196112

196112 196112

User Manual: 196112

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Scientific programmers for Space Technology Leadership

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REPRINTS OF THE DRAWINGS CREATED FOR THIS SERIES. SUITABLE FOR FRAMING. ARE AVAILABLE ON REQUEST.

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Thinking it not improper, we invite your attention to the challenging opportunities for scientific programmers at Space
Technology Laboratories, Inc. In the tradition of Newton, you might well be interested In helping to develop a better
understanding of such phenomena as the orbiting of bodies-celestial and man-made. At STL there is continuing interest
in the solution of the broad spectrum of unsolved problems relating to space technology. It is indeed proper, therefore,
that we invite you to participate with us in exploring new areas of Space Technology Leadership. Your inquiry will be
welcomed and will receive our meticulous attention.

SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES, INC.
a subsidiary of Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc.

lo' Angeles • Santa Ma,ia • Cap. Canav,,"' • Washinglon. D. C.

6A.
V.

P.o.

BOX 95005BB. LOS ANGELES 45. CALIFORNIA

Bo'ton • Dayton' HUntsvili' • Ed,,,,ds AFB' Canoga Pa,.· HawaII

EJCC Washington interviews, December 12-14. Please call STL's H. R. Stevens at the Sheraton-Park, 232-1271.
2

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

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SYNC~RONOUS

"

Synchronous computers waste time waiting!

"

ASYNCHRONOUS
,

The Phil<:o 2000 Series, the ?nly asynchronous computers, work

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Save money with the Philco 2000 Series
In other computers the master clock breaks time into cycles
tailored to the longest operation. Shorter operations are also COlnpleted within these same time liInits. Time is wasted ... waiting.
In the asynchronous Philco 2000 Series, there are no clocks.
Each operation triggers the next. Time is spent working . . . not
waiting. More operations accomplished in the same time.
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Let us tell you more about asynchronous operation and the
Philco 2000 Series, the only asynchronous computers. Write today.

HOW MUCH TIME DO THE
PH I LCO 2000 SERIES
COMPUTERS SAVE? COMPARE:
Typical processing rate: 639,000
additions per second, including
access time.
Access time: 0.5 microsecond.
Multiple processing capability: up
to seven instructions simultane·
ously through four·way process·
ing. Multiplies time saving by four.
Typical problem: Invert a 100 x
100 matrix.
Computation load: 1 million
multiplications and 1 million
additions.

Time: only 50 soconds I

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Cliallenging positions exist lit l'lIi/co lor Senior Computer Specialists.

PH lorILea
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PHILCO CORPORATION. GOVERNMENT & INDUSTRIAL GROUP
COMPUTER DIVISION, 3900 WELSH ROAD, WILLOW GROVE, PA

did PACKARD BELL COMPUTER
selectELCOYARICQNS for its

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... the reliability
which Packard Bell required for its amazingly small, mediumscale, low cost model (capable of competing with large-scale,
high cost models) was" ... fu rther increased by the use of Varicon Connectors." This is another example of another world
famous manufacturer relying upon the reliability of the Varicon
contact, with its unique forklike design and 4 coined mating
surfaces. Packard Bell specified our Series 7001, 35 contact
subminiature printed circuit Varicons. They are also available
to you along with countless others for a limitless variety of
applications. I n each, you will find the same unwhy not request your copy of
challenged reliability; plus the versatility chalVaricon Catalog V4 immediately!
lenged only by your own imagination!

I

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IF IT'S NEW ... IF IT'S NEWS. ; . IT'S FROM

Booth No. 36
Eastern Joint Computer Conference
December 12·14, Washington, D. c.

"M" Street below Erie Avenue, Philadelphia 24, Pa., CU 9-5500
Elco Pacific: 2200 Centinela, W. Los Angeles 64, Cal., GR 8-0671
4

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

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COMPUTERS
and AUTOMATION
COMPUTERS AND DATA PROCESSORS, AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION,
APPLICATIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING AUTOMATION
Volume 10
Number 12

Established
September, 1951

DECEMBER, 1961

Editor
EDMUND C. BERKELEY
PATRICK J. MCGOVERN Assistant Editor
Assistant Editor
NEIL D. MACDONALD
Assistant Editor
MOSES M. BERLIN
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS

1961 PICTORIAL HEPORT ON THE COMPUTER FIELD
1.

2.
3.
4.
5.

24
.24

Digital Computers.
Analog Computers.
Computer Input/Output.
Data Transmission and Conversion Equipment
Computer Components.

.41
.65
.72
.83

ANDREW D. BOOTH
NED CHAPIN
JOHN W. CARR, III
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
PETER KUGEL

ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK
News of Computers and Data Processors

· 90

FRONT COVER
New Computer Center of Honeywell at Minneapolis

1, 9

ADVISORY COMMITTEE
MOR TON M. ASTRAHAN
HOWARD T. ENGSTROM
GEORGE E. FORSYTHE
RICHARD W. HAMMING
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
HERBERT F. MITCHELL, JR.
SA LES AND SERVICE DIRECTOR
18-

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PATRICK J. MCGOVERN
8 15 Washington St.
Newtonville 60, Mass.
DEcatur 2-5453
ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVES

Los Angeles 5 WENTWORTH F. GREEN
439 So. Western Ave. DUnkirk 7-8135
A. S. BABCOCK
San Francisco 5
YUkon 2-3954
605 Market St.
Elsewhere
PA TRICK J. MCGOVERN
815 Washington St
DEcatur 2-5453
Newtonville 60, Mass.

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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION is published monthly at
815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass., by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. Printed in U.S.A.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES: United States, $15.00 for 1 year,
$29.00 for 2 years, including the June Directory issue; Canada,
add 50c a year for postage; foreign, add $1. 50 a year for postage. Address all Editorial and Subscription Mail to Berkeley
Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass.
ENTERED AS SECOND CLASS MATTER at the Post Office
at Boston, Mass.
POSTMASTER: Please send all Forms 3579 to Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass.
Copyright, 1961, by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.

)5,

CHANGE of ADDRESS: If your address changes, please send us
both your new address and your old address (as it appears on the
magazine address imprint), and allow three weeks for the change
to be made.

ARTICLES
Mathematical Programming for Better Selection
of Advertising Media Schedules .
Automated Information-Processing Assistance
for Military Systems, Part 2,
M. O. KAPPLER
Missile Program at Cape Canaveral Supported
by Advanced Computer Supply Systems,
D. H. ADDISCOTT .

· 12

.38

.46

READERS' AND EDITOR'S FORUM
The Tenth Anniversary Year of "Computers and
Automation"
Announcing a New Cumulative Edition of
Computers and Automation's "Who's Who
in the Computer Field" .
The Future of Computers .
Correction - l·'riden's Product Lines
Calendar of Coming Events.
Computer Repair.

·

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9
9

· 10
· 59

REF ERENC E INFORMATION
Roster of Organizations in the Computer Field
(Supplement)
1961 Eastern Joint Computer Conference - .
Program.
Books and Other Publications, M. M. BERLIN
Who's Who in the Computer Field (Supplement)
New Patents, RAYMOND R. SKOLNICK.
INDEX OF NOTIC ES
Advertising Index.
Computer Directory and lluyers'
Guide.
Glossary of Computer Terms .
Manuscripts .
Heference and Survey Information
Who's Who Entry Form

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

6

. 50
.53
. 81
. 89
. 99

100
see
see
see
see

Oct.,
Nov.,
Oct.,
Oct. '.

page
page
page
page

31
50
30
31
· 8

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THE
TENTH
ANNIVERSARY YEAR
OF COMPUTERS AND

In September, 1951, the first issue of "Computers and Automation" (then called "Roster of Organizations in the Computing Machinery Field")
was offered for sale - seven purple ditto pages
listing some 75 organizations! That was all.
This year sees Volume 10 of the magazine,
and to celebrate, we are making the December
issue, Vol. 10, No. 12, far bigger and we hope
much better than any December issue so far.
As you can see by our new cover, the celebrating reached into that too. We had a long argument with the designer - who wanted to get rid of
the front cover picture - but finally after a knockdown struggle we won - we kept the front cover
picture. For we believe the picture ought to be
more interesting than any design, and besides that
it tells some news about the computer field, and
this relates to the job of "Computers and Automation":
- to publish information which is
factual, useful, and understandable,
about computers and data processors,
and their construction, applications,
and implications, including automation.

The computer field is growing vigorously.
And as it grows, we hope "Computers and Automation" will continue to grow, to meet the demands
of this new billion dollar industry. The forty pages

6

~.

AUTOMATION

of pictorial section in this issue we hope present
a vivid report of much of what has happened in the
compu ter field this past year. Weare proud of
this progress, proud of the people who produced
it, and glad of any part we may have played in
helping to make it possible.
Other signs of progress in this issue are the
follOWing new divisions of "Across the Editor's
Desk: News of Computers and Data Processors".
They have been designed to present up-to-date news
in the field of computers and data processors in a
style more organized and more easily read:
New Installations
New Computing Centers
New Contracts
New Firms, Divisions and Mergers
New Software
New Computers
Other New Products
People of Note
Additional sections are planned for early issues.
We said in September 1961: The editors of
this magazine are fortunate in having a reporter's
view of the extraordinary developments flowing
from machines which handle information in reasonable ways at speeds and reliabilities a million
times the capacity of human beings.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

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During the years ahead, "Computers and
A utomation" intends to take continuing and increasing advantage of this position by publishing a magazine that provides concepts, facts, and figures of
great interest and value to people in the expanding
world of computers.
As always, we invite comments, suggestions,
and criticisms from our readers.

,

.

A few of the comments we have received in
the last few weeks appear below:
"I enjoyed your comments regarding the 10th
anniversary of "Computers and Automation" in the
September issue.
" In my opinion you have notably achieved your
objective as published in September 1952, and we
look forward to your continued successes as a
discriminating publisher." Charles H. Koenig, Principal
A. T. Kearney and Co., Management Consultants
Chicago 3, Ul.

"Congratulations on completing ten years of
publication and on the progress that you have made
during that time. Many of your articles are far
above my head, but I find several others in every
issue that make very good sense.
"So, from a selfish standpoint, I hope you
will continue for many years to come. More than
that, your field is growing, and I know you'll grow
with it, as you have these last ten years. " Walter Axelsen, Director of Technical Information
Automatic Electric Co.
Northlake, Ill .
"This is just a note of appreciation for the
October issue of "Computers and Automation".
The three principal articles were excellent, especially those on the FX-1 computer and the
Russian program for mechanization of accounting
and statistics. " Lowell H. Hattery, Director
Center for Technology and Administration
The American University, School of Government
and Public Administration
Washington, D. C.

ANNOUNCING A NEW CUMULA TIVE EDITION OF
COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION'S
~~WHO'S

WHO

IN

THE

In the early spring, 1962, "Computers and
Automation" will publish its
NEW CUMULATIVE EDITION OF
"WHO'S WHO IN THE COMPUTER FIELD"
The last cumulative edition was published in
1957, and contained over 12,000 entries. We expect that this edition may contain over 20,000
entries. It will have a good binding, enabling you
to make easy use of this valued addition to your
ready references.
Entries: Each full entry in the Who's Who
will show:
Name, home address / Title, organization, its address / Interests / Year of birth, col-

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

COMPUTER

FIELD"

lege or last school, year of entering the computer field, occupation / Publications, distinctions,
etc. (See the typical entries on page 89. )
Who May be Included? Any person will be
included (1) who is working in the computer field
or has a substantial interest in computers and
data processors, and (2) who completes and sends
in to us a "Who's Who Entry Form" (see the form
below), on or before the clOSing datc, February
15, 1962. If you havc sent us ~Ul entry form in
November, 1961,or later, it is not necessary to
send us another entry form for we will look up
that one and use it.
However, we do not plan to include anyone
for whom we do not have an adequate, up-to-date
entry. The name and address only is not adequate.

7

statistics about the people in the computer
field; which people are working in what
types of positions, and where they are
located.
- It provides you with suggestions for talent to
fill new positions.

When Will It Be Ready? We hope it will be
printed and distributed about three months after
closing date, late May, 1962.
Why Should I Own My Own Who's Who? In
the rapidly growing computer field, often one can
remember only the last name, or other fragments
of information, about people whom one has once
met, read about, or heard of. The "Who's Who
in the Computer Field" puts full information on
these people within your arm's reach. For example,
- It supplies you with backgrounds, home
addresses, and professional activities of
associates.
- It tells you where former associates are
now working, and what they are doing.
- It gives you a valuable source of facts and

c.

The Who's Who in the Computer Field is an essential reference that you will use again and again with
satisfaction and profit.
How Do I Get My Copy? You may reserve
your copy of the Who's Who by sending us your order on or before February 15 with a prepayment of
$10. 00 (45% discount from the price after publication). After February 15 and before publication,
the price will be $13.50. After publication the
price will be $18.50.

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- - - - - - - - - YOUR
1.

WHO'S

WHO

ENTRY

Name? (please print)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Your Address? _________________

FORM
2.

(may be copied on any piece of paper)- - - - - - - -

5)

Associates who should be sent Who's Who
Entry Forms?
Name
Address

Your Organization ? ________________
Its Address ? _________________

Your Title?
Your
(
(
(
(
(
(

-----------------

Main Computer Interests?
) Applications
( ) Logic
) Business
( ) Mathematics
) Construction
( ) Programming
) Design
( ) Sales
) Electronics
) Other (specify): _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Year of birth?

-------------------College or last school?
--------------

Year entered the computer field?
Occupation?

------

3. Any Remarks?

---------------

When you have filled in this entry form please send
it to: Who's Who Editor, COMPUTERS AND
AUTOMATION, 815 Washington Street, Newtonville
60, Mass.

.---------ORDER

FORM------------~

(may be copied on any piece of paper)
To: COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION
815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass.
w

Please reserve my copy of the 1962 Cumulative edition of "Who's Who in the Computer
Field." I enclose $10.00 to take advantage
of the 45% discount before February 15, 1962.

----------------------

Anything else? (publications, distinctions,etc.)

Name

----------------------

Address

--------------------

8

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

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Readers' and Editor's Forum
FRONT COVER: NEW COMPUTER CENTER OF
HONEYWELL AT MINNEAPOLIS
The front cover shows a night view of the
new computer center of Minneapolis-Honeywell
Regulator Co. in Minneapolis, Minn. It is considered to be the first in the industry to perform
scientific computation of an analog and digital nature while simultaneously handling business problems. It is located in the new $5 million aerospace facility of Honeywell.
The center includes the most powerful Honeywell 800 electronic data processing system yet
built and also an array of 16 REAC® analog computers, of Reeves Instrument Co., Garden City,
N.Y.
A staff of 117 persons, including programmers, computer operators and tabulating machine
operators, will be required to operate the center.
The computer center is to be used mainly
to develop guidance and control devices for missiles and space vehicles, by unravelling the complex formulas used for their design.
The H-800 and the analog complex will be
linked by an analog-to -digital converter and a
real-time control unit permitting a transfer of
problems directly from one computer to the other,
so as to take automatic advantage of the extreme
accuracy. of the digital computer and the speed of
the analog computer.
The computer will daily solve the problem
of scheduling its own time to meet the needs of
the many departments that will use its services.
A program for this scheduling has been developed.
1-

THE FUTURE OF COMPUTERS
Edmund C. Berkeley
Editor, Computers and Automation
Computer people have seen enough of the
development of the computer field to be able to
forecast several developments of considerable
importance.
One is the development of microminiature
computers produced by a process of chemical
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

growth. One of the pictures in this issue shows a
computer with more than 5000 components per cubic foot of computer. And the existence of the human brain is further proof of possibilities in this
direction.
A second development is the transfer to computers of many problems of optimizing arrangements which are totally beyond the powers of human
beings to solve. Linear programming and similar
techniques imply that there is hardly any limit to
the fields where many objectives can be simultaneously fulfilled with due regard to limiting conditions. See for example the article in this issue
on scheduling advertiSing media. Included in this
area is putting computers to work on finding solutions to problems of moral welfare, applying computers to "the greatest good for the greatest number".
A third development is discussion between
human beings and computers. Two articles published in "Computers and Automation" (in Oct. ,
1959, "Conversation with a Computer", and in
Sept., 1960, "Computer Conversation Compared
with Human Conversation") have reported results
accomplished in this field. The English mathematician Turing's challenge - of conversing with X
in another room and not being able to tell whether
X is a human being or a computer - is coming
close to being answered.
Fortunate indeed are those young people
coming from school and college into the computer
field now. They have 40 years or more ahead of
them to see some of the most extraordinary developments which can be imagined - the ramifications
of The Computer Revol ution; - provided that the
world we know is not smashed into radioactive dust
from nuclear war - and we shall have more to say
about that in the January issue, reporting on "War
Safety Control. "
CORRECTION -

FRIDEN'S PRODUCT LINES

From Norman S. Jones
Friden, Inc., San Leandro, Calif.
In reference to your story on Page 2B of the
September issue, I realize that it is a printing of a
report by "Product Engineering", but we are not
confined to calculators. We also produce automatic
writing and data processing machines, and mailroom and graphic arts products.
9

CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS
Dec. 12-14, 1961: Eastern Joint Computer Conference,
Sheraton Park Hotel, Washington, D. C. ; contact Jack
Moshman, C-E-I-R, Inc., 1200 Jefferson Davis Highway, Arlington 2, Va.
Dec. 14-16, 1961: Forum on Legal Questions Raised
by Computer Use in Business, Industry, and Government, sponsored by Joint Committee on Continuing
Legal Education of the American Law Institute and
American Bar Association, Statler-Hilton Hotel, Los
Angeles, Calif.; contact John E. Mulder, Esq.,
Director, The Joint Committee, 133 So. 36 St. ,
Philadelphia 4, Pa.
Jan. 15-17, 1962: Symposium on Optical Character
Recognition, Dept. of the Interior Auditorium, CSt.
between 18th & 19th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. ;
contact Miss Josephine Leno, Code 430A, Office of
Naval Research, Washington 25, D. C.
Feb. 6-7, 1962: Symposium on Redundancy Techniques
fOl Computing Systems, Dept. of the Interior Auditorium, C St. between 18th & 19th St., N. W., Washington, D. C. ; contact Miss Josephine Leno, Code
430A, Office of Naval Research, Washington 25, D. C.
Feb. 7 -9, 1962: 3rd Winter Convention on Military
Electronics, Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles,
Calif. ; contact IRE Los Angeles Office, 1435 So. La
Cienega Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif.
Feb. 12-16, 1962: 4th Institute on Information Storage
and Retrieval, American University, Washington,
D. C. ; contact Dr. Lowell H. Hattery, Director,
Center for Technology and Administration, The
American University, 1901 F St., N. W., Washington 6, D. C.
Feb. 14-16, 1962: International Solid State Circuits
Conference, Sheraton Hotel & Univ. of Pa., Philadelphia, Pa.; contact Richard B. Adler, Rm. C -237,
MIT Lincoln Lab., Lexington, Mass.
Feb. 27, 28-Mar. 1, 1962: Symposium on the Application of·Switching Theory in Space Technology, Lockheed Missiles and Space Co., 1123 No. Mathilda Ave. ,
Sunnyvale, Calif.; contact Kenneth T. Larkin, Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Sunnyvale, Calif.
Mar. 13-15, 1962: Symposium on Application of Statistics and Computer to Fuels and Lubricants Research
Programs (Unclassified), Granada Hotel, San Antonio,
Tex. ; contact Roy Quillian, Southwest Research Inst. ,
Box 2296, San Antonio 6, Tex.
Mar. 26-29, 1962: IRE International Convention, Coliseum & Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York, N. Y. ;
contact E. K. Gannett, IRE Headquarters, 1 E. 79
St., New York 21, N. Y.
April 9-13, 1962: Business Equipment Exposition,
McCormick Place, Chicago, Ill.; conta,ct G. H.
Gutekunst, Jr., Mgr., Press Information, Business
Equipment Manufacturers Exhibits, Inc., 235 E. 42
St., New York 17, N.Y.
April 11-13, 1962: SWIRECO (S. W. IRE Conference
and Electronics Show), Rice Hotel, Houston, Tex.;
contact Prof. Martin Graham, Rice Univ. Computer Project, Houston 1, Tex.

April 16-18, 1962: Symposium in Applied Mathematics
on "Interactions Between Mathematical Research and
High-Speed Computing", at American Mathematical
Society and Association for Computing Machinery
Symposium, Atlantic City, N. J. ; contact Mrs.
Robert Drew-Bear, Head Special Projects Dept. ,
American Mathematical Society, 190 Hope St. ,
Providence 8, R. 1.
April 24-26, 1962: 12th Annual International Polytechnic Symposium, devoted to "The Mathematical Theory
of Automata", United Engineering Center, 345 E. 47
st., New York, N. Y. ; contact Symposium Committee,
Polytechnic Inst. of Brooklyn, 55 Johnson St., Brooklyn 1, N. Y.
May 1-3, 1962: Spring Joint Computer Conference, Fairmont Hotel, San Francisco, Calif.; contact Richard 1.
Tanaka, Lockheed Missile & Space Div., Dept. 58-51,
palo Alto, Calif.
May 28-June 1, 1962: Colloquium on Modern Computation Techniques in Industrial Automatic Control,
Paris, France; contact French Association of Automatic Control (AFRA), 19, Rue Blance, Paris 9,
France
June 27 -29, 1962: Joint Automatic Control Conference,
New York Univ., New York, N. Y. ; contact Dr. H. J.
Hornfeck, Bailey Meter Co., 1050 Ivanhoe Rd., Cleveland 10, Ohio
July 18-19, 1962: Data Acquisition & Processing in
Medicine & Biology, Whipple Auditorium, Strong
Memorial Hospital, Rochester, N. Y. ; contact Kurt
Enslein, Brooks, Inc., 499 W. Comm. St., P. O.
Box 271, E. Rochester, N. Y.
Aug. 21-24, 1962: WESCON (Western Electronics Show
and Conference), Los Angeles, Calif.; contact
WESCON, 1435 La Cienega Blvd., Los Angeles,
Calif.
Aug. 27 -Sept. 1, 1962: 2nd International Conference
on Information Processing, Munich, Germany; contact Mr. Charles W. Adams, Charles W. Adams
Associates, Inc., 142 the Great Road, Bedford,Mass.
Sept. 3 -7, 1962: International Symp. on Information
Theory, Brussels, Belgium; contact Bruce B.
Barrow, Postbus 174, Den Haag, Netherlands
Sept. 3-8, 1962: First International Congress on Chemical Machinery, Chemical Engineering and Automation,
Brno, Czechoslovakia; contact Organizing Committee
for the First International Congress on Chemical Machinery, Engineering and Automation, Vystaviste 1,
Brno, Czechoslovakia
Oct., 1962: National Symposium on Space Elec. & Telemetry, Miami Beach, Fla.; contact Dr. Arthur
Rudolph, Army Ballistic Missile Agency, R&D Op.
Bldg. 4488, Redstone Arsenal, Ala.
Oct. 8-10, 1962: National Electronics Conference, Exposition Hall, Chicago, Ill. j contact National Elec.
Conf., 228 N. LaSalle, Chicago, Ill.
Oct. 29-31, 1962: 15th Annual Conf. on Elec. Tech.
in Medicine and Biology, Edgewater Beach Hotel,
Chicago, Ill.; contact Dr. J. E. Jacobs, 624 Lincoln
Ave., Evanston, Ill.

10

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

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NCR Data Processing!

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FROM
ORIGINAL
ENTRIES . .................................... TO FINAL REPORTS

FINAL REPORT
~~~

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Regardless of the type or size of your
business, you will benefit from the efficiencies of ;National Data Processing.
From one or more of NCR's original
entry products-accounting machines,
cash registers, listing, window posting
and receipting systems-you can get
just the input media of your need and
choice. This may be punched paper
tape or punched cards.

This input media is processed
quickly, accurately and economically
by an NCR computer specifically designed to furnish complete record information tailored to your specific needs.
NCR offers a full range of Data Processing Systems: small, medium, and
large-scale computers, plus a network
of processing centers.
For more complete information on

how NCR Oata Processing can benefit
your business, call your local National
Branch Office or WRITE TO US
TODAY!

ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING:
ADDING MACHINES~C1-$HR~GJSTERS

NCR GOES ALL THE WAY FROM ORIGINAL ENTRIES TO FINAL REPORTS.
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1039 OFFICES IN 121 COUNTRIES • 77 YEARS OF HELPING BUSINESS SAVE MONEY

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

11

Mathelllatical
For

Better

Programming
Selection

Advertising

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Media

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(Based on a report before the annual eastern conference of the American Association
of Advertising Agencies, New York, November 16, 1961)

1.

BBOO UNVEILS MEDIA PROCESS
Leo J. Turner
Batten, Barton, Durstine, and Osborne, Inc.
New York 17, N.Y.
Before a packed session of the annual eastern conference of the American Association of Advertising Agencies on November 16, the advertising agency, Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn,
Inc., revealed the details of a new mathematicalprogramming method for scientific selection of
media schedules. President Charles H. Brower
said of it, "It gives a media man a power shovel
instead of a spade. "
The purpose of the new method is to get the
most advertising effectiveness for the budget dollar. However, it augments but does not replace
human judgment.

Professors Cooper and Charnes stated that
they had been present when similar breakthroughs
were made in difficult management problems in
many other industries, and that they had witnessed
the subsequent widespread use of pioneer discoveries by many business firms. They said they believed a series of rapid developments was likely
to follow the original research effort reported
November 16.

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Other speakers said that the accomplishment would accelerate marketing research in
other fields so as to provide the information
needed for efficient spending of the marketing
dollar.

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In brief, the new process combines research
information, human judgment, monetary consideration, and client directions into mathematical problems solved by electronic computers.
CI
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II.

The new method is be ing given to all advertising agencies. It was considered to be a great
forward step in marketing research by academic
participants in the conference.
Dr. Darrell B. Lucas, Professor of Marketing at New York University, long associated with
the Advertising Research Foundation, said that
scientific evaluation of media "is today our greatest opportunity for a major gain in advertising efficiency. "
Some of the history of linear programming
was given in a jOint paper by two scientists responsible for much of the pioneering in this field,
Professor William Cooper of Carnegie Institute of
Technology, and Professor Abraham Charnes of
Northwestern University.
12

NEW TECHNIQUES
IN THE ADVERTISING BUSINESS

e:
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j

Dr. Clark L. Wilson
Vice President in Charge of Research
Batten, Barton, Durstine, and Osborne, Inc.
The advertising industry has a spotty history
when it comes to adopting new techniques. In the
creative areas there tends to be a constant and
vigorous fight to keep ahead of your competitors.
In the fact-finding areas of research and marketing the competitive struggle has been, unfortunately, less vigorous.

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To be sure, advertising and media people
adopted good sampling methods almost as soon as

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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

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they were developed and proved in government research. On the other hand, many very efficient
research and analysis techniques have been in the
literature for twenty-five to forty years, and yet
have hardly seen the light of day in advertising and
marketing studies. The principles and techniques
of learning theory and information theory, for example, have hardly been explored in the advertising context. The methods of psychometrics, of
experimental psychology and sociology have been
applied in a sporadic fashion. Good studies using
sophisticated scaling techniques and factor analysis are few and far between. And so it goes, in
general, - a lack of up-to-dateness in the important area of advertising research.
To be sure, some efforts have been made to
bring the advertising industry up to date by exposing new analytical and research methods. But
these attempts have frequently encountered a very
serious communications obstacle. Knowledgeable
people outside the industry, often from academic
situations, have been given frequent opportunities
to expose advertisers and agencies to these new
methods. Too often such presentations have been
highly abstract in nature. As you read them or listen to them, you have quite a task for yourself in
attempting to interpret the presented information
in terms of the advertising business. Most often
you will see that the writer or speaker seriously
lacked a familiarity with advertising or marketing.

Illed
1-

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'01

An example of this is the spate~of papers and
speeches given on the adaptation of Operations Research to the advertising business. For every
pound of real OR study that's actually been conducted, there has been a ton of speeches and papers
by people outside the advertising industry asserting
that it ought to use OR more effectively.

>pes
in
>rexat
101-

leir

..,

There have been all too few studies using
data from the real world of advertising and marketing.
In our company for the past two years we have
been trying to close the gap by trying out new techniques and methods. The report presented here
represents one of those attempts. We are reporting the results of our initial studies on the use of
mathematical methods for setting media schedules.
More specifically, we are reporting on the use of
Linear Programming methods for media selection.
In this context, Linear Programming is the
practice of transforming the everyday operating
processes and procedures of media selection from
plain language into the language of mathematics,
then into equations and groups of equations. We
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

speak of Mathematical Programming to cover the
general practice. We speak of Linear Programming when the mathematical equations we write represent straight lines or flat planes. One can understand the techniques in use here quite fully if
he has a working knowledge of high school algebra.
The general purpose of this mathematical
programming approach is to allocate limited resources in such a way that a business can obtain
maximum profit. The media purpose is to allocate
a given budget for maximum advertising. In short,
the purpose is to get the most advertising for the
dollar.

III.

LINEAR PROGRAMMING IN
BUDGETING AND PLANNING MEDIA SCHEDULES
A. Charnes
The Technological Institute
Northwestern University
Evanston, lll.
W. W. Cooper
Graduate School of Industrial Administration
Carnegie Institute of Technology
Pittsburgh, Pa.
In their. 1961 report, "Toward Better Media
Comparisons, " the Audience Concepts Committee
of the Advertising Research Foundation has said:
"Whenever money is spent on advertising, a decision is made about the way
it will be allocated among media. This
decision is unavoidable, since operating
within a fixed budget, the use of any
medium to any degree implies the avoidance of some other medium to some extent. . .. Since different ways of allocating advertising between various types of
media can show very different results,
some allocations must be better than
others, and quite possibly, one allocation might be the best of all. "
This quotation provides an excellent starting
point for discussion of linear (or mathematical)
programming and its implementation by electronic
computers. The rest of the cited report is also in
accord with what we shall try to say. Thus, the
Committee's report does not stop with this good
start, but uses it rather as a springboard to examine the further connections between advertising,
sales, and related variables, as well as to explore

13

the needs and qualities of various kinds of data,
differing business and agency objectives, and so
on. By merely exchanging technical words in advertising for technical words in mathematics, or
computer usage, we could easily translate the
Committee's report so that it would also appear as
an excellent prescription for fruitful and prudent
uses of linear programming in any of its numerous
managerial applications.
It may be useful to provide a rough general
characterization of the nature and origins of linear
programming. Like the electronic computers to which it is intimately related - both the general
theory and the widespread applications of linear
programming are of very recent origin. They had
their inception, in modern form, under the aegis
of the military forces in World War II. Their now
widespread (and growing) applications to private
business is largely a phenomenon of the last decade.

Mathematical Programming and computers
have both been experiencing rapidly accelerating
developments in response to two forces: (1) widening opportunities for new applications, and (2) intense research by scientists, and others, either
in response to the needs revealed by these opportunities or in anticipation of the still further opportunities that might be opened by further research.
The present report ill ustrates the connections and
interactions between computer usage, linear programming, analytical research, and managerial
applications.
Linear programming is one of the many
techniques now available for managerial applications under the branches of knowledge "Operations
Research" or "Management Science." It is distinguished by two features: first, its ability to handle
very large numbers of interacting variables and
conditions, both qualitative and quantitative; second,
its use of analytical formulations by means of
mathematical models with explicitly stated objectives - such as the objective of a best utilization
of resources, as assessed by various benefits and
penal ties that might be incurred under different
planned courses of action.
The example being reported on refers to an
allocation of limited budget funds for media schedules in order to achieve the maximum total impact
on a target audience. This is accomplished by reference to various indexes of benefits and penalties,
and with due regard to limitations of the environment, client policies or customs, and budgeted
funds available.

IV.
RAT ED ADVERTISING EFF ECTIVENESS

N.
David Learner
Assoc. Director of Research
Batten, Barton, Durstine, and Osborne, Inc.
The media problem is typical of all problems
dealing with allocation of resources. We have a
situation here where there are limited resources.
This resource, of course, is our budget. We are
attempting to allocate our resource among a variety of competing media, within fixed limits that
reflect real-world restrictions on how and where
we can spend this money. These restrictions depend upon marketing objectives, budget, commitments, data, etc.
We take everyday procedures for scheduling
of advertising units in various media, and translate
them into mathematical language. We thereby
make available to ourselves a whole kit of tools,
and specifically linear programming.
The determination of what advertiSing units
to consider must be dependent upon the marketing
strategy of the product for which the media schedule is being developed. The product marketing
strategy must be stated in precise categories of
the population group or sub-groups toward whom
the advertising will be directed. Such categories
include sex, age, education, county size, region,
income, family size. With a marketing profile in
hand, we translate it into the number of households,
or better yet, the number of individuals, in each of
the categories. In the example that will be developed
here, the first step utilizies a market profile of
those who are heavy users of a food product that
has $4, 000, 000 available to spend on advertising.
For this product the market profile is defined in
terms of homes by county size, family size, income, and age of head of household. The women
who are heavy users in these groups become our
marketing target: these are the people we want to
reach with our advertising message.
In addition to defining the market, the profile also defines our desired audience. Each advertising unit must then be analyzed to determine
the size of its audience, whether individuals or
households in each of the profile categories. If
audience duplication data are available, they may
be utilized simply by combining the two or more
advertising units into one additional composite
unit that accounts for the overlap. Duplication

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14

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

CO

may also be handled by appropriate weighting of
single unit audience. Generally we will be making
an assumption when relating marketing profiles to
audience profiles that the same people or households are present in both groups. That is, when
we speak of a county audience, and a county readership, the assumption is made that the audience and
users are the same people. In fact, this is open to
serious question. But we will continue to make this
assumption, as we have all done in the past, until
the data that relate purchasing habits and media
habits is generally available for a wide variety of
products and media.

1-

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1-

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m.

In our example the media department determined a list of 47 advertising units comprising
print and broadcast media. The print media included national magazines and Sunday supplement
insertions of four-color pages or four-color spreads.
The broadcast media included spot radio, nighttime
network TV scatter plans, and shows, and daytime
TV network shows and TV spots in prime,fringe and
day time. For each of the advertising units the
audience was categorized by county size, family
size, income, age of head of household, and number of women. In addition the dollar cost of a time
or space unit was listed for each media activity.
Conventionally, a media schedule is evaluated in terms of reaching a target audience with
media that will have the best qualitative impac t on
that audience. The same kind of criterion or objective applies for mathematically programmed
media schedules. Three factors are combined into one criterion that the programmed schedule must
make as big as possible (maximize). The criterion
starts with total households or total audience divided into age, income, and other categories that
coincide with the marketing and audience profiles.
This total audience is then weighted by the marketing plan that defines the best prospects for the
product. This combination is once more weighted
by the qualitative value of each advertising unit,
just as has been done by the schedule planner in
the past. This Rated Exposure value is computed
for each advertising unit separately and for each
product or service separately.
These qualitative ratings were determined
for the example product on the basis of the judgments of a dozen experts comprising media planners, account managers and the client. Each
person was asked to evaluate each advertising
unit on a ten-point scale of effectiveness. In
making their judgements they were asked to rate
each advertising unit independently and consider
only the qualitative factors such as repeated exposure value, quality of printing 01' broadcast sigCOMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

nal, the relative advantages of sight, movement
and color and the general editorial climate of the
media vehicle. They were not to consider the cost
or the audience size. They were to rate only the
subtle qualitative factors that the media vehicle
adds to advertising effectiveness. These ratings
were then summarized and scaled according to a
mathematical scaling technique that provides values
of the qualitative effectiveness of each advertising
unit relative to all the others that were rated for
that product. Interestingly enough, when the
average ratings of the media planners and account
managers were compared, there were virtually no
differences between the ratings of each group.
These ratings provide us with the final basic
information we need to serve as input to the mathematical programming of media schedules, deriving
an effectiveness index for each advertising unit for
this product. In the example the total audience of
each media schedule was weighted by the households in the marketing target of heavy users. This
figure was then weighted by the qualitative effectiveness or rating of the advertising unit. This
Rated Exposure is the quantity we want to make as
large as possible for the entire schedule; the linear programming method will choose that combination of media that maximizes the Rated Exposure
within the restrictions that express real-life limitations on the way in which the budget may be allocated.
These restrictions are of two kinds, environmental restrictionB and judgmental restrictions.
Environmental restrictions reflect the way the world
is. For example, we might have to buy at least 20
minutes of a weekly network TV show because it is
a corporate buy md our product must share the
load; or, on an annual basis we are clearly limited
to 52 insertions in a weekly magazine. These,
then, are restrictions that the environment imposes
on the schedule. Judgment restrictions reflect
preferences, customs or biases of the media planner, client, or account group, that also must be
satisfied. For example, it may be stated that we
must put one third of the budget into spot TV; buy
at least 12 pages in a women's monthly; buy center
spreads - because "it has always been done. "
These are restrictions that reflect judgments that
must be adhered to in the schedule.
These two kinds of restrictionB ucoount for
all the decisions that mun:.tg-enwnt builds into the
problem. One difficulty that may arise relates to
over-restricting the problem so that there are no
possible schedules within the restriction. Since
this is possible, it is good that the program can
tell us which restrictions are the limiting ones
and how they should be changed to allow feasible

15

media combinations to appear. The programmed
solution of course can tell us many other things
besides.

V.
COMPUTER PROCESSING AND
COMPUTER RESULTS
Mil ton Godfrey
Director of Operations Research
C-E-I-R, Inc.
Arlington 2. Va.
The inputs to the problem of finding the most
effective advertising s~hedule result from the research and the judgment of experienced media men.
We start with a list of all media considered
suitable for the product. For our purpose, specific alternatives are considered to be different advertising units: for instance, a full page, black
and white in Magazine A is one advertising unit,
while a full page, four-color, in the same magazine, is considered to be another advertising unit.
In a separate statement we tell the computer that
it can choose one or the other, but not both.

to insure adequate coverage of various demographic
divisions. For instance, we could specify that 30%
of the total audience must be women; or that 30% of
the TV audience must be women. If for !'women"
we substitute an income group, or an age group,
we can visualize the variety of restrictions of this
type that can be used.

We start out with profiles of the market that
the advertiser desires to reach. This market consists of present heavy users of this type of product,
and comprises 13,300, 000 families, distributed as
follows:
COUNTY SIZE:

The amount of the total media budget is provided, plus the information that total expense must
be less than, or equal to, the budget.
Restrictions based on the judgment of the
media man or the policy of the advertisers can
also be stated for the computer. The following
are examples:
-

-

-

Monthly medium B must be used at
least six times and at most twelve
Weekly Medium C must be used
exactly twenty-six times
60-second, daytime TV spots on
show X must be used at least three
times per week for thirty-nine
weeks: at most five times per week

Algebraic methods exist for stating all of
the various types of restrictions on frequency of
use. Additional restrictions are usually needed
16

A
B
C
D

FAMILY SIZE:
After providing the computer with a list of
all relevant advertising units, the next list provided is the cost per insertion for each. (Provision can be made to handle discounts for multiple
insertions. )

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Sale
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An illustration may be the best means of
providing an insight into the usefulness of linear
programming in the selection of media. This illustration is not a "cooked-up" example; rather it
is an actual media schedule, recently completed
by computer for a food-product account. But identification has been altered, in order to protect
the interests of the advertiser involved.

AGE:

29.1%
7.0
35.9
28.0

1-2
3-4
5 & over

23.0%

Under 35
35-45
45 & over

25.0%
34.1
40.9

E'

com
com
orga
helF
the
arra
org(l
repr
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Whl

6U.0

17.0

Under $5000
40.5%
$5-7000
30.4
29.1
$7000 +
Advertising is to be directed to the
adult female audience in these categories.
INCOME:

To reach this market, the advertiser has an
annual budget of $4 million. He has specified restrictions on the way this money is to be spent.
At least $2, 100, 000 is to be spent among
advertising units V, Wand X.
Of this sum at least $900, 000 must be
spent on either advertising unit V
or advertising unit W.
At least $500, 000 of the $2, 100, 000
must be spent on advertising unit x.
In medium C3 a minimum of two, and a
maximum of four units must be used.

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Other limitations, provided by media specialists, are based on practical media purchases and
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

CO

and scheduling.

These are as follows:

Total number of units available which
can be used at the rate of one unit
of medium V3 or two units of medium
V6: 117
Total number of units available which
can be used at the rate of one unit of
medium W3 or two units of medium
W6: 78
Total number of units of media V and W
must be at least: 39
Maximum number of units of medium X
to be: 624
Maximum number of units of media S,
T and U to be: 780
Maximum number of units of medium
U to be: 624
Maximum number of units of medium
R to be: 3900
The media considered suitable include:
13 magazines in any of which a single page
in four-color or a double spread in
four-color can be used: 26 choiccs
Also, a back cover must be used in onc
specified magazine: 1 choice
3 Sunday supplements in which a single
page, four-color or double spread
four-color, can be used: 6 choices
2 evening network TV shows in which 30
or 60-second spots can be used:
4 choices
Spot announcements on:
radio,
daytime TV,
fringe TV,
prime TV,
with two available lengths of spot in each
case: 8 choices
Daytime network TV in which 30- or 60second spots are available on a variety
of shows. The choice here represents
four selected shows considered as a
group: 2 choices
TOTAL NUMBER OF CHOICES TO BE
CONSIDERED: 47
The problem can now be restated:
COMPLY WITH ALL OF THE ABOVE
RESTRICTIONS AND MAXIMIZE
RATED ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS ON THE SPECIFIED AUDIENCE
,1

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

From these inputs, by means of the computer
and the program (our "black box"), we can now go
directly to the output, to see what it can tell about
a basic media schedule and possible alternative
schedules.
The results of the computations are the selection of five media as follows:
2
12
624
69
1

UNITS
UNITS
UNITS
UNITS
UNIT

(MED C3)
(MED Gl)
(MED X6)
(MED W3)
(MED El)

The computer supplied us with a total effectiveness value of the schedule which rounds off to
3731. 45. Because of the underlying mathematics,
we know that this is the maximum value possible
from any allowable combination of media. It is
computed by multiplying the number of insertions
in each media by the effectiveness per insertion.
For the schedule above this would be:
TOTAL
ADVERTISING EFFECEFF ECTIVENESS TIVENUMBER OF
PER INSERTION NESS
MEDIA INSERTIONS
Med
Med
Med
Med
Med

C3
Gl
X6
W3
El

2
12
624
69
1

x
x
x
x
x

15.95
14.45
4.85
6.93
21. 58

VALUE OF SCHEDULE

=
=

=

31. 90
173.40
3026.40
478.17
21. 58
3731. 45

This schedule, while mathematically correct,
clearly illustrates the need for intelligence of the
human kind, since one ad in MED El does not
necessarily make a practical schedule. In the
computation, this was the last selected and there
was just enough budget money left for one insertion.
Several choices are now available to the
media man in adjusting ads between the two. One
is to eliminate MED El entirely; another is to divide the money more evenly between MED El and
MED G1. For guidance in this, the linear programming solution has some information to offer:
CONSIDERING COST AND EFFECTIVE NESS, AN INCREASE IN THE EFFECTIVENESS OF MED El OF APPROXIMATELY 5% (TO 22.79) WILL
MAKE IT EQUIVALENT TO
MED Gl.

17

In other words, considering both cost per
unit and advertising effectiveness, there is little
to choose between these two media. The linear
programming computation will make a decision
based on very small differences, but at the same
time, it tells just what it has done.

Additional information on this same choice
is that:
BASED ON THE ORIGINAL ADVERTISING
EFFECTIVENESS VALUES AND THE
DIFFERENCE IN COST PER UNIT,
THE ADS MAY BE SUBSTITUTED
APPROXIMATELY ON A 2 FOR 3
RATIO:
THE REDUCTION IN OVERALL
ADVERTISING EFF ECTIVENESS
IS ONLY 0.77 FOR EACH
ADDITIONAL AD IN MED E1.
Further information is available about other
choices that the program has made. MED C3 was
required by management decision and the minimum
specified number (2) has been chosen. From the
data we know that each additional unit which the
media man might arbitrarily select will reduce the
effectiveness value of the schedule by 17.11. Presumably this would be at the expense of the advertising in MED El and MED Gl. The program also
tells us that 'if the advertising effectiveness of
MED C3 had been 33. 06 instead of 15. 95, it would
then have used the maximum allowable number
rather than the minimum required number of units.
Hence we have a measure of the sensitivity of the
solution to variations in the estimates of the value
of the media and to possible inaccuracies in the
data about demographic make -up of audience. In
this case, since the advertising effectiveness value
would have to be more than doubled, it can safely
be concluded that normal errors in estimates were
not factors in holding the use of MED C3 to a minimum.
It is interesting to note that the schedule has
used a maximum of 624 insertions in MED X6. It

then selected the maximum allowed insertions in
MED GI.
Then, after including the minimum required
amounts of MED C3 and MED W3, it used the remaining funds for one insertion in MED E1.
The fundamental reason for this is the requirement that the advertiSing be directed to
adult females. The complete disregard of the
balance of the audience leads to selection of the

18

high quality media with the best ratios of female
audience to cost.
The arbitrary use of media is a frequent
occurrence. For instance, management might require an ad each month in Magazine Z for merchandising purposes. Valid reasons for this are usually
based on factors that can't be expressed in equations
but have great importance to management. Such
items conceivably could be omitted from the computations, leaving only discretionary funds to be
allocated. However, there is a sound reason for
including the non-discretionary items:
The results of the computation give a
measure of the resulting reduction in
advertising effectiveness. This nonmonetary price can be a valuable aid
to decisions of this kind.
In the sample problem discussed here, there
are several examples of management requirements.
For instance, MED W3 results in a decrease in advertising effectiveness of slightly less than O. 5
per unit when compared to the same amount spent
in MED El which the program states is the best of
the still available media.
Another way of stating this is:
If the advertising effectiveness of

MED W3 had been increased from
6. 93 to 7.41, a 7% increase, this
would have been used on its own
merits. In addition, the funds
spent on MED EI would have been
channelled to MED W3.
Since known possibilities of error in measuring the number of readers or viewers could alone
account for a difference as large as 7 %, facts made
explicit by this linear programming approach to
the problem indicate that the requirements related
to Media V and W result in little or no loss in advertising effectiveness.

lID

tor
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it
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on:
The preceding examples have illustrated the
information available as the result of the computation. In general there are three types of data
available in this output:

inl

mi:

For every medium not!!! the computed
schedule, substitution information
is given in relation to each of the
media in the schedule.
This is the ratio of the number
of substitute ads inserted to the

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

CO

e-

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d

I

number of original ads removed,
and the change in the effectiveness
of the schedule resulting from the
substitutions.
For every medium in the schedule the
solution states the range of advertising
effectiveness values for which the solution remains unchanged.
It states, for the extremes of the
range, the media which would then
come into the solution. For instance, the effectiveness of MED
El is given at 21. 58. If this were
reduced to 20. 18 it would drop out
of the solution and MED W3 would
come in. If this were increased
to 22.79 more ads in MED El
would be used, replacing those
in MED Gl.
For every restriction used, the results of
a change in the restriction are given.
For example, relaxation of the
requirement of at least two units
in MED C3 would increase the
effectiveness value of the solution
by 17. 11 per unit if the funds were
then used to purchase advertising
in MED El.
Thus, linear programming can provide a
strong and useful tool for the media man. His
ability to measure, to compare, and to evaluate
new combinations will be enhanced.
While other theoretical approaches to the
problem are possible, and are included in the literature, this report presents an immediately useful operational solution. The data, information,
or estimates fed into the computer are the same
as the data, information, or estimates, now available and being used in making media decisions by
manual methods. However, the heretofore impossible task of examining thousands, or millions,
of possible schedules from a set of acceptable
media has prevented the media man from following
his data and judgment to an ultimate conclusion.
With the advent of linear programming applied to media selection, it becomes possible to
re-examine data, estimates, and judgments in the
light of the logical conclusion to which they lead.
It is possible to measure the sensitivity of these
outputs to changes in the inputs and from this the
real needs for accuracy of information can be determined. Extensive use of tIlis technique may
well result in new concepts of informational needs.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

While this statement may seem unduly strong,
our experience has indicated that these mathematical
tools are at present limited in their usefulness only
by the information available. For example, if data
were available on the demographic profile of coverage of media for each month, or even for each quarter year, a time-scheduling ability could be added
to the present program. If the same information
were available for geographic areas, by months,
or quarters, an ability to schedule regional media
purchases could be added.
This is a small glimpse at a future which can
be as close as available information allows it to be.
For the present, applying the results of the
mathematical research of recent years to modern
large-scale computers gives the media man a new
and practical tool.

VI.

HOW THE PRACTICAL MEDIA MAN
HANDLES THE OUTPUT
Herbert D. Maneloveg
Vice President in Charge of Media
Batten, Barton, Durstine, and Osborne, Inc.
Mathematical programming is a natural evolution of the media man's craft. Rather than offering a revolutionary concept, it essentially presents
a mathematical translation of a buying process that,
within certain circles, has been moving forward in
sophistication and enlightenment during the past
decade. With this new technique, the purchase of
space and time now becomes totally related to the
clients' aims, the products' market, and the
brands' specific potential. Certainly clients and
agencies have in the past been threading their way
along this path of correctly matching media to
markets. This new technique gives an added thrust
in this direction for the knowledgeable, and offers
a source of enlightenment, we hope, for the unbelieving.
Marketing knowledge has grown rapidly; an
agency is only as successful as its ability to explore and interpret that knowledge. We now know
or possess capabilities of knowing more and more
about the customers of the products we advertise.
We can ascertain where these buyers live, what is
their makeup, how much they buy of the brand in
terms of heavy users, light users, and medium
users. We are learning to break out the repeat
buyer from the infrequent buyer. We determine
seasonality patterns and can plot advertising to
19

sales ratios by districts and regions. We have a
firmer fix on the patterns of our competitors.
Within a household or an industry itself, we are
learning not only who makes the purchase but who
initiates the purchase and, hopefully, why they buy
All this data is within our grasp. We must make
sure that we always reach out for it. Not only for
the large accounts but for the small ones as well.
Once the client and his agency (in concert)
deliver this marketing direction, once they can
numerically document the demographic and geographic patterns of their consumers, and can place
a weighted value on these people, the job of the
media man takes on new meanings. For not only
is his assignment that of selecting a media plan
at a given budget allocation, but in making sure
that the plan delivers the maximum number of
prospects for the product, prospects not only in
total numbers of homes reached, but specifically
prospects most likely to purchase.
Quantitative factors of input are only half the
story, however: qualitative or judgmental factors
are also needed. They are on equal part of the
over-all linear programming scheme. There must
be decisions on the impact value of all media, judgments on the effectiveness of space units and commercial lengths. Here the media man must work
with copy people, account executives,promotional
and research experts to arrive at a numerical impact value for the media alternatives before him.
This he also does every day now; his only new
venture is in quantifying those judgments. And
above all, the media man must be a true realist.
The qualitative value of a medium is different for
every product, and this changing value index should
be fed into each problem. The method of arriving
at this value index is time-consuming and co,mplex,
but is an integral part of the operation. Our system of arriving at qualitative value indexes is exclusive to us at this time. Other agencies I am
sure will differ in the method and spend months
and perhaps years debating the feasibility of this
idea.
Black and white pages might be adequate and
acceptable from a judgmental basis for an industrial
advertiser campaign, but it would fall far down the
scale for a food product. Single columns have a
place in the media spectrum for a kitchen utensil
but a spread may only be the way to go to introduce
a product that cleans that kitchen utensil.
If the product has a strong competitive story
to tell, ID's or 20-second commercials might be
illogical; however, if the product has a billboard
quality and frequency is of prime importance, per-

20

haps the same ID can be as effective as a minute
commercial. All these judgmental factors can and
are placed into our machine. Added to this is the
"political" buy, the corporate network allocation,
competitive counter-maneuvers and many others.
But here I strongly state ~at if this information
cannot be mathematically-fed through input factors
and quantitative indexes (and some of it cannot) we
must be on hand to apply it once the answer comes
out. For we must always remember that linear
programming does not offer the complete solution,
only a direction.
In the same light, restrictions are fed into
the problem as well. A media man must determine
within the framework of his total budget what portion of the total dollars logically should go into a
magazine effort, a spot budget, a TV corporate
pool. He must determine there should be no more
than so many dollars and no less than so many.
The media man may determine, through his restrictions, that three shows must be used in order
to have representation on all company-owned properties and in order to deliver a desired reach factor. Or he may determine that no more than 50%
of the magazine exposure should be directed to
women or that only 20% of a spot announcement
campaign should be directed towards, men.
All thes~ factors are restrictions that a
media man must think of in building a problem,
and he must see to it that these restrictions are
properly plaQed into the machine, or!! not, are
studied after the output is delivered to him. As
you can see this doesn't make our job more easy,
it merely makes good media men more necessary.

A
Th

de

Mo
ti
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RS

VII.

PERSPECTIVE - SOME IMPLICATIONS,
QUESTIONS, AND COMMENTS
Darrell B. Lucas
Professor of Marketing
New York University
New York, N. Y.
So far, four aspects of the mathematical approach to media planning have been discussed: the
background of these new tools; aspects of media
which are related to schedule selections; an actual
mathematical solution computed for a real advertiser; and comments on how to use the results.
Now I have the task of putting this whole
thing into perspective, and asking some questions.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

CO

First, for background, where did quantitative measurement of media come from? It started,
of course, with the advent of certified audits of circulation - the ABC - in 1914. A later step was
the guaging of radio by ratings started in the 1930's.
Then LIF E began an avalanche of audience studies
in 1938. Now Nielsen has combined the two media.
most exclusively national in his multiple measurement of magazines and network television. Each
step in measurement has been a step away from
media buying on hunch and intuition. All we now
propose to add is a systematic and fast method of
applying our facts to practical media buying.

40
ay

'n

How important is the quantitative evaluation
of media? The answer to that is emphatic: it is,
today, our greatest opportunity for a major gain
in advertising efficiency. Creative people, by
their very nature and because of the exposure of
their art, have always sought new ways of improving copy in a constantly competitive world.
Yet media planners have only recently felt the incentive to seek out the new. Those of us who
worked on early audience studies can well remember the opposition to "nose counting" and the
"numbers game." Now that media and research
are teaming together, the opportunity includes not
only a great increase in measured facts, but also
mathematical methods and machines for speedy
application.
But - another question - aren't there unmeasured qualitative factors in all media selections? How can these go into a formula? Subjective estimates do enter into mathematical programming. These are mighty elastic, but actually they
have to be quantified in making any decision.
Recently two well dressed ladies were riding
in the seat ahead of me in a commuter bus. One
remarked to the other, "My son was planning to
give Margie that emerald ring of his, but he had
it appraised - he isn't going to give it to her. He
found it is worth $560, and he isn't that serious. "
Obviously, even romance has a dollar value! I
only wish the lady had stated the cut-off point.
Maybe Margie would have made it at $500 even!
More to the point, recently a food advertising manager gave a speech in which he explained
that he based the division of his publication budget
between consumer magazines and supplements on
the superior reproductive quality of magazines.
As he sat down beside me, I asked how much
more value he felt he gained through improved
physical appearance. He said he didn't know.
asked, "Is it in the order of five per cent or ten
or maybe twenty or more?" He pondered a while
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

and said, "I just don't know. II But surely he did
place some order of magnitude on this factor in
making his budget division. All that our mathematical friends are asking us to do is to make our
best estimates of these values in numbers; if we
can't systematize our thinking in these subjective
value areas, then we can't fully use the measured
facts at hand in reaching more intelligent media
decisions.
The picture is actually brighter than that.
Bit by bit, our media research people have cut
into hitherto unexplored areas. The POST, for
example, has pioneered in quantifying exposure
opportunities within magazines and, more recently,
in quantifying the values of repeated reader impressions of the same advertisement through rereading of the same issue. The point is that research will be used in a continuous attack on areas
where once we had only subjective judgments as
guides to values.
Since measurement may change our value
estimates, won't this throw off the weights now
used in the computer? The answer is that weights
will change for this and for many other reasons,
but this presents no problem to the solution method
in the computer. It is merely a part of the problem formulation; new weights can quickly be converted into new solutions.
But, aren't there other weights we have been
applying to media which were left out of this demonstration? The answer I would give is an emphatic
"Yes! ", but with one qualification. The qualification is the statement that we are always putting
weights into the computer, even if they are not
specified. Anything which does not have a designated weight is automatically given some common
weight value, such as a value of one. If, for example, we ignore duplication of media reach within
a market, we are simply giving each opportunity
or exposure or impression a fixed, uniform value,
regardless of whether each prospect is reached
only once or fewer prospects are hit more times.
This is not the real world, as any space salesman
can tell you. We just wanted to point out that the
weight is there in the formulation of the problem,
whether you specify it or not.
So far the answers seem clear, but aren't
we leaving out some good facts we already have?
Yes, we are leaving out some findings on reading
days and also data on time spent reading. Maybe
these factors went into the making of our subjective estimates of unit values for each media vehicle.
Maybe they aren't important to advertisers. I get
the impression that the industry never reacted

21

eagerly to evidence on magazine reading time.
There is one solid bit of data which is notably absent, and this bothers me a little. The problem
solution presented here takes no direct account of
ABC figures. You could insert ABC figures if you
wish, but there are no breakdowns by age, sex and
economic level. An alternative is to consider ABC
in arriving at your subjective weights in the problem
formulation. This would enable you to make some
distinction between the values of primary and passalong households. But, to be perfectly frank, our
mathematical approach to media problems depends
very slightly on audits of copies sold.
May I divert just a moment to mention one of
the most attractive features of this mathematical
approach? It not only provides a guide to what
kinds of data we need or don't need; it also provides
a precise guide to the required accuracy of the
needed measures. Many of you have shared our
experience of more than twenty years of effort to
bring all media measurement to a useful level of
accuracy. We have always assumed that, so long
as the budget wasn't cut, we would make the measures as accurate as humanly possible. Now, in
the mathematical programming approach we suddenly find ourselves confronted with the possibility
that we have been spending too much money in pursuit of precision. Or, it is possible that we may
suddenly find ourselves demanding better methods
and bigger samples to obtain more precision.
Projectable measures of advertising audiences
will help us, but aren't there still other factors in
the media function which can be subjected to a degree of measurement? I am sure there are, and
many of you have made major contributions to
methodology for these purposes. The more we
can measure, the less we need to guess. And
there is no concealing the fact that our fine mathematical approach is infiltrated with a lot of guessing at this stage.
What, then, is the value of so magnificent a
mathematical formulation if it still has so much in
it that is subjective? It seems to me that there
are two worthy answers to that question. In the
first place, it forces us to systematize our thinking, and to quantify those vague values which have
been both our weakness and our protection in the
past. Secondly, the use of this procedure enables
us to gain the utmost from such facts as we already
have; and we do have some substantial facts.
So, if we go along with the proposals in this
report, does this mean that the decisions coming
out of the computer are the best to be had? Wait
a minute - who said decisions were coming out of
22

the computer? There is no intention of making the
computer ouput a final answer. Instead, it is a
starting point or a platform on which to consider
all of the desired choices not in the computer solution. And if you have another choice, appraisal, or
assumption, try it on the computer! Maybe it would
be better and maybe it wouldn't. It costs very little
to find out. But the final decision should still be
made by men and not by machines.
This development puts us on the threshold of
a very new and promising era in media planning.
The real significance, of course, is the effects of
such procedures on media buying. Boiled down to
a few sentences, the effects will be:
1.

To force us all to put down in figures
those judgments which we always have
matched against figures - namely,
media dollars.

2.

To enable us - for the first time - to
make real sense· out of and maximum use
of our media research facts.

3. To produce for us specific, optimized
media schedules from the facts and judgments available when media decisions
have to be made.
4.

Then, finally - and most important --' to
. provide us with a scaled framework on
which we can superimpose our considered
alternatives and intelligently remold the
media plan - knowing what we pay for and
what sacrifice we make, regarding each
chang:e in the schedule.

Despite all of the promise and the logic of
this analysis, you may ask, "Aren't we getting a
little premature? Wouldn't it be best to wait until
we have more measured facts - more data for
making those subjective estimates of weights?" I
don't think so. Even with limitations of data, we
gain the advantages of systematized thinking. Now,
I'm getting too vague and academic: why not get
right down to practical facts? Computer procedures for improving media planning are here. The
mathematicians have done their job, and await our
inputs. The equipment is also ready and waiting.
A lot of the preliminary thinking has already taken
place throughout our business. If a demonstrated
application had not been announced here, it would
have come soon from some other source. This
application is the obvious next step enabling media
men to keep pace with creative men in improving
the efficiency of the advertising business.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

•

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LFE's BERNOULLI DISK FAMILY IS GROWING
Now LFE offers FIVE series of Bernoulli Disk magnetic memory storage devices. 25,000 to
2,000,000 bits. Built-in modularity. Fast random access. All meet military specs. Fixed station.
Mobile. General-purpose EDP systems. Three series meet airborne specs.
Simple, low cost, small size. Utilize Bernoulli's principles of gas motion to maintain positive
separation between small Mylar Disk storage medium and read/write heads. Hence withstand
severe shock, vibration, environment. Complete storage systems including electronic read/write
modules available. Details in new, complete brochure of entire family. Write.

..

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COMPUTER PRODUCTS
DIVISION
1

LABORATORY FOR ELECTRONICS, INC .
1079 COMMONWEALTH AVE . •

BOSTON 15, MASSACHUSETTS

See us at Booths No. 109, 110 at the E]CC Show

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

23

Annual

1.

Pictorial Report

DIGITAL COMPUTERS

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This is a view of the Honeywell 800, Service Bureau in the Minneapolis-Honeywell's Electronic
Data Processing division, Wellesley, Mass. This general view from left to right shows highspeed printer, card reader, magnetic tape units and their controls, console, floating pOint
unit and part of the central processor. Not seen in the picture is a high-speed card punch
(behind printer) and other electronic control equipment. The s~rvice bureau, provides customers with pre-delivery check-out of their programs, personnel training facilities and data
processing time for emergency use.

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Shown here is one phase of the
manufacture of the B200 Central
Processing Unit, made by the
Burroughs Corp., Pasadena, Calif.
Some 5,000 wires are automatically routed and wrapped around
terminal pins of back panels.
Approximately 10,000 connections
are made in this manner for each
panel.

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24

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

CC

John Wickham, assistant to Dr. Donald
McIntyre, chairman of Pomona College
Geology Dept., Claremont, Calif., sets
up a problem for the Clary DE-60 computer to solve. The computer is available to all geology students in the
undergraduate college. This computer
,,·is a small general purpose digital computer, and was specifically designed
for engIneering and scientific applications by the Clary Corp., San Gabriel,
Calif.

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Electronic Data Processing System, Class 390 -- National Cash Register Co., Dayton, Ohio.
The 390 consists of a central processor, a console, units to read punched paper tapes or
punched cards used as input media, and auxiliary eqUipment to create punched paper tape
or punched cards and to control other peripheral equipment. The 390 is so Ii d-s ta te, magnetic-core, fully transistorized, and may be used to handle all hasic accounting functions.
It is fully compatible with other processing machines, and may be intcurated into all
existing data processing systems. An important feature of this model is the magnetic
ledger card which stores data in maonetic tape strips on the back of the form, yet carries
all necessary printed information for reference and auditing on the front of the form.

31

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

25

LARC (Large Automatic Research Calculator) system -- Remington Rand UNIVAC,
Division of Sperry Rand Corp., New York,
N.Y. Capt. J. A. Obermeyer, Commanding
Officer, David Taylor Model Basin, Washington, D.C., discusses the operator's
control panel of the UNIVAC LARC II computing system with Dr. Harry Polachek,
Director of the Model Basin's Applied
Mathematics Laboratory. The computer is
one of the most powerful in operation;
it is capable of performing 250,000 additions per second, of 12 decimal digit
numbers. Another LARC is currently in
operation at the Univ. of California's
Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, Livermore,
Calif. which is operated for the U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission by the Universi ty. The system can be geared to handle
a range of problems extending from basic
scientific research to the preparation
of a company's payroll.

•
(Courtesy of Minneapolis Star)
BEGINNING A NEW FAMILY OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS -- Advanced Scientific Instruments, Inc.,
Minneapolis, Minn. This is one of the first pictures of a member of a new family of
digital computers to be introduced starting in January, 1962. The assembly of the
ASI-420 is watched by Pres. Francis Alterman, and V-Po Ralph Mueller (right) of the
new company. The ASI-420 is stored-program, parallel, and solid-state. It uses
42-bit words and a memory expandable to 8192 words. Buffered input-output channels
with total transfer rate of 125,000, 42-bit words per second are anticipated.
Multiple indexing and indirect addressing are also available on this new computer.
It is expected to be ready for display and demonstration by the end of Jan., 1962.
26

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

C(

Programmed Data Processor PDP-l -Digital Equipment Corp., Maynard,
Mass. This high speed digital computer was presented to Massachusetts
Institute of Technology in Cambridge,
Mass. where it will be used by the
Dept. of Electrical Engineering to
teach students the principles and
operation of modern electronic data
processing equipment.

UNIVAC III
Univac Div., Sperry Rand Corp., New York, N.Y. This general-purpose
digital computer will be acquired by the Houston Lighting [, Power Company, Houston,
Texas, in early 1963. It will be used by the utility for information processing in
accounting operations, relating to customers, payroll, store, dividends, and transportation. A new, character-packing, technique stores the same amount of information on a single reel of Univac III tape as formerly required as many as 20 reels.
This data can then be read at the rate of 200,000 digits per second.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

27

Honeywell 400 computer -- Minneapolis-Honeywell's Electronic Data Processing Division,
Bo ston, Mass. Shown here are ski lled workers wiri ng the central proces sor, or "brain",
of the computer system. Volume production of this medium-scale computer started this
year. This unit can average 10,000 additions or subtractions per second.

T
t

Telebank system -- Teleregister
Corporation, Stamford, Conn.
One of the first fully automatic on-line data processing systems for banks permits a transcontinental banking transaction
to be completpd in one second.
This was demonstrated in October at the American Bankers
Association Meeting in San
Francisco.

28

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

P
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Digital Data Processor -- Computer Control Co., Inc., Western Division, Los
Angeles, Calif. This high-speed, stored
program digital computer, the DDP-19, is
compact, modular and medium-size. It is
single-address, parallel, and binary.
It is also adaptable to special applications requiring a variety of input-output
equipment and/or very high operating
speed. As installed at Convair. Fort
Worth. Texas. this computer performs quick
look. reformatting. plotting. and digital
or analog output functions on B-58 analog
flight test data from analog magnetic
tape through a Beckman analog-to-digital
converter.

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B 200 Series Systems -- Burroughs Corp., West Coast division, Pasadena, Cal if. The completed central processing unit of a 8200 series systems undergoes a con~rehensive system
check-out before release from the Pasadenil manufacturing center. This division carried
out research and electronics design of the 8200 system.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

29

AN/UYK-l digital computer -- Ramo-Wooldridge, division of Thompson-Ramo-Wooldridge
Inc., Canoga Park, Calif. This multiple-purpose digital computer is claimed to have
achieved a degree of versatility and user convenience not ordinarily possible in an
inexpensive computer by using "stored logic~' techniques. This permits the user to
select a word length, order structure, and instruction repertoire especially suited
to the problem at hand. These normally "wired in" characteristics are specified by
data stored in the computer's memory and may be changed during the normal loading
procedures without hardware modifications.

Mult
Paci
cent

Honeywell 400 EDP System -- Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co.,
Boston and Lowell, Mass. Harold
W. Sweatt (seated), chairman of
the board of directors of this
company, throws a switch to turn
on the power of the first Honeywell 400 electronic computer.
Paul B. Wishart, Honeywell president, looks on. This new mediumscale computer is said to be one
of the most powerful available in
its price class. It is capable of
handling as many as 10,000 threeaddress operations per second. In
addition to the central processor,
the basic unit includes four magnetic tape units, an independent
console with keyboard and printer,
a high-speed printer and card
reader. Major options include
off-line printing, optical scanning, and random-access memory.
30

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

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General Electric information searching system, GE 225 -- General Electric Co.,
Phoenix,. Ariz. This system consists of a transistorized general purpose computer
with an 8192-word magnetic core storage memory and special programming features for
conducting literature searches. It is equipped with a dual magnetic tape handler
and tape controller, a high-speed punched card input and an electric typewriter output. It is installed at the Center for Documentation and Communication Research at
Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio,and is the fir.st of its type anywhere
in the world for purposes of literature searching.
ch
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t.

61

Minivac 601, digital computer -- Scientific Development
Corp., Watertown, Mass.
This miniature computer was
developed to enable the curious to discover and understand the fascinating world
. of electronic brains. It is
a table-size computer able
to perform all of the functions of a large-scale computer but with miniature
numbers. Minivacs may be
used by businessmen, teenagers, hobbyists, educators,
and industrial and military
training schools. The machine comes with a set of
six books, which explain
experiments and programs.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

31

General Electric Information
searching system GE 225 -General Electric Co., Phoenix,
Ariz. The control console
includes register display
lights, indicator lights,
power switches, status
lights, and 20 program control switches. The console
typewriter types 10 characte~s per second maximum under
control of central processor.
The card reader (left) reads
400 cards per minute. The
engineer is examining one of
the 750 printed-circuit,
logic-component pluggable
cards in the cabinet of the
GE 225. To the upper left
of the console are the magnetic tape units. Each role
of tape will store approximately 2500 documents.

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The CD 160 Digital Computer -Control Data Corp., Minneapolis, Minn. The 160 Computer
is a fully transistorized,
general purpose digital computer. It is controlled by an
internally stored program.
Operating in a parallel mode,
the 160 can execute 60,000 instructions in one second. It
can handle data transmissions
from input-output equipment at
speeds up to 160,000 characters per second. The magnetic
core memory has 4096 words
with a cycle time of 6.4 microseconds. A list of 62 instructions, complete programming package including FORTRAN,
and provisions for a complete
system of peripheral equipment
are provided with the CD 160.
Standard equipment includes a
a 350 character per second
photoelectric tape reader and
a 110 character per second
paper tape punch.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMA TION for December, 1961

C(

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The CD 1604 Digital Computer -- Control Data Corp., Minneapolis, Minn. The Control Data 1604
Computer is a solid-state, general purpose digital computer. It operates in a parallel mode and
has a core storage memory of 32,768 48-bit words. The 1604 has single-address logic, 2 instructions per word, and average cycle time is 6.4 microseconds. Its input-output facilities include:
three 48-bit buffer input channels; three 48-bit output channels; one high-speed 48-bit input
transfer channel (4.8 microseconds, 48-bit parallel word); and one high-speed 48-bit output
transfer channel (4.8 microseconds, 48-bit parallel word). Other standard features include program interrupt, a flexible repertoire of 62 instructions, low power consumption, real-time clock,
indirect addressing feature, and 6 index registers. Provisions are made for the 1604 to handle
a complete system of peripheral equipment.

This is one of the five General Mills digital computer systems slated for use in the Orbiting
Astronomical Observatory program of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration. This computer will be used by NASA for mathematical analysis of real time satellite control problems in
addition to analysis of other data. The General Mills AD/ECS computer is a solid state, parallel,
digital computer system. It utilizes plug-in printed circuit instruction cards for tying together various units of the computer system, such as the arithmetic unit, memory unit, control unit
and input-output buffer. The Central Computer can be altered easily in storage capacity, operational registers, and even order structure.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, ,1961
33
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This is the first installation of the Bendix G-20 solid-state computer made earlier this year
at Carnegie Institute of Technology. Shown from left to right are the Central Processor with
8192 words of core memory, Magnetic Tape Station, Card and Printer Coupler, Print Station, and
standard card equipment. The control console is operated in the foreground.

TRW-330 Digital Control Computer -- TRW Computers Co.,
Canoga Park, Calif. This control computer has a design
based on solid-state components, modular construction,
plug-in circuit cards, and Mercury-wetted-contact relays.
The basic sys'tems accepts up to 1024 variable-voltage inputs from pressure, flow, temperature, or other process
state measuring instruments. It samples, converts, and
stores this data with an accuracy said to be 0.1%. The
work length is 24 bits, including sign. The memory capacity goes to 100,000 words in units of 4000. Speed for
an addition or subtraction is 260 microseconds.

The
wide
requi
A ba~
the f
•
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•
•

Up
In~
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PI(

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TYPII
The
in an

REAl
The:
rate
aver;
and
whill
pute
ideal

E

34

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

•
CO

The 25th Honeywell 800 -- Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co.,
Electronic Data Processing Div.,
Boston, Mass. Computer technicians make a final check on the
25th Honeywell 800 EDP system.
Shown here is part of the battery
of high-speed magnetic tape drives
included in the large scale system which has since been installed
in the Philadelphia Electric Co.,
Philadelphia, Pa. There it is being used to automate the billing
of the utility's 1.1 million customers, help solve intricate engineering problems related to a
constant and economic supply of
electric power, and for general
accounting purposes. The first
Honeywell 800 system was delivered early in January to Associated Hospital Services of New
York.

...... , ....

~

..

~

iir

10''''"'

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, '-.,...

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"

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An International Business Machine Type 7080, one of the most powerful commercial
computers in the world, has been installed at Canadian Pacific's headquarters in
Montreal, Canada. The computer is fully transistorized, and can handle management reports, payrolls, and the great mass of data required in day-to-day railway
operations. It is up to six times faster tllan the IBM 705 Model III used previously. The computer is shown here in the factory at Poughkeepsie, N.Y., just
before shipment in September.
~61

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

35

Electronic Data Processing System, Class 315 -- National Cash Register Co., Dayton, Ohio
This solid-state computer accepts and delivers large volumes of information in all common
business-machine media at high speeds. The main memory, the random-access file, the magnetic tape file, and the input and output systems are all variable in size or capabilities
to fit closely the requirements of the user. Up to sixteen ~ard ~anoom-~ccess ~emory
(CRAM) units may be incorporated in a 315 system. Using CRAM, the 315 system can process
any number of special transactions in random order at any time .

. ,;':;» .: ; ; .l

:='lll)~;~

;":':ull; .i.~.i..w ;';';'.1
: • .:.llll'.;';'; :lSI)';';':;.')
;.;. •. u) ;.;;.; :al):';'; .')

• .:.:J:, :'.:'l:Ill';;':;

::':'::::'lin~i.;';'i:i:);'~;'

UNIVAC Military Digital Trainer -- UNIVAC, Div. of Sperry Rand Corp., Military Dept.,
St. Paul, Minn. This is a desk-size, 8-cubic-foot, binary computer with many largescale computer characteristics. It has applications ranging from training in computer maintenance, design and programming to the solution of many data-processing
problems. The Trainer includes: a high-speed magnetic core memory; single-address
instruction repertoire; a complete console with all arithmetic and control registers, available on the panel for operator intervention and teaching procedures; a
solid-state parallel-logic circuitry. The machine permits the instructor to demonstrate all elements of larger computers.
36

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

CO:

n-

ara

COMMUNICATIONS ENGINEERS
Experienced in Telegraph Systems, Data Transmission, Switching Systems,
Transmission Systems, Communications Planning, to work on the development of new large-scale, communications based data processing systems for
•
unique business and industrial applications
..................... $17,000

SYSTEMS PLANNERS

>e,

t

les
~ic

Ige

on

len
~40

:'-0-

161

Experienced in machine organization and design of multi-terminal business systems with particular emphasis in communications. Will specify
optimum configurations of system components to solve actual and hypothetical problems. Degrees in Electrical Engineering, Mathematics or
Physics ................................................. to $16,000

SYSTEMS-INDUSTRY ANALYSTS
Experienced men with particular "industry" background. Ability to determine the proper data processing system for a specific industry or determine
if a unique system should be designed. Should have knowledge of at least one
computer manufacturer's equipment and the capabilities of such equipment ................................................... to $15,000

PROGRAMMERS
Experience to include programming on large scale equipment with programs and applications of a Business, Scientific, or Engineering nature.
7090 experience preferred ................................. to $13,000

Our client, a leader in the data processing field, is presently expanding a major division (East
Coast location). Professionals whose interests and qualifications are in the above areas, please
submit complete resume with salary requirements to:
ASSOCIATES

PERSONNEL

CONSULTANTS

Contact A. J. Girdis
during EJCC at the
Sheraton-Park Hotel

6 Beacon St., Boston, Mass. - Richmond 2-1932
*DATA MANAGEMENT ... Recruiting SPecialistsjor Data Processing and Computer Personnel Exclusively.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

37

Automated Information -Processing Assistance
For Military Systems
PART 2

r-

\

\

I

I

M. O. Kappler
President
System Development Corp.
Santa Monica, Calif.

Component Design
Once the operating-system description is available,
the component producers can set component design
requirements. The operating-system description allocates among the various components the task which
the system must perform. I t does not, however, specify
in any detail the design of the component which will
accomplish the task. The operating-system description
states these requirements in functional terms. It may,
for example, stipulate that the transmission equipment must be able to handle messages of X word
length from Y sources at the rate of Z words per mintite. Or it may say that the computer must have a stor~
age capacity of X words, a buffering system with Y capacity, and so on. It is the component designer who
must specify how his component-will fulfill the requiremen ts specified in the operating-system description.
It is impor.tant to note once more the interdisciplinary approach required in system design. Not only
must the system designers be able to see interactions
and interrelations implied by the system but they must
thoroughly understand the capabilities and characteristics of each component. This enables them to
allocate tasks effectively and to specify the requirements for each component in appropriate language
and detail.

IMPLEMENTING THE SYSTEM DESIGN
In the preceding section, we saw how a system plan
designed. The next step is implementmg the desIgn. Words must be transformed into buildings, equipment, communications facilities, computer
p:ograms, trained people, and myriad other parts and
pIeces and all these elements must be combined as an
integrated, functioning entity-the system. Several of
these key clements in the implementation are perhaps
less well UJ.lderstood thaI) the rest. They are computer
programnllng, development of methods and procedures, system training and exercising, and the formulation of organizational requirements.

?f bluepri~t is

38

In the first part of this article printed in the
November issue the author defines "automated information-processing assistance" as the use of
high-speed digital computers together with their
related equipment and computer programs as a
tool in the performance of a job. His "military
system" includes not only the set of equipment,
but also the men who follow defined procedures
to carry out a mission.
He gives examples of several automatic information-processing systems in use by the military. To illustrate how these systems are developed,~he describes how a customer's statement of
his problem is turned into a detailed list of performance requirements for the proposed system.
He then outlines the steps in the system design
procedure: (1) the close communication and study
achieved by the system designers and the potential
users, (2) the use of simulation in the development and validation of the system, and (3) the development of the operating-system description.
Below he describes the last step in system
design (namely, the design of the components),
and gives a thorough description of the implementation of the system design - from the computerprogramming stage to system training and exercising.

Computer Programming
In an automated information-processing system, the
computer program i~ a large and important element.
A useful analogy in understanding the function of the
computer program is the operations order which sends

Seri

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

CO]

this
numb
inch
paci

~-

1961

a military aircraft on a mission. In this analogy, the
aircraft i& the computer and the operations order is
the computer program. If the Commander is on a
mission and discovers that the operations order is not
satisfactory, he can change it. Similarly, if the information-processing assistance is not satisfactory, it can
be changed, both before and after .the operational
date. An important case of this kind occurred in SAGE.
At the very last minute, the need arose for early provision of automatic target assignment and battery
evaluation (AT ABE) for NIKE batteries. Other information-processing functions were compressed a little to make room in the computer, work priorities
were adjusted, and ATABE soon became operational.
We achieve such flexibility in the information-processing aspects of these systems by using the iterative
approach. Even after the system is operational, the
functions supported by information processing can
be revised by changes in the computer program. For
the greatest flexibility to be achieved, however, the
likelihood of such changes must be considered in the
original design so that the facility for modification
can be incorporated in the system. We must also consider the role of the computer program in terms of
the hardware and in its relation to the human element
and the imbedding organization.
lVfodern automated information-processing systems
center around a general-purpose computer, "general
purpose" because it can be used for many jobs. The
general-purpose computer becomes a special-purpose
machine when a special computer program is written
for it. When we write a program [or a special purpose,
we give the machine that special purpose or capability.
Later, if we write a new program, we give the machine
a new purpose. In the case of a military system, our
practice has been to write a set of perhaps twenty-five
or thirty computer programs. Here, the general-purpose digital machine becomes twenty-five or thirty
different special-purpose machines solving different
problems or carrying out different data-processing
functions. Sometimes the machine runs through a
whole sequence of these in a few seconds. However,
there is no necessity for it to go through this sequence
in a fixed order. The order or timing may be varied
according to the needs of the system. This is particularly important in SACCS where some jobs on the
computer are for future planning and need not operate at any specific time while other jobs which involve
real-time control of airplanes and missiles must operate on demand. We have solved the timing problem
for SAC by developing an Executive Program which
can interrupt whatever it is doing when a real-time
control function is needed. Afterwards. it comes back
to the original job. In addition, the Executive Program
maintains a priority list of jobs to be done. It looks
ahead and starts preparing for the next job before it
has finished the one which is actually operating. An
Executive Program has many applications in systems
where computers would otherwise stand idle on the
chance that a request for an emergency operation
might be received.
This Executive Program is wriuen in an advallced
computer language called JOVIAL. JOVIAL is an
SDC-designed language which makes it possible to
write computer programs in English words and the
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

familiar notations of algebra and logic. This allows
even inexperienced programmers to write and test
programs in a fraction of the time previously required.
Because of its wide applicability, JOVIAL is well
suited for scientific problems involving numeric computation, [or business problems involving large data
files, and for logically complex problems involving
symbolic data. JOVIAL made an early SACCS capability possible by allowing computer programs to be
written for any computer (including the IBM 709,
IBM 7090, the AN /FSQ-31, and the Philco S 2000).
No matter what the language, however, the detailed
process of program formulation must be accomplished
before the first program instruction can be written.
Formulation is the process of translating operational
concepts into mathematical functions that can be used
by the machine. For example, in SAGE, certain hostile
aircraft tracks are assigned according to defined assignment criteria. These criteria have to be translated
into a mathematical model which permits the machine
to compare the position of a hostile aircraft with the
assignment model and make the assignment if the criteria are satisfied. Obviously, the program formulator
must have a detailed understanding of operational
procedures and equipment performance. (This is one
of the reasons why we consider it important to include
programmers on our design teams.)
After the problem has been formulated, we are ready
to write a program. A computer program is no more
than a set of step-by-step instructions which the. computer will follow just as a man follows instructions
in carrying out some assigned task. Suppose we want
to make a display on a panel. If we call on a man to
make the display, we tell him to write-for instanceALERT on the blackboard and he does so. However,
if we want the computer to make the display, the instructions have to be considerably more detailed. In
the first place, we have to tell the computer that we
want the first letter to be 10 inches from the left-hand
side and H inches from the top. Then we have to say
what the firstleuer is. Next, we must say that we want
the second ICller 1'1 inches from the top and 11 inches
from the left-hand side. We have to describe each
letter, a very laborious process. This is one of the
difficulties with data-processing assistance in the present state of the art. Methods o[ communicating with
the machine arc not optimum from our viewpoint.,
We have to do much, much more than tell the computer to put ALERT on the panel. We have to write
out a very detailed description (the computer program) of what we want done.
Unfortunately, our knowledge of all military operations is not as complete as our knowledge of how to
write ALERT on the blackboard. Military operations
are infinitely more complicated and a great deal of
effort is required to deal with the illforlllation-processing problellls they prl'sl'1I t. \ Ve ha ve to furmalize
what we wallL to say alld then say it with great precision, especially whell we express it in computer language. In lIlallY cases, we are unable to write the program in a fashion that will enable the machine to assist
us as completely as we should like-particularly when
intuition and judgment are involved. When this happens, our usual procedure is to let the program operate up to a certain point. Then a man reads the

39

machine's display, takes some sophisticated action, reports this to the machine, and the program carries on.
We use the man as a mechanism because no one knows
at present how to design a program that is clever
enough to do this particular job without using too
much time or too many instructions to the computer.
There is no magic in writing a computer program.
The specificity necessary in computer programming
requires a great volume of instructions, but it is an
orderly process. We would have no difficulty in writing
a computer program telling the machine to display
ALERT if we knew the details of the mechanism of
getting the letter down 14 inches and over 10. However, there is a difficult problem associated with specifying precisely the military. activity for which automated information-processing assistance is needed.
There is another way to approach this problem and
that is to learn to communicate with the machine in
some manner different from the detailed fashion we
now use. The JOVIAL language has significantly simplified communication with the computer. Not nearly
enough attention, however, is being given to this kind
of activity. The problem of getting a word description
into machine language needs much more investigation.
In spite of the modest research which has thus far gone
into computer' programming, our know-how has advanced a great deal. The numbel of people involved
in writing the SACCS computer program is only a
tenth of that required to write the original SAGE program even though the actual program is much longer.
With additional research we can expect still further
improvement.
Methods and Procedures
The computer program tells the computer what to
do. Something is also needed to tell the men in the
system what to do. The methods and procedures documents fill this need. These documents are essentially
handbooks which tell each man in detail what he is to
do in various situations,
For example, the operating-system description might
say, "This message is to be routed,by hand to the Director of Operations, Director of Materiel, Director of
Intelligence, and the Commander." The methods and
procedures document might detail this requirement as
follows:

a. Copy the messages from the status board onto
five-part Form 6X512.
b. Remove Copy 4 and file in central file.
c. If message is Top Secret, prepare the standard
hand receipts.
d. Hand Copies 1, 2, 3, and 5 to a messenger to be
delivered in the following order:
Commander
DjOPS

DjINT
DjMAT

Methods and procedures documents are useful in
defining procedures and serve as excellent source material for training.
System Training and Exercising
The capability for training and eXerCISIng is still
another factor which should be considered in the de40

sign of any system. A system-traInIng capability for
military systems isespecially critical. Most military
systems are built to do a job that we hope they will
never have to do, that is, fulfill their mission under
emergency or wartime conditions. We can permit such
systems to flex their muscles with large-scale live exercises but live exercises are extremely expensive and
cannot fully duplicate the expected threat. How, fOl
example, can we mount a live exercise which presents a ballistic-missile attack against the Continental
United States?
The answer to the need for system training lies in
simulation. Realistic simulated inputs of great variety
and complexity can be introduced which will simultaneously exercise all elements of the system. Our experience with system training programs for the manual
system and the SAGE System has demonstrated that
training through simulation can materially assist in
preparing a system to face a variety of emergency or
wartime conditions.
Training requirements should be formulated early
in the design phase so that they can be incorporated
in the equipments and the computer programs. Fitting
a training capability into an existing system is far
more expensive and usually less satisfactory than including the capability in the original design.
Organizational Requirements
Several automated military systems are currently in
the conceptual stage. Few, if any, of the operating elements of these systems currently exist. Each system
will be completely new. On the other hand, other
large operating systems are currently being modified
to incorporate information-processing assistance. In
either case, the development of an operating-system
description, the production of computer programs,
the specification of equipment requirements, the detailing of methods and procedures, and the formulation of system training and exercising requirements
all provide quantitative and qualitative job information. When a new system is being built, this information may be invaluable for forecasting how many
people will be required, how their jobs should be
organized, and what the job interrelationships should
be. The introduction of automated information-processing assistance to existing systems will have an impact on organization, new jobs will be created, and
existing ones will be changed or eliminated. Thus the
formulation of an organizational structure is a key
step in the development of an automated informationprocessing system.

..

CONCLUSION
Automated information processing is a powerful tool
in a large military system. The design of a system
which incorporates such information-processing assistance is an orderly process requiring an interdisciplinary team approach. The resulting design document, the operating-system description, is the plan or
blueprint for implementing the system. Of the many
implementation jobs, several are unique to automated
information-processing systems; they are computer programming, development of methods and procedures,
system training and exercising, and formulation of
organiza tional req uiremen ts.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

CON

~s

~r

2.

ANALOG COMPUTERS

:ts
is

... -"

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. . ...
•

~

...

.....

.

1-

5800 DYSTACQD Iterative Analog Computer -- Computer Systems, Inc., Monmouth Junction, N.J. Because of its memory feature, the DYSTAC computer cnn follow iterative
procedures by automatic transfer of stored results from one iterution to the next.
Memory al so permits time sharing of computer el cmcnt s. There huve lwen ni ne recent
installations of this unit at such places us Duystrom, Systems Div., Lu Jollu,
Calif.j Humble Oil & Refining Co., Bnytown, Texusj nnd Case Institute, Cleveland,
Ohio.

961

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

41

PACE 231R analog computer -- Electronic Associates, Inc., Long Branch, N.J. This general purpose
analog computer may include 100 operational amplifiers (30 summer integrators, 45 summers, 25
inverters)j 150 potentiometersj 10 multipliersj 20 diode-function generatorsj 5 resolversj and
10 comparators. The unit comes with a flexible memory system for digital-type calculations. On
the left a problem solution is being displayed on the DataplotteraD X-Y automatic plotter.

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Statistical-Analog Computer -- GPS Instruments Co., Inc., Newton 64, Mass. In the foreground a
vibration-damping problem connected with missile flight control is being solved. The basic GPS
compute~ assembled for repetitive mode calculations, can operate on a compressed time-scale of
3000 to 1. The computer is a general-purpose analog machine with some digital capabilities. It
features a one megacycle bandwidth.

42

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

Ir

ir
di
SL

CC

ANALOG COMPUTING
TYPICAL PROBLEM: Calculate %Conversion in Reactor

Te
w

•

••••

-.'

w
Q

%C

Here is an Analog Computing display shown by The Foxboro Company, Foxboro, Mass, at
a Chemical Show in November. It presents a typical chemical processing calculation
and a method of solving it with pneumatic analog computing units. Only simple readout gauges and four Foxboro Type 46 pneumatic computing instruments are required.
At the upper left and lower right are square root extractors which are used to extract the square root from the measurements of reactant and cooling water flows.
The center instrument is a multiplier which multiplies cooling water flow by cooling water temperature rise, giving total heat transferred to the cooling water per
unit of time. At the lower left is the divider that divides total heat transferred
by reactant flow. System output, read on the gauge at the left, is in terms of percent reactor conversion. In actual practice, the gauge could be made to read in uru
per pound of reactant or other convenient units.

961

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

43

Control Console for EASE Analog Computer -- Beckman Instruments, Berkeley
Division, Richmond, Calif. This new control panel allows push-button location and control of operational elements of the EASE Analog Computer. The
unit is designed to complement the iterative differential analyzer function
of the latest series of the analog computer. A removable pin board for
ease of programming is shown in the foreground of the console.

TR-lO Desk Top Analog Computer -- Electronic Associates. Inc •• Long Branch.
N.J. A computer operator installing a
pre-programmed removable patch panel on
the EAI TR-lO transistorized desk-top
size general purpose analog computer.
Each patch panel. programmed for a different problem. can be installed in less
than one minute. This allows almost
continuous operation for this unit.
claimed to be "the engineers'new slide
rule" •

Cont
-- l

unit
Serj
the
ass(
Inc]
cui t
quer

al s(
pro,
syst
cha]
exp~

cia:
is ]

44

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

COlV

,4

Analog Process Control Computer PC12 -- Electronic Associates, Inc., Long
Branch, N.J. Computers of this type are assembled from stock: solid-state,
modular-design components.
The computers meet specific requirements of
chemical, steel, and other industrial processes. During assembly components
are permanently programmed to fit the specific application, ready for online installation.

Precision altitude computer
Guidance and Control Systems Div.,
Litton Systems, Inc., Beverly
Hills, Calif.--This is an accurate
and rugged altitude computer. It
requires only 21 square inches of
panel space. Its accuracy in an
aircraft environment is within
±.05% of full-scale pressure; thus
at 30,000 feet, indicated altitude
is within 20 feet of actual altitude.

1961

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

45

linea
means

Missile

Cape
Advanced

Program at

1

by

Supported

Canaveral

Computer

Supply

c.
A.

System

c.
t.

D. H. Addiscott
Mgr., Electronic Data Processing
Pan American World Airways
Cape Canaveral, Fla.

For the big missiles to lift from their pads
at Cape Canaveral and soar more than 5, 000 miles
down the Atlantic missile range, an army of men
and machines must move into action.
Part of the story of this missile-age task
force involves a computer system - one of the
most comprehensive of its kind - set up by Pan
American's Guided Missiles Range Division to
control and schedule supply operations throughout
the entire range. The computer system, in effect,
maintains a full pipeline of vital supplies and equipment from Cape Canaveral down to Ascension Island - and beyond into the South Atlantic.
Pan Am's llM computers, located at Patrick
Air Force Base in Florida, have on their random
access disks and magnetic tapes a wide variety of
information about some 190, 000 stocked and nonstocked items representing a $12-1/2-million inventory. The system, however, is far from a
straightforward inventory problem. It is a vital
link in one of the most massive and important undertakings of the American space program.
Rarely have so many complex items, needed
by so many people in such a short period of time,
been entrusted to one electronic system. But despite the complexity of the problem, the system is
a proved success.

History
To get an idea of just why the system is so
complex, let's take a brief look at the Cape and its
missile range:

46

The

I

store
vides
anal~

As missile research progressed after World
War II, it became apparent that a testing area would
be required for long-range vehicles. After careful
consideration, the Defense Department settled on
Cape Canaveral, a barren wedge of land jutting out
from Florida into the Atlantic.
In 1953, the Air Force Missile Test Center
awarded a contract for operation of the range to
Pan American World Airways. The same year,
the Guided Missiles Range Division came into being' assuming responsibility as prime contractor
to the United States Air Force for the management,
operation and maintenance of the 5, OOO-mile missile test range.

and 1
olog)
mati<
meteI
SUCCE

the r
into
tion.
and ~
pathc
bili 1
stOrE

be

u~

Since that date, Pan Am's GMRD has undergone rapid growth. The full goal of the missile
range became a reality in October, 1957, with the
activation of posts on Antigua and Ascension Island.
Today, this support activity takes in ten downrange
bases, six specially fitted floating range instrumentation vessels, and 24 stock issue locations at the
Cape and Patrick Air Force Base.

Variety
One of the amazing parts of this operation is
the wide assortment of supplies and services Pan
Am's GMRD must provide. Missile tests mean
high-voltage and high-pressure lines to the pads,
hangars and machine shops; storage areas and
magazines for highly volatile fuels and pyrotechnics. It also means wells, water plans and power
stations; garages, warehouses and medical facilities. A typical downrange station needs, besides

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

,

1

COM

sgniex-

r-

arts.
t of

the
ts.

complex tracking and recording gear, bottle-gas
storage plants, a laundry, maintenance shops,
supply store, weather station, barracks, administration and control buildings. In short, all the
facilities of a city-sized community engaged in
ultra-technical activities.

viding random access to twenty million digits of
information then will be linked to the 1401 tape
system. The GMRD will do essentially the same
job with the newer equipment; but it will do it faster and more economically than before.

Automatic Processing of Supply Transactions
Circumventing Delay
c.

n
ms

formisand
for
lay
f

ac-

rds.
f

reab-.

.ples
ies
tion
hie

ict-

be
ecogone

r-

which
elaefthe
nt

In addition to the supply of a tremendous
assortment of items to Widely separated points,
there is one other critical element in pan Am's
operation: the system must make certain that no
missile shoot is ever delayed or hampered by a
supply problem. And here is where the IBM computers come into play.
Twenty reels of magnetic tape hold the key
to the supply system. These master tape records
contain pertinent information on some 190, 000
different items. This tape data runs the gamut
from source, current balance, and price to a detailed record of past usage - in effect, just about
every factor needed by GMRD to keep close tabs
on the item.
The information on these tapes - and on the
random-access disks of an IBM computer - is in
a constant state of flux. 24 hours a day, 7 days a
week, data flows into the computer center at Patrick Air Force Base, by hand, courier, mail. and
IBM Tele-processing equipment. About 2, 500 requisitions a day are handled by the center, with
some 8, 000 to 10, 000 other transactions processed
by the system. Once requisition slips are punched
into IBM card form, all the other documents in the
system are produced automatically. Thus, the
accuracy factor is maintained at an all time high
simply because manual transcribing is at an all
time low.
The principal equipment in Pan Am's GMRD
supply system has been an IBM 650 computer with
three RAMAC disk files and a tape data selector.
IBM Tele-processing equipment and a teletype network link this installation to some of the range
bases and to Army and Air Force supply depots.

snsven
cti-

The system, however, now is being augmented by newer, more powerful solid-state equipment.
An IBM 1401 has replaced the tape data selector,
simultaneously absorbing new accounting applications. Two 1401 card systems will replace much
of the present peripheral equipment, speeding offline operations. Finally, a powerful 1,110 computer
with 40, 000 positions of core storage will take over
the 650's duties. A new IBM RAMAC disk file, pro-

1961

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

Present or future, the system is designed for
automatic control and processing of virtually all
supply transactions. When a requisition goes into
the computer, the system finds out - in seconds
- if enough stock is on hand to fill the order, where
the stock is located (down to the very bin), and just
how much is available in each warehouse and stockroom within the entire 5, ODD-mile range complex.
The computer than prepares a material release to
the appropriate stock room, where the order is
filled and sent to the requisitioner.
The system cOhstantiy checks to make certain that stock levels are at an adequate point. If
a requisition causes the level to fall below a previousiy determined minimum point, then the computer system will automatically generate a purchase order. As a result, the system provides a
margin of safety for the entire missile program
- and eliminates supply recordkeeping at each of
the bases.
Purchase orders printed out by the system
are forwarded to Procurement and then sent to the
proper vendor for purchase. To expedite certain
items, the GMRD computer center at Patrick Air
Force Base in Florida (near Cape Canaveral) is
linked to Robbins Air Force Base in Macon, Ga.,
by IBM Transceivers. This Tele-processing
equipment automatically transmits computer output cards to the supply depot without manual transcribing.

Interrogation
While the requisition-to-order cycle is going
on, the computer also is storing key data on its
RAMAC disks. In the present system, one RAMAC
unit contains data pertaining to customer requisitions. At any time - even in the midst of a processing operation - the computer can be interrogated for answers to queries concerning document
number, status of requisition, a.mount wanted and
similar data.
Another RAMAC file contains "due-in" information which shows the exact status of each purchase order. In less than 15 seconds, overdue and
47

The ir
procel
goverl
faciL
syster
cessil

outstanding orders can be ascertained, traced
and follow-up procedures instituted.
This inquiry feature - made possible by the
random access memory - has proved to be one of
the most important attributes of the system. At
present, upwards of 1, 000 questions regarding
supply are put to the computer each day - and
answered in detail. In fact, there is hardly a
facet of the supply system supporting the Cape
Canaveral missile range that cannot be answered
through the facilities of the IBM computer.

~

h....

.~

Other Jobs
The overall system, however, is programmed to do many other jobs as well: from
the stored records of past usage, for example,
the computer adjusts stock level pOints to conform
with the activity of the item. Thus, GMRD is
assured that a sudden demand for an item will be
taken into consideration by the computer and, if
necessary, supply levels will be increased to
meet it.

COl

A.

In th:
tions
ated «
tual I
are pl

Another result of computer processing is
the transfer of supplies from one warehouse to
another when the stock level is disproportionate.

The me
deterr
tions
time
outlil

The system also conducts automatic checks
to make certain that an item number hasn't been
supplanted by a new number. This means that the
system meshes intimately with the government's
own supply system. It also assures that only the
latest model of an item will be shipped to the customer.
Al though there are many factors which can
delay a missile firing, supply is not one of them.
Pan Am's Guided Missile Range Division, using
advanced computing techniques, is providing efficient and effective support service to one of our
nation's most important undertakings.

The b.
sion (
plishr
in da~
the pl
data
sis w:
s tresl
tempt:
is tin~
will;
of thl

Some I
descr:
the pI
commUl

J.

r
.~

The c]
the S;
the w
closel

An ex]
simul"
for a
is chI
final
can bl
checkl

A com]

SOL C

the gl
grams

48

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

CON

for
11 as
om-

GE

ory
e.
her
i-

t
mental
s of
is
lot.
sec ••

~w

my.
the
'mal
If the
!dge.
If
'easonserIctwith
'ers.

ENGINEERS

I

to
,r
.nd
,ro.ed
be

n.

,

One engineer and an fAI PACf® TR-I0 transistorized desktop analog computer can be the equal of several men
limited to conventional design tools. The TR-I0 multiplies the design capabilities of the most able engineer. One
TR-I0, equipped with a removable patch panel, will serve the needs of a roomful of engineers. This new patch panel
permits pre-patching of programs away from the computer. It plugs into the computer instantly - valuable
computation time is conserved . • Versatility of the TR-I0 is unequalled. Unique simplicity makes it excellent for
students or engineers unfamiliar with analog techniques. Accurate to a tenth of one percent, the TR-I0 performs
admirably for the experienced user in 95% of routine engineering problems. And with High-Speed Repetitive
Operation added, or with several units slaved to operate as one, the TR-l 0 meets the demands of many advanced
applications . • For technical data on this almost infinitely versatile computer, write for Bulletin No. AC 934.

EAI

Visit us at Booths 81, 82, 83 at Eastern Joint Computer Conference
Career Opportunity for Engineers - Graduate or advanced degrees in EE, Physics, Math - call or writo Gordon Strout, Director·Personnel

ELECTRONIC ASSOCIATES, INC. Long Branch, New Jersey

Leader in Analogics Analog/Di2ital Computers Data Reduction Process Control Instruments Computation Service

.961

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

49

ROSTER OF ORGANIZATIONS

Input (
tences,
ployed,
ti ve S1
by deml
gressi 1

IN THE COMPUTER FIELD

THE
(Supplement, information as of November 15, 1961)

Modera"
The purpose of this Roster is to report organizations (all that are known to us) in the computer field:
organizations making or developing computing machinery or data-processing machinery; organizations supplying services in the computer field; and organizations
supplying components used in the computer field if related to the field (for example, magnetic drums would
be such a component).
This listing is a supplement to the last cumulative roster published in the June, 1961 issue, "The
Computer Directory and Buyers' Guide".

H. !
C
D;

Me Organization established a "medium" time ago
(1931 to 1950)
Se Organization established a short time ago (1951
or later)
(no. in parentheses is year of establishment)
Interest in Computers and Automation
Dc Digital computing machinery
Ac Analog computing machinery
Ic Incidental interests in computing machinery
Sc Servomechanisms
Cc Automatic control machinery
Mc Automatic materials handling machinery

Panel I
C.

J

ing
Com

R.
C
t

Entries. Each Roster entry if complete contains:
Name of the organization, its address / Telephone number / Description of its main activities, main products
in the field, any comments / Types of activities it engages in, size (expressed in number of employees),
year established, nature of its interest in the computer
field. In cases where we do not have complete information, we put down what we have.

*C This organization has kindly furnished us with information expressly for the purpose of the Roster and
therefore our report is likely to be mOre complete and
accurate than otherwise might be the case. (C for
Checking) / 61: information furnished in 1961 / 60: information furnished in 1960 / etc.

R.
D
C

Englis
has al
in pro
mercia
busine
chines
guage,
scient

Organization Entry Form
Accuracy. We have tried to make each entry
accurate to the extent of information.in our posseSSion.
We shall be grateful for any more information or additions or corrections that anyone is kind enough to send
us. Although we have tried to be accurate and complete,
we assume no liability for any statements expressed or
implied.
Abbreviations

The form to be completed for an entry in the
Roster of Organizations follows:
1. Your organization's correct name? _ _ _ _ _ __

ASA Sl

2.
3.

Street address?
City, zone state ? ___________________________
Telephone number? ___________________________

4.

Types of computers, data processors, accessories,
components, services, etc., that you produce or
offer?

The key to the abbreviations follows:
Activities
Ma Manufacturing activity
Sa Selling activity
Ha Hesearch and development
Ca Consulting
Ga Government activity
Pa Problem-solving
Ba Buying activity
(Used also in combinations as in RMSa "research, manufacturing and selling activity")
Size
Ls Large size, over 500 employees
Ms Medium size, 50 to 500 employees
Ss Small size, under 50 employees
(no. in parentheses is approx. no. of employees)
When Established
Le Long established organization (1930 or earlier)
50

--------------------------------

-----------------------------~----------

5.

ISO/T(
of gel
progr:

Types of activity that you engage in:
(
) Research
(
) Manufacturing
(
) Selling
(
) Consulting
(
) Other (please explain)_ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

6. Approximate number of your employees ?________
7. Year organization was established ? ________
8. Listings for two of your executives:
Name & Title
Name & Title_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _____
This data supplied by_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___
Title
Date

f

The sl
eral
autho:
langu

Ses

Motor

---------------------------------

-----------------------

------------

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

This
for (
and (
COM]

ROSTER

.ele
leral
·dig:tion
1 the
lter.
;ed
comin~rsi on

(

f'

;rol.
l:or
;ive
lso

>n

)eOne
to
>-

ISing
are
and
on

lusng

with
ion.

,
t

)-

ring
Ji

to
and

;-

961

Advanced Scientific I~s,truments, Inc., 5249 Hanson
Court, Minneapolis 22, Minn. I KE 3 -2051 I *C 61
Computers. Djgital instrumentation. Scientific
and engineering computations; on-line and offline process control and data processing I RMSa
Ms(50) Se(1961) Dlc
AiResearch Mfg. Co. of Arizona (a div. of the Garrett
Corp.), 402 S. 36th St., Phoenix, Ariz. I BR
5~6311 I *C 61
Pneumatic analog computers I RMSa Ls(3600)
Me(1950) Ac
American Data Machines Inc., 7 Commercial St. ,
Hicksville, L. I. , N. Y. I WE 8-9800 I *C 61
Data integrators, card reading devices, card
punch machines, attendance recorders; generally data collection equipment I MSa Ss(25) Se
(1961) Ic
Asbjorn Habberstad A/s, Konowsgt. 8, Oslo, Norway
I Oslo 67.47.80 I *C 61
Management consultants specializing in management science and all problems of data processing with punch card machines or electronic computers I Ca Ms(70) Me(1940) DAc
Astrometrics, Inc., 1108 Santa Barbara St., Santa
Barbara, Calif. I WOodland 5-0931 & 965-0406
(all-number call) I *C 61
Electronic commutators, FM receivers (telemetry), Servosound high-fidelity audio systems,
Articulator audio system (intelligence improving
receiving equipment), no-moving parts recorder and playback system, low-level amplifiers,
etc., automatic data processing systems, telemetry. systems, amplitude probability -density
analyzer system I RMSa Ss(9) Se(1957) DAlc
Auerbach Corporation, 1634 Arch St., Philadelphia 3,
Pa. I LOcust 3-7377 I *C 61
Information sciences and technology. Systems
engineering, equipment development, programmed teaching, product and market planning,
operations research, business systems consultation, programming I RCa Ms(100) Se(1957)
DAlc
Bull Corp. of America, 521 5th Ave., New York 17,
N. Y. I YUkon 6-9966 I *C 61
Punched card equipment, data processing systems, electronic gamma computers I MA ? s
Se(1960) Ic
The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., 1231 24th St. ,
N. W., Washington 7, D. C. I FE 3-6800 I *C 61
Reports on electronic data processing I publishing Ms(300) Me(1933) Ic
Cadre Industries Corp., 20 Valley St., Endwell,
N. Y. I PI 8-3373 I *C 61
Cable harnesses IRMa Ls(1300) Me(1950) Ic
Cognitronics Co., Treasure Hill, Pleasantville Rd. ,
Briarcliff Manor, N. Y. I ROgers 2-0100 I *C 61
- I RMSa Ss(22) Se(1961)
Commercial Computers Inc., 36 Pleasant St., Watertown 72, Mass. I WA 6-0335 I *C 61
Small desk top computers, digital modules I
Ma Ss(6) Se(1961) Dlc
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

Compu-Center Corporation, 136 West 52nd St., New
York 19, N. Y. I CL5-8806 I *C 60
Consulting, analysis, training, programming,
and programmers on a contractual basis,as
well as assisting in, or assuming complete responsibility for a short or long-term computer
effort I RCa Ss(5) Se(1960) Ic
Computer Concepts, Inc., 1012 14 st., N. W., Washington, D. C. I 783-7215 I *C 61
Advanced programming systems, machine translation I Ca Ss(35) Se(1961) Ic
Computer Equipment Corporation, 11612 W. Olympic
Blvd., Los Angeles 64, Calif. I GR 9-4131 I *C 61
Digital data acquisition systems; range instrumentation; time sequencing systems. Time-todigital converters. Computer-formatting systems I RMSa Ms(60) Se(1958) Dlc
Computer Usage Co., Inc., 18 East 41 St., New York
17, N. Y. I MU 9-7672 I 1825 Connecticut Ave. ,
N. W., Washington 9, D. C., NO 7 -7225 I 6266
Manchester Blvd. (at Sepulveda), Los Angeles 45,
Calif., OR 0-7246 I *C 61
Digital computer systems; analytical and programming services; data processing; scientific
programming; automatic programming; computer times sales on IDM 7090, 7070, 705, 1401,
704, in New York and Philadelphia areas I RSCa
Ms(102) Se(1955) Dc
Computron, Inc., 122 Calvary St., Waltham 54, Mass.
I TW 9-0880 I *C 61
Manufacturers of magnetic data processing and
instrumentation tape IRMa Ss(25) Se(1960) Ic
Control Electronics Co., Inc., 10 Stepar Place, Huntington Station, L. 1. , N. Y. I HAmilton 7 -7961 I *C 61
Delay lines (computer type.s), audio filters, transducers, microwave components, oscillators, etc.
I HMa Ms(125) Se(1951) Ic
Control Logic, Inc., 11 Mercer Rd., Natick, Mass. I
OL 5-1170 I *C Gl
Welded circuit modules, real-time and digital
control systems I HMSCa Ss(20) Se(1961) Dlc
Cybetr-onics, Inc., 132 Calvary St., Waltham 54, Mass.
I TW 9-0012 I *C 61
Digital pattern generators, magnetic tape certifiers and cleaners, consulting in the computer
and instrumentation field I RMCa Ss(10) Se
(1960) Dlc
Daniel, Mann, Johnson, & Mendenhall, 3325 Wilshire
Blvd., Los Angeles 5, Calif. I DUnkirk 1-3663 I
*C 61
System design for military, commercial and industrial needs. Consul{ting services in the system and automation field. Design, evaluate, implement, train. supervise conversion to automated systems I HC(educational)a Ms Me(1947) Ic
Datanamics, Inc., 7810 Burnet Ave., Van Nuys, Calif.
I TH 3-5370; Los Angeles sales office, DU 8-0431
I *C HI
Source data recorders (off-line) which punch
IBM cards for EDP input as a by-product of
source transactions I MSa Ms(50) Se(1958) Ic

51

ROSTER OF ORGANIZATIONS
Harman-Kardon, Inc., Ames Court, PlainView, N. Y.
Datapulse Inc., 509 Hindry Av£:;., Inglewood, Calif. /
/ OV 1-4000 / *C 61
ORchard 1-7713, ORegon 8-3983 / *C 61
Data simulators, pulse generators / RMSa Ss(28)
Digital modules / MSa Ms(500) Me(1950) Ic
G. L. Hollander Associates, 734 W. Maple Ave., FulSe(1961) Ic
lerton, Calif. / TRojan 1-4918 / *C 61
Delta Data Corp., 3134 Shane Dr., Richmond, Calif.
Design and consulting in general and special pur/ CA3-7100 / *C 61
Consulting services, testing, scoring / Ca Ss(10)
pose computers and their application to bUSiness,
Se(1959) Ic
control, communications switching, and defense
Dresser Products, Inc., and Dresser Engineering, Inc.,
/ RCa Ss(4) Se(1961) ICc
114 Baker St., Providence 5, R. I., ST 1"':4430 /
Indiana General Corporation, General Ceramics Div. ,
*C 61
Crows Mill Road, Keasbey, N. J. / V Alley 6-5100
Punched-tape handling equipment, filling sup/ *C 61
Ferramic memory cores, memory planes, arplies / MCa Ss(8) Se(1955)
Drexel Dynamics Corp., Maple Ave., Horsham, Pa.
rays, microstacks, memory systems, buffers,
/ WA 7-6200 / *C 61
large memory systems / RMSa Ls(550) Le
High-speed printer/plotter, tape to tape trans(1908) Ic
lators, digital process control systems, digital
Information Products Corp., 156 Sixth St., Cambridge,
logic circuit cards / RMSa Ms(215) Se(1956)
Mass. / EL 4-1206 / *C 61
DICc
CRT display units, computer on-line interrogaDuke University, Computing Laboratory, Durham,
tors, hard copy printers / MSa Ss(15) Se(1961)
Ic
N. C. / 681-0111, Ext. 3695 / *C 61
IBM 7070 used for research and instruction /
Itek ElectrO-Products, Inc., Div. of Itek, Inc., 75
R(instruction)a Ss(16) Se(1958) Ic
Cambridge Parkway, Caml::n:idge 42, Mass. / UN
Dynamics Corp., 2525 E. Franklin Ave., Minneapo4-7200 / *C 61
Data translators, tape search units, digital
lis 6, Minn. / FE 5-8711 / *C 61
Digital transducers, encoders, satellite control
clocks for precision timing, crystal filters /
computers, digital control systems / RMSa Ms
RMSa Ms(250) Se(1955} Ic
Kalvar Corp., 909 So. Broad St., New Orleans, La.
(50) Se(1961) DICc
/ 822-1600 / *C 61
Electric Boat, Div. of Gencral Dynamics Corp., GroFilm for input services / RMSa Ss(45) Se(1956)
ton, Conn. / HI 5-4321 / *C 61
Structural analysis and pipe stress analysis, both
Ic
static and dynamiC. C\~ .1puter services, 32K
Liskey Aluminum, Inc., Box 506, Glen Burnie, MaryIBM 704 with peripheral equipment, also IBM
land / CIrcle 2-7300 / *C 61
1401 system; analog to digital conversion equipComputer-room free-access flooring / MSCa
ment; GPS analog cquipmcnt; also programming
Ms(100) Se(1958) Ic
and analysis services available / RC Ga ? s ? e
Litton Systems, Inc., Guidance and Control' Systems
DAIc
Div., 5500 Canoga Ave., Woodland Hills, Calif. /
Electro International, P. O. Box 391, 2nd St. Extended,
DI 6-4040 / *C 61
Greenwood Acres, Annapolis, Md. / COlonial
Military data processing systems, computer
3-2661 / *C 61
components including: drum memories, inputProgram selection and processing consoles
output devices, test equipment, computing center
(NASA) and installation / RMa Ms(156) Me
for providing complete computing services /
(1950) ICc
RMSa Ls(5000) Se(1954) DAlc
Electroplex, Inc., 120 West 131 st., Los Angeles 61,
Memorex Corp., 1180 Shulman Ave., Santa Clara,
Calif. / FAculty 1-6212 / *C 61
Calif. / CH 8-3344 / *C 61
Plug-in digital circuit modules (compatible
Magnetic tape / RMSa Ss(20) Se(1961) Ic
families); high efficiency power supplies, time
Moog Servocontrols, Inc., Industrial Div., East
base generators / MSa Ss(30) Se(1961) Ic
Aurora, N. Y. / NL 2-2000 / *C 61
Ess Gee, Inc., 15 Havens St., Elmsford, N. Y. /
Servovalves and electrohydraulic servo systems
LYric 2-8620 / *C 61
for missile and aircraft use. Hydra-Point nuAirborne data processing equipment and inmerical control system for drilling and milling
strumentation. Ground data handling systems /
machines / RMSa Ls(750) Se(1951) Ic
Motorola, 4501 W. Augusta Blvd., Chicago 51, TIL /
RMCa Ss(35) Se(1960) IMc
Executive Computer Utilization, 1323 No. Water St. ,
SP 2-6500 / *C 61
Milwaukee 2, Wisc. / BRoadway 6-2733 / *C 61
Data transmission in microwave radio relay sysFeasibility analysis, equipment evaluation,
tems / MSa ?s ?e Ic
EDP organization planning, management semiNational Physical Laboratory, Mathematics Div.,
nars on EDP problems, EDP personnel selecTeddington, Middlesex, England / TEddington
tion and training, operations research, business
Lock 3222 / *C 61
systems deSign, computer programming, comComputing service using DEUCE and ACE.
puter operations technique, periodic reappraisal
Digital and punched card / RCPEa Ms(60) Me
/ CP(educational)a Ss(6) Se(1960) Ic
(1945) Dc
(To Be Continued in the January Issue)
52

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

(

19

Modera

Openin

Keynot

Sessio

Many c'
as an
digita
eral. I
on the
deadlil
proces:
each 11
deadlil
COMPl

Ic
, Ful-

COMPUTER CONFERENCE

lal pur-

lSiness,
efense

Sheraton-Park

Hotel,

Decemher

Div.,

I

EASTERN JOINT

1961

N.Y.

Washington,
12-14,

PROGRAM
D. C. ,

1961

-5100

, arIers,
l.e

~.

Y'
;fJ"..

l-

Ibridge,

PRELIMINARY TECHNICAL PROGRAM
Including Abstracts of Papers
of the
1961 EASTERN JOINT COMPUTER CONFERENCE

Toga:(1961)

Tuesday, December 12, 1961
Morning Session

75
I

UN

OPENING SESSION

U
sI

Moderator:

La.

BRUCE G. OLDFIELD
IBM Federal Systems Division
Program Chairman, 1961 EJCC

Opening Remarks:
~(1956)

Mary-

JACK MOSHMAN
C-E-I-R, Inc.
Chairman, 1961 EJCC
WILUS H. WARE
RAND Corp.
AFIPS Chairman

;Ca
Keynote Address:

terns
lifo

I

~r

lputcenter

DAUSE L. BIBBY
Executive Vice President
Remington Rand Division
Sperry Rand Corporation

Tuesday, December 12, 1961

II

Afternoon Session
ra,

I

'i-

TOTAL SYSTEMS IN REAL TIME
Session Chairman:

JAMES H. BURROWS
Mitre Corp., Bedford, Mass.

stems
: nulling

MULTILEVEL PROGRAMMING
IN A REAL TIME SYSTEM

m. I

A. B. Shafritz and A. E. Miller
Auerbach Electronics Corporation
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

Ly sys-

Me

L961

and-forward communication system to demonstrate
the power of multilevel programming. The establishment of these levels, their relationship, and
criteria for assigning functions to a given level
are discussed. The unusual approach for mechanizing the control of transfers between levels is
highlighted.

Many complex, modern, real-time systems include,
as an integral part, a sophisticated electronic
digital data processor. There are usually several, quite diverse, timing requirements imposed
on the operational program to meet the real-time
deadlines of the system. To obtain efficient
processing the program is divided into levels,
each level satisfying a different type of system
deadline. This paper uses the vehicle of a storeCOMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

PROJECT MERCURY REAL-TIME
COMPUTATIONAL AND DATA-FLOW SYSTEM
S. I.Gass, W. K. Green, J. E. Hamlin,
R. Hoffman, R. D. Peavey, A. Peckar and
M. B. Scott
IBM Federal Systems Division
Washington, D. C.
This paper will be presented in four sections:
The use of digital computers as an integral
part of real-time decision making in Project
Mercury. Duplexed IBM 7090 computers are used
throughout a mission to process observations made
in the launch, orbit and re-entry phases and to
supply a continuous, real-time record of the known
environmental status of the spacecraft. In addition, a computer oriented procedure - CADFISS is used to determine the operational status of
world-wide data flow systems prior to a mission.
The Mercury programming system. This system
has been built on the modular concept whereby
groups of processors which perform various tasks
are combined by a monitor program to form a system to handle the demands of any particular phase
of the Mercury mission. The teChniques employed
have required a negligible trade-off between
speed and accuracy and have provided the flexibility needed in handling an enormous task with
ever-changing specifications.
Simulation procedures. The first method allows
the operational programs to run in a quasi-realtime environment under control of a simulation
program. The second simulation method allows for
the generation of a known set of data which is
then processed in real-time by the operational
programming system.
Data flow and equipment configurations of th~
Mercury Launch Monitor Subsystem. The configuration of equipments comprising this system is unique
from the standpoint of processing high and low
speed data transmissions of extreme distances involving computer to computer, computer to special
displays and real-time data sources to computer.
53

Wednesday, December 13, ,1961

USE OF A COMBINED ANALOG-DIGITAL SYSTEM
FOR RE-ENTRY VEHICLE FLIGHT SIMULATION

Morning Session
SYSTEMS SIMULATION
Session Chairman: JACK SHERMAN
Lockheed Aircraft Corporation
Sunnyvale, California
and
PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE STANDARDIZATION
A PANEL DISCUSSION
Moderator:

HERBERT S. BRIGHT -- Data Processing
Group, BEMA, New York, N. Y.
Chairman ASA X3 Committee (Computers
and Data Processing)
A SIMULATION MODEL
FOR DATA SYSTEM ANALYSIS

Leon Gainen
The Rand Corporation, Dayton, Ohio
DeSigning a data system to support management
objectives is, at present, no more th'an a highly
specialized art. Data system designers can bring
their profession closer to a predictive science
by adapting for data system analysis purposes
analytical tools which make possible prediction
and qualification of data system behavior.
This paper discusses a generalized data system
model and describes a teChnique of simulating
dynamic system operation. Benefits possible
through such simulation are explored. The major
purpose presently proposed for this analytical
teChnique is to test the feasibility of a data
system design before acquisition of actual hardware.
A GENERAL PURPOSE SYSTEMS SIMULATION
Geoffrey Gordon
IBM Advanced Systems Development Division,
Yorktown Heights, New York
The paper discusses a general-purpose program
that is being used to carry out simulation studies
of systems on a digital computer. The principles
upon which the program is based are discussed'and
a description of the program operation is given.
To use the program, the system to be simulated
is represented as a block diagram constructed
from a set of simple block types. Given such a
description, the program automatically prepares
a model that simulates the system. The program
has proved to be easy to use and has been applied
to a wide variety of systems. Experience gained
with the program is used to assess the value of
general purpose programs in system study work.

Advanc

Dr. Allan Wilson
General Dynamics -Astronautics
San Diego~ California
Simulation of space flight for cis-lunar-vehicle
with re-entry capability is being done at General
Dynamics Astronautics on its combined analog-digital system. An unusual feature is the insertion
of a pilot and rudimentary cockpit display in the
loop. Vehicle dynamics are simulated in real
time on a la~ge, general purpose analog computer.
On-board digital guidance computer is simulated
by a digital program on a high-speed digital computer. Closed loop operation is attained by interconnection through an analog-digital conversion
system.

Cou
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Cor
5-6

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Problems of computer synchronization and control,
operating procedures, and results of the simulation will be presented. The problem of error
analysis, and the study of simple but definitive
test cases for closed loop simulation will also
be discussed.

Ameri
Hic

AsbjOI

/0

COMBINED ANALOG-DIGITAL SIMULATION

Astrol
Bal
(all

Arthur J.Burns and Richard E. Kopp
Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corporation
Bethpage, New York
Combined analog-digital systems are rapidly becoming operational to overcome the respective
limitations of analog and digital computers. One
such system which has been successfully used to
link an IBM 704 with an analog computer is described.

Auerb
Pa.

A missile intercept problem has been solved using
analog-digital simulation. 'Dynamic equations are
solved on the analog computer, while guidance and
kinematic equations are solved simultaneously on
an IBM 704.
Advantages of this type of simulation are illustrated by comparing the accuracy and computing
time of the combined analog-digital solution with
those of an all-digital and all-analog solution.

~

t
CONTRANS - (CONCEPTUAL THOUGHT
RANDOM-NET SIMULATION)
David Malin
Walter Johnson High School
Rockville, Maryland
CONTRANS is a computer simulation of a physiologically-oriented reasoning and problem solving
model. It utilizes semi-random nets to recognize sensory patterns, attempts to create and
manipulate meaningful assemblies of data and to
modify its own potential for handling future
data. Besides several layers of semi-random
nets, the model employs a ,screen-like memory and
representation medium, and several motor functions controlling scanning of the memory.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

Bull C
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Input and output consist of modified English sentences. Two kinds of logical operations are employed. One explores the data rapidly for tentative strategies and solutions; the other proceeds
by demonstrable intermediate steps, creating progressive intermediate goals.

IS

THE CURRENT STATUS OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
STANDARDIZATION: A PANEL DISCUSSION

le

Moderator:
H. S. Bright - Data Processing Group, BEMA Chairman ASA X3 Committee (Computers and
Data Processing)

ago

) (1951

Panel Members:
C. A. Phillips - Department of Defense, Washington, D. C. - Chairman, CODASYL Executive
Committee

~ent)

A. J. Perlis - Carnegie Institute of Technology, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania - Chairman,
ACM Language Committee

~ry

R. E. Utman - Remington Rand UNIVAC, New York
City - Chairman Pro Tempore, ASA Subcommittee X3.4 (Languages)
th in-

R. F. Clippinger - Minneapolis-Honeywell, EDP
Division, Wellesley Hills, Massachusetts Chairman, ISO/TC 97 Working Group (Languages)

rand
te and
Dr

60: in-

English-based COmmon Business Oriented Language
has already been implemented, or soon will be,
in processors for most of the U. S. built commercially-available computers widely used for
business data processing, and for several machines of foreign manufacture; ALGOrithmic Language, or dialects of it, for many engineeringscientific machines here and abroad.
ASA Subcommittee X3.4 is working in the U. S.,
ISO/TC 97, internationally, toward development
of generally-acceptable standards in the area of
programming languages.

sories,
Je or

r

The speakers hold responsible offices in the several organizations concerned and will provi~e an
authoritative snapshot of computer programmlng
language standardization as of December 1961.

studies directed toward establishment of feasibility of the technique. The conversion method
uses photographic memory for the storage of a
vocabulary of one to several thousand words.
The photographic word is projected onto an electrically charged photo sensitive plate for electrostatic readout. The vocabulary is optically
scanned at a rate sufficiently high to provide
access to any given word in a time imperceptible
to the listener. The feasibility experiments performed to establish the operational capabilities
of the technique are described in detail. In
addition the program for further development and
a report on possible applications are presented.
CRAM (CARD RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY) :
FUNCTIONS AND USE
Leon Bloom and Isador ~ardo
National Cash Register Company
Electronics Division, Hawthorne, California
William Keating and Earl Mayne
National Cash Register Company
Data Processing Systems and Sales
Dayton, Ohio
The National Cash Register Company has developed
a new memory configuration which exhibits characteristics heretofore seen only independently
in tape systems or random access systems. This
paper will discuss the specifications of the NCR
315 CRAM system, its application and the programming packages designed for its use.
CRAM's time-efficiency performance factors as
well as its systems versatility are currently
unique in the general data processing area. Its
uses in file maintenance (random, serial selective and "father-son") as well as sorting will
be outlined.
The packaged CHAM Executive (PACE) has been programmed to control all CRAM input and output
functions, as well as to provide overall supervision of the ell tire sys tem. The program retains
all the features of enrlier NCR Tape Executive
Programs.
TilE LOGIC DESIGN OF THE FC-4100

DATA PROCESSING SYSTElI1
Wednesday, December 13, 1961
Afternoon Session
ADVANCES IN EQUIPMENT
Sess ion Chairman: DR. SAMUEL N. ALEXANDER
National Bureau of Standards
Washington, D. C.
DIGITAL TO VOICE CONVERSION
Evan Rag land ..
Motorola, Inc.! Military Electronics Division
Chicago, Illinois
This paper presents a report of a new technique
for conversion of digital words into vocal words
and describes the laboratory experiments and
1961

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

W. A. lIelbig, A. Schwartz, C. S. Warren,
W. E. Woods, II. S. Zieper -Radio Corporation of America, W. Coast Missile &
Surface Radar Division, Van Nuys, Calif.
A general purpose mUltiprogram computer has been
designed by RCA to meet the need for a compact,
reliable, and highly flexible system. This system is capable of handling up to 16 different
programs on a sophisticated priority interrupt
basis. Each instruction, in addition to performing a conventional operation, may be used to
test results for control of short program loops
without requiring additional program steps or
execution time.

The use of logic on a time-shared basis leads to
a considerable saving in hardware thus achieving
high computing ability per dollar invested.

definition of the language. Considerations for
other algorithmic languages are given as well as
conclusions regarding the future trend of computer design.

VERSATILE MAN-MACHINE COMMUNICATION CONSOLE
EDDYCARD MEMORY - A SEMI-PERMANENT STORAGE
R. Green, P. Lazovick, J. Trost and A. W.
Reickord - RCA As tro-Electronic Products
Division, Princeton, New Jersey
This paper describes a unique man-computer communication and buffering device designed by the
Astro-Electronics Division of RCA. The console
allows individuals not trained in machine language to use a computer directly. Translation
and machine-language editing are controlled by
the console. The time differential between a
man's actions and a computer's responses are
automatically buffered. The console can be used
in a wide variety of information-retrieval and
data-processing applications.
DATAVIEW, A GENERAL
PURPOSE DATA DISPLAY SYSTEM
R. L. Kuehn - Aeronutronic, Division of
Ford Motor Company, Newport Beach, Calif.
In computer-centered complexes, one of the most
pressing requirements in recent years has been
the presentation of processed data in such a manner as to expedite human comprehension, assimilation and reaction. The latter is particularly
true in command and control as well as other decision oriented systems. The DATA-VIEW system
has been developed as a result of extremely stringent operational requirements of a mobile Army
headquarters, the Army Tactical Operations Central
(ARTOC). Digital signals originated by a central
computer are translated with extreme precision
and high resolution to multi-colored displays of
either alphanumeric or graphical content. The
methodology of accomplishing this transition to
both console size and large screen displays is
discussed, including the unique application of
the photographic and optical sciences, mechanisms and electronic concepts.
A COMPUTER FOR DIRECT EXECUTION
OF ALGORITHMIC LANGUAGES
James P. Anderson - Burroughs Corporation,
Paoli, Pennsylvania
A functional design is presented for a computer
that directly executes programs written in a
particular algorithmic ~anguage (ALGOL '60), with
no prior translation.
Hardware recognition and interpretation of the
various syntactic elements occurring in the
string of symbols making up a program, is through
the use of push-down lists for the various
classes of elements; control, operators, and variables. An address table is employed that relates a variable name (identifier) to a value in
a data memory, as well as permits the arbitrary
re-use of variable names as specified by the
5G

T. Ishidate, S. Yoshizawa, K. Nagamori Nippon Electric Co. Limited, Kawasaki,
Japan
The Eddycard memory is a semi-permanent memory
device similar to the Unifluxor in principle.
However, phenomena are observed from the other
point of view, analyzing eddy current distributions in a conductor.

[

Besides the theoretical analysis 1 an experimental
Eddycard memory with capacity of 1.024 words of
45 bits each is introduced in detail.
In the experimental memory, information "0" is
represented by a square copper film with a
punched slot, and "1" by a film without a slot.
The memory works at a cycle time of 100 m p sec.,
but a 50 mp sec. memory will be realized.
Thursday, December 14. 1961
Morning Session
COMMUNICATION SYSTEMS
Session Chairman: JACK STRONG
North American Aviation
Los Angeles, California
DIGITAL DATA TRANSMISSION: THE USER'S VIEW
Justin A. Perlman - Hughes Aircraft Company,
Culver City. California
In July 1960 members of eight major firms in the
aerospace industry met to establish an informal
Data Transmission Study Group. Objectives of the
group were established as exchange of knowledge,
standardization of terminology. discussion of
total systems requirements. development of reasonably uniform requirements for equipment and service. forecasting of long range needs. and acting as a coordinating group for these users with
the common carriers and equipment manufacturers.
This paper will describe the group's results to
date in developing composite requirements for
intra-plant and interplant data collection and
transmission systems. Both wire line and microwave systems are included. Projects scheduled
for completion in the near future will also be
discussed.
TELE-PROCESSING SYSTEMS
J. D. Shaver - IBM - Data Systems Division.
White Plains, N. Y.

One
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Lead

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

CON

The impact of data transmissions on information
processing and the ever increasing demand of
government and industry to utilize transmission
facilities in extending the use of computing
systems is being reflected in tOday's data processing equipment development.

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COMMUNICATIONS FOR COMPUTER APPLICATIONS

e,
nform

A. A. Alexander - American Telephone and
Telegraph Company, New York, New York

.s
Ll be

In this paper some of the interesting applications of communication to computers in associated data processing systems are reviewed. Actual examples of operations and proposed systems
are presented.

, if
o

is

The major considerations that arc involved in
determining the type and extent of communications that may be used such as cost, speed,
time value, availability and reliability are
outlined and discussed •

to
late.

.ecks
'een
at the
nt's

T

The background of development in data transmission devices will be discussed as well as accomplishments in this new area. New developments
in data handling will be explored, indicating
the problems encountered in providing a balanced
data transmission and processing system. Emphasis will be in the data communications area,
stressing the business machines suppliers' attempts to provide equipment compatible with existing and future transmission services and that
will also satisfy the operational requirements
of the user.

Some of the newer communications facilities are
described and some thoughts are presented as to
the possible future systems applications of
communication to computer.

the

: cus-

THE SATURN CHECKOUT SYSTEM

can

J. Heskin - Packard Bell Computer Corporation, Los Angeles, California

lem.

ing

effiour

r

The checkout procedure for the booster stage of
the Saturn vehicle is being automated through
the use of a computer-controlled, realtime,
closed loop system.
An expandable multi-computer net allows for the
simultaneous running of several test programs
for a number of test stations when the vehicle
is checked out from the component level to the
final over-all system. More than one vehicle
can be accommodated at different stages of
checkout.
A compiler is provided with a source language,
SOL ~ystem Oriented Language) which simplifies
the generation of realtime process control programs.

1D61

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

INFORMATION HANDLING IN THE DEFENSE
COMMUNICATION CONTROL COMPLEX
T. J. Heckelman and R. H. Lazinski Communications Systems Division, Philco
Corporation, Fort Washington, Pennsylvania
The Defense National Communications Control Center (DNCCC), recently installed in Washington, is
the nerve center of the Defense Communications
Control Complex. It provides a realtime on-line
system for control and supervision of the worldwide Defense Communications System (DCS) , made
up of the major military long-haul communications
fad li tics •
Messages concerning the status of communications
facilities and traffic bac~log in the DCS are inserted directly into a computer at the DNCCC,
where they arc processed and presented on large.
wall-type displays.
The flow of information through the system is ~e­
viewed in detail, with special emphasis on digital data interchange between communications.
computer, and displays.
AN AUTOMATIC DIGITAL DATA ACQUISITION
SYSTEM FOR SPACE SURVEILLANCE
Marvin S. Maxwell - U. S. Naval Weapons
Laboratory, Dahlgren, Virginia
An automatic space surveillance system is being
developed to detect and determine the orbital
elements of unannounced non-cooperative satelli tes as an extension of the present SPASUR system. To do this digital data from many remote
stations is sent continuously at 2,500 bits per
second to a eentral assembly system. Selected
data is nssemhled into a form for entry via a
tape channel into an lll'l 7090 computer with a
mJximum delay of one second for on-line processing of the data.
FOUl{ ADVANCED COMPUTfHS - KEY TO AIR FORCE
DIGITAL DATA COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM
I{.

J. Segal - HCA - Electronic Data Processing Division, Camden, New Jersey

Four Computers of advanced design play a central
role in the world's largest and most advanced
Digital Data Communications System, ComLogNet.
The system will initially link 240 Air Commands
and other installations.
Two Computers (Communication Data Processors)
incorporating 1.5 microsecond memories. coordinate message flow and sequencing.
Two additional Computers (Accumulation and Distribution Units) snn~le incoming channels, perform code conversion, temporarily store information, provide automatic llccuracy control, and
control out-station llnd trunk transmissions.

57

The paper describes how the data communications
function is automated. Photographs and a description of the hardware, stressing the unique
role of the Computers are presented.

The automated study technique facilitated systems analysis by: automatically relating significant data, providing thorough analyses of existing systems, simplifying documentation correction, and automatically preparing flow charts.

Thursday, December 14, 1961

The study technique is completely independent of
the data processing complex being analyzed, the
organization involved, the mission it supports,
and hardware considerations.

Afternoon Session

compo
stora;
suppl:
strati
facili
ultra-

PROGRAMMING AND APPLICATIONS
Session Chairman: CHARLES A. PHILLIPS
Department of Defense, Washington, D. C.
THE ATLAS SUPERVISOR
T. Kilburn and R. B. Payne - The University
of Manchester, Manchester, England
D. J. Howarth - Ferranti Limited, London,
England
All activities of the Atlas computer are controlled by the supervisor programs within the
computer. Basic protection is provided by hardware but extra complete protection is provided
by the routines themselves. Overall control of
jobs is designed to maintain the highest possible
activity of all parts of the computing system.
The allocation and addressing of storage is done
by the supervisor through which the operation of
tapes and other peripheral equipment is organized.
A SYNTAX DIHECTED GENERATOR
S. Warshall - Computer Associates, Inc.,
Woborn, Massachusetts
A novel technique of compiler organization permits tabular description of not only the source
language, but also the target machine. A short,
universal algorithm - independent of both language and machine - uses instances of such tables
to effect translation. Since a compiler for a
new language and a new machine is simply a new
set of tables, compiler construction cost may
frequently be cut to a matter of man-weeks of
effort. The unusual organization of the compiler makes it a useful tool in the translation
of languages which are not completely formal,
and also permits very inexpensive embedding of
the compiler in an overall programming system.
AN AUTOMATED TECHNIQUE FOR CONDUCTING
A TOTAL SYST£~ STUDY
A. O. Hidgway - Im1 - Federal Systems Division,
Bethesda, Maryland
In conjunction with a comprehensive analysis of
the data processing at an Air Force Base, a system study technique was developed which utilized
EAM equipment for recording and analyzing all
primary data processing applications. The study
effort also included the initial postulation of
a total data processing system.

58

DISPLAY SYSTEM DESIGN CONSIDERATIONS
R. T. Loewe and P. Horowitz - Aeronutronic,
Division of Ford Motor Company, Newport
Beach, California
Several significant system concepts and human
engineering factors related to display systems
are discussed. These include: amount of information displayed, group versus indivddual displays, response times, retinal resolution, display detail and size, audience configuration and
viewing environment. Types of formats used for
presenting information are summarized. Display
system evaluation criteria and a checklist of
primary display system requirements and characteristics are discussed.
ABSTRACT SHAPE RECOGNITION BY MACHINE

assor
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suppl:
puter,

to the
conta:
differ
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every
on thE

M. E. Stevens - National Bureau of Standards,
Washington, D. C.
Graphic pattern recognition in development of
total systems for information selection and retrieval is considered. A machine model for abstract shape recognition is described. Examples
are given of recognition of 15 to 20 categories
of geometric shapes. Using a contour-projection
principle, the model identifies various graphic
patterns, regardless of size and locational
transformations. It provides means for predicting whether large classes of patterns would be
confused with any of the patterns that are recognizable. Possibilities for recognition of constrained handdrawn figures, such as chemical
structure diagrams, are considered. Possible
means of instrumentation are also discussed.
A CHARACTER RECOGNITION SYSTEM WHICH IS
INDEPENDENT OF CHARACTER TRANSLATION AND
ORIENTATION
D. N. Buell - Chrysler Corporation, Centerline, Michigan
A character recognition system is described which
incorporates a lens-and-retina input and a relatively simple computer. The system operates effectively with the image focused anywhere on the
retina and may operate so as to be independent
of image orientation.

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IBM ~
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IBM 1
work
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The characters which may be unambiguously discriminated are those which have distinct transform functions T*. A simple algorithm is given
for obtaining T* for both curvilinear and recti-

ted b)
AnIB
simul
tions.
of the
line 0
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COMPUTERS and AUTOMA TION for December, 19G1

COMI

linear figures. Examples are given and possible
means of resolving the ambiguities discussed.
THE DIGITAL CO\1PUTER AS AN AID IN THE
DIAGNOSIS OF HEART DISEASE
C. A. Steinberg and W. E. Tolles - Airborne
Instruments Laboratory, Deer Park, Long
Island, New York
A. H. Freiman, M. D. - Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York
C. A. Caceres, M. D. and S. Abraham United States Public Health Service,
Washington, D. C.

)r1d

would
~eful

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The rapid computational capabilities and large
storage capacity of the digital computer provides the physician with a powerful tool for
analyzing physiological waveforms of the heart
and their relationship to cardiovascular pathology. A pattern recognition program for automatically recognizing clinically useful parameters from physiological waveforms has been
successfully developed. These parameters from
the physiological waveforms were then combined
into a multi-dimensional probability distribution. Different distributions were formulated
and stored in the computer for the normal and
pathological groups of patients. The compatibility of a patient's parameters with those
stored in the computer was calculated and can
be used as a diagnostic aid.

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COMPUTER REPAIR

BECAUSE IT DELIVERS
WITH
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INSTRUMENTS

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P. O. BOX 7509 • TULSA 35, OKLAHOMA

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BOOTH NO. B 6

.961

COMPUTERS and ATJTOMATION for December, 1961

59

3.

INPUT / OUTPUT DEVICES

An automatic data recording system for use in research on the properties of
semi-conductors an~ electronic components has been designed and built at
Battelle Memorial Institute, Columbus, Ohio. The data taker can measure
current, resistivity, temperature, magnetic field strength, or any property
that can be translated into a d-c voltage between 1 microvolt and 100 volts.
In a single programming, the machine can take and record up to 10,000 individual measurements and thereby makes possible faster, more efficient analyses of materials and components.
60

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

COM

.961

Automatic Recircling Card Programmer
-- IBM's General Products Development
Laboratory, Endicott, N.Y. The technician is demonstrating how a deck of
cards is placed in the card programme~
Cards can be seen in the feed chute
and attached to the drum. The reading
head is located on top of the drum.
The chief feature of the device is its
ability to recirculate the entire deck
or any three cards under the reading
head without outside assistance. The
device was designed expressly for controlling testing programs on the Army's
Nike-Hercules air-defense systems. It
may also become a practical controller
for machine tools, electronic testing
systems, and batch component equipment.

Control Pedestal for High Speed Printer
-- Anelex Corp., Boston, Mass. This
unit, which may serve as a base for the
Series 4-1000 Printer, houses all of
the electronic components ordinarily
associated directly with the Printer.
Including solid-state hammer-drive circuitry, power supplies and power-sequencing units, buffering and logic can
also be added. Its modular construction
provides builders of data processing
systems with a choice of performance
characteristics without the time and
expense of designing and building special circuits. No special installation
is required .

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

61

Bernoulli disk rotating storage device -- Laboratory for Electronics, Inc., Boston 15, Mass.
This rotating storage device is used in general-purpose EDP systems and digital computers.
The storage capacity ranges from 200,000 to 500,000 bits. The units maintain a controlled
separation between the storage disk and the read/write head by using principles of gas
motion. The technique claims high resistance to severe shock and vibration.

Motorless Paper Tape Punch, Model P-IOO -Invac Corp., Natick, Mass. This motorless,
direct-drive paper-tape punch will perforate any 5, 6, 7 or 8 hole tape at rates up
to 20 characters per second. Punches are
actuated directly by solenoidsi a restoring
mechanism assures posi tive return. "Typical
applications for this punch include: business data processing, communications, process control, machine tool control, automatic testing and checkout, and telemetry
data reduction.

62

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

CO

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DykorUP high-speed uni-directional perforated tape handler, Model 4544 -Digitronics Corp., Albertson, L.I., N.Y.
For use with digital computers, machine
tool controls, ground support equipment
and other instrumentation, this model
used with model 3500 readers handles
500 feet of 5 to 8 level tapes interchangeably at speeds up to 500 characters per second.

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International Business Machines' Type 188 collator is fully-transistorized and has core storage
in place of relays. It performs alphanumeric filing functions at IJOO cards per minute. Its
display lights diagnose trouble, register any errors, and show contents of storage and the results of comparisons between cards.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

63

EECO TR-300 Magnetic Tape Rewind Unit (at left) -Automation Division, Electronic Engineering Company
of California. This magnetic tape rewind unit will
spool a 10-1/2" reel in 90 seconds; thus it releases
expensive tape transports from the simple operation
of high-speed tape rewinding. Tape is rewound under
constant tension controlled by a button which selects
desired tension control. The average rewind speed is
500 inches per second.

(Shown lower right) Unicall, computer-inquiry voice-reply device
-- Remington Rana UNIVAC Div. of
Sperry Rand Corp., Whitpain Township, Pa. An operator is composing an inquiry message for transmission via Unicall, a new computer input device; she is setting
movable levers in positions which
correspond to appropriate letters
or numerals. The message display
window in an illuminated panel
enables the operator to corroborate each alpha-numeric selection;
then the message is sent via telephone lines to a Univac Real-Time
Computing System. Less than 5
seconds after a message is transmitted, a computer-generated voice
reply is fed back from the computer to the Unicall set and its
adjacent telephone receiver. This
enables a computer to give verbal
answers to inquiries, useful for
reservations answers, credit reference information, etc. The
computer may be located hundreds
of miles distant.

64

(Shown above) High-speed Lister -- ANelex Corp.,
Boston, Mass. This high-speed lister prints a line
of 24 characters, at the rate of 1200 lines per minute for numeric data and 600 lines for alphanumeric.
Other models print up to 72 columns in a line.

1

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

COMF

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High-speed printer -- Minneapolis-Honeywell's
Electronic Data Processing Div., Wellesley,
Mass. The high-speed printer (foreground)
prints the system's output at the rate of 900
lines a minute. In the background (1. to r.)
are a multiple-purpose control unit (for
printer, card punch and card reader), a magnetic tape storage rack, and a high-speed card
punch.

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tube face showing readout of a low
resolution character font (10 lines
per character).

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Model 3SG-IO VIDIAC solid-state
character generator -- CBS Labora tor i e s , a d i vis ion 0 f Col umbia
Uroadcasting System, Inc., Stamford, Conn. A VIDIAC (Yisual
Information DIsplay ,And fontroI)
system takes information in digital form, from sources such as
magnetic tape, and displays it
in bright, sharply defined letters, numbers, and symbols on
the screens of high-resolution
cathode-ray tubes. Such machines
are in use at Thompson RamoWooldridge, Inc. and the Naval
Air Development Center, Johnsville, Pa~ This machine has a
standard font of 64 alpha-numeric
characters and symbols supplied
in eight simple core ma~rices.
It operates at the rate of 50,000
characters per second.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

65

ami
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At t

New MicroSADIC -- Consolidated Systems Corp.,
Pasadena, Calif. The second-generation MicroSADIC is a high-speed, solid-state, digital acquisition system, for gathering, converting,
and recording data from nuclear reactors, wind
tunnels, rocket-engine test stands, and other
complex test facilities. It samples several
hundred channels of analog data at up to
15,000 samples per second.

Coded paper tape, Omni-Data Recorder, Model
ETR-7 -- Omnitronics, Inc., Philadelphia,
Pa. Capsule-shaped spots instead of round
punched holes permit greater packing density and make possible reading and writing
speeds in excess of 1000 characters per
second. The tape used is a high-resistivity. plastic-coated paper tape with a conductive backing. The coded paper tape may
be visually interpreted or read by a reflective photoelectric technique with this
company's tape readers.

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66

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 19(11

COl'

Automatic Reading System -General Electric Co., Computer
Dept., Phoenix, Ariz. This reading system is the heart of the
Magnetic Ink Character Reader
system (MICR) now in use by major
banks across the nation for electronic processing of checking accounts. It" reads" the E-13B
type font shown in the background
of the photograph on an enlarged
version of a bank check. Dr.
Kenneth R. Eldredge, staff scientist at Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif., is
shown wi th a production model.
For the invention he received
the 3,000,000th patent to be
issued by the Patent Office,
U. S. Department of Commerce,
since its establishment by
Congress in 1826.

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Series 13-100 Sorter-Reader -- Burroughs Corp., Detroit, Mich. The off-line or on-line speed of
this unit is 26 inches of document per second. It can read an amount, the associated account
number, and then transfer number fields in 14.4 mi 11 i seconds. In 19.5 ms the unit reads a 9 Yz
inch document (the maximum permitted size) directly into magnetic core storage. The hopper capacity is about 3,000 documents; each of the thirteen pockets can contain about 800.

961

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

l!1l1.

67

Photoelectric tape reader, high speed
model 300R (seen with/without front panel) -- Photocircuits Corp., Glen Cove,
N.Y. A PMI printed motor (patent pending) is used as the tape transport of
the Model 300R. Tape advance is asynchronousj reading speed is 0 to 300 characters per second; the device stops on a
character even at the rate of 300 characters per second; reading is bi-directional; and the machine is fully
transistorized.

,.

Hypertape -- International Business Machines
Corp., White Plains, N.Y. A new cartridgeloading technique and more closely packed tape,
provides computers with the abi li ty to tl read tt
and "wri te" information faster than before.
More information can be recorded on four inches
of this tape than on a foot of regular magnetic
tape on a larger reel. The Hypertape cartridge
contains a reel holding 1800 feet of tape -- on
which approximately 25 million characters can
be recorded -- and an empty take-up reel. When
the cartridge may be placed inside the IBM 7340
Hypertape drive the unit automatically opens
the cartridge, engages the tape and starts processing -- all within twenty seconds.

Random Access Storage and Display System
(RD-900) -- Laboratory for Electronics,
Inc., Boston, Mass. This storage and display unit may be used with a computer or
separately. In the picture an operator is
shown entering instructions via keyboard
so as to superimpose additional information over the map display. Areas where
thi s unit is applicable are: account
servicing, air traffic control, ticket
and reservation control, immediate stock
information, military command control.

68

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

CO

This is General Electric's document
handler, which reads and sorts documents imprinted in magnetic ink at
the rate of 1200 per minute. The
inventor of the reading system, Dr.
Kenneth R. Eldredge, staff scientist at Stanford Research Institut~
Menlo Park, Calif., standing left
foreground, was granted the
3,000,000th patent to be issued by
the Patent Office, U. S. Dept. of
Commerce in its 125-year history.
The patent, for an automatic reading system, covers the magnetic
ink character reader in the document handler.
o

on
gies
ss

. ...l

Ii.-.

Magnetic Disk Storage Unit -- International Business Mllchines, Whitc Plains. N.Y. A single
dis k (foreground) from IBM's new 1301 dis k s tora(jc uni t. (background) can pack up to
1.~00.000 alphabetic or numeric characters of data on its magnetically encoated sides.
more information than can be recorded on 10.000. eight-column IBM cards. The 1301 unit
used for auxiliary data storage can hold up to 56 million characters of information. Up
to five 1301s. holding from 250 to 280 million characters. can be employed with either
the 1410; 7070; 7074; 7080; or 7090 IRd computers.
lUGl

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

69

NEW CONTROL DATA
The

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of I

Technical Information Series #1
The 160·A Computer

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70

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 19G1

COlV

160·A COMPUTER
SMALL·SCALE COMPUTER WITH LARGE COMPUTER CAPABILITIES

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1-

for

1961

The 160-A is a parallel, single address data processor. Basic
memory consists of two banks of magnetic core storage,
each with a capacity of 4096 words and a storage cycle time
of 6.4 microseconds. This basic memory can be expanded in
modules of 8192 words up to a maximum of 32,768 words.
Instructions with 12-bit operands are executed in one to
four storage cycles, with execution time varying between
6.4 and 25.6 microseconds. Average program execution
time is approximately 15 microseconds per instruction.
Other features of the 160-A Computer include:
• Buffered input/output
• Internal and external interrupt
• External multiply and divide unit
• Control Data 350 Paper Tape Reader
• 110-character /second paper tape punch
The 160-A weighs 810 pounds and is 61 %" long by 30"
wide by 29" high ... the size of an ordinary office desk. It
requires 16 amps, 110 volt, 60 cycles.
Abasic 160-A Computer System can be expanded to include
the following external equipment:
• Up to 40 magnetic tape handlers
• Input/output typewriters
• Punched card readers and punches
• Low-speed Iine printers (150 lines/minute)
• High-speed line printers (1000 lines/minute)
• Plotting and digital display devices
• Analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog converters
TYPICAL APPLICATION. AREAS FOR THE 160-A COMPUTER
The 160-A is a general purpose computer and can be used
in an almost unlimited number of applications including:
REAL-TIME APPLICATIONS
The 160-A exchanges data with input-output devices at any
rate up to 70,000 words per second. This transfer rate, an
average instruction execution time of 15 microseconds,
and the capability of buffering data while computing or
while the operator manually enters data (whether the computer program is running or stopped) make the 160-A
ideal for real-time appl ications.

OFF-LINE DATA CONVERSION
The 160-A is capable of controlling a variety of off-line pe·
ripheral equipment. Available service routines permit: 1)
card-to-magnetic tape, 2) magnetic tape-to-card, 3) paper
tape-to-magnetic tape, 4) magnetic tape-to-paper tape, 5)
magnetic tape-to-printer, and 6) plotter output operations.
COMMERCIAL DitTA PROCESSING
Along with the capabil ity of buffering input-output devices,
the 160-A Computer system includes accessories for reading 1300 cards per minute, printing 1000 lines per minute,
or fil ing 30,000 characters per second.
DATA ACQUISITION AND REDUCTION
The input-output circuitry in the 160-A Computer permits
direct communication with analog-to-digital conversion
equipment. Following transmission, the data can be converted, reduced, or formated by a stored program and written on magnetic tape for later analysis if desired.
ENGINEERING-SCIENTIFIC PROBLEM S.OLVING
The high-speed, buffering, and interrupt features of the
160-A make it exceptionally useful in engineering-scientific
appl ications.
COMMUNICATIONS AND TELEMETERING SYSTEMS
The 160-A Computer, used as a high-speed, parallel processor with decision-making powers, can be the principle
element in communication and control networks. Proven reliability of the 160-A is a prerequisite for such application.
CONTROL DATA SATELLITE COMPUTER SYSTEM
The desk-size 160-A Computer is an integral part of the
Control Data Sate" ite Computer System. Working with the
large-scale 1604 Computer and the 1607 Magnetic Tape
Sub-System, the 160-A presents a new dimension of com·
puter power added to its own speed and versatility.
The Control Data 160-A is a small-scale computer with the
speed, capability, and flexibility of many large-scale computers. For more detailed information, write for the 160·A
Programming Manual.

CONTROL DATA

COMPUTER DIVISION

CORPORATION

501 PARK AVENUE. MINNEAPOLIS 15. MINNESOTA

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

71

4. DATA TRANSMISSION AND
CONVERSION EQUIPMENT
.....

•

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, .........

•• .. • . . . . . . .h . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .~ . .. .

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Addaverter computer -- Epsco Systems, division of Epsco,
Inc., Cambridge, Mass. This unit links an Electronics
Associates analog computer with a Bendix G-15 digital
computer providing on-line, bi-directional communicatiun
between the two computers. The system samples the analog
channels, converts to digital, and delivers this data to
the digital computer memorYi later it converts the results
of digital computations to analog values and presents this
data back to the analog computer. It is an 8x8 thirteenbit binary computer with time-programming option. The
first of the type is being used by the National Research
Council of Canada.

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72

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

COM

Bar Chart Recorder -- Electronic Associates, Inc., Long Branch, N.J. Shown
here in remote operation, this electronic device can monitor and graphically record the efficiency of use of
up to 40 production or data processing
machines. It provides cost and production control information on a continuous chart, with minute-by-minute
monitoring. In this way management
is able to pinpoint lost time due to
breakdowns, poor scheduling, tardiness
in starting, absences, etc. The recorder can monitor almost any machine,
process operation or series of events.
It is connected to each of the machines being monitored by telephonetype wires.

-:

or

r ~

Ol

r/

an
Paper tape to magnetic tape converter, Model 1433 -- Tally Register Corp., Seattle, Wash. Designed to solve media-conversion
problems, this converter is complete in itself, having a 120
character-per-second paper-tape
reader, a Potter magnetic-tape
handler, and necessary
electronics.

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)61

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

73

Analog-digital conversion system -- Adage, Inc., Cambridge, Mass.
This system has been installed at The Grumman Aircraft Corporation,
and is now a part of the automatic computing facility there, linking
an IBM 704 digital computer with a Reeves REAC analog computer. By
combining the accuracy and reliability of the digital computer with
the speed and flexibility of the analog computer, the system is capable of solving problems that would be difficult, if not impossible,
for an analog or digital computer to handle independently. Each converter contains an 11 bit binary digital-to-analog and analog-todigital channel, with sign. Both the DAC output and ADC input are
±100 volts full scale.

Automatic dial telephone -- Bell Telephone System, New York, N.Y. The card dialer has the
automatic dialing unit in the set; it has unlimited capacity. Coded plastic cards, on which
the user has previously punched out the specific
telephone number, control the dialing equipment.

Mi
er
Co
Th
de
io
st
of
a

Electronic converter -- Digitronics Corp., Albertson, N.Y. This unit will
prepare trajectory instructions for Minuteman, Atlas and Titan missiles at
50 words per second, approximately four times the speed of previous equipment. The Digitronics converter is solid-state, bi-directional, and converts magnetic tape to punched paper tape. Unusual accuracy is accomplished by a method of comparison. The converter has been installed for
the Strategic Air Command at Offutt Air Force Base, Omaha, Nebraska.
74

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

to
ti
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Multiplex equipment -- North American Aviation, Inc., Los Angeles 45, Calif. Shown here is the
Pacific Telephone multiplex equipment which converts data beamed to and from divisional computer
centers by way of the repeater station on Oat Mountain into form acceptable to IBM 1945s.

Micro-wave data transmission -North American Aviation, Inc .•
Los Angeles, Calif. Three
"'dishes" Clower left) on Oat
Mountain receive signals microwaved from three divisions of
this company and re-direct them
to the desired computer center.
MHorns" at the upper right handle
netw,ork television signuls. The
building on top of the structure
is u fire wutcher's stution.

11

of
III
r,
r,

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

75

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Electronic converters -- Digitronics Corp., Albertson, N.Y. Two specially designed converters
which accomodate both English and Japanese languages are being used by the Tokyo Electric Power
Co. in conjunction with their Remington Rand Univac installation. The converters are used to
convert data from perforated paper tape (data transmitted over Japanese teletype lines in received as paper tape) to magnetic tape and from magnetic tape to perforated tape, at high-speed
in both directions. Digitronics adapted their equipment to conform to Japanese standards.

Branch Bank Data Handler -- National Cash Register Co., New York, N.Y. The operator shown
here is receiving information over the Dataphone equipment installed in the New York Telephone Co. The device transmits data recorded
on punched tape directly into a computer cente~
eliminating the conversion of tape to punched
cards. In use by The Manhattan Savings Bank's
Westchester County office in Mt. Kisco, their
savings account data is fed directly into a
National Cash Register Company computer center
40 miles away in midtown New York over a telephone connection. Observing the operation of
a data-phone are (1. to r.) Willard K. Denton,
bank presidentj Robert S. Oelman, NCR president,
and J. D. Dodd, vice-president of the New York
Telephone Co.
76

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

CO:

t

IBM 1013 card transmission terminal shown can communicate directly: (1) with the core
memory of an IBM 1401 or 1410 computer (symbolized by core plane at right)j or (2)
with an IBM 7702 magnetic tape transmission terminal (symbolized by tape reel)j or
(3) with another 1013. -- International Business Machines Corp., White Plains, N.Y.

r

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l !)(i 1

Type OAT bidirectional converter, magnetic
tape/paper tape -- General Devices, Inc.,
PrInceton, N.J. This machine will accommodute all of the wide variety of record
mediu and machine codes presently encountered in electronic data processing systems.
Data can be transmitted over great distances and prepared for insertion into any
digital computerj the unit also will translute data from one type of computer format
to unother.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for Dece1pber, 1961

77

The Rabinow Pattern Converter -- Rabinow Engineering Co., Inc.,
Washington, D.C. The device is capable of converting any display such as oscilloscope, map or chart, to digital languagej
it may be modified to enable it to convert any analog display
to other conventional digital media such as magnetic tape,
drums or punched cards. The RPC was originally developed for
the Federal Aviation Agency to convert weather radar echo
patterns on a scanning scope to a digital record on punched
tapes, which were then used in a weather-forecasting development project using digital-computer techniques.

Specially developed IBM data transmission terminals will be able to handle
60,000,000 words daily for the Air Force's Combat Logistics Network (COMLOGNET),
being built by Western Union. Each compound terminal consists of four basic
units: IBM terminal control (left), converts data to and from the FIELDATA code
used for transmission over communication lines, and controls the flow of data
in and out of the terminalj a Western Union teleprinter (center background) for
sending and receiving information in five channel punched paper tape at speeds
up to twenty characters a second, and for receiving in page copy formj two modified IBM printing card punches (right) which send or receive information in
eighty column cards at the rate of eighteen characters a second. -- Internationru
Business Machines Corp., White Plains, N.Y.
78

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

COM

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In

REALIZE
POSITIONS
VERTISED
YEAR!!

~
I

J

i

'

,j

THESE
ADNEXT

BECAUSE MANY OF THE PEOPLE WE HIRE NOW WILL HAVE BEEN PROMOTED.

Our H800 and H400 scientific and business computer systems
have been gathering users like bees to honey. To keep the
supply equal to the demand, Honeywell EOP has had to grow.

Hence, one year from now you'll probably see this ad again. Where will you be then? Still looking
for a way out of your present job, or growing with Honeywell EOP?

PROGRAM SYSTEMS DIVISION

MARKETING DIVISION

Oppo-rtunities exist for:

Opportunities exist for:

SENIOR ANALYSTS

INSTRUCTORS

Responsibilities in the Language Definition and Systems
Determination Group. Analysis of the COBOL specification
and the development of compiling systems for implementation. A degree in mathematics or physics is desirable, with
3-5 years' experience in Automatic Programming. Specific
experience in constructing Assemblers with generators and
library sub-routines is desirable.

Courses are presented at our Branch Offices and at customer
locations, therefore some foreign travel is possible. Must
have at least one years' experience teaching EDP Programming and Systems. Willingness to travel and relocate is
essential.

STAFF ANALYSTS

SYSTEMS SERVICE
REPRESENTATIVES

Should have 2-4 years' experience. You will organize and
direct the implementation of complex program systems such
as Compilers and Assembly Routines.

PROGRAMMERS
CoHege degree preferred. A mInimum of one year's experience is required. You will write and check out portions
of Automatic Programming Systems. These and other Programmer opportunities exist in the following areas: Program
Monitoring Systems; Scientific Programming; Operational
Programming; Service Routines.

SALES REPRESENTATIVES
Qualified candidates should have at least .one year's experience selling magnetic tape EDP systems.

Requires prior experience in Program ming and Systems
Analysis work on tape computers.

If you are planning to attend the Eastern Joint Computer
Conference in Washington, D. C., interviews may be arranged with Dr. Roger Bender, Progra-m Systems Divisions
or Mr. Donald Brosnan, Marketing Division, by contacting
John L. Ritchie, Personnel Manager, at the address below.

These career assignments are available throughout the United States, particularly ill the New England area.
Honeywell EDP offers an excellent employee benefits program, the opportullity to cOlltinue your educatioll
and periodic salary reviews. Relocation expenses will be paid. The confidential nature of all inquiries shall

be completely respected.

Honeywell
II e~D~p~~

Opportunities atso exist for qualified personnel from design
through programming and sales. For information, write to:
John L. Ritchie, Personnel Manager, 60 Walnut Street, Dept.
14, Wellesley Hills 81, Massachusetts.

'An f:,[ual Opportunity Employer'

Hi!

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

79

• you're weary of matching one assembler instruction per one machine language instruction
• you're spending half of your machine time translating compiler programs into machine language
programs of questionable efficiency
• you're using up time and money with hunt-andpeck machine language debugging and reprogramming
• you're tired of seeking, teaching or even becoming
a bilingual programmer-fluent in both problem and
machine languages
• you're fed up with programming methods that are
cumbersome, time-consuming and costly
Then, you'll be interested in Burroughs B 5000, a
new kind of information processing system which
is the result of a total departure from traditional
computer design concepts. A system in which
software dictates equipment de3igns and specifications to bridge the communication gap between·
man and machine
As a problem oriented system, its software capa-

bilities accept ALGOL and COBOL statements
directly because its logic matches the logic of
problem-language programming. Instead of an
instruction -address -instruction -address sequence,
there's a continuous flow of instructions with table
references when addresses are required. Addresses
are independent of instructions.
The system language is designed to implement the
problem language for extremely rapid translations
allowing program translation each run. Object
programs, as efficient as those written in machine
language, can be created far faster than with the
most advanced .conventional computers.
The need for the programmer to know both problem
and machine languages is eliminated. Now for the
first time, the programmer is free to concentrate on
the processing problem itself. Free of the gymnastics he u'sed to employ to make his problem
acceptable to the machine, he merely states the
problem and the Burroughs B· 5000 provides an
efficient, rapid solution.
Burroughs-TM
Burroughs Corporation, Detroit 32, Michigan

~

i

Burroughs Corporation

80

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

CO

BOOKS AND
OTHER
PUBLICATIONS
Moses M. Berlin

~J1 new perforated

tape reader?"

Allston, Mass.

We publish here citations and
brief reviews of books and other
publications which have a significant relation to computers, data
processing, and automation, and
which have come to our attention.
We shall be glad to report other information in future lists if a review
copy is sen t to us. The plan of each
entry is: author or editor / title /
publisher or issuer / date, publication process, number of pages,
price or its equivalent / comments.
If you write to a publisher or issuer, we would appreciate your
mentioning Computers and Automation.

Martin, E. W., Jr.• / Electronic Data Processing -- An Introduction / Richard D.
Irwin, Inc., Homewood, Ill. / 1961,
printed, <123 pp, $10.60

c

.961

This uook is designed for the advanced
undergrndunte student and no prior background in data proces sing is neces s ary.
The inforrnntion is in the main presented
from a uusiness-application pOint of view.
In seventeen chapters the author discusses: Fundamentals of Data Processing,
Punched Card Data Processing, Development
of a Computer Processing System, Random
Access Files, Systems Analysis and Design,
Management Responsibility Toward Information Technology, etc. Fqur appendices
discuss: Operating the 650, Tracing Iloutines, Ilinnry Notation and Arithmetic, and
Floating Decimal Representation. Index.

~~By

Digitronics?"

~~ll photo-electric?"

the cost of
mechanical readers?"
~f1t

at 300
characters/ second?"
~~Reads

Rapoport, ,'natol / Fights, Games, and Debates / University of Michigan Press, Ann
Aruor, Mich. / 1961, printed, 400 pp,
$6. 'JG
This is an important and interesting
book from a social as well as a technical
pOint of view, "addressed to any serious
s tuden t of human conf lic t." The au thor,
an Assoc. Prof. of Mathematical Biology at
the Univ. of Mich., and senior Research
Mathemntician at the University's Mental
lIenlth Ilescarch Institute, proposes scientifienlly founded methods by which human
conf 11 c: t c: nn be unders tood and perhaps controlled. In an introduction the three
modes of conflict -- fights, games and debates -- are briefly discussed. The three
par ts of the book, The Blindnes s of the
Masr., The Logic of Strategy, and The Ethics
of Dehnte discuss game theory, strategy,
pers uas ion, etc. Index.

this for myself
at theEJCC"

Bionic Machines -- A Step Toward Robots
Peter M. Kelly, Aeronutronic Div.,
Ford Motor Co. / Industrial Research,
vol. 3, no. I, Feb.-Mar., 196i, p 31 /
ScientIfic Ilesearch Pub. Co., Inc., :!OO
South Michigan Ave., Chicago 4, Ill.

D.·.

E lee tronic sys terns which are des igned
aloll\l the lines of biological systems,
1.1l., bionic systems, are discussed.
Thldr application to certain processes is
descrll.pd, nnd the increasing need for
su(~h sys tCI11S, or rouots, is discussed.
Till: "rwuron that lenrns", uionic uyproduns, m:rchine aUility to recognize and
disUII\luish, nnd learning capauilities,
:ero 1111101111 the suujects which are covered.

BOOTH 95

In case you won't make the Eastern Joint Computer Conference, we'll be happy to send you all the details-just
write to: Digitronics Corporation, Albertson, New York

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

81

How To Get Things Done
Better And Faster

Lazzaro, Vic tor, Editor / Sys terns and Procedure:;: A Handbook for Business and
Industry / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood
Cliffs, N.J. / 1959, printed, 464 pp,
$10.60
N:neteen experienced users and designers
of data proces sing sys terns and cos t control
sys terns for indus trial application discuss
current techniques and applications, pointing out the problems and some solutions
which are inherent in the implementation
of automation and control processes. In
sixteen parts the authors discuss: Electronics in Bus iness, Management Research,
Selecting and Training Systems Men, Budgets
and Cost Control, The Systems Study, etc.
Index. Fourth Printing, September, 1960.
Letov, A.M. / Statbili ty in Nonlinear Control Sys terns / Princeton Uni vers ity Press,
Princeton, N.J. / 1961, offset, 316 pp,
$8.50.

BOARDMASTER VISUAL CONTROL

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Saves Time,
Saves Maney, Prevents Errors
J),. Simple to operate - Type or Write on
Cards, Snap in Grooves
i;:{ Ideal for Production, Traffic, Inventory Scheduling, Sales, Etc.
i:I Made of Metal. Compact and Attractive. Over 500,000 in Use

$4950

IFREE12.-PACE
Full price

with cards

BOOKLET NO.
Without Obligation

DC-'.

Write for Your Copy Today

GRAPHIC SYSTEMS
YANCEYVILLE, NORTH CAROLINA

ADVANCED SYSTEMS
DEVELOPMENT
Emerging now from three years'
intensive effort at International
Electric is a computer-based
communication system that
equals the state-of-the-art.
Future progress will depend upon
our ability to advance the stateof-the-art in our design and
development of future systems.
Research Specialists are needed
for original contributions in
Artificial Intelligence, to result
in advanced techniques in man/
machine communications. They
will perform studies in such
fields as linguistics, philology,
learning theory, automatic programming, information retrieval,
simulation and compilers.
Programming Specialists are
needed for advanced program
analysis and development for
large, real time digital systems.
For consideration, send your
resume to Manager of Technical Staffing, Dept. CA.

INTERNATIONAL
ELECTRIC CORPORATION
An Associate of International
Telephone and Telegraph Corporation

Rte. 17 & Garden State Pky.
Paramus, New Jersey

The theory of the stability of motion
as applied to automatic systems i~ here discussed. The author, a Nobel prize-winner,
is chairman of the Russian National Commi ttee for Automatic Control; for this English
trans lation, he has added material not presented in the Russian version. Following
an introduction which discusses the problem
of s tabi li ty, twe 1 ve chapters dis cus s :
"Stability of Control Systems", ''Formulation
of Simplified Stability Criteria", "Inherently Unstable Control Systems", "Programmed Control", "Stability of Control Systems
with Two Actuators", etc. Author and
s ubj ec t indices.
Druzhinin, G. V. / Time Delays / Pergamon
Press, 122 East 55 St., New York 22, N.Y.
/ 1961, offset, 80 pp, $2.50
This book, an English translation from
Russian, describes the properties and disCll5ses the principles of many types of time
relays. Written for the engineer and s tudent engineer, the four chapters dis cuss:
Time Relays With: 1. Electrical Delay;
2. Mechanical Delay; 3. Electrothermic Delay; 4. Electrochemical Delay. Two appendices provide additional technical data.
References.

von Neumann, John / The Computer and the
Brain / Yale University Press, New Haven,
Conn. / 1958, printed, 86 pp, $4.00
The analogies between the computing machine and the human brain are discussed by
the eminent mathemetician. The text was
originally prepared for presentation as
the annual Silliman Lectures at Yale, but
not given on account of illness. The thesis
is that the brain operates in part digitally, in part "analogically". The firs t part
of the book discusses the computer's logical processes, describing analog and digi tal
procedures, the c'haracteris tics of computer
me:nory and of modern machines. The second
part is devoted to the brain, wi th chapters
on the nature of nerve impulses, the genetic mechanism of memory, the logical s tructure of the nervous sys tern, and a dis cuss ion of the ro Ie of codes in the con trol of
logical machines and systems. The final
pages discuss the languages of the brain
and of machines.

COMPUTER
Tentative Standard for the Protection of
Elec tronic Computer Sys terns, NFPA no. 75-T
/ National Fire Protection Assn., 60
Batterymarch St., Boston 10, Mass. / 1961,
printed, 29 pp, 50¢
This report discusses safety measures
which are recommended to protect large
machine systems from damage by fire or associated effects. The recommendations cover
the computer room, utility requirements and
certain special cons tructional needs. A
section on protection and duplication of
records is included.
Bank of America's Great Data Processing
Center in San Francisco / Kenneth R.
MacDonald / The Office, vol. 53, no. 5,
May, 1961, p 122 / Office Publications,
Inc., 232 Madison Ave., New York 16, N.Y.
This article describes "the largest
building ••• especially built for completely
automated clerical procedures" and the
computer systems which are housed in the
building. Presently, $5 million of data
proces sing equipmen t for bookkeeping, accounting, and collating are used to process checks, loans, etc. The text is supplemented by blueprints showing the building's structural design.

PROG,RAMMING
learn programming from
Home Study Courses in use
over 5 years.
IBM 1401 SYSTEM
programming
for the card, magnetic tape and
MICR models.
PROGRAMMINC THEORY
practical
principles,
processing,
practice programming.
Prepare yourself . ~ . your staff
for the day when you will need to
consolidate your stake in computers.

•
Write for free catalogue describing
our. training courses.

Business Electronics Inc.
Training Section
420 Market Street
San Francisco 11, Calif.

LI
No
2,0

Me
Sir
se:r:
sev

rno

Accredited Member National
Home Study Council

An equal opportunity employer.

82

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

CON

the

5.

r

CPMPUTER C·OMPONENTS

lu,or

ould
ittle

of

Phasable ganged potentiometer -- Daystrom
Inc., Archbald, Pa. This potentiometer is
being adjusted prior to shipment to meet
exact performance specifications. The surgically-clean fingertips are one of a number
of precautions taken to prevent body acids
from possibly impairing accuracy and reliability of this circuit component. Any
number of individual cups can be ganged on
a single shaft -- as many as 24 pots in a
space of only 6 inches. Individual cups
can be phased through 360 0 , without affecting the adjustment of adjoining cups, simr
ply by adjusting the wiper from outside
the potentiometer by using a simple Allen
wrench.

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to

se

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to

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ed

lnd
1

:il

•
ow,
1-

Model MID One-Megacycle Flip-Flop -- Navigation
Computer Corp., Morristown, Pa. This device has
five identical flip-flops which will operate as
a counter at rates up to 2 megacycles. Each
flip-flop has a neon indicator. Together with
another module, this one forms a parallelentry adder which will complete a 5-bit addition
ill a maximum of 4 microseconds; and the sum in
the adder can be shifted for serial-parallel
muJ tiplication.

10

ur
r

"en
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-r

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1

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

83

tive J
of co
culat
the g
Then
in 19
most
ment
step
medi
prop'
appl~

of m

A temperature-independent glass ultrasonic delay line is used as the storage element in the SM-40
serial memory manufactured by the Computer Control Company, Inc. The delay line utilizes a delay
medium of "zero TC" glass (TC stands for temperature coefficient), designated Code 8875 glass by
Corning Glass Works, Corning, New York. The glass exhibits a nominal temperature coefficient of
time delay equal to zero at 25 0 centigrade. Variation of this glass with temperature is less
than one part in a million per 15 0 centigrade. Delay lines, using this glass, are manufactured
by Corning Electronic Components, a Corning department at Bradford, Pa. The velocity of this
glass is roughly two-thirds of that of fused quartz (the usual standard). Delay lines have been
made of this glass that hold 2000 bits with a storage density of 25 million bits.

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prov
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cent]
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are ~
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tiom
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have

LQ Core Memory -- Ampex Computer Products Co.,
Culver City, Calif. This core memory has 1.5
microsecond cycle time. The storage elements
are special ferrite cores with 30 mil outside
diameters. The temperature rise during fullspeed operation is negligible. The memory is
compatible with current computer designs.

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84

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

COl\

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~.

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%

A molecular, electronic, Semiconductor Network Computer -- Texas Instruments, Inc., Dallas, Texas
This micro-miniature digital computer is 6.3 cubic inches in size and 10 oz. in weight. It was
developed for the Aeronautical Systems Division of the U. S. Air Force in connection with ASD's
Molecular Electronics Program. The micro-computer performs the same functions as the "conventional M computer shown but is 150 times smaller and 48 times lighter. Each of its 587 digital
circuits is formed within a minute silicon bar. Three types of semiconductor networks are used:
RS flip-flop, NOR gates, and logic drivers.

If,
~.

Solid CircuitQY semiconductor networks,
Series 51 -- Texas Instruments, Inc., Dallas,
Texas. These miniature units provide six
different digital circuits. They will handle
90% of the circuit functions of digital
equipments. Each unit is in a hermetically
sealed package measuring 1/4 by 1/8 by 1/32
of an inch; they use only 1/10 as much power
as most conventional circuits. The five networks shown in the palm of the right hand are
the functional equivalent of the entire large
assembly.
lPthe

r·'·

ual
r-

ns.

)61

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

85

An employee at IBM Federal Systems Division Space Guidance Center, Owego, N.Y.,
fastens frame around the magnetic drum
memory in a TITAN II guidance computer.
The miniature magnetic memory drum represents an achievement in ruggedness and
compactness. The thin shell memory drum
operates at 6000 RPM's. Data is carried
along 57 tracks on the magnetic skin of
the drum, and 82 magnetic heads put the
data in memory and retrieve it when
needed. These magnetic heads float on
an air cushion 1/IO,OOOths of an inch
thick.

str

abi
nev

Dr. Walter O. Freitag, head
of the Materials Development
Group at the UNIVAC Engineering Center in Whitpain Township, Pa., catches his reflection in a circular plate
of gold about to "go up in
smoket ' as part of an experiment in thin-film memories.
After being inserted in the
spindled stand, the gold
plate will be vaporized in a
bell chamber and then condensed to form a "thin film"
on a glass plate. Investigations of the magnetic
qualities of many metals for
possible use in computer
thin-film memories are being
made. This type of memory
permits information to be
accessed from a computer more
rapidly than is possible with
standard computer core or
drum memories.

86

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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

COl

e

re:hanual1y
ltions

Circuit simulation board -Cambridge Thermionic Corp.,
Cambridge, Mass. With this
circuit simulation board,
experimental circuits are
made using Cambridge Thermionic modules as components.

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)r

lere
ents.
l ad-

:mt
t of

surne
nade

the
Ita-

HD Magnetic file drum -- Laboratory for Electronics, Inc.. Boston 15, Mass. This high density
magnetic file drum has wide application to data processing systems:
it gives rapid access to an enormous volume of stored data. Though
only 15 inches in diameter by 14
inches tall, yet they store 15
million bits.
'

961

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

)

lted
.d-

:lI

87

and

Dynastat magnetic memory drum -- Consolidated Controls Corp., Bethel, Conn. This
drum presents stored information independent of speed of rotation: it can be read
even while stationary. This drum therefore is as suitable for use with stepping
operations as with continuous processes. It is particularly suited to sorting in
connection with materials-handling conveyor systems.

Memory-Core System -- Computer Control
Co., Inc., Framingham, Mass. This is
a transistorized, high-speed, randomaccess, magnetic-core memory. It has a
storage capacity ranging from 20,480
bits to 163,840 bits. It has an access time of 2.5-4.0 microseconds and
a read-write cycle time of 5-10 microseconds.

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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

COl\

i

Who's Who
in the
Computer Field
(Supplement)
A full entry in the "Who's Who
in the Computer Field" consists of:
name / title, organization, address
/ interests (the capital letters of
the abbreviations are the. initial
letters of Applications, Business,
Construction, Design, Electronics,
Logic, Mathematics, Programming,
Sales) / year of birth, college or
last school (background), year of
entering the computer field, occupation / other information such as
distinctions, publications, etc. An
absence of information is indicated
by - (dash). Other abbreviations
are used which may be easily
guessed like those in the telephone
book.
Every now and then a group of
completed Who's Who entry forms
come in to us together from a single
organization. This is a considerable
help to a compiler, and we thank
the people who are kind enough to
arrange this. In such cases, the
organization and the address are
represented by ... (three dots).
Following are several sets of such
Who's Who entries.

t,
::;

"

Lawrence, Gerald M I Asst Res Analyst,
. . . / A, address computation, index
register functions and app1cns, reports
generators / '15, - , '56, soldier
McCord, Hayden F / Management Ana·
lyst, ... / A, future dev of equipments
& applcns / '22, - , '56, method and
system analysis
Meredith, Glen P / Management Analyst,
. . . / A / '18, Missollri Univ, '56,
analyst
Quisenberry, Joe F / Proj Officer, . . . /
A / '17, Ohio Un iv, '56, army officer
Stringer, C Cordon / Management Analyst, . . . / A / '14, Indiana Un iv, '57,
management analyst
U S Army Signal Supply Agency, 225 S 18th
St, Phila 3, Pa
Beisel, William L / Dig Comptr Systems
Analyst Trainee, . . . / ABLMP / '18,
Penn State Univ Ext Sch}, '59, systems
analyst
Beyer, Harold / Chief, App1cns Analysis
Div, IDP Activity, . . . / All~Il) / '21,
CCNY, '54, supervisory comptr systems
analyst / article, "Selecting the Right
Equipment"
Bleakney, Howard F / Management Analyst, . . . / All / '21, Drexel lnst of
Tech, '56, system analyst
Brady, Robert E / Dig Comptr Systems
Analyst Trainee,.
/ ABL / '27,
Temple Univ, '60, dig comptr system
analyst trainee
Chase, Milton / Dig Comptr Systems Analyst, . . . / ABLP / '28, Temple Univ,
'56, Vought Electronics, a Div of Chance Vought
Corp, POBox 1500, Arlington, Tex
Bussey, Gene R / Chief of Comptr Systerns, .... / ABDP, self-organizing sys-

terns, heuristic prob solving, adaptive
real time control, non-redundant coding, machine learning / '19, Oklahoma
Univ, '51, electronics engr
Davis, Charles R / Desgn Engr, . . . /
CDEL / '31, Stephen F Austin State
ColI, '60, engr
Deering, C S / Engrg Specialist, . . . /
DEL / '31, The Univ of Texas, '53,
electrical engr / ".\ Wide Band Direct
Coupled Operational ,\mplifier"
Guerra, Raymond / Desgn Engr, . . . /
LM / ':W, Texas Christian Univ, '5n,
desgn engr
Gunnip, Robert \V / Systems Engr, . . .
/ E / '22, TCU, '60, electronics
Martin, W E / Engrg Specialist, . .
DEL / '24, SMU, '53, engr
Shelman, C n / Engrg Specialist, ..
/
CDELM / '22, Univ of Tex, S~IU, '54,
comptr engr / three patents
ZOlllbolas, George P / Senr Electronics
Desgn Engr, . . . / ACDE, input-output eqpmt / '23, Temple Un iv, Arlington State Coli, '60, systems desgn
Westinghouse Elec Corp, Steam Turbine
Div, Lester Branch P 0, Phila 13, Pa
Burdette, Billy R / Manfcturg Engr, . . .
/ A, manufacturing systems analysis /
'34, Auburn Univ, '59, manufacturing
engr
Carson, Donald II / Manufacturing Engr,
... / AB / '26, Univ of Penn, '59, mfg
engrg and mfg systems
Parks, Rohert S / Mfg Engr, . . . / A,
mfg systems analysis / '34, Georgia
lnst of Tech, '59, mfg engr
Vaillancourt, Robert E / Comptr Planning Head, ... / AllMP, systems analysis for both engrg and data procg
applcns / '26, At,nerican lnt'l Coli, '54,
comptr planning and systems

COMPUTER
PROGRAMMER

United Air Lines, DENRZ Stapleton Field,
Denver 7, Colo
Ingve, Donald C / Data Processing Technician, . . . / P / '30, Univ of Ill,
'58, Shrader, Peter] / Data Processing Technician, . . . / P / '31, DePaul Univ,
'58, raylor, Selwyn H / Data Processing Technician, . . . / P / '26, State CoIl of
'\lashington, '60, Wenger, Robert W / Data Processing
Te('hllidan, . . . / P / '28, DePaul
Univ, '!i8,U S Arm)" The Adjutant Geneml's Board,
Fort Benjamin Harrison, Indianapolis 16,
Ind
Getty, Lt Col Charles W / Management
Analyst, . . . / A / '12, Georgetown
Univ, '56, management analyst
Greene, Raymond M / Deputy for Tech
nical Operations, ... / A, optional use
by top management in the decisio.nmakillg process / '08, Harvard UIllV,
'56, lIIanagement analyst
Jacobs, Lt Col Stanley E / ~Ianagement
. Analyst, . . . / A / '13, (]niv of Minn,
'57, arlll)' ollicer

We need mobile minds
capable of ranging
analytically over a wide
range of program formulation and documentation requirements for
digital computer-centered, command-control
systems .. Programmerlinguists fluent in machine language of this
sort are invited to write
to Harry Laur.

An rQual opportunity employer

.

...
, . : J

rn

Ii,
•

LITTON SYSTEMS, INC. Data Systems Division

Canoga Park, California

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

89

ACROSS

THE

EDITOR'S

DESI(
rna;

News of Computers and Data Processors

sin
an
aud

hoI
we

New

Installations

shi

HONEYWELL SET TO EQUIP AUSTRALIAtS
LARGEST EDP CENTER

USE

seI
aSE

400TH UNIVAC SOLID-STATE COMPUTER
GOES TO FUEL & IRON COMPANY
The 400th UNIVAC Solid-State Computer
to be built by Sperry Rand's Remington Rand
UNIVAC Division has been installed at the
Colorado Fuel & Iron Co., Pueblo, Colo.
The magnetic-tape computing system delivered to Colorado Fuel & Iron will be used
for both a broad range of accounting functions, and for production, inventory control
and production scheduling.
The new system supplements a UNIVAC SolidState card system which was installed in May,
1960. It will employ 90-columm punched cards
for input and output. Peripheral units of
the system include four Uniservo magentic tape
units, a processor, a synchronizer, a card
reader, a card punch and a high-speed printer.
lIM 7070 OPERATES AT UNIV. OF ROCHESTER
The first IR~ 7070 system in New York
State to be installed at a university is in operation at the University of Rochester.
The unit will be one of only five such
systems in the country to be installed in a
university computing center and will be the
first 7070 installation in the Rochester area.
The National Science Foundation recently awarded the University a grant of $200,000 to aid
expansion of the Computing Center.
The new Computing Center installation will
offer considerably greater memory capacity,
speed and flexibility than the I&~ 650 equipment which has been used at the Center since
1956. Although the University Computing Center has been used primarily in the area of
numerical calculations, a whole new range of
applications, such as the simulation of behavioral, social, and biological processes, will
now be possible.

Plans for installation of the largest
electronic data processing center in Australia
have been announced by the Commonwealth's Department of Defence and Minneapolis-Honeywell
Regulator Company, Minneapolis, Minn.

-~

the
hat
pre

mi:

The Department of Defence said it has contracted for the initial purchase of two largescale Honeywell 800 electronic computers, val
ued at over $2 million, for installation next
sum~er at its EDP Proving and Training center.

pri

clu
ins
Th
net
TV

Honeywell has reported it will open an
EDP sales office in Australia "to assure the
Department of Defence the best possible service in connection with its Honeywell 800 installations and to seek new business in the
Commonwealth."

da)
au(

siz
bel

or

The Department of Defence's EDP plans in·~
clude a permanent joint-services automatic
communications net work connecting the computer centers to the various units of the Australian Armed Services.

tec
mE
th~

jee
mE

The EDP centers in peacetime will deal
with the accounting and administration associated with an inventory of 500,000 stock items
dispersed throughout Australia and overseas,
which are affected by an estimated 60,000 individual reports a day.

to

m,
st,
del

co
Th

ke

BRITISH MARKET RESEARCH FIRM GETS FIRST
OVERSEAS SHIPMENT OF I~ 1410
The first overseas shipment of a new type
of intermediate data processing system - the
IR'i 1410 - was made this weekend to A. C. -Nielsen Co., Ltd., British market research firm,
in Oxford.

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pr

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Nielsen will use the electronic data processing system to help compile retail indices
for food, drugs, cigarettes, tobacco and candy.
These are continuing audits which measure consumer sales of each important brand with its
share of the total market. IR~ United Kingdom,
Ltd., will install the powerful new computer.

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90

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 19(il

C(

TEXTILE BANKING CO. INSTALLATION
Textile Banking Company, Inc, New York,
N. Y., one of the nation's largest factoring
firms, has placed in operation a new computer
which processes automatically the $750 million worth Qf accounts receivable purchased
annually by the financial institution.
~ms

s.
re

Developed by the National Cash Register
Company, the desk-size NCR 390 system provides Textile's clients with faster and more
accurate information about their accounts.

'i-

e
t-

ng
late

~s

In two hours, the computer prepares detailed monthly statements for hundreds of
clients -- 10 times faster than formerly.
The machine figures debits and credits incurred by each client during the month, calculates its new balance. and prepares an
itemized record showing all the transactions
that took place during the period. The speed
of the data processor is expected to enable
Textile's clients to receive their financial
statements much earlier.
The machine automatically handles all
the paperwork connected with a client's account. It figures the discounts. commissions.
interest and other charges on millions of invoices purchased annually by the institution.

ARTOC RECEIVES MOBIDIC B
is
1,

n

,Ids,
1 of
oped

r

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to

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y

(il

The U. S. Army Tactical Operations Central (AHTOC) has taken deli very of a Mobile
Digital Computer. Model B (designated Mobidic
B). The unit is made by the Sylvania Division of General Telephone and Electronics
Corporation under contract to the Signal Corps
Research and Development Laboratory. Final
acceptance tests of Mobidic B were carried
out at the Aeronutronic Division of Ford Motor Company's Engineering and Research Center in Newport Beach. Calif. ARTOC is intended to put the speed and versatility of
modern electronics to work for the Army field
commander, helping him to make appropriate deCISIons in the more arduous tactical environment of the mid-1960's.
COMPurER TO BE INSTALLED
AT CELANESE CORP. PLANT
Celanese Corporation of America will install a digital computer system to control two
of the four primary oxidation units of its
chellli(:al plant at Bishop, Texas. The system
will he supplied by Thompson Ramo Wooldridge
Ine., Canoga Park, Calif. Celanese anticipates that the computer control system will
p".ly for itself wi thin two years· 'by increasing
COl\IPlJTERS

and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

productivity and efficiency at the Bishop
plan t.
The computer, known as the RW-300, will
exercise closed-loop control over Bishop's
non-catalytic vapor-phase process that converts liquefied petroleum gases (propanes and
butanes) to formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, methanol, ethanol, acetic acid, acetone, and other
chemicals. Bishop plant production is approximately 400,000 tons per year. Computer control is expected to result in increased product yield, through closer control of such
factors as chemical reactor temperature and
richness of feedstock.
OHEGON BANK USES MARC I SYSTEM
An advanced data processing center housing
a 1.7 million dollar electronic banking system,
nicknamed MARC I, was activated in Portland
recen tly.
The computer-based banking system will
serve over 600,000 customers in a broad range
of banking applications. The First National
Bank of Oregon, Portland, Ore., and its 87
branches will use the MARC I system for maintaining loan liability ledgers, loan accruals,
general ledgers, outstanding official checks,
Christmas savings and other applications.
Component parts of MARC I are the IB~
7070 computer and the IBM 1401-1412 bank data
processing combination.
BOSTON BI\NK WILL USE TWO H-800'S
One of the nation's largest computer
banking systems under one roof will be installed early next year at The First National
Ba.lk of L3oston, Mass. This computer system,
through its ability to handle the Bank's large
volume of daily transactions at high speeds,
is expected to produce savings in operating
cos ts •
The new electronic system will be basically composed of two Honeywell 800 large-scale
computers, valued at approximately $2 ~ million, and will be leased by the bank under a
purchase-option agreement.
In addition to the two computers, the
Bank has also leased four General Electric
Company reader-sorters which will read from
the checks the magnetic ink characters -- the
machine language adopted by the American Bankers Association.

91

New

Computing

Centers

BElWIX WILL OPEN CONIPUTING CENTER
NEAR DETROIT
The Bendix Corporation's Systems Division
has announced plans to open a new computing
center in the Greater Detroit Area.
The center, to be opened in the spring of
1962, will contain a high-speed Bendix G-20
digital computer system, designed and manufactured by the Bendix Computer Division, Los Angeles.
Features of the computing center will include security-cleared premises for military
projects, and a location convenient to the
growing complex of research and industrial organizations in the area.
The center will be augmented by a new COED
Mark II display and control system, developed
by the division. Annlog computer facilities
for dynamic simulation and a BOSCAR reader for
display data reduction are also housed within
the center.

GENERAL ELECTRIC'S TEMPO
GETS COMPUTER CENTER.
The General Electric Company has announced~lans to establish a major Computer
Center at TEMPO, GE's long-range planning and
advanced engineering organization, at Santa
Barbara, Calif.
The Computer Center will employ an IBM704 system, with a 32,OOO-word magnetic-core
memory, ten magnetic tape units, and a variety
of peripheral equipment. The computer will be
compatible with the nation-wide SHARE program.
Installation of the computer itself is expected to be completed by January 15, 1962, with
full-scale operation of the Computer Center
scheduled for February 1.
Later in the year, a GE-225 system will
be added to work both separately and with the
I PtA-704 , to provide expanded capabi li ty and
several additional operating features.

ITEK LABORATORIES HAS NEW COMPUTER CENTER

the:

CEIR SAN FRANCISCO COMPUTER CENTER
RECEIVES ADDED COMPUTER POWER

sea
res
lite
hav

Addition of an IBM 7090/1401 computer
system to the facilities of the San Francisco
Computer Center of C-E-I-R, Inc., Washington,
D. C. is announced.
Installation of the new computer system
will be completed early in January 1962, providing what is believed to be the largest
electronic data processing installation available commercially to business, industry, government and defense establishments of the San
Francisco Bay area and the Pacific Northwest.

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of 1
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ant

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NEW EDP CENTER ANNOUNCED IN NEW YORK
The establishment of a computer controlled
data processing center was announced by Computer Sciences, Inc., Westbury, New York.

ser
pea
sib

to E
me
hig:
ten

The processing of both scientific and
business problems is accomplished with an IBM
1620 Data Processing System after initial programming by a staff of highly trained mathematicians and engineers. In the business field
the automatic preparation of payrolls and invoices as well as automatic inventory control
has been started. Scientific programs currently in existence are associated with the
nation's defense efforts.

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in 1

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lac

spe
sea
pou

COMPUTER TAPE CONVERSION CENTER ANNOUNCED

due

A service bureau for the conversion of
computer tapes will be established at the
Santa Ana plant of Electronic Engineering
Company of California in April.
The Computer Tape Conversion Center hopes
to save computer users both time and money in
the conversion of data from one computer format into a form ready for direct insertion
into another type of computer. The center expects to find use when branch plants which
use a different computer from the one used at
their headquarters office want to transmit
information to the home office. Also companies which are changing over to larger computers with a different format can convert their
records to a new format.

Itek Laboratories, Lexington~ Mass., has
put into operation a new computer center
built around an IR~ 1401 computer.

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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for Dcccmber, I9Gl

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61

New

Contracts

R. C. A. GETS $3 MILLION
FOR DESK-TOP COMPUTER
The U. S. Navy has awarded a $3 million
contract to the Radio Corporation of America.
for final stage development of a high-speed
computer approximately the size of a portable
television set.
The contract is an extension of one under
which RCA has been working to perfect a billion-cycle computer for the Navy's Bureau of
Ships.
TELEMETRY SYSTEM FOR TELSTAR SATELLITE
Radiation Incorporated. Melbourne. Fla ••
has been awarded a contract to design and
build PCM/FM telemetry systems for the Bell
System Project Telstar communications·satelli te.
The contract. from Bell Telephone Laboratories. Murray Hill. N. J •• calls for delivery of an electrical development model. a
prototype qualification model and two flyable
units by early 1962. The company is also providing two automatic-tracking antennas that
will be used with the Bell System's experimental communications satellite.

which will process the information. comparing
planned events with actual events. This computer's output will be displayed on large
wall screens for the SAC Commander and his
staff.
I fi\l GETS B-52 NAVIGATION CONTRACT
The International Business Machines Corp ••
White Plains. N. Y•• has been awarded a contract for the production of B-52 navigation
systems. The U. S. Air Force contract is said
to amount to $1.960.000.
MINUTEMAN ELECTRONIC TEST UNIT
AWARDED TO BECKMAN
Two contracts totaling approximately
$1.500.000 have been awarded Beckman Instruments. Inc •• for electronic units to be used
in the automutic checkout system of the Air
Force's Minuteman ballistic missile.
The contracts were awarded Beckman's
Systems Division. Fullerton. Calif •• by
North American Aviation. Inc •• whose Autonetics Division produces the Minuteman inertial guidance and flight control systems.
The new transistorized equipment will perform
diversified functions for the guidance and
control system of the solid-propellant missile.
SOC TO DEVELOP INTEGRATED
SATELLITE CONTROL PLAN

INTERNATIONAL ELECTRIC CORP.
GETS $57 MILLION
FOR DEFENSE COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
International Telephone and Telegraph
Corporation announced today that its subsidiary. International Electric Corporation. has
been awarded a contract currently funded in
excess of $57-million to proceed with the production phase of Program 465L. the new command and control system for the Strategic Air
Comrnand.
International Electric Corporation. Paramus, N. J •• was designated in 1958 to manage
the design. development. production and installation of the 465L System. The major portion of the development phase was recently
completed by IEC. which has systems management
responsibility for ITT's U. S. Defense Group.

System Development Corporation of Santa
Monica. Calif •• has received a letter contract
from the Air Force Space Systems Division for
computer program integration of six satellite
control programs.
The contract calls for the firm to integrate and systematize existing computer programs involving satellite guidance. stabilization. command control. telemetry. payload and
data reduction. Among the satellite programs
to be studied for the Air Force Satellite Control Facility are Midas. Discoverer. and Advent. The amount of the contract was not announced.

Program 465L, the designation given to
the automated command and control system. will
link together all SAC bomber. missile and logistic support bases in a world-wide communications network. At each SAC headquarters. a
switch will automatically route messages to
their proper destinations. The system also
uses a high-speed transistorized computer
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 19G1

93

New

Firms,

Divisions,

and

Mergers
BlJHHOUGHS SETS UP
TEACHING MACHINE DiViSION
Burroughs Corporation llas es tablis hed an
auto-instructional systems division to develop
programs for using electronic techniques
in automatic teacning.
Dr. Felix F. Kopstein. a psychologist
who has directed numerous auto-instructional
projects for the U. S. Air Force over the
past 11 years. ~as been appointed director of
the new division.
C-E-I-R TO HELP LAUNCH NEW
;\DVERTISING MEDIA SEn VICE
C-E-I-R. Inc •• world-wide industrial.
economic and operations research firm is supplying technical assistance. electronic computing knoW-how. and capital to help launch
Central Media Bureau. Inc.
C-E-I-R's investment approximates half
of C M B' scapi ta liza tion and the older corporation becomes the major shareowner of the
new company.
Through the use of advanced electronic
computers and programming methods. C M B
will offer an advertising media service which"
includes centralized estimating. billing. and'
payment. for radio and television spot commercials. and high-speed communication of vital rate data to advertisers. agencies. radioTV stations. and sales representatives.
DAYSTROM DIVISION RENAMED AMERICAN GYRO
American Gyro. a Division of Tamar Electronics. Inc •• Gardena. Calif •• will be the
official name of the former Pacific Division
of Daystrom. Inc •• Los Angeles. Calif. The
former Daystrom division was purchased by
Tamar in late August. American Gyro was the
name formerly used by the firm prior to purchase by Daystrom.
UNIVAC ENTERS COMMERCIAL BANKING
EQUIPMENT FIELD WITH
PURCHASE OF DALLAS OUTFIT
The Remington Rand Division of Sperry
Rand Corporation has announced purchase of
National Data Processing Corporation. Dallas.
Texas.

94

National Data Processing since 1958 has
engaged in the development. manufacture and
marketing of Magnetic Ink Character Recognition (MICR) equipment for the automatic processing of checks and other bank documents.
Included in tile product line are check encoders,
document processors and audit listers.
COI\1PUTER EQUIPMENT COHP. ACQUIRES NOVA-TECH
Computer Equipment Corp •• Los Angeles.
Calif •• has acquired Nova-Tech. Inc •• of
Manhattan Beach. Cnlif.
Computer Equipment produces timing systems in the nanosecond range, data processing
products. and missile cabling devices. NovaTech manufactures aircraft and marine navigational equipment. FM multiplex receiving systems. and home multiband aircraft-marine radio receivers.

1

I

LITTON INDUSTRIES ACQUIRES
AERO SERVICE CORP.
Aero Service Corporation. Phila •• Pa ••
an international aerial survey company. will
be acquired by Litton Industries. Beverly
Hills. Calif.
The transaction will involve exchange of
an undisclosed amount of Litton stock.
Aero Service Corporation has annual revenues of $10 million~nd'~as700 ~mployees~Aero Services. with its photogrammetric
engineering and geophysical survey capabilities. will work with Litton's Western Geophysical Company and other divisions of Litton in aerial survey and mapping projects.
It will become part of one of Litton's
four groups of operating companies covering
the fields of defense equipment and systems.
business machines. electron tubes and components and industrial electronic equipment and
services.
ACM NATIONAL COMMITTEE FOR
BUSINESS DATA PROCESSING EXPANDS
The National Committee for Business Data
Processing. ACM. is sponsoring the movement to
form Tbe Special Interest Group for Business
Data Processing ~IGBDP). as a semi-independent
membership group within the framework of the
National ACM organization. Petitions for this
status will be submitted to the ACM Council at
either the EJCC or the Spring JCC.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 19G1

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New

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NEW PROJECT PLANNING PROGRAM

ld

C-E-I-R. Inc.
1200 Jefferson Davis Highway
Ar lington 2. Va.
RAMPS. @.esource Allocation and MultiProject Scheduling). an automated method of
project planning and control, has been developed.

lirI.

51,

r.
eve-

The new programming method is based on
the critical-path scheduling concept of PERT
(Program Evaluation and Review Technique).
But it goes further by introducing competition among activities for a given resource.
and taking into account many projects. resources. and costs.

A working program has been coded for the
IBM 7090 computer. and several applications
have been made in actual situations. In one
application. the 7090 took three minutes to
generate a schedule based on 3 projects. 113
activities. 11 different types of resources
and 3 rates of resource utilization for 146
sample time periods.
GENERATOR FOR STATISTICAL TABULATION
Dick H. Brandon
Director of Programming Services
John Diebold & Associates. Inc.
430 Park Ave •• New York 22. N. Y.

38.

A program des igna ted "DIGEST". (Qlebo Id
GEnerator for Statistical Tabulation) for the
IBM 1401 data processing system \las been developed.
The system of programs has been designed
to:

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ee
[:1-

leI.

-simulate the operation of the 101 statistical sorter
-generate object programs for statistical analysis
-provide complete flexibility in the use
of the 1401 as a rapid. inexpensive
statistical tool

user. thus reducing memory and. time requirements of the object program. All information
fed to the DIGEST generator is programchecked for validity and consistency to avoid
erroneous calculation.
This program represents the first of a
series of programs putting into effect the
concept of "application genera tion" as used
by this organization.
DEMONSTRATION OF FACT
Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co.
Electronic Data Processing Division
80 Walnut St.
Wellesley Hills. Mass.
A new programming aid. known as FACT
(Fully Automatic Programming Technique). was
demonstrated for the first time in November
at Honeywell's Boston area EDP facilities.
The basic FACT system. transcribed on
magnetic tapes, has been distributed to
Honeywell customers for field testing. These
tapes will permit users to compile and operate many FACT programs that have already been
written.
The miniaturized version is said to
have wide uses in radar distance measuring
systems. digital doppler applications and
missile distance measuring equipment. in
addition to its present application in radar
altimeter equipment.
FACT is a very large compiler. comprising some 150.000 computer instructions coverinij ~he full ranve of business electronic
da ta-proces sing opera tions • I t is the EDP
industry's most complete business compiler
in that it provides an easy and uniform
method of handling all aspects of data processing. including input editing. sortiny,
processing of variable length records and
repor t wri Ling.
Included with FACT is Honeywell's Executive Monitor. a programming aid that permits
the automatic processing of a series of computer programs in parallel on the Honeywell
800 without human intervention. The Executive
Monitor. among other things. makes possible
parallel processing. a feature of the Honeywell 800.

-avoid expensive set-up charges

11

Generation of instructions is controlled
by parameter cards. with up to 130 of these
cards possible. expressed in the English
language. These cards control the generation of specific features desired by the
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 19G1

95

New

Computers

NEW SPACE-BORNE COMPUTER
HAS THIN-FIL~ MEMORY
Univac. St. Paul 16, Minn., has developed a general-purpose space-borne computer
utilizing thin-film memory and welded encapsulated circuit modules. The unit is expected to have exceptional reliability. This
development has produced a computer with a
maximum operation rate of over 00.000 operations per second. A thin-film memory and
welded circuit computer compressed into little
over a cubic foot makes the design adaptable
to space and airborne applications. The advent of microtronic circuits may allow construction of these computational capacities
in less than one-half cubic foot within the
next two years. The marriage of thin-film
and microtronics makes practicable reliability goals of 15,000-20.000 hours without component failure.
MINIATURIZED DIGITAL COMPUTER
A miniaturized computer -- the size of,
a loaf of bread yet capable of performing
calculations at the speeds of a room size
computer -- has been announced by Burroughs
Corp •• Detroit 32. Mich.
The operating model shows how a new
method of construction allows the shrinkage
of a com~ercial computer from room size to
desk-size. Military electronic equipment may
be thus "compressed" for use in aircraft,
spacecraft or missiles.

FIRST ASI COMPUTER ORDFRED
BY GOVERNMENT SPACE AGENCY
The first order for an Advanced Scientific Instruments, Inc., Minneapolis, Minn., computer has been received from the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA).
The computer, an ASI-210, will be used
by Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt,
Md. in the design of satellite attitude control systems and orbital\calculations for
such programs as Nimbus, OAO IDrbiting Astronomical Observatory) and OGO (Orbi ting Geophysical Observatory). The ASI-210, a small
but powerful computer, has a basic cost of
$130,000 and is priced in the $130.000 to
$200,000 range depending on the peripheral
equipnent required.
ASI, although only seven months old,
now has a 210 prototype in advanced stage of
manufacture. a larger 420 nearing completion,
and production has begun on the second 210
for the NASA order. The ASI computer for
Goddard Space Flight Center is expected to be
delivered and in operation by April, 1962.
The ASI 210 is said to include a program
simplified so that engineers with
minimum specialized training can "talk" with
the computer in plain English language and
conventional mathematical symbols.

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Called MADDAM (the name is derived from
MAcro-Module and Digi tal .Differential .Analyzer M,.achine organization), the computer has
5,500 components housed in a space measuring
3 x 6 x 11 inches and a component density of
69,000 components per cubic foot. The computer weighs 12 pounds and can perform
33.000 mathematical calculations per second.
The Macro-Module method has a finned
heat exchanger as a central element in a "log"
or row of triangular chips. The chips, approximately three-eighths inch thick and the
height of a half-dollar contain electronic
circuitry and plug into a folding printed
circuit board. Additional compactness is
obtained by folding (or actually wrapping)
the board holding the upright chips around
the heat exchanger. The chips fit snugly between the fins of the heat exchanger. Two
such rows of chips each three inches square
and ten inches long, contain the circuitry,
logic, memory and other working parts of the
computer.

BAILEY 750 INFORMATION SYSTEM
ORDERED BY CANADIAN FIRM
A contract for a new solid state Bailey
750 information system has been received by
Bailey Meter Company Limited, Montreal, from
the Aluminum Company of Canada Limited. The
system will be installed at Arvida, Quebec.
The 750 system utilizes magnetic drum
programming and an arithmetic unit for performing temperature rate-of-rise computations.
It has an initial assigned capacity of 300
inputs. The system can be expanded through
the use of standard components. Functions
to be performed include: (1) periodic logging, (2) alarm monitoring and logging, (3)
selectable point trend logging. and (4) selectable point analog trend recording. A
simple single purpose calculating section is
included to compute the rate-of-rise of 40
tempe~ature inputs. The rate-of-rise 1S
monitored by the alarm system.

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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

COl

~r

NEW "MODU-{;ON MODULE"

COMPACT MEMORY COHE

Elco Corporation
M St. and Erie Avenue
Philadelphia 24. Pa.

to

9n\lith

-rof
a-

Radio Corporation of America
30 Rockefeller Plaza
New York 20. N. Y.

A new micro-modular flip-flop for application in counter circuits. set-reset flipflop circuits or for specially designed circuits has been introduced.

A new memory core that suggests compact
computer memories capable of operating without air-conditioning or other temperature
compensation devices has been developed.

Called the Modu-{;on module. the pluggable
unit is being displayed at the Eastern Joint
Conference in December. Features of the new
unit include Varicon contacts. fully recessed
and protected; all-welded construction; and
easy replacement in event heat causes deterioration of semi-conductors. The flip-flop
will be available in three ways: unassembled.
including plastic header with Varicons staked
to header. and potting shell; or completely
assembled; or specially designed to meet
specific applications.

The memory core computer is expected to
allow iJlemories to func tion wi thout tempel·ature control or current compensation over a
range from -55 0 degrees to +35 0 degrees Centigrade -- a range up to four times larger than
conventional memories.
Additional features of the new cores
include: full driving current. 900 milliamperes; partial write current. 450 milliamperes; pulse rise time. 0.5 microseconds;
pulse duration. 4.0 microseconds; core size •
•050 x .030 x .015 inches; core variation
less than 0.25 millivolts per degree Centigrade; and at a driving current of 900 milliamperes. 233MI has a switching speed of 1.1
microseconds. making it suitable for memories
in the 5 microsecond operating-cycle range.
WW-{;OST PHOTOELECmONIC PAPER TAPE READER
Digitronics Corp.
Alber ts on. N. Y.

u
md
ille

ECONOMY TAPE DRIVE
",

.!t'

Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co.
Electronic Data Processing Div.
Wellesley Hills. Mass.
"Economy" tape drives for optional use
with the Honeywell 400 have been developed.
The new drives will rent for half the price
of standard Honeywell magnetic tape transpor ts.

(i2.

The new tape drives are capable of transferring data to and from magnetic tapes at a
rate of 32.000 alpha-numeric characters or
tlD.OOO decimal digits per second. Tile tapes
written by the economy system and the standard system are compatible.

i1

COl\IPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

A new low-cost photoelectric paper tape
reader is being introduced by this company
at the Eastern Joint Computer Conference.
December. 1961. The unit. designated Model
2500. is designed for applications in numerical control. ground support. instrumentation and diuital computer input -- where reliability is required but speed need not exceed
300 characters per second.
The new unit has silicon photodiodes.
Tne amplifiers are two-stage sprocket-gated.
Output voltage steps from 0 volts to 10
volts (no hole or hole).
COMMUNICATIONS-{;ONmOL SYSTEM
International Electric Company
Paramus. N. J.
A new concept in "total-electrolliesys tems" has become a rca li ty wi til ill troduction of tile ITT 730U Au tomil tic lJa ta Excllange
(ADX) sys tern. Developed by the ncw 11'1' Information Systems Division of this company.
the ADX System is an extremely fast. versatile. and fully automatic message switching
and control system.

97

MAGNETIC TAPE DATA PLOTTER

A uti

Electronic Associates
Long Branch Ave.
Long Branch, N.J.

ing
zim
gre

war

A high-speed, high-accuracy magnetic tape
X-Y Dataplotter that automatically and economically reduces digital data to graphic form
for easy interpretation and study has been
developed.
The Series 3440 magnetic tape Dataplotter
can provide off-line plotting of digital information as ink plots on 30-x-30-inch or
smaller graph sheets. Digital data may be
read directly from magnetic tape,punched card~
or punched paper tape. Point plotting, line
plotting and symbol printing may be done with
equal facility.
The chief features of the 3440 are:
completely solid-state for greater reliability; no temperature-controlled environment
necessary; automatic set-up from commands
written on magnetic tape; plotting speeds up
to 75 line segments per second; all data selection performed by dials; automatic data
selection and location; overall plotting accuracy very close to the width of the line
drawn; plots up to four-decimal-digit numbers
of either sign.

and

the

People

of

Note

PACKARD-BELL COMPUTER CORP. GETS NEW DIRECTOR
Kenneth R. Jackson has been named the
new director of Packard-Bell Computer Corp.
In his new post he will also serve as vicepresident of the Packard-Bell Electronics
Corp •• the parent company.
Two vice-presidents of the computer subsidiary were also named. They are William
Seiden and Theodore J. Smith.

ann

Sep

objl

1001

disl

A. 'I

MINNEAPDLIS-HONEYWELL OFFICERS IN NEW POSTS
Changes in the top corporate positions
at the Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co ••
Inc •• Minneapolis. Minn. are announced.

NEW DATA SETS SEND 50 WORDS PER SECOND
Bell Telephone System
195 Broadway
New York 7, N.Y.
New data sets with the capacity for
transmitting information from business machines over telephone lines at speeds up to
2400 bits per second, the equivalent of 3000
words per minute, have been developed. This
is twice the speed of data sets currently
available.
Two models of the new voice band serial
data sets are planned. The 201A is designed
for Data-Phone service over the regular message telephone network at a fixed speed of
2000 bits per second, the equivalent of 2500
words per minute in eight-channel code. This
data set may also be used on private line
networks or alternately with Data-Phone and
private line services.
Speed increase is made possible through
use of a new phase modulation-demodulation
technique which permits the transmission of a
bit each second per cycle of bandwidth.

98

Paul B. Wishart. president of the company since 1953. is the new chairman. He
succeeds Harold W. Sweatt. chairman since
1953. who is named chairman of the finance
committee. James H. Binger. former vice-president and director. is the new president of
the company.
Stephen F. Keating, former director and
vice-president, is occupying the newly created post of executive vice-president.

Au

SYSTEM DEVELOPMENT
CORP.

19!

Stanley Rothman is
appointed Manager
of the new Satellite Control Department at System Development Corporation, Santa Monica.
Calif.

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COMPUTERS and AUTOMA TION for December, 19G1

C(

NEW PATENTS
RA YMOND R. SKOLNICK
Reg. Patent Agent
Ford Inst. Co., Div. of Sperry Rund
Corp., Long Island City I, New York

from
DRESSER ELECTRONICS
the improved

CM-3 ANALOG
COMPUTER
CONTROLLER

The following is a compilation
of patents pertaining to computer
and associated equipment from the
"Official Gazette of the U. S. Patent Office," dates of issue as indicated. Each entry consists of patent
number / inventor(s) / assignee /
invention. Printed copies of patents may be obtained from the U. S.
Commissioner of Patents, Washington 25, D. C., at a cost of 25 cents
each.

ENGINEERS - SCIENTISTS
NEXT

CAREER
(jENTER
Washington, D. C.
Decenlber 12-14

August 15, 1961
2,996,703 I Joseph Luongo, Cedar Grove,
N. J., and Dorsey Davidoff, Berkeley,
Calif. I International Tel. & Tel. Corp.,
Nutley, N. J. I A method of reversing
count in digitizers.

Lt

;he

the
,,II

.

lews
La

Apply the mathematical representa·
tion of your process to direct com·
puter control with the new CM·3. This
solid·state computer! controller oper·
ates in real time - continuously - in
a fail·safe configuration. Used with
feedback or feed·forward techniques,
it provides constant process control
optimization.
The CM·3 is convenient, accurate,
ultra·reliable, economical, ruggedand now proven in commercial use.

Try this "computer program" yourself:
1. Calculate what improved process
control could mean to you in
dollars.
•
2. Divid.e this number by $7000the average cost of a CM·3.
3. If the resulting ratio is of interest
~ to you, write for details.

)f
"s
;on-

DRESSER ELECTRONICS

[!!!l

DIVISION lONE OF THE DRESSER INDUSTRIES

10201 Westheimer, Houston 42, Texas
SUnset 2·2000

August 22, 1961
2,997,154 I James J. Lahm, Brookfield,
Ohio, and Dale W. Gardner, Athens,
Ga. I Westinghouse Electric Corp., East
Pittsburgh, Pa. I A data handling ap·
paratus.
2,997,233 I Ernst S. Selmer, Oslo, Nor·
way I Burroughs Corp., Detroit, Mich.
I A combined shift register and counter
circuit.
2,997,234 I William R. Hughes, Sylmar,
Calif. I U.S.A. as rep. by the Sec. of
the Army I A digital multiplier.
2,997,235 I Herman Schmid, Binghamton,
N. Y. I General Precision, Inc., a corp.
of Del. I An electronic function gen·
erator.
2,997,540 I Robert J. Ertman, Rochester,
N. Y., Irving Sperling, Panorama City,
Calif., and Watson F. Walker, Pittsford,
N. Y. I General Dynamics Corp.,
Rochester, N. Y. I A binary informa·
tion communication system.
2,997,606 I Theodore Hamburger, Balti·
more, and Charles H. Wood, Jr., Ar·
b~tus, Md. I Westinghouse 'Electric
Corp., East Pittsburgh, Pa. I A high
speed switching circuit.
2,997,692 I Richard C. Lamy, Poughkeep·
sie, N. Y. I I.B.M. Corp., New York,
N. Y. I A binary comparator.
2,997,693 I William J. Deerhake, Alpine,
and Byron L. Havens, Closter, N . .T. I
I.B.M. Corp., New York', N. Y. I An
electrostatic storage system.
2,997,691 I Francis T. Thompson, Pittshurgh, Pa. I Westinghouse Electric
Corp., East Pittsburgh, Pa. I A system
for utilizing intelligence signals to perform control functions.
2,997,695 I Robert L. Conger, Riverside,
and Alfred F. Kudela, Arlington, Calif.
I U.S.A. as rep. by the Sec. of the
Navy I A magnetic core storage de\'i('(~.
2,997,696 I Werner Buchholl, and Mllnro
K. Haynes, Poughkeepsie, N. Y., and
Gordon E. Whitney, Prinreton, N . .J. I
I.B.M. Corp., New York, N. Y. I A
magnetic core device.
2,997,697 I Walter K. MarAdam, Valhalla, N. Y. I American Tdephol1e &
Telegraph Co., New York, N. Y. I A
data transmission system.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

• Talk to employer representatives-from all over the countryin private interview rooms.
• Confidential registration-by
closed circuit teletype processtakes less than 10 minutes.
• More than 60 employers see
your qualifications. You reveal
your identity only when interested.
• Ideal location! Just across the
street from the Eastern Joint Computer Conference.
• Employer-sponsored. No fees
or charges at any time.
LOCATION:

The Shoreham Hotel
DAYS:

~

December 12, 13, and 14
TIME:

10: 00 a.m.-9: 00 p.m. daily
PHONE:

C05-98~2

If interviews are inconvenient at
this time, you can still register for
future interviews. Write for
registration forms and copy of
CAREER listing hundreds of current job openings with national
employers. Write: Careers Incorporated, Dept. 12A, 770 Lexington Avenue, New York 21,N. Y.

CAREERe
Career Centers are a service of
Careers Incorporated, 770 Lexington Ave., New York 21, N. Y.
Sponsors are Equal Opportunity Employers

99

outstanding individuals for permanent posts in
SY"STElMtS ENGINEERING
sought by Battelle Memorial Institute

.~•. c~n~·;~~~~~€iJII~
*Uarispdrtationsys~ems

*.i\1issile .• . defense systems
* Information storage and .•. retrieval
* Radiolelescope systems

~.•. • . s~.rvo·a.~.a.I~Si~
*.< Logical design

*. • Digitarcomputersystems

Satisfactions unlimited ... to grow with
the .expanding division of a growing· organization; to contribute to present programs (for government and industry) and
develop fields of your special interest;
to produce and publish; to associate with
virtually all sciences and broaden your
horizons; to earn a most attractive salary

o

plus comprehensive oenefits ..•
Advanced degree in mathematics or
engineering,with three or more years in
the field/desired. Write today for details.

EATTELL

CC
AI
Battelle is an institute engaging in
both contract and basic research.
Principal laboratories occupy a
million square feet in a campus
setting adjacent to Ohio State
University.

Vo]

Nu

A staff of 2300 is comprised of engineers and scientists in all fields,
skilled technicians and supporting
personnel. Facilities, among the
finest, include a splendid data precessing center, technical library
and specialized information centers.
Our home city and its suburbs offer
good living, recreational and· study
opportunities (three universities
and many nearby colleges). Columbus is a metropolitan center of over
a half million yet offers good neighborliness, gracious living within
minutes of your job, and ready
access to many recreation areas
. . . Investigate your opportunity
with us. Write for details to Les Hill,

Battelle Memorial Institute
505 King Avenue
Columbus 1, Ohio

TH E

ADVERTISING INDEX
Graphic Systems, Yanceyville, N. C. I Page 82 I Caswell AdvertiSing Agency
Honeywell Electronic Data Processing Div., 60 Walnut St., Wellesley Hills 81, Mass. I Page 79 I
Automatic Electric Co., Northlake, Ill. I Page 103 /
Allied Advertising Agency, Inc.
Kudner Agency, Inc.
Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City, Calif. I Page 48 I
Battelle Memorial Institute, 505 King Ave., Columbus
Foote, Cone & Belding
1, Ohio / Page 100 I Byer & Bowman
International Business Machines Corp., 590 Madison
Bennett Associates, Commercial Trust Bldg., PhilaAve., New York 22, N. Y. I Page 102 / Benton &
delphia 2, Pa. I Page 104 I Bowles, Inc.
Burroughs Corp., Detroit 32, Mich. I Page 80 I CampInternational Electric Corp., Rt. 17 & Garden State
bell-Ewald Co.
Parkway, Paramus, N. J. I Page 82 I Carpenter,
Business Electronics, 420 Market St., San Francisco
Matthews & Stewart, Inc.
11, Calif. I Page 82 I Graham Kislingbury
Laboratory
for Electronics, Inc., 1079 Commonwealth
Careers, Inc., 770 Lexington Ave., New York 21, N. Y.
Ave., Boston 15, Mass. I Page 23 / I Page 99 / Fairfax, Inc.
Litton Systems, Inc., Data Systems Div., Canoga Park,
Control Data Corp., 501 Park Ave., Minneapolis 15,
Calif. I Page 89 I Compton Advertising, Inc.
Minn. I Pages 70, 71 I Dataman Associates, Inc., G Beacon St., Boston, Mass. Midwestern Instruments, Inc., P. O. Box 7509, Tulsa
35, Okla. I Page 59 / Paul Locke Advert,ising, Inc.
I Page 37 / Larcom Randall Advertising, Inc.
Digitronics, Inc., Albertson, N. Y. / Page 81 / Hazard National Cash Register Co., Main & K Sts., Dayton
9, Ohio / Pages 11 and 101 / McCann-Erickson,
AdvertiSing Co., Inc.
Inc.
Dresser Electronics, SIE Div., 10201 Westheimer,
Philco Corp., Government & Industrial Group, ComHouston 42, Tex. I Page 99 / Weekley and Valenti
puter Div., 3900 Welsh Rd., Willow Grove, Pa. I
Elco Corp., M St. below Erie Ave., Philadelphia 24,
Page 3 I Maxwell Associates, Inc.
Pa. / Page 4 I Fien and Schwerin, Inc.
Space Technology Laboratories, Inc., P. O. Box 95005,
Electronic Associates, Long Branch, N. J. / Page 49 I
Los Angeles, Calif. I Page 2 / Fuller & Smith &
Gaynor & Ducas, Inc.
Ross, Inc.
Following is the index of advertisements. Each item contains: Name and address of the advertiser / page number
where. the advertisement appears / name of agency if any.

100

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, l!)(il

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The National Cash Register Company presents above-average opportunity for the experielll:ed l:iCielltist or engineer to apply his talellb
in a stable organization. Whether your interest lies in commercially
oriented projects or advanced military electronic development, YOll
will find lasting satisfaction and encouragement for professional
advancement.

Positions opel! arc at all levels

0/ cxperience, inclllding Project
Manager. ProlllPt (lml pcrsonal
attention will be given to your
inquiry. All qualified applicants
will be considered regardless of
race, creed, color or national origin.
Send resume and letter of
application to: T. F. Wade,
Technical Placement, G-5
The National Cash Register Co.,
Main and K Streets,
Dayton 9, Ohio.

If your interests lie in one of the many fields of endeavor being
carried on by The National Cash Register Company, you are invited
to submit your resume to us for consideration for one of the fine
opportunities now open in Dayton, Ohio at our modern Research and
Development facility.
SEMICONDUCTOR RESEARCH

~J~~ ~;;;;;;;

ADVANCED ELECTRONIC SYSTEMS

LOGIC AND CIRCUIT DESIGN

SYSTEMS RELIABILITY

COMPONENT EVALUATION

DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS

TECHNICAL WRITING

THE NAT ION ALe ASH REG 1ST ERe 0 M PAN Y,

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

I
DAY TON

9, 0

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.

fLECTlON/C DATA '.OCESS/NG
ADDING MACHINES • CASH IEG/STUS
ACCOUNTING MACHINES
HC. 'A'U (NO CAliON REQU/.ED)

101

1234567890

OPERA'

#1

OPERA

#1

"In mathematics alone, "
each generation
builds a new
story to the
old structure."

.:~

p

E
IBM mathematicians and programmers are doing work
today that will still have meaning years from now.
They are, for example, teaching computers to work out
proofs for theorems in Euclidean geometry. They are
applying new techniques to problems in symbolic logic
originally outlined by Russell and Whitehead. They are
crossing into frontier territory in the fields of automatic
storage allocation ... design automation ... multi-programming ... lexical processing ... and in almost every other
area of applied and applications programming.
IBM regards programming and programming research as
essential to its future growth. At IBM, mathematicians and

102

programmers have at their disposal the machine time they
need for the full development of theirideas. And they have
before them unusual opportunity for professional growth
and personal advancement.
If you'd like to know more about the stimulating and rewarding work at IBM, we'd like to hear from you. All
applicants for employment will be considered without
regard to race, creed, color or national origin. Write to:
Manager of Technical Employment
IBM Corporation, Dept. 539M
590 Madison Avenue
New York 22, N. Y.

IBM

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

(!)

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I,

To the Engineer

looking for a fast circuit seesaw
T.

If you're in need of something better than a
flip-flop that only partially transfers a circuit
-something~ with a transit time of less than
a millisecond-then you'll be delighted with
AE's Series PTW Polar Relay. This magnetically biased relay will transfer a circuit
with the beautiful regularity of an observatory clock, and trigger on only a few mils
from your available energy source.

'1~
I

I

!

;

:e
~r

st
e,
Ie

AE

CAN
DO

Substantially smaller than other polar relays,
the PTW's unique design virtually guarantees the high-speed switching of a single circuit billions of times without readjustment!
Its service records to date in telegraph and

teleprinter circuits and differential controls
suggest that its life i!:) practically limitless.
Terminals to meet your specs.
Our circuit engineers will be happy to work
with you in adapting the PTW to your
designs. Or possibly you'd like to leave the
switching to us-in which case we can take on
the complete packaging and more than likely
shave your costs.
For full information on the PTW, ask for
Circular 1821-E - and for answers to your
control problems, write the Director, Control
Equipment Sales, Automatic Electric, Northlake, Illinois.

IA

Iii

11.
61

f

!

AUTOMATIC ELECTRIC
Subsidiary of

GENERAL TELEPHONE & ELECTRONICS
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1961

103

.',
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BEN~N'ETT
...

"OPPORTUNITY"

,~

ASSOCIATES

EXECUTIVE SEARCHES ~}-INDUSTRIAL RELATIONS - PSYCHOLOGICAL TESTING
COMMERCIAL TRUST ntDG. • LOCUST 3.4830 .. PHILADELPmA 2. PENNSYLVANIA

May we take this opportunity to introduce ourselves to you.
We are a service organization devoted to meeting the requirements of the computer and all ied fields for
qualified engineering and management personnel.
Below are listed just a few of the specific requirements we have been called upon by industry to search for.
DIRECTOR DATA PROCESSINC SYSTEMS

To $40,000
Ph.D./EE-emphasis on Math. Top Administrator experienced in military;applications of digital computers. Analyze, evaluate programs and
planning of military as related to digital computers. Act as consultant
to V.P. Engineering and other high level management.
SPECIALISTS-CIRCUIT DESICN AND THEORY

To $25,000
Ph.D./EE/Math-Thorough knowledge of circuit logic and familiar with'
analog type circuitry, communications information theory and basic network theory. One specialist with circuit logic on digital-type circuitry
related to computer design.

E.D.P. CONSULTANT
To $25,000
Corporate level for mUlti-plant organization to analyze present systems
and procedures and make recommendations to centralize.
SALES/MARKETINC MANACER

To $22,000

+

Profit Sharing

+

Stock

To maintain existing business and develop new customers for company's
services and skills in the areas of: Systems Engineering, Equipment
Development, Programmed Teaching. and Product and Market Planning.
This man will develop a marketing program and direct the efforts of the
Sales Staff to achieve the goals established. He will guide the preparation of an advertising sales campaign. This is a top-flight spot. He will
report to the President.
To $20,000 + +
Background should include at least a BS/EE and several years of broad.
systems experience. Should be thoroughly familiar with advanced analog
and digital hardware as well as with large system integration and application. As a Program Manager. will assume major responsibility for
developing, presenting, and co-ordinating engineering and development
efforts in connection with multi-million dollar data systems programs.
PROCRAM MANACER

SYSTEMS ENCINEER (Senior) (3)

To $20,000

+

Profit Sharing
Stock
Synthesizes designs for large scale complex computer systems. Requires
thorough understanding of computer operations at the block diagram
level. Understanding of timing considerations necessary and logical design experience helpful. Knowledge of operation (functional) of input!
output devices and use of computer in on-line situations desired. Should
be able to define program and systems requirements and write specifications from broadly stated objectives and be able to break down complex
problems into major, relatively independent sections which can be handled by less-senior personnel.

+

LOCIC DESICN

To $18,000
Engineers capable of analyzing computer systems, skilled in mathematics
and familiar with advanced State-of-the-Art digital components such as
memories, delay lines, shift registers, etc.; of performing trade-off
ana lysis among the various systems components and methods; of determining the required storage and computation characteristics; of
specifying the characteristics, number and interconnection of each of
the computer building blocks such as the flip-flops, memory elements,
arithmetic registers, analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog devices, etc.
SECTION HEAD MACNETIC MEMORY SECTION

To $16,000

Leadership and supervision. Design of high speed magnetic memory circuitry and design of transistors magnetic core circuitry.
MATHEMATICIANS
$15,000 UP
For operations research and' computer applications.
Programming on
large scientific types of digital computers and systems designs. Need
creative people who have designed compilers; translators, executives, etc.
SENIOR PROCRAMMER

$14,000 UP
Min. 3 yrs. expo in data processing applications on medium scale binary
computers. Highly creative approaches to program development for many
types of new information systems.
Programming decisions requiring
optimum utilization of computers for command decisions.
SYSTEMS PROCRAMMERS
$9·$14,000 UP
Application Programming; design and development of new systems.
$10,000 UP
TECHNICAL PROPOSAL WRITERS
Work with engineering and management in the preparation of technical
proposals. Write and/or edit text that clearly and concisely explains
techniques and systems concepts. Must be capable of writing engineering reports and handbooks. Prefer applicants with engineering degrees
and previous experience in technical writing. Familiarity with methods
of reproduction is desirable.
SENIOR STAFF SCIENTIST-SYSTEMS ENCINEERINC DEPT. To $19,000

Theoretical circuit studies, analog and digital applied research, electro
magnetic wave, information and data handling and solid state materials
investigation. Ph.D. in EE, Solid State Physics with advanced mathematics:
To $16,500

SECTION HEAD-AIRBORNE COMPUTER LAB
SYSTEMS ANALYSTS

To $20,000
EE/Math Deg. Min. 2-10 yrs. expo Analysis of data to develop comprehensive systems and full responsibility for programming.

SECTION HEAD-Digital Computer Laboratory

Analysis and logic design.

To $19,000

Supervise up to 30 scientists and engineers.

APPLICATIONS SPECIALIST ISENIOR PROCRAMMER
To $18,000
Math/Physics. Aero or E.E. Min. 10 yrs. professional expo (a) programming of scientific and/or process control problems for small to medium
binary computers, (b) Systems Analyses or design of launch control and
check-out equipment for a large missile or space vehicle system, (c)
operations analyses in the customer's facility. Ability to work well with
other people and to assume role of technical leadership. NOT SALES JOB.

Supervise up to 30 engineers in the design of analog special purpose
computers.
To $16,500

CROUP LEADER-DICITAL COMPUTER LAD

Supervise group in logical design of digital computers.
To $16,500

UNIT HEAD-ELECTRONICS LAB

Direct group in thermo-electronic device application to special products.
MS Physics, EE or ME (Heat Transfer).
SENIOR CIRCUIT ENCINEER-DICITAL COMPUTER L~B

Design and development of transistorized-high
logic circuits. Ph.D. or MSEE. .

spe~d

To $15,000

digital memory or

P.S. Visit us at the Presidential Suite at the Sheraton ParI< Hotel, Washington, D. C., during' the Eastern
Joint Computer Conference, December 11-14, 1961. If you cannot see us, please do not hesitate to write
to us enclosing your comprehensive resume.



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