACHUSETTS:
This is the corporate headquarters of the
Company and the Central Research Laboratory. No need to tell you .about the Boston area.
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WASHINGTON, D. C.: Two facilities here,
one called OMEGA (Operations Model
Evaluation Group, Air Force), which handles high-speed computer war gaming and
operations research, and WRO, Washington
Research Office. We described OMEGA
pretty thoroughly in the second of this series
(again, ask for a reprint if you missed it).
PUZ2
This leaves the Washington Research Office, an interesting and somewhat typical
tech/ops facility we'd like to tell you more
about ... partly because we haven't mentioned it before, partly because it's a good
example of the kind of work we do.
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WASHINGTON RESEARCH OFFICE:
This is in downtown Washington, handy to
everything worth mentioning in the Nation's Capital. A brief recital of some of
our current WRO projects will describe it
fairly completely:
WH
LOG
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• Navy technical development planning;
data processing systems for command
and control.
Ja
• Study of transit system scheduling and
passenger loads, including development
of techniques for instantaneous counting
of passengers to adjust scheduling.
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• Design and analysis of command and
control systems; communications network, potential target analysis, nature of
weapons, extent of possible damage.
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS and RESEARCH: Some of the most interesting
work in the Company is being done in this
,field. A significant effort is underway in programming systems; assemblers, compilers,
translators, generators, string handling packages, and the like. We have constructed and
are using CL-l and are now ready to build
a more powerful one. To touch briefly on
other computer work being done at tech/ops:
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• Analysis of air traffic control systems,
now being conducted for the Federal Aviation Agency; evaluations of alternate
control systems on basis of cost, reliability, service; optimization of communications networks needed; analysis of special techniques for high altitude control.
For such programs, the teclz/ops WRO has
(and needs more of from time to time)
political scientists, economists, systems engineers with knowledge of microwave propagation and technology, computer programmers; programming subsystems managers,
and other appropriate people. If, in any of
this (about WRO or the Company in general) you see a niche into which you think
you might fit, we'd be happy to hear about
it and to send you an application form so
simple it'll gladden your eyes. Strict confidence, of course, and all qualified applicants
receive consideration without regard to race,
creed, color, or national origin. Best place
to send a resume:
Robert L. Koller
Technical Operations, Incorporated
Burlington, Massachusetts
Technical Operations,
Incorporated
Central Research [,llooratories
Burlington, lIfllssachlisells
WASHINGTON.
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VIRGINIA
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
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THE FX-I
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John A. Kessler
Mass. Inst. of Technology
Lincoln Laboratory
Lexington 73, Mass.
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The fastest digital computer ever built is
now in operation at the M. I. T. Lincoln Laboratory
in Lexington, Massachusetts. Known as the "FX-1 ",
this new computer is in every important respect a
working model for a new generation of machines,
ten times faster than any computers in general use
today. The significance of the new machine lies
not in its size or capacity, which are modest, but
in the unusually high speed at which it operates,
and in new construction techniques designed especially for high frequency operation.
for storage (see Figure A), following techniques
developed by Lincoln Laboratory some years ago,
without which the large, high-speed, general-purpose computers of today could not have been developed. The largest core memory in existence,
with a capacity of more than 2, 500, 000 bits, was
built by Lincoln some four years ago and is part
of the older Lincoln TX-2 computer (see Figure
B). This large core memory has a read-write
cycle time of 6. 5 microseconds.
It is the first machine with a main memory
using thin magnetic films in place of ferrite cores
for high-speed, random-access storage. FX-1
is designed to be a complete, small-scale, general-purpose computer, for realistic tests of fast
logic circuitry and magnetic film storage in systern operation.
In specifying the speed of a computer,
there are two items of particular interest: (1) the
time required to read a computer word out of the
memory and to write in a new word (the "readwrite cycle time"), and (2) the speed of the logic
circuits, which may be specified by the rate of
the timing pulses which govern the operation of
these circuits (the "clock rate"). Both of these
items are noteworthy in the FX-1, since in both
instances the new machine is substantially faster
than the most advanced commercial computers of
today.
Memory
op-
The read-write cycle time for the central
memory of the Lincoln FX-1 is 0.3 microsecond.
The fastest main memories in machines today have
cycle times that generally range from 2 to 12 microseconds. These memories use magnetic cores
1
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
Figure A. Typical plane array of small
doughnut-shaped ferrite cores used as memory elements in high-speed digital computers.
The wires threaded through the tiny doughnutshaped cores carry current pulses that are
used to sense the information stored in the
memory and to write in new information.
First developed for use in the M. I. T. Whirlwind I computer almost a decade ago, this
type of memory is employed in almost every
high-speed machine now in use.
1B
Also a part of TX-2 is a small fast memory using thin magnetic films, the first such memory to be installed in a computer (see Figure C).
In regular use for almost two years, this magnetic
film memory operates in TX-2 with a cycle time
of O. 8 microsecond, consistent with its functions
in the computer itself; in bench tests, a cycle
time of 0.4 microsecond was attained, limited
by the performance of the transistors that were
available at the time the memory was built.
The faster magnetic film main memory in
the new FX-1 profits from improved transistors,
circuitry and fabrication techniques that have been
developed in the intervening two-year period.
Figure 1 shows two arrays of magnetic film memory elements deposited on thin glass plates. The
circular spots were used in the small TX-2 memory; the small rectangular spots are used in FX-l.
The initial FX-1 memory has a capacity of
256 words of thirteen bits each, but provision has
been made to increase the initial capacity by a
factor of four. This memory is large enough to
serve the purpose of FX-1, to provide a realistic
test of fabrication and operating techniques on a
Figure B. Large core
memory in Lincoln
Laboratory TX-2 computer. With a capacity
of 2. 5 million bits, this
is the largest core mem0ry ever built. It has a
read-write cycle time
of 6. 5 microseconds.
Figure C. Small, fast
memory, using thin magnetic films in place of
cores, has been in
regular use in the
Lincoln Laboratory
TX -2 computer for
almost two years. The
first such memory ever
installed in a computer,
it operates with a cycle
time of O. 8 microsecond.
2B
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
C
practical scale, and at the same time to provide
sufficient storage to enable the machine itself to
be useful for some practical purposes. Because
of the high speed of the logic circuits and the
short cycle time of the memory, the FX-1 can
match the performance of considerably larger
conventional machines.
The memory employs printed-circuit wiring on a flexible sheet of resin-impregnated glassfiber cloth. As shown in Figure 2, the two halves
of the flexible wiring sheet are mounted on stiff
backing boards, leaving a flexible hinge between
the halves. The arrays of memory elements, deposited on thin glass backing plates, are positioned
on the wiring as shown in Figure 3, so that each
magnetic -filM element rests on the intersection
of two perpendicular leads on the wiring sheet,
as shown in Figure 4. When all the memory element arrays are in place on the lower half of the
wiring sheet, the upper half is folded over to make
the completed memory, shown in Figure 5, with
associated circuitry. This single unit contains
the 256-word, 3328-bit memory of the FX-1 computer.
Circuits
The logic circuits in Lincoln's new FX-1
operate at an effective clock rate of 50 million
Figure 2. Printed-circuit wiring assembly
for high-speed magnetic-film main memory
in the new FX-1 computer at the M. 1. T.
Lincoln Laboratory.
pulses per second, ten times faster than TX-2
and other large machines currently in operation,
and four times the rate of the fastest commercial
machine disclosed to date. This increase in speed
is made possible by high-speed switching transistors.
developed under subcontract, with the collaboration
of Lincoln's Computer Components Group, and now
in commercial production. The fastest commercial
machines now in common use have clock rates comparable to that of the TX -2.
Approximately 3000 transistors are used
in the FX-1; this is about the same number as in
the Lincoln TX -0 computer, built about five years
ago, which was the forerunner of the TX-2 computer in use at the Laboratory today. TX -2 has
some 30, 000 transistors in the central machine,
and one of the large new commercial machines
will have as many as two hundred thousand.
Figure 1. Arrays of magnetic film memory
elements deposited on thin glass plates. The
circular elements are used in the earlier
Lincoln TX-2 memory. The small rectangUlar
elements are used at the M. 1. T. Lincoln Laboratory in the main memory of the new FX-1
computer, with a read-write cycle time of
0.3 microsecond.
The FX-1 logic circuits are packaged in
plug-in units that have been designed for compactness, as well as being particularly suited to high
frequency operation. Components are mounted on
or between two printed-circuit boards that are an
integral part of the mechanical framework of the
plug-in unit, as shown in Figure U. The plug-in
units are mounted in trays (Figure 7) that hold up
to twenty units each and themselves plug into the
computer frame. Plug-in units with closely related functions are located on a common tray to
simplify interconnections.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
3B
11.1111
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Components Group. Lincoln Laboratory is a
center for research, operated under Air Force
contract by the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, with the joint support of the U. S. Army,
Navy, and Air Force.
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Background: Some Notes on the development of
General Purpose Digital Computers
at Lincoln Laboratory
Figure 3. Glass plate with small rectangular
magnetic -film memory elements is placed on
printed-circuit wiring assembly in the assembly
of the high-speed main memory of the new
FX-1 computer.
Approximately 325 plug-in units of 12 standardized basic types are used in the FX-l. They
are mounted in 24 trays, of 13 different types.
The entire computer, with power supplies, occupies only three relay racks, as shown in Figure 8.
Some of the trays in the FX-1 are fabricated by a developmental technique called "platedcircuit" wiring, as contrasted with "printed-circuit" wiring for the plug-in units and conventional
point-to-point soldered wiring for most of the
trays. The plated-circuit trays employ two layers of etched wiring sandwiched on either side of
a central copper ground plane. Wiring of this
type behaves like strip transmission line, with
uniform impedance characteristics that should
simplify and improve circuit performance at
high frequencies. Interconnections from one layer of wiring to another are made by plated-through
holes rather than by soldering. The back of a
partially wired experimental strip-line tray is
shown in Figure 9. The FX-1 is a good vehicle
in which to test this type of wiring where it is an
important factor in the performance of high-frequency circuits.
The FX-1 computer was designed and built
by the Digital Computers Group in the Information
Processing Division of the M. I. T. Lincoln Laboratory, with assistance from Lincoln's Computer
4B
Computer development at the M. I. T. Lincoln
Laboratory has its origins in the M. I. T. Digital
Computer Laboratory that grew up around Whirlwind I, the first modern, high-speed, general-purpose digital computer. Planning for Whirlwind
began in 1946, and the machine went into full-scale
operation late in 1951 as the largest, fastest digital
computer in existence at that time. The design and
construction was sponsored by the Office of Naval
Research.
Lincoln Laboratory was founded in 1951,
at the request of the Army, Navy, and Air Force,
to effect urgently needed improvements in air
defense. The rapid evolution of computer technology during the period 1946-1951, stimulated to
a considerable degree by the development of Whirl-
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Figure 4. Each magnetic-film memory element (small bright rectangles) is accurately
positioned at the intersection of a particular
pair of vertical and horizontal conductors
on the printed-circuit writing assembly of
the FX-1 computer memory.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
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Figure 5. Completed 3328-hit, 0.3 microsecond magnetic-film
main memory of the FX-1 computer.
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wind, made it possible to demonstrate the feasibility of a semi-automatic system to process
radar data, generate displays, and guide defensive weapons. The realization of such a system
for continental air defense was the major preoccupation of Lincoln Laboratory during its first
eight years of existence. The result is the SAGE
(Semi-Automatic Ground Environment) System,
the largest data-processing system ever attempted, now in operational use by the Air Force.
This system employs some seventy large digital
computers (designated AN/FSQ-7) and a much
larger number of specialized data processors.
All this equipment was originally designed at
Lincoln Laboratory, with further engineering
development and production carried out by various
manufacturing contractors.
Soon after Lincoln Laboratory was founded,
the M. 1. T. Digital Computer Laboratory became
the Digital Computer Division of Lincoln, and
Lincoln assumed primary responsibility for the
use and further development of Whirlwind 1. In
1953-54, Whirlwind was a primary test vehicle
for the first 1024-word ferrite core memory,
developed to supplant the electrostatic storage
tubes previously employed for high-speed storage.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 19G1
Figure G. Typical plug-in unit for logic circuitry in the new FX-1 computer (1-3/4" x
2-1/4" x 1" approx.). Approximately 325
plug-in units of twelve standardized basic
types are used in the computer, mounted in
trays that accomodate up to 20 plug-in units each.
5B
The ferrite core memory is an M. 1. T. contribution
that has proved to be of fundamental importance to
modern digital computer technology. The first
core memory in Whirlwind had a capacity of 1024
16-bit words, with a read-write cycle time of 10
microseconds.
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Also, in 1953, the Memory Test Computer
(MTC) was placed in operation, both as a memory
test vehicle and as a general-purpose computer in
its own right. In 1954, a 4096 -word core memory
was installed in MTC, with a read-wrfte cycle time
of about 5 microseconds, twice as fast as the central core memory in Whirlwind. Figure A shows
a core plane used in the MTC.
Figure 7. Plug-in tray for Lincoln
FX -1 computer accomodates up to
20 individual plug-in units. Plugin units with related functions are
grouped together on a common tray
to simplify interconnections. The
FX -1 computer will employ 24
trays of 13 different types.
I
1
i
The Lincoln TX-O computer went into operation in 1956. This was the first Lincoln computer
in which transistors (about 3000) completely supplanted vacuum tubes in the logic circuits. It has
a 5-megapulse clock rate, two and a half times
faster than that of Whirlwind or MTC. TX -0 served
?
i
,
I:
Figure 8. With an effective
clock rate of 50 megapulses
per second, the FX-1 computer
is ten times faster than any
general-purpose digital
computers in general use
today. Magnetic film main
memory, the first of its
kind, has a read-write
time of only 0.3 microsecond.
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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
(
as a test bed for evaluation and development of
transistor circuitry and of the largest core memory ever built, with a capacity of about 2.5 million
bits and a cycle time of 6. 5 microseconds. This
memory was developed and built by Lincoln as a
prototype for large memory units produced by
1. B. M. for the SAGE System. At the time there
were no transistors that could supply the currents
necessary to drive this core memory; hence this
memory is vacuum-tube driven, using about 1000
tubes. The large core memory is shown in Figure
B.
Direct successor to TX-O is the larger
TX-2 computer. Completed in 1958 and still in
active use, the TX-2 has about 30, 000 transistors
in the central machine. Both TX-O and TX-2 use
the same general circuit design and construction
techniques and operate at the same clock rate
(5 megapulses per second).
The large core memory is now the main
memory of TX-2, but two smaller auxiliary memories are also worthy of note. In 1959, a transistor-driven core memory (TDCM) was put into
operation, with a capacity of 150, 000 bits (4096
36-bit words) and a cycle time of 4. 5 microseconds.
In that same year, a small memory using thin magnetic films was installed in TX-2, the first such
memory to be used in an operating computer. Very
small but very fast, this magnetic film memory has
a capacity of only 320 bits, but operates with a
cycle time of O. 8 microseconds in TX-2, and has
been bench tested to 0.4 microsecond.
It was at the beginning of 1959 that the SAGEoriented parts of Lincoln's computer work were
transferred to the newly-formed MITRE Corporation. The advanced computer development groups
remaining at Lincoln were incorporated into the
newly established Information Processing Division,
with which they are presently affiliated. It is
these groups that have been concerned with the
development of the new FX-1 computer.
Throughout the years of its computer development, Lincoln has consistently supported and
stimulated the development of higher frequency
transistors, through subcontracts with transistor
manufacturers. Several generations of transistors
developed under this program are now commonly
available and in general use. It was the 2N240 and
2N293 transistors that made possible the TX-O and
TX-2 computers, and it is the 2N769 (that has now
been used at Lincoln for almost two years) that
has made possible the development of the new
FX-l.
No mention is made here of the many other
digital computers and information processing systems that have been built for special purposes by
various groups in the Laboratory. The discussion
has been restricted to a selected few, generalpurpose machines in order to illustrate the chronological increase in speed and capability of memories and logic circuitry. Tables I-IlIon the following page summarize this evolution in greater detail from different aspects.
Figure 9. Developmental plated-circuit
tray, holding up to twenty plug-in units,
has two layers of wiring on either side of
a central ground plane, functioning as strip
transmission line with uniform impedance
characteristics. This type of construction
is being developed and tested in the new
FX-1 computer to simplify and improve
circuit performance at very high frequencies.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
7B
Table I
Some Random-Access Memories in Lincoln Laboratory Computers
Year
Machine
1953
1954
1956
1958
1959
1959
1961
Whirlwind I
MTC
TX-O
TX-2
TX-2 (TDCM)
TX-2
FX-1
Read-Write
Cycle Time
(microseconds)
Bits
~
ferrite core
16,000
65,000
1,250,000
2,500,000
150,000
320
3300
"
"
"
"
magnetic film
10
5
6.5
6.5
4.5
0.8
0.3
I
Table II
Effective Clock Rates of Some Lincoln Laboratory Computers
Year
Machine
1950
1953
1956
1958
1961
Whirlwind I
MTC
TX-O
TX-2
FX-1
Number of Cathodes or Transistors
in Central Machine
5,000
5,000
3,000
30,000
3,000
Effective Clock Rate
megapulses/ sec.
C
C
T
T
T
2
2
5
5
50
Table III
Some Representative Operating Characteristics
of Three Lincoln Laboratory Computers
Whirlwind I
(1949-53)
FX-1
(1961)
Basic word length (bits)
Effective clock rate (megapulses per second)
Speed (average operations per second)
16
2
30,000
36
5
120,000
12
50
2,000,000
Memory
Core (bits)
Read-write cycle time (microseconds)
Magnetic film (bits)
Read-write cycle time (microseconds)
16,000
10
0
2,500,000
6.5
(320)
(0.8)
o
3300
0.3
5,000
0
1,000
30,000
3,000
150
20
5
Components
Cathodes
Transistors
Power (kilowatts)
8B
TX-2
(1958)
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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
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Univ
Mechanization of Accounting and
Allen
Statistics in the USSR
III
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Vice-Chairman
U.S.S.R. Central Statistical Board
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Moscow, U.S.S.R.
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L961
The growth of construction and production, the
mass incorporation of new technology, the specialization and cooperation of production, increasingly complicate the relations between the branches of the national economy, the economic districts and enterprises.
Therefore, the organization of management in the national economy, its planning, and especially accounting and statistics, playa mounting role in the life of
the Soviet state.
It is quite clear that one of the most important
means of improving accounting and statistics is to
widely mechanize and automate accounting and statistics. Only by so doing can we at short notice obtain
the extensive information essential for the planned
guidance of the economy in the present stage and ensure further improvemenls, and reduction of staffs and
costs of the administralive apparalUs.
Mechanizing Accounting and Statistical \Vork
In our country we have made recently some headway
in mechanizing accounting and calculating work, but
we definitely find it insufficient. At the beginning of
1960 the country's enterprises, offices and organiza-.
tions had a total of 188,000 calculating machines, including 3,500 sets of punching machines, almost twice
as much as 1954. However, this is very little, if we
take into account the tremendous scope of our national economy. Even in large enterprises where much
has been done in the way of complex mechanization
and automation of production, only some accounting
jobs have been mechanized (figuring the payroll,
stock-taking of materials, and the like). Farming and
procuring organizations employ practically no mechanized accounting.
Output
The output of accounting machines is far behind
our growing requirements. Our industry is not as yet
supplying the national economy with complex punchcard digital computers which make possible several
operations and are widely used abroad. The sets of
punching machines still lack tabulating and sorting
machines, deciphering machines and computing
punches. Prior to 1960 we hardly produced any keyboard automalic or semi-automatic computing machines. Nor has serial production yet started of electronic computers for accounting work and statistics.
COMPUTERS
lllld
AUTOMATION for October, 1961
Calculating-Machine Stations
The establishment, on decision of the government,
of calculating-machine stations in the system of statistical agencies marked, from our point of view, an important phase in the development of mechanized accounting in the USSR. Between 1957 and 1959 a total
of 164 calculating-machine stations had been set up
under the central statistical boards of the union republics, statistical departments in the regions, territories and autonomous republics.
Without these stations the statistical agencies would
have been unable to handle the accounting grouped
together in the statistical bodies in connection with
the reorganization of management in industry and
construction. The centralized and mechanized summarizing of statistical returns made it possible to
(lltickly present the necessary data to the leading
celllral and local bodies, economic councils and planning COllllllinees, and also to shift some 15,000 accountants lo more productive jobs.
The calculaling-machine stations of the statistical
boards handle all the work entailed in collecting and
verifying the accuracy of the statistical reports submitted by enterprises, construction sites, state farms,
collective farms, and procuring organizations, and in
mechanizing the summarizing of these reports with
subsequent calculation of the results obtained in the
branches of the national economy, regions, republics
and the country as a whole. A two-way telegraph communication system has been established between all
the calculating machine stations by teletype.
The biggest job done by the stations was the summarizing of the country-wide census returns for 1959.
The stations under the regional, territorial and republican statistical boards punched and sorted out
more than 210 million cards, while the Central Calculating lYfachine Station for census returns summarized the major census resllils, carrying out altogether 3.3 billion sorting opera lions and more than 6
billion various calculalions. This is a very great machine-accounting and slalislical operation in both volume and difIiclllly.
Olher large joi>s accomplished by the calculatingmachine slaliollS of slalislical boards include compilalion of over-all rcsllirs of lhe revaluation of the basic
!)
funds of the USSR national economy, summarizing of
the census returns of the housing fund, selective survey
of wages and salaries undertaken in connection with
wage adjustments, selective survey of the budgets of
factory and office workers for a given period, registration of unestablished equipment, etc. The volume of
the work required the punching of millions of cards.
Contract Work
Apart from summarizing statistical returns and surveys, these machine-calculating stations work for enterprises and organizations on a contract basis. This
accounts for about 50 per cent of their volume of work.
Hence, they directly participate in the development
of mechanized accounting and calculating work in the
national economy.
Cutting Personnel
Mechanization of accounting contributes appreciably to cutting bookkeeping staffs. For example, since
the establishment in 1947 of a calculating-machine
station at the First Moscow Ball-bearing Plant, gross
output increased more than sevenfold, the number of
workers almost doubled, whereas the bookkeeping and
planning personnel were reduced by 40 per cent.
Since the establishment in April 1952 of a calculatingmachine station at the Yaroslavl tire plant, gross output more than doubled, the number of employees
increased 40 per cent, while the bookkeeping and
planning personnel were cut 22 per cent. Following
the introduction of mechanized accounting at the enterprises of the Moscow Regional Economic Council,
the number of accountants in the last two years has
declined 9 per cent and the volume of production
went up 18 per cent. In the whole of the national
economy the bookkeeping staffs in the past six years
have been reduced by 52,000, with the number of
factory and office workers increasing 30 per cent and
gross output of industry showing an almost twofold
fIse.
Construction of Machines
The Soviet Government has mapped out a series
of measures for further accounting, planning and engineering work. The plans provide for the construction of plants capable of producing some 100,000 numerical integrators, more than 100,000 calculating
machines, and more than 15,000 billing and bookkeeping machines.
We mllst also develop capacities for the production
of several thousand sets of punching machines. The
plans provide a change-over to output of keyboard
machines as of 1963 which by the end of the seven-year
plan will account for GO per cent of over-all production. Electronic computer attachments will be turned
out for tabulators, thereby radically modernizing the
existing tabulating machines. The plans also provide
for the manufacture of a large quantity of punching
calculators, reproducers and sorting, listing, and interpreting machines, which will increase the efficiency
of installations of punching machines.
In the course of the seven-year plan many fast digital electronic calculators of the ERA type will be produced for accounting and statistical work, [or planning and engineering calculations.
10
Research
Large-scale research is being conducted with these
aims: (a) developing new models of electronic computers and their devices and components; (b) projects
for automatic centralized accounting and summarizing of data, on the basis of a given program with the
original information transmitted from a distance; (c)
various means for mechanizing and automating primary accounting; etc. It would be extremely desirable
in this connection to design an inexpensive standardtype attachment for a variety of machines (typewriters, accounting machines, and cash registers) which
would produce a punched tape with original data in
the process of drawing up documents, punching
checks, etc. This would permit a sharp reduction in
the effort required for punching and feeding the original data into electronic machines without even
punching.
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German Democratic Repuhlic:
Input as a Byproduct
Very interesting is the experimental work done in
the German Democratic Republic, where at the Karl
Marxstadt experimental electronic works electronic
mechanisms are made to be attached to ordinary keyboard models. The use of these attachments increases
the productivity of the ordinary keyboard calculating
machines two or threefold.
Production Quality and Repairs
Our first difficulty in calculating-machine production is to ensure the high quality of the machines and
their different elements.
The other difficulty stems from the fact that largescale mechanization of accounting and calculating
work entails substantial expansion of repair facilities.
A government decision provides for the establishment
of ten repair plants in various parts of the country for
both major and minor repairs. The output of spare
parts for calculating machines, and especially for
punching machines, will be sharply increased.
The expansion of mechanized summarizing of accounting data and statistics requires the preparation
of standard mechanization projects for determining
the organizational pattern of mechanization, the
choice of calculating machines, range of indices to be
processed, machine codes, the setting up of primary
documents, circulation of documents and punching
schemes-in other words, a detailed elaboration of
the technological process ensuring the maximum efficacy of mechanization.
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Standards for Mechanized Accounting
In accordance with the government decision, the
Central Statistical Board of the USSR, jointly with the
economic councils, ministries and departments, has
to provide between 1960 and 1962 all calculating-machine stations with standard projects for mechanizing accounting. This task, which embraces all major
branches of industry, construction, farming, transport
and trade, cannot be accomplished in so short a time
by anyone organization. Its fulfillment requires
strenuous effort on the part o[ all organizations engaged in mechanizing calculating and accounting
work. The Central Statistical Board (CSB) of the
COMPUTERS a1ld AUTOl\IATION for October, 1961
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'55,
lfico,
Cen3LP,
Cen~LP,
1961
USSR is already orgamzIng JOInt work on standard
projects. A number of ministries, economic councils
and planning organizations have already started work
on standard designs (Gosstroi-the State Committee
on Construction-, the lVloscow City and Region Economic Councils, the Leningrad Economic Council,
and others). Unfortunately, some organizations (the
l\Jinistry of Construction of the Russian Federation,
the Ministry of Power Plant Construction, the Ministry of Trade of the RSFSR) underrate the importance
of the undertaking.
A conference of specialists from planning organizations participating in the elaboration of standard
projects, recently held at the USSR Central Board,
discussed the basic projects and organizational issues
concerned with standardization submitted by Soyuzmashuchet (Union for Mechanical Data Processing).
The underlying principles on standard projects provided for the complex linking of the projected branch
of calculations with the synthetic and other branches.
Nature of Input Documents
We know that in order successfully to introduce
modern calculating techniques in national economic
accounting, it is essential to work out a timely system
of documentation for primary calculation and accounting which would be appropriate for feeding into electronic computers and other modern calculating machines.
The primary documents must be fully adapted to
mechanized work so that there is no need for their
being rewritten in intermediate registers. When preparing the primary documents in the print shop, ca re
must be taken that the requisites ensuring less coding
are all ready.
The new system of documenting primary calculations and accounting will be elaborated on the basis
of experimental work carried out directly at the enterprises which will get the first samples of the new
electronic computers and up-to-date billing, accountmg and bookkeeping machines to be produced by
Soviet industry in 1960-61. The forms of primary
calculation and accounting must be of a standard type
adaptable for use at other industrial enterprises.
Along with the experimental work at industrial enterprises, a system of documentation has to be worked
out for other branches of the national economyconstruction, transport, trade, finances, etc., all of
which are equipped with electronic and other up-todate computers. Thus, the elaborated system of documentation of calculating and accounting work will in
fact be verified and, if need be, rectified.
Development of New Forms of CalculatingMachine Stations
It is vitally important to promote and develop
further the calculating-machine stations. According
to a government decision, the calculation-machine
stations of enterprises and construction sites are subject to dual subordination so far as planning and
methods of work are concerned to the management
of the respective enterprise and the corresponding
statistical agency. The statistical agencies possess extensive rights in organizing the technology of calculating and statistical work, in introducing modern calCOMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
culating machines, establishing methods and schedules for doing the work and distributing it among
the stations, and attaching to them enterprises which
have no calculating machines of their own.
In the first six months of this year much was done
in the republics and regions by way of explaining the
tasks arising ou t of the government decisions and in
implementing the practical measures stemming from
the decisions of the Council of Ministers of the union
and autonomous republics, and of the regional (territorial) executive committees.
Accounting Specialists and Their Reports
Many statistical boards, economic councils, ministries and departments have set up teams of specialists
on the mechanization of accounting. These teams
study in detail the state of affairs at each calculatingmachine station. Their reports serve as a basis for
grouping the machine stations, ordering counter-capacities, and switching the stations over to two-shift
work. The Lvov station, for example, has been reorganized into a group installation. In Kharkov,
Stalingrad, l\roSC()W, Leningrad, the Tatar AutonomOllS Repllhlic, Orenburg and in a number of other
regions measllres have been taken, after checking the
activity of the slaliollS at enterprises, to make full use
of the accounl ing machines by mechanizing their own
work and Ihe work of neighboring enterprises. Of
the 16 calclliating-machine stations in the Moscow
region, 10 have already heen reorganized into group
starions and ]'1 more will be reorganized during ]960.
In addition, the idle machinery was redistributed
Types of Stations
At the present time there are several types of stations
-calculating-machine stations and calculating-machine bureaus under given enterprises and organizations, group calculating-machine stations, calculatingmachine stations attached to statistical departments,
mechanized accounting factories and calculating centers.
The part played by the calculating-machine stations
of the statistical departments in the mechanization of
accounting and statistical work is steadily mounting,
and in the Central Asian republics and Kazakhstan
they are practically the only existing centers for mechanizing accounting and statistics. We must see to it
tln t these stations serve as models exemplifying the
productive use of the equipment and the proper organization of technology. The calculating-machine
stations of the Central Statistical Board of the Moldavian, Latvian and Lithuanian Republics, the statistical departments of the Leningrad, Lvov, Stalingrad
and other Regions are doing beLler work than others,
although they too arc far from heing models in the
Central Statistical Board system. There are still very
many serious shortcomings ill Ihe activity of the stations under statistical departments, one of which is
the high cost of operation.
An important role belongs to the group stations.
'Vith their help and the help of the mechanized accoullting factories, mechanized accounting is to be introduced at numerous small enterprises and organizations where it is difficult to make full use of up-to-date
machine stations.
11
Much has to be done in the way of experimental
district calculating-machine stations which would
operate on a self-supporting basis. Their development
will be very im port an t for mechanizing accoun ting on
the collective and state farms. Something has already
been done in this direction. Soyuzmashuchet of the
Central Statistical Board of the USSR has already done
some successful experimental work in centralizing
mechanical accounting on the collective farms. The
work it initiated is being advanced by the republican
lVlinistries of Agriculture. The experimental calculating-machine station set up in Kiev in 1955 has been
reorganized into the central calculating-machine station of the ministry. There the ministry, in company
with the Ukrainian Scientific Research Institute for
Economy and the Organization of Agriculture, is
working on the mechanization of accounting on state
and collective farms. The Serpukhov calculation-machine station in the Moscow region is already operating. District calculating-machine stations are being
set up in Kirovabad (Azerbaijan) and Kurgantube
(Tajikistan) to meet the needs of the collective and
state farms in the Vakhshkaya Valley; altogether some
40. experimental district calculating-machine stations
are expected to be set up during the period 1960-1961
so that the experience of the organization of these
stations and their operation may be widely spread in
all regions and repu blics.
Electronic Computing Centers
An important role will be played by the computing
centers, which are being established chiefly on the
basis of electronic techniques. The computing centers
will be able to serve not one but several enterprises,
organizations and offices which will be chosen not so
much on the .basis of territorial proximity as similarity
of the work to be done. There are computing centers
in the state planning committee, the USSR Academy
of Sciences, and centers are being or will be established
at large enterprises within the system of the Railway
Communications Department, leading designing organizations, statistical bodies and large research and
educational establishments.
Personnel
Mechanization of accounting and statistical work in
the national economy is unthinkable without adequately trained personnel, of which we now have a
definite shortage. This shortage is most evident in the
training of mechanizing accounting experts. The
training plans are insufficiently coordinated with the
output of calculating machines. Too few highlyqualified specialists are being trained for the maintenance and manufacture of accounting machines.
Special attention must be given to the quality of
the training. An interesting experiment in combining study at the institute with work at the Central
Calculating-Machine Station of the Central Statistical
Board has been carried out by the Moscow Institute
of Economics and Statistics. Beginning with the
1959-60 academic year more than 100 first-year students
of this institute were enrolled at the Central Calculating-Machine Station of the Central Statistical Board
of the USSR. The students worked in their particular
specialties, and in the course of the academic year
12
learned to operate adding, computing, and punchcard machines. This method ensures the training of
specialists well versed in practical work.
Planners, operators and mechanics are now being
trained, and bookkeeping personnel instructed, in
mechanized accounting in courses sponsored by the
personnel department of the Central Statistical Board
of the USSR.
Exchange of Experience
A most important prerequisite today is an exchange
of experience in mechanizing accounting work. It is
essential to publish more books on the subject, and to
study more profoundly, experiences obtained and
summarize the results.
Incentive Payments
People working on the mechanization of accounting
and statistics must focus their attention on raising the
economic effect of mechanization. It is important in
this respect to reorganize the stations as fully selfsupporting units. Draft plans provide for incentive
payments to administrative and engineering personnel
employed at self-supporting calculating machine factories and stations. The latter are exempted from
registration in financial bodies which stipulate staffs
and payrolls of operators of calculating machines and
mechanisms. At these calculating installations the
regulations for determining the payroll are the same
as the industrial enterprises, that is, on the basis of
the actual volume of work done.
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Predicted Quantities and Effects by 1965
At the close of 1965 the number of calculating
machines in the USSR will total more than 500,000
units. By then there will be 40 calculating machines
per 100 accounting personnel. This will make it possible, before the completion of the Seven-Year Plan,
to release about 300,000 accounting workers with an
annual wage fund of two billion rubles, which is
roughly the cost of all the calculating machines (minus
the electronic computers) to be produced during the
seven-year plan. When these machines are available,
the possibility will arise of solving the basic task,
namely, of organizing accounting and statistics in the
country on the basis of an extensive network of calculating-machine stations equipped with modern techniques and linked from top to bottom with modern
means of communication.
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"In mathematics alone, "
each generation
builds a new
story to the
old structure,"
IBM mathematicians and programmers are doing work
today that will still have meaning years from now.
They are, for example, teaching computers to work out
proofs for theorems in Euclidean geometry. They are
applying new techniques to problems in symbolic logic
originally outlined by Russell and Whitehead. They are
crossing into frontier territory in the fields of automatic
storage ,allocation ... design automation ... multi-programming ... lexical processing ... and in almost every other
area of applied and applications programming.
I
1961
IBM regards programming and programming research as
essential to its future growth. At IBM, mathematicians and
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
programmers have at their disposal the machine time they
need for the full development of their ideas. And they have
before them unusual opportunity for professional growth
and personal advancement.
If you'd like to know more about the stimulating and rewarding work at IBM, we'd like to hear from you. All
applicants for employment will be considered without
regard to race, creed, color or national origin. Write to:
Manager of Te8hnical Employment
IBM Corporation, Dept. 539K
590 Madison Avenue
New York 22, N. Y.
IBM
. -
COMPVTERS and
AVTO~[ATIO~
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Hospital Service Association of Wes~ern
PCIIDsylvania, Union Trust Bldg, PittS·
burgh, POl
~Ioore, Joan / Sen Prgmr, . . . / ABI' /
'36, Univ of Pittsburgh, '58, prgm.r
Zack, William W / Mgr, Electromc Data
Prcg, . . . / ABLP / '30, Univ of Pittsburgh, Grad schl, '57, systems analyst
IU:\I Corp, 112 E Post Rd, White Plains,
NY
Hellier, Roherl W / Mgr, Corporate Log~cal
Systems Standards, ... / ABDL}~P I. 20,
Albion, ',19, - / numerous publIcatlOns
Goldfinger, Roy / Project Coordinator,
Busincss Languages, . . . / ABLMP,
prgmg standards, automatic prgrng / '25,
N Y Univ, '52, - / creator of NYU Compiler, 705 Autocoder, Commercial Translator, Chairman Language Structure
Group of CODASYL
Grad, Burton / Project Coordinator, . . .
/ ABLI' / '28, RI'I, '54, - / CODASYL
Systems Comm
Kogon, Rainer / Sen Prgmr, ... / ABL~II'
/ '29, Rice Univ, '55, . .
Smith, Howard J, Jr / Prgmg SpeCIalIst, ...
/ ALMP, Standards / '25, RPI, '52, - /
Applen of Curvefitting Techniques to Jet
Engine Design, A Short Study of Notation Efficiency
Williams, Francis A, Jr / Sen Methods
Prgmr, . . . / ABLMP, Standards / '.32,
Holy Cross, '56, - / author: H.andlIng
Identificrs as Internal Symbols m Language Processors
.\dams, Verna ~I / Dig Comptr Prgmr,
Commodity Credit Corp, 500 South Ervay,
Dallas, Tex / P / '27, Rio Vista High
School, '58, prgmg
Albright, H C / Prgmr, Chicago Bridge &.:
Iron Co, 1305 W 105 St, Chicago 43, III
/ AMP / '33, lIT, '59
. .
Alford, Cecil 0 / Res Engr, Ra(hatlOn, Inc,
Box 690L Orlando, Fla / AE~r / 'g:l,
Georgia Tech, '56, elec engr / Puhlished
The Application of Digital Computers to
Root-LoClls Analysis
Allen, :\Iaj Lester R / Chief, Mach Sen's
Div, AF Special Comm Center, San Antonio, Tcx / ALP / '19, Henderson State
Teachers ColI, '49, comptr sys admstrtr
.\llman, William B / Spec Serv Engr, Engr
Dept, E I du Pont de Nemours & Co,
Wilmington, Del / ADMP, engrg data
prcg / '27, Univ of Del, MBA Wharton
Grad schl, '59, prof engr
Alstad, Dr Charles D / Lab Dir, Computations Research Laboratory, 1707 Bldg,
The Dow Chemical Company, Midland,
~Iich / engrg, scientific comp~tations,
optimization / '23, Univ of Mmn, '54,
chem engr / Publns clunn of Machine
Computations COll1lll of Amer Inst of
Chem Engrs
Andrews, L / Analyst, Prgrmr, American
~Iaclline &.: Foundry Co, II Bruce PI,
Greenwich, Conn / AMP / '31, Hofstra
CoIl, '55, mathematician
Apt, Sanford R, Jr / Pllblcn~ COOl:dinator,
Sperry Gyroscope Co, :\Ianne DIV, Syosset, N Y / tech pub lens engrg / '27, Stevens Inst of Tech, Queens Coll (BS), '52,
Bataller, Jose Penalva / Sen Mathemat,
Jose Penalva Bataller, Avda Marques De
Campo 16-1, Avda Republica Argentina
/ B\f / '30, -, -, business
Bate, Michael / Comptr Prgmr, Wolf Research and Development Corp, Bedford,
Mass / space projects, tracking, executive
routines, interrupt routines / '38, Harvard, '58, comptr prgmr
Bauer, Fred / Mgr, Market Analysis, BCIldix, 5630 Arbor Vitae, Los Angeles, Calif
/ market analysis / '26, Marquette, '51, Baumann, R W / Mgr, RCA, 45 Wall St,
NYC / B / '28, MBA, '60, Bednar, J F / Mgr, Electronic Data Prcg
Services, Thompson Ramo Wooldridge,
Inc, 23555 Euclid Ave, Euclid 17, Ohio /
ABLMP / '16, 'Vestern Reserve Univ,
'52, mgr
Beinhocker, Gilbert D / Prod Mgr, Epsco,
Inc, 27.1 Mass Ave, Cambridge, Mass /
ADL:\I / '32, Univ of Penn, '55, physicist
Bennett, LCDR Arthur King, Jr / Deputy
Head, Navy Information Center and Assistant for Operations Analysis, U S Navy,
Office of Chief of Naval Operations, op:135, Washington 25, D C / '21, II S
Naval Academy and U S :\faval Postgraduate selll, -, naval oUirer / Operatiolls
Res Society, American Soc of Photogrammetry, \Vash Operations Rcs Council
Bennett, Richard K / Pres, Data Processing,
Inc, 1334 Main St, Waltham, Mass /
ABLMP / '26, MIT, '55, consultant
Berardo, Joseph P / System and Methods
Suprvsr, Belock Instrument Corp, 111-01
14th Ave, College Point 56, L I, N Y /
ABCDELMPS, market and res / '23,
Eastman, '41, system & methods suprvsr
Bernhard, R D / Mgr, Data Procg, Bell
Helicopter Co, POBox 482, Fort Worth
1, Tex / ABP / '28, Pennsylvania State
Univ, '53, dir methods and engrg, Intn'l
Textbook Co
Birkel, George, Jr / Assoc Res Engr, Radiation, Incorporated, Melbourne, Fla /
AD:\I, teaching / '20, UNC, '53, mathematien, concepts physicist / Patent applictns and papers in hybrid computing
devices, and digital transducers
Bittmal1n, Bruno / Engr, Zuse KG, Bad
Hersfc1d, Wehncherger St rafe ·1 / ES /
'28, Rad-Tech Inst, Vienna, '59, export
mgr
Blattner, Donald J / Technd Staff Mhr,
RCA Laboratories, Princeton, N J / EL
/ '25, Columbia Univ, '57, res engr /
various publications
Bloomer, John H / Engr, Nortronics, Hawthorne, Calif / ABDLMP / '3-1, Univ of
Louisville, '57, logic design
Bosch, Robert E / consultant, Booz-Allen &.:
Hamilton, 380 Madison Ave, New York
17, N Y / ABP / '20, NYU, '54, EOI'
consultant / various articles and talks
Bowman, Ivan L / Mathematician and Senior Prgmr, Data Processing and Computing Branch, Edwards AFB, Calif / ARMP,
prgmg sys des / '34, Ohio Wesleyan Univ
(BA), Ohio State Univ (MS), '57, USAF
(Reserve) / Charmn of 704 SURGE Subcommittee of SHARE
Boyell, Roger L / Sen Engr, Sperry Gyroscope Co, Great Neck, L I, N Y / specialpurpose signal procg systems / ':SI, -,
';')2, systems analyst / variety of tech papers in several informat.ioll PIO(('SSllIg
fields
Brimley, Dale B / Jr Prglllr, Thiokol Chelllical Corporation, Utah Div, Brighalll City,
Utah / P, actuarial applcns / '26, UCLA,
'59, prgmr
Brown, Capt Gordon J / Head, Operations
Analysis and Data, lJ S Navy, Office of
Chief of Naval Operations, Op-335, Washington 25, D C / colllmand and control
systems, informatioll retrieval, military
applcns / '18, Brown Univ, '60, l1\'al
officer
lite
Balint, Francis J / systems coordinator /
Gulf Res and Development Co, POBox
2038, Pittsburgh :30, Penna / A, systems,
compilers / '32, Univ of Pittsburgh, '54,
systclIls analyst
B:n:r('lt. 7\lary Elizabeth / Dig Comptr
I'rgllll', Statistical Services Directorate,
I k:ldqllartcrs Air Training Command.
11,<;,\1:, Randolph Air Force Base, Tex /
1.1' / ':.!~I, Uni\" of lIouston, :\"ixon Clay
Blls CoIl, '(jO,-
l!ltil
(:( )\ll'llTERS mill :\ UTOMATION for October, 1961
Il i 1.Ijor
)Orl
llllC
ll,(,S
('II·
Ii IIg
WHO'S WHO IN THE
COMPUTER FIELD
From time to time we bring up
to date our "Who's Who in thc
Computer Field." We are currently
asking all computer people to fill
in thc following Who's Who Entry
Form, and send it to us for their
free listing in the Who's Who that
we publish from time to time in
Computers and Automation. We
are often asked questions about
computer people-and if we have
up to date information in our file,
we can answer those questions.
If you are interested in the computer field, please fill in and send
us the following Who's Who Entry
Form (to avoid tearing the magazine, the form may be copied on
any piece of paper).
Name? (please print) ..................... .
Your Address? ................................... .
Your Organization? ....................... .
I ts Address? ....................................... .
Your
Your
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
Title? ....................................... .
Main Computer Interests?
) Applications
) Business
) Construction
) Design
) Electronics
) Logic
) lVlathcmatics
) Programming
) Sales
) Othcr (specify):
Year of birth? ................................... .
Col1ege or last school? ................... .
Year cntered the computer field? ... .
Occupation? ..................................... .
Anything else? (publications, distinctions, etc.) .................................. ..
\Vhcn you have filled in this
entry form please send it to: Who's
\l\1ho Editor, Computers and Automation, 815 ,1\1ashington Street,
Newtonville 60, Mass.
27
Buckley, P H / Computer Applns Analyst,
The McBee Company, Ltd, 12302 Jasper
Ave, Edmonton, Alberta, Can / ABMP /
'36, Univ of Alberta, '57, computer serv
bureau mgr, tech advisor to computer
salesmen
Burdick, Ralph L / Instructor, Remington
Rand Univac, 19 St & W Allegheny Ave,
Phila 29, Pa / S, recruiting / '22, -, '58,
teaching and recruiting for Rem Rand
Univac
Burgeson, John W / Systems Engr, IBM
Corp, 340 S Broadway, Akron 8, Ohio /
S, managemnt science applcns / '31, Carnegie Inst of Technology, '57, aid in dev
of IBM comptr applcns for specific customers / Publications: Production Line
Balancing, Information Retrieval, Two
Dimensional Trim, Dynamic Programing
Burke, Morton H / Electronic Engr, Electronic Associates, Inc, 185 Monmouth
Park Highway, W Long Branch, N J /
CDE / '25, Rutgers Univ, '55, electronic
engr
Burkitt, Michael, Jr / Sen Prgmr Analyst,
System Development Corp, Stewart AFB,
N Y / P, air defense / '.33, NYU, '57, Byrne, George Dennis / Grad Asst, Cyclone
Computer Lab, Iowa State Univ, Ames,
Iowa / AM / '33, Iowa State Univ, '55,
numerical analyst, prgmr
Campbell, Lt Col John P / Chief, Res and
Review Div, Gunnery, Cannon, Rocket
Dept, US Army Artillery and Missile
School, Fort Sill, Okla / ACDMP, monitoring tactical computer developments /
'14, Univ of Detroit, '59, - / Bronze Star,
Pacific Campaign :Medal with one Battle
Star, Korean Campaign ~fcdal with four
Battle Stars
Cheydleur, Benjamin F / Engineering Staff,
Philco Computer Div, Tioga and "C"
Sts, Phila 34, Pa / ])~IP / -, lJniv of
'Visconsin, George 'Vashington Univ, '43,
- / participated in the planning of three
major solid-state computer designs and
authored and co-authored papers published in the computer field
Cohen, Ernest B / Tech Staff, Auerbach
Electronics Co, 1634 Arch St, Phila 3, Pa
/ AB~fP / '32, Cornell Univ, '56, systems
engrg
Colen, Paul / ~Ianager, COBOL, Minneapolis-Honeywell EIec Data Processing
Div / -, Northwestern Univ (BA), US
Armed Forces Inst, Naval Reserve Officers' school, Univ of Calif, Claremont
Call, '50 / corporate representative on the
COBOL Maintenance Comm, Conference
of Data Systems Languages (CODASYL)
Conner, Mary Lou / Data Processing Officer, US Naval Air Station, Alameda, Calif
/ ABI' / '18, Morris Harvey Call, '54,
701-702-705 installation at Aviation Supply Office. Phila, Pa
Coryell, Nora / Mathematician, RamoWooldridge Corp, 8433 Fal1ln'ook Ave,
Canoga Park. Calif / A~IP / '20, Univ
of Toronto, '5G, math prgmr
Craft, Clifford J / ~lgT, ~ranagement Controls Dept, Peat, l\larwick, ?\litchell &
Co, 70 Pine St, New York 5, N Y / ABMP
/ '25, Wharton School, Univ of Penna,
'49, management consultant / Three patents for electronic switching inventions
used in computing equipment, numerous
publications
Crane, Roger R / Principal in Charge, Div
of Management Sciences, Touche, Ross,
Bailey & Smart, 80 Pine St, New York 5,
NY
Dalton, Edward Francis / Methods Analyst,
Minneapolis Honeywell Regulator Co,
Datamatic Div, 261 Madison Ave, New
York 16, N Y / - / '22, Manhattan CoIl
(BBA), New York Univ (MBA), 2R
Danziger, Erwin M / Mgr, Applications
Services Dept, RCA Sweden AB, Sveavagen 13-15, Stockholm C, Sweden /
ABPS, advanced business compilers /
'28, Univ of North Carolina (BS, MBA),
'56, EDP system analyst and administrator
Day, Elmer C / Systems Engr, RCA, Cam~en, N J / ABEP / '30, Harvard Univ,
:13, engr
Derby, Royce C / Major, USAF, Data Processing & Computing Branch, Air Force
Flight Test Center, Edwards AFB, Calif
/ ALMP / '22, Columbia Univ, '54,
mathematician
Diamond, George E / prgmr, Pan American
World Airways, Guided Missile Range
Div, Patrick Air Force Base, Fla / P /
'29, La Salle Univ, '58, IBM 650 and
1401 prgmr
Ehrenberg, Dennis F / Prgmr, National Associated Mills, Inc, 1I55 Morehead St,
Memphis, Tenn / ABP / '34, Univac
Scientific 1103A and 1105 Systems Training, '59, systems prgmr
Eide, Karl / Sen Mathematician, Johns
Hopkins Univ, Applied Physics Lab,
Silver Springs, Md / AP / '23, Univ of
Wisconsin, '57, operation research analyst
Einhorn, Sheldon J / Member, Tech Staff,
Auerbach Electronics Corp, 1634 Arch
St, Phila, Pa / A / '29, Univ of Penna,
'56, mathematical analyst
Eisenberg, Albert J / Mgr, Data Processing
Dept, Bache & Co, 36 Wall St, New York
5, N Y / ABP / '16, Long Island Univ,
'3R, - / conducted "AMA" Seminars on
computer and computer applications
Eisiminger, Charles I / Project Engr, IBMFSD Command Control Center, Neighborhood Rd, Kingston, N Y / Systems /
'17, Finlay Engineering ColI, '57, systems
engr / co-author of "Bit-by-Bit Input
Processing for a Real Time Digital Computer" presented at AlEE winter meeting, 1961
Ellis, Peter V / Mgr, Central Programming
Serv, International Computers and Tabulators, Ltd, Putney Bridge House, Putney
Bridge Approach, SW 6 / AMP / '23,
Manchester Grammer, '52, Enslein, Kurt / Vice Pres, Dir of Research,
Brooks Research, Inc, POBox 271, East
Rochester, N Y / DEL, Bionics / '24,
Lycee Janson de Sailly, France (BEE),
'.1.-1, electronic scientist / Member AlEE,
sen mbr IRE, various contributions to
scientific magazines
Erbrich, R L / Mgr, Machine Acctg, Pitman-~Ioore Co, 1200 Madison Ave, Indianapolis, Ind / AL, operations research
/ '29, Indiana Univ, -, accountant
Ferguson, Frank E / Asst to Vice Pres,
Planning, Baird-Atomic, Inc, 33 University Rd, Cambridge, Mass / AD, Automated Input Devices / '26, MIT, '59,
industrial management
Ferro, Louis H / Sen Systems Spec, M W
Kellogg, 711 3rd Ave, New York, N Y /
AB / '29, NYU, '54, Field, Melvin D / Consultant, Melvin D
Field, 755 Boylston St, Boston 16, Mass /
ABDP, system analysis, advanced planning, system marketing / '27, Harvard
Univ, '54, ~
Finerman, Dr Aaron / Mgr, Dig Computing
& Data Processing Div, Republic Aviation
Corp, Farmingdale, N Y / ABLMP, management of computing center / '25, City
Call of N Y, MIT, '55, - / Tau Beta
Pi, Sigma Xi
Freidenreich, Barry / Prgmr, The Service
Bureau Corp, 635 Madison Ave, New
York 22, N Y / ABMP, statistics / '38,
CCNY (IH), Columbia Univ (graduate),
'59, prgmr
Gantner, Donald W / Assoc Dir, Space
Technology Laboratories, Inc, 2·100 East
El Segundo Blvd, El Segundo, Calif /
AMP / '24, Monmouth Call, '49, prgmg
Gates, R P / Acting Supervisor, Systems
Engrg, Dorsett Electronics, 119 W Boyd
St, Norman, Okla / DLMP / '32, Univ
of Oklahoma, '56, electronic engr
Gerber, Thomas / Consultant, Booz-Allen
& Hamilton, 135 S LaSalle, Chicago, III
/ ABMP / '25, Northern State Teachers,
'54, consulting
Gerberich, C L / Development Engr, IBM,
Poughkeepsie, N Y / ADM!' / '30, Univ
of Tenn, '52, mathematician / various
publications
Gigh, Raymond J / Asst Field Off Mgr,
Pure Carbonic Div, Air Reduction Co,
Inc, 39 McClellan St, Newark, N J /
BP / '26, Pace, NYC, '60, present IB;\I
card installation and proposed 1401 system 1961
Gilbert, John Burns / Prod Planner, RCA,
EDP, Camden 2, N J / ABDP, consulting
/ '31, NYU, '56, EDP product planning
/ Pres, Delaware Valley chapter AC~1
Giuliano, Vincent E / Staff Mbr, Arthur
D Little, Inc, 35 Acorn Pk, Cambridge,
Mass / AMP / '29, Harvard (PhD), '52,
UDEC / over 15 publications
Grate, W 0 / Applcns Engr, G E Company, Phoenix, Ariz / ABPS / '22,
Georgia State Call of Bus Adm, '56, field
consultant and customer applcns engr
Greenfield, Virgil / App Science Prgmr I,
Calif Div of Highways, POBox 1499,
Sacramento 7, Calif / LMP / '34, Sacramento State, '60, prgmr
Greenwood, James 'V / Instructor, IB~I
Corp, 99 Park Ave, New York, N Y /
education, consulting, program develop·
ment / '32, NYU, '50, instructor
Hale, Fred / Gen Office Coordinator, Caterpillar, Peoria, III / AMP, training / '28,
-, '57, internal consulting
Hamrick, George L / Section Leader, System Development Corp, 5821 Columbia
Pike, Falls Church, Va / ABLMP / '30,
Univ of Va, '56, computer systems spec
Hattery, Lowell H / Dir, Center for Technology and Administration Studies, American Univ, 1901 F St, NW, Washington 6,
D C / AB / '16, American Univ, '55,
professor / various articles in field
Hayden, Joseph / Operations Research Officer, U S Air Force, Armed Services Tech
Info Agency, Arlington Hall Station, Arlington, Va / A / '02, N Y Univ, American Univ, '59, operations research / booklets: The Role of Management Consultants
in Automation, Feasibility of Scheduling
Basic Research, Management of Research
Hayes, R / Systems Engr, IB~I, New
Haven, Conn / MPS / '36, Wesleyan
Univ, '58, tech consultant
Head, R V / Senior Planning Rep, IB~r,
590 Madison Ave, New York, N Y / ABI>,
real-time data processing / '29, George
Washington Univ, '56, advanced systems
Heines, J ~I H / Senior Project Engr, Can
Aviation Electra Lines, POBox 2030,
Montreal 9, Can / ADELM, flight simulators, radar simulators, fire control /
'23, McGill, '55, research officer / author
of many reports and articles
Heit, Paul/research analyst, The Prudential Ins Co of America, Newark, N J /
AM, operations research / '31, Columhia
Univ, '57, mathematician
Henry, Michael J / Senior Systems .\nalysl,
General Electric Co, P () Box !)HS. II unls
ville, Ala / '32, Spring Hill College. '5/i,
systems analyst / co·author "~lcchanii'a·
tion of Engineering Doculllentation"
COMPUTERS alld
AUTO~IATIOi\'
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3 DISTANT COMPUTER ROOMS UNIFIED BY MICROWAVE
I
North American Aviation, Inc.
Los Angeles 45, California
A communication line that is bouncing
machine language off big "dishes" on top of a
mountain has begun operation at three divisions of this company.
This party line, which handles words
1500 times faster than a man can talk, is one
of the world's fastest and most reliable commercial applications of computer and microwave transmission equipment.
The 225,OOO-words-a-minute speed does
not become garbled even if all points on the
network talk at the same rate at the same
time.
The center of the microwave system is
Pacific Telephone's installation high atop
Oat Mountain, 8 miles north of the Rocketdyne Division. Magnetic tape signals from
all of the divisions in the network are
bounced off three Oat Mountain "dishes" -parabolic antennas -- and re-transmitted to
the desired computer rooms. The Autonetics
microwave leg is 38 miles; the Los Angeles
Oivision, 25. The Oat Mountain repeater
station is necessary due to line-of-sight
transmission requirements.
The transmission line links the computer
rooms of the Autonetics, Los Angeles, and
Rocketdyne divisions of North American Aviation. Also, the company's General Offices
near Los Angeles International Airport, and
two other divisions, Atomics International,
Canoga Park, Calif., and Space and Information Systems, Downey, Calif., have quick access to the line because of their close geographical location to the three central
points.
In addition to many commercial applications, the system is saving scientists and
engineers hundreds of hours in experimentation and testing time. Thousands of dollars
are being saved.
The network makes computer operations
more flexible and responsive to "crash program" requirements. If Rocketdyne's computers should be busy when a demand is put upon
them, the work load can be beamed to the Los
Angeles Division computers. If Los Angeles
is also busy, the load can be beamed to Autonetics faster than you can snap your fingers •
.This arrangement unifies the three computer
rooms.
The system was a joint effort by North
American Aviation, Inc., International Business Machines Corporation, and Bell Telephone
System.
G1
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
-- This shows the parabolic antenna
at the Los Angeles Division. The
eight-foot-dish is aimed at Oat
Mountain repeater station. -- .
9B
PROCESSING MAGNETIC INK CHECKS AT 20 PER SECOND
as ::
trar
ory
General Electric Computer Department
Deer Valley Park
Phoenix, Ariz.
This company has produced a new "second
generation" high-speed document handler for
faster and more accurate reading and sorting
of business papers. The new machine, using
magnetic ink character recognition (MICR),
was demonstrated at the opening session of
the annual meeting of the National Association of Bank Auditors and Controllers in Chicago in September.
printed in magnetic ink along the bottom of
bank checks and other business documents at
the rate of 240 inches per second, or some
1900 numbers per second.
The new machine is about 70 percent
faster than the "first generationU sorterreaders previously used with General Electric
computer systems. In addition, a reduction
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-- General Electric's new document handler, which reads and sorts documents
imprinted in magnetic ink at the rate of 1200 per minute, is viewed by the
inventor of the reading system. Dr. Kenneth R. Eldredge, staff scientist at
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif., standing left foreground,
on Sept. 12 was granted the 3,000,000th patent to be issued by the Patent
Office, U.S. Department of Commerce, in its 125 years history. The patent,
for an automatic reading system, assigned to General Electric, covers the
magnetic-ink character reader in General Electric document handlers now
used by major banks across the nation for electronic processing of checking
accounts.
The 12-pocket document handler will process standard MICR bank checks and other business documents six to eight inches in length
at the rate of 1200 per minute. An improved
magnetic-ink c~.aracter reader "r~ads" numbers
lOB
in mechanical parts by some 40 to 50 percent
increases reliability of the equipment, thus
reducing maintenance.
The new document handler is designed to
be used "on-line" with either the GE 210 or
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
co
on
,0
the GE 225 computer systems for complete processing of bank accounts, or it may be used
separately for "off-line" reading and sorting
of checks.
The cost of writing these instructions
for most machine tools previously has often
been prohibitive for all but the largest
metal working concerns.
r
y
n
'Y
This programming system is being used at
Rohr, where manufacturing cost savings of up
to two-thirds in the automatic production of
aircraft parts have resulted.
ne
1-
Numerical control of machine tools has
been practiced for some years in the aircraft
industry. But where large computers have been
unavailable, the manual preparation of machine
tool guidance instructions has been costly,
and sometimes impossible -- particularly when
the parts to be machined were of complex shape.
rar
ved
Hil
parts. A unique feature of the system is its
ability to guide the machine tool control devices of many different manufacturers. The
system will be available at all Univac Service
Centers.
The new program uses a part programmer's
manuscript, a simple statement of manufacturing information prepared from an engineering
drawing of the part. Cards are punched from
this manuscript and fed into the computer
where they are interpreted. Punched cards
used to control the machine tools are then
produced automatically by the computer.
Markets for the document handler will be
check sorting and reading, utility billing,
insurance processing, and other business
areas where reading and sorting of huge
amounts of paper presents a severe problem.
LOW-COST AUTOMATIC COMPUTER CONTROL
OF MACHINE TOOLS INTRODUCED
Remington Rand Univac Division
Sperry Rand Corp.
315 Park Ave. South
New York 110, N.Y.
High-speed computer techniques for automating production machinery have become available to small- and medium-sized metal working
concerns. A new, low-cost programming system
for controlling automatic machine tools has
been developed jointly by this company and
Rohr Aircraft Corp., Chula Vista, Calif. for
the Univac Solid-State UO and 90 computers.
The program greatly simplifies compiling of
complex instructions needed to guide numerically-controlled tools in the machining of
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
Using machine tool instructions prepared
on the computer, parts can be readily produced on what are known as "continuous path"
machines. The high speed of a computer permits the rapid definition and encoding of
thousands of instructions, enabling a machine
tool to mill out really complex contours.
Among the machines being guided automatically by computer-generated instructions at
Rohr are a Giddings and Lewis profiler, Morey
vertical profilers, Cincinnati skin mills, and
a Cincinnati traveling column. These machines
are used to shape a multitude of different
aircraft parts including blowout doors,
longerons, midspar fittings, and firewall
frames.
Some authorities have estimated that by
1970, 90 percent of machine tool production
will be accomplished by automatic controls.
lIB
HIGHLIGHTS OF THE NATIONAL CONFERENCE OF
THE ASSOCIATION FOR COMPUTING MACHINERY
LOS ANGELES, SEPT. 5-8, 1961
Phyllis Huggins
Bendix Computer Division
Los Angeles, Calif.
The 16th national conference of the Association for Computing Machiner~ in September
at Los Angeles, was attended by more than 2000
computer technologists and industry leaders.
It was the first ACM conference to include equipment exhibits, the first to be held
in a major hotel (instead of on a university
campus), and the first to indicate the ACM may
be interested in taking a place among sponsors
of large-attendance conferences. The society
was founded for those who practice the arts
and sciences of computer technology.
The attendance (which did not include 450
or more representatives of exhibitors), was
more than twice as large as the 1960 conference
in Milwaukee, and exhibitors reported heavy mld
consistent traffic through the 55-booth display area.
Sessions of all descriptions -- invited,
contributed, tutorial, and halls of discussion -- were almost uniformly well attended,
with "standing-room-onlY" conditions prevailing throughout the four-day program. In at
least one session, attendance was so heavy
that a "second audience" sat in a room adjacent to the main lecture room, listening to
the remarks via public address system.
In news conferences as well as in meeting
sessions, spokesmen for the computer field freely criticized areas of computer technology
and practice they found lacking, and freely
sketched vast new areas for computer training
and application.
Among some of the significant comments
were the following:
The General State of the Computer Art
Dr. Edward Feigenbaum (UC, Berkeley),
Dr. Willis Ware (RAND), and Dr. Aschler Opler
(Computer Usage Co.) spoke to the press on
the general state of the computer art, artificial intelligence, and co~puter languages.
Dr. Opler commented, "We have developed a
'tower of Babel' in computer languages. We
now have about 100 different languages, and
we're beginning to develop dialects for each!'
He said the lack of some degree of standardizatiofr is likely to be a maj~r obstacle in
the growth of computer applications. "If all
the computer programming systems that are in
12B
progress now or scheduled for development are
completed, it will take 3500 man-years."
Dr. Feigenbaum said that progress in information processing is as important as progress
in space explorationj he referred to Russia's
declared determination to concentrate on this
field in the next decade. "It is essential
that the United States retain the lead it now
has in this field." As to artificial intelligence, Dr. Feigenbaum noted that while we have
produced a "couple of talented checker players,
we still have a long, long way to go in this
field." The panel said that only 36 persons
in the United States are engaged in projects
aimed at producing intelligent behavior in
computers. Dr. Ware said that with an adequate thinking machine, we would not have to
send a man on the initial flight to the moon.
He said that he looked ahead to the time when
computers might serve as "stand-ins" for industrial or governmental executives in time
of major emergency.
Computer Education
Fred Gruenberger, RAND Corp. scientist
and educator, predicted the need for more
than 10,000 teachers of computer training in
U.S. high schools within five years. He noted
that only 35 high schools in the nation now
provide such training in computer usage (not
operation). Dr. R. W. Hamming, Bell Telephone Labs, talking on computer education,
pOinted out that "the greatest mathematical
contributions in history have been made by
mathematicians who averaged 19 years of age
when they achieved their findings. Teenagers
are excellent candidates for computer training."
Operating Large Organizations
M. O. Kappler, president of System Development Corp. and ACM luncheon speaker,
told a capacity audience that "we're doing a
sloppy job of operating big organizations in
this country." He called for vastly improved
information-processing systems and techniques,
based on a thorough study of "what the user
really wants and needs, and not on a warmedover adaptation of what is already available."
The computer field, he said, is suffering
from "too many 'programmers' programmers,'
and too few programs tailored specifically
to do the user's work."
Another spokesman, Robert S. Barton,
consultant, went farther in his views of industry needs, claiming that "we're too conservative and too willing to pick up the
other guy's idea and adapt it. The truth is,
there has been no really outstanding contribution to theory since the work of Charles
Babbage 100 years ago." He said the socalled computer revolution may be ended un-
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
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less the industry and scientific leaders devote themselves to honest research, not that
which is tied to business applications or
military crash programs. "A lot of fast computers is not enoughj we should think in terms
of new devices for specialized applications
instead of trying to fit the general-purpose
computer to virtually all applications," he
said.
Evidence of the concern of other professions with computer techniques was shown in
several sessions. Evidence that "computer
people are no longer talking to just computer
people," was found in the Hall of Discussion
on Medical Uses of Computers, which drew an
audience of doctors, members of research
foundations, and hospital staffs.
Operating Systems
In the same discussion, Jackson Granholm
reviewed some of the uneconomic, unusual applications of computers "which have no apparent
obvious value, but which hold promise for the
future." He described projects in music composition and translation, textile design, and
simulation. Gerhard Reitz of Thompson RamoWooldridge discussed their work in revisions
of Russian-to-English dictionaries, which have
importance in projects to use computers to
translate Soviet technical journals. He remarked that "we now translate about a thousandth of one percent of all Russian technical
writing."
Computers and Medicine
Charles Roach of SDC and Raymond Lake of
Long Beach Memorial Hospital talked on computers and medicine, and predicted great
strides in achieving central data processing
systems for hospitals and research centers.
Lake said that his hospital will begin a computer system within 10 months, and that the
hospital will have a fully integrated computer
processing system within five years, in a program designed to include research and laboratory data, business records, patient medical
records, drug inventory control, hospital
"population" scheduling, and even diagnostic
aids. Roach described his work as head of
Project MEDIC. He said that good progress has
been made in computerizing medical research
results, but that very little is being done
in other areas, such as machine-handling of
patient medical records and diagnostic-aiding
information. He felt that a major obstacle
is "teaching the computer to talk medical
language," but predicted significant accomplishments in this area within the next 12
months.
Reed Lawler, patent attorney and chairman of the special committee on electronic
data retrieval for the American Bar Association, substituted at the last minute for invited speaker Lionello Lombardi, UCLA. He
spoke on: information technology and the lawj
the progress to datej problems coming in the
future as related to retrieval, logic, and
prediction of decisionsj and his own work in
the mathematical theory of patent claim
analysis.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
A panel sponsored by JUG (Joint Users
Group) discussed operating systems for large
scale systems. The experience and recommendations of various user groups were presented.
It was unanimously recommended that manufacturers should provide a basic operating system
with the first programming system. This would
establish ground rules for compatibility of
future systems. In one case 13 systems of one
manufacturer have been delivered and there are
eight different operating systems in use. This
is regrettable.
Operating systems were felt to be essential to the management of large computer installation. The experience of one group
showed that in some well-run installations,
adequate operating systems had reduced idle
machine time from 50% to 5%.
Mathematical Analysis
Dr. Robert Rector, co-chairman of the
local program committee, remarked that the
committee had perhaps underestimated the
interest that continues in basic mathematics,
because response to the session on mathematical analysis was considerably beyond capacity.
ANALOG-DIGITAL CONVERTER MAKES
15,000 VOLTAGE READINGS PER SECOND
Non-Linear Systems, Inc.
San Diego, Calif.
A new, very accurate, and versatile
analog-to-digital converter that makes 15,000
complete vol~age readings per second has been
developed by this company.
Called the Model 5000, it has an overall
accuracy of %0.01% plus one digit.
This converter has been designed for applications such as: missile checkoutj computersj data reductionj wind tunnel researchj and
any other uses where reliability, speed, and
accuracy are of extreme importance.
13B
pr:
StU
PROGRAMMED LEARNING:
AREAS PROGRAMMED,ACCORDING TO A SURVEY
G. G. Dupee
Director, Home Study Development
Encyclopaedia Britannica Films
Wilmette, Ill.
The purpose of the survey reported here
(closing date August, 1961) was to ascertain
what areas of learning were being programmed,
how much of this was being done under institutional supervision, how much of it on an individual basis.
A questionnaire was sent to approximately
SOO people, of whom 187 responded. No effort
was made to ascertain whether the programming
was "linear" or "branching", etc., though responses would indicate that 9S% of what was
reported seemed to be "linear".
One conclusion to be drawn from the survey is the need for some agency to serve as a
clearing-house for isolated individuals, often
working in the same area, but unaware of each
other's activities. 7S% of the responses
covered individual, not institutional programming.
The following summary indicates only:
the areas in which there is or has been programming; the number of programs in a given
area (in parentheses following the subject);
and those programs indicated as being available commercially (marked with an asterisk*).
No particular effort is made to indicate
school level of programming.
Programmed Areas -- August 1961
Ablative, Absolute
Accounting (3)
Adding Directed Numbers
~"Algebra (S)
Algebra Boolean, Computer Oriented
*Algebra, Review (2)
Anatomy, Gross
*Areas of Rectangles
*Arithmetic, Elementary (6)
Arithmetic, for Retarded Children (2)
*Arithmetic of Computers
Art Appreciation
Audio Visual Course
Auto Instruction
Bacteria Populations & Evolution
Ballistic Missile Warning Systems
Behavior Analysis
Bendix G-lS Computer Operation
Binary Numbers
Biology (2)
*Bridge, Elements of
*Uridge, Advanced Bidding
Uusiness Math
14B
*Calculus (3)
Cell Metabolism
*Chemistry (4)
*Chess (2)
Cpinese, Mandarin
COBOL, Instructions
*College Mathematics
Communications
Computer Programming (3)
Computing the Cost of Wood
Counseling, Introduction to
Critical Reading
Dental Health
Dimensional Analysis
Education of Mentally Retarded, Graduate
Theory & Research
Educational Psychology (Teacher Training)
Educational Tests and Measurements (3)
~'Electrici ty, Fundamental s of (2)
*Electronics (4)
Engineering, Traveling-Wave
English, College Freshman
English, Elementary
English, Modern Usage
English, Remedial
Filing
Fingering the Clarinet
Flight Characteristics of F-Bolii
Fortran Programming
*Fractions, What, Why, How?
~:'French (6)
*French, Phonetics
French, Spelling
General Science
General Science & Arithmetic for Deaf
Genetics
Geometric Theorems
~:·Geometry. Analytic (3)
~. Geometry. Plane
~·Geometry, Solid
*German, Elementary & Advanced (4)
~:'Grammar (4)
~. Hebrew, Modern
Heredity
How to Read Dress-Making Patterns
*How to Read a Micrometer
How to Read a Resistor
*How to Use a Slide Rule
Human Development, College Level
Humanities
IBM 83 Sorter
Industrial Chemistry
Industrial Relations
Industrial Relations Plans
Interval Sequence
Italian
Kinetic Theory of Gases
~'Latin (3)
~:'Law, Contrac t
Learning, Theories of
Library Usage
Life Insurance
Light {; Color
Logic (3)
Logic, Symbolic (2)
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
be
of
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Management Control
Mathematical Bases for Management Decision
Making
Matrices
Mechanical Engineering
Medical Education, Years I & 2
Meiosis
Mentally Retarded -- Discriminative Concepts for Pre-School & Mentally
Retarded
Meter Reading
Methods of Science
Miniature Geometry
Molecular Solutions
Molecular Theory
"cMusic (4)
Nature and Nurture of Abilities
Neuroanatomy (2)
Number Systems
Old Testament
Paristology
*Parliamentary Procedure
Patents
Perceptual-Motor Skills
*Permutation
Personnel Management
Pharmacology
Phonetics, Elementary
Photography
Photosynthesis
Phy sic s (3)
Physiology
Populations
Principles of Human Learning
Probability (2)
Programmed Learning, Principles of
Psychological Tests & Measurements
*Psychology (3)
Psychology, Educational
Psychotherapy, Human Feedback Theory
Punctuation
Quinary Numbers
Reading Development
Reading, Elementary (2)
Reading
Reading, Non-Oral
Religion
Religious Education
Remedial Reading
Roman Numerals
*Russian (S)
Russian, on Military Topics
Safety U)
Science, Elementary (2)
Science, Mathematics for
School Administration
*Sets, Function, Relations
*Signed Numbers
Social Studies (2)
Space Biology
*Spanish (S)
*Spelling (6)
*Squaring Two-Digit Numbers Ending in S
)::Statistics (S)
Statistical Inference
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
Structural Linguistics
Study Skills (2)
Teacher Education
):cTime Telling
Transistor Theory
*Trigonometry (3)
*Trouble Shooting Strategy
United Nations
Vacuum Tubes
*Vocabulary (3)
)::Word Building
Work and Machines
*Available Commercially
INCREASED SALES OF
ELECTRONIC BUSINESS MACHINES EXPECTED
The Value Line Investment Survey
Arnold Bernhard & Co., Inc.
S East 44th St.
New York 17, N.Y.
After several years of costly research
and development, manufacturers of electronic
business machines are now expected to begin
reaping the benefits from their electronic
undertakings. An increasing volume of new
orders has been coming in from the armed
forces as well as from commercial customers
throughout most of the world; and many manufacturers now hold large order backlogs.
The electronics divisions of most business machines companies are likely to experience robust improvement in their financial
results, and the prospective earnings uptrend
may well extend through the next three to
five years.
The outlook for conventional business
machines is less attractive. The past year
has been a difficult one for this segment of
the industry partly due to the general business recession and to an industry-wide excess
productive capacity in typewriters.
Now that general business activity is
moving upward again, demand for standard
office equipment will probably improve soon.
Historically, demand for such equipment generally has increased notably six to twelve
months after an overall economic upturn.
Heightened demand could lead to an improvement in the industry's price structure, although over-capacity remains a disturbing
factor.
15B
ENTRY INTO THE PUNCH CARD
ELECTRONIC COMPUTER BUSINESS
Burroughs Corp.
Detroit 32, Mich.
This company in September announced its
entry into the punched card electronic computer business, putting the company into competition for the largest single block of the
billion-dollar-a-year market for automatic
business data processing equipment.
The program includes a new family of four
solid-state computer systems, an expanded customer training program, a sizeable increase in
the company's U.S. data processing sales and
technical support force, and a manufacturing
program including four plants in Detroit,
Mich., and Pasadena, Calif.
The basic punched card unit, in the new
Burroughs B200 series, is a "workhorse computer", the B260, which will increase productivity significantly in medium and large-scale
punched card applications.
The new series includes also the B280, a
magnetic tape unit, and the B250, which includes a hard-copy record processor in addition to punched-card handling equipment.
A fourth unit in the series, introduced
earlier this year, is the R270, particularly
suited to financial-data-processing applications because of its ability to accept documents encoded with magnetic ink as well as
punched cards.
Since 1946, there has been a succession
of events leading to the corporation's present
position in the automatic data processing
field. During this 15-year period, Burroughs
has had remarkable growth, increasing its annual revenue of $47 million in 1946 to a record $389 million in 1960. Employment worldwide rose from a 1946 level of 11,000 to
38,000 last year.
During the last decade alone, Burroughs
plants around the world have increased in
number from 9 to 37. Total assets have risen
from $73 to $334 millions. The company's
products are distributed in 82 countries.
In 1957, the company delivered the industry's first large-scale, sOlid-state computer system. It was installed at Cape
Canaveral for guiding the Atlas missile. A
number of such systems are now operational
in the Atlas program. These systems have
achieved a reliability record of 99.85 percent.
billion dollars worth of electronic computational equipment for defense and military
systems. Included are more than 100 computers
in the U.S. Air Force SAGE (Semi-Automatic
Ground Environment) continental air defense
system. The equipment, called the AN/FST-2,
is the chief building block for the continentwide radar and data processing network.
Burroughs is systems manager for the
ALRI (Airborne Long Range Input) program, the
seaward extension of SAGE. Some 40 tons of
radar site equipment are reduced to a size
and weight that can be airborne in ALRI patrol
aircraft. The company also supplies the stabilization data computer for the U.S. Navy
Polaris submarine project as well as the track
evaluation computer for the Army's Mauler mobile ground-to-air missile program.
In 1959, with the approval by the American Bankers Association of Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) as the common language of the industry, Burroughs produced the
BIOO sorter-reader, one of the fastest sorters
in operation.
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in
thi
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tel
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In 1960, Burroughs installed at the First
Pennsylvania Banking and Trust Company, Philadelphia, Michigan National Bank, Lansing, Mich.,
and the Federal Reserve Bank of Chicago, complete electronic financial data processing
systems.
Earlier this year the company announced a
new concept in electronic computing systems,
the B5000, which emphasizes solving the manmachine communication problem. The B5000 systems are designed specifically to work with
problem-oriented languages -- ALGOL (ALGOrithmic Language) and COBOL (Conunon Business Oriented Language). Remarkable ease of operation
and automatic internal self control in the
systems is accomplished by incorporation of
new techniques.
Also announced this spring was the B270
automatic proof and transit system for financial institutions, successor to the specialpurpose B301 magnetic document processing system included in the massive installations at
Philadelphia, Lansing and Chicago.
Earlier this year the company announced
commercial production and sale of thin film
memory planes.
In July, 1961, the company was named systems hardware manager for the North American
Air Defense (NORAD) combat operations center.
Burroughs has prime responsibility for development and construction of a giant electronics
command and control system for NORAD.
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Burroughs has researched, developed,
manufactured and delivered more than a half
1GB
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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1961
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Make over 200 Small Computing
and Reasoning Machines with .
0
ELECTRIC BRAIN
•
BRAINIAC
CONSTRUCTION
KIT
WHAT COMES WITH YOUR BRAINIAC® KIT? All 33 experiments from our original kit (1955), with
exact wiring templates for each one. All 13 experiments from the former Tyniac kit. 156 entirely new experiments with their solutions. Over 600 parts, as follows: 6 Multiple Switch Discs; Mounting Panel; 10 Flashli '5ht
Bulbs; 2 Multiple Socket Parts, each holding 5 bulbs; 116 Wipers, for making good electrical contact (novel design,
patented, no. 2848568) ; 70 Jumpers, for transfer contacts; 50 feet of Insulated Wire; Flashlight Battery; Battery
Box; nuts, bolts, sponge rubber washers, hard washers, screwdriver~ spintite blade, etc. ALSO: 256 page book,
"Brainiacs" by Edmund C. Berkeley, including chapters on: an introduction to Boolean Algebra for designing
circuits; "How to go from Brainiacs and Geniacs® to Automatic Computers"; complete descriptions of 201 experiments and machines; over 160 circuit diagrams; list of references to computer literature.
This kit is an up-to-the-minute introduction to the design of arithmetical, logical, reasoning, computing,
puzzle-solving, and game-playing circuits-for boys, students, schools, colleges, designers. It is simple enough
for intelligent boys to assemble, and yet it is instructive even to engineers because it shows how many kinds of
computing and reasoning circuits can be made from simple components. This kit is the outcome of 11 years of
design and development work with small electric brains and small robots by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. With this
kit and manual you can easily make over 200 small electric brain machines that display intelligent behavior and
teach understanding first-hand. Each one runs on one flashlight battery; all connections with nuts and bolts; no
soldering required. (Returnable for full refund if not satisfactory.) ... Price $18.95.
WHAT CAN YOU MAKE WITH A BRAINIAC KIT?
LOGIC MACHINES
Syllogism Prover
J ames McCarty's Logic Machine
AND, OR, NOT, OR ELSE, IF . . . THEN, IF AND
ONLY IF, NEITHER ... NOR Machines
A Simple Kalin-Burkhart Logical Truth Calculator
The Magazine Editor's Argument
The Rule About Semicolons and Commas
The Farnsworth Car Pool
GAME-PLAYING MACHINES
Tit-Tat-Toe
Black Match
Nim
Sundorra 21
Frank McChesney's 'Vheeled Bandit
COMPUTERS - to add, subtract, multiply, divide, . . . ,
using decimal or binary numbers.
- to convert from decimal to other scales of notation
and vice versa, etc.
Operating with Infinity
Adding Indefinite Quantities
Factoring Any Number from 45 to 60
Prime Number Indicator for Numbers 1 to 100
Thirty Days Hath September
Three Day Weekend for Christmas
Calendar Good for Forty Years 1950 to 1989
Money Changing Machine
Four by Four Magic Square
Character of Roots of a Quadratic
Ten Basic Formulas of Integration
The Submarine Rescue Chamber Squalux
The Three Monl{eys who Spurned Evil
Signals on the Mango Blossom Special
The Automatic Elevator in Hoboken
Timothy's Mink Traps
Josephine's Man Trap
Douglas Macdonald's 'Vill
Word Puzzle with TRICK
QUIZ MACHINES
The 'Vaxing and the 'Vaning Moon
Intelligence Test
Guessing Helen's Age
Geography Quiz
Mr. Hardstone's Grammar Test
Solving Right Triangles
SIGNALING MACHINES
The Jiminy Soap Advertising Sign
The Sign that Spells Alice
Tom, Dick, and Harry's Private Signaling Channels
Jim's and Ed's Intercom
CRYPTOGRAPHIC MACHINES
Secret Coder
Secret Decoder
Lock with 65,000 Combinations
Lock with 15,000,000 Combinations
The General Combination Lock
Leonard's Two-Way Coding Machine
. . . AND MANY MORE
MAIl. TIllS REQUEST 01" It CO/Ill of it
11111111111111'"
Berkeley Entl'rpl'ises, Inc,
SHi Washin;~·ton Stl"l'l't, IUIl:l, ;-,:(,\\,tollvilll' (ill, :\lass.
'~lIrlllllllllll
PUZZLE-SOLVING MACHINES
The Missionaries and the Cannibals
The Daisy Petal Machine
Calvin's Eenie Meenie Minie Moe Machine
The Cider Pouring Problem
The Mysterious Multiples of 76923, of 369, etc.
Bruce Campbell's Will
The Fox, Hen, Corn, and Hired Man
The Uranium Shipment and the Space Pirates
General A larm at the Fortress of Dreadeerie
The Two Suspicious Husbands at Great North Bay
Ph':lse selHI IlIL' BI{AI;-':IAC )\1'1' KIH, illl'llldin~ manual,
instructions, over GOO lJarts, telllplates, circuit diagrams,
elc.
I l'lIclose $18.95 for the kit plus ....... ... for handling and
shipping (30c, east of Mississippi; 80c, west of Mississippi; $1.80, outside U.s'.). I understand the kit is returnaIde in seven days for full refund if not satisfactory (if
ill ~ood condition).
My name and address are attached.
11111111111111111111111 r 111.1 . . . . 1 I 11.1 I I •• II I 1'1 II., II .111 II •• I I . . . . . I 11.1.1 ..
Iii
CO~I
PUTERS
all([
A lJTOMATION for October, 1961
2!)
MANUSCRIPTS
WE ARE interested in articles,
papers, reference information, and
discussion relating to computers
and automation. To be considered
[or any particular issue, the manuscript should be in our hands by
the first of the preceding month.
ARTICLES: vVe desire to publish articles
that are factual, useful, understandable,
and interesting to many kinds of people
engaged in one part or another of the
field of computers and automation. In
this audience are many people who have
expert knowledge of some part of the
field, but who are laymen in other parts
of it.
Consequently, a writer should seek to
explain his subject, and show its context
and significance. He should define unfamiliar terms, or use them in a way that
makes their meaning unmistakable. He
should identify unfamiliar persons with
a few words. He should use examples,
details, comparisons, analogies, etc., whenever they may help readers to understand
a difficult point. He should give data
supporting his argument and evidence
for his assertions.
'Ve look particularly for articles that
explore ideas in the field of computers
and automation, and their applications
and implications. An article may certainly be controversial if the subject is
discussed reasonably.
Ordinarily, the
length should be 1000 to 3000 words. A
suggestion for an article should be submitted to us before too much work is
done.
TF.CHNICAL PAPERS: Many of the foregoing requirements for articles do not
necessarily apply to technical papers. Undefined technical terms, unfamiliar assumptions, mathematics, circuit diagrams,
etc., may be entirely appropriate. Topics
interesting probably to only a few people are acceptable.
REFERENCE INFORMATION: vVe desire to
print or reprint reference information:
lists, rosters, abstracts, bibliographies, etc.,
of use to computer people. We are interested in making arrangements for systematic publication from time to time of
such information, with other people besides our own staff. Anyone who would
like to take the responsibility for a type
of reference information should write us.
NEWS AND DISCUSSION:
'Ve desire to
print ncws, brief discussions, arguments,
announccments, letters, etc., anything, in
fact, if it is likely to be of substantial inrerest to computer people.
PAYMENTS: In many cases, we make small
token payments for articles, if the author
wishes to be paid. The rate is ordinarily
Ih¢ a word, the maximum is $15, and
both depend on length in words, whether
printed before, etc.
All suggestions, manuscripts, and inquiries about editorial material should
be addressed to: The Editor, COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION, 815 Washington Street, Newtonville 60, lHass.
30
Hogan, W B I Senior Civil Engr, N Y State
Dept Pub vVks, Babylon, L I, N Y I
MP I '07, Hofstra ColI, '52, prof engr
Holmes, James F I Mgr-Communications,
Lybrand, Ross Bros & Montgomery, Management Services Research and Consulting Div, 2 Broadway, New York 4, N Y I
-, Bucknell Univ, -, Huang, C C I Design Engr, Hudson Engineering Corp, POBox 3218, Houston
36, Tex I AMP I '25, Univ of Texas,
'59, engr
Hume, Michael A C I Management Consultant, Hume Associates, 19 East 53 St,
New York 22, N Y I AB, management
control, acctg applcns I '25, Fordham
Univ, '52, management consultant I Pres,
Society of Prof :Management Consultants,
teach at N Y Inst of Credit
Hynes, Thomas I -, Barry Controls Div,
700 Pleasant St, 'Vatertown 72, Mass
Isert, Irwin L I Mbr, Tech Staff, ITT Communication Systems, Inc, S 60 State Highway No 17, Paramus, N J I A, simulation, inf prcg I '34, CCNY (BEE), NYU
(MEE), '57, prof engr
lsquith, Ben I Consultant, 140 East 7 St,
New York, N Y I ABDLMP I '28, Yale
Univ, '57, mathematician, prgmr
Jackson, Donald A I Mgr, Computing Services Div, Aerojet-General Corp, l' 0 Box
1947, Liquid Rocket Plant, Sacramento,
Calif I AMP I '29, Calif State Polytechnic ColI, '52, James, Opal R I Mgr of Comnuter Section,
Hudson Engrg Corp, l' b Box 3218,
Houston 36, Tex I AMP I '22, Texas
Tech Call, '56, engr
Jancin, Julius, Jr I Patent Staff Attny, IBM
Corp, 590 Madison Ave, New York 22,
N Y I Patents I '22, New York Law
School, '47, customer engr
Jenkins, Donald D I Prod Mgr, The Magnavox Company, Fort 'Vayne 4, Indiana
I DS I '26, Indiana Univ, '50, sales
Johnson, Charles L, Jr I Patent Counsel,
Electronic Res Div, Monroe Calculating
Machine Co, 555 Mitchell St, Orange,
N J I '27, George Washington Univ, '52,
patent attny
Joplin, Ronald B I mathematician, Lone
Star Gas Company, 301 S Harwood St,
Dallas 1, Tex I AMP I '35, Southern
Methodist Univ, '59, engrg mathematician
and prgmr I co-author Matchin~ Home
Air Conditioning Energy Requirements
and the Weather
Kassel, Loretta I I Asst Mathematician, Argonne Natl Lab, 9700 Cass Ave, Argonne,
III I P I '32, DePaul Univ (MS), St.
Xavier CoIl (BA), '54, prgmr I authored
George Programming Manual
Kelley, Dr Charles R I Senior Psychologist
and Lab Director, Dunlap and Associates,
Inc, 429 Atlantic St, Stamford, Conn I
man-computer relations especially in complex systems I '22, PhD, 1958, New
School for Social Research, '54, engrg
psychologist I inventor of the Predictor
Instrument, a computer generated display for manual control systems
Knight, G Lloyd I Partner, Cushman,
Darby & Cushman, American Security
Bldg, Washington !5, D C I E, patent
services I '25, George Washington Univ,
':;1, patent attny
Knost. Howard A, Jr I Student, Calif State
Polytechnic ColI, San Luis Obispo, Calif
/ DELMp I '35, '60, student
Larkin, Sandra I Pgmr, MIT Lincoln Laboratory, 'Vood St, Lexington, Mass I
ALMP I '39, Bates College, '60, prgmr
Law, Ronald I App Science Prgmr II, Calif
Div of Hi~hways, l' 0 Box 1499, Sacramento 7, Calif I ABP I '33, Sacramento
State, '57, prgml
Lerch, George W I Mathematician, 1"ational Security Agency, Fort George G
Meade, Md I ADMp, machine evaluation I '31, Harvard (MS), '52, development analyst I various publications
Lippel, Berthold I Proj Engr, IBM, POB
390, Pak I DL, systems I '32, MIT, '5:1,
computer engr
Lobato, Emmanuel J I Patent Agent, Rollert E Burns, 150 Nassau St, New York
38, N Y I CDELP I '18, New York Univ,
'55, patent agent I prosecuted original
patent app1cns on phase-locked oscillators
Lllescher, Theodor Richard I Prgmr, Swiss
Reinsurance Co, Mythenquai 60, Zuerich
2, Switzerland I APS, input-output wiring facilities I '39, Cantonal Commercial
High School of Zuerich, '59, - I some
company publications
MacLean, Angus G I Sen Applcns Analyst,
Clary Corp, Computer Div, 408 Junipero,
San Gabriel, Calif I AM, statistical analysis I '19, Oxford, England (BS, MA),
further grad work at Univ of Southern
Calif, '51, numerical analyst I various
publications
l\lacon, Harley l' I Engr, The Chemstrand
. Corp, POBox 1507, Pensacola, Fla I
ALMp, operations research I '29, Univ
of Fla, '58, op res and systems eng
Maish, Major Alexander M I Dir, Engineer
Data Processing Center, Office of the
Chief of Engineers, Dept of the Army,
Washington 25, D C I AI' I '20, U S
Military Academy, Calif Inst of Tech,
'59, Army officer
~fartone, Anthony I Systems Representative, Programming & Systems Inst, 45
West 35th St, New York 1, N Y lAB,
consulting I '33, Theodore Roosevelt
high schl, '57, consultant
:\farx, Austin F I Mktg Mgr, Computer
Measurements Co, 12970 Bradley Ave,
Sylmar, Calif I S / '27, MIT, '58, tech
sales
Mills, Richard G I Vice Pres, Data Processing, Inc, 1334 Main St, Waltham, Mass I
ABLMp I '31, MIT, '53, consultant
Mishler, Phil I App Science Prgmr II, Calif
Div of Highways, l' 0 Box 1499, Sacramento 7, Calif I DELMP I '32, Sacramento State, '58, prgmr
~Iorrisette, Robert J I Dir, UNIVAC system, UNIVAC Education Center, Univ
of Southern Calif, Los Angeles 7, Calif /
AP, training I '29, Montana State CoIl,
'57, supvr of a computer center
Muehlhause, Edwin I Res Engr, Lone Star
Gas Company, 301 S Harwood St, Dallas
1, Tex I AP I '26, Texas A&M CoIl,
'55, res engr
Nanus, Burt I Mgr, Special Educational
Projects, Remington Rand UNIVAC Div
of Sperry Rand Corp, 315 Park Ave S,
New York 10, N Y I ARS, education I
'36, MIT (MS), '58, - I book: Management Games (co-authored), various articles
Ness, Dr Norman F I Research Assoc, Goodard Space Flight Center, NASA, Greenbelt, Md I AM, data procg I '33, MIT
(PhD), '55, res scientist, geophysicist I
publications in Journal of Geophysical
Research
Nesuda, Al R I Chief, Systems Staff, Commodity Credit Corp, 500 S Ervay, Dallas,
Tex I ABMP I -'26, Boston Univ, '57,
systems desgn
Oglo, Michael F I Patent Attny, Naval Onlnance Test Station, 3203 E Foothill RIve!.
Pasadena 8, Calif I Patent attny I '27,
MIT, '60, patent attny
Oliver, Dr James R I Dir of the Com put in~
Center, Univ of Southwestern LOllisiana.
Lafayette, La I ABL\IP I '21. Tulane
Univ, '59, univ nrof I reviewer for COl 11puting Reviews, mllr i\C;\f, \\'loBE.
nnf lG20 Users GrollP
sit
COMPUTERS and AUTO\I:\TIO;\! for Octoher. 1!IIi 1
C(
'I
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Get Your Reference ontl
Survey Informlltion
in tile (omputer Fieltlfrom
COMPUT E R
s
and AUTOMATION
DATA PROCESSORS • APPLICATIONS •
IMPLICATIONS
~ Keepihis List for Handy Reference ~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~Computers and Automation now publishes more than 25 kinds of reference and survey information. Here
is our latest inventory, of kind of information and issues when published .... Subscribe to Computers and Automation and have this information at your elbow!
Roster of Organizations:
AC
ind
ed,
fed
ore
ing
hat
i
Organizations in the Computer Field (June 1961)
Consulting Services (June 1961)
Computing Services (June 1961)
School, College, and University Computer Centers
(June 1961)
Computer Users' Groups (June 1961)
Robot Makers (June 1961)
Organizations in Teaching Machines and Programmed Learning (June 1961)
IS
lew
nes
relt
lIve
, of
ob:og-
lny
: to
the
use
ate
ing
hat
)Ie.
vho
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on
on
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a lis
Computers and Data Processors:
Descriptions of Digital Computers (June 1961)
Survey of Commercial Analog Computers (June
1961)
Survey of Special Purpose Computers anel Data
Processors (June 1961)
Types of Automatic Computing Machincl'Y (June
1961)
Computer Census (July 19(0)
Products and Services in the Computer Field:
Roster of Products and Services: Buyers' Guide to
the Computer Field (June 1961)
Classes of Products and Services (June 1961)
Types of Components of Automatic Computing
Machinery (June 1961)
Survey of Robots (June 1961)
Applications:
Over 500 Areas of Application of Computers (June
1961)
Novel Applications of Computers (Mar. 1958, 1959)
Important Applications of Computers (Oct. 195859-60)
Application Programs Available (June 1961)
Markets:
Computer Market Survey (Sept. 1959)
The Market for Computers in Banking (Sept. 1957)
The Market for Computers in the Oil and Natural
Gas Industry (Nov. 1957)
lell
People:
Who's Who in the Computer Field (various issues)
Itli.
Pictorial Reports:
rdI)le
lip
1!IIi 1
Annllal Pictorial Reports on the Computer Field
(Dee. 1958, Dec. 1959, Dec. 1960)
A Pictorial Manual on Computers (Dec. 1957, Jan.
1958) (reprint available)
C()~Il'lJTERS
(/1/(/
.\lJTOM . \TION for October, 1961
Words and Terms:
Glossary of Terms and Expressions in the Computer
Field, 5th edition, sold separately, $3.95 (over 870
terms defined)
Information and Publications:
Books and Other Publications (many issues)
New Patents (many issues)
Survey of Recent Articles (many issues)
With the ever-increasing expansion of the field of
automatic handling of information, it is easy to predict
that more and more reference information of these
and other kinds will need to be published; and this we
shall do. For it is a fact that reference information of
the kind here described is not computable from automatic computing machinery-instead, it comes from
collecting observations and reports about the real
world. This is our job.
Start Your Subscription Now So That You Will Be
Sure to Have the Next Issue!
. . . . . . . . . 111
MAIL THIS COUPON (or a copy of it)
III . . . . . . . . •
To: COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION
815 Washington St., RI03
Newtonville 60, Mass.
1.
Please enter my subscription to
Computers and Automation including
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I enclose ( ) $15.00 for one year,
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2.
Please send me the following back copies:
I enclose $1.50 for each one, except the June
Computer Directory issues, $15 (1961,156 pages),
$4 (prior years).
I understand any of these are returnable in 7 days
if not satisfactory fOI' full I'pfund (if in good condition).
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................................................................................ ..
Title
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Organization .................................................................... ..
Address
.11111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111111 . . . . 1111111111111111111 . .
31
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!
COMPRESSED TIME ... AND A NATION'S NEED
!I
i
I
i
The time available between alarm and decision has shrunk to
minutes. In this compressed time, pertinent information must be
gathered, transmitted, evaluated and displayed to the commanders
through a variety of systems.
Design, development and evaluation of such command and control systems for the urgent present and the uncertain future is the
vital function of l\HTRE.
Systems such as SAGE, BME\VS, MIDAS, Strategic Air Command and Control System. NORAD Combat Operations Center
and others are all within the scope of MITRE'S system integration work for the Air Force Electronic Systems Division.
The job is challenging - the opportunity exists to break out of
a single specialty - the reward is not confined to the financial.
jill!
Engineers and scientists interested in the vital field of command
and control technology are invited to inquire about openings in:
~
I~
I
~
jill!
I~
!I
·•
I
·
I
•
;i!
•
i
·
• OPERATIONS RESEARCH
• ADVANCED SYSTE:\f DESIGN
ECONOMICS
ECONOMETRICS
HUMAN FACTORS
• MATlIEMA TICS
• CO:\fPUTER TECHNOLOGY
• RADAR SYSTEMS AND TECHNIQUES
Ijill!
~
~
;i!
I
i
iI
i
~
jill!
~
;i!
I
i
iI
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iI
~
ANTENNA DESIGN - MICROWAVE COMPONENTS
• Am TRAFFIC CONTROL SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
~
I~
\Vrite in confidence to: Vice President - Technical Operations,
The Mitre Corporation, P. O. Box 208,
MX5
Bedford, Mass.
i
i
~
I
I~
=
~
SYSTEM ANALYSIS
COMMUNICATIONS
a~
I
i~
a
I
~
THE
i
i
MITRE
jill!
All qualified ((1)]llicolIls /l'ill rl'('('il'(' ('oll.o.;idcralioH Jor employment
1t'ithollt regard 10 race, crccil, color ur natiollal origin
~I
!~
..
~
-"""""""""""""""""""""""""'" "~~~
32
NEW PATENTS
RAYMOND R. SKOLNICK
Reg. Patent Agent
Ford Inst. Co., Div. of Sperry Rand
Corp., Long Island City 1, New York
The following is a compilation
of patents pertaining to computer
and associated equipment from the
"Official Gazette of the U. S. Patent Office," dates of issue as indicated. Each entry consists of patent
number / inventor(s) / assignee /
invention. Printed copies of patents may be obtained from the U. S.
Commissioner of Patents, Washington 25, D. C., at a cost of 25 cents
each.
April 11, 1961
2,979,257 I Julius Jansin, Jr., Binghamton,
N. Y. I I.B.M. Corp., New York, N. Y. I
A data comparator.
2,979,260 I Eugeni Estrema, Saint-Mande,
Fr. I I.B.M. Corp., New York, N. Y. / A
da ta transfer system.
2,979,263 I Glenn L. Keister, Seattle, Wash.
I Boeing Airplane Co., Seattle, Wash. I
A multiplier circuit.
2,979,566 I Emil Hopner and Haro:d G.
Markey, San Jose, Calif. I I.B.M. Corp.,
New York, N. Y. I A method and system for transmitting data.
2,979,572 I Simon Levin, New York, N. Y.
I - - I An apparatus for recording and
reproducing magnetic information.
2,979,674 I Stanley Schenkerman, Forest
Hills, N. Y. I Sperry Rand Corp., New
York, N. Y. I A transistor-nagnetic
core pulse width modulating and amplifying device.
2,979,698 I Theodore H. Bonn and Joseph
D. Lawrence, Jr., Philadelphia, Pa. I
Sperry Rand Corp., New York, N. '\. /
Magnetic cores for gates, buffers and
function tables.
2,979,699 I David P. Goodwin and Richard
W. Spencer, Philadelphia, Pa. I Sperry
Rand Corp., New York, N. Y. I An electronic switching network.
2,979,701 / Jean F. Marchand, Eindhoven,
Netherlands I North American Philips
Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. I A matrix
memory system.
2,979,702 I Carl J. Zarcone and Ben A.
Harris, Rochester, N. Y. / General Dynamics Corp., Rochester, N. Y. I A
binary data translating device.
2,979,708 I Adam A. Jorgensen, Victor,
~. Y. I General Dynamics Corp.,
Rochester, N. Y. / An analog to digital
converter.
2,979,709 I Freddy David, Henrietta, and
Arthur R. Phipps, West Webste!', N. Y.
I General Dynamics Corp., Rochester,
N. Y. I A real time binary coded decimal-to-decimal converter.
April 18, 1961
2,980,803 / Sadia S. Guterman, Dorchester,
Mass. I Raytheon Co., a corp. of Del. I
An intelligence control system.
2,980,804 I Francois Henri Raymond,
Saint-Germain-en-Laye, France / Societe
d'Electronique et d'Automat:'~me, COlll'bevoie, Fr. I A binary coded i::formation processing device.
2,980,807 I Gerhart K. Groetzinger and
Philip Schwed, Baltimore, and LOllis
Witten, Baltimore County, l\rd. I The
Martin Co., a corp. of Md. / A histahle
electrical circuit.
2,980,899 I David Katz. S)lrill~lield. N . .1.
I Bell Telephone Lah., IIIC., New YOlk.
N. Y. I A digital to allalog ('oll\'Crter.
COMPUTERS and AUTOl\IATION for Octoher, I!lfil
c
2,980,900 I Richard Rabin, Stamford,
Conn. I Sperry Rand Corp., New York,
N. Y. I A synchro to digital converter.
April 25, 1961
...,
hed
)51
2,981,9;11 I Lawrence A. Tate, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. I I.B.M. Corp., New
York, N. Y. I A system for sequentially
addressing cores in a core memory in
accordance with a program.
2,981,932 I Duncan H. Looney, Summit,
and Robert H. Meinken, North Plainfield, N . .J. I Bell Telephone Lab., Inc.,
New York, N. Y. I A magnetic memory
device and method of manufacure.
2,981,9:H I Edward M. Ziolkowski, Waltham, ~rass. I Minneapolis-Honeywell
Regulator Co., a corp. of Del. I An electrical apparatus for transferring digital
data.
2,981,935 I Donald E. Nasoni, Wayne, Pa.
I Burroughs Corp., Detroit, Mich. I A
matrix storage device.
2,981,936 I Frederick G. Buhrendorf,
Westfield, N. J. I Bell Telephone Lab.,
Inc., New York, N. Y. I A magnetic
data storage medium.
May 2, 1961
2,982,470 I David C. Evans, Los Angeles,
Calif. I The University of Utah, Salt
Lake City, Utah I A digital differential
analyzer.
2,982,472 / Harry D. Huskey, Berkeley,
Calif. I - - I A binary digital computer with magnetic drum storage.
2,982,868 I Philip Emile, Jr., Washington,
D. C. I u. S. A. as represented by the
Sec. of the Army I A transistorized
gating circuit.
2,982,869 I William B. Cagle, Madison,
N. J. I Bell Telephone Lab., Inc., New
York, N. Y. I A semiconductor trigger
circuit.
2,982,870 I David F. Hilbiber, Los Altos,
Calif. I Lockheed Aircraft Corp., Burbank, Calif. I A bistable flip-flop circuit which is capable of returning to its
last state in the event of a temporary
power failure.
1, 6
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8)
9
21
May 9, 1961
6
16
25
25
26
32
34
34
31
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2,983,1H I Harold F. Martin, San Jose,
and John J. Lynott, Los Gatos, Cah£. I
I.B.M. Corp., New York, N. Y. I A data
processing input apparatus.
2,983,415 I Reynold B. Johnson, Palo Alto,
Calif., and Otto F. Moneagle, E;1(licott,
Theodore D. Koranye, Vestal, Henry A.
Jurgens, Briarcliff Manor, and ~lerlc P.
Prater, Vestal, N. Y. I J.B.M. Corp.,
New York, N. Y. I A device for sensing
a perforation in a record.
2,983,826 I \Valter C. Lanning, Plainview,
N. Y. I Sperry Rand Corp., a corp. of
Delaware I A device for counting the
number of ones in a train of binary
digits.
2,983,828 I Sergiu Samuel, Paris, Fr. I
Compagnie des Machines Bull, Paris,
Fr. I A multi-stage shift register.
2,983,829 I Cravens L. Wanlass, Woodland Hills, Calif. I Ford Motor Co.,
Dearhorn, Mich. I A flip-flop circuit.
2,983.!)O!) I John V. Blankenbaker, Albany,
Oregon I Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver
City, Calif. I An algebraic scale counter.
May 16, 1961
2,!lHI.!l:IH / Rohert C. Kelner, Concord,
Sidlll'y P. \Voodsum. Groton, and Murray E. I Lilt·, IlaverhiII, Mass. I Laboratory for Elt-ctronics, Inc.. Boston, Mass.
I .\ maglletic storage drulII.
2.!IH 1,7DO / Rainer :\ralleitrein. Singen,
Ilohenwil'l, Germany I Telefunken,
C()~II)(JTERS
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G. m. h. H., Berlin, Germany I An electronic storage system.
2,984,821 I William R. Seigle, New Hartford, N. Y. I General Electric Co., a
corp. of New York I A logical binary
comparison circuit.
2,984,822 I Philip N. Armstrong, Santa
Monica, Elmer E. Jungclas, Jr., Garden
Grove, and George \Volfe, Jr., La
Mirada, Calif. I Hughes Aircraft Co.,
Culver City, Calif. I A two-way data
compare-sort apparatus.
2,984,823 / Arthur .1. Spencer, Sutton
Coldfield, Eng. I International Computers and Tabulators, Lim., London,
Eng. I A data storage device.
2,98·1,824 I Philip N. Armstror:g, Santa
:\)onica, Elmer E. Jungclas, Jr., Garden
Crove, and George Wolfe, Jr., La Mirada. Calif. / Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City, Calif. I A two-way data compare-sort apparatus.
2,984,825 I Harrison W. Fuller, Needham
Heights, Harvey Rubenstein, Lynnfield
Center, and Sidney P. Woodsum, Groton, Mass. / Laboratory for Electronics,
]nc., Boston, Mass. I A magnetic matrix
storage with bloch wall scanning.
2,984,826 I Robert C. Reed, Whittier,
Calif. I Thompson Ramo Wooldridge,
Inc., Cleveland, Ohio I An electrical
gating circuit.
2,984,831 I Stanley Oken, Plainview, Seymour Rook, Bayside. alld Kiln 1'lerl,
Bronx, N. Y. I Sperry Rand Corp., a
corp. of Delaware I . \ voltage converter
to digital code.
l\lay
2:~,
196J
2,!)H!l,;17I I Hugo Lanth-rer, Brooklyn, and
Richard Rabill. Forest Hills, N. Y. /
Sperry Rand Corp., New York, N. Y. I
An averaging ('olllpnter for determining
alld A llTOM.\TION for Octoher, 1961
the average of a plurality of increm~ntal
val lies and a moving average for a
plurality of incremental values.
2,985,499 I Henry B. Riblet, Kensington,
Md. I Vitro Corp. of America, New
York, N. Y. I An automatic data plotter.
2,985,715 / Richard A. Campbell, Los
Angeles, Calif. I Hughes Aircraft Co.,
Culver City, Calif. I A gating system.
2,985,763 I Thomas I. Ress, Poughkeepsie,
N. Y. I I.B.M. Corp., New York, N. Y.
I An electro-optical binary counter.
2,985,768 I Andrew H. Bobeck, Chatham,
N . .J. / Bell Telephone Lab., Inc., New
York, N. Y. I A magnetic translating
circuit.
2,985,769 I Frank E. Blount, Cedar Grove,
N . .J. / Bell Telephone Lab., Inc., New
York, N. Y. I A fast response gating
circuit.
2,985,835 I Hugh D. Stuart, Swissvale, Pa.
I Westinghouse Electric Corp., East
Pittsburgh, Pa. I A shift register circuit.
2,985,838 I Benjamin R. Cole, Arlington,
and Edward J. Sheldon, Jr., Lexington,
Mass. I U. S. A. as represented by the
Sec. of the Navy I A voltage information storage circuit.
2,985,839 I CaroB .J. Brown, San Jose,
Calif. I I.B.M. Corp., New York, N. Y.
I A system for ampIit \Ide limiting of
hi nary pulses with lei'll wander correction.
!!.!)H!l,Hfifi I Jaml's F. Norton. AI!"laus,
;\I. Y. / C('neral Electric Co., New York,
~. Y. I An information storage system.
2,9H!l,Hfi7 I Donald D. Christensen, Sun
Valle)" Calif. I John D. Goodell, St.
Palll, Minn., Kenneth H. Gutz, Clearwater, Fla., and Edward J. Wendt, Lake
Elmo, Minll. / I.B.M. Corp., New York,
N. Y. I ,.\ lI1ultistable magnetic core
shift register.
BOOI{S AND
OTHER
PUBLICATIONS
Moses M. Berlin
Allston, Mass.
We publish here citations and
brief reviews of books and other
publications which have a significant relation to computers, data
processing, and automation, and
which have come to our attention.
We shall be glad to report other information in future lists if a review
copy is sen t to us. The plan of each
entry is: author or editor / title /
publisher or issuer / date, publication process, number of pages,
price or its equivalent / comments.
If you write to a publisher or is. suer, we would appreciate your
-mentioning Computers and Automation.
Lumsdaine, A. A., and Robert Glaser, Editors / Teaching Machines and Programmed Learning: A Source Book /
National Education Assn., 1201 Sixteenth
St., N.W., W'ashington, D. C. / 1961,
printed, 724 pp, $7.50
This comprehensive work covers teaching
machines and the techniq lies of instruction
that arc asociated with them. In the first
of five parts, the editors discuss the "Purpose
and Scope of This Book," covering the relatively short history of teaching machines,
current developments and predicted future
devices of greater technical complexity. The
remaining four parts comprise: "Pressey's
Self-Instructional Test-Scoring Devices,"
"Skinner's Teaching Machines and Programming Concepts," "Contributions from
~lilitary and Other Sources," and "Some
Recent Work." In each part there arc numerous articles, papers and reports on work
in the field. The first appendix (110 pages)
is an annotated compilation of papers in
the field of teaching machines and programmed learning. The second appendix
(30 pages) is a bibliography of all the ref-
erences cited hy authors of papers in this
book. Index.
Encyclopaedic Dictionary of Physics, volume I from A to COMPENSATED BARS
/ J. Thewlis, editor-in-chief / Pergamon
Press, 122 East 55 St., New York 22,
N. Y. / 1961, printed, 800 pp (this volume), $240.00 per set
This work undertakes to cover the whole
of physical knowledge, and discusses a multitude of topics in varying degrees of detail. "The object of the undertaking is to
put the whole of physical knowledge on the
hookshelf." The contributors include leading physicists from many countries with a
predominance of Englishmen. In addition
to Physics, related topics such as Mathematics, Astronomy, Radiation, Chemical
Reactions, etc., are covered.
Crowhurst, Norman H. / Basic Mathe~
matics, vol. 2 / John F. Rider Publisher,
Inc., 116 West 14 St., New York 11, N. Y.
/ 1961, offset, 138 pp, $3.90
Using a "pictured-text" technique, the
author presents information on algebra,
geometry, graphs and trigonometry. The
fundamentals of each subject are clearly
explained with numerous illustrations and
problems. Index.
Menzel, Donald H., Howard Mumford Jones,
and Lyle G. Boyd / Writing A Technical
Paper / McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 330
West 42 St., New York 36, N. Y. / 1961,
printed, 132 pp, $3.25.
This is an excellent, short guide to "writin~ as well as possible about some aspect of
science or engineering." It instructs mainly
by example; the most common errors of
style and grammar are examined and compared with clearer and more concise ways
of expression. In most instances, previously
published writing is used for good and bad
examples. The seven chapters discuss: The
Evolution of a Paper, Revision, Presenting
the Data, Grammar, Style, Jargon, and The
Physical Manuscript. In an appendix, special papers-the review, the monograph, the
thesis and the contract report-are discussed.
Index.
Rhodes, Fred H. / Technical Report Writing, second edition / McGraw-Hill Book
Co., Inc., 330 West 42 St., New York 36,
N. Y. / 1961, printed, 168 pp, $5.50
The technical report and the proper
writing thereof, are discussed and illus-
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trated. In addition to information on style
and form, the author provides some background on the interpretation of experimental data. Among the ten chapters: The
Characteristics of a Good Report, The Style
of the Report, The Graphical Presentation
of Data, The Precision of Results, and
Analysis of Correlation and of Variance.
The appendices include Calculation of Correlation CoefIicient and Derivation of Equation for Calculating Correlation Coefficient.
Index.
I
t:
ADVERTISING INDEX
Following is the index of advertisements. Each item contains: Name and address of the advertiser / page number
where the advertisement appears / name of agency if any.
American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 195 Broadway,
New York 7, N. Y. / Page 2 / N. W. Ayer & Son, Inc.
Audio Devices, Inc., 444 Madison Ave., New York 22,
N. Y. / Page 36 / Charles W. Hoyt Co., Inc.
Automatic Electric Co., Northlake, Ill. / Page 5 / Kudner
Agency, Inc.
Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass. / Page 29 / Burroughs Corp., Detroit, Mich. / Pages 14-15 / CampbellEwald Co.
Dialight Corp., 54 Stewart Ave., Brooklyn 37, N. Y. /
Page 33 / H. J. Gold Co.
34
~
Fluor Corp., 2500 S. Atlantic Blvd., Los Angeles 22, Calif.
/ Page 34/ Nelson Adv. Agency
Honeywell Electronic Data Processing Div., Wellesley Hills
81, Mass. / Pages 17 to 20 / Batten, Barton, Durstine
& Osborn
IBM Corp., 590 Madison Ave., New York 22, N. Y. /
Page 13 / Benton & Bowles, Inc.
Litton Systems, Inc., Canoga Park, Calif. / Page 24 /
Compton Advertising, Inc.
The Mitre Corp., P.O. Box 208, Bedford, Mass. / Page 32
/ The Bresnick Co., Inc.
National Cash Register Co., Dayton 9, Ohio / Page 35 /
McCann-Erickson, Inc.
Philco Corp., Government & Industrial Group, Computer
Div., 3900 Welsh Rd., Willow Grove, Pa. / Page 3 /
Maxwell Associates, Inc.
Technical Operations, Inc., 3600 M St., N.W., Washington 7, D. C. / Page 8 / Dawson MacLeod & Stivers
COMPUTERS and
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for Octoher. 1%1
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35
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