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computers
automation
and

COMPUTERS,
TEACHING
MACHINES,
AND
PROGRAMMED
LEARNING

. I mplications of
Automatic
Data Processing
on the
Engineering
Profession

FEBRUARY

1962

•

Vol. XI -

No. 2

GET RESULTS AND RELAXATION
... DIVIDENDS FROM

STATISTICAL'S
DATA-PROCESSING

""/
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of I=

sior
mel

/""

extE

When data-processing problems
put the pressure on you, you'll find
the "safety valve" you need at
ST ATISTICAL. A wealth of
experience is always ready to go to work for you
here. Behind every assignment is a searching
understanding of management problems and
solutions ... gained in serving America's
top companies since 1933.

From this experience comes the consistently-high
quality service you would expect from America's
oldest and largest independent data-processing
and computer service. Sophisticated methods.
Responsible personnel. The latest electronic
equipment. Coast-to-coast facilities. Advantages
like these add up to "know-how" and
"show-how" that can not be acquired overnight.

war
of I

III

. . Established 1933

TABULATING CORPORATION
cou

NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS

This experience-in-depth service is available to
you day or night. A call to our nearest
data-processing and computer center will bring.
you the results you want ... and relaxation.
~I/

soh
niql
qua

104 South Michigan Avenue-Chicago 3, Illinois
OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES -

COAST TO COAST

inf(
mal
ava

T
.

/r~ THE STATISTICAL MARK OF EXCELLENCE

2
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1!Hi:!

COl\1

How to telephone a payroll

ve.,
[nco
)iv.,
3 /

You can send an entire company payroll, a day's volume of
orders, stacks of waybills, inventories-almost any kind or
amount of business data-by telephone today.

ky.,
&

You simply use Bell System

/
41

Transmission is super-fast. For example: payroll data for
thousands of employees can be sent in minutes. And the DATAPHONE call costs no more than a regular telephone call.

ew,

rp.,

Think-how DATA.PHONE service could speed up your
data handling, how it could cut your costs and improve your
service to customers. Then reach for your phone. Call your Bell
Telephone Business Office-and one of our Communications
Consultants will bring you the complete DATA.PHONE story.

ago

16,
ng-

BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM

16,
962

service.

This new service takes machine data from punched cards
or tapes and sends it over telephone lines in a special tone
language. At the other end, the data is received in exactly its
origi na I form.

sual
6,

DATA·PHONE

COMPUTERS

([lid

AUTOMATION for Fehruary, 1962

COMPUTERS

3,009,
and

and AUTOMATION

tive
:L009,
and

Gre
LilT

Var

COMPUTERS AND Dpi.TA PROCESSORS, AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION,
APPLICATIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING AUTOMATION
Volume XI
Number 2

FEBRUARY, 1962

EDMUND C. BERKELEY

MOSES M. BERLIN

MACDONALD

SYDNEySTARR

Editor
Assistant Editor
Assistal1t Editor
Assistant Editor
Art Director

CONTRIBUTING EDITORS

ANDREW

BOOTH
NED CHAPIN

JOHN

/ A
iste]

:1,009,
N ..
A (
;1,009,

che
era]
Fra
che

PATRICK J. McGoVERN

NEIL

Established
September, 195 1

fore

CARR,

III

ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
PETER ·KUGEL

ADVISORY COMMITTEE
MORTON M. ASTRA HAN
HOWARD

"So

Computers, Teaching Machines,
and Programmed Learning:

pro
eire
:\,009,
I I

The Computer-Assisted School System,
by DON D. BUSHNELL .
A Decision Structure for Computer-Based Teaching
Machines, by RICHARD D. SMALLWOOD
Computer Teaching Machine Project: PLATO
on ILLIAC, by DONALD L. BITZER and
PETER G. BRAUNFELD

for

que

3,010,
Sze
Pit:
dev
3,010,

ReI

Spr
eIe:

Teaching Machines and Programmed LearningRoster of Organizations and What They Are
Doing, by PATRICK J. McGOVERN .

3,010
anc

cag

rea

ENGSTROM

GEORGE E. FORSYTHE
RICHARD W. HAMMING
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
HERBERT F. MITCHELL, JR.

SALES AND SERVICE DIRECTOR

FRONT COVER

Working with Computer-Controlled
Teaching Machine.

1, 6,44
21

ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK

ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVES

Los Angeles 5

sysl

Computer Marketing Trends-Some Comments, by
NORMAN STATLAND .
Implications of Automatic Data Processing on the
Engineering Profession, by DICK H. BRANDON

3,010

pat

3,011
Ke
i\fa

WENTWORTH F. GREEN

439 So. Western Ave.
San Francisco 5
605 Market St.

Elsewhere

ARTICLES

Newtonville 60, Mass.
DEcatur 2-5453

DUnkirk 7-813 5
A. S. BABCOCK
YUkon 2-3954

PATRICK J. McGOVERN

815 \Vashington St.

DEcatur 2-5453 .

Newtonville 60, Mass.

READERS' AND EDITOR'S FORUM

Reliability Record, by PHYLLIS HUGGINS
Conference on Self-Organizing Systems, May 1962, by
MARSHALL C. YOVITS.
Application No. XXX
Who's Who in the Computer Field-Cumulative Edition,

SUBSCRIPTION RATES: United States, $15.00 for 1 year,
$29.00 for 2 years, including the June Directory issue; Canada,
add 50c a year for postage; foreign, add $1. 5 a year for postage. Address all Editorial and Subscription Mail to Berkeley
Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass.

ENTERED AS SECOND CLASS MATTER at the Post Office
at Boston, Mass.
POSTMASTER: Please send all Forms 3579 to Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 \Vashington St., Newtonville 60, Mass.
Copyright, 1962, by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.
CI lANGE of ADDRESS: If your address changes, please send us
both your new address and your old address (as it appears on the
magazine address imprint), and allow three weeks for the change
to be made.

Calendar of Coming Events

44
44
44

44
45

1962 .
COMPUTERS and AUT011A nON is published monthly at
315 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass., by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. Printed in U.S.A.

S.p
me
3,010

pal

PATRICK J; McGOVERN

815 Washington St.

3,010
\Val

Who's Who in the Computer Field (Supplement)
Books and Other Publications .
New Patents

54
56

INDEX OF NOTICES

CO~1PUTERS al/d

Ca
Ca
ke)
3,011
Vii

Ca
Ca
ein
3,011
La·
ma

rec

REFERENCE INFORMATION

Advertising Index
Computer Directory and Buyers' Guide
Glossary of Computer Terms.
Manuscripts .
Reference and Survey Information
Who's Who Entry Form.

Ne
sys

54
see
see
see
see

Oct.,
Nov.,
Oct.,
Oct.,

page
page
page
page

50
30
31
53

AUTOMATION for february, 1962

3,011
N.
Yo
cui
3,011

SIr
Inl
sto
3,011

011
Da
3,011

Ca
Yo

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CO:\I:\IEI~CI.AT.. INF()I~:\I.A-''l'H)::\"

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Our client, a leader in the Commercial Information Handling Systems field, is seeking
several creative minded individuals at the Ph.D. level who are interested in advancing the
state of the art in one or more of the following areas:

eneeNew
m.
icott,
Y. /
1 apnan i-

Reliability Analysis and Prediction
Electrophysics Display Techniques
Optical Maser Technology
Photo·lnformation Processing
Solid·State Memory Development
Microwave Data Transmission
Polymer Chemistry Synthesis
Linear Programming
and Queueing Theory

Complex Systems Integration
Diagnostic Programming Techniques
Control Logic, Buffering & Arithmetic
Solid Logic and Thin Films
Advanced Circuit Analysis
Magnetic Device Analysis
Advanced Systems Planning
Magnetic Recording Surfaces
Piping and Heat Exchange

own,
'a. /

Salaries are open to $25,000

Jtion

In addition, we are seeking individuals with interest and experience in Advanced Programming Technology for assignments in N. Y. C. and Boston.

and
tion,
). of

lign-

Compiler Writing
Language Analysis
Artificial Language
Construction

Non-Numerical Mathematics
on Computers
System Design (Both Hardware
and Programming)

Game PlayIng on Computers
Symbolic Logic
List Processing Techniques
Information Retrieval

Symbol Manipulation
Artificial Intelligence
Operations Research
Automatic Programming

\lewidge,
~ula

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If you seek analytical stimulation, creative leeway and an environment which encourages
both - write for personal interview, including a complete resume of your background.

~eles,

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:or a

MR. DWIGHT L. GREENLAND
Executive Vice President

field,
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Management Consultants

aintEleevoie,

551 Main St., East Orange, N. J.
Our client is an equal opportunity employer

L Y.
(ork,

, Pa.
~mp

Ltion
COMPUTERS alld .\ LJTO~L\TIO~ for February,

19()~

1> ubi
tion
Rei

The Computer-Assisted School System

AVI

off,
Th

root
proxi

Don D. Bushnell

using
the I
whid
Corn:
Kit
Inc

Automated Education Project
System Development Corporation
Santa Monica, Calif.

The System Development Corporation has conducted an active program of research in automated
education for the past three years. Initial experiments
were performed with an instructional system controlled by a Bendix G-15 computer. \;\Tith this computer-based teaching machine, various branching techniques were studied with some six hundred students
acting as experimental subjects.
More recently a new facility, designated CLASS
(Computer-Based Laboratory for Automated School
Systems), has permitted members of the Automated
Education Project staff at SDC to broaden their scope
of research. The investigations have included both
experimentation with optimum sequences of educational materials for individual student instruction,
and development of a computer-assisted school system which makes individualized education feasible.
The new laboratory, a part of the general purpose
Systems Simulation Research Laboratory at SDC,
utilizes a Philco 2000 computer to provide highspeed data-processing assistance to many parts of a
simulated educational system.
CLASS permits simultaneous automated instruction
to twenty students in either an individual or group
mode of study. In the individual mode, CLASS operates in much the same way as the Bendix-based system.

Adaptive Control over the Individual Student
The first teaching system used by the SDC staff is
shown in Fig. 1. The Bendix computer, operating
under program control, transmits instructions to a
Random-Access slide Projector (RAP) Model 600 for
the selection of one of six hundred slides held in storage. The sequence of slides seen by the student is
determined on the basis of the student's response to a
single question, or to several questions, or on the basis
of the time interval between presentation of material
and response. The student receives feedback messages
through the computer-controlled typewriter keyboard
or by means of addi tional slides.
Prior to an experimental run, the G-15 is programmed for its teaching functions by input of a perforated paper tape. The instructions on this tape
represent decisions in regard to type and sequence of
educational "items" to be selected for each student on
Ihe basis of his overt learning behavior.
The G-15 sends four signals of four bits each to the
Projector Adapter; three of these signals set the stepping switches which record the computer's instruction
to Ihc RAP GOO. The first signal clears the relay regisIeI' o[ any previous information. In addition to these
signals, there is an interlocking feedback control which
prevcnts changing of instructions while the system is
in operation. It takes the G-15 about Gjl 0 of a second
6

to transmi t to the RAP 600 the full command for a
slide selection.
A sample teaching machine lesson used with the
Bendix G-15 is given in Appendix 1. Although actual
lessons are longer and generally more complex than
this one, this sample does illustrate a number of important facets of the lesson design. Some of the instructional items branch the student to remedial paths
designed to correct particular errors. At two points in
this lesson, decisions are made on the student's cumulative error tallies. At these points, additional instructional items are given to the student if he is
experiencing difficulty in learning the material. At
the end of the lesson, a self-evaluation item is presented to students who have made at least one error.
This gives the student the choice of deciding whether
or not he needs more instruction.

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The CLASS Facility
Use of the Philco 2000 computer in the new laboratory enables the researchers to teach twenty students
in several modes of automated instruction-an individual mode, a group mode, or a mixed mode in which
some students study independently while others work
in small groups. Except for classroom space limitations in our laboratory, the Philco 2000 could instruct
some three hundred students in the individual mode
with each student seeing a different sequence of instructional materials adapted to his particular needs.
In the group mode, this number of students instructed
could be 900.
For individual instruction, a manually operated film

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FIGURE 1
The first experimental computer-based teaching machine used
by the Automated Education Project at SOC for research in
auto-instruction is shown here. On the left is the Bendix G- 15
Computer and on the right, the teaching machine unit which
houses a random access slide projector, rear-view projection
screen, and an alpha-numerir. typewriter tied to the computer.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 19G2

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Ref-

1962

viewer serves as the output source. A student, working independently, makes multiple-cho,ice response~
on the response unit keyboard (see the front cover of
this issue). The computer is programmed to analyze
these responses, signal the correct answer on the response keyboard, and instruct the student where to
proceed next by way of a four-digit read-out panel on
the response unit.
Automated or semiautomated group instruction can
be effected by using the RAP 600 or teacher-controlled
audio-visual projectors for generating a common stimulus display over the large closed-circuit TV screens
in the classrooms. As seen in Fig. 2, students in CLASS
are learning in the group mode.
The teacher will have five sources of information
available with which to watch and check student learning behavior or call up information on individual or
group performance. These components are: (1) a
teacher's console with automatic alarm lights, corresponding to each student station, alerting the teacher
to students who are not meeting predetermined criteria
programmed in the computer; (2) a read-out panel,
similar to the student response device, making it possible for the instructor to monitor a specific student;
(3) a remote-control panel for sequencing and controlling audio-visual materials; (4) a film viewer for
following the educational program; and (5) an educational data display, generating performance or historical data directly from the computer memory drum.
To study the application of data processing methods
in other school functions, special areas are available
in CLASS for administrative and counseling functions.
A teletype unit in the counseling office will aid the
counselor in preparing daily scheduling programs and
conducting interviews, and will generate displays to
aid the teacher in classroom management. Automatic
referrals will bring students to the counselor before
serious educational problems are encountered.
For administrators, a 900-line-a-minute high-speed
printer, operated either on-line or off-line, wi~l supply
immediate information on the state of academIc knowledge of each student. Less urgent reports necessary for
scheduling, curriculum planning, budgeting and logistics can be retrieved when the computer is not selecting and analyzing instructional programs.
A 'real-time switch and storage transducer, which
permits coupling human inputs to and outputs from
the computer, has been developed by SDC engineers.
This machine is capable of recording in the computer
some 4,000 input signals ten times a second. The machine also permits distribution of 4,000 output signals
to the simulation area every 1/10 second. A plugboard
for rearranging the receptor and effector connections
to computer memory locations is also included.

Programming for CLASS
Computer programs written for this project fall
into two broad categories: the lesson assembler and
the instruction control program. The lesson assemblers resemble, in both structure and function, the
typical computer compiler-assembler. The instruction
control program, called i\f ell Lor :WOO, has many of the
characteristics of the usua I process control programs.
Lesson assembly programs for CLASS are designed
to generate a magnetic tape that contains a complete
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

FIGURE 2
Students in CLASS are learning French in a group mode of
automated instruction. The teacher, Gerald Newmark, sequences
the educational items presented to the students via the closedcircuit TV system and the students respond to questions in
French about the pictures shown. The computer records and
analyzes student responses and presents displays to the teacher
in real time.

description of the teaching machine's program. The
assembled tape, when read into the computer, will
store in the memory, the codes of the instructional
items, the codes of counters to be used for tallying
the number of student errors per teaching concept,
a Illl teachi ng i nsl rue! ions.
The teaching- ('()nlrol program will be designed to
('onll'Ol the inpllI/()UIPlIt functions, process teaching
1'01Ilincs, ;Ind rec()rd Ihe results of instruction.
'l'IlC prilllary language to be used for the CLASS
C()lIlpUler program will be JOVIAL, a general-purpose
programming language initiated at SDC. It is a readable and concise language, utilizing self-explanatory
English words and the familiar nota tions of algebra
and logic. It has been found especially suitable for
problems requiring an optimulll balance between data
storage and program execution time.
Besides, JOVIAL is a machine-independent programming l'anguage and can serve as a m~ans of realizing a stated process on a llulllber of dIfferent computers.

The Future School Systelll and New Technology
CLASS development has recognized that the most
practical and immediate need for a computer in our
educational systems is probably to automate paperwork, a prosaic function in school, but we foresee the
future role of the computer in education to be more
than that of bookkeeper. The evidence for this projection lies in some of the recent developlllcnls in COIllputer technology:
(1) The computer-based Icaching- llIaciline \Vi~I,1
the potential for handling individual studel~t ddferences in learnillg ra Ie, background, and apu tude;
(2) Informa t ion reI rieval syst~ms, i.e., automa~ed
library services utilizing abstractmg and translatmg
machines;
(3) Computer programs for aiding management
7

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BaSi

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DIRI
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MICRO-ENCAPSULATION

MAGNETICS

THIN FILMS

OPERATIONS

ers' (
June

ANI

the 1
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Roster
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Surve]
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Surve]
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List
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OPTICS

LOGIC & CIRCUITRY'

MECHANICS

DIGITAL SYSTEMS

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Appli(
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BACI
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BE B
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BUU

THE NCR 315 COMPUTER

THE NCR 450 CONTROL AND PROOF MACHINE

Ncn offers a wide range of opportunities
for experienced scientists and engineers
intere~t{'d in commercially oriented
projects or adnlllced military electronic
development. Current work encompasses
a broad field of activity including semi
conductor research, low temperature
physics, micro-electronics, photochromics,
advanced electronic systems development.
high frequency communications, and
operations research studies related to

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complex business and financial systems.
Previous efforts of NCR research and development have resulted in new products
such as: NCR (no carbon required)
Paper, 'the highly successful Electronic
Data Processing Systems, and other items
for the electronic and business machine
industries. Rapid growth has caused openings at all levels of experience and education and provide opportunity for technical
or administrative growth.

COMPANY,

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to
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Send letter of application and resume to:
T. F. Wade, Technical Placement, G 5,
The National Cash Register Company,
Dayton 9, Ohio.
An equal opportunity employer.

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Nun
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Subsc

CO~IPUTERS ([1/d AUTOMATIO~ for

February, 1962

C
815

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CO~

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)N.,

will
ttive
the
date
28,
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may
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-ho's

and decision-making activities in schools paralleling
those in business which supply periodic economic
forecasts, balance budgets, and plan financial strategies;
(-1) New techniques for processing educational
data such as real-time registration and scheduling
programs, counselor and teacher data displays, automated diagnostic interviews, and testing routines.
The application of the digital computer to eduGttional functions holds the potential of an importan t
technological breakthrough in a field that has been
remarkably resistant to change. With more students
to teach, fewer teachers, and an increasing portion of

the working population to retrain, educators are being
pressed in the direction of automation.
The question whether school systems can afford the
large general-purpose computers currently being marketed would in many instances have to be answered in
the negative. But the development of the special-purpose computer with multiprocessing, time-sharing capabilities is on the horizon. It would be short-sighted
to delay the rcscarch until the hardware is available.
As new uses arc cxplored and computers are designed
with educatiollal functions in view, many school systems will joill thosc pioneers who have already made
the leap into thc modern technological world.

A Decision Structure for
Computer-Based Teaching Machines
Richard D. Smallwood
Research Laboratory for Electronics
Massachusetts Institute of Tcchnolo~y
Camhrid~t~ ;{9, Mm;~.

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dis-

this
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uto-

reet,

1962

111 the teaching machine field, although onc hcars
statements that "the devices problem has bccn soh'cd,"
it would appear that the tremendous spccd alld vcrsatility of modern day computers can nevcrthcless hc
used most profitably.
A great deal of the current research in the developIllent of new educational techniques has been in thc
area of teaching machines. l\IIost of the contributors
in this area up to now have been psychologists intercsted in applying their theories of the psychology of
learning to new teaching techniques.
Now, the opportunity for contribution by the designers and programmers of computers is fast approaching.
Basically, present day teaching machinesl,~, 3 present a subject to a student in short incrementseach increment being followed by a question. These
increments (hereafter referred to as "information
blocks" or just "blocks") may be anywhere from a
sentence to a paragraph in length and may contain
pictures, diagrams, and even auditory information.
They are presented to the student in long sequences
called teaching machine programs (not to be confused
with computer programs); these sequences are constructed in such a way that 'the student is led in an
easy and straightforward way to eventual mastery of
the subject matter.
The advantages of present-day teaching machines,
1. Crowder, N. A., "Automatic tutoring- by Illcans of intrinsic prog-ramming-," Chapter X in AutulIlatic Teac/till/!, by Galantcr (cd), John
Wilcy & Sons, N. Y., 1959.
2. Lumsdainc, A. A., and Glascr, R., T('lIcltill/!, .llllr-hi/u's IIlIti 1''-0grarn111ed Learning: A SOll'-Cl~ nooll, Dcp!. of A udio- Visual Instruct ion,
National Educational Association, 1!/(iO.
3. Smallwood, R. D., ,-III/O/llII/l'll /I/.\/nlclio/l Decisiun Systellls, ScD.
Thesis, Electrical Eng-inccring- Dcpt., ~I.I.T., Cambridgc, ~rass., !W
October 1961.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

illclllde sclf-paccd instruction and immediate evaluaI iOIl for I he sllIdcnt of his answers to the questions,
ele.; bill thc illlportant thing to remcmber is that we
are first alld foremost interested in the development
of tcchniqucs that will "teach better." Since one of
thc best tcaching methods that we know today is the
human tutor, a logical approach to automated instruction is to try to simulate as many properties of a
human tutor as possible; and indced, this is the criterion commonly uscd to dcscribe the advantages and
indicate thc vast potcn tia I of teaching machines. Two
very importallt propcrtics of the human tutor, however, arc prcsenl in only a very limited degree in the
teaching machines currcntly in vogue; these are adaptability to thc studcn t and systematic improvement
with expcricncc.

Student Adaptability
A dcsirable feature of any tutor or teaching machine is that it be able to react to differences among
students and adapt its presentation to the individual
learning characteristics of each student. For the tutor
or machine to do this implies a decision process that
uses some known past history of the student to decide which presentation of the material is likely to
be best for him; and this dccision proccss is no less
important for a teaching machinc than for a 111101'.
The process of providing dillcl'elll leachillg lI1achine
programs for difrcrcnt stlldenls is called "brallching."
One of thc II10St cOll1l11only uscd mcthods of branching is thc "intrinsic programming" of Norman Crowdcr! in which thc IICXt hlock presented to the student
is dctcrll1illcd hy his answer to the last question. A
lIalllral cXlcllsion of this method is to base the decision
on thc en/if(: /)(Isl history of answers of the student too

thc tcaching program; a structure for such a decision
process is the subject of this paper.
Systematic Improvement with Experience
When a tutor is good, we expect him to become
better at his job as he teaches more and more students.
The same property is a desirable one for a teaching
machine. At the present time this property is available in teaching machines only through the improvements that the researchers make in their teaching ma" chine programs. Improvements in the teaching machine programs are, of course, desirable, but a method
for systematic improvements in the quality of the
branching decisions is also needed. A good teaching
machine should be capable of improving its decision
processes as it "learns" more about the effects that are
caused by the decisions. Thus, we should like for the
next tutoring decision to depend not only on the
present student's past responses, but also on other
available information including the responses of all
past students; in other words, the teaching decision
system should be an adaptive system.
Structure
The class of teaching machines proposed here is
based on a particular structure; the elements of this
structure are: (1) an ordered set of concepts; (2) a
general branching network; (3) a model for estimating
probabilities of responses.

1. An Ordered S{~t of Concepts
Every educator, no matter whether he is a teacher
or a writer of teaching machine programs, must have
Sample
Path No.1

a set of goals. This is list of things that he is trying
to teach successfully to his students. We shall call
these things concepts, although a very broad definition
of the word concept is intended.
Generally, the educator will also arrange these concepts in some reasonable order so that he can teach
the concepts to the students in sequence. Therefore,
we shall assume that the subject matter to be taught
has been decomposed into an ordered set of concepts.
The question of measurement also arises: How shall
we find out whether or not a student understands a
concept? For this purpose we shall assume that there
exists a set of test questions for each concept being
taught. Answering the test questions correctly is considered to be equivalent to understanding the concept.
These test questions will be given to each student at
the end of his instruction on the concept to determine
how well he has absorbed the subject matter and how
well he understands the concept.
2. The General Branching Network
In order to provide a high branching capacity in
the class of teaching machines discussed here, a large
network of information blocks (see Fig. I) is assumed
to exist for each concept to be taught. Each block
contains information or material that one might want
to present to a student during the course of the instruction.
Each block is identified by two numbers i and j.
The first number i specifies the level or rank of the
block in the sequence of concepts to be taught. The
second number j is a serial number that identifies
Sample
Path No.2

2.
~ -

---~ - - I

Level

1..---

1.
-~---

Level
2

Block of
Information
Level 2, No.
4, spanning
Levels 2,3,4

--~-

Level
3

2.
1_-

Level
4

------------------------------------------~~--------------,--------~~------~~--~~--

I 2.

t1.

FIGURE I-A diagram of a sample of a general branching network of blocks of information of various spans.
Wrong answers take the learner out to the left. Right answers take him through the entire span.
10

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

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the block among alternatives explaining that information. Thus block b(3,2) is block no. 3 in level and
no. 2 in manner of explaining. Some blocks may span
more than one level; in this case, the level number
denotes the first of the levels spanned by the block.
In Fig. 1 the branching network shows in Path I and
Path 2 how two students have progressed through the
branching network. In general, students start at the
first level and travel downward through the blocks
as they learn more and more about the subject material. Generally the same material will be contained
in sequences of blocks spanning the same l~vels; for
example in Fig. 1, b(I,3), [b (1,1), b (2,1), b (3,1)],
[b(I,I), b (2,2)], and [b (1,2), b (3,1)] will all contain the
same information. The presentations, of course, will
be different; for example b(I,3) would present the
information in a much more condensed form than
[b(l,l), b (2,1), b(3,1)J. Alternate presentations of the
same material are also illustrated as in b(2,3) and
h(2,4) of Fig. 1.
Test Questions
At the end of each block there will be a question
for the student. These questions can be used either
as reinforcing agents for conditioning student behavior or as tests to determine the student's comprehension of the information. The answers to each of these
block questions are classified into a finite number of
exhaustive alternatives so that every answer can be
recognized by the teaching machine. Furthermore, it
is desirable that the student be told whether or not
he has answered the question correctly. (One can
also use this opportunity to explain to the student
his likely error if he missed the question.) For this
reason each information block will generally have a
fine or more detailed structure similar to that shown
in Fig. 2.
Student Procedure
The procedure for a student taking the course will
consist of many cycles of the following two steps:
1. If the student is at level i, the teaching machine
will decide which of the several blocks leaving this
level to present to the student.
2. After reading the information in the block that
is presented to him, the student will answer the question at the end of the block. If his answer is correct,
it is assumed that he has absorbed the material in the
block satisfactorily; and thus, he will be placed at the
terminal level of the block and Step 1 repeated. If he
does not answer the question correctly, then the student will be placed at some level less than (or perhaps
equal to) the terminal level of the block in order to
clear up the misunderstanding that caused him to miss
the question.
Thus, we see that a student will wend his way
through the network of blocks proceeding from the
first level to the last with the teaching machine deciding at each level what block to present to the student.
The student's level at the end of each block is determined by his answer to the block; that is, we shall assume that a function v(i,j,k) is given along with the
branching network, and the function is equal to the
level of a student if he gives the kth answer to block
b(i,j).
In Fig. 1 the dotted lines show two possible paths
COMPUTERS a1/d AUTOMATION for February, 1962

FIGURE 2-A diagram of the more detailed structure
of an information block.

r----- -- ------------- --- - -- - - --- ----

I
I
I
I

INFORMA TlON BLOCKDETAILED STRUCTURE

Statements and
Instruction

I
I

I
Block
Question

I
I
I
I

Explanation
for answer

l___OO~

Explanation
for answer

1 _______

~~2

Explanation
for answer

________:

... etc.

------J--j

that students might take through the array. Path 1
represents a student who has given all correct answers
to the block questions, while the student of Path 2 has
missed block questions at b(I,3) and b(3,I).
In any practical application there will be one of
these networks of blocks for every concept to be taught.
Although the emphasis in this paper is on the decision-making aspect of teaching machines, the importance of the actual contents of the information
blocks can hardly be overstated. On the other hand,
the illcorpora tioll of a decision mechanism into a
teachillg machine call make the improvement of the
block cOlltellts easier through the relative evaluation
of alternative presentations of the course material.
3. A Response Probability Estimation Model
In order to decide which of the possible blocks the
student should receive, it is necessary for the teaching
machine to investigate many paths that the student
might take. Each of these paths must be weighted
with the probability that the student will indeed take
that path. This requires a model (see Reference 3)
that will estimate the probability, p(i,j,k), that the
student will respond with the kth answer to the question at the end of b(i,j).
There is a question here of just what is meant by
these probabilities. Here the probability p(i,j,k) that
a student with a certain known past history will give
the ktlt answer to block b(i,j) will be defined as the
fraction of students out of an infinite population of
students with the same identical past history who
would give the kth answer to block b(i,j).
The problem, then, is to find mathematical models
that will use the past history of the student correctly
to estimate the true values of p(i,j,k) as defined above.
The particular elements of a student's past history
that will be used in this estimation are part of the
model. These models will formulate an abstract description of the process whereby a student's past hist.ory determines the value of the abstract probability
defined above. As with allY mathematical model, the
model's description of the process is entirely abstract,
and the value of the model is determined by how well
this abstract description conforms to the n:(/I w()rld
j)l"()CCSS being simulated by the ll)odel.
II

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In general one would expect the probabilities to be
closer to 0 and 1 as the past history of the model includes more and more pertinent details about the student. Unfortunately, as the number of such detai1s
increases, it becomes more difficult to use them correctly and the complexity of the computations also increases. Thus, one must face the eventual trade-off
between high uncertainty in the true probabilities on
one hand, and inaccurate prediction and complex
computations on the other.
"V\Te see here an example of how the teaching machine will be able to improve its decision process with
experience. As the number of students that the device
has taught increases, the errors in the probability estimates due to lack of information will generally decrease and the decision process of the machine will
become more accurate.
Decision Criterion
In makillg the decision, the computer must have
some cri Lerion (or utili ty function) to use for deciding
which of several alternate paths through the "blocks"
of subject matter is to be selected for teaching to the
learner. The particular criterion chosen will depend,
in general, on the opinions and goals of the educator
using it. Some possible criteria that might be used are:
nil
1
1
U = - , L = -(na -n\J), or R = --(na -n\J)
N
N
NT
where nil and na are the number of test questions for
tha t concept that the student answered correctly before and after taking the presentation of the material
represented by the path; N is the number of test questions for that concept; and T is the time for the student to read and respond to the material in the path.
An Actual Demonstration
In order to illustrate the structure presented here
and to study its potential advantages, a preliminary
teaching system containing an example of each of the
preceding elements was developed. 'Vhen one considers what is potentially attainable within the structure, the system described here will appear rather
unsophisticated-and indeed, it is. Nevertheless, the
teaching system was applied to instruct 20 students,
and indicated that is was capable of distinguishing
among students, making different decisions for students with different past histories. Furthermore, the
system also changed its decision process with experience.
The physical device was composed of three interconnected pieces of equipment: (1) a microfilm
reader; (2) an electric typewriter; and (3) the IBM
709 digital computer at the M.LT. Computation
Center. The array of information blocks was stored
on microfilm; and the microfilm reader was connected
to the computer so that it could select any particular
frame of the microfilm and display it to the student.
The illst rllction process for the system consisted of
the followi Ilg steps:
1. After giving the student some brief instructions
Oil t he operation of the microfilm reader and typewriter, the computer decided what block to present
to the student first and then cycled the microfilm
forward to the frame that contained the desired block.

Each of these blocks contained a paragraph or so of
information about the course, followed by a question
that tested the student's comprehension of the information.
2. The student wrote his answer to the block question on an answer pad; then he advanced the microfilm reader forward one frame to where a list of
possible answers to the question was displayed. (In
each case, of course, one of the alternatives was a
catch-all for any answer not listed.) Next to each of
these possible answers was a number; the student
entered the number next to his answer into the typewriter an"d then punched the "carriage return" key.
3. Upon sensing the carriage return, the computer
advanced the microfilm to a frame that explained to
the student whether or not he had answered the question correctly; if he had not, this frame also attempted
to explain to him where he had gone wrong. While
the student was digesting this explanation, the computer calculated the next block that the student
should receive. When finished reading the explanation to his last answer, the student was instructed to
punch the "carriage return" on the typewriter.
4. The computer then advanced the microfilm to
the next block and the process was repeated until the
studen t finished the instruction on a particular concept and arrived at the test question(s). The test
questions were given to the student in the same way
as the blocks; the only difference was that all students
received the same test questions.
5. At the end of the instruction the student's responses were used to update the parameters needed
by the system's decision process.
The computer program for this teaching system
used approximately 5000 of the 32,000 registers
available on the M.LT. 709.

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Content of the Sample Teaching System
It may be of some interest to report what was the
actual content of the material taught. This was a
miniature (or finite) geometry expressed in the following statements:

Postulate 1. There is point.
Postulate 2. Every line is a set of exactly two
points.
Postulate 3. Every point lies on exactly two lines.
Postulate 4. For every line there are exactly
three parallel lines.
Definition 1. If a point P belongs to a set L,
then P lies on L, and L contains P.
Definition 2. Two lines are parallel if and only
if there is no point that lies on
both.
The outcome of the teaching system was for the student to be able to demonstrate two theorems:
Theorem 1. There are exactly six points.
Theorem 2. There are only two models.
(One of the models is a hexagon, with the convention
of the points being the vertices and the lines running
along the edges of the hexagon, and stopping at the
vertices; the other model is two separate triangles,
with the same convention.)
This particular subject was chosen because it is
short, simple, and relatively unknown.

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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

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computer, the scientists had the answers to their questions.

The best way to test new equipment is to put it into
actual use. But how can the performance of advanced
airborne guidance systems be evaluated without spending millions of dollars in production and Right test of
equipment? How can the effect of possible design
changes be determined? How much can systems and
equipment be improved before over-all performance becomes subject to diminishing returns?

The IBM people doing simulation studies such as this
have extremely varied backgrounds, mathematics, physics, engineering. But they ha\1~ in common-the ability
to "see" physical problems in mathematical terms and to
solve them by machine computation. For people with
this ability IBM offers the advantages of advanced tech,
nical facilities and widely experienced associates.

Scientists have been exploring these questions-and many
more-at the Simulation Laboratory of the IBM Space
Guidance Center in Owego, N. Y. For example, they
constructed mathematical and logical models of every
factor in a major B-52 air strike. Into an IBM computer
went simulation data on enemy missiles, radar, fighter
defenses, as well as detailed weather and terrain data and
complete aircraft performance parameters. After more
than 1200 simulated battles were "fought" inside the

If you are interested in one of the areas in which IBM is
making important advances-semiconductors, micro
waves, simulation, magnetics, superconductivity, or
many others-we'd like to hear from you. IBM is an Equal
Opportunity Employer. Write to:
Manager of Technical Employment
IBM Corporation, Dept. 5390
590 Madison Ave., N. Y. 22, N. Y.

IBM
®

SIMULATION:
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1962

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

The teaching system usually (but not always) presented a paragraph of information, and offered usually
(but not always) three answers, of which only one
was the right answer. In other words, it was like the
scrambled book of Norman Crowder (see Reference 1).
Equipment Limitations
Due to equipment limitations, only one student at
a time was taught by the teaching system described
above. This was a tremendously inefficient use of
computer time, since the calculation of each decision
required less than one second of computer time. A
student took from 1 to 6 minutes to complete a block
with 2.5 minutes a typical time. Hence, we see that
over ~)9 per cent of the computer time was spent
waiting for the student to answer a question or finish
reading an explanation. The answer to this inefficiency is either to allow the computer to teach many
students at once, or to allow some one else the use of
the computer during the idle time. A time-sharing
system is currently under development at M.l.T. that
will provide this latter solution to the problem. The
former solution is the natural one for the computerin-a-school situation.
The response probabilities for this teaching system
were estimated by a simple intuitive lllodeJ3 that estimated p (i,j,k) as a function of: 0, the fraction of
correct responses by the student in the past; rfJij(k),
the fraction of students taking b (i,j) in the past who
have responded with the ktll answer; and a, the fraction of correct responses by students to all questions
in the past.
The course covered two concepts containing 12 and
13 levels and 25 and 27 information blocks, respectively. The entire course used 224 frames of microfilm.
Twellty students took the course as taught by the
teaching system. The average instruction time was
53.0 minutes with a range from 33 to 75 minutes.
The total fraction of correct responses was 0.753 with
a range from 0.529 to 0.938.
There were many instances in which the computer
made different decisions for students with different
past histories (for this simple system the entire past
history of the student was con tained in 8, the fraction
of correct responses in the past).
Analysis of Results
These results indicate that the teaching system described in this' paper can (1) make quantitative
decisions in its presentation of the course material to
students so that different students, depending on their
past performance, receive different presentations, and
(2) change this decision process with experience. We
have not proved, of course, that this teaching machine
is a better machine than any other; we have not even
proved that the changes mentioned above are changes
for the better. At this point one must rely on his
illtuitioll to convince himself that a system capable
of makillg systematic changes in its presentation of
lllaleriaI and in its internal decision process must be
a pOlel1tially better teaching device than one without
I hesc advantages.
On the debit side of the ledger there are some
practical disadvantages that should be mentioned

concerning the implementation of an extensive teaching system along the lines of the above comments.
First there is the problem of storage space in the computer. While it is true that the teaching of many
subjects to many students would indeed tax the core
storage requirements of most computers, it should be
possible to employ auxiliary storage such as magnetic
tapes and drums to solve that problem (at a slight
reduction in speed). This compromise plus the technical advances in the future plus the possible advantages to be gained from a mass-produced, specialpurpose tea~hing-decision computer should adequately
solve this problem.
Cost
A more serious problem is the cost of such a teaching system: First of all there is the cost of the computer; but when one considers the reduction (in
dollars per instruction hour per student) that should
be achievable with special-purpose, mass-produced
computers capable of teaching many students at once,
the cost restrictions from this source become less
severe.
A more significant chunk of the cost dollar will go
toward the writing of the information blocks. This
is admittedly a tougher job for the system discussed
here than for the usual straight-line teaching machine
programs, since there arc two to three times as many
blocks to write. However, the computer may be able
to help with this problem-first, by providing relative
evaluations of alternate presentations of material (as
in b(2,3) and b(2,4) of Figure 1), and secondly, by
spotting situations in which the addition of blocks to
the branching networks may be advantageous.
On the other hand, if, after all is said and done,
computers are the only way to do the required job,
then the economics of the problem may have to be
subordinated to educational necessity.
The structure defined above has two further applications other than general classroom instruction. First,
teaching systems using this structure could be used
for the evaluation of teaching machine programs. As
an example, one could use the teaching system to find
a preferred pa th through the branching network and
then use this preferred path in simplier, less expensive
teaching machines.
Secondly, this class of teaching machines could find
valuable applications in the area of educational research. Through the use of the wide versatility in the
controlled situation enforced by the system, it should
be possible to conduct research into important educational problems, such as: What are the important
measurements that should be made in the educational
situation? How can the data for a particular student
be used most effectively in teaching decisions? What
is the best simple decision mechanism that one can
use in an inexpensive teaching machine?

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Acknowledgment
This paper is a short summary of work submitted
in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the
degree of Doctor of Science in the Electrical Engineering Department of the Massachusetts Institute of
Technology. The computer work was done at the
lVLl.T. Computation Center.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

CO~l

Technical Information Series #2 160·A Input·Output

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NEW CONTROL DATA 160·A COMPUTER
Desk Size Computer with Large Computer Capabilities
In most computer evaluations, the flexibility and capability of the computer to handle input-output operations
is of special importance. No other small scale computer
on the market today has the input-output features that
are standard on the Control Data 160-A Computer.
For example, the 160-A exchanges data with inputoutput devices at any rate up to 70,000 12-bit words per
second. The 160-A also has the capability of buffering
data while computing ... or while the operator manually
enters data (whether the computer program is running
or stopped). This input-output flexibility is combined
with the following 160-A features:

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6.4 microseconds ••••• memory cycle time
12.8 microseconds ••••• basic add time
15.0 microseconds ••••• average execution time
• Flexible repertoire of 130 instructions
• External multiply-divide unit (optional)
• Completely solid state
• Low power requirements: 16 amps, 110 volt, 60 cycles

There arc two input-output channels in the 160-A: a
bufler c/1lI1l1ll'1 and a non-buffer channel called the norm{/l C/UIIl II cl. Both can be used simultaneously for any

combination of input-output operations.
During an input-output operation via the normal
channel, computation is halted temporarily while the
operation is carried out. However, once an input-output
operation is initiated on the buffer channel, the 160-A
either continues computation or performs some other
I/O operation on the normal channel.
The Control Data 350 Paper Tape Reader and the
BRPE-ll Teletype Paper Tape Punch-standard equipment on the 160-A-are connected to the normal channel
and are not buffered. Other peripheral devices can be
connected either to the normal channel or buffer channel.
When a peripheral device is connected to the normal
channel, data is transmitted between the 160-A and the
peripheral device via the normal channel only. However,
when it is connected to the buffer channel, data can be
transmitted between the 160-A and the peripheral
device via either the buffer or normal channels. In this
case, the normal channel is utilized at any time the
buffer channel is not engaged.
A desk-size computer, the Control Data 160-A has the
speed, capability, and flexibility of many large-scale
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Publication No. B 12-61.

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1962

CONTROL DATA

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501 PARK AVENUE, MINNEAPOLIS 15, MINNESOTA

COMPUTERS and ;\ UT()~L\TIO~ for February. 1%2

",'

c
COMPUTER TEACHING MACmNE PROJECT:
PLATO ON ILLIAC
Donald L. Bitzer and
Peter G. Braunfeld
University of Illinois
Coordinated Science Laboratory
Urbana, Ill.

A certain teaching machine developed at this laboratory has been named PLATO, standing for "Programmed Logic for Automatic Teaching Operations."
It is a device for teaching a- number of students
individually by means of a single, central, high-speed,
general-purpose digital computer, in this case the
lLLIAC, the University of Illinois automatic computer. The general struct~re of PLATO is indicated
in l'ig. 1. For simplicity, only one student is represented in the diagram. The central clement of
PLATO is the high-speed digital computer.
Each student communicates with the computer by
means of his own keyset, which can be provided with
up to G1 keys representing a full complement of alphanumeric characters. When asked to answer questions
posed to him by the machine, the student's answers
may thus take such varied forms as numerals, algebraic expressions, and words or phrases.
Special keys enable the student to control the presentation of material to him by the machine. The
machine communicates with each student by means of
closed-circuit -television. Material is presented in two
different ways:
(I) The machine presents static textual material
by commanding an electronic switch to connect the
video output of the appropriate slide to the appropriate student's display.
(2) Dynamic non-textual material, or material furnished in the course of instruction (such as student
answers), is written by the machine on the student's
TV display tube by means of an intervening buffer
storage tube.
For multiple, student operations, a keyset, television
display, and intermediate output buffer storage device
(Electronic Book)

Student

Fig. I General organization of PLATO equipment.
Iii

are provided for each student. The central computer
and slide selector, however, need not be duplicated;
they serve all students on a time-shared basis.
It appears to be important in multiple-student operations, to require the condition that no student shall
be aware of any other student's existence. To meet
this condition, we are requiring the computer to respond to any student's request within 200 milliseconds.
The general logic by which instruction takes place
is indicated by Fig. 2.
Textual material is presented on a sequence of
slides. \Vhen the student has finished reading a given
slide, he may proceed to the next slide by pushing the
"continue" button on his keyset. Similarly, if he desires to review ,material contained on a previous slide,
he may do so by pushing "reverse." On certain slides,
questions arc posed to the student. He cannot "continue" beyond such a slide until he has successfully
answered all the questions theron. As the student
types in his answer, the machine displays it-character by character-in the space provided for the answer
on the slide. As soon as the student indicates to the
machine that he has completed his answer, the machine responds by indicating "OK" or "NO," depending on the correctness of the answer. The student
may continue to punch in revised answers until the
machine indicates that the answer is correct.
H the student indicates to the machine that he
needs help in answering the question-by pushing
the "help" button-the machine jumps to a "HELP"
sequence appropriate to that question. In this sequence, further relevant textual material, if necessary,
is presented, and the original question is broken up
into a series of "easy" subquestions, designed to lead
the student stepwise to the solution of the main question. A student need not complete a help sequence.
At any point in the help sequence, he may indicate
to the machine his desire to be confronted once again
with the original troublesome question by pushing the
"aha" button. As indicated in Fig. 2, failure to answer
this question properly, leads to a return to the help
sequence at the point it was broken off. In the case
where a student should feel it necessary to ask for
help for a question posed in the help sequence, the
machine itself will provide him with the appropriate
correct answer to that question.
The important features of the machine are:
1. The material is presented to every student in a
standard, objective fashion.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1%2

Feb.
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• can multi-processing make all components of your
computer system work full time for you?
• can your Jobs run simultaneously in any combination even though your programs are written to run by
themselves?
• can you feed new Jobs into the system any time
without interfering with programs in process?
can you add a second central processor to the system and thus get true parallel processing without
reprogramming?

---

• can you have automatic scheduling, memory allocation, error checking, and routine control functions
without the inefficiencies of conventional operating
systems?

. the
nine
1 the

You see our master control program wasn't patched
up to fit the computer. We designed the computer to
fit a carefully thought-out master control. This is the
secret of the built-in operating system's unmatched
flexibility and efficiency. It does all the things we
mentioned in our 5th question and also permits
the addition of new equipment and programs.
Another thing: The B 5000 can process programs
written in COBOL or ALGOL-but that's a story
in itself. If you would like the details on all the
advantages of this remarkable computer, just write
Burroughs and ask for a copy of The B 5000
Concept, Burroughs Corporation, Detroit 32, Mich.
Burroughs-TM

percon:cl by

A Burroughs B 5000 is your answer to all these
questions. Take multiple processing. We define it
as "priority processing on a time-sharing basis."
This is the way the B 5000 is normally used. When
you want to feed in another job, the B 5000 does
not need additional instructions for sequencing and
scheduling. It has its own master control program
that does scheduling automatically. The programmer doesn't even have to specify the components
to be used. He just feeds in the new program. Any
time. Usually while other jobs are processing. The
master control will integrate it into the work load
and see that the components operate at maximum
efficiency. The human error factor in scheduling is
virtu,ally eliminated.

pring
puter
; Febplease
ay be

And your work load can't outgrow the B 5000.
It's the only computer on the market that can
accommodate a second central processor. A new
processor can be linked in any time-without costly
reprogramming. Thus equipped, the B 5000 can
solve several problems absolutely simultaneously;
this is true parallel processing.

in the
. field,
Wh-o's
l little

Burroughs Corporation

y, 1962

:1)

.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

Fig. 2

PLATO programmed logic.

2. Each student may proceed at his own speed, seeking as much or little supplementary material as he
wishes, subject to the boundary condition that he must
solve successfully a prescribed sequence of problems.
3. Thc machine keeps an accuratc rccord of each
"move" thc student makes. Thus at thc end of an
instruction period, the experimenter has at his disposal a print-out of how long thc student spent on
cach pagc, what right and wrong answers were given

and in what sequence, how long a problem took for
solution, at what points help was requested, etc.
4. The student knows as soon as he has worked
the problem, whether his solution is correct or incorrect. In the latter case, the machine can indicate
"NO" without in any way revealing the correct solution.
5. To test the versatility of the machine as well as
the basic logic of the computer program, a number of
instructional sequences have been prepared ranging
from topics in mathematics (such as the elementary
theory of congruences) to instruction in computer programming. To change machine instruction from one
subject-matter to another requires only replacing slides
in the slide selector and giving the computer an appropriate set of parameters.
A study using the machine to teach high school students the binary and other non-decimal number representations has been completed. Post-tests given the
students participating in this study indicated that they
had been able to learn from the machine. It also provided useful information on data-rates-considering
the teaching system from the standpoint of an information processing system.
Studies on teaching students computer programming
are currently in progress.

COMPUTER MARI(ETING TRENDS

SOME COMMENTS

Norman Statland
Vice President
Charles W. Adams Associates, Inc.
Bedford, Mass.

Historically, the commercial use of computers passed
the tenlh anniversary mark only in 1961. Those familiar with general-purpose digital computers and their
applications have witnessed the progress and increasing spccd of central-processor equipment from electrostatic-tube memory devices through delay line
storage to the predominance of magnetic core storage. Most recent developmcnts point toward the use
of thin-film deposits for faster memories. Similar increases in the speed of photoelectric card readers and
pa pcr-ta pc readcrs, as well as new techniques for
highcr dcnsity Illagnctic tape recording, have combincd to incrcas~ thc potential speed of computer
systems. With these more powerful systems have come
a lowering of unit cosls of data processing and a second generation of computer marketing directly concerned with software programs and advanced logical
design features for the central processor.
In the production of second-generation solid-state
computers, a new breed of equipment manufacturer
has appeared on the marketing scene. Being small,
these companies cannot hope to compete with the
largest concerns. Rather, what they produce has ap18

peal to the more sophisticated users of electronic data
processing systems. They sell their equipment at a
potentially lower cost for each unit processed, but
they leave almost entirely to the customer the organization of the installation, the development of complex
software programs, and the provision of on-site assistance. The advent of this group poses the interesting
question of what trends the computer market will
follow during the decade of the Sixties. To this no
firm answer can be given but some conjectures can be
made.
It is quite possible that the computer industry may
follow the course which developed in the automobile
industry about fifty years ago. During those early
years there were many manufacturers of "horseless
carriages." Some grew large, others remained small,
while many withdrew from the fiercely competitive
race or were absorbed by bigger companies. In time,
the Big Three emerged. But there always were-and
still are- independent manufacturers offering a limited number of models to a specialized segment of the
market. These companies, all relatively small, are
among the first to adopt new design features; they
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATIO:\, for February,

19G~

• Th«
most I
numci

COMPl

EAST
WEST
vs.

DIAGRAMS
\1S.

EQUATIONS
THE COMPUTER'S ANSWER TO ·A LONG·
STANDING COMPUTER ISSUE.
For a decade East Coast and West
Coast computer designers have
been using different methods of
representing computer logic-the
Easterners with diagrams, the
vVesterners with equations.

L6SMI=

u.-)(A))(L~AZ. *)(LFCA *)

+Q.)(.AI*)(L:xA2) (L FCA *)
+(L'l-Al*)(LXA2.*) (LFCA)
+ (LXA I) (LXA2.)(LFCA)

lFCAJ=

(L~J\f)(L~A2.)

lfCAK =(LXA '~)(L)(A2. %)
In the example illustrated here, the
diagram and the equation tell us
exactly the same thing. Either represents a serial full adder where the
sequence of pulses at the output,
LBSM, will represent a serial binary
number that is the sum of two serial
binary input numbers occurring at
LXAI and LXA2. (The asterisks
indicate binary complements; for
example, whenever LXAI is energized LXAlll1< is not, and vice versa.
LFCA is a carry flip-flop.)

There are persuasive arguments on
both sides. Eastern proponents of
diagrams point out that the logical
interconnections can be seen at a
glance and followed through any
number of stages by eye. The logical
structure of an entire system can be
understood from a diagram more
directly and intuitively, they maintaii1, than from a set of equations.
The \Vestern argument for equations goes like this. It's not true that
diagrams communicate better to the
viewer's intuition, except at first
exposure. The human mind is highly
adaptive. After working analytically
with the equations for a while, the
mind begins to operate intuitively
in that symbology. Then the intrinsic superiority of equations over
diagrams begins to make itself evident. One advantage, say the
Westerners, is that equations can
represent the same information
more compac.:lly and efficiently, as
our illustration shows. Another is
that equations lend themselves better to computer manipulation of
logical design information.
As evidence of the latter advantage
Westerners point to a recent
achievement of some Litton Systems
people: a completely mechanized
procedure for translating logical
designs into wiring lists, including
operational simulation of the design
to verify its accuracy. A procedure
enormously facilitated by the computerizability of logical equations.
It's easy to picture the benefits in
cost, delivery schedules, reliability,
price. Using only a partial development of this method Litton Systems
recently brought a major computer
system from concept to operation
in less than a year.

,...
III..

..,
....1111

Now under consideration at Litton:
a machine that will accept as inputs
a supply of standard computer
components and a set of coded
specifications defining the logical
functions desired, and will crank
out completely fabricated systems.
Maybe you think we've loaded the
arguJrwnt in favor of equations.
You're right. But we're ready to listen to arguments on either side.
Drop us a card. Or better still,
drop in in person. You'll like the

imagination-stretching atmosphere
generated by Litton management's
appreciation of the rewards of creative controvcrsy. We have a few
exccllcllt opportunities for comp"tcr dcsign people. Ask for Harry
LallI' at Litton Systems, Inc., Data
Systcms Division, 6700 Eton Ave.,
Canoga Park, California.
A,. equal opportunity employer

LITTON
SYSTEMS, INC.
A DIVISION OF LITTON INDUSTRIES

DATA HANDLING & DISPLAY SYSTEMS

, 1962

• GUIDANCE & CONTROL SYSTEMS

• COMPUTER SYSTEMS

COMPUTERS and A UTOMA TJON for Fehruary, 19()2

•

SPACE SCIENCE

•

BIOELECTRONICS

•

ADVAIlCED COMMUNICATIOllS TECltrlOLOGY

I!)

led in the recent introduction of the American compact car.
The trend in the computer industry shows a close
correlation. In it there are today large corporations
producing a wide range of equipment for the complete market spectrum. There are also at least a halfdozen smaller computer manufacturers who generally
offer no more than one or two models aimed at specific
installations.
The activity of this segment of the marketing group
is evidenced by Digital Equipment Corporation's introduction of high-speed and low-cost computers for
primarily scientific applications, and the emulation of
this development by Advanced Scientific Instruments,
Computer Control Company, General Mills, Packard
Bell and Ramo-\I\T ooldridge. \"'hile some may argue
with this rather arbitrary selection, the fact remains
that these organizations have presented machines of
small binary word length having fast internal speeds
coupled with attractive pricing (under $4,000 per
month average rental), in order to gain a place in
the computer marketing race. It is true that the larger
companies have entries which may compete directly
with the machines of these smaller firms; but one
must recognize the quandary of their sales people in
first selecting a system for a prospective user and then
gathering enough arguments to outweigh either the
price or the speed advantage sometimes enjoyed by
the competition.
It is perhaps in the area of support, machine backup
and software and other intangibles that the public
image of a corporation is most important; yet it is
probably the most difficult to comment on since each
case must be treated independently.
One large manufacturer, International Business 1\Ilachines Corporation, presently occupies a dominant
position in the electronic data processing industry.
The other companies appear to be somewhat behind,
except a few small ones which are seemingly coming
along well and show promise of offering performance
figures that are quite admirable for young boys com-

Nunlhcr of Computer and Data Processing
Systcnls, by Monthly Rental
Monthly Rental
Number
$50,000 and above .................................... 7
$30,000 to 50,000 ..................... ................. 4
$20,000 to 30,000 ....................... ................. 6
$15,000 to 20,000 ........................................ 4
$10,000 to 15,000 ...................................... 5
$5,000 to -10,000' ........................................ 8
$2,500 to 5,000 .......................................... 10
under $2,000 ................................................ 7
'J'olal: ............................................................ 51
SO/lH'l': "Computer Characteristics Quarterly," issue of
December I!.JGI, published by Charles W. Adams' Associales, Inc., Bedford, Mass.

~()

peting against grown men. One cannot help wondering how many others are going to cast themselves in
the role of David engaging Goliath in combat with
only a small stone in the sling. Yet every time that
everyone agrees it takes around ten to fifteen million
dollars to get into the commercial marketing and
manufacturing of EDP equipment, some new small
organization turns up and begins to distribute marketing information and literature.
On paper, each of the newly-designed computers
competes very well, especially in price, with its adjacent competition. Most if not all manufacturers have
found, however, that price is not the only key to the
sale of equipment. Some of these low prices can continue only if the manufacturer considers the develop·
ment of software and a large sales staff as luxuries
not required by its particular type of prospective customer. Following this pattern, such companies as
Control Data Corporation and Digital Equipment
Corporation have been successful in producing and
selling small computers to a limited segment of the
market.
On the other hand, there are companies such as
Burroughs, National Cash Register, Remington-Rand
and Royal McBee, to name only a few, which have
long been in the data-processing business and evidently
feel that to maintain their competitive position they
must stay in the computer race. These manufacturers
have extensive sales staffs and in varying degrees have
endeavored to compete with IBM in the development
of software for their various systems. Likewise, Bendix,
General Electric, Minneapol,is-Honeywell and Radio
Corp. of America, all large corporations, have ventured into the hardware production battle with the
hope of reaping profits from what promises to be a
multi-billion dollar industry during the next ten
years. All have already learned, however, that considerable manpower and money must be invested be[ore even a glimpse of adequate return can be realized.
Because of its many installations in active operation, IBM's library of software programs still exceeds
that of any of its competitors. This is not to be construed as an endorsement of IBM software as superior
or more applicable to a particular situation than anything produced by others. It is simply a statement
intended to suggest that one way to whittle a giant
down (assuming this to be desirable) is by flanking
rather than frontal attacks, so to speak. To increase
their competitive position, it might be well for companies which have entered the EDP f.eld during the
past ten years to consider the desirability of c~ncen
trating their efforts-design, production, programming and sales-on specialized equipment areas. By
so doing, they could eliminate some needless expense
in areas where they do not have much hope of competing successfully.
_
Recognizing that the initial expenditure will cover
only a limited amount of research and subsequent
program support, there is mounting' evidence to
strengthen _the contention that a more li"mited approach to the marketing of selected system~' rather
than an entire range of systems seems the logical
course for those organizations to follow if they desire
to c?ntinue as successful. producers of equipment.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

"ONI
have
statis
form
Since
tiona'
this j
econc

"TWI
cessit
ourse
390,
langu
since

NCR
throu
The Na

COMI

ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESI(
News of Computers and Data Processors
3S

New
na-

Firms,

Divisions,

and

Mergers

lcs

IBM WORLD TRADE CORP

TO MOVE HEADQUARTERS

is
I
lId

gces
e
an-

ed
ed
e
~d

',t-

IBM World Trade Corporation has announced
that it will move its corporate headquarters
to White Plains, N.Y., from its present location at 821 United Nations Plaza, New York
City. Its UN Plaza building will be kept for
other company purposes.
The new site is located 2~ miles from
downtown White Plains. It consists of a 35acre tract of which 20 acres are zoned for
office-campus use. The relocation will take
place after January 1964.
NEW COMPANY MAKES
OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION EQUIPMENT
Recognition Equipment Inc., located on
Ross Avenue at Prairie, Texas, specializes in
making machines that read. This new company
is one of a very small number of manufacturers
of optical character recognition equipment in
the world. Recognition Equipment will also
engage in military and commercial contracts
for the development of mechanical, electromechanical, electronic, and optical apparatus.
All personnel of Recognition Equipment
were associated pre~ously with a Dallas concern which designed and manufactured the first
all-electronic optical character reader now in
commercial use. Principals of the new concern
are: Herman L. Philipson, Jr., President;
E. Gordon Perry, Jr., Executive Vice President;
Thomas Q. LeBrun and Robert L. Woolfolk, Vice
Presidents; G. William Childs, Director of
Mechanical Design; and H. Gene Emery, Secretary.
TECHNICAL OPERATIONS, INC. ACQUIRE
BECKMAN AND WHITLEY, INC.
Technical Operations, Inc. of Burlington,
Mass. and Beckman and Whitley, Inc. of San
Carlos, Calif., have agreed in principle to
pooling their interests through the acquisition of Beckman and Whitley by Technical
Operations. A probable factor in bringing
the two organizations together is the compleCOMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

mentary nature of B&W's and TechjOps' product·
and research activities. TechjOps' Directors
have approved the issuance of approximately
150,000 shares of stock to Beckman and Whitle~
Inc., which will continue to be operated by
its present management. Beckman and Whitley,'
as a wholly-owned subsidiary, will be represented on TechjOps' Board of Directors.
PERIPHERAL PRODUCTS DIVISION
ESTABLISHED BY CONTROL DATA CORPORATION
This company has formed a Peripheral
Equipment division to help provide a complete
line of digital peripheral equipment to be
supplied with the firm's electronic digital
computers.
The CDC 350 punched paper tape reader is
already being marketed. The CDC 606 magnetic
tape unit is scheduled for first deliveries in
the last half of 1962.

Oifices and manufacturing facilities of
the new division are now in full operation in
the Minneapolis suburb of Bloomington.
BURROUGHS FINANCE CORP
Burroughs Corp., of DetrOit, Mich., has
formed a whOlly-owned sales affiliate, the
Burroughs Finance Corp.
This new affiliate was capitalized at
$3.6 million. It will handle the sale and
lease of the corporation's electronic data
processing systems. Headquarters for Burroughs Finance will be in the corporation's
Detroit offices.
DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS TO BE PRODUCED
BY NEW FIHM
Albert F. Sperry and Max Palevsky have
formed a new firm, Scientific Data Systems,
Santa Monica, Calif. Its function will be to
design and build all devices necessary for
scientific data processing systems and process control systems, including associated
analog-oriented electronics. SDS systems
will be built on modular subsystems that can be
expanded to large, complex systems. The computers themselves will be special purpose
digital sYbtems employing silicon transistors.

NEW

PRODUCTS

DEFT -- DYNAMIC ERROR FREE TRANSMISSION
General Dynamics/Electronics
Rochester 3, N.Y.

MODEL AD-lOA ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER
Raytheon Company
Communications G Data Processing Operation
1415 Providence Highway
Norwood, Mass.
This company has developed a new high
speed analog-to-digital converter which can
give 500,000 complete 10-bit conversions per
second. Output is either serial (5 million
bits per second) or parallel straight binary
(500,000 words per second). Accuracy is about
1/10 of a percent, plus or minus one-half of
the least significant bit. The Model AD-lOA
can be operated internally or externally for
sampling command. This converter has 12
plug-in panels with the 10 logic panels directly interchangeable.

This company has developed a new technique, for high-speed transmission of data
over ordinary telephone lines at rates up to
15,000 words per minute. This is equivalent
to 150 different teletypewriter messages
transmitted all at once.
Alphanumeric characters are coded into
phase relationships among simultaneously
transmitted tones. It makes use of a new
phase modulation technique that makes the
possible number of symbols that can be generated astronomical in magnitude. The differences between the very few characters in the
English alphabet are great enough so that
automatic character recognition is almost
error-proof. It also gives DEFT an exceptional resistance to interference, noise,
and jammings.
The character-recognition technique does
not require either dynamic logic or storage
circuitry.

Teal
I
D
d

Tel
N

Tho
D
C
c
t
b
t
t

(

L
TOR
]\

Tre
l
j

Tu(
I

SEQUENCE STACKER
The Standard Register Company
Dayton 1, Ohio
This company has produced a new Sequence
Stacker which accumulates burst forms in sequence as they issue from a bursting operation.

MEDICAL COMPUTER FOR BLOOD VOLUME DETERMINATION
Delta Instrument Corporation
250 Delawanna Ave.
Clifton, N.J.

The device is designed to carry burst
forms by continuous belt action directly from
the burster to an accumulator tray where they
are stacked evenly and smoothly in the exact
sequence in which they were detached from the
conti nuous web. The acc umula tor tray wi 11
hold up to 800 tab card-size forms or 400
long lightweight sheets.

A new medical computer for precise determinations of total circulating blood volume or red cell volume in operating and recovery rooms has been produced by this
company.
The Delta Volume computer automatically
calculates blood volume, and presents data in
a lighted, numerical display, indicating in
liters directly. An illuminated panel control guides the operator. Radioactive iodine
is used to measure total blood volume and
radioactive chromium-labeled compounds measure red cell volume.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

MODEL 791-S ANALOG-TO-DIGITAL CONVERTER
Librascope Division
General Precision, Inco
bOS Western Ave.
Glendale 1, Calif.
This miniaturized electromechanical converter for analog-to-digital conversion is designed primarily for low-speed conversion of
linear data into digital form.

c.
~ge

ates marker pulse train ouputs at any predetermined memory addresses on up to 32 separate lines. Selection of marker outputs at
any address is easily made in the field, so
that as tracking experience is gained, diagnostic testing routines may be modified without difficulty.
POSEIDON -- FAST DIGITAL UNIT
Ferranti, Ltd.
Hollinwood, England

A ncw high-speed real-time digital computer has been developed by this company and
the British Admiralty Surface Weapons Establishment. The new computer, called Poseidon,
is in the same speed category as Ferranti's
big Atlas computer.

The computer is capable of performing
one completed operation every 2 microseconds.
Poseidon is a parallel machine working in binary notation with a word length of 24 binary
digits; a magnetic core storage capable of
holding 8192 words; and immediate access to
32 addresses. Program instructions are held
permanently in a fixed storage with a capacity
of 4096 words.

~ago

;he

The converter accepts 400-cycle AC voltages, and produces an II-bit binary output.
The converter's parallel and unambiguous output can be increased to as high as 19 bits.
Accuracy is one part in 2048.

The speed in the arithmetic section of
the computer is made possible by a special
adder-subtractor.

It is said to be easily adaptable to a
wide range of input functions in digital computers, fire control systems, airborne navigation systems, and machine tool control
sy stems.

International Telephone & Telegraph Corp.
320 Park Avenue
New York 22, N.Y.

~o-

ing

L-

)nse

L.
~d

.962

MEMORY UNITS FOR TELSTAR SYSTEM
Di/An Controls, Inc.
944 Dorchester Ave.
Boston 25, Mass.

MILE-A-MINUTE MEMORY

Creed G Company Ltd., British associate
of this company, has introduced a tape storage unit that provides automatic retrieval
and read-out of prepunched tapc data on reels
revolving at speeds of 88 feet per second.
The unit, called the Model 2000, has a capacity of 240,000 alphanumeric characters per
reel. Maximum access time is 13 seconds.

Twelve magnetic core memory systems have
been delivered by this company to Bell Telephone Laboratories for use in the Telstar
Satellite Communication System. The Telstar
System is designed to test the feasibility of
instantaneous voice relay from an orbiting
satellite.
The Di/An memory units are part of the
digital servo control system which steers u
giant antenna. The six memories in each set
are standard, sequential-access, coincidentcurrent buffer-storage units. An unusual
feature which has bcen added to two of the
buffers is a programming deuice which generCOMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

PLUG-IN MEMORY ARRAY

16,000-WORD MEMORY UNIT

Sylvania Electric Products Inc.
730 Third Ave.
New York 17, N.Y.

Radio Corp. of America
Semiconductor G Materials Division
Needham, Mass.

This company has developed a plug-in
magnetic-core memory array, which can be used
individually or in groups to provide information storage capacity in a large-scale digital
computer.
Usually when there is a malfunction in a
conventional memory array, four to eight hours
are needed to remove it, install a new one,
and resolder. But this plug-in memory can
reduce time for changing from a faulty memory
to a properly working one to 15 minutes.
Since down time for a computer may cost over
$400 an hour, the saving is considerable.

This company is building a 16,000-word
memory unit for a new computer under development at the Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, Ill.

il
Tl
o~

Int!
5,

Itel
M.
s:

ar
pI

Each memory location will be accessible
within 2 microseconds. Each machine word will
consi st of only 16 bits due to the "unconventional M uses planned for the computer. More
than 250,000 ferrite memory cores and associated electronic circuitry will go into the
memory.
The computer is sponsored by the three
military services and the Advanced Research
Projects Agency (ARPA) of the Defense Department. The computer is expected to be in operation early next year. Among the applications of the computer will be studies on how
computers can be used in teaching both general subjects and specialized skills, air traffic control, man-machine relationships, and
computer programming and design.

Kunj
Y(

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Lear
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Lect
S~

PUNCHED CARD TO PUNCHED TAPE CONVERTER
Electronic Datacouplers, Inc.
Subsidiary of Dashew Business Machines, Inc.
Los Angeles, Calif.
This company has developed a punched-card
to punched-tape converter, Model DC-3000, and
a converter-comparator combination, DC-3500.
The processing rate is 60 characters per
second, or 45 cards per minute. Any card
format can be converted to any 5, 6, 7 or 8
channel tape code format.

Link
N.
,M.:
11

Mant:
No
in
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re
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INSERTION OF COMPONENTS TO BE AUTOMATED
Sperry Gyroscope of Canada, Ltd.
Montreal, Quebec, Canada
This company has developed and is now
building new numerical control systems to
automate the insertion of components and the
wiring of boards and racks in computers.
One such system is for application to a
high-speed punching and drilling machine which
will produce printed circuit boards.- Another
system is for the first station of a 12station component insertion line for Sperry's
Hcmington Rand Univac division.

NEW HIGH-SPEED TAPE PERFORATOR
Anadex Instruments, Inc.
Van Nuys, Calif.
A tape perforator produced by this company has speeds up to 60 cps. It is designed
for recording digital data in punched tape
from computer output, and also for systems
for data logging machine control, automatic
test, simulation, data transmission, etc.
It has a non-synchronous drive. Five to
eiJht code channels are available. It uses
paper or mylar tape in widths up to one inch
and has a simplified tape loading.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

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iate
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NEW POWERFUL IBM COMPUTERS

NEW ANALOG-DIGITAL CONVERTER

International Business Machines Corp.
Data Processing Division
White Plains, N.Y.

Norden Division
United Aircraft Corp.
Norwalk, Conn.

aIle
lared
Jes
con-

Two new modular electronic computers, for
scientific data processing, are being produced
by this company. The IBM 7040 and 7044 are
compatible with each other, with a wide variety of input-output equipment and with the
IBM 1401. Data recorded in paper tape or
transmitted over wire is accepted by these
systems. They also can be linked to such devices as analog-to~digital converters, radar,
microwave transmitters, and telemetering
equipment.

md dis" deters
al-

The new 7044 data processing system has
a memory access time of 2.5 microseconds. In
one second it can perform 400,000 ~ogical decisions, 200,000 additions or subtractions,
33,333 multiplications or 20,000 divisions~

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A new size 11 analog-digital encoder with
small size, long life, and high conversion accuracy, is now being produced by this company.
The conversion accuracy is plus or minus 27
minutes. It has 256 counts per turn, and operates at temperatures ranging from minus 60
degrees to plus 180 degrees Fahrenheit.

A typical configuration of the 7040 contains a card read-punch, high-speed printer,
and low-cost magnetic tapes. A basic system
could be expanded in stages to include highspeed tape drives, magnetic disk files and an
on-line IBM 1401 data processing system. A
typewriter built into the computer's console
will print messages during testing and "debugging~ of programs.
Advanced modular design makes available
hundreds of computer configurations built
around the two new central processing units.

DISTANCE MEASURING EQUIPMENT "DME"

DISC FILE UNIT EXPANDS MEMORY
OF TWO UNIVAC COMPUTERS

International Telephone G Telegraph Corp.
320 Park Ave.
New York 22, N.Y.

Remington Rand Univac
315 Park Avenue South
New York la, N.Y.
The rapid-access storage capacity of the
Univac 490 Real-Time Computer and the 1107
Thin-Film Computer will be increased by an
additional 700 million bits with a new massmemory disc file. This memory can include
up to 24 identical storage discs per unit.
Discs are rotated at a rate of 900 RPM. Data
can be stored on both sides of each 39-inch
diameter disc. Each disc face accommodates
768 recording tracks which are arranged in
six groups or zones. Six data read-write
heads (one for each zone) are aligned with
each disc face. Fully-transistorized read-,
write-, and selection-circuits connect the
magnetic heads with appropriate logic circuits in the system.

ITT has developed a transistorized,
lighter-weight distance-measuring equipment
(DME) to meet the "pinpoint en route" guidance needs of super-speed commercial aircraft .
The new model has 10 electron tubes and
weighs only 29 pounds. Earlier versions, now
in service, have 33 tubes and weigh 34 pounds.
The elimination of 23 electron tubes and their
associated circuitry enables the transistorized
model to operate at cooler temperatures.
DME enables a pilot to read from a dial
his exact distance in nautical miles from a
selected ground station in the nationwide
check-point network operated by the Federal
Aviation Agency. Th,= equipment furnishes important in-flight information reuarding arrival schedules and holding patterns and is said
to be a major advance in aviation safety.

[

Ich-

, 1962

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February,' 19G2

COINCIDENT CURRENT MEMORY SYSTEM
Dayst rom, Inc.
Military Electronics Division
Archbald, Pa.
This company's most recent development in
memory systems is a coincident-current Memory
System, called the CCM Series; it provides
cycle times to 3.5 microseconds. It is available in random access, sequential-interlaced
and sequential-non-interlaced models, with up

to a 30% reduction in size over presently
available commerical units.
All circuitry is solid-state design and
power supplies are self-contained and transistor-regulated. A variety of memory capacities are available with word sizes to 4096
and bit lengths to 64.
Shown below is an exposed view of the
coincident current memory system.

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BURROUGHS VISIBLE RECORD COMPUTER SYSTEM

NEW

INSTALLATIONS

POST OFFICE MAIL-SORTER
An advanced experimental electronic address reader has been delivered to the Post
Office Department, Washington, D.C. by Farrington Electronics, Inc., Alexandria, Va.
This new reader is an optical scanning
device that reads addresses at a rate of 9300
letters an hour.
It will undergo a period
of testing on live mail in the Post Office
research laboratory in Washington, D.C.
The automatic address reader reads typewritten, printed or imprinted addresses,
single or double spaced, staggered or flush,
"almost anywhere" on the facing of any letter
size envelope. A special reading technique
has demonstrated its capabilities with a 50way state sort and a 61-way city-state sort.
The reader can be programmed to read any combination of destinations by use of interchangeable wired panels. The experimental
machine will not accept hand-addressed envelopes; however Post Office Department figures
show that today nearly 85% of letter mail is
printed or machine addressed.

South Shore National Bank at Quincy,
Mass. has completed installation of a computer system handling ledger records. The system consists of an electronic sorter-reader,
a fully transistorized central processor, a
program card reader, the record processor,
and the control console.
Processing of the accounts will be the
first step in the bank's transition to complete electronic accounting. Later the bank
intends to process electronically all information necessary for savings, installment and
mortgage loan accounting as well as management reports.
U~IVERSITY

OF NAPLES INSTALLS BENDIX G-20

A Bendix G-20 is scheduled for installation in January at the University of Naples,
Italy.

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This high-speed computer will be used to
provide teaching and research support to the
university's engineering school. It will be
used by students and faculty in ci~il engineering, electronics, hydraulics, naval engineering, chemistry, and aeronautical
engineering.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

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TWO UNIVAC 490 SYSTEMS FOR EASTERN AIR LINES

COMPUTER-CONTROLLED PAPER MACHINE

A multi-million dollar set of electronic
computer equipment -- two Remington Rand Univac 490 Real Time Computing Systems -- has
been shipped to Eastern Air Lines Electronic
Data Processing Center at Charlotte, N.C.

Instrumentation is being installed for
the automatic control of a miniature papermaking machine at the Thomas J. Watson Research Center of International Business Machines Corp. in Yorktown, N.Y. The ultimate
aim of the research program is the production
of uniform paper by control of physical properties such as caliper, moisture content and
weight.

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The new Univac system is replacing a
Remington Rand Univac File Computer which has
been controlling reservations in nine metropolitan areas. The new system, when in full
operation, will have direct links through
4880 miles of high-speed telephone communication lines. As applied to the Eastern Air
Lines reservations system, the real-time
principle will permit almost instantaneous
rec~ipt and transmission of data on reservations and other flight information between
the computer center in Charlotte and any
ticket selling point in the Eastern Air Lines
System.
"SPACETRACK" COMPUTER

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1962

A Philco 2000 Electronic Data Processing
System has been delivered to Hanscom Air Force
Base, Mass. It will be used in conjunction
with the Philco 2000 in NORAD's Space Detection and Tracking System (SPADATS) in Colorado
Springs, Colorado.
The H~nscom computing system, known as
Spacetrack, will provide basic programs and
operational concepts for SPADATS. It will be
available for backup should SPADATS ever be
out of commission.

Fischer & Porter, Warminster, Pa., are
supplying the instruments to be used in the
two phases of the program. The first phase
is measurement of all process variables by
means of instruments. Phase two involves integrating these instruments with a digital
computer to regulate the settings on the machine and achieve optimum quality and quantity
of paper produced. The machine is a scalemodel of those used in paper mills.
FEDERAL RESERVE BANK OF BOSTON
TO INSTALL SECOND NCR SYSTEM
Another automatic check-handling computer
system will be installed in the Federal Reserve Bank of Boston by April. The bank has
successfully completed a six-month trial of
National Cash Register Co.'s electronic checkhandling equipment. The current installation,
incl.uding an NCR 304 computer and allied
equipment, has helped the reserve bank sort
and list an average of 1.3 million checks per
day. The ordered equipment consists of two
additional electro-mechanical check sorters
connected to a NCR 315 computer.

TOTAL OPERATIONS PROCEDURES SYSTEM -- TOPS
ELECTHONIC COMPUTER FOR NASSAU COUNTY
Barber-Colman Company has installed a
Philco 2000 Electronic Data Processing System. TOPS will be utilized by Barber-Colman
for its business data processing.
The system will be used for three major
applications: payroll and labor distribution;
material control and production planning; and
machine center loading, order scheduling, and
work- in-proces s.
N.H. INSURANCE COMPANY
HAS FIRST HONEYWELL 400

Nassau County, N.Y., has installed an
electronic computer to handle a growing
mountain of paper work which as accompanied
its own rapid growth.
The IUM 1401 computer's first task was
processing the payroll of nearly 10,000 county
employees. The computer is scheduled for additional use in budget preparation and control, appropriation and revenue accounting,
inventory, and other functions. Eventually
it will be programmed to help in analysis and
control of operations in all departments of
the county.

The New Hampshire Insurance Group, Manchester, N.H. has received delivery of the
first commercial model of the Honeywell 400
electronic computer.
The Honeywell 400 is a full-scale data
processing system including magnetic tapes
and input-output equipment.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

NEW

APPLICATIONS

CANCER CENTER USES COMPUTER
IN TREATMENT OF CANCER
Hospital scientists at the Memorial-Hospital Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center in New
York, N.Y., are programming a Bendix G-15 computer system for use in applying data processing techniques to the study of radiation in
diagnosing and treating cancer patients. The
computer will be used in general for the diagnosis and treatment of cancer, and in particular, at the start, to quickly and accurately
determine the amount of radiation from external sources delivered to cancer tissue and surrounding normal tissues, and the distribution
of radiation by radioactive needles and seed
implants.

functions are: vehicle tracking; data reception and recording; and satellite command
and control.
The nerve center of the tracking station
is the Data Acquisition and Processing Center.
Among the instruments in use there are the
PAM/FM telemetry, IBM 1604 computer, and a
storage and dissemination device called PICE
(Programmable Integrated Control Equipment).
The 1604 computer performs normal computer functions.
PICE, an electronic "storage cabinet",
receives all data-tracking, vehicle performance and payload performance at a high speed
-- converts it into a common digital language -- and stores it until needed. PICE
functions as the central memory of the system
with the computer doing its thinking.

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Addi

Toe G-15 system, manufactured by The
Bendix Corporation's Computer Division in Los
Angeles, Calif., includes two magnetic tape
units and a PA-3 graph plotter.

COMPUTER APPLICATION IN AIRFRAME INDUSTRY

A computer has been applied to cut in
half the time required to process parts catalog changes for Convair jetliners. This application is by General Dynamics/Convair,
San Diego, Calif.

C --

The heart of the system is a master list,
which contains detailed information about each
of more than 50,000 parts in each Convair jetliner. When a parts change decision is made,
writers make the required revisions on a
master work sheet. The data processing department, using IBM 1405 and 705 computers,
process, analyze, and reassemble the change
data.

Detailed parts information formerly was
contained on almost one million key-punched
cards. They have now been converted to magnetic tape. Instead of 30 days to process
parts change transactions, which average
about 2500 each day, the computer system will
need only 15 days.
SATELLITE TRACKING STATION
Under direction of the 6594th Aerospace
Test Wing, Lockheed Missiles & Space Company
is the contractor and manager of the tFacking
station at Vandenberg AFB (Calif~). This
tracking station is composed of VHF and UHF
equipment, VERLORT (Very Long Range Radar)
and telemetry readout equipment. Its main

B --

S --

Lockheed engineers and Air Force personnel intently watch systems time displays, as the estimated time to acquire
Discoverer satellite approaches zero.
AUTOMATION IN LEGAL RESEARCH
A pilot study, being conducted by Datatrol Corp., Silver Spring, Md., and George
Washington University Law Center, indicates
that electronic computers may be useful in
automating legal research. The first field
being studied is merger and monopoly cases
arising under the Anti-Trust Laws.
A "'special electronic legal language"
has been developed for the retrieval project.
Using this, a researcher may ask the computer
to provide a list of citations for all the
cases fitting certain descriptive specific
terms. Or,the researcher might ask for citations, pleadings, briefs, or motions related
to a specific type of merger or monopoly AntiTrust Law case.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

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U.S. ARMY'S SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS PROGRAM

tion
ford

A 60-foot, 9-ton parabolic reflector antenna is placed on a three-story pedestal at
Fort Dix, N.J., completing the installation
of the final major component of one of the
ground antenna stations for a U.S. Army communications satellite program. This program
is called ADVENT. Sylvania Electronic Systems,
a division of Sylvania Electric Products Inc.,
is responsible for the development and installation of the operations facilities, except for communications and telemetry electronics.

tes

The objective of the ADVENT program is
to show the possibility of a communication
system that would produce almost instantaneous global transmission of both voice and
radio-teletype traffic making use of satellites in a synchronous, equatorial orbit,
22,300 miles high.

puters will be put to work on routine record
keeping and paper work. The new system was
designed entirely within the Department by
USDA employees. It will use existing equipment.
The first step, already underway, will
combine payroll, personnel record keeping,
and related budget and accounting work into
an automatic data processing system. The
second step will apply the information gathered to new manage~ent techniques.
Among the expected benefits once the new
system is in full operation are: savings of
as much as $1.5 million per year; month by
month evaluation of the effectiveness of
Department programs; greater opportunity for
advancement and service in the special fields
of professional and technical employees; and
elimination of most of over 17,000 individual
reports now produced each year.

J-

CONNECTICUT STUDENTS INTRODUCED TO COMPUTERS

Students in Fairfield County, Conn., are
finding that computers really aren't so difficult to understand and operate as they thought
they were. Fifteen minutes after being "introduced" to a computer, one ll-year-old girl
wrote a workable program of step-by-step instructions to the machine for solving a mathematical problem. Others, from junior high to
college level, have become absorbed in writing
programs of their own for the computer to
process.

1. ,

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The computer is an IBM 1620 data processing system. It has been loaned to the schools
for a series of brief introductory courses
which give the students training in the art of
communicating instructions to computers.

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1S-

:t-

AUTOMATION FOR U.S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE

An administrative improvement program to
cut costs and increase efficiency in the Dept.
of Agriculture is starting. Electronic com-

962

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

The series was launched early in November
at Weston Junior High in conjunction with the
"Madi son Proj ect," an experimental mathematics
program. Since then the IBM 1620 has been made
available to students at several schools and
universities. At Fairfield University it was
used for teaching programming techniques and
also for improving methods of teaching logic
at all class levels, freshman to senior. At
Bridgeport University, the computer was used
as an aid to developing a regular college
course in computer technology. Staples High
used the machine to learn the fundamentals of
programming. And at Joel Barlow High School
the use of computers ill the fields of mathematics and science was demonstrated.
The purpose of loaning the machine is
to encourage students to take a serious look
at careers in applied mathematics and allied
subj ects.
29

RACE TRACK USES PORTABLE COMPUTER
A Clary DE-60 computer has been introduced as part of the totalisator service at
Santa Anita Racetrack.
The new computing system, developed by
the Clary Corporation of San Gabriel, Calif.,
saves time and increases accuracy in the determination of prices paid on winning horses.
This system is a prelude to installations
expected to be made in 15 to 20 major race
tracks in the country. A second system has
been completedj four others are under construction.
The computer performs the necessary computations during the minute or so each race
is being run. The system has a decoding device which scans the totalisator board and
converts the pooled figures into the numerical system used by the computer. State and
track percentages are deducted automatically.
As soon as the winners are announced, the
numbers of the win, place and show horses
are punched into the computer and calculated
within a few seconds.
HIGH SCHOOL GIRLS USE COMPUTER
AS PART OF CLASSROOM WORK
At St. Vincent Ferrer Catholic High School
in New York City, 400 girls are using, experimentally, a general purpose electronic computer as part of their regular classroom work.
The project is being carried out jointly by
the school and Royal McBee Corporation, Port
Chester, N.Y., which has provided the computer -- a Royal Precision LGP-30.
Du~ing the initial period of instruction
the high school is putting one hour of introductory electronic data processing into the
first semester mathematics courses. In the
second semester, the computer will be integrated into the curriculum and, for those
who so elect, 80 class hours will be devoted
to the programming and operation of electronic
computers.

Among the objectives of this experiment
are: (1) to determine at what point th e
electronic computer can be effectively and
desirably introduced into the high school
curriculumj (2) to study the value of the
electronic computer as a tool of teaching and
learning in mathematics and science areas at
the high school levelj and (3) to explore
the extent of interest of young women in
electronic computer operation and programming
as a career.

FIRM REBUILDS ANALOG COMPUTERS
David R. Miller, President
Comcor, Inc.
Denver 22, Colo.
In recent years a number of advances
have been made in analog computer technology
that greatly increase the utility and applicability of analog computers. Most of these
new features are offered on computers currently being sold, but have not been available to computer users whose computing equipment was acquired several years ago.

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Therefore, this company has undertaken
a program of rebuilding analog computers so
as to raise older computers to present technology levels. Computer components are reworked and upgraded, and controls and logic
are replaced to permit automatic high speed
programming and readout.

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Modernization converts an old analog computer into the equivalent of the best new machines, often at a fraction of the cost of a
new analog computer. Furthermore, funds for
modernization can often be obtained when
funds for new equipment are not available.
Modernization funds are already established
for much government owned equipment, and
similar budgets often exist in private industry also.

Syl
Osg
the
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Div
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AIRBORNE COMPUTER CONTROLS THE
MANAGEMENT OF JET ENGINES
A computer-controlled instrumentation
system to simplify the "management" of jet
engines and improve the efficiency of jetpowered aircraft has been developed by The
Bendix Corporation of Teterboro, N.J.
Its basis is this: an advanced digital
computer scans all engine functions at a rate
of 2Yz times a second. The system "feels the
pulse of an engine". The computer automatically decides which engine is in need of corrective action and displays its characteristics on a single set of indicators.
Thus, in the test aircraft, instead of
36 indicators to present 36 conditions of engine performance, there are only 10 indicators
to present 80 conditions of engine performance.

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The new system eliminates tedious computations by the crew to determine proper engine
settings for each part of a flight. If the
computer fails to function properly in flight,
engine performance will continue to be displayed, but manual pushbutton selection would
then replace the automatic selection and detection features.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

COl

PEOPLE

NOTE

ALVIN N. LIPPITT JOINS BENDIX
Alvin N. Lippitt, a member of the CODASYL
Task Force for COBOL 61, has joined the Systems Programming Section of Bendix Computer
Division, Los Angeles, Calif. Mr. Lippitt
will head the Bendix COBOL (Common Business
Oriented Language), Development Group.

GENERAL MANAGER OF EASTERN OPERATION
Richard M. Osgood, former General Manager
of the Waltham Laboratories, has been appointed as General Manager
of the Silvania Electronic Systems new
Eastern Operation.
The Eastern Operation
includes three facilities in Waltham and
two in Needham.

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,r

Before joining
Sylvania, in 1955, ML
Osgood was chief of
the Air Force's Electronic Defense Systems
Division of the Air
Material Command.
DIRECTOR OF MILITARY PROGRAM MANAGEMENT
Vern E. Leas has been appointed director
of military program management for the Univac
Military department.
11
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Ie
lc'"-

it-

Mr. Leas is responsible for the direction
and supervision of all major military programs
at St. Paul Univac, including computers for the
Titan ICBM (Athena computer), Nike-Zeus antimissile missile (Target Intercept computer),
Mobile Atlantic Range Station (1206 computer),
and an advanced digital computer for aerospace
applications.

~n-

cors
3.nce.

NEW

CONTRACTS

NEW ANALOG COMPUTER FOR TORY II-C REACTOR
Electronic Associates, Inc., Long Branch,
N.J., has been awarded a contract to produce
a large-scale analog computer for simulation
and control of the TORY II-C reactor, which
is the nuclear power source for the U.S.
Atomic Energy Commission's Project PLUTO ramjet missile. The $192,000 contract was awarded by the Lawrence Radiation Laboraiory
of the Univ. of California.
The contract covers a 300-amplifier computer system consisting of a number of special purpose computers. Each of these will
serve a particular function. The primary
use will be controlling the various functions
of the nuclear reactor during test. Other
uses will be simulation of the reactor systems for training operators. Each of the
computers in the system will be made up of
EAI's PC-12 solid-state components.
DATA DISPLAY EQUIPMENT CONTRACT
A government subcontract from Aircraft
Armaments, Cockeysville, Md. has been awarded
to Kollsman Instrument Co., Elmhurst 73, N.Y.
for the prototype development of electronic
visual display equipment.
This equipment consists of eighteen
electronic display projectors and a character generator which supplies all eighteen
projectors with the proper alpha-numeric
symbols.
The total system is being developed by
Aircraft Armaments for the U. S. Naval Training Device Center, Port Washington, N.Y., as
a submarine training device for the simulation of tactical maneuvers of both friendly
and unfriendly surface and subsurface ships.
The intelligence information is displayed on
two six-by-six-foot and one twenty-by-twentyfoot screen where actual traces show the
paths of friendly and hostile ships.
LANGUAGE DATA PROCESSING

?uJine
e
ght,

Ramo-Wooldridue Corp., Canoga Park,
Calif., will continue its investigation of
new techniques for language daLa processing
under a cost-sharing contract from the National Science Foundation. The work will
include processinu 000,000 words of Russian
text as part of a program to partially automate dictionary compilation.

uld
e-

(This section continued on page 40)
1962

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

U.S. STATE DEPARTMENT ORDERS
AUTOMATIC DATA SYSTEM
An ITT 7300 Automatic Data Exchange (ADX)
system has~e~n ordered from the ITT Information Systems Division of International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation, New York,
N.Y. by the U.S. State Department.
This high-speed message/data communications system is scheduled to be installed in
the Paris (France) Embassy early in the year.
The system will serve as the nerve center for
European operations and will be connected directly to State Department headquarters in
Washington. It is expected to handle automatically all of the State Department's message traffic between Washington, the Paris
Embassy, and most of the U.S. embassies
throughout Europe.
NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION GRANT
FOR INDEXING RESEARCH
A National Science Foundation grant has
been made to National Biomedical Research
Foundation, New York, N.Y., for further development of "Tabledex", a coordinate method of
indexing a bibliography by tables of numbers
corresponding to articles, and associated
with descriptive indexing words found in the
articles. The grant will permit work on the
use of computers to assist in automatic preparation of such indexes.
GUARANTY BANK OF PHOENIX PLACES CONTRACT
WITH GENERAL ELECTRIC
The Guaranty Bank of Phoenix, Ariz., has
placed a contract for handling all demanddeposit activities with General Electric Computer Department's information processing
center in Phoenix.
This will be the fir~t time that the GE
225 general-purpose computer at G.E.'s Deer
Valley Park Plant will be used for bank account processing.
It is expected that the switch-over to
electronic bookkeeping will permit processing
up to 30 times the present accounts without
expanding office facilities.
~

'"-'"

-'--

BURROUGHS B5000 FOR STANFORD UNIVERSITY
A large-scale Burroughs B5000 Information
Processing System has been ordered by Stanford
University. Its installation early in 1963
will climax a multi-million dollar expansion
of the Stanford Computation Center. The
Stanford machine is valued at approximately
$1 , 300 , 000 .

U.S.

~(,

Stanford is the first university to purchase a 85000. This electronic system writes
its own machine-language programs after receiving instructions prepared in English
statements for business data processing and
algebraic notation for scientific problems.
The B5000 system ordered by the university
will consist of one central processor with
16,000 words of magnetic core memory, two
input-output channels, six magnetic tape
transports as well as a high speed printer,
punched card readers, and a card punch.

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Stanford University, a pioneer in popularizing electronic computer education, now
has 43 courses concerned with or using computers. Principal users of the computer
facilities are students, University staff
members, the two-mile linear accelerator
project, Stanford Research Inst., the Graduate School of Business, etc.
CONTRACT FOR NIAGARA POWER COMPUTER
Leeds & Northrup Co., Philadelphia, Pa.,
has received a contract of approximately
$300,000 for a transistorized digital computer system to be used in connecti~n with the
control of the on-line operation of the Niagara Power Project of the Power Authority of
the State of New York. Uhl, Hall & Rich,
Boston, Mass., the Authori ty' s consulting
engineers, issued the contract. It provides
for equipment to be used at the two Stations
of the Project; the Robert Moses Niagara
Power Plant and the Lewiston Pump Generating
Plant.
POTTER INSTRUMENT COMPANY RECEIVES CONTRACT

The award of a contract amounting to
over $800,000 for its model 90611 tape transports has been announced by this company.
The ITT Federal Laboratories has selected this equipment for use in a project for
the Strategic Air Command. The 90611 Tape
Transport System will be used in the Electronic Data Transmission Control Center that
is part of the overall Strategic Air Command
Control System (SACCS).

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

AUTOM

cut I
of AI

COM]

TEACHING MACHINES
AND PROGRAMMED

ROSTER

LEARNING

OF ORGANIZATIONS

AND

WHAT

THEY

ARE

DOING

Patrick J. McGovern
Assistant Editor
Computers and Automation
n

I
I

Following is the second cumulative edition
of a roster of organizations in the field of
teaching machines and/or programmed learning.
Additions. corrections. and comments are invited.
Abbreviations
See last-minute addenda at end.
M
teaching machines. auto-instructional devices
P
programmed learning. programs
C -- using computers
B
books expressing teaching machine philosophy
R
research and development in the area
5
simulated teaching machines and simulators
to teach skill s
Roster

* --

A: A-Alpha Pattern & Manufacturing Co •• 2523 E.
- 4th St •• Los Angeles 33. Calif. / M.S
Aeronutronic (Div. of Ford Motor Co.) Ford Road.
Newport Beach. Calif. / SIC
American Institute for Research. 410 Amberson
Avew. Pittsburgh 32. Pa. / R. particularly in
the preparation. use. or refinement of autoinstructional materials and techniques. Has
several grants from the U. S. Office of Education on the evaluation of independent thinking
and judgment evoked by self-instructional devices. the role of machines in an educational
information system. and programs in such areas
as chemistry. mountain-climbing. geometry.
creative writing. etc. Has cooperated with
the DuKane Corporation of St. Charles. Ill ••
in design and development of a flexible 35mm
rear-screen projection device. The program
here consists of a short. Skinner-type frame
and includes both textual material ,and drawings.
American Management Association. Inc •• 1515
Broadway. New York 36. N.Y.,/ This organization
is active in two areas: (a) it is holding seminars. workshops and conferences on the general
subject' of programmed instruction. One was
held in Los Angeles in November of 1961. The
next is planned for the Hotel Astor. New York.
N.Y. in August. 1962. (b) it is holding special
evening programs which will incorporate the

.962

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

orientation and demonstration of programmed
learning materials for management. This program
is expected to begin in April or May. 1962. It
is called PRIME -- "Project - Programmed Instruction for Management Education."
American Seating Coo. 901 Broadway. Grand Rapids
2. Mich. / An experimental communications system
is under development. It includes a desk ,assembly with a closed circuit television screen. a
response device. and a tape recorder for audio
mater ials.
American Systems. Inc •• 1625 E. 126th St •• Hawthorne. Calif. / Presently developing an audiovisual type machine without a response mechanism.
American Teaching Systems. Inc •• 12902 So. Broadway.
Los Angeles 61. Calif. / M.P
American Telephone & Telegraph Co •• 195 Broadway.
New York 7. N.Y. / This organization has been
writing and field testing audio-instructional
training programs for their telephone operators.
See entry for Bell Laboratories.
Anirama Company. 385 East Green St •• Pasadena,
Calif. / Developing audio-visual type machine
without a response mechanism.
Applied Communications Research. Culver City Airport. Culver City. Calif. / A training station
is available with an audio-visual desk console.
The trainee sits in the middle of a semi-circular
desk facing a screen on which is shown filmed
programs. The device has been successfully applied to training for production assembly line
work and test'ing inspection and quality control
among other areas.
Applied Communications Systems. Div. of Litton
Systems. Inc •• 8535 Warner Dr •• Culver City.
Calif. / Developing aud.io-visual type machine
without response mechanism.
Astra, Inc •• 31 Church St., New London, Conn. /
Presently marketing a mUltiple choice teaching
device of the Pressey type. called AUTOSCORE.
It presents punched cards with ten questions.
each question having up to five possible answers. An error counter keeps track of wrong
answers and a digital clock keeps track of time
expended on each card. Designed expressly to
reinforce material ulready presented rather than
to present new materiul.
Auerbach Electronics Corp •• 1634 Arch St •• Phila-

delphia 3, Pa. I P Program is called the AUERBACH
Required COBOL-1961 Self-Teacher. It will consist of 4 volumes. The first is a student manual which contains an introduction to COBOL-196I,
a glossary of required COBOL-1961, a glossary of
computer and EDP terms, illustrative and summary
material, a checklist for writing COBOL-1961
programs, and a final examination. The other
three volumes are programmed text material consisting of 2,500 linearly programmed frames.
At selective frames the student is advised to
consult the diagrams and illustrations to aid
in comprehension. The first 500 of these frames
is an introduction to EDP and computer fundamentals. The self-teacher is expected to be available in May 1962.
Auto Instructional Devices, Inc •• 12 Manheim Rd.,
Essex Fells. N. J. I Markets a mUltiple choice
question box with three possible responses selected by a stylus. Correctness of response
indicated by colored lights, and a counter keeps
student's score. A number of programs available.
Automated Instructional Materials Corp •• Box 181,
Ansonia Station, New York 23. N.Y. I P
:!;
B: Basic Systems, Inc •• 42 E. 52 St •• New York,
- N.Y. I P This group is largely formed from
workers at Columbia University. They have entered into an agreement with the Meredith Publishing Co. for production of a variety of programmed industrial and academic teaching textbooks. They offer consulting services concerned
with the application of the behavioral sciences
to the teaching situation.
Battelle Memorial Institutions. Columbus. Ohio I R
Bell Telephone Laboratories. Inc •• 463 West St ••
New York 14. N. Y. I R,M,C The device has a
random access slide projector controlled by a
computer and a visual display.
Billerett Company, 1544 Embassy St., Anaheim, Calif. I M
Bolt. Beranek and Newman, 15 Moulton St., Cambridge,
Mass. I R,P.C A computer-centered teaching device is designed to instruct sonar operators in
the distinctive quality of sound. It has a typewriter keyboard input and presents aural stimuli
from recording tape for recognition of various
characteristics: frequency. amplitude. repetition, time. duty cycle and length. The unit
uses the PDP-l computer as the sound producer
and student performance evaluator. Work also
being carried on in the programming of foreign
languages, and mathematics. A compact portable.
relatively inexpensive, automatic framing. teaching machine is expected to be available in April,
1962.
Britannica Center for Studies in Learning and Motivation, Stanford University, Palo Alto, Calif.
I Study being conducted in the applications of
learning theory to actual school situations.
Consists of programming and then evaluating the
results of the use of programmed course material.
Burgess Cellulose Company, Grade-O-Mat Division.
P. O. Box 560, Freeport, Ill. I Developing test
scoring device.
Burrough McBee Corp., 850 Third Avenue, New York
22, N. Y. I Has conducted experiments on the use
-of a typewriter as a "teaching machine" in four
teachers' colleges in the United States.
Burtek, Inc •• 7041 E. 15th St., Tulsa, Okla. / SIC

Center for Programmed Instruction, Inc •• 365
West End Ave., New York 24, N. Y. I P Non-profit educational organization supported by grants
from the Carnegie Foundation. the Ford Foundation for the Advancement of Education, has been
extending the activities of the New York Collegiate School Teaching Machine Project. It has
been translating research findings into classroom application by programs for beginning French,
spelling, French via pictures. beginning German,
and in elementary and intermediate mathematics.
A programmed physics course incorporating the
materials created by the Physical Science Study
Commission will be tested at schools in 1962.
Central Scientific Company, Division of Cenco Instruments, 1100 Irving Park Road, Chicago 13,
Ill. I M Claim emphasis on the logical and scientific approach, both the inductive and the deductive. A mUltiple choice device with programs
is expected to be available in the summer, 1962.
Chester Electronic Laboratories, Inc., Chester,
Conn. I A mechanical teaching center is being
developed in cooperation with the University of
Michigan and Yale University. The device will
probably have a modified language laboratory
set-up employing programmed materials with a
dialing system at each student's position to
allow him to select different programs.
Columbia University Teachers' College, New York,
N. Y. I An experimental test run using the IBM
650 computer to teach business and marketing procedures employing game playing techniques. The
rules of economic theory were programmed into
the machine and various teams of students were
given hypothetical business assets. They independently developed their businesses and fed the
data into the computer for analysis of the final
results produced. The experiment ran 20 hours
consecutively and demonstrated the versatility
of the computer as a self-instruction device.
Work also being done in programming mathematics
courses. A summer institute course in program
instruction and programming technique is planned.
Comparator, P. O. Box 452, Petaluma, Calif. I M
Conceptograph Corp., 179 Berkeley St., Rochester 7,
N. Y. I M The model COG-7 uses the rolled paper
strip technique for a linear program, having two
display areas, one for the program material itself, and the other for the constructed response.
Concord Control, Inc., 1282 Soldiers Field Rd.,
Boston 35, Mass. / R,M
CQnsolidated Lithographing Corp., Carle Place,
P.O. Long Island. N. Y. / A modified multiple
choice device and other self-instructional devices developed in cooperation with the New York
Institute of Technology. The unit uses individual television screens, earphones, and a multiple
choice response panel. It works on an intrinsic
programming principle. If the student makes too
many errors, he is advised to see the instructor.
Consolidated Systems Corporation, Space Science
Department, 1500 South Shamrock Ave., Monrovia.
Calif. I R,M
Robert E. Corrigan and Associates, 8701 Adah St.,
Garden Grove, Calif. I M Students watch the program on a television display screen an~ make multiple choice responses on an individual response
panel. Colored lights provide feedback. Scoring
is automatic.
Corrigan Communications, Inc., 1111 Ash St., Fuller-

TWO 1

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

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ton. Calif. / P
Creative Education Resources. Inc •• 1544 Embassy
St •• Anaheim. Calif. / P
Cyburtek Corporation. 102 Mt. Auburn St.. Cambridge. Mass. / P
D:

Davis Scientific Instruments. 12137 Cantura
St •• Studio City. Calif. / R
Daystrom. Inc •• Control Systems Div •• 4055 Miramar Rd •• La Jolla. Calif. / R
Devereux Teaching Aids. Box 717. Devon. Penn. /
Producers of the Devereux Teaching Aid, model
50. A simple mUltiple-choice device employing
workbooks which set on top of each unit. A rotary switch is used to synchronize the pattern
of answers on the page with the machine. The
company is a self-sustaining adjunct to the
Devereux Foundation. Devon. Penn.
Dictaphone~ Inc •• 73 Third Ave •• New York. N.Y.
/ M,P (industrial training)
Digital Equipment Corporation, 146 Main St.,
Maynard, Mass. / M,C
Dorsett Electronics, Inc •• 119 West Boyd St ••
Norman. Okla. / M Telescholar. Students watch
the program displayed on a screen and indicate
their answers by pressing 5 buttons on a response
panel. with colored lights providing feedback
':. information.
Douglas Aircraft Corp •• 300 Ocean Park Blvd ••
Santa Monica, Calif. / R Auto-instructional
devices using a visual display and buttonpanel input.
DuKane Corp •• St. Charles. Ill. / Producing a flexible 35 mm. rear screen projection device for
the use of a program with short. linearly programmed frames. Working in cooperation with the
American Institute for Research.
Dyna Slide Company. 600 So. Michigan Ave •• Chicago
5. Ill. / Produces the Slide-a-Mask. a flexible
plastic sliding mask which fits over a programmed
text page showing the correct answer after the
student has constructed his answer.
Dynateck Corp •• 471 79 St •• Miami 38. Fla. /
Producers of a digital logic demonstrator which
has uses as an instructional device. Called the
DT-508 digital computer. it is composed of a set
of clear lucite flip-flop cards holding two binary readqut lights each. Employs a telephone
dial input. and multiplies and sums to the number 31.

E:
Edex. 809 San Antonio Rd •• Palo Alto. Calif. /
Thomas A. Edison Research Laboratories. West Orange. N. J. / Presently doing device research
in areas such as the teaching of typing and
reading to pre-school children. Has a publication called "Program Learning in the Educational
Process" edited by Annice L. Mills.
Ed-U-Cards Manufacturing Company. 13-05 44th Ave ••
Long Island City. N. Y. / M.P'
Educational Aids Publishing Corp •• Carle Place.
Long Island. N. Y. / P
Educational Design of Alabama. Inc •• 1428 University Ave., Tuscaloosa. Ala. / R,P
Educational Development Associates. 2302 J St ••
Eureka. Calif. / P Producers of a sequential
teaching program to be placed on a punched card.
The student procedes from one frame to another
by a coded sequence of holes punched along the
border of the programmed card.

COMPUTI';RS

and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

Educational Development Corp •• 200 California Ave •• "
Palo Alto. Calif. / M Utilizing paper tape and
offering a flexible programming capacity; expected to be available in the late Spring or early
Summer. 1962.
Educational Development Labs •• 75 Prospect St ••
Huntington. N. Y. / Producers of film strip
projector using a paced presentation for teaching. called Tach-X. Also make a simpler circular hand masking device called Flash-X.
Educational Engineering Associates. 3810 Pacific
Coast Hwy •• Torrance. Calif. / Producers of a
slide display device. using multiple choice
responses and feed back supplied directly by the
program. i.e •• a correct response changes the
question.
Educational Television Aids. III Hampton Rd •• West.
Williamsport. Md. / Presently designing an instructor controlled teaching device. Unit uses
linearly programmed frames with a constructed
response elicited from the student.
Electronic Teaching Labs •• 5034 Wisconsin Ave •• N.W.
Washington 16. D.C. / Producers of various forms
of film strip or slide materials coordinated with
an aural program for teaching purposes. Modifications of this arrangement used for speech therapy training.
Encyclopedia Britannica Films. Inc •• 1150 Wilmette
Ave •• Wilmette. Ill. / P Presently field testing. mainly in mathematics. Emphasis is on film
strips and books.
Epsco. Inc •• 275 Massachusetts Ave •• Cambridge 39.
Mass. / Self-contained logic demonstrator of
digital circuitry for industrial laboratory and
training applications.
ERA Research. Inc •• 1009 Montana Ave •• Santa Monica. Calif. / R Science teaching devices.
Execugraf Corporation 113 No. San Vicente. Beverly
Hills, Calif. /
E-Z Sort Systems, Ltd., 45 Second St., San Francisco 5. Calif. / S
F:

Fairchild Camera and Instrument Co •• Syosset.
Long Island. N. Y. / R
Field Enterprises Educational Corporation. Merchandise Mart Plaza. Chicago 54. Ill. / M.P
Forbes Product Corp •• 6255 Goodwin St •• Rochester
3. N. Y. / M Consists of large display window.
typewriter roller operation. and detachable answer unit. Teaching devices are being field
tested in the Rochester Public School System.
Foringer and Co •• Inc •• 312 Maple Drive. Rockville.
Md. / Produce simple teaching device consisting
of a projected film strip with one or two levers
on which the student indicates his response to
a question. Physical reinforcement includes
presentation of marble upon a correct answer.
Other experimental teaching devices concerned
with the field of applied psychology. i.e •• controlled environment boxes for training animals.
W. G. Fuller Products Co •• 5880 Hollywood Blvd ••
Hollywood 28. Calif. / M Self-teaching device
has been indicated to be available.
G:

General Atronics Corp •• 1 Ualla Ave •• BalaCynwyd. Pa. / Producers of the Atronics Tutor.
Model 580. This machine is a portable. mechanical. multiple-choice teaching device. It operates by allowing pages of programmed material to
fall by gravity when an operator selects correct

answers by pushing a button at the base of the
machine. Also, produces the TAG System which is
a modified punch board device used mainly for
recording answers in scoring. The company indicates a general interest in industrial training
with accent on electronic data processing in
programmed form.
General Education, Inc., 96 Mt. Auburn St., Cambridge 38, Mass. / P Currently making the GEM-I,
a molded plastic machine using an 8~ x 11 sheet
for linear programs. Have recently written a
training program to train programmers of educational materials. The personnel have been responsible for the development of a program statistics probability course used at the Harvard
Business School.
G8neral Electric Co., Schenectady, N. Y. / R
G. E. Control, Inc., Minneapolis 20, Minn. / R,M
General Precision, Inc., Link Div., Binghamton,
N. Y. / Produces an electronic maintenance trainer where punch cards provide the conditions for
the student to measure some hypothetical fault
on a simulated circuit tester.
General Programmed Teaching Corporation, 1719 Girard, N.E., Albuquerque, N. Mex. / M,P
Ginn and Company, Statler Building, Boston 17,
Mass. / B Investigating the publication of
programmed materials.
Graflex, Inc., 3750 Monroe Ave., Rochester 3, N.Y. /
Graphics, Inc., 3750 Monroe Ave., Rochester 3,
N. Y. / The Graphics Audiographic System is a
coordinated slide and audio presentation unit
used for training in industrial assembly procedures. The audio record is repeatable at the
request of the student.
Gray Manufacturing Company, Special Products Divis ion, 16 Arbor St., Ilartford I, Conn. /
The Grolier Society, Inc., 575 Lexington Ave., New
York 22, N.Y. / CurrentJy distributes various
models of self-instructional devices for Teaching
Machines, Inc. Example is the Min/Max machine.
See Teaching Machines, Inc.
H:

Hamilton Research Associates, 4 Genesee St.,
New Hartford, N. Y. / M,P This company has recently withdrawn its Visitutor, a 35 mm microfilm program device. It is developing a 3 x 5
card model Visitutor and microfilm unit using a
film sort card •.. The unit is expected to be
available in July, 1962.
Harcourt, Brace & World, Inc., 750 Third Ave., New
York 17, N. Y. / P
D. C. Heath, Inc., Boston, Mass. / R,P
Holt, Reinhart, and Winston, Inc., 383 Madison Ave.,
New York 17, N. Y. / P Presently publishing
program materials for the Center for ~rogrammed
Instruction; also looking into the development
and writing of other programs.
HRB-Singer, Inc., P. O. Box 60, Science Park,
State College, Pa. / P
Hughes Aircraft Co., Videosonic Systems, P. O.
Box 9094, Airport Station, Los Angeles 45, Calif.
/ Developers and producers of the Video sonic
System. The equipment consists of desk slide
projector and a synchronized tape recorder. It
has direct application in industrial assembly
line training procedures. The device can be
programmed incrementally and the subject matter
can be presented visually and orally to a learner using slide displays and coordinated oral

instructions. Either multiple choice or constructed responses are possible. The Videosonic
System has the ability to be used in an oralcomplement response mode. The student can speak
the answer into the machine and then the student's
answer, the correct answer, and the appropriate
slide display are shown together for direct comparison, and correction.
Hunter Manufacturing Co., Inc., P. O. Box 153,
Coralville Branch, Iowa City, Iowa. / Producers
of the Model 340 Cardmaster. This is a control
circle card display device for paced-practice
learning. Other automated instructional devices
being developed.

Industrial Education Corp., 33 North LaSalle
St., Chicago 2, Ill. / P Programs are prepared
on a custom basis for clients for use in sales
training purposes and are normally linear, constructed response type.
Information Products Corp., 156 Sixth St., Cambridge 39, Mass. / M,C
An interrogator and display unit which allows selective correction, deletion, and addition of alphanumeric characters
on a cathode ray tube display. Expected to allow a ready means of student constructed response
to questions on a computer-based teaching machine.
Ready by the summer, 1962.
The Institute for Behavioral Research and Programmed Instruction, P. O. Box 302, Ann Arbor,
Mich. / P
Institute of Behavioral Research, College Park,
Md. / R, in the field of programmed learning,
program writing, evaluation, and field testing.
Institute for Instructional Improvement, Inc.,
110 E. 30th St., New York 16, N.Y. / P
Institute of International Research and Development, Inc., P. O. Box 4456, Lubbock, Texas / P
Institute of International Research and Development, Inc., Educational and Training Methods
Div., 4910 13th St., Lubbock, Tex. / This unit
does research and development work in educational
testing and preparation of self-instructional
programs. Evaluation and testing of programs
also done. Plans call for the design of materials and training methods for use in underdeveloped countries. The unit is already publishing
a newsletter to serve as a clearing house for information on programmed learning: AID.
Instructional Systems, 497 No. Santa Cruz Ave.,
Los Gatos, Calif. / P
Instrument Research Co., 12031 Euclid Ave., Garden Grove, Calif. / Producing a self-instructional device using 3 x 5 inch cards with a
linear program. Provides for multiple choice
response, and feedback is by colored slides.
Intellect, Inc., 42 Pleasant St., Newburyport,
Mass. / P, ranging from training mail-order
house personnel to developing programs in probability and statistics and U.S. Navy store management. A study of the use of graphics in programmed education being conducted under a grant
from the U. S. Office of Education.
International Business Machines, Corp., Research
Center, P. O. Box 218, Lamb Estate, Yorktown
Heights, N. Y. / Has developed program text to
teach electronics to their employees. Has been
studying a computer base system for teaching
purposes for several years. Has been field
testing experimental arithmetic teaching mach-

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February,

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ines in Yorktown, N. Y. public school system.
The machine being used has the capacity to rec,
ognize and correct constructed answers of up to
9 alphanumeric characters. ,
International Teaching Systems, 457 Washington,
S.E., Albuquerque, N. Mex. / P
Itek Corp., Information Technology Lab., 10
Maguire Rd., Lexington, Mass. / R,P,M Emphasizes advances in the field of optics. For example, work being conducted on use of a light
pen for the construction of student responses
on the surface of a cathode ray tube for direct
input into a computer.

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Jensen, Gerald J., 1267 Wensley Ave., El Centro, Calif. / P

Koncept-O-Graph Corporation, 179 Berkeley St.,
Rochester 7, N. Y. / M
Kunins Engineering Company, 1730 Popham Ave., New
York 53, N. Y. / M

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h

LaBelle Industries, Oconomowoc, Wis. / Developing audio-visual type machine without
response mechanism.
Learning, Inc., 1317 W. Eighth St., Tempe, Ariz.

rt-

paow
er-

/ P
Learning Resources Institute, 680 Fifth Ave., New
York, N. Y. / Presently conducting an evaluation
of currently available programs and teaching machines for professional educational organizations.
Lectron Corporation of America, 9929 W. Silver
Springs, Milwaukee, Wis. / M,R
Link Division, General Precision, Inc., Binghnmton.
N. Y. / SIC and electronics trnining.

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1962

The Macmillan Company, 60 Fifth Ave., New York
II, N. Y. / P

Management Research Associates, Room. 1300, 185
No. Wabash, Chicago I, Ill. / Currently producing a pull-tab, multiple choice teaching machine.
The Marquardt Corporation, 2709 No. Garey Ave.,
Pomona, Calif. / M,S,C
William Barton Marsh Co., Inc., 18 East 48 St.,
New York 36, N. Y. / P, with emphasis on LP
records and programmed textbooks.
Mast Development Company, Inc., 2212 E. 12th St.,
Davenport, Iowa / M
McGraw lIill Book Co., Inc., 330 W. 42nd St., New
York 36, N. Y. / The company is presently selling the Holland-Skinner book "The Analysis of
Behavior" with nearly 2,000 linearly programmed
frames. They claim to have under development
nearly 40 other kinds of teaching machine type
programs, some intended for the program books,
others for both books and machines. Also developing machines using fan-folded paper tapes.
First unit expected to be available in May 1962.
Minneapolis Honeywell Regulator Co., Ordnance Division, 1724 So. Mountain Ave., Duarte, Calif.
/ Presently developing an audio-visual instruc~
tion system. Expected to be demonstrated the
first time this month and to be generally available the summer of 1962. Instructional programs
are specific in this device.
Motorola Corp., 4545 Augusta Blvd., Chicago 51,
Ill. / R,M
Mul t i-~I;lt ics Machines, Inc., 6782 La Jolla ill vd. ,
La .1011a, Calif. / M

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

National Blank Book Company, 2829 Water St.,.
Holyoke, Mass. / Developing a masking device.
National Communication Laboratories, 507 Fifth
Ave., New York 17, N. Y. / R,P,M
National Education Assoc., Div. of Audiovisual
Instruction, 1201 16th St., N.W., Washington
6, D. C. / This division of NEA, the American
Psychological Assoc., and a committee of the
American Educational Research Assoc. are cooperating in the evaluation of teaching devices
and programmed learning. Criteria are being
worked on to determine the effectiveness of
programmed learning techniques. The Association
also sponsors the publication of books and periodicals concerned with teaching machines and
programmed learning. One such is its "AV Communication Revie~' which appears bi-monthly.
An "Occasional Paper No.3" which has just appeared surveys the current industrial activities
in teaching machines and programmed learning.
It is written by Dr. James D. Finn and Donald
G. Perrin.
National Educational Systems, Inc., 9250 Wilshire
Blvd., Beverly lIills, Calif. / R,P,M / Developing programs and teaching machines.
National Teaching Machines, P. O. Box 4016, El
Paso, Texas / R,P
Navigation Computer Co., Valley Forge Industrial
Park, Norristown, Pa. / Experimenting with computer centered teaching device. Work being done
in investigating programming methods for teaching in various disciplines.
North American Aviation Corp., Columbus, Ohio /
R,M
Nortronics, Div. of Northrop Corp., 222 N. Prairie
Ave., Hawthorne, Calif. / R,M An audio-visual
training device with visual student response
under development.
~

Paromel Electronics Corporation, 3956 Belmont
Ave., Chicago 18, Ill. / Serving as an electronics trainer.
Perceptual Development Laboratory, 6767 Southwest
Ave., St. Louis, Mo. / Making a modified movie
projector for training purposes. Can be used for
a flash projection of individual frames or superimposing two different films upon one another.
An adaption allows 10 possible multiple-choice
panel for student reaction to the questions and
ideas in the film.
Phoenix Associates Teaching Machines, 13012 Willamette St., Westminster, Calif. / P, consulting.
Picture Recording Company, 1392 W. Wisconsin Ave.,
Oconomawoc, Wisc. / Developing a 35 mm slide projector with synchronized aural presentation.
Student unit provides multiple-choice push button response.
PolarOid, Inc., Cambridge 39, Mass. / R,M
Positronics, Inc., Chicago, 111./ R,M
Prentice Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J. / P
Programmed Learning ASSOCiates, 700 Font Blvd.,
San Francisco 27, Calif. / P and consulting.
Programmed Teaching Aids, Inc., 3810 S. Four Mile
Run Dr., Arlington 6, Va. / H,P,M
Prudential Insurance Co. of America, 763 Broad
St., Newark I, N•.1. / H,P
The PsycholoUical Corporution, 30<1 E. <15th St.,
New York 17, N. Y. / P
Psychological Research Associates, 507 So. 18 St.,
Arlington, Va. / Currently working on an audio-

visual training device for research purposes.
It is designed as a modified sound film projector which would allow for forward branching review.
Psychotechnics, Inc., 105 West Adams St., Chicago
3, Ill. / P,R,S
Public Service Research. Inc., 91 Prospect St.,
Stamford. Conn. / R,P Recently completed traffic safety teaching program.
R:

Radio Corporation of America. Research and
Development Div., Camden 8. N. J. / Research on
experimental devices employing audio-visual display techniques now being conducted.
Random House, Inc., 501 Madison Ave., New York 22,
N. Y. / P,B
Recordak Corp •• a Div. of Eastman Kodak, Inc.,
415 Madison Ave •• New York 17, N. Y. / P,M
Work based upon their microfilm reader. They
anticipate availability of the auto-instructional
device in 1963.
Renner, Incorporated, 1530 Lombard St., Philadelphia 46, Pa. / P Developing masking device.
Rheem Califone Corp., 5922 Bowcroft St., Los
Angeles 16, Calif. / Producers of the Didak Model 501, a teaChing machine using a linear program. The program is manually moved through the
device on rollers and the student can record
each error by punching a hole in the response
strip with a pencil. The strip provides an accounting system for improving the program by
indicating the number of times a question is
misread or misunderstood. / The company has also
established a division to do programing research
for writing. Currently testing its programs in
the Los Angeles School system. / Also in production is a Didak 101, a pre-verbal device that
indicates correct answers by a bell or buzzer.
The Didak 601, a multiple choice version of the
501, and the Didak 1001, an industrial training
device that depends upon the ability of the
person to make the cptrect physical response to
a situation in order to advance the program. /
Publishes a monthly magazine, Automated Teaching Bulletin.
Rheem Electronics, 5200 W. 104th St., Los Angeles
54, Calif. / Developing computer-controlled
teaChing machine.
Richards Manufacturing Co., Melrose Park, Ill. /

M.
Roto-Vue. Room 1212 Holland Bldg., 211 No. 7th
St., St. Louis, Mo. / R,M
5:

Sanford Associates, 159 Crescent Dr., Menlo
Park, Calif. / P, consultant.
Science Research Associates, 259 East Erie St.,
Chicago 11, Ill. / R,P (math course available)
Scientific Development Corp., 372 Main St.,
Watertown 72, Mass. / M, the Miniyac 601, a
unit suitable for self-instruction in the basic
principles of digital computer operation. This
device uses relays and switching circuits for
binary addition and subtraction. Texts accompany the unit to guide the student.
Scott, Foresman, and Company, 433 E. Erie St.,
Chicago 11, Ill. / P
Seminar Inc., 480 Lexington Ave., New York 17,
N.Y. / Part of an industrial programing group.
Shoe Corporation of America, 35 N. 46th St.,
Columbus 16, Ohio / Presently using several

semi-automatic devices in program materials and
and sales training. / Device research being conducted using a programmed projector as a central
display unit. A three-button response panel
operated by the student. This device provides
~or both forward and backward branching in the
program.
Shoentgen, Brandt & Associates, 385 E. Green St.,
Pasadena, Calif. / B,P, distributing an audiovisual device made by the Anirama Company of
Japan.
Sigma Press, 2140 K. St., N.W., Washington 7, D.C.
/ P
H. R. B. Singer, Inc., Science Park, State College,
Pa. / Developing a device called Star using a
printed circuit board without a dual button response panel. Color device provides feedback.
Smi th-Harr ison, Inc., Box 717, Devon, Pa. / M,
Units rely on a buzzer or light for feedback.
A Model 15 uses display cards for an instructor
produced program. Models 15 and 80 rely on a
paper program placed on top of the machine and
the Model 90 has a fixed program of 24 problems
which represent the 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 12
multiplication tables.
Solartron Electronics Group, c/o Rheem Mfg.
Co., 400 Park Avenue, N.Y., N.Y. / C, M, consisting of a display screen for film or paper
programs to teach keyboard operation for typing,
adding machine, or keypunch work.
Standard Projector and ~quipment Co., Inc., 7433
N. Harlem Ave., Chicag~ 48, Ill. / M
Standard Teaching Machine, 7106 Touhy Ave., Chicago
31, Ill. / M, a converted film strip with a
push button response unit.
Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif. /
R,P
Staples-Hoppmann, Inc., 500 East Monroe Ave.,
Alexandria Va. / This is a rear-view projecting
device for the presentation of film and slides,
both individually and simultaneously. The instructor has individual control of the microphone audio for the materials that accompany the
film.
Staten, J. B., Box 44, Bay City, Texas / R,M
Synchro-Mat Equipment Corp., 1316 Wildwood Ave.,
Jackson, Mich. / Presently developing a synchronized audio presentation device for training
purposes.
System Development Corporation, 2500 Colorado
Ave., Santa Monica, Calif. /R,M A report on
the present activities of this group appears
elsewhere in this magazine.
Systems Research Ltd., London, England/ R,P Using
a "game-playing" technique, an attempt to form
a logico-mathematical system as a ba&is for
programming is being conducted.

I: Teaching Aids, Inc., 3S10 S. Four Mile Run
Drive, Arlington, Va,' / M
Teaching Machines, Inc., 235 San Pedro, N.E., Albuquerque, N.M. / Producers of the Min/Max
teaching machine. It uses a constructed response
student-scored program. An improved version,
the" 1984" machine has a handle to move the
program forward. The Wyckoff Film Tutor is a
portable device with a keyboard response panel.
A microfilmed program is automatically advanced
as long as the student continues to choose the
correct answer.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

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. 962

Teaching Materials Corp., Sales Organization for
Teaching Machines, Inc., 575 Lexington Ave.,
New York 22, N.Y.
Teaching Materials Corp., A Division of Grolier,
Inc., 575 Lexington Ave., New York 22, N.Y. /
Distributors of the Min/Max and other teaching
devices produced by Teaching Machines, Inc.
Teleprompter Corp., 311 W. 43rd St., New York 36,
N.Y. / R,M
Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, Inc., Intellectronics
Division, 8344 Fallbrook Ave., Canoga Park,
Calif. / R The unit being developed uses a synchronized audio-visual display, a six button multiple choice response panel and is controlled
by a small analog computer. Educational Electronics Division includes Dage (educational
television), Magnetic Recroding Industries
(language laboratories) and the Intellectronics
Division.
TOR Education, Inc., 55 Fifth Ave., New York 3,
N.Y. / P
Training Systems Inc., 12248 Santa Monica Blvd.,
Los Angeles 25, Calif. / P Programs in management development, sales training, chapter writing, etc. expected to be available by June, 1962.
Tucker, Dr. J. A., 504 W. 19th St., Wilmington 2,
Del. / P, consultant
United States Air Force, Aero Medical Laboratory, Wright Air Development Center, Air Research and Development Command, United States
Air Force, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,
Ohio / Have been engaged in a project for teaching SAGE (anti-missile) personnel the techniques
of trouble-shooting misfunctions in electronic
equipment. The Psychological Hesearch Associates, Systems Development Corporation, and
Western Design Division of U. S. Industries
are cooperating in this project. The device
being used is the U. S. Industries' Auto-Tutor. /
A Program course has been prepared for pilot
training and retention of in-flight information. The machine designed by the U.S. Navy
Training Devices Center presents multiplechoice information items to the student. Scoring is based on the time delay and the accuracy
of the response. A problem of flight was presented to the student pilots, and they were required to make decisions about the action that
should be taken. Final conclusions were that
"the self-t utori ng approach to pilot training
and retention of in-flight information appears
profitable." / Other research involves a card
device and programing techniques, as well as
proper prompting procedures. This is an effort
to analyze the meaning of intrinsic motivation
and reinforcement in successful programing
efforts. / Further research is being carried
on at: (a) Air Force Personnel and Training
Hesearch Center, Lackland Air Force Base. Texas.
(b) Armaments Systems Training Res. Lab~. Lowry
AFU. Denver. Colo. (c) Operations Laboratory.
Air Force Personnel and Training Research Center.
Air Research and Development Command. Randolph
AFU. Texas. (d) Pilot Training Res. Lab ••
6656th Res. and Development Group. Goodfellow
Air Force Base. Texas.
United States Army / Teaching device and programi nu research now bei ng conducted at: (a) U. S.
Signal Corps School, Fort Monmouth, N. J. (b)
U.S. Southeastern Signal Corps School, Ft .

COl\IPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

Gordon, Ga. (c) HUMRRO Human Resources Research
Office, U.S. Infantry Human Research Division,
Ft. Benning, Ga.
United States Industries, Robodyne Division, 12345
New Columbia Pike, Silver Springs, Md. / Digifle~
a device to train the post office mail sorting
machine operators. Uses a simulated keyboard
and a slide projector to train the operator in
the appropriate response to the addresses
presented.
United States Industries, Western Design and Electronics Division, Santa Barbara Airport, Goleta,
Calif. / Producers of the Autotutor, Models
Mark I and Mark II. Mark I is a 35mm film program wi th a 40 push but ton mul tiple-·choice response panel surrounding a display screen. The
machine can display motion pictures as well as
single frames. The student sees a question,
answers it, and is told next to his answers the
frame to which he should dial ahead. This is
the only machine to automate total branching
programs for every question. / The Mark II a
simplified version of Mark I does not allow for
the extensive branching of the former device.
The company has also established a center for
programmer training, instruction and field testing. A large amount of work is being done in
training personnel for the electronics programs
of the United States Air Force. / Under Dr.
Norman Crowder computer text s have been developed in the following areas: advanced electronics, football, strategy statistics, introduction to music, chess, etc.
Universal Electronics Laboratories Corp., 510
Hudson St., Hackensack, N.J. / R,M
United States Naval Training Devices Research
Center, Port Washington, N.Y. / R,P Main aims
are towards training programs in electronics
for technical personnel, radio men, computer
programers, and guided missile maintenance
crews.
U. S. Photo Supply Company, Inc., 6478 Sligo Mill
Rd., Washington 12, D.C. / M,P Developing programs and teaching machines.
University of California, Berkeley 4, Calif. / P,
Programing work on college engineering courses
IJeing done in cooperation with the Systems Development Corp. Also some field-testing various
programs and devices in local school systems /
Experimentation in one facet of digital computer
program using a semi-automatic teChnique.
University of California, Los Angeles 24, Calif. /
The Data Processing Center, Graduate School of
Business Administration has produced a book
"FORTRAN: An Auto-instructional Introduction
to Computer Programming". The book provides no
response frames but optional forward skimming.
Exercises with immediate feedback and programming
coding tasks and diagnosis. To be published by
McGraw-Hill Publishing Co. in the spring of
1962.
University of California, Los Angeles, Calif. /
A project being planned to compare current human
and machine teaching methods. Also a program to
develop a model of an automated system under
computer control. / Programming of science
courses for e1 (!mentary grades using the Hughes
Videoscope device performed. Additional program is being developed in reading and mathematics.

Van Valkenburgh, Nooger and Neville, Inc.,
15 Maiden Lane, New York 38, N.Y. / P, linear
programs in the area of electronic technician
training.
Varian Associates, 611 Hudson Way, Palo Alto,
Calif. / R,M,P Device research presently in
its initial stages for programming and teaching
units. Also doing research in programming
several disciplines.
Viewflex Inc., 3501 Queens Blvd., Long Island
City, N.Y. / M Viewflex, a film strip, or
slide device from which the program advances
with the correct choice. Additional material
can be produced when errors are made.

Webster Publishing Company, St. Louis 26,
Mo. / P
Westinghouse Corp., 3 Gateway Center, Pittsburgh
3, Pa. / Teaching machine device research in
its initial stages.
Westrex Co., Division of Litton Industries, 335
North Maple Drive, Beverly Hills, Cal~f. / Producing a portable audio-visual unit called the
Communicator. It is about the size of a desk
typewriter. It contains a 35mm automatic 36
frame slide viewer and a synchronized sound
tape playback mechanism. It is especially
suitable for military field service where selfcontained battery supply is needed. The unit
has an optional voice control panel for direct
student pacing. / Development is under way in
a film st,rip teaching device expected to be
available by the end of 1962. / The company has
entered into an arrangement with the PrenticeHall Publishing Co. to offer a variety of
teaching devices for programs in the near
future.
John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 440 4th Ave., New York
16, N.Y / P, publishing
Williams Research Corp., P.O.Box 95, Walled Lake,
Mich. / Producing a 16mm film projection unit
with a four-button response panel. Immediate
automatic scoring is provided on a separate
piece of paper and feedback is by light above
the question buttons. It is called the
Science Desk.
Roger Wurtz Company, Box 524, San Rafael, Calif. /
P, consultant

JOHN DIEBOLD RECEIVES AWARD
The U.S. Junior Chamber of Commerce has
announced the selection of John Diebold as
one of the Ten Outstanding Young Men of the
Year. The award, aside from being a personal
honor, indicates a growing public awareness
of and concern for the whole field of automation, information processing, and electronics
communications and control.

lB.
Mr. Diebold, who is
35, is president and
founder of The Diebold
Group, Inc., a multinational corporation
providing management
services to private
as well as public organizations with offices
in 13 cities on three
continents. Mr. Diebold started his organization in 1954. He
is a pioneer in the
field of automation;
wrote the first book
on automation at the age of 26, and originated
many of the concepts which are today accepted
as basic in the field. He has an MBA degree
with distinction from the Harvard Business
School; an engineer1ng degree from the United
States Merchant Marine Academy; and a degree
with high honors in economics from Swarthmore
College. Mr. Diebold is a member of Secretary of Labor Goldberg's advisory committee
on Automation and Manpower.

I.B.M. AIDE IS PROMOTED

ADDENDA

AVTA (Audio-Visual Teaching Aids) Corp., 3450
Wilshire Blvd •• Los Angeles 5. Calif. / M
Marketing a learner paced, constructed response,
paper roll. separate answer strip teaching device called AVTA 440. The device has a variable
display area. Programming is being done by the
International Research and Development Co ••
Lovelock, Texas.
Doubleday & Co., Inc., 501 Franklin Ave., Garden
City, N.Y. / The publishers of the Tutor Text.
a scrambled book using an unsequential arrangementof pages in ~rder.to achieve a branched
program. Developed in cooperation with Dr.
Norman A. Crowder of the Western Design Div.
of the United States Industries.

PEOPLE OF NOTE (Cont'd from page 31)

John J. Fitzgerald has been named director df organization for International Business
Machines Corporation. Mr. Fitzgerald, formerly director of organization for the company's data-processing division, succeeds
Richard H. Bullen, who was recently named
treasurer.

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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

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"why we chose the NCR computer"
Hycon Manufacturing Co., Monrovia, California
"We chose the NCR 390 Computer for three basic reasons:

"ONE ... Dealing primarily with government contracts, we
have daily need for the ability to get our accounting and
statistical data quickly organized and recorded in a visible
form for ourselves and government personnel to utilize.
Since the NCR 390 is a computer which employs conventional business-type records, it will permit us to accomplish
this first requirement in an extremely fast, efficient, and
economical manner.
"TWO ... It is absolutely essential that our records be accessible, sometimes for years, for audit and reference by
ourselves as well as government person!lel. With the NCR
390, our records will be constantly available, in humanlanguag(~ Conn, to satisfy this second requirement. And,
since these same records will store data in the electronic-

language of the computer, they will be constantly available
for high speed processing.

"THREE ... The NCR 390 will up-grade our reporting
abilities. It will contribute greatly to the needs we have for
more timely factual data at every level of management,
which is so essential in a highly competitive market.
"With these many abilities, we are sure our choice of the
NCR 390 Computer was a highly-profitable decision."

Trevor Gardner
Chairman of the Board and President
Hycon Manufacturing Company

NCR PROVIDES TOTAL SYSTEMS-FROM ORIGINAL ENTRY TO FINAL REPORTthrough Accounting Machines, Cash Registers or Adding Machines, and Data Processing
The National Cash Register Company-1039 Offices in 121 Countries-78 Years of Helping Business Save Money

INlclRI
®

)!l62

C()~IPlJ'J'ERS

and AUTOMATION for February, 1962

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FILE # 47

MASTER INVENTORY

LBSl
num1
binm

Ne\tV Hypertape Drive gives your IBM

This new Hypertape stores two to four times as much information and delivers the information to your computer two to four times faster than your present tape system.
The magnetic tape is kept in a sealed, dust-proof cartridge. All you do is place the cartridge
in the tape drive ... the rest is automatic. No more manual threading and unthrea.ding. It
takes only 20 seconds or about one-quarter the time it takes with conventional reels.

DATA ttA

Ask your local IBM Representative for details.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for Fehruary.

LFC

Here's a new input/output device that will let you get more information into your
computer to take even greater advantage of the tremendous electronic speed with which
it processes information internally.

·12

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• the new IBM 7340 Hypertape Drive detects all errors; automatically corrects all one-bit, and
most two-hit errors; and, depending on the system with whiCh it is used, processes up to 340,000
numeric or 170,000 alphabetic characters per second_

CO\II'( JTERS and :\ UTO~r:\ TION for Fehruary. 1902

DATA PROCESSING

Readers' and Editor's Forum
FRONT COVER: STUDENT WORKING
WITH COMPUTER-CONTROLLED
TEACHING MACHINE

Application No. XXX

The front cover shows a student, working independently, making his selection of a multiple-choice answer
on the response keyboard of a computer-controlled
teaching-machine system. The system is. the "Computer-based Laboratory for Automated School Sys-·
terns" or CLASS of System Developmelit Corporation,
Santa lVlonica, Calif., which is exploring a computercontrolled teaching-machine system. For more information, see the .article in this issue "The ComputerAssisted School System" by Don D. Bushnell.

(

c:n

......• ~

• ca'
comr-

RELIABILITY RECORD
Phyllis Huggins

• ca'
tion
them.

The Bendix Corporation
Los Angeles 45, Calif.

Although the reputation of the Bendix G-15 computer for reliability is well known, we thought Computers and Automation might be interested in the
most recent ·statistic-this we believe is a record that
has not yet been equaled:
The Bendix G-15 com pu tel', machine
No. 334, installed -at Eastman Kodak Co.,
Rochester, N. Y., has had an uptime of
100 per cent, for more than a year. The
computer is used approximately 50
hours a week.
.
-Incidentally, the average uptime figure for all G-15
customer installations is, according to present records,
over 97 per cent. We understand that this record also
has not yet been equaled. I t is worth remarking that
the G-15 is an el~ctronic tube computer.

CONFERENCE ON SELF-ORGANIZING
SYSTEMS-l\fAY, 1962
Marshall C. Y ovits
Conference Chairman Office of- Naval H(~~earch
Washington 25, D. C.

A conference on Self-Organizing Systems will be
held on May 22, 23, 24, 19G2, co-sponsored by the
Information Systems Branch, Office of Naval Research
and the Armour Research Foundation. This Conference will be held at the -Museum of Science and
I ndustry, Chicago, Illinois.
The ohjective of this Conference is to bring together
research workers who are concerned with the evoluIiOIl of self-organizing information systems. While improved ullderstanding and modeling of cognitive,_
Iearllillg. and growth processes is clearly of interest,
Ihis COllference is primarily concerned with these
fields ollly insofar as they interact with the major
ohjecl ive. In the three years intervening since the
previous ONR-ARF Conference on this topic there
has been greatly increased emphasis placed on SelfOrganizing Systems. It appears to be an appropriate

• ca
with(
ca
tem
repn

• ca
catio
withl
syste

"Blue Bonnet looks good in the fifth race."

time to evaluate recent progress and to consider the
future directions of research. It is hoped to examine
this topic in depth with particular emphasis upon the
more salient research of the past three years.
_
Attendance is open to all interested technical personnel. Further information and a preliminary conference program, when available, may be obtained by
contacting:
MR. GEORGE

JACOBI

COS OS Conference Secretary
Armour Research Foundation
lOWest 35th Street
Chicago - 16, Illinois

WHO'S WHO IN THE COMPUTER FIELDCUMULATIVE EDITION, 1962
Computers and Automation is publishing this spring
a cumulative edition of "Who's Who in the Computer
Field." The closing date for receiving entries is Fehr?ary 28, 1962. If you are in the computer field, please
fill in the Who's Who entry form (which may he
copied on any piece of paper) shown on page 52 of
- this issue, and send it to us for your free listing in Ihe
·'\;\Tho's '\;\Tho. If you have friends in the computer field,
please call their attention to sending us their 'IVI10'S
''''Tho entries. (Even if you find out about this a litLle
late, we still may be able to get your entry in!)

ques
as "
This
you
not]
sehe
'that
mer
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timE
mas'
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virtl

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February. I%:.!

.
C:()~I

CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS
••

)uter
ated;

op-

shall
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place

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'confully
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lead
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Feb. 1-3, 1962: Forum on Electronic Computers, StatlerHilton Hotel, Los Angeles, Calif.; contact John E .
Mulder, Director, Joint Comm. on Continuing Legal
Education, 133 South 36 St., Phila. 4, Pa.
Feb. 6-7, 1962: Symposium on Redundancy Techniques
for Computing Systems, Dept. of the Interior Auditorium, C St. between 18th & 19th St., N.W., Washington, D. c.; contact Miss Josephine Leno, Code 430A,
Oflice of Naval Research, Washington 25, D. C.
Feb. 7-9, 1962: 3rd Winter Convention on Military Electronics, Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, Calif.; contact
IRE Los Angeles Office, 1435 So. La Cienega Blvd., Los
Angeles, Calif.
Feb. 12-16, 1962: 4th Institute on Information Storage
and Retrieval, American University, Washington, D. C.;
contact Dr. Lowell H. Hattery, Director, Center for
Technology and Administration, The American University, 1901 F St., N.W., Washington 6, D. C.
Feb. 14-16, 1962: International Solid State Circuits Conference, Sheraton Hotel & Univ. of Pa., Philadelphia,
Pa.; contact Richard B. Adler, Rm. C-237, MIT Lincoln
Lab., Lexington, Mass.
Feb. 19, 1962': Symposium for Owners and Managers of
Service Centers, NCR Data Center, 660 Madison Ave.,
New York, N. Y.; ,contact Mr. W. H. Evans, Association of Data Processing Service Organizations, 1000
Highland Ave., Abington, Pa.
Feb. 26-Mar. 9, 1962: Data Processing Systems Seminar,
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio; contact Public
Information Div. (MCKP), Wright--Patterson Air Force
Base, Ohio
Feb. 27, 28-Mar. 1, 1962: Symposium on the Application
of Switching Theory in Space Technology, Lockheed
Missiles and Space Co., 1123 No. Mathilda Ave., Sunnyvale, Calif.; contact Kenneth T. Larkin, Lockheed Missiles & Space Co., Sunnyvale, Calif.
Mar. 8-10, 1962: 10th Annual Scientific Meeting of the
Houston Neurological Society, Symposium on Information Storage and Neural Control, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Tex.; contact William S. Fields, M.D.,
Symposium Chairman, Houston Neurological Society,
1200 M. D. Anderson Blvd., ~ouston 25, Tex.
Mar. 13-15, 1962: Symposium on Application of Statistics and Computer to Fuels and Lubricants Research
Programs (Unclassified), Granada Hotel, San Antonio,
Tex.; contact Roy Quillian, Southwest Research Inst.,
Box 2296, San Antonio 6, Tex.
Mar. 24, 1962: 6th Annual Symposium on Recent Advances in Computer Technology, Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio; contact R. K. Kissinger, Publicity
Chairman, c/o Nationwide Insurance Companies, 246
No. High St., Columbus, Ohio
Mar. 26-29, 1962: IRE International Convention, Coliseum & Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York, N. Y.; contact E. K. Gannett, IRE Headquarters, 1 E. 79 St., New
York 21, N. Y.
April 2-5, 1962: Annual Meeting of POOL (LGP-30,
RPC-4000, and RPC-9000 Electronic Computer Users
Group), Penn-Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa.; contact Dr. Henry J. Bowlden, Union Carbide Corp., P. O.
Box 6116, Cleveland 1, Ohio
April 4-6, 1962: Univac Users Association and Univac
Scientific Exchange Organization, Leamington Hotel,
Minne;lpolis, Minn.; contact David D. Johnson, Sec'y,
Univac Users Association, Ethyl Corp., P. O. Box 341,
Ba ton Rouge, La.
C();\ll'lJTERS and

AUTO~IATION

for February, 1962

April 9-13, 1962: Business Equipment Exposition, McCormick Place, Chicago, 111.; contact G. H. Gutekunst, Jr.,
Mgr., Press Information, Business Equipment Manufacturers Exhibits, Inc., 235 E. 42 St., New York 17, N. Y.
April 11-13, 1962: SWIRECO (S. W. IRE Conference
and Electronics Show), Rice Hotel, Houston, Tex.;
contact Prof. Martin Graham, Rice Univ. Computer
Project, Houston 1, Tex.
April 16-18, 1962: Symposium in Applied Mathematics
on "Interactions Between Mathematical Research and
High-Speed Computing," at American Mathematical
Society and Association for Computing Machinery Symposium, Atlantic City, N. J.; contact Mrs. Robert DrewBear, Head Special Projects Dept., American Mathematical Society, 190 Hope St., Providence 8, R. 1.
April 18-20, 1962: Conference on Information Retrieval
in Action, Cleveland, Ohio; contact Center for Documentation and Communication Research Conference,
Western Reserve Univ., 10831 Magnolia Dr., Cleveland
6, Ohio
April 24-26, 1962: 12th Annual International Polytechnic
Symposium, devoted to "The Mathetr.atical Theory of
Automata," United Engineering Center, 345 E. 47 St.,
New York, N. Y.; contact Symposium Committee,
Polytechnic Inst. of Brooklyn, 55 Johnson St., Brooklyn 1, N. Y.
April 30-June 8, 1962: Seminar in Search Strategy, Graduate School of Library Science, Drexel Institute of Tech.,
Phila. 4, Pa.; contact Seminar in Search Strategy, Graduate School of Library Science, Drexel Inst. of Tech.,
Phib. 4, Pa., Att: Mrs. M. H. Davis
May 1-3, 1962: Spring Joint Computer Conference, Fairmont Hotel, San Francisco, Calif.; contact Richard I.
Tanaka, Lockheed Missile & Space Div., Dept. 58-51,
Palo Alto, Calif.
May 8-10, 1962: Electronic Components Conference, Marriott Twin Bridges Hotel, Washington, D. C.; contact
Henry A. Stone, Bell Tel. Lab., Murray Hill, N. J.
May 9-11, 1962: Operations Research Society of America,
Tenth Anniversary Meeting, Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D. c.; contact Harold O. Davidson, Operations
Research Inc., 8605 Cameron St., Silver Spring, Md.
May 14-16, 1962: National Aerospace Electronics Conference, Biltmore Hotel, Dayton, Ohio; contact George A.
Langston, 4725 Rean Meadow Dr., Dayton, Ohio
May 21-25, 1962: Institute on Electronic Information
Display Systems, The American University, Washington,
D. c.; contact Dr. Lowell H. Hattery, Director, Center
for Technology and Administration, The American University, 1901 F St., N.W., Washington 6, D. C.
May 22-24, 1962: Conference on Self-Organizing Systems, Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, Ill.;
contact Mr. George T. Jacobi, COSOS Conference
Sec'y, Armour Research Foundation, 10 W. 35 St.,
Chicago 16, Ill.
May 28-June 1, 1962: Colloquium on Modern Computation Techniques in Industrial Automatic Control, Paris,
France; contact French Association of Automatic Control (AFRA), 19, Rue Blance, Paris 9, France.
June l8-Sept. 14, 1962: Engineering Summer Conference
Courses, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.; contact
Raymond E. Carroll, Univ. of Mich., 126 West Engineering Bldg., Ann Arbor, Mich.
June 19-21, 1962: Fourth Joint Automatic Control Conference, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Tex.; contact Prof. Otis
L. Updike, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Univ. of
Va., Charlottesville, Va.

fIJ.

BOO K S - - - - - - - ;
Techn

T be use of programed instruction in schools,
business, industry, and the arm,ed forces is one of
tbe most exciting and prom,ising innovations
ever made in the field of education a11d training.
N ow, this new book brings together the 11M1ty
and complex hows and whys:

PROGRAMED
INSTRUCTION
USES IN INDUSTRY
AND ARMED FORCES
Edited by STUART MARGULIES,
Research Psychologist, and
LEWIS D. EIGEN, Executive Vice President,
Center for Programed Instruction, I11c.
Forty leading figures in the field of programed
instruction have combined their experience, and their
research findings, to present vital information on
applications and implementation of this important
new technique. Most of the material has been prepared especially for this book, and it gives intensive
coverage of all areas of application (present and projected), estimates of economic feasibility, data on
uses of programed instruction, and reactions of
students to the material. In short, virtually everything that is known about the subject is covered here.
Drawing upon a wealth of empirical data, the
authors make a penetrating analysis of the role of
machines in training and education. Equally important, they explore the many practical questions
involved in applying programed instruction:
• How much time and money must be spent in
preparing training programs using machines?
Q Should you use teaching machines or programed
books?
• What sort of situations are appropriate for using
programed instruction?
• How much training time will programed instruction
require, as against programs using conventional
methods?
, These and a good many other questions are set
against such a background that you will be able to
answer them precisely and correctly. In effect, you
will have a sound basis for making necessary policy
decisions with regard to the application of programed instruction to specific training and educational situations.
READY IN MARCH
Sml(l

"OJV

•

NOW IN PRESS

for your on-approval copy

JOHN WILEY & SONS, Inc.
440 PARK AVENUE SOUTH, NEW YORK 16, N. Y.

IIj

June 19-22, 1962: National Machine Accountants Association International Conference, Hotel Statler, New
York, N. Y.; contact R. Calvin Elliott, Exec. Dir.,
NMAA, 524 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, Ill.
June 27-28, 1962: 9th Annual Symposium on Computers
and Data Processing, Elkhorn Lodge, Estes Park, Colo.;
contact W. H. Eichelberger, Denver Research Inst.,
Univ. of Denver, Denver 10, Colo.
June 27-29, 1962: Joint Automatic Control Conference,
New York Univ., New York, N. Y.; contact Dr. H. J.
Hornfeck, Bailey Meter Co., 1050 Ivanhoe Rd., Cleveland 10, Ohio.
July 18-19, 1962: Data Acquisition & Processing in Medicine & Biology, Whipple Auditorium, Strong Memorial
Hospital, Rochester, N. Y.; contact Kurt Enslein,
Brooks, Inc., 499 W. Comm. St., P. O. Box 271, E.
Rochester, N. Y.
Aug. 21-24, 1962: 1962 Western Electronic Show and
Convention, California Memorial Sports Arena and
Statler-Hilton Hotel, Los Angeles, Calif.; contact Wescon Business Offi,ce, c/o Technical Program Chairman,
1435 S. La Cienega Blvd., Los Angeles 35, Calif.
Aug. 27-Sept. 1, 1962: 2nd International Conference on
Information Processing, Munich, Germany; contact Mr.
Charles W. Adams, Charles W. Adams Associates, Inc.,
142 the Great Road, Bedford, Mass.
Sept. 3-7, 1962: International Symp. on Information
Theory, Brussels, Belgium; contact Bruce B. Barrow,
Postbus 174, Den Haag, Netherlands
Sept. 3-8, 1962': First International Congress on Chemical
Machinery, Chemical Engineering and Automation, Brno,
Czechoslovakia; contact Organizing Committee for the
First International Congress on Chemical Machinery,
Engineering and Automation, Vystaviste 1, Brno, Czechoslovakia.
Sept. 19-20, 1962: 11th Annual Industrial Electronics
Symposium, Chicago, Ill.; contact Ed. A. Roberts,
Comptometer Corp., 5600 Jarvis Ave., Chicago 48, Ill.
Oct. 2-4, 1962: National Symposium on Space Elec. &
Telemetry, Fountainbleu Hotel, Miami Beach, Fla.; contact Dr. Arthur Rudolph, Army Ballistic Missile Agency,
R&D Ope Bldg. 4488, Redstone Arsenal, Ala.
Oct. 8-10, 1962: National Electronics Conference, Exposition Hall, Chicago, Ill.; contact National Ekc.
Conf., 228 N. LaSalle, Chicago, Ill.
Oct. 30-31, 1962: Conference on Eng. Tech. in Missile &
Spaceborne Computers, Disneyland Hotel, Anaheim,
Calif.; contact William Gunning, EPSCO-West, 240 E.
Palais Rd., Anaheim, Calif.
Nov. 5-7, 1962: 15th Annual Conf. on Elec. Tech. in
Medicine and Biology, Conrad Hilton Hotel, Chicago,
Ill.; contact Dr. J. E. Jacobs, 624 Lincoln Ave., Evanston, Ill.
Nov. 13-15, 1962: NEREM (Northeast Res. & Engineering Meeting), Boston, Mass.; contact NEREM-IRE
Boston Office, 313 Washington St., Newton, Mass.
Dec. 4-5, 1962: Eastern Joint Computer Conference,
Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa.
CO~IPUTERS

and

AUTOMA'I~ION

for Fehruary,

1!J(j~

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bility
is of
on tl
ares

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job,
0 be
ppli, mgmt / '17, Iowa Univ, '50,
coordinator
Van Brink, Herbert F / Res Engr, Missile
Div, North .\merican Aviation, 12214
Lakewood Blvd, Downey, Calif / AMP
/ '37, Queens Coil, New York Univ, '59,
prgmr
Vesley, Allan / Supvsr of Systems and
Prgmg, The Sperry and Hutchinson
Co, 114 Fifth Ave, New York 11, N Y
/ ABp / '31, Cornell Univ (BS), New
York Univ (MBA), '.~6, management
Villani, Carmen D / Comptr Section
I.eader, Vitro Corp of America, 200
Pleasant Valley Way, \Vest Orange,
;\) J / AMP / '30, New York Univ, '52,
('ngr's aide
Vitait'. Walter L / Tech Staff-Systems,
Bl'lock Instrument Corp, College Point
r,(i, I, I, N Y / ABPS, market res / '23,
LaSalle, '43, tech staff-systems / various
pul>cns

\Vatson, Gordon M / Prgmg Insll'1lctor,
Bendix Computer Div, 291 S La Cienega
mvd, Beverly Hills, Calif / ELI' / '36,
UCLA, '59, prgmr
Wegstein, Joseph H / Asst Chief, Computation Laboratory, National Bureau of
Standards, Washington D C / visiting
lecturer for 1961 winter trimester at
Computation & Data Processing Center,
llniv of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh 13, Pa
Wells, Joan / App Science Prgmr I, Calif
Div of Highways, POBox 1499, Sacramento 7, Calif / LMP / '29, Vassar
Coli, 'GO, prgmr
West, Charles B / Dev Engr, ITT Laboratories, 492 RiVer Rd, Nutley, N .J / A /
'21, New York Univ, Columbia Univ,
':"is, electrical engr
West, Irwin / Sales Engr, Computer Systems Inc, ~lonmouth .Jct, N .J / AS /
':l!i, CCNY, '56, sales engr
Wes\neat, Arthur S, Jr / Tech Dir, Ortholog Div of Gulton Industries, Inc, l' 0
Box 37, Princeton Junction, N J / E,
statistical data handling 'eqpmnt, telemetry, communications, modulation systems / - , Purdue Univ (BSEE, MSEE),
'43,Wolff, Fred G / Tech Consultant, self,
£) Kent Lane, Paoli, Pa / D / specifcn,
system, and logic desgn of comptr peripheral eqpmt / '23, Frankfurt, Germany, '50, tech consultant
Wolff, S Arnold / Systems Analyst, Daystrom Systems, 4455 Miramar Rd, La
Jolla, Calif / AP / '34, Univ of Fla,
Univ of Calif, '59, prgmr
'Volzein, Frank J / Tech Serv Supvsr,
Electronic Ctrs, Inc, Eileen \Vay, Syosset, N Y / AELP / '34, CCNY, '56, field
serv engr
Woodcock, Gerald E / Adm officer, U S
Railroad Retirement Board, Chicago,
III / mgm t level analysis and studies in
evaluation of business data procg with
respect to feasibility, coordination and
integration of inter-departmental processes, costs and comparisons and machine utilization / '06, Stinson Flight,
Manufacturers Computer Schools, '56,
managmnt analysis officer
Woodson, William B / Electronics Methods, .J P Stevens & Co, Inc, Charlotte,
N C / AELMP / '21, Univ of N C,
Harvard Business School, '55, electronic
methods and prgmg
Zellmer, Neale A / Sr Staff Engr, Lenkurt
Electr Co, San Carlos, Calif / data
transmission subsets / '21, Iowa State
Coil, '58, elec engr / "A Quaternary
Frequency-Shift Data Transmission Subset"
Addiscott, Derek H / Mgr, Elenc Data
Procg Dept, Pan American World Airways, Inc, Guided Missile Range Div,
POBox 4187, Patrick AFB, Fla / AB /
'10, educated in England, '58, administrator
Anderson, "'Talter R / Pres, Commercial
Computers, Inc, 36 Pleasant St, Watertown 72, Mass / B, industrial and scientific / '28, Clark Univ, Worcester
Poly tech, '57, engr
Babb, R A / Systms Apln Engr, Friden,
Inc, 2350 Wash Ave, San Leandro, Calif
/ ABDErS / '23, Colo State, '48, pIng /
dir S F Chap NMAA
Blumenthal, S C / Pres, National Computer
Analysts, Inc, Route 206 Center, Princeton, N .J /
Briney, William F / Pres, William Briney
Co, POBox 1759, La Jolla, Calif / S /
'20, Montana State Univ, '59, -'

WHO'S WHO IN THE
COMPUTER FIELDCUl\iULATIVE EDITION,
1962
Computers and Automation will
publish this spring a cumulative
edition of "'!\Tho's vVho in the
Computer Field." The closing date
for receiving entries is Feb. 28,
1962. If you are interested in compu ters, please fill in the following
'!\Tho's Who entry form (which may
be copied on any piece of paper)
and send it to us for your free
listing. If you have friends in the
computer field, please call their
attention to sending us their Who's
V"ho entries. The cumulative edition will include only the entries
of persons who send us their Who's
'Vho information.

th
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Name? (please print)
Your Address? ................................... .
Your Organization? ....................... .
I ts Address? ...................................... ..

Your Title? ...................................... ..
Your
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
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Main Computer Interests?
) Applications
) Business
) Construction
) Design
) Electronics
) Logic
) Mathematics
) Programming
) Sales
) Other (specify):

It
state
it w
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usee
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Year of birth? ................................... .
College or last school? ................... .
Year en tered the com pu ter field? ... .
Occupa tion? .................................... ..
Anything else? (publications, distinctions, etc.) .................................. ..

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en try form please send it to: ''''ho's
\Vho Editor, Computers and Automation, 815 'Vashington Street,
Newtonville 60, Mass.

COMPUTERS and

gl'alll
Wi Ie
gnllll

Nali,

:1.
Th('~

0('(0]

AUTOMATIO~

for Febl'llary,

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THE

COMPUTER

FUND THM: fg~Y. Z}2~~~.v~f~y)#(;'li#fXY) #fxy

FIELD

DEFINITIONS:

Who? What? Where?
Answers,
Basic Source lnfo~mation,
Available to You from

COMPUTERS
and AUTOMATION

DERIVATION:

DERIVI NG
MAJO RITY
LOGIC

*~.v~tr~aj ~~;Y;Z): fXy=f(X,X,Z).;.fJ(y=f(X,X,Z)
letJ(~;Y.Zrb~even-parity functioo·"P.

ThenJ~y =z~~~ fxy=Z so

P=(Xfl.Y HZ) I!(X#Y/iZ)#l.

NETWORKS

DIRECTORY:
The Computer Directory and Buyers' Guide, 1961, 156 pages long (the
June 1961 issue of COMPUTERS
AND AUTOMATION), containing
the following reference information:

The fundamental theorem of majority-decision logic. a typical product of Univac's Mathematics
and Logic Research Department. has practical as well as theoretical interest. The even-parity
chec~er derived above from the fundamental theorem can be treed to determine the parity of 3 n
bits in n logic levels using only ~ ~ 31 three-Input majority gates.

Roster of Organizations in the Computer Field
Roster of Products and Services: Buyers' Guide
to the Computer. Field
Survey of Computing Services
Survey of Consulting Services
Descriptions of Digital Computers
Survey of Commercial Analog Computers
Survey of Special Purpose Computers
and Data Processors
Automatic Computing MachineryList of Types
Components of Automatic Computing
Machinery - List of Types
Over 500 Areas of Application' of Computers
Application Programs Available
Computer Users Groups - Roster
Roster of School, College, and University
Computer Centers
Robots - Roster of Organizations, and Survey
Teaching Machines and Programmed Learning
- Roster of Organizations

Qualified applicants will find at Remington Rand Univac
a scientific climate tuned to the intellectual curiosity of the
professional man. The opportunity and the incentive for
advancement are waiting for you in highly significant positions
at Univac. You are invited to investigate them immediately.

ST. PAUL, MINN.
LOGICAL SYSTEMS ANALYSTS
COMPUTER PROGRAMMERS
COMPUTER APPLICATION ANALYSTS
COMPUTER LOGICAL
DESIGNERS· MILITARY SYSTEMS ANALYSTS. ENGINEER WRITERS
For til£' aho!'£' positions in our St. Paul, Minnesota, lahoratories,
selld «'.1"1111/(' of £'xpt'fi('nCL' alld ('du('(ltion to:
R. K. PATTERSON
Remlnoton Rand Univac. Univac Park. St. Paul 16, Minnesota

SAN D I EGO, CALI F.

Directory
$15.00
GLOSSARY OF TERMS AND EXPRESSIONS IN THE COMPUTER FIELD:

COMPUTER PROGRAMMERS • ,MILITARY SYSTEMS ANALYSTS
• SYSTEMS TEST AND EVALUATION ENGINEERS for

Over 860 careful, clear, understandable
definitions. 5 th cumulative edition . . . $3.95
( 10 or more copies, 200/0 discount)

data extraction and reduction, debugging
of equipment and systems integration.

BACK COPIES:

The above positions are now available at Univac in San Diego.
Send resume of experience and education to:
WILLIAM LOWE

For ten years of publication: $1. 50 each,
except Directory issues, June 1955 to June
1960, $4.00 each. ALL BACK COPIES WILL
BE BACK IN PRINT BY THE END OF
AUGUST.

Remington Rand Univac. P. O. Box 6068 • San Diego 6, Calif.

COCOA BEACH, FLORIDA

SUBSCRIPTIONS:
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add "50c per year for Canada, $1.50 per year
elsewhere.

A new data processing center is being established in the Cocoa

Beach, Florida, area to service the Atlantic Missile Range.
Qualified applicants interested in a Florida location can be
offered very challenging work on essential range problems.
Openings include the following:
• PROGRAMMERS. SYSTEMS ANAlYSTS for correlation of
radar tracking data and programming techniques for data
handling and data reduction.

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Send resume of experience and education to:
R.K. PATTERSON
Remington Rand Univac. Univac Park. St. Paul 16, Minnesota
REM

There' are also immediate op{'nings
in all areas of digital complller del'e/opme11l at our other laboratories.
Inqlliries shollld be addressed to;

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION
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TON

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For Can.It"'. add 50 cents for each year; out~ide of the United States and Canada, add
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for Fehruary,

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(An equal opportunities employer)

l%~

D. CLAVELOUX
Rom. Rnncl Univac
Wilson Avonuo
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BOOI(S AND
OTHER
PUBLICATIONS
Moses 1\1. Berlin
Allston, Mass.

Outstanding opportunities in:

INTEGRATED
DATA
PROCESSING
Computing Engineers
for research and development of mathematical
models. Degree in math
or physics with two
years of experience.
Applied or Utility Programmers to program
integrated data processing systems applied to
EDPM 709-7090-140l.
Degree in math or accounting or equivalent in
directly related experience.
Please write to:
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All qualified applicants will receive
consideration for
employment without
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creed, color, or national origin.

COLUMBUS DIVISION A
NORTH AMERICAN AVIATION QI~A

We publish here citations and
brief reviews of books anel other
publications which have a significant relation to computers, data
processing, and automation, and
which have come to our attention.
We shall be glad to report other information in future lists if a review
copy is sent to us. The plan of each
entry is: author or editor / title /
publisher or issuer / elate, publication process, number of pages,
price or its equivalent / comments.
If you write to a publisher or issuer, we would appreciate your
mentioning Computers and Automation.
Indonesian Scientific Periodical Index, 1960
I I>embangunan Publishing House, Gunung Saharo 84, Djakarta, Indonesia I
1961, printed, 91 pp, limited distribution
This index provides a list of articles published in Indonesian periodicals during
1960. ~I()re than 1000 titles are listed. A
list of periodicals is then given. The name
of the periodical, its translation in English (where necessary), the language and
frequency of publication and address of
publisher are given. For the articles, the
title, author and a classification number are
givcn. In addition, a bibliography is included. The articles are listed under general headings such as: Logic, Religion,
Mathematical and Natural Sciences, the
Arts, Literature, etc.
Miller, C. L. I COGO: A Computer Programming System for Civil Engineering
Problems I Mass. Inst. of Technology, 77
:Massachusetts Ave., Cambridge, Mass. I
1961, offset, 43 pp, limited distribution
A programming system for solving coordinate geometry problems in civil engineering using a digital computer is described.
Applications of the Coordinate Geometry
program are given. The author is Director
of the Civil Engineering Systems Laboratory at M. 1. T. He discusses the commands
which the program recognizes and explains
their usage. Three appendices include
saniple protlems and discuss design problems and how they were (or why they were
not) solved.
Symposium at the lVestern Data Proces~ing
Center (13 authors) I Contributio~s to
Scientific Research in Management I
Western Data Processing Center, 'University of California, Los Angeles 24,
Calif. I 1959, printed, 172 pp, $2.50
Twelve papers by 13 authors which were
delivered immediately following dedication ceremonies at the center are here published. The headings-which represent
sessions- are: The Economics of Management, General Theory of Management and
Particular Fields of Management. The papers include the following titles: "Optimization, Decentralization, and Internal Pricing in Business Firms," "Capital Values in
a Growing Economy," "Computer Capabilities and Management Models," "Simulation and the Theory of the Firm," and
"Forecasting by Generalized Regression
Methods."

Gcigenbaum, A. V. I Total Quality Control: Engineering and Management I !\I(:Graw-Hill Book Co., Inc., 33ll West 42
St., New York 36, N. Y. I 1961, printed,
627 pp, $11.00

VleW

ing
on t
this
thes(

This book discusses engineering and
management methods for achieving maxilllum quality control. The six parts into
which the subject matter is subdivided arc:
Business Quality Management, QualityControl Management, Engineering Technology of Quality Control, Statistical Technology of Quality Control, Applying Total
Quality Control in the Company, and
Quality-Control Education and Training.
The author, Manager of ~Ianufacturing
Operations and Quality Control at General
Electric, presents an introductory chapter
which outlines the principles of quality
control. Index.

SpOil

proc
the I
AI
be eJ
audi
uIlis
ill tIl
are I
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avail
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grou
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to stl
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Chapin, Ned I Programming Computel's for
Business Applications I McGraw-Hill
nook Co., Inc., 330 West 42 St., New
York 36, N. Y. I 1961, offset, 279 pp,
$7.50
Methods and techniques for efficient programming of "real computers using real
programming languages" to. control business operations are here discussed on an
introductory level and explained. The author, an Assoc. Prof. of Finance at the San
Francisco State College and a Systems
Analyst at the Stanford Research Inst.,
presents an introduction to the fundamentals of programming. The chapter, "Programmers and Programming" discusses the
role of the programmer and how he fulfills that role. Eight subsequent chapters
include: "Automatic Computers," "Translation and Development Programming,"
"Subroutines and Library Programs," etc.
Eight appendices furnish condensed command repertoires for COBOL, IBM 7070
Autocoder and 1401 Systems, Burroughs
220 BLEAP, and other systems. Glossary,
selected references and index.

Snlll.

sible

(3)

In 0
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A tE
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Bazovsky, Igor I Reliability: Theory and
Practice I Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood
Cliffs, N. J. I 1961, printed, 292 pp,
$10.95
This interesting and useful book discusses
the components which form a reliable sys·
tem and presents methods for attaining
reliability. The first of twenty-six chapters
introduces "The Concept of Reliability."
The author briefly discusses the meanint-;
of reliability in engineering, failure frequency, probability, and estimates. Other
chapt~rs include: "The Exponential Case
of Chance Failures," "\"'earout· and Re·
liability," "Bayes' Theorem in Reliability,"
"System Maintenance, Availability, and Dependkbility," "Design Analysis Examples,'·
"The Implementation of Reliability" and
"The State-Of-Art of Reliability." Index.

Thi~
som~

chin
to tl

Hennie, Frederick C., III I Iterative AI"tays of Logical Circuits I John Wiley &.
Sons, Inc., 440 Park Ave. South, New
Yor~ 16, N. Y. I 1961, offset, 242 pp,

for

$4.~5

AUTOM:\TIO~

10 C<

The properties of one- and two·dimen·
sional iterative networks of logical circuits
are· examined in this monograph which
was presented by the author as his doctoral thesis at M. 1. T. in May, 1961. This
book may be of interest for people work·
ing in the communications sciences. Elev('n
chapters include: Decidable Systems, Anal·
ysis of Transient Behavior, Synthesis of
Unilateral Systems, Reduction Techniqu('s.
and Conclusions. Two appendices includ!'
a proof of a lemma occurring in !he lex!
anel a list of theorems and corollaries. Rderences and index.

COMPUTERS mId

(

troll
folIo
catie
torie

for Fehruary,

l!l(j~

0
illlo
tile
bIer:
typi l
COllI

ella I
I.~

C():\

:tion
Jter.

Dubinsky, Alvin C. I Real Root Evaluation with the UNIVAC 120 Computer I
Remington Rand UNIVAC, 315 Park
Ave. South, New York 10, N. Y. I 196D,
offset, 27 pp, free on request
The Newton-Raphson method for real
root evaluation can be used to derive approxim,!te solutions to algebraic equations,
using the computer. This paper discusses
the method and the computer program
which gives the approximations.
Correlation and Optimization of Chemical
Kinetics Models I Computer Systems,
Inc, Culvcr Rd., Monmouth Jct., N. J.
I I !)(ill, olJ'sct, 26 pp, free on request
:\ lie\\, procedure for determining the
mathelllatical model and optimum process
parameters for economic optimization of
chemical processes, is described. The DYSTAC analog computer is used in the procedure. The discussion points out the importance of the dynamic memory and highspeed repetitive operations which are features of the DYST AC system.
Howe, H. Herbert I ISOPAR-A New and
Improved Symbolic Optimizing Assembly
Routine for the IBM 650, NBS Tech·,
nical Note ~76, PB 161577 I u. S. Dept.
of Commerce, Office of Technical Servo
ices, 'Vashington 25, D. C. I 1960, of[sct, 55 pp plus program listings, $1.53
Fo1Jowing a brief discussion of the nature of assembly programs, this publication
describes IS0PAR. The program's input
formats, pseudo-ops, outputs, processing
techniques and space requirements are
given. Many examples of its application
arc demonstrated. An analysis of the desirability of the program's unique features
concludes the discussion.
Reiner, Erwin, W. Ryland Hill, David
L. Johnson and others I Linguistic and
Engineering Studies in Automatic Languagc Translation of Scientific Russiall
into English I University of 'Vashingtoll
Press, Seattle 5, 'Vash. I 1960, printed,
658 pp, $10.00
This book presents a summary of the fun·
damental problems, procedures and achieve·
ments of a lexicographical research projero(Jramming Specialists are needed
fo!" a,i
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