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--

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MOLECULAR
ELECTRONICS
PERT
Cybernation :
The Silent
Conquest

MARCH
1962

•

Vol. XI -

No. 3

GET RESULTS AND RELAXATION
... DIVIDENDS FROM

STATIST,leAl'S
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---0--/~ When data-processing problems

t··~ ... <

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;

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put the pressure on you, you'll find
the "safety valve" you need at
ST ATISTICAL. A wealth of
experience is always ready to go to work for you
here. Behind every assignment is a searching
understanding of management problems and
solutions ... gained in serving America's
top companies since 1933.
From this experience comes the consistently-high
quality service you would expect from America's
oldest and largest independent data-processing
and computer service. Sophisticated methods.
Responsible personnel. The latest electronic
equipment. Coast-to-coast facilities. Advantages
like these add up to "know-how" and
"show-how" that can not be acquired overnight.

n
iii
TABULATING

EJ
Established 1933

CORPORATION

NATIONAL HEADQUARTERS

This experience-in-depth service is available to
you day or night. A call to our nearest
data-processing and computer center will bring
you the results you want ... and relaxation.

,1/

/o~

104 South Michigan Avenue-Chicago 3, Illinois
OFFICES IN PRINCIPAL CITIES -

COAST TO COAST

THE STATISTICAL MARK OF EXCELLENCE

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1902

COM

us'
nal
mGhe
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to

Now you can transmit your
business data by telephone!
You do it with DATA-PHONE service-the dramatic, new Bell System
development that lets business machines talk over telephone lines.
f,

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Great volumes of data-You can send production figures, payrolls,
inventories, sales orders-from punched cards, paper tape or magnetic tape such as shown below.
At high speed-up to 2500 words per minute when regular telephone lines are used. When DATA-PHONE service is used with leased
private lines, speeds many times this rate can be obtained.
Accurately. Data is received in the same punched-card or tape form
that it was in originally.
Economically. DATA-PHONE transmission goes over regular telephone
lines at regular telephone rates. Some firms accumulate a day's
data, then send it after hours, when rates are lowest.
Let one of our Communications
Consultants show you how DATA-PHONE
service can put more speed, accuracy,
economy and profit into your data
handling. Just call your Bell Telephone
Business Office and ask for him.

Pky.,
ws &

Park,
Div.,
~ 9 /

19 /

view,
46 /

UniAsChi-

, 1962

BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM

COMPUTERS

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and AUTOMATION
COMPUTERS AND DpiTA PROCESSORS, AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION,
APPLICATIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING AUTOMATION
Volume XI
Number 3

Established
September, 195 1

MARCH, 1962

EDMUND C. BERKELEY
Editor
PATRICK J. McGOVERN Assistant Editor
MOSES M. BERLIN
Assista11t Editor
NEIL D. MACDONALD
Assistant Editor
SYDNEY STARR
Art Director

Some Novel Applications
of Computers
IB to 9B
(inserted between pages 24 and 25)

CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
ANDREW D. BOOTH
NED CHAPIN
JOHN W. CARR, III
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
PETER KUGEL
ADVISOR Y COMMITTEE
MOR TON M. ASTRA HAN
HOWARD T. ENGSTROM
GEORGE E. FORSYTHE
RICHARD W. HAMMING
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
HERBERT F. MITCHELL, JR.
SALES AND SERVICE DIRECTOR
PATRICK 1. MCGOVERN
81 5 Washington St.
Newtonville 60, Mass.
DEcatur 2-5453
ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVES

Los A11geles 5

WENTWORTH F. GREEN
439 So. Western Ave.. DUnkirk 7-8135
Sail Francisco 5
A. S. BABCOCK
605 Market St.
YUkon 2-3954
Elsewhere
PATRICK· J. MCGovERN
DEcatur 2-5453
815 Washington St.
Newtonville 60, Mass.

FRONT COVER

. 1, 6

Long-Lived Computer for Space
ARTICLES
Molecular Electronics-An Introduction,
by WESTINGHOUSE ELECTRIC CORP.

PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique)A Control Concept using Computers,
by JOHN JODKA .

Cybernation: The Silent Conquest,
by DONALD N. MICHAELS

ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK
(inserted between pages 24 and 25)

10B to 20B

READERS' AND EDITOR'S FORUM

Call for Papers for WESCON, Los Angeles,
Aug. 21-24, 1962 .

"Dues" from Automation Machines for Aiding Adjustments of Displaced Workers.

Summer Research Training Institute in Heuristic Programming, by PAUL ARMER.

Association for Computing Machinery National Conference, 1962---Call for Papers

Programmed Assistance

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION is published monthly at
315 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass., by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. Printed in U.S.A.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES: United States, $15.00 for 1 year,
$29.00 for 2 years, including the June Directory issue; Canada,
add 50c a year for postage; foreign, add $1.50 a year for postage. Address all Editorial and Subscription Mail to Berkeley
Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass.
ENTERED AS SECOND CLASS MATTER at the Post Office
at Boston, Mass.
POSTMASTER: Please send all Forms 3579 to Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass.
Copyright, 1962, by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.
CHANGE of ADDRESS: If your address changes, please send us
both your new address and your old address (as it appears on the
magazine address imprint), and allow three weeks for the change
to be made.

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REFERENCE INFORMATION

Books and Other Publications, by MOSES M. BERLIN

Who's Who in the Computer Field (Supplement)

New Patents, by RAYMOND R. SKOLNICK.

INDEX OF NOTICES

Advertising Index

Computer Directory and Buyers' Guide.
Glossary of Computer Terms

23
23

Manuscripts

LB.
gral
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Calendar of Coming Ever.ts

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Reference and Survey Information.

Who's Who Entry Form

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1962

COM

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March,

Technical Information Series 113 160·A INTERRUPT

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GREEN LIGHTS INDICATE INTERRUPT STATUS.

NEW CONTROL DATA 160·A COMPUTER

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Desk-Size Computer with Large Computer Capabilities
In evaluating desk-size computers, the flexibility and capability of the computer to perform interrupt functions is of
great importance. Similar to the interrupt feature employed
in many advanced, large-scale computers, the 160-A Program Interrupt allows the normal program sequence to be
Interrupted by various external conditions . . . such as a
peripheral equipment completing its function, operator
action, and end-of-buffer sequence. Few desk-size computers on the market today have this capability.
The 160-A has four interrupt lines: two internal and two
external. When an interrupt signal occurs on one of these
lines, the computer executes a special RETURN JUMP instruction to one of four fixed memory locations, depending
upon the line generating the interrupt.

160-A executes a special
fixed memory location.

RETURN JUMP

instruction to a

Interrupt signals are recognized in a priority sequence, the
lower-numbered lines being recognized first. Thus, where
an interrupt occurs simultaneously on Lines 10 and 20,
Line 10 will be recognized first. Once an interrupt signal
is placed on a line, it remains until recognized or until a
console MASTER CLEAR instruction is executed.
A desk-size computer, the Control Data 160-A has the
speed, capability, and flexibility of many large-scale computers. For more detailed information about the 160-A
Program Interrupt and other standard features, write for
Publication #B12-61.

For example, the operator can activate Interrupt Line 10
by momentarily depressing any combination of a Selective
Stop Switch and a Selective Jump Switch, which are located
on the 160-A console display panel. Interrupt Line 20 is
activated each time a buffer operation is completed. Finally,
Interrupt Lines 30 and 40 are external lines and may be
activated by any peripheral device designed to provide an
interrupt signal. In all cases where an interrupt occurs, the
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1962

CONTROL DATA

COMPUTER DIVISION

CORPORATION

501 PARK AVENUE. MINNEAPOLIS 15. MINNESOTA

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

Readers' and Editor's Forum

Muller
Gene

ville,

lumt

Newmc:

FRONT COVER: LONG·LIVED COMPUTER
FOR SPACE
The front cover shows a prototype, ferrite-core,
really a revived kind of miniaturized computer under
development, which will run for years in outer space
without maintenance.
The prototype shown is in operation at the research laboratories of Lockheed Missiles & Space
Company, Sunnyvale, Calif. It uses ordinary copper
wire and rugged, ceramic-like ferrite cores in place of
transistors. The design promises to have far-reaching
implications for spacecraft and electronics generally.
Only the set of five cards containing multi-aperture
ferrite cores (to which tweezers are pointing) are
computer elements; the base to which the cards are
attached is lab equipment. A typical computer would
have about 30 times as much circuitry as shown here;
it could perform the same computations as a standard computer. The double row of switches at the
lower left serves as controls for the demonstration
model.

The magnetic core computer is from 10 to 100
times more reliable than computers using transistors.
In space vehicles computers perform most of the guidance, data collection, data processing, and data transmission. Both the copper wire and the ferrites are
extremely tough. Virtually the only place where
failure can occur is where the wires of one circuit are
joined to those of another. But magnetic-core computers process information about 200 time:: more
slowly than transistorized computers-but still at the
ra te of 5000 pulses per second.

CALL FOR PAPERS FOR WESCON~
LOS ANGELES~ AUGUST 21.24~ 1962
Papers to be contributed to the 1962 Western Electronic Show and Convention in Los Angeles, August
21-24, 1962, should be submitted in the following way:
Abstracts of 100 to 200 words, and summaries of
500 words, should be sent before April 15, to Dr.
David Langmuir, c/o Wescon, 1435 So. La Cienaga
Blvd., Los Angeles 35, Calif.

"DUES" FROM AUTOMATION MACHINES FOR AIDING
ADJUSTMENTS OF DISPLACED WORI(ERS
One manufacturer of automation equipment
announced in February that its automation machines will pay "dues" to be used to develop
ways to ease automation's impact on displaced
workers.
John 1. Snyder, Jr., President and Chairman
of U. S. Industries, Inc., said that the dues will
be calculated upon the sale or lease price for
each automated USI machine. These payments
will continue monthly for one year from the date
of sale or lease. He estimated that the dues will
range in annual amounts from $25 to $1,000 per
machine.
"Such dues are to be paid to a labor-management foundation now being created, which will
be charged with the specific responsibility of
administering the funds thus collected for the
benefit of employees affected by automation advances,"he said.
"The rapid growth of automation and the
problems created by this growth are matters of
increasingly serious concern to government as
well as to labor and management. It is our belief
that those companies actively engaged in the
production of automation equipment must also
hasten to shoulder their proper share of the clear
responsibilities imposed on us all by our technological achievements in this field. Automation
is inevitable and its use is rapidly increasing.
Positive, affirmative steps by the makers of machines must be taken now to preserve human
values in today's changing times."

U. S. Industries consists of 15 divisions engaged in the manufacture of products for use in
metal fabricating, transmission of oil, water and
gas, petroleum production, aircraft and missiles,
the dairy industry, and other fields. The USI
Autotmation Division, Silver Spring, Md., produces a machine called TransfeRobot 200, a lowcost automation device used mainly in assembly
line operations. The company's Production Machine Division in Chicago also produces automated press lines and other large automated
production machines.
Mr. Snyder said that the labor-management
foundation chosen to administer the funds resulting from its new policy is now being established under the joint sponsorship of USI and
the International Association of Machinists. It
will take the form of a non-profit foundation
created for the sole purpose of establishing and
administering a program that will effectively aid
in the transitional adjustments of workers
affected by automation.
Studies for methods of effective retraining are
expected to receive priority in the foundation's
planning.
USI and the International Association of Machinists have worked closely together in the past
as joint sponsors of the Foundation on Employee
Health, Medical Care and Welfare, Inc., which
was established in 1956 to aid and assist companies and unions in the health and welfare field.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

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The Bendix G-20 computing system-an integrated, advance-design hardware-software package-is profit
engineered to bring you maximum results per dollar invested.• Designed concurrently, G-20 hardware and
software blend into a system which allows you to simultaneously process engineering and business programs.
Under executive program control, program priorities are automatically established. Automatic too is memory
allocation and the assignment of high-speed communications channels and input-output devices. This means
that your G-20 always represents the maximum-efficiency operational configuration for the jobs at hand
... without reprogramming or manual intervention. • The G-20 was designed for maximum uptime and
ease of operation, too. Seeing that you take full advantage of G-20 speed and power is a large staff of automatic programming specialists and a nationwide team of application experts. Complete physical system
support-from pre-installation planning through installation and continuing maintenance-is provided by
Bendix Computer service specialists.• It all adds up to maximum results per dollar invested. Investigate
the proven, installed G-20 at once ... see how this profit engineered system can help you effectively reduce
your data processing costs. Call your nearest Bendix Computer office or write: Bendix Computer Division,
5630 Arbor Vitae Street, Los Angeles 45, California. Dept. D-38.

Bendix Computer Division

T~ncf¥

CORPORATION

I? ....
dis-

this
Tho's
luto.feet,
~isure,
~ncoe,

CIA.
York

it the
Lysis,"
·96.

1962

Corp., Reaction Motors Div
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

The committee expects to review an anticipated 400
contributed papers in preparing the final program.

SUMMER RESEARCH TRAINING INSTITUTE
IN HEURISTIC PROGRAMMING
Paul Armer
Head, Computer Sciences Dept.
The Rand Corporation
Santa Monica, Calif.

Applications are invited from academic personnel
for participation in a Research Training Institute on
Heuristic Programming, to be held at The RAND
Corporation, Santa Monica, Ca~ifornia, June .18July 27, 1962. The Institute wIll cover technIques
in the programming of digital computers to solve
complex problems using some of the methods observed in human problem-solving. Participants will
be expected to hold doctoral degrees although exceptionally qualified advanced candidates for the doctorate will be considered. Experience in computer programming will be a prerequisite. Stipends and travel
allowance will be offered. Deadline for applications
is 1\I1arch 30, 1962. For further information write
to Dr. Bert F. Green, Jr., Computer Sciences Department, The RAND Corporation, Santa Monica, California.

ASSOCIATION FOR COMPUTING MACHINERY
NATIONAL CONFERENCE 1962CALL FOR PAPERS
The 1962 ACM National Conference will be held
September 4-7 at the Hotel Syracuse and the War
J\{emorial Auditorium in Syracuse, New York.
The conference will include contributed papers on
the areas and suggested topics detailed below:
1. Scientific Information Processing: Numerical
Analysis and 1\I1athematical Applications;
Applications in the Physical Sciences; Engineering Analysis, Simulation and Synthesis.
2. Aut 0 mat i c Programming and Computer
Languages: Compilers and Assemblers; Monitor Systems; ALGOL, COBOL, etc.
3. Business Information Processing: Business
and Management Control Systems; Automated
Clerical Systems; Operations Research and
lV1anagement Simulation.
4. Information Retrieval: Me m 0 r y Devices;
Automatic Abstracting; Indexing Methods.
5. Language Translation: Natural Languages
(English, French, Russian, etc.); Artificial
Languages.
G. Education: Use of Computers in Education;
Education of Computer Personnel.
7. Real-Time Information Processing: Programming Real-Time Computers; Simulation of
Real-Time Processes.
8. Social Aspects and Philosophies: Responsibilities of Computer Personnel; Social Problems
of Today; Predictions for the Future.
Papers representing original contributions in these
and related fields are invited. For any such paper,
8

there should be sent, on or before 1\I1ay 1, 1962, to
Technical Program Co-chairman, R. W. Beckwith,
7614 Hunt Lane, Fayetteville, N. Y., the following
(in quadruplicate): an 800 to 1000 word illustrated
summary (about 4 pages); and a 35-word abstract.
Both the summary and abstract should highlight
the nature of the contribution, its significance in the
art, and theoretical and experimental results. Accompanied by key drawings or photos, or both, the
manuscripts should be submitted on single-side, black
on white, double-spaced typewritten form, with the
author's name, affiliation, address, and telephone
contact on the first page, and author's name and
abbreviated paper title on subsequent pages. On
papers with multiple authorship, the name of the
speaker who will deliver the paper should also be
noted.
The 35-word abstract will be published in an advance program.
An innovation at ACM 62 will be a specially-prepared letterpress edition of a Digest of Technical
Papers. To be distributed at the meeting, the book,
with about 180 pages, will include illustrated condensations of all papers.
The program will also include a number of invited papers, round-table discussions, and "Halls of
Discussion." Suggestions for topics for the discussions
will be welcome.
General chairman of the conference is R. S. Jones,
Sylvania Electric Products, Inc., Camillus, N. Y.

PROGRAMMED ASSISTANCE

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HOW PRECISE IS EP COMPUTE
DIOTAPE Extra precise. An unscientific term but
an accurate one. We know EPComputer Audiotape is extra precise (which is what EP stands for)
because every step in its production is directed toward that end. From raw material to sealed container, this computertape is measured, checked, controlled, inspected, tested. Automatic Certifiers
record and play back every inch of every reet and if just one test pulse out of 40 million doesn't
reproduce properly out goes the entire reel. On high density tapes, it-takes 112 million perfect
pulses to qualify. Is it unreasonable to call this extra precision? Try EP Computer Audiotape~
·AUDIO DEVICES INC., 444 MA

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1962

N AVENtJE, NEW YOQK 22, NEW YORK

»
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

block. The block's capacitance, as well as the resistance across it, varies with the voltage applied across
the block thus changing its frequency response, or
tuning it.' Because the resistance and capacitance are
distributed throughout the block-not lumped at
specific locations in it-the performance of the .notch
filter functional block cannot be exactly duplIcated
in a circuit constructed from ordinary components.
Thus, in this sense, it performs a new electronic function, not attainable heretofore with conventional circuitry.

Resistive material, for r'

c
Fig. 5. Idealized structure of notch
filter in solid materials

diagram, and three external leads, .A, B, C,. are attached to two of these films. The entIre block IS about
one-fourth of an inch long, one-eighth of an inch
wide and five-thousandths of an inch thick.
Pr~pared from conventional compon~nts, t?e notch
filter would consist of a network of senes resIstors (r)
and shunt capacitors (c) connected to a resistor (r),
as shown in Figure 4. An idealized form ~f .solI~
block structure with corresponding characterIstIcs IS
shown in Figure 5. It consists of a four-layer sandwich. Between terminals A and B, the top layer of
high-resistance material co.rresponds .to t?e s<:ries resistors, r, between the equIvalent pomts In FIgure 4.
The dielectric layer forms the shunt capacitors, c,
which, by means of the layer of good-conductin~ ~a
lerial, are connected directly to a bottom resIstIve
layer that is a "built-in" version of r' in Figure 4.
An idealized version of the notch filter as constructed from a block of semiconductor material is
shown in Figure 6. Here, the p-type layer has high
resistance, and capacitance is obtained from the p-n
JUIlction by applying a bias voltage, E, in the :evers~
direction. Again the bottom layer replaces resIstor r
in Figure 4.
Translated into its practical form as a functional
electronic block, the idealized notch filter of Figure 6
assumes the form shown in Figure 3. The main difference is the addition of the thin metallic areas,
which make connection to the capacitive region of the

B
p-type

Resistive material
_E

Tc
Fig. 6. Idealized structure of notch
filter in semiconductor material

Future of Molecular Electronics
The technology of molecular electronics has progressed to the point that functio~al electronic ~locks
of several different types are bemg made avaIlable
commercially for experiment and evaluation. At
present, their cost is high, but there seems to be ~o
reason why they cannot ultimately ?e prod~ce~ m
large quantity at less cost than the equIvalent CIrCUItry.
Success in molecular electronics rests heavily upon
a basic understanding of the innate proper,ties of
materials and, because of this, upon the ability to
modify and exploit them in useful form. ~herefore;
progress in this new approach to elec:rolllc systems
will be largely conditioned by progress In two areasmaterials and processing techniques.
A major step toward the more perfect, more uniform semiconductor materials required in molecular
systems was recently achieved by scientists at the West·
inghouse Research Laboratories with t.he develo~~ent
of the "dendritic growth" of germanIUm and SIlIcon
crystals. In contrast to conventional techniqu~s, tl~e
new process grows these semiconductor matenals In
the form of long, thin, optically fiat, perfectly surfaced
strips which need no intermediate processing t? make
them suitable for finished semiconductor deVIces. In
later experiments, "multi-zone" dendrites with "builtin" p and n regions have been grown. and. have
been made into simple semiconductor deVIces SImply
through the attachment of the proper leads. Improvements in the dendritic growth process can be expected
to have broad implications for molecular electronics
and for conventional semiconductor device fabrication as well.
A second materials development of consequence to
molecular electronics is the "epitaxial growth" by
vapor deposition of layers of silico~ upon a sili.con
substrate. This technique will provIde the multIple
junctions required by the more complicated types of
functional blocks.
Progress is being reported, too, in the de~elo?men t
of new processing techniques for the fabncatIOn of
functional blocks. Electron beam cutting and welding, photoetching, vapor deposition and the like a~e
processes already in use. A major research eff?rt IS
under way to perfect existing materials and techlllq~es,
discover new ones, and develop a technology wIuch
will provide, with reasonable economy, reproducible
functional blocks of high performance.
As such materials and techniques become available,
molecular electronics will fulfill the promise it now
demonstrates as a major advance in the electronics art.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

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IBM extends the range of programming
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Are you interested in exploring
the capabilities of the cornputer?

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1962

Some of the most important programming developments are taking place now at IBM.
The broad scope of work underway at IBM
offers important advantages to members of our
professional programming staff. They have the
opportunity to work on projects taken from the
broad range of programming. They are face to
face with the frontiers of applied, scientific and
administrative programming. For example,
what advanced programming techniques interest you the most: multiprogramming systems ...
compilers ... problem-oriented languages and
processors? Programmers at IBM are exploring
these techniques and many more.
Here are some other areas you might work in if
you were a programmer at IBM: theory of computing ... artificial intelligence ... simulation
systems ... scheduling methodology ... communications control systems ... space systems
... and the design of total computer systems.
At IBM, you would find yourself in the kind of
atmosphere that encourages accomplishment.
You would help to design new hardware systems. You would work side by side with men of
eminent professional stature: scientists, engineers and mathclnaticians who pioneer in the
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

research and development that make new computing systems possible.
What's more, you would be able to give your
projects the time they deserve. Time for thinking. Time for achievement.
The scope of programming at IBM stimulates
professional growth. It offers possibilities which
merit serious consideration whether you are a
master of the skills of programilling or a relative
newcomer to the field. Salaries and benefits at
IBM are excellent. If you have experience in scientific or commercial programming, we would like
to acquaint you with the wide range of responsible positions on our programming staff.
Programming facilities are located in San Jose,
Calif.; Washington, D. C., area; Lexington, Kentucky; Rochester, Minnesota; Omaha, Nebraska;
and New York, Endicott, Kingston, Owego,
Poughkeepsie and Yorktown Heights, New York.
IBM is an Equal Opportunity Employer.,
.
For further details, please. write, outlining your
background and interests, to: lVianager of Professional Employment, IBI\I Corporation, Dept.
539P, 590 l\;Iadison Ave., New York 22, N.Y.

PERT (Program Evaluation and Review Technique)
-A CONTROL CONCEPT USING COMPUTERS
John Jodka
Cost Accounting Supervisor
General Dynamics Convair
San Diego, Calif.

The concept presented here is no substitute for
judgment, and indeed the concept relies heavily on
it, but it is a control "breakthrough" which should
revolutionize controllership methods. Although this
technique has been pioneered in the defense industry,
the same principle can be adopted as a tool of financial
management in any industry. As to the companies in
the aerospace industry, they must adjust to this new
type of management control or find themselves wanting when defense contracts are awarded. This new
concept, Program Evaluation and Review Technique,
is called PERT by the Navy Special Project Office.
The same technique is called PEP by the Air Force,
standing for Program Evaluation Procedure.
The evaluation method to check actual progress to
schedule was begun by the Navy Special Project Office in December 1959, using consultants from the
firm of Booz, Allen and Hamilton in the planning
phase. The method was so successful that, as is
apparent from the instructions to bidders on major
government contracts, the PERT/PEP method will
be a requirement for most major defense contracts
let in the future.
It is also virtually certain that the prime contractors
will be forced to demand PERT type techniques
down to all tiers of the supply line because the very
workability of the system depends on the interrelationships of all parts of the whole, especially in
regard to producing the first end article of a system
or program. Therefore, anyone doing business wi th
the Armed Services or with any prime contractor who
does such business is well advised to get acquainted
wi th the method.

How Does PERT Work?
The common denominator of time is used for all
planning, measurements of progress to schedule, evaluating changes to schedule and forecasting future
progress. The interrelationships of each identifiable
('vent and the activities required to reach that point,
ale planned, programmed and iteratively reported
on. For a large project, this continuous and frequent
reporting', to be timely, usually requires the clerical
help that a data computer of some kind can provide.
The reports merely show trouble spots or potential
trouble spots. The system is the epitome of the "management by exception" theory because it highlights
t he critical path to the end objective. However, be16

't'

cause it also reports repetitively and frequently on all
activities, there is little chance of a potential problem
spot being overlooked.
Before proceeding further, it might be well to define a few words and phrases which have special
meanings when used in connection with the subject
under discussion. An event is a specific, recognizable
point in time when there is an occurrence where
accomplishment is definite. An activity is the work
that must be accomplished to get from one event to
another. The critical path is the one which from the
beginning of the project to the end objective takes
the longest period of time. A network is a chart
which portrays in tinker toy fashion all the events and
the activities which must be accomplished to reach
the end objective and which reflects all the ramifications and interrelationships of the constraints. Slack
is the amount of time which an activity may have
over and above the minimum time required to accomplish the activity which is permissible and still
meets schedule; this slack is usually termed positive
slack, because it is possible to have negative slack
representing the lack of time according to latest planning to meet a contractually fixed schedule date.

Constructing Control Charts and "Networks"
The typical schedule control chart is a bar chart or
a Gantt chart as shown in Exhibit 1. Naturally there
can be many sub-charts to portray more specific milestones within each of these general areas with a great
variety of symbols designating various milestones.
However, the basic flaw of these charts is that they
fail to show the interplay and effect of one activity
on the other activities.
BAR CHART SCHEDULE FORMAT

Design Engineering

L
L

Tool Engineering

Tool Manufacture

T
Delivery Date

lIIanufactured Product
Dates or Week Ending Dales

Start Date

Ending Date

Exhibit I
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

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Exhibit 2

A network portrays the interdependence of all preceding activities and succeeding events as shown in
Exhibit 2. Each activity is stated in a common unit
of time, be it hours, days or weeks, and each event is
one that is unmistakable and recognizable. Obviously,
for example, the accomplishment of Event C is a constraint on beginning Activity 4, and any delay in
reaching Event C will delay Event D and the end
objective Event E. This kind of analysis can be made
[or a simple project without the use of a computer.
Hence, it becomes feasible to require all tiers of
suppliers to use PERT methods.
Noted above each activity is the time factor, shown
as t5 for Activity 1, for example, and representative of
5 time units. The critical path then becomes that
path which requires the greatest number of time
units. In Exhibit 2 it goes from A to B to C to E
for an expenditure of 16 time units. Testing any
other path will prove that no other way takes as
many time units. If the start date is such that the
15 time units results in an end objective date beyond
the contractually scheduled date, then the path is said
to have "negative slack." If it exactly hits the scheduled date, it has "zero" slack. All other paths have
"positive slack," because more than the allowed time
can elapse in their accomplishment, without jeopardy
to the end objective.
In order that a network be meaningful, the input
must be accurate and valid. Each activity must be
planned by the personnel in the organization most
experienced in the accomplishment of that type of
activity and who can best estimate the time and manpower requirements for accomplishment based on
a vaila ble resources.

Use of the Technique
If, in the initial construction, there is negative
slack, the critical path is determined and added manpower or resources allotted where feasible to reduce
the time span, so that the end date will be met. Ob-

Prior

Activity
description

Subsequent

0001

OOO()

0167

0198

vVel1962

Organization to Support the Concept
The writer's company has studied the PERT concept and planned the organizational and procedural
steps needed to Illake the system work on any newly
initiated project. Exhibit 3 is a graphic presentation
of slIch an organization for a major project. Parts of
the organization, as required, would be set up for any
minor project. In all cases, there would be a project
leader or project manager who would be primarily
responsible [or the success of the project and who
would report directly to the company manager. Exhibit 3 reads from left to right, beginning with the
basic definition of work to be done and ending with
the top man, the project leader in control.
Work is defined at a level of detail necessary for
individual job assignments and supervisory work control. Detail schedules are developed on work sheets
from the detail work plans, with identification crossindexed to the control documents. Worksheet data
are processed through a computer to establish the
schedule and make up the "network" against which
actual work accomplishment will be reported.
Work accomplishments are monitored in established
recording centers where reports of actual time spent
are introduced into the detail reporting system. Predictions of schedule problem areas are generated at
the first-line supervisory level and processed through
a computer to update the detail reports.

Date
Event

~esent

viously, personnel assigned to "positive slack" areas
can be temporarily assigned to the critical area.
Changes in plan are always difficult to handle in
evaluating the effect on specific activities and then
relating that to the whole schedule. The PERT technique shows where "the shoe pinches," and the successful result depends on normal good management
methods. These changes in plan are sometimes described "PERTurbations," an apt label in many ways.
The table below depicts a typical PERT report
showing event identifications prior and subsequent
to the activity described, the department responsible
to carry Ollt the activity, the expected completion
date, the scheduled completion date and an indication
of the amount of slack time.
One method of getting a more probable expected
date is the use of three time estimates for each activity
indicating: (a) optimistic estimate, (b) most likely
time and (c) pessimistic estimate. By using probability factors and making inputs for standard deviations expected, it is possible to develop an expected
time and a Illeasure of its potential variability. Although sllch techniques are rather advanced and not
in general lise, they have been required on some contracts.

TABLE

10,000
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could
. such
Iffert,

------------------

COMPUTERS and

Issued procedural
design charts
Prepare mockup
model

i\~JTOMATION

for March. 1!)()2

Department
responsible

Expected

Scheduled

Engineering

11/I/GI

10/29/61

12/2·1/() I

12/22/Gl

Factory

Slack

-2
17

ORGANIZATION TO REPORT AND CONTROL UNDER THE

CONCEPT

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ALL DEPTS.
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SUPERVISION

DETAIL WORK PLANS
I.§!LBCONTRACT PLAN
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~TERIAL PLAN
l!!2.B MAN-TIME CHARTS

ACCOMPLISHMENTS
PROJECT
LEADER

DESIGN TRADEOFFS

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ALL DEPTS.
WORK DONE
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CONTROL

SCHEDULE
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NETWORK

Exhibit 3

Schedule progress is monitored by control coordinators. They are directly responsible to the project
leader and not to the supervision of the work areas
over which they exercise control, so that the project
leader has an eyewitness who is familiar with the
physical work area and who can advise him when
steps must be taken to take corrective action or to
realign plans and schedules to effect changes rapidly
with the least detriment to the end schedule.

The Need for Cost Reporting
It is apparent from the discussion above that the
control is on scheduled tasks with time as the common
control factor. ''''hile it is very true that time is money
and that if a project is under good physical control
then dollar control can hardly be inadequate, it is
equally true that both contractors and customers, in
the final analysis, will settle in payment for services
rendered in terms of dollars. Therefore, the accounting profession must devise new methods of recording
costs and keeping track of dollars that are compatible
with the PERT schedule control concepts. It is obvious that if the customer is geared to thinking in
terms of a physical schedule, he will also be desirous
of attaching dollar costs to the same physical event.
Any attempt to identify common costs, applicable to
the entire program,. to a specific physical occurrence
is undoubtedly difficult.

MANUSCRIPTS
WE ARE interested in articles,
papers, reference information, and
discussion relating to computers
and automation. To be considered
for any particular issue, the manuscri pt should be in our hands by
the first of the preceding month.
ARIICU:S: \Ve desire to
that are factual, useful,
alld illteresting to many
ellgaged in one part or
field of computers and

publish articles
understandable,
kinds of people
another of the
automation. In

Each separate item has its own peculiar quantitycost relationship. To reHect such a relationship for
each of the activities in a PERT network and to keep
them updated for changes in the objectives of a program by way of acceleration, quantity change, method
change, etc., is obviously a tremendous task and one
for which there are no "generally accepted practices."
It is apparent that there is a point beyond which the
addition of extra resources (money) will not greatly
affect quantity. This is the sort of thing a project
leader will expect the accountant to tell him, so that
if a schedule slippage is preferable to an exorbitant
outlay of money, the customer can be so notified.

The Controller's Role
''''hether or not accountants solve the problem of
relating costs to PERT schedule control, it is still of
utmost importance that they be familiar with these
techniques. The controller and his organization will
have to take a big part in any control technique
which the Government requires of industry, and it is
evident that the PERT method will definitely be a
requirement when dealing with the Defense Department.
(Reprinted with permission from N.A.A. BULLETIN,
vol. 43, no. 5, January 1962, published by the
NATIONAL ASSOCIATION OF ACCOUNTANTS,
New York, N. Y.)

print news, brief discussions, arguments,
announcements, letters, etc., anything, in
fact, if it is likely to be of substantial in(erest to computer people.

We look particularly for articles that
explore ideas in the field of computers
and automation, and their applications
and implications. An article may certainly be controversial if the subject is
discussed reasonably.
Ordinarily, the
length should be 1000 to 3000 words. A
suggestion for an article should be submitted to us before too much work is
done.

PAYMENTS: In many cases, we make small
token payments for articles, if the author
wishes to be paid. The rate is ordinarily
Y2¢ a word, the maximum is $15, and
both depend on length in words, whether
printed before, etc.

AND

DISCUSSION:

'Ve

"real'
indee
Thus
own.
to be
comp
the 1
With
Slve ,
pecia
matic
items
eithel
or sa.
an ev
is ob,
as reI
paid j
Th
by b(
tunit)
the S)
ance
wouIe
for se
MIDDL

relati1
emplc
"
low
'(1)
bo'U
war
war

nou

this audience are many people who have
expert knowledge of some part of the
field, but who are laymen in other parts
of it.

NEWS

Pel
the S(

mal

spel
gan
agel
mal

by ~
den
((2)
org(

All suggestions, manuscripts, and inquiries about editorial material should
be addressed to: The Editor, COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION, 815 Washington Street, Newtonville 60, Mass.

will
vati

COMPUTERS (lnd AUTOMATION for March, 1962

COMPl

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PAID CURlllit.T

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1,

1962

ANSWERS ... with CRAM and Remote Inquiry
provided by
the NCR 315
Computer System

The NCR 315 CRAM (Card Random
Access Memory) Computer System is
more than just another back-office electronic accounting machine . .. it is a vital
electronic tool which contributes to a
higher-quality of management and personnel effectiveness.
For example: in a bank, Inquiry Units
placed in the various departments enable
authorized personnel to interrogate the
computer files at will ... to promptly answer requests for balances ... to quickly
obtain valuable credit information ... to
obtain current, up-to-the-minute reports
on investments, trusts, loans, and other
essential data.
In industry, Inquiry Units can be located at dozens of remote locations, en-

abling people to communicate with the
computer files ... even from hundreds of
miles away. With the NCR 315 you will
be able to keep a "current-finger" on the
pulse of your business ... to get immediate answers to questions about inventories,
production, sales ... and a host of other
timely facts people must have to effectively manage ... and to act while the "iron
is hot."
The NCR 315 CRAM System provides
many exclusive advantages for Remote
Inquiry, Data Processing, On-Line Accounting, Operations Research, Engineering and Scientific i\pplicati()n~. For more
information, call your Ilpari>y NCR representative or write to Data Processing Systems and Sales, Dayton 9, Ohio.

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INlclRI
Ql)

CO~IPUTERS alld

AUTOMATION for March, 1962

CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS
Mar. 8-10, 1962: 10th Annual Scientific Meeting of the
Houston Neurological Society, Symposium on Information Storage and Neural Control, Texas Medical Center, Houston, Tex.; contact William S. Fields, M.D.,
Symposium Chairman, Houston Neurological Society,
1200 M. D. Anderson Blvd., Houston 25, Tex.
Mar. 13-15, 1962: Symposium on Application of Statistics and Computer to Fuels and Lubricants Research
Programs (Unclassified), Granada Hotel, San Antonio,
Tex.; contact Roy Quillian, Southwest Research Inst.,
Box 2296, San Antonio 6, Tex.
Mar. 22-23, 1962: Third Meeting of Honeywell 800 Users'
Association, Biltmore Hotel, Los Angeles, Calif.; contact Bert L. Neff, Metropolitan Life Insurance Co., 1
Madison Ave., New York 10, N. Y.
Mar. 24, 1962: 6th Annual Symposium on Recent Advances in Computer Technology, Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio; contact R. K. Kissinger, Publicity
Chairman, c/o Nationwide Insurance Companies, 246
No. High St., Columbus, Ohio
Mar. 26-29, 1962: IRE International Convention, Coliseum & Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York, N. Y.; contact E. K. Gannett, IRE Headquarters, 1 E. 79 St., New
York 21, N. Y.
April 2-5, 1962: Annual Meeting of POOL (LGP-30,
RPC-4000, and RPC-9000 Electronic Computer Users
Group), Penn-Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa.; contact Dr. Henry J. Bowlden, Union Carbide Corp., P. o.
Box 6116, Cleveland 1, Ohio
April 4-6, 1962: Univac Users Association and Univac
Scientific Exchange Organization, Leamington Hotel,
Minneapolis, Minn.; contact David D. Johnson, Sec'y,
Univac Users Association, Ethyl Corp., P. o. Box 341,
Baton Rouge, La.
April 9-11, 1962: Meeting of the 304 Association (Users
of NCR 304 Data Processor), Minute Maid Co., Orlando,
Florida; contact L. J. Rushbrook, The 304 Association,
National Cash Register Co., Main & K Streets, Dayton 9, Ohio.
April 9-13, 1962: Business Equipment Exposition, McCormick Place, Chicago, Ill.; contact G. H. Gutekunst, Jr.,
Mgr., Press Information, Business Equipment Manufacturers Exhibits, Inc., 235 E. 42 St., New York 17, N. Y.
April 11-13, 1962: SWIRECO (S. W. IRE Conference
and Electronics Show), Rice Hotel, Houston, Tex.;
contact Prof. Martin Graham, Rice Univ. Computer
Project, Houston 1, Tex.
April 16-18, 1962: Symposium in Applied Mathematics
on "Interactions Between Mathematical Research and
High-Speed Computing," at American Mathematical
Society an~ Association for Computing Machinery Symposium, Atlantic City, N. J.; contact Mrs. Robert DrewBear, Head Special Projects Dept., American Mathematical Society, 190 Hope St., Providence 8, R. 1.
April 18-20, 1962: Conference on Information Retrieval
in Action, Cleveland, Ohio; contact Center for Documentation and Communication Research Conference,
Western Reserve Univ., 10831 Magnolia Dr., Cleveland
6, Ohio
April 24-26, 1962: 12th Annual International Polytechnic
Symposium, devoted to "The Mathelr.atical Theory of
Automata," United Engineering Center, 345 E. 47 St.,
New York, N. Y.; contact Symposium Committee,
Polytechnic Inst. of Brooklyn, 55 Johnson St., Brooklyn 1, N. Y.
20

April 25-27, 1962 : National Microfilm Association Convention, Mayflower Hotel, Washington, D. C.; contact
Vernon D. Tate, Exec. Secretary, National Microfilm
Association, P. O. Box 386, Annapolis, Md.
April 30-June 8, 1962: Seminar in Search Strategy, Graduate School of Library Science, Drexel Institute of Tech.,
Phila. 4, Pa.; contact Seminar in Search Strategy, Graduate School of Library Science, Drexel Inst. of Tech.,
Phila. 4, Pa., Att: Mrs. M. H. Davis
May 1-3, 1962: Spring Joint Computer Conference, Fairmont Hotel, San Francisco, Calif.; contact Richard 1.
Tanaka, Lockheed Missile & Space Div., Dept. 58-51,
Palo Alto, Calif.
May 7-8, 1962: Fifth Annual Conference of the Association of Records Executives and Administrators, WaldorfAstoria Hotel, New York City; contact Miss Judith
Gordon, AREA Conference publicity chairman, Metal
& Thermit Corp., Rahway, N. J.
May 8-10, 1962: Electronic Components Conference, Marriott Twin Bridges Hotel, Washington, D. C.; contact
Henry A. Stone, Bell Tel. Lab., Murray Hill, N. J.
May 9-11, 1962: Operations Research Society of America,
Tenth Anniversary Meeting, Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D. c.; contact Harold o. Davidson, Operations
Research Inc., 8605 Cameron St., Silver Spring, Md.
May 14-16, 1962: National Aerospace Electronics Conference, Biltmore Hotel, Dayton, Ohio; contact George A.
Langston, 4725 Rean Meadow Dr., Dayton, Ohio
May 21-25, 1962: Institute on Electronic Information
Display Systems, The American University, Washington,
D. C.; contact Dr. Lowell H. Hattery, Director, Center
for Technology and Administration, The American University, 1901 F St., N.W., Washington 6, D. C.
May 22-24, 1962: Conference on Self-Organizing Systems, Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, Ill.;
contact Mr. George T. Jacobi, COSOS Conference
Sec'y, Armour Research Foundation, 10 W. 35 St.,
Chicago 16, Ill.
May 28-June 1, 1962: Colloquium on Modern Computation Techniques in Industrial Automatic Control, Paris,
France; contact French Association of Automatic Control (AFRA), 19, Rue Blance, Paris 9, France.
June 4-14, 1962: Mathematical Techniques of Optimization (lO-Day Short Course on Operations Research),
Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.; contact Div. of
Adult Education, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.
June II-July 20, 1962: Summer Institute on Advanced
Topics in the Computer Sciences, Computation Center,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. c.; contact Dr. John W. Carr, III, Computation Center, Universityof North Carolina, P. O. Box 929, Chapel Hill,
N.C.
June l8-Sept. 14, 1962: Engineering Summer Conference
Courses, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.; contact
Raymond E. Carroll, Univ. of Mich., 126 West Engineering Bldg., Ann Arbor, Mich.
June 19-21, 1962: Fourth Joint Automatic Control Conference, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Tex.; contact Prof. Otis
L. Updike, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Univ. of
Va., Charlottesville, Va.
June 19-21, 1962: Second Annual San Diego BioMedical
Engineering Symposium and Exhibit, Stardust Motor
Hotel, San Diego, Calif.; contact The Program Committee, Inter-Science, Inc., 8484 La Jolla Shores Dr., La
Jolla, Calif.
COMPUTERS

(/Ild

AUTOMATION for March. 19()2

of IT
these
negot
In;
ratior
ters c
ing nl
about
specif
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tude
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and (
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ll, 1962

July 17-18, 1962: Rochester Conference on Data Acquisition and Processing in Medicine and Biology, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, N. Y.;
contact Mr. Kurt Enslein, University of Rochester,
Rochester 20, N. Y.
June 19-22, 1962: National Machine Accountants Association International Conference, Hotel Statler, New
York, N. Y.; contact R. Calvin Elliott, Exec. Dir.,
NMAA, 524 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, Ill.
June 27-28, 1962: 9th Annual Symposium on Computers
and Data Processing, Elkhorn Lodge, Estes Park, Colo.;
contact W. H. Eichelberger, Denver Research Inst.,
Univ. of Denver, Denver 10, Colo.
June 27-29, 1962: Joint Automatic Control Conference,
New York Univ., New York, N. Y.; contact Dr. H. J.
Hornfeck, Bailey Meter Co., 1050 Ivanhoe Rd., Cleveland 10, Ohio.
July 18-19, 1962: Data Acquisition & Processing in Medicine & Biology, Whipple Auditorium, Strong Memorial
Hospital, Rochester, N. Y.; contact Kurt Enslein,
Brooks, Inc., 499 W. Comm. St., P. O. Box 271, E.
Rochester, N. Y.
August 9-11, 1962: Northwest Computing Association
Annual Conference, Seattle, Wash.; contact Robert
Smith, Conference Director, Box 836, Seahurst, Wash.
Aug. 21-24, 1962: 1962 Western Electronic Show and
Convention, California Memorial Sports Arena and
Statler-Hilton Hotel, Los Angeles, Calif.; contact Wescon Business Office, c/o Technical Program Chairman,
1435 S. La Cienega Blvd., Los Angeles 35, Calif.
Aug. 27-Sept. 1, 1962: 2nd International Conference on
Information Processing, Munich, Germany; contact Mr.
Charles W. Adams, Charles W. Adams Associates, Inc.,
142 the Great Road, Bedford, Mass.
Sept. 3-7, 1962: International Symp. on Information

Theory, Brussels, Belgium; contact Bruce B. Barrow,
Postbus 174, Den Haag, Netherlands
Sept. 3-8, 1962: First International Congress on Chemical
Machinery, Chemical Engineering and Automation, Brno,
Czechoslovakia; contact Organizing Committee for the
First International Congress on Chemical Machinery,
Engineering and Automation, Vystaviste 1, Brno, Czechoslovakia.
Sept. 19-20, 1962: 11th Annual Industrial Electronics
Symposium, Chicago, Ill.; contact Ed. A. Roberts,
Comptometel' Corp., 5600 Jarvis Ave., Chicago 48, Ill.
Oct. '2-4; 1962: National Symposium on Space Elec. &
Telemetry, Fountainbleu Hotel, Miami Beach, Fla.; contact Dr. Arthur Rudolph, Army Ballistic Missile Agency,
R&D 01'. Bldg. 4488, Redstone Arsenal, Ala.
Oct. 8-10, 1962: National Electronics Conference, Exposition Hall, Chicago, Ill.; contact National Elec.
Conf., 228 N. LaSalle, Chicago, Ill.
October 15 -18, 1962: Conference on Signal Recording on
Moving Magnetic Media, The Hungarian Soc~ety for
Optics, Acoustics and Cine technics, Budapest, Hungary;
contact Optikai, Akusztikai, es Filmtechnikai Egyesulet,
Szabadsag ter 17, Budapest V, Hungary
Oct. 3 <)'.:n, 1962: Conference on Eng. Tech. in Missile &
. ---- Spaceborne Computers, Disneyland Hotel, Anaheim,
Calif.; contact William Gunning, EPSCO-West, 240 E.
Palais Rd., Anaheim, Calif.
Nov. 5-7, 1962: 15th Annual Conf. on Elec. Tech. in
Medicine and Biology, Conrad Hilton Hotel, Chicago,
Ill.; contact Dr. J. E. Jacobs, 624 Lincoln Ave., Evanston, Ill.
Nov. 13-15, 1962: NEREM (Northeast Res. & Engineering Meeting), Boston, Mass.; contact NEREM-IRE
Boston Office, 3 13 Washington St., Newton, Mass.
Dec. 4-5, 1962: Eastern Joint Computer Conference,
Bellevue-Stratford Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa.

BOOI{S AND OTHER PUBLICATIONS
Moses M. Berlin
Allston, Mass.

We publish here citations and
brief reviews of books and other
publications which have a significant relation to computers, data
processing, and automation, and
which have come to our attention.
We shall be glad to report other information in future lists if a review
copy is sent to us. The plan of each
entry is: author or editor / title /
publisher or issuer / date, publication process, number of pages,
price or its equivalent / comments.
If you write to a publisher or issuer, we would appreciate your
mentioning Computers and Automation.
Tomer, Robert B. I Industrial Transistor
& Semiconductor Handbook I Howard
W. Sams & Co., Inc., 3334 Sutherland
Ave., Indianapolis 6, Ind. I August,
1961, printed, 254 pp, $4.95
The operating charactcristics, circuit-design procedures, and typical applications
of many types of semiconductors are here
discussed. In twelvc chaptcrs the author
covers "Semiconductor Physics," "Circuit
CO~IPUTERS

Fundamentals," "Industrial Control Using
Semiconductors," "Thermoelectricity in Solar-Energy Conversion," "The Future of
Semiconductors," etc. Two appendices discuss "Thermal Stability" and list "Transistor Parameter Symbols and Definitions."
Index.
Holland, James G., and U. F. Skinner I The
Analysis of Behavior I McGraw-Hill Bool<
Co., Inc., 330 West 42 St., New York 36,
N. Y. I 1961, printed, 377 pp, $3.50
This text is arranged so that the student
"should be able to instruct himself in [the]
part of psychology which deals with . . .
the explicit prediction and control of the
behavior of people." The authors, Professors of Psychology at Harvard University,
have constructed a programmed textbookin lieu of a teaching machine-with the
subject matter presented from fundamentals to involved applications of theory.
Fourteen parts including fifty-three sets
comprise the book. Following each group
of parts, reviews and tests are given.
Pierce, J. R. I Symbols, Signals and Noise:
The Nature and Process of Communication (Harper Modem Science Series) I
Harper & Uros., 39 East 33 St., New
York 16, N. Y. I 1961, printed, 305 PI',
$6.50
Communication thcory is discusscd frolll
a mathematical point of vicw, with theorems concerning collllllunication following

mul A UTO~IATION for March, 1902

from fundamental hypotheses. The author,
Director of Research in Communications
Principles at the Bell Telephone Labs.,
introduces the subjcct in thc chapter, "The
World and Thcorics." Speech, physical
uses of numbcrs and somc basic theorems
arc discussed. Thc rcmaining thirteen chapters includc: "Thc Origills of Information
Thcory," "Encoding and Binary Digits,"
"Cyhcrtlctics," "Information Theory and
Psychology," and the final chapter, "Back
to Communication Theory." An appendix,
"On Mathematical Notation," a glossary
and an index are included.
Reistad, Dale L. I Banking Automation and
the Magnetic Ink Character Recognition
Program I Detroit Research Institute, 12
East Hancock, Detroit 1, Mich. I 196],
printed, 180 pp, $7.50
This book contains two almost equal
parts, the first consisting of an introducI ion to the techniques of magnetic ink
charactcr recognition, the second, of papers
on currcnt applications. In seven chapters
the author, Consultant to Booz, Allen and
Ilallliitoll, discusses banking- automation,
(llaraclcr codes, document filing, specialized
(oillputcrs which perform recognition, and
preparing for automation. The papers,
which form the second part of the book,
include: "A Case Study - of a Bank Noll'
Prcparing to Handle MICR Items," "The
Future Role of Computers in Banking,"
and "Printing of Documents."
21

Make over 200 Small Computing
and :Reasoning Machines with ...

BRAINIAC

ELECTRIC BRAIN CONSTRUCTION KIT

INTI

THE
THE
UNEl
E
S
~

WHAT COMES WITH YOUR BRAINIAC® KIT? All 33 experiments from our original kit (1955), with
exact wiring templates for each one. All 13 experiments from the former Tyniac kit. 156 entirely new experiments with their solutions. Over 600 parts, as follows: 6 Multiple Switch Discs; Mounting Panel; 10 Flashlight
Bulbs; 2 Multiple Socket Parts, each holding 5 bulbs; 116 Wipers, for making good electrical contact (novel design,
patented, no. 2848568) ; 70 Jumpers, for transfer contacts; 50 feet of Insulated Wire; Flashlight Battery; Battery
Box; nuts, bolts, sponge rubber washers, hard washers, screwdriver, spintite blade, etc. ALSO: 256 page book,
"Brainiacs" by Edmund C. Berkeley, including chapters on: an introduction to Boolean Algebra for designing
circuits; "How to go from Brainiacs and Geniacs® to Automatic Computers"; complete descriptions of 201 experiments and machines; over 160 circuit diagrams; list of references to computer literature.
This kit is an up-to-the-minute introduction to the design of arithmetical, logical, reasoning, computing,
puzzle-solving, and game-playing circuits-for boys, students, schools, colleges, designers. It is simple enough
for intelligent boys to assemble, and yet it is instructive even to engineers because'it shows how many kinds of
computing and reasoning circuits can be made from simple components. This kit is the outcome of 11 years of
design and development work with small electric brains and small robots by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. With this
kit and manual you can easily make over 200 small electric brain machines that display intelligent behavior and
teach understanding first-hand. Each one runs on one flashlight battery; all connections with nuts and bolts; no
soldering required. (Returnable for full refund if not satisfactory.) ... Price $18.95.

1
S

ADD]
1
1

1
1

DEC!
P
'I
P
~

:c
THE
TIMI
EDU(

A MC
CON~

AFTE

WHAT CAN YOU MAKE WITH A BRAINIAC KIT?
LOGIC MACHINES
Syllogism Prover
J ames McCarty's Logic Machine
AND, OR, NOT, OR ELSE, IF . • . THEN, IF AND
ONLY IF, NEITHER ... NOR Machines
A Simple Kalin-Burkhart Logical Truth Calculator
The Magazine Editor's Argument
The Rule About Semicolons and Commas
The Farnsworth Car Pool
GAME-PLAYING MACHINES
Tit-Tat-Toe
Black Match
Nim
Sundorra 21
Frank McChesney's Wheeled Bandit
COMPUTERS - to add, subtract, multiply, divide, . . . ,
using decimal or binary numbers.
- to convert from decimal to other scales of notation
and vice versa, etc.
Operating with Infinity
Adding Indefinite Quantities
Factoring Any Number from 45 to 60
Prime Number Indicator for Numbers 1 to 100
Thirty Days Hath September
Three Day Weekend for Christmas
Calendar Good for Forty Years 1950 to 1989
Money Changing Machine
Four by Four Magic Square
Character of Roots of a Quadratic
Ten Basic Formulas of Integration

;;;;;;====~===================~

In Wrty
akes
n

An RCA 501 computer, used in conjunction
with an electronic scoring and data transcription machine, enables the testing service to
provide schools and colleges information about
individual applying students, -- more information, faster, and more easily than ever before.

which reads tne tag at speeds of one to 60
miles per hour. The tag is readable by humans
as well as by the scanner. It carries the
code of the owning railroad and the number of
the car. Other data can be i ncl uded if desired.
Microwave reflections from the tag are
translated into a teletype code output signal.
This signal may be used to send train car listings to control centers, can be transmitted to
hump towers to assist in switching operations,
and has applications in autDmating the interrailroad per diem charges for cars.
TOOL FOR CONTOUR
TAPE-CONTROLLED MILLING

~~CHINE

Records of student candidates, which previously occupied extensive storage space in
file cabinets, can now be stored on magnetic
tape and can be located, updated and processed
much more easily.

ve,
1-

The testing service can then keep cumulative records on individual students and provide comprehensive reports to schools and
colleges covering student performance. The
new computer can also handle details of administrative tasks associated with large
scale testing programs such as assigning
students to test centeis and printing tickets
of admission.

,rds
nal
lltithe

The computer will permit the testing
service to deal with the steadily growing
number of students who are taking tests and
will enable the organization to provide valuable new services without delaying critical
reporting dates.
The RCA computer system, working with
ETS's electronic scoring and transcribing
machine, has the capability of processing
6000 test papers an hour. In addition to the
main computer unit, the RCA 501 system includes a high-speed memory containing more
than 32,000 characters. There are seven magnetic-tape memory units, each storing 10
million characters. Reports are produced on
a high-speed printer capable of printing ten
120-character lines per second.

ethect
J

se-

atput
or
assible

Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, Michigan City,
Ind., is building the numerical control system for contour milling for the new Wilson
milling machine, which was designed and built
by The H. & H. Wilson Company of Bell, Calif.
This machine is a ram-type, tape-controlled,
4-spindle, 12-speed, contour-milling machine,
with all motions capable of moving 200 inches
per minute simultaneously.
The TRW numerical control is a solidstate system for continuous path control of
three axes, simultaneously. It includes a
400-character-per-second photo-electric tape
reader to accept the standard 1-2-4-8 binary
code from one-inch 8-level punched tape.
The system has internal feed-rate override,
command multiply, and a word-address tape
format. The system also includes an optional
stop control, manual data input and full data
display and servo error detection jor each
axis.

FREIGHT CAR IDENTIFYING
American Brake Shoe Company, New York,
and Transdata, Inc., San Diego, Calif., have
agreed to cooperate in the engineering, testing, manufacture and marketing of an automatic
freight car identification system for the
railroads.
The Microwave Identification Railroad
Encoding Reflector System is known as MIRRER.
It consists of a special tag to be mounted on
each railroad car, and a trackside scanner

1962

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

ACROSS

EDITOR'S

DESI(

News of Conlputers and Data Processors
1

New

Computing

Centers

TACTICAL AIR OPERATIONS CENTER
The first Tactical Air Operations Center
of the advanced Marine Corps Tactical Data
System, developed by the Data Systems Division
of Litton Systems, Inc., Canoga Park, Calif.,
is in operation for field evaluation at the
Marine Corps Air Facility at Santa Ana, Calif.
The center is installed in a complex of
helicopter-transportable huts. The system can
also be moved by transport aircraft or truck.
The equipment, which includes high-speed digital computers, permits the establishment of
integrated air defense, close air support,
enroute air traffic control. and control of
surface-to-air missiles -- all within a few
hours from starting to set up in a new location.

C-E-I-R ANNOUNCES NEW CHICAGO CENTER
A new research and electronic data processing service center is planned for Chicago
in September, 1962, by C-E-I-R Inc. This
will be C-E-I-R's eighth in the United Statesj
they also operate centers in Paris. London
and Mexico City.
Q

COMPUTERMAT II
"DO-IT-YOURSELF" COMPUTER CENTER
ComputerMat, Inc. has opened its second
self-service computer center at 14827 Ventura
Blvd., San Fernando Valley, Calif. This new
center includes an IBM 1620 Data Processing
System and is patterned after the company's
first center located in Los Angeles.
The service is offered to many engineering,
scientific, and commercial firms which need
the advantages of a computer but are too small
to justify a system of their own. The necessary equipment is provided and the customer
is allowed to do his own work. An experienced
staff is provided to assist clients in the
preparation of programs and machine operation
if such assistance is desired.
OPTICAL CHARACTER READING
INTO COMPUTING EQUIPMENT
The Pennsylvania Power & Light Company',
Philadelphia, Pa., has exhibited its new IBM
1418 Optical Character Reader.

Tactical Air Operations Center brings
advanced data processing and display
facilities to the Marines' traditional
role of amphibious assault. The helicopter portable display hut shown is
linked to computer and communications
huts.

lOB

puter
The 1
puter
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puter
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and aj
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1

The machine "reads" conventional printed
or typed information somewhat like the human
eye and "writes" results on magnetic tape.
Information is taken from meter reading sheets
by the Optical Character Reader and recorded
on tape. This information next goes to the
IBM 7070 which computes the customer's bill.
The company reports it can process 22,000 bills
a day in the new center.

asynct
prepar
module
wave t
ceivin

COMPUTERS and AUTOMA TION for March, 1962

COMPl

reCOVE

data s
Contra
and co
transrr
replac
termin

NEW

PRODUCTS

MULTIPURPOSE ANALOG COMPUTER
TO CONTROL PROCESSES
Electronic Associates, Inc.
Long Branch, N.J.

go
eSj

A new line of mUlti-purpose analog computers has been developed by this company.
The line is known as the Multi-Purpose Computer PC-12 line and is assembled from stock,
solid-state modular components. These computers are produced in various sizes for online control of industrial processes and for
automatic data processing. They have been
designed to meet requirements of chemical,
steel and other industrial processes for
closed-loop control or for applications where
high speed on-line computation must be performed on constantly changing data.
In the PC-12 the permanent connections
are replaced by a system of patching modules
on the rear of the computer chassis. The
modules are interconnected by patch cords to
fit the requirements of the problem. This
arrangement eliminates the need for disturbing
the program configuration when replacing a
computing module. It also permits the program to be readily modified to meet changing
problem requirements.

ring,
all
sced
on

,
M

ed
n
ets
d

UW2

PHCITOCELL PUNCHED TAPE READER
Rheem Manufacturing Co.
Electronics Division
5200 W. l04th St.
Los Angeles, Calif.
A new high-speed photocell punched-tape
reader, the RR-IOOO, is being produced by this
company. It handles 1000 characters per secondj
it has completely transistorized circuits,
photovoltaic sensing cells, and two-speed motor
dr i ves.
DIGIT-MATIC CALCULATORS
Victor Business Machines Co.
Division of Victor Comptometer Corp.
3900 North Rockwell St.
Chicago 18, Ill.
The picture below shows a solenoid actuated Digit-Matic Calculator with the cover removed. Serial entry units have solenoid-operated numerical keys. addition, subtraction,
multiplication. and division keys.

NEW SWIFT DATA COMMUNICATION SYSTEM
General Electric Company
Communication Products Dept.
Lynchburg, Va.
A new transistorized data communications
terminal which is capable of transmitting up
to 90,000 characters per second has been developed by this company. This new equipment
is called the TDS-90. It enables large, fastoperating computers in major computer centers
to converse directly in computer language
with smaller devices in satellite locations.
This lessens down-time at the central location
and affords maximum utilization of the larger
computers, making the center more productive.
The TDS-90 transmitting equipment accepts
asynchronous signals from a magnetic tape unit,
prepares these signals for transmission, and
modulates them onto the base band of a microwave beam or coaxial cable. The TDS-90 receiving equipm~nt demodulates the signals,
recovers signal energy, and shapes it into
data suitable for transfer to the computer.
Control signals, necessary for the operation
and control of a tape unit, are encoded and
transmitted via the data channel. A TDS-90
replaces a single tape unit at each computer
termination.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, I9G2

The calculators perform both basic and
complex math. Some applications are: computation of density, area. velocity, temperature, force. pressure and flow rate.

lIB

WRITTEN MESSAGES BY

TELEPHQ~E

Written messages may now be sent over
regular telephone lines by simply dialing and
connecting in the normal way. TELautograph
Co., New York, has developed the PHONE-writer
which is used in connection with Bell Telephone's DATAPHONE service. The user can either
talk, write, or do both with a single call.
Written messages may also be sent to unattended
receivers. Anyone can transmit handwritten or
sketched information instantaneously from one
location to another. Carbon copies may also
be provided by the device.

It is possible to sort according to types
defined by marks on the card itself. An enlarged card-stacking area, redesigned card receivers, and the inclusion of misfeed stopping
devices, permit the machine to function without constant attention from an operator. The
type 5440 has a mark scanning capacity of forty
columns. Its 90-column punching capacity makes
it compatible with all elements in 90-column
systems.
DIGITAL COMPUTER TEACHING DEVICE
Corporation
471 N.E. 79th St.
Miami 38, Fla.

Dynatec~

This company is producing an inexpensive,
fundamental teaching device for digital computer s.
The self-contained flip-flop lucite cards
hold two binary read-out lights and additional
circuit components. The digital computer
teaching device can accomplish addition. multiplication, subtraction, and division up to the
number 31, in binary 11111.

N.J.
rep<
on t
six
witt
ti or
pro\!
indi
tior
viou
filE
tape
much
lati
vide
colI
new
mini
scal
stud
of a
serv
numb
will
able
repo

ANALOG UNIT TO ESTIMATE SCHEDULE COSTS
Mauchly Associates, Inc.
Fort Washington, Pa.
In the top picture is shown the
PHONE-writer transmitter; in the
bottom picture, the PHONE-writer
receiver.
NEW UNIVAC OPTICAL SCANNING PUNCH
Remington Rand Univac
315 Park Avenue South
New York 10, N.Y.
Information indicated by pencil marks on
source-document cards can be read and punched
at a rate of 150 cards per minute with the
Univac 5440 Optical Scanning Punch, developed
by this company.

12B

An analog computer that will enable a
company to determine the most economical method of meeting various schedules for a project
has been developed by this company.
The computer, called SkeduFlo Model
MCX-30. is operated by setting up the job sequences by pinboard. Possible project durations are scanned automatically. and an output
curve is automatically plotted during the
scan. The project coordinator or supervisor
is able to determine what schedules are feasible and what jobs are critical in any possible
schedule.
The- name tlMCX-30n stands for
minimum-cost expediting computer with capability of handling up to 30 jobs.

ETS'
mach
6000
main
clud
than
neti
mill
a hi
120-

and'
agre
ing,
freil
rail
EncOI
It

cllch

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

COM

COMPUTER-LINOFILM CONVERTER
~d
I

fIt

em
t-

and
tern
ne1
ro1

Mergenthaler Linotype Company
29 Ryerson St.
Brooklyn 5. N.Y.
This company has developed a device to
transpose computer-output information into
punched tape. The converter will act as a
link between large computers and the typesetting unit of Mergenthaler's Linofilm system for photocomposition. The data-processing
computer will produce magnetic tape which the
computer-Linofilm converter accepts. It is
then transposed into punched paper tape to
operate the Linofilm Photo Unit. The photo
unit output is right-reading positive type
on film or photographic paper from which
printed pages of textbook quality can be produced.

NEW LONG-LENGTH DELAY LINE
Deltime Inc.
608 Fayette Ave.
Mamaroneck, N.Y.
A long-length delay line of the magnetostrictive design has been developed by this
company. It is suitable for data storage
functions in computer systems at increased
frequencies. The Deltime 197 delay line provides a 5 millisecond delay with a pulse repetition rate of one megacycle with areturn-tozero operation.

The converter will be made commercially
available in mid-1962.

IBM 7094. POWERFUL NEW SOLID-STATE COMPUTER
International Business Machines Corp.
Data Processing Division
112 East Post Road
White Plains. N.Y.

ut
IJ

'I..

imes,
ent
1-

ate
ter
d

nut
1-

even
llt
IS

Ired
ll-

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1962

The IBM 7094 data processing system is
the most powerful of the company's solid-state
scientific computers. Increased speed and
processing power of the 7094 are provided by
faster adding circuits. additional index registers and instructions, and facility for
performing double-precision floating point
ar it hme tic.
The new system has a storage capacity of
32,768 words. A variety of input and output
configurations are available. The machine
can be linked to various IBM Tele-processing
devices for full data-transmission ability.
System compatibility makes it possible for a
customer with a 7090 to use the 7094 with no
reprogramming.
The magnetic tape unit enables the computer to accept and record data at speeds up
to 170,000 characters a second. The 7094 can
have instantaneous access"to up to" 279 million
characters of information stored on magnetic
disks in IBM 1301 disk storage units. With a
memory reference speed of 2.00 microseconds,
the 7094 can in one second perform 500,000
logical decisions, 250,000 additions or subtractions, 100,000 multiplications or 62.500
divisions.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

SOLID CERAMIC CIRCUITS
Radio Corporation of America
30 Rockefeller Plaza
New York 20, N.Y.
This company has developed a solidceramic circuit one-third the size of an
aspirin tablet. The developmental device
can perform all conventional circuit functions
from aplification to computer switching. The
circuits include both active and passive materials. They are fully compatible with the
RCA Micromodule Program -- a U.S. Army sponsored effort to develop miniature tactical
communications systems and computers using
circuits no bigger than an ordinary sugar cube.
They also can be used with all other forms of
micro-circuitry from multi-e1ement assemblies
to integrated and molecular devices.
Pilot production of the units is scheduled to begin before the end of 1962.

13B

NEW

INSTALLATIONS

ILLINOIS BLUE CROSS-BLUE SHIELD
INSTALLS HONEYWELL 800
A Honeywell 800 electronic computer has
been installed by Illinois Blue Cross-Blue
Shield in Chicago as part of a program to
maintain low operating costs and to further
improve service to its subscribers, hospitals
and physicians.

Over 75,000 school children are members
of the bank's Junior Savings plan and will be
among the first depositors handled by the computer. Over $10 million has been deposited
by the young people using this plan.
Annual interest calculations necessary to
keep these accounts up to date each year formerly took on punched card equipment 21 hours
each quarter to calculate. The job is now
completed in 21 minutes with the IBM 1401.

ing
thil
of I

The computer will also work on accounting,
personal loans, mortgages. and corporate stock
records.

and
in l
be (
ces~

ARKANSAS AND TEXAS IN THE
NEXT ROOM TO CONNECTICUT
By using telephone lines to link a computer at its Middlebury. Conn •• headquarters
with plants 1500 miles away. The U.S. Time
Corporation is now processing product schedules, payrolls, and shipping invoices as efficiently as if all the facilities were in the
same office. The company is the world's largest manufacturer of watches and producers of
gyroscopes.
The new installation. the IBM 1401 Data
Processing System. transmits the data from
punched cards bearing wage and hour data for
each employee over telephone lines from Little
Ruck. Ark •• to Middlebury. Conn. through an
IBM transmitting-receiving device called a
"data transceiver".

Contract data concerning the nearly 5
million members of Illinois Blue Cross-Blue
Shield will be contained in 13 magnetic tape
reels like those shown at the left and held
by Pat Tielbar, electronics department employee, in the picture above. The new machine
is capable of performing more than 40,000 operations a second, such as additions and subtractions. The entire file can be reviewed
by the computer in about one hour each day,
posting an average of 20,000 transactions and
changes in membership status. The Honeywell
800 is expected to handle almost all of the
bookkeeping for the organization.

Daily production figures are similarly
transmitted from the Little Rock and Abilene.
Texas, plants to Connecticut, where they are
balanced against pending orders. The computer
processes the orders and transmits the pertinent data back to Little Rock as printed shipping documents and invoices.
In addition, the data transmitted to the
computing center is recorded in the 1401 for
use in sales forecasts and analyses, cost and
production control reports. accounts receivable. billings. and other accounting documents.

pow~

boa)
syst
chen
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gim
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ing
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cess
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anch
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any

... -.-~-

The company is planning to have a teleprocessIng connection between its European
and its Ame'rican" offices~

IBM COMPUTER FOR LONG ISLAND BANK

The Franklin Natiohal Bank of Long Island,
New York, is converting to a high speed IBM
1401 computer for handling much of the recordkeeping functions.

14B

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

COM.

Jout
jes
y

011-

he
r-

.e
leck.
11le

Lng

be
)n

IBM 7074 SYSTEM FOR PENN STATE

CONTROL DATA RECEIVES CONTRACT INCREASE

The Pennsylvania State University has
installed an IBM 7074 computing system to
meet the growing needs of its faculty and
graduate students for computational services.
This will be the first system of this type to
be used in purely academic applications. The
IBM 7074 is replacing an IBM 650 system which
fell short of the University's needs. Penn
State also operates an IBM 7070 as an administrative machine.

Control Data Corporation of Minneapolis,
Minn., has now received production contracts
for eleven fire control computers totaling in
excess of $5 million, to be delivered in 1962
and 1963. The earlier research and development prime contract, to develop the geoballistic fire control computers, was also in excess
of $5 million.

The Computation Center at Penn State is
available to all faculty members and graduate
students who have need of computer services
in their research or instruction. A staff of
a dozen specialists assist faculty and graduate students in programming and problem solving.
STATISTICAL TABULATING CORP. IN SAN FRANCISCO
INSTALLS IBM 1400 SYSTEMS
Statistical Tabulating Corporation has
installed an IBM 1400 system in the firm's
San Francisco data processing and computer
center at 417 Market Street. STC has 14
offices across the country and has put the
IBM 1400 system into seven centers in the
past year. Seven additional 1400 systems
are planned for delivery in the first quarter
of this year.

isi-

NEW

CONTRACTS

earanuto
chr-

ures
f

POLARIS PRINTER CONTRACTS
Alirl\RDED TO POTTER INSTRUMENT COMPANY
Three separate contracts totalling over
$465,000 from three of the major suppliers on
the POLARIS Fleet Ballistic Missile program
were awarded to Potter Instrument Company, Inc.
of Plainview, N.Y. The contracts are for design and production of high-speed line printers
to be used in POLARIS-equipped submarines.

cuof

CONTRACT TO OPERATIONS RESEARCH INC.

Iply.

A contract for the provision of an automated management Information and control system (PERT), standing for Programmed Evaluation
and Review Technique, for the national Civil
Defense program has been awarded to Operations
Research, Santa Monica, Calif. No dollar
figure was disclosed.

1962

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

und
'i ngs

The purpose of the Polaris Mark 84 Fire
Control computer, designed and built by Control Data, is to receive position data from
the Ship's Inertial Nav~gation System (SINS),
and to calculate trajectories to the assigned
targets prior to the time the missiles are
fired, currently loading trajectory information to the computers in the Polaris missiles
up to the moment the missile is fired. The
fire control system can prepare missiles for
launch at the rate of one per minute. Missiles
are guided in flight by their own inertial
guidance systems •
SYLVANIA RECEIVES "ZMAR" $28 MILLION CONTRACT
Sylvania Electronic Systems, a subsidiary
of General Telephone & Electronics, received
the ZMAR (Zeus multi-function array radar)
award from Bell Telephone Laboratories. ZMAR,
is for use in the U.S. Army's Nike-Zeus antimissile missile system. This system is being
developed to provide a defense of the continental United States against the threat of
intercontinental ballistic missiles. Bell
Telephone Laboratories is responsible for the
design and development of the Nike-Zeus system.
Western Electric Company is prime contractor
for the Nike-Zeus program.
ANELEX RECEIVES CONTRACT FOR OVER $2 MILLION
ANelex Corporation has been awarded a
contract in excess of $2,000,000 by International Electric Corp., an ITT subsidiary, for
special purpose, militarized printer systems.
These printer systems are for use in SAC's
Project 465L, a completely integrated command
control system. The system, designed by IEC,
will provide the Strategic Air Command with
instantaneous information and positive control
of its forces by means of a high speed data
acquisition~ pro~essing and display system.
'-'"

- --

15B

$15 MILLION AWARDED SPERRY
FOR POLARIS SUB NAVIGATHN
The Sperry Gyroscope Company has received
$15 million from the U. S. Navy for design,
production, and installation of navigation
equipment aboard ten new Polaris submarines.
The submarines to be equipped with the
navigation aids will be ships of the Lafayette
class. They will be capable of carrying
2500-mile, nuclear-tipped Polaris missiles -weapons that will be able to reach a target
anywhere on earth. (Five Polaris submarines
equipped with 1200-mile-range missiles are
now on station at sea.) The new ships are
scheduled to be in service with the fleet by
the end of 1964.
AIRLINE RESERVATION SYSTEM FOR OZARK AIR LINES
Ozark Air Lines, St. Louis, Mo., has
entered into a contract with the Univac Division of Remington Rand for equipment to process
passenger reservations between Ozark and all
other airlines.
About 65% of Ozark passengers use the services of another airline to complete their journey. This requires the processing of reservations between two or more airlines. The UnivacUnicall equipment will reduce the time for this
type of reservation to a matter of seconds and
practically eliminate errors. The basic equipment consists of a large Univac electronic brain
located in Chicago, and an electronic device at
each Ozark station known as Unicall.
Remington Rand is installing a nationwide Airline Interline Development (AID) system in which all airlines are expected to
participate. In operation, the schedules of
all airlines for months in advance are fed
into the electronic memory machine. Availability of seats on each flight is kept current by
each airline. To obtain the information in
the electronic brain, a reservation agent at
any Ozark station merely sets the levers on
his Unicall to the proper inquiry, picks up
his telephone and the computer returns a voice
reply reporting whether ft is able or not able
to confirm the reservation. When AID is in
full operation, space on any flight operating
in the United States can be secured through
the device, permitting almost instant confirmation of return reservations.

PorTER RECEIVES OVER $1,000,000 CONTRACT

thE
Ame

Potter Instrument Company, Inc. has received a contract of over $1,000,000 from RCA
for development and production of special magnetic tape transport systems. These systems
are to be used in the U.S. Air Force COMLOGNET
(Communication Logistic Network).
OVER $1 MILLION CONTRACT FOR BECKMAN
The Systems Division of Beckman Instruments, Inc., has received a contract from
AETRON-Covina Plant, a Division of AerojetGeneral Corporation for more than $1 million.
The equipment, two data acquisition systems,
is for use in the NASA Saturn space vehicle
program and will be used in test of rocket
engines. The systems will record performance
data from tests of the rocket engines at speeds
up to 5,000 samples a second. The equipment
will edit, correct, and tabulate the information and record it on magnetic tape for evaluation by digital computers.
CONTROL CENTERS FOR DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE
TO BE EQUIPPED BY IBM FEDERAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
IBM's Federal Systems Division, Rockville, Maryland, has received a contract from
the Defense Communications Agency to install
four advanced information-handling systems.
These systems will be installed at Defense
Department Area Communications Control Centers in Europe, Alaska, Hawaii and Colorado.
These centers currently are manually operated.
A solid-state IBM 1410 Data Processing
System at each center will receive status reports from DCS operating stations in its geographical area. From these reports, the 1410
will plot the area status on electronic wall
displays in each center and at the Defense
National Communications Control Center near
Washington, D.C. The computer systems will
help the Department of Defense keep important
military messages moving through its global
Defense Communications System -- under almost
all emergency conditions.
The Defense Communications System comprises 6300 circuits spread through 73 countries around the world. It consists mainly
of government owned or leased long-haul pointto-point circuits of the three military departments and other DOD facilities.

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16B

COMPUTERS and AUTOMA TION for March, 1962

CON

PEOPLE

NOTE

34 AWARDS TO IBM STAFF INVENTORS
Ronald D. Dodge, Leon E. Palmer and
George AG Walker, engineers at IBMvs Lexington, Ky., electric typewriter laboratory,
jOintly developed a wear compensator for the
company's new "Selectric" typewriter o A
$30,000 cash award was presented to them by
the company for their joint inventiono
2

The presentation was made at a dinner
honoring 34 award winners under the companyVs
Invention Award Plan. The group, representing
seven IBM divisions, research laboratories, and
the IBM World Trade Corporation, was credited
with twenty inventions rated "outstanding" by
the company. In additio~ to the $30,000 award,
a $10,000 award, and two $5,000 awards, each of
the 34 engineers honored had previously been
awarded $1,000.
The award plan was inaugurated a year ago
to encourage employee inventions and to give
recognition to employee inventors who contribute significantly to the company's teehnological progress o

uble
e

s.
h

s
lke-

~en

Iwnds
ved

DR. LOUIS G. DUNN SUCCEEDS GENERAL DOOLITTLE
General J. H. Doolittle, Chairman of the
Board of Thompson Ramo Wooldridge lnco's Subsidiary, Space Technology Laboratories, Inc.
has retired upon reaching STLvs normal retirement age of 65. General Doolittle will continue as a member of the Board of Directors of
both companies and as an STL consultant.
Dro Louis G. Dunn, who has been President
of STL since 1958 will succeed General Doolittle as Chairman of the Board of STL. Dr. Ruben
F. Mettler, who has been STLts Executive Vice
President since 1958, has been elected to succeed Oro Dunn as President and Chief Executive
officer of STL.

re
oer
!Lel y
~

num-

NEW LIBRASCOPE VICE PRESIDENT
Myron R. Prevatte has been elected a vice
president of Libr,ascope. Previously he was
manager of the Washington office. He will continue to direct operations of the division's
Washington, D.C. customer relations office.

:llll

Amcricham.!rnll-

Arc

19(i2

Prevatte joined Librascope in 1955 and
was responsible for development of computer
control systems for the Navy's ASROC weapon
system and for weapon systems aboard Fleet
Rehabilitation and Modernization destroyers.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

DIRECTOR OF BEMA DATA PROCESSING GROUP
Charles A. -Phillips
has been named director
of the Data Processing
Group of the Business
Equipment Manufacturers
Association.
Mr. Phillips is credited with initiating the
COBOL (Common Business
Oriented Language) method of programming by
giving general direction
to an organization of
computer users and manufacturers called the
Conference on Data Systems Language (CODASYL).
In January, 1957, Mr. Phillips was named
Director, Data Systems Research Staff, in the
Department of Defense. He has had extensive
experience and responsibilities in data processing ever since he joined the government
in 1935.
ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING ADVISORY PANEL
An EDP Advisory Panel to stimulate the
interchange of ideas and technology between
educational institutions and industry has been
formed by Minneapolis-Honeywell 's Electronic
Data Processing Division.
The academic members of the panel include
Dr. Maurice Wilkes, director of the Mathematical Laboratory, University of Cambridge (England); Dr. Philip Morse, professor of physics
and director of the Computation Center at
Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Dr.
G. D. McCann, head of the electrical engineering department and director of the Computation
Center at California Institute of Technology;
Dr. Nicholas Metropolis, director of the Institute for the Study of Computers, University of
Chicago, and Dr. Norman R. Scott, professor of
electrical engineering and editor of IRE Transactions, University of Michigan.
Honeywell panel members are: Dr. J.
Ernest Smith, vice president, EDP Division
(panel chairman); John W. Anderson, the division's vice president in charge of engineering,
and Richard M. Bloch, director of product
planning. Dr. Ronald J. McFarlan, past president of IRE and consultant to Honeywell's EDP
Division, is secretary of the panel.
Meetings will be held several times a
year. The first meeting was held January 2223 in Wellesley. Mass.

17B

SOFTWARE

NEWS

EASY. HONEYWELL 400 PROGRAMMING AID
EASY. the major automatic programming aid
for the Honeywell 400 computer. was introduced
as an operational system at a series of demonstrations at Honeywell Electronic Data Processing Division. Wellesley, Mass. This assembly
system already is assembling computer programs
at customer installations of the Honeywell 400.
EASY includes sort and collate generators
and a program-tape file-maintenance routine.
It allows instructions to be written in elementary. three-character, mnemonic operation
codes and symbolic location tags. It provides
simple techniques for incorporating thoroughly
tested problem solutions, such as sort routines, into a program. Any number of programs
may be assembled for processing without operator interruption, and stored on magnetic tape
for future use.
LINEAR PR(x;RAMMING NOW AVAILABLE WITH G-20
Bendix Corporation's Computer Division
reports that linear programming is now available with the G-20 system. They say that the
G-20 linear programming routine can handle
problems ranging from the smallest to those
twice the capacity of any known linear programming routine.
The mathematical method used is a composite computational algorithm. All arithmetic
is performed in double-precision floating
point with the working matrix up-dated in each
iteration. Input to the program for data and
control is punched cards. Only non-zero elements need be entered. Corrections to the
program may be made by entering a single card
without restarting the program. An optional
feature allows input data to be listed on the
line printer for verification.
CINCH
Packard Bell Computer Corporation's interpretive routine for the PB250 computer called
CINCH has been modified to simplifyus use by
personnel not familiar with computer programming techniques. The new CINCH routine is
compatible with the original routine and with
the software now available for the PB250.
Modification of CINCH includes provisions
for: easy correction of programming errors;
simplification of coding; and extension of the
routine for use with a PB250 of any memory size.
The routine facilitates rapid programming of
engineering and scientific problems.

18B

PERT SYSTEM FOR IBM 1401 AND 7070
Telecomputing Services, Inc., subsidiary
of Telecomputing Corporation of Los Angeles,
Calif., has developed a basic PERT scheduling
system for the IBM 1401 and 7070.
TSI's computer program arranges PERT network data topologically so that network event
nodes can be numbered at random. Up to 99 networks containing up to 2500 activities each
can be scheduled for each computer run. The
system has restart capabilities, error diagnostics, and disallowance of cyclic networks.
The new PERT program is used by the firm's
Los Angeles Data Center.
NEOPHYTES WIN COBOL RACE
The first fully checked out COBOL-61 compiler by a computer manufacturer was submitted
to the Defense Dept. in January. A team of
five neophyte computer programmers from International Business Machines Corporation's General Products Division at Endicott, N.Y. won
for IBM an industrywide race: S.V. Codella,
T.J. Worosz, Jr., L.R. OiLeary. P. Pecukonis,
F.M. Quigley.
The first version of COBOL. (which stands
for Common Business Oriented Language) known
as COBOL-60, was published two years ago. A
revised version, published last June, is
called COBOL-61. The government put industry
on notice that it will not purchase equipment
incapable of using COBOL automatic programming; so a race developed to get the revised
and more final version into the hands of the
government and commercial customers.

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The first computer to cross the line came
as a surprise to industry, the Defense Dept.,
and in some degree to IBM itself: the IBM
1410. The programming team that brought about
this feat ranges in age from 23 to 32, and
none of the five had much programming experience before June, 1960.
The method the men used to write the complex computer program in record time is significant. It seemed logical to use a short-cut
automatic programming technique to develop a
new automatic computer program. The group
were taught a kind of automatic programming
language called XTRAN. XTRAN is a computer
language that is capable of talking about
languages and logic. With ~heir knowledge of
XTRAN. the group put together the complex
COBOL-61 master program for the 1410 computer.
This experiment was stimulated half by conviction that a new approach to program writing
would work, and half by the problem of not having enough experienced programmers; it worked.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

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COMPl

tu-

BUSINESS

NEWS

IBM DECLARES INCOME FIGURES

In.
~m.

'es
Ilu~

lr-

International Business Machines Corporation has announced its preliminary results
for the year 1961. Thomas J. Watson. Jr.,
chairman of the board, reported that IBM's
gross income for the year 1961 from the sale,
service, and rental of its products in the
United States amounted to $1,694,295,547.
compared with $1,436,053,085 in the year
1960.
Net earnings for the year ended December 31, 1961, after U.S. federal income taxes
amounted to $207,227,597. This compares with
net earnings after taxes for the year 1960 of
$168,180,880.

eTHE CURRENT STATUS
OF RCA ELECTReNIC DATA ffiOCESSING

first delivery of the RCA 601 is expected
soon. The number of firm bookings for equipment to be delivered within 18 months is more
than double the total of current installations. Bookings in 1961 were double the 1960
figure. Deliveries last year were 2~ times
greater than the preceding twelve months. In
a three-year period, RCA has moved into a
strong position in the computer field. We
are recognized as an important competitive
factor • •••••
CeNTROL DATA CrnpORATION
REPORTS INCREASED SALES AND PROFITS
William C. Norris, President of Control
Data Corporation, has reported that for the
six months' period ended December 31, 1961,
the Company's sales, rentals and service income was $17,308.142, as compared with
$8,543,126 for the same period in 1960. Net
earnings for the six months period were
$636,990, compared with $403,722 for the
previous year.

lr-

:omial

David Sarnoff
Chairman of the Board
Radio Corp. of America
New York, N. Y.

m
be
to
time
no

is
ely

Data processing has become one of the
fastest growing major businesses of RCA. In
1962, gross income from all RCA data processing activities, both commercial and military,
is expected to be substantially in excess of
$200 million dollars.
Our commercial data processing sales and
rental income alone should increase 2~ times
in 1962. Through this increase, and improved
operating procedures. we antiCipate a reduction of approximately 50 per cent in our 1962
data processing costs. We expect the costs
in 1963 to be reduced by half again and we
hope to realize a profit in data processing
within 2 to 3 years from now.
To support our growth plans, we now have
approximately 2.000 scientists and engineers
-- more than 25% of all scientists and engineers employed by RCA -- engaged in research
and development on various projects related
to data processing, from minute components
to major systems for both industry and defense. The combination of their efforts and
our wide-ranging technological background in
electronics and communications gives us a
capability in many computer areas that few,
if any, other companies can hope to match.
This is a young, rapidly-changing technology
and we are determined to play an important
role in its development.
At the end of 1961, 125 RCA data processing systems had been installed. and the

)(j2

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

Norris also reported that the Company's
backlog of orders continues to increase. As
of December 31, 1961. 29 large-scale Control
Data 1604 electronic digital computers were
installed, and 124 Control Data 160 and 160-A
electronic digital computers were delivered.
Norris reported that a second large computing center has been put into operation by
the Company at Stanford Industrial Park, Palo
Alto, California. This computing center utilizes both the 1604 and 160 computers, and is
now available on a service bureau basis. A
similar computing center has been in operation
for over one year at the Company's home office
at Minneapol is.
A number of programming systems are under
development as a part of the Company's efforts
in the business data processing market. Implementation of COBOL for the 1604 computer
is now nearly complete and a version of this
program is also being planned for the 160 and
160-A computers.
HONEYWELL REPffiTS SALES GAINS
Sales of Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator
Co. increased to a record $470.205.941 in
1961, as compared with $426,183.310 a year ago.
Paul B. Wishart, chairman of the board,
said all major phases of the oompany's business
in 1961 showed increases in sales over last
year, the largest being in military and space
activities and in electronic data processing.
At the year's end, new EDP systems with a sales
value of $~6-million had been installed, and
the year-end backlog exceeded that iigure.

19B

New

Firms,

Divisions,

and

Mergers
FOUR NEW VICTOR COMPTOMETER DIVISIONS
Victor Comptometer Corporation of Chicago,
Ill., has established four independent operating divisions to handle its activities outside the business machines industry -- three
in recreation products and one in electronic
systems and manufacturing.
The new electronic systems and manufacturing division, Victor Electronic Systems
Co., has been assigned responsibility for
electronic data processing devices, advanced
scientific products, including infra-red
detection systems, and special defense contract work. The division will consolidate
previous electronic activities of both Victor
Adding Machine and Comptometer.
TWO ELECTRONIC COMPANIES TO COMBINE
Plans for a combination of Anadex Instruments Inc. and Infonetics Corp., both of Van
Nuys, Calif., will be submitted to stockholders
of both companies for approval.
Anadex Instruments Inc., organized in
1957, manufactures precision analog and digital instruments. Infonetics Corp. organized
in 1961, manufactures electro-mechanical data
processing equipment.
The new company will retain the name.
Anadex Instruments Inc.
TWO PHILADELPHIA DATA PROCESSING FIRMS MERGE
A new firm, Electronic Processing Center
Inc., has been formed as the result of a merger
between Electronic Data Processing Corp. and
Punch Card Data Processing. Both firms had
headquarters in Philadelphia.

"Kathryn Lawlor Shook of Montgomery County
Circuit Court, Maryland.

In ruling on the motion to dismiss, filed
by attorneys for Computer Dynamics Corp. of
Silver Spring, Md., after a week of testimony
by C-E-I-R, Inc. of Arlington,Va., Judge Shook
ruled that the former employees of the corporation "took no knowledge with them that was the
employer's property", and "no secret methods
or formula" and that C-E-I-R had "no proprietary rights in business from the United States
Government".
THE STANDARD REGISTER CO. -- RAYTHEON CO.
Standard Register Co •• Dayton, Ohio, and
Raytheon Company's Equipment Division, Waltham,"
Mass., have agreed that Standard Register will
be the sales and service organization for data
communications equipment manufactured by Raytheon.
The Communications and Data Processing
Operation of the Equipment Division of Raytheon
will supply design and production. Standard
Register will provide distribution and marketing knOW-how. Raytheon also will supply
design and assembly for installations that
are partially custom-built by use of Raytheon's
line of off-the-shelf digital building blocks.
NEW NATIONWIDE NETWORK OF EDP CENTERS

As.

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the s
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fects
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Automated Procedures Corp., New York, has
begun a nation-wide network of electronic data
processing centers by acquiring a California
firm, Automaton Business Machine Service. The
new west coast subsidiary will be called A.D.P.
Sales & Service Corp. It was obtained through
an exchange of stock; no cash was involved;
the amount of stock was not disclosed.

fere
rent]
Elect
toriE

A.P.C. plans to set up or purchase EDP
centers in San Francisco. Seattle, Dallas,
St. Louis, Chicago, Boston, and Atlanta during
1962 and 1963.

suI t<

via
SYStE

tron:
tran:
Tele]
ling.

The newly formed company specializes in
data processing projects of all sizes and
types. Offices are located at the Southeast
corner of Broad and Vine Sts., Philadelphia,
Pa.
SUIT AGAINST COMPUTER DYNAMICS CORPORATION
DISMISSED

Dismissal of the suit by C-E-I-R, Inc.,
to enjoin the Computer Dynamics Corp. from
seeking to do business with its former or
prospective clients was granted by Judge
20B

COMPUTERS and AUTOMA TION for March, 1962

CO]

s
N

SKIRMISH OVER A COMPUTER-TOINERTIAL-PLATFORM INTERPRETER

)NS

Undaunted, the advocates of the
new method pressed ahead, conducted detailed studies and laboratory investigations to nullify all
objections and verified the complete
feasibility of their proposed scheme.

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age, reference supply voltage, fiIter
capacitor leakage and stability,
filter lags, drum speed variation,
and signal line ground currents.

'What is the best way to implement
the digital-to-analog conversion circuitry required to convert binary
incremental signals from a digital
computer to precise d.c. voltages for
gyro torquing in an airborne tactical data system? This was a problem
faced by Litton data systems
engineers.
Several engineers who had participated in the development of an
earlier navigation buffer employing
the digital servo technique were
strongly inclined towards playing it
safe by adopting an identical
approach. To permit the navigation
system to sustain the longer flights
required under the new program,
they proposed engineering greater
accuracy into the existing buffer.
Somehow, they felt, the additional
requirements for lesser weight and
volume could also be met. Preliminary investigation revealed that this
scheme would require at least 20
pounds of hardware.

Feeling that a better way could be
found, other/engineers studied
alternate approaches and finally
proposed a scheme for generating
d.c. gyro torquing voltages scaled
according to width-modulated
pulses linearly related to computer
word length. This approach appeared to hold promise of an accuracy of at least 1 part in 4000
( 0.025 % ), which was specified for
two of the required eight signals
(six for the inertial subsystem; two
for the cockpit display system). The
pulse width modulation/ demodulation method also appeared to require far less hardware than would
the digital servo technique
because of the elimination of heavy
electromechanical components.
Skeptics were quick to point out
that the specified precision would
be impossible to obtain in view of
errors inherent in pulse-width modulation, delays and rise times in the
precision switch, switch offset volt-

N ow functioning as part of a tactical data system installed in a carrierbased aircraft, this eight-signal
navigation buffer is packaged on
five 3" x 3" cards and two small
assemblies. Weight and volume are
about one-fifth of that required for
a digital servo type of buffer. More
recently, new packaging techniques
have enabled reduction of the buffer
unit by an additional 40% to two
cards and two assemblies without
degrading accuracy.
Litton management recognizes the
value of results stimulated by
healthy controversy. Security and
proprietary restrictions preclude
our discussing current activities, but
new programs offering many new
technical challenges are now being
conducted. And Litton continues to
encourage an environment in which
engineers can ]Jropose and pursue
other than safe approaches to problems. If you've been frustrated in
your attempts to follow through on
new approaches to digital data
handling and display functions, try
writing H. Laur, Litton Systems,
Inc., Data Systems Division, 6700
Eton Avenue, Canoga Park, California; 01' telephone DIamond 6-4040.
An Equal Opportunity Employer

,..

....

DATA SYSTEMS DIVISION

....l1lI

LITTON SYSTEMS, INC .
A DIVISION OF LITTON INDUSTRIES

DATA HANDLING &

DISPLAY SYSTEMS. COMPUTER SYSTEMS. MODULAR DISPERSED CONTROL SYSTEMS

"II.,
COMPUTERS

fi11(1

AUTOMATION for March, 1962

Kibhi

TCI

Rci

PP,

CYBERNATION: THE SILENT CONQUEST
Donald N. Michaels
Washington, D. C.

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COl

Introduction
Hoth optimists and pessimists often claim that automation is simply the latest stage in the evolution of
technological means for removing the burdens of
work. The assertion is misleading. There is a very
good possibility that automation is so different in
degree as to be a profound difference in kind, and
that it will pose unique problems for society, challenging our basic values and the ways in which we
ex press and enforce them. *
In order to understand what both the differences
and the problems are and, even more, will be, we
have to know something of the nature and use of
automation and computers. There are two important
classes of devices. One class, usually referred to when
one speaks of "automation," is made up of devices
that automatically perform sensing and motor tasks,
replacing or improving on human capacities for performing these functions. The second class, usually
referred to when one speaks of "computers," is composed of cievices that perform, very rapidly, routine
or complex logical and decision-making tasks, replacing or improving on human capacities for performing these functions.
Using these machines does not merely involve replacing men by having machines do tasks that men
did before. It is, as John Diebold says, a way of
"thinking as much as it is a way of doing .... It is no
longer necessary to think in terms of individual machines, or even in terms of groups of machines; instead, for the first time, it is practical to look at an
entire production or information-handling process as
an integrated system and not as a series of individual
steps."l For example, if the building trades were to
be automated, it would not mean inventing machines
to do the various tasks now done by men; rather,
buildings would be redesigned so that they could be
buil t by machines. One might invent an automatic
bricklayer, but it is more likely that housing would
be designed so that bricks would not be laid. AutoIII a l ion of the electronics industry was not brought
*This paper makcs the following assumptions in looking on
the next twenty years or so: 1) international relations will derive
fwm the same general conditions that pertain today; 2) the
weapons systems industries will continue to support a major
share of our economy; 3) major discoveries will be made and
applied in other technologies, including psychology and medicine; 4) trends in megalopolis living and in population growth
will continue; 5) no major shifts in underlying social attitudes
and in public and private goals wil1 take place.
2(j

COl

It is not often that a report is published on

computers and automation (combined into
the one word "cybernation") that is promptly
mentioned and discussed in a number of
newspapers, and treated by an editorial in the
"New York Times" entitled "Is Man Obsolete?" (Jan. 30, 1962)
But the Center for the Study of Democratic
Institutions, Santa Barbara, Calif. (an activity of the Fund for the Republic), has published "Cybernation: The Silent Conquest,"
a report to it by Donald N. Michaels. He is
director of planning and programs of the
Peace Research Institute, Washington, D. C.,
and was formerly a consultant to UNESCO,
the Department of Defense, and the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration. And
the report has received widespread attention
and comment.
The report is interesting and important,
and relates to computers. The editors of
"Computers and Automation" do not by any
means agree with all the statements made in
the report. But we do believe it is highly
desirable that its ideas be considered and
argued, and so we reprint it-in full rather
than in part.

about through the invention of automatic means for
wiring circuits but through the invention of essentially wireless-i.e.) printed-circuits (though today
there are automatic circuit wirers as well).
The two classes of devices overlap. At one pole are
the automatic producers of material objects and, at
the other, the sophisticated analyzers and interpreters
of complex data. In the middle zone are the mixed
systems, in which computers control complicated
processes, such as the operations of an oil refinery, on
the basis of interpretations that they make of data
automatically fed to them about the environment.
Also in this middle zone are those routine, automatic,
data-processing activities which provide men with
the bases for controlling, or at least understanding,
what is happening to a particular environment. Processing of social security data and making straightCOMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for l\farch. 19fi2

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INTRODUCTION
THE ADVANTAGES OF CYBERNATION
THE I)IH)ULEMS OF CYBERNATION
UNEI\IPLOYI\IENT AND EMPLOYl\JENT
Blue-Collar Adults
Service Industries
Middle Management
Overworked Professionals
Un tra ined Adolescen ts
SOllie Proposed Solutions
ADDITIONAL LEISURE
Leisure Class One
Leisure Class Two
Leisure Class Three
Leisure Class Four
DECISIONS AND PUBLIC OPINION
Privileged Information
The Inevitability of Ignorance
Personnel and Personalities
Mass vs_ the Individual
Decisions for Business
THE CONTROL OF CYBERNATION
TIME AND PLANNING
EDUCATION: OCCUPATIONS AND ATTITUDES
A MORATORIUM ON CYBERNATION?
CONTROL: PUBLIC OR PRIVATE?
AFTER THE TAKE-OVER

forward tabulations of census information are examples of thcse activities. *
Cybernated systems perform with a precision and a
rapidity unmatched in humans. They also perform
in ways that would be impractical or impossible for
humans to duplicate. They can be built to detect and
correct errors in their own performance and to indicate to men which of their components are producing the error. They can make judgments on the basis
of instructions programmed into them. They can
remember and search their memories for appropriate
data, which either has been programmed into them
along with their instructions or has been acquired
in the process of manipulating new data. Thus, they
can learn on the basis of past experience with their
environmcnt. They can receive information in more
codes and sensory modes than men can. They are
beginning to perceive and to recognize.
As a result of these characteristics, automation is
being used to make and roll steel, mine coal, manufacture engine blocks, weave cloth, sort and grade
everything from oranges to bank checks. More versatile automatic fabricators are becoming available,
too:
({U. S. Industries announced . . . that it had develoj}(:d what was termed the first geneml-purpose
autoJ/lation machine available to manufacturers
*In ordcr to eliminate the awkwardness of repeating the words
"automation" and "computers" each time we wish to refer to
both at the same time, and in order to avoid the semantic difIicuI ties involved in using one term or the other to mean both
ends of thc continuum, we invent the term "cybernation" to
refer to /JoII, automation and computers. The word is legitimate
at least to the extent that it derives from "cybernetics," a term
invented Ily Norbert '''icner to lllean the processes of communication and control in lIlan and machines. He derived it from
the Greek word for "steersman." The theory and practice of
cybernetic~ unckrlie all systematic design and application of
automation and computers.
CO:MPUTERS mul AUTOMATION for March, 1962

as standard (oU-the-shelf' hardware . . . . The new
Jnachine, called a TransfeRobot, sells for $2,500 . ...
The rVestclox Company of La Salle) Ill., has been
using a Tral1sfeRo/Jot to oil clock asselnblies as
they pass Oil a convey01' bell. The machine oils
eight precision bearings simultaneously in a second.
At the Underwood Corporation tyjJcwriter plant
in IJartford, tile robot jJic/{s UjJ, transfers and places
a small typewriter cOlllj}()ncnt into (l close-fitting
nest for an auto1llatic lI/(u:ltinc oj}(:rati01l. In an
autornobile plant, the device feeds j}(lrtly fabricated
parts of a steering assembly to (l trilluning press
and controls the press. The device consists basically of an arm and actuator that can be fitted with
many types of fingers and jaws. All are controlled
by a self-contained electronic brain.":!'
At the other end of the continuum, computers are
being used rather regularly to analyze market portfolios for brokers; compute the best combination of
crops and livestock for given farm conditions; design
and "fly" under typical and extreme conditions
rockets and airplanes before they are built; design, in
terms of costs and traffic-flow characteristics, the appropriatc angles and grades for complex traffic interchanges; kecp up-to-date inventory records and print
new stock orders as automatically computed rates of
sales and inventory status indicate. Computers have
also been programmed to wri te mediocre TV dramas
(by manipulating segments of the plot), write music,
translate tolerably if not perfectly from one language
to another, and simulate some logical brain processes
(so that the machine goes about solving puzzles-and
making mistakes in the process-in the ways people
do). Also, computers are programmed to play elaborate "games" by themselves or in collaboration with
human beings. Among other reasons, these games
are played to understand and plan more efficiently
for the conduct of wars and the procedures for industrial and business aggrandizement. Through such
games, involving a vast number of variablcs, and contingencies within which these variables act and interact, the bcst or most likely solutions to complex problems are obtained.
The utility and the applicability of computers are
being continually enhanced. For cxample, after a
few hours of training, non-specialists can operate the
smaller computers without the aid of programmers
simply by plugging in pre-recordcd instruction tapes
that tell the computer how to do specific tasks. Instruction-tape libraries can supply pre-programmed
computer directions for everything from finding the
cube root of a number to designing a bridge. When
the machine is through with one task, its circuits can
be easily cleared so tha I a new set of pre-programmed
instructions can be plllgged in by its businessman
operator.
But the capahilities of computers already extend
well beyond evell I hese applications. Much successful
work has hecll dOllc 011 computers that can program
themselves. For cxamplc, they are beginning to operate the way ma II a ppcars to when he is exploring ways
of solving a lloVel problem. That is, they apply and
then modify, as appropriate, previous experiences
with and methods of solution for what appear to be
relatc(l problems. Some of the machines show origi-

nality and unpredictability. To take one example from
a recent paper of Norbert Wiener:
"The present level of these learning machines is
that they playa" fair amateur game at chess but
that in checkers they can show a marked superiority to the player who has programmed them after
from 10 to 20 playing hours of working and indoctrination. They thus most definitely escape from
the completely effective control of the man who
has made them. Rigid as the repertory of factors
may be which they are in a position to take into
consideration} they do unquestionably-and so say
those who have j)/ayed with them-show originality} not mady in their tactics} which may be quite
1l11Iorcseen} but even in the detailed weighting of
their stmtegy."::
Another example of a machine the behavior of
which is not completely controllable or predictable
is the Perceptron, designed by Dr. Frank Rosenblatt.
This machine can learn to recognize what it has seen
before and to teach itself generalizations about what
it recognizes. It can also learn to discriminate, and
thereby to identify shapes similar to those it has seen
before. Future versions will hear as well as see. It
is not possible to predict the degree and quality of
recognition that the machine will display as it is
learning. It is designed to learn and discriminate
in the same way that it is believed man may learn
and discriminate; it has its own pace and style of
learning, of refining its discriminations, and of making mistakes in the process.
It is no fantasy, then, to be concerned with the implica tions of the thinking machines. There is every
reason to believe that within the next two decades
machines will be available outside the laboratory that
will do a credible job of original thinking, certainly
as good thinking as that expected of most middlelevel people who are supposed to "use their minds."
There is no basis for knowing where this process
will stop, nor, as Wiener has pointed out, is there
any comfort in the assertion that, since man built
the machine, he will always be smarter or more capable than it is.
"It may be seen that the result of a programming
technique of (cybernation) is to remove from the
Inind of the designer and operator an effective understanding of many of the stages by which the
machine comes to its conclusions and of what the
real tactical illtentions of many of its operations
may be. This is highly relevant to the problem of
our being able to foresee undesired consequences
outside the frame of the strategy of the game while
the machine is still i11 ([ction and while intervention
on our 1)art may pre1Jent the occurrence of these
consequences. Here it is necessary to realize thai
human action is a feedback action. To avoid a
disastrous consequence) it is not enough that some
action on our part should be sufficient to clwnge
the course of the machine} because it is quite possible that we lack information on which to base C011sideration of SItch an action."4
The capabilities and potentialities of these devices
are unlimited. They contain extraordinary implications for the emancipation and enslavement of mankind.
2R

The opportunities for man's enhancement through
the benefits of cybernation are generally more evident
and more expected, especially in view of Ollr proclivity to equate technological advances with progress
and happiness. In the words of the National Association of lVIanufacturers:
"For the expanding} dynamic eC0l101l1Y of America}
the sky is indeed the limit. Now more than ever we
must have confidence in America's capacity to grow.
Guided by electronics} powered by atotnic energy}
geared to the smooth} effortless workings of automation} the magic carpet of our free econorny heads
for distant and undreamed horizons. .Just going
along for the ride will be the biggest thrill on
earth!"ri
But the somber and complex difficulties produced
by cybernation, which already are beginning to plague
some aspects of our society and economy, are only beginning to be recognized. Thus, although this paper
will describe, first, the advantages of cybernation,
which make its ever expanding application so compelling, it will, on the whole, emphasize the less obvious, sometimes acutely uncomfortable aspects of this
development with which we must successfully contend
if we are to enjoy the benefits of both cybernation
and democracy.
The Advantages of Cybernation
In recent years deteriorating sales prospects, rising
production costs, increased foreign competition, and
lower profits have led business management to turn
to our national talent for technological invention as
the most plausible means of reducing costs and increasing productivity, whether the product is an engine block or tables of sales figures. And the government, faced with the need to process and understand
rapidly increasing masses of numerical facts about the
state of the nation and the world, is already using 521
computers and is" the major customer for more of
them.
What are the advantages of cybernated systems
that make government and private enterprise turn to
them to solve problems?
In the first place, in a competitive society a successfully cybernated organization often has economic advantages over a competitor using people instead of
machines. As U. S. News and Tl' orld Report says:
"In one line of business after another} the trend is
the same. Companies are spending millions of dollars to mechanize their operations} boost output
and cut costs. . . . Says an official of a big electrical
company: (It is no longer a question of whether or
not to automate) but rather it is how far to go and
how fast to proceed. If you don't} your competition
will.' "6
Not only must many organizations automate to compete, but the same principle probably holds for competing nations. 'J\Te are by no means the only semicybernated society. Europe and Russia are well under
way, and their machines and products compete with
ours here and in the world market. The U.S.S.R.
is making an all-out effort to cybernate as much of
its planning-economic-industrial operation as it can.
In the second place, reducing the number of personnel in an organization reduces the magnitude
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for

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of management's human relations tasks, whether
facilities efficiently in relation to the accessibility of
these be coping with over-long coffee breaks, union
raw products, markets, transportation, and needed
negotiations, human errors, or indifference.
(or cheaper) human and material resources. Distance
is no longer a barrier to control and coordination.
In the third place, cybernation permits much greater
The computers that control automated processes need
rationalization of managerial activities. The compunot be near the factories nor the data-processing
ters can produce information about what is happencomputers near their sources of information or users
ing now, as well as continuously up-dated information
if other considerations are more pressing. Widely disabout what will be the probable consequences of
persed installations can be coordinated and controlled
specific decisions based on present and extrapolated
[rom still another place, and the dispersed units can
circulllstances. The results are available in a multiinteract with each other and affect one another's pertude of detailed or simplified displays in the form
formance as easily, in many cases, as if they were all in
of words, tables of figures, patterns of light, growth
the same place.
and decay curves, dial readings, etc. In many situaIn the fifth place, some degree of cybernation is
tions, built-in feedback monitors the developing situanecessary to meet the needs of our larger population
tion and deals with routine changes, errors, and
and to maintain or increase the rate of growth of the
needs with little or no intervention by human beings.
Gross National Product. An estimated 80,000,000
This frees management for attention to more basic
persons will be added to our population in the next
duties. There is, for example,
twenty years. Beyond increases in productivity per
" • • • ([11 autornatic lathe . .. which gauges each part
man hour to be expected from the projected 20 per
as it is jJroduced and auturnatically resets the cutcent growth in the labor force during the same period,
ting tools to compensate for tool wear. In addition,
productive growth will have to be provided by mawhcn the cutting tools have been worn down to a
chines.
certain jJredetennined limit, the machine automatiIf the cri teria are control, understanding, and
cally 1"(~places thern with sharp tools. The parts
profits, there are strong reasons why government and
are automatically loaded onto the machine and are
business should want to, and indeed would have to,
autolllatically unloaded as they are finished. These
expand cybernation as rapidly as they can. The verlathes am be operated for 5 to 8 hours without atsatility of computers and automation is becoming
tentioll, except for an occasional check to mahe
better understood all the time by those who use them,
sure t//(lt parts are being delivered to the loading
even though, as with the human brain, most present
mec/l(lnism."7
users are far from applying their full potential. Cheap
Another example, combining built-in feedback with
and general purpose computers or modular coma display capability, adds further illumination:
ponents applicable to many types of automatic pro"The Grayson-Robinson apparel chain, which has
duction and decision-making are now being manumore titan 100 stores throughout the country, refactured. In good part, they are cheap because they
ceivcs j)fint-punch tags daily from its stores and
themselves are produced by automated methods.
converts them to full-size punchcards. The comTechniques for gathering the field data that serves as
plete ll1erchandise and inventory control function
the "inputs" to the machines are being refined and
is t!/{:n handled on a curnputer. vVhat styles are to
themselves automated or semi-automated. For exbe jJro('(:ssed first are determined at the computer
ample, a large shoe distributor is planning to attach
center. During any given week about 60 per cent uf
a pre-punched IBlV! card to each shoe box. vVhen a
the sales data are received and sUlnrnarized. On
sale is made, the card is returned to a central facility
the following Ai onday morning the remaining 40
to guide inventory adjustment, reordering, and sales
per t£:llt uf the sales data are received. The cUJrI,recording alld analysis. Techniques for quickly imputer ('(171 then begin running style repurts imrneplementi ng the "outpu ts" from the machines are also
diately after the tickets have been cunverted to
being invented. lVlethods are being developed for
cards. ny this time the cornpany can run liP stylc
systematically establishing the precise kind and dereports by departments and price lincs in ordcr to
gree of cybernation required in specific situations as
obtain the necessary merchandising in/ormatioll.
well as the changes needed in the rest of the instituThc (:Iltire reporting job is completed by Wednesall inactive stockpiles."8
tion or organization using cybernation.
day a/Lanoon of each week, including reports on
These are the advantages for management, for govFreeillg management from petty distractions in
ernment, and for those parts of the work force whose
these ways permits more precise and better substantistatus has been enhanced because of cybernation.
ated decisions, whether they have to do with business
But as cybernation advances, new and profound probstrategy, government economic policy, equipment syslems will arise for our society and its values. Cybertem plalllling, or military strategy and tactics. Thus,
natioll presages changes in the social system so vast
management in business or government can have
and so difl'erent from those with which we have tradimuch hetter control both over the system as it opertionally wrestled that it will challellge to their roots
a~es alld over the introduction of changes into future
ollr current perceptiolls about tlte viability of our
operatiolls. Indeed, the changes themselves may be
way of life. 1I' our democratic system has a chance to
planned in conformity with, and guided by, a strategy
survive at all, we shall need far more understanding
that is derived from a computer analysis of the fuof the consequences of cybernation. Even the job of
ture environment.
simply preserving a going society will take a level of
In the fourth place, cyhernation allows government
planning far exceeding any of our previous experiand industry Illuch greater freedom in locating their ".• J......~ ences with centralized control.
co~rp{JTERS

alit! A lJTO~L\ TIO~ for March, 1%2

2!)

'I
I

•

The balance of this paper will point out some of
the implications of cybernation that we must recognize in our task of developing a society and institutions in which man may be allowed to reach his full
ca paci tics.

The Problems of Cybernation
Unemployment and Employment
ADULTS
"In the highly automated
chemical industry, the number of production jobs
has fallen 3% since 1956 while output has soared
27%. Though steel capacity has increased 20%
Sl11ce 1955, the llwnber of men needed to operate
the industry's jJ!ants-even at full capacity-has
dropped 17,000. Auto employment slid from a peak
of 746,000 in boom 1955 to 614,000 in November.
... Since the meat industry's 1956 employment peak,
28,000 workers h{l1}(~ lost their jobs despite a production increase of 3%. Bakery jobs have been in a
steady decline from 174,000 in 1954 to 163,000 last
year. On the farm one man can grow enough to
feed 24 people; back ill 1949 he could feed only
15."11
Further insight into the problem of declining employment for the blue-collar worker comes from union
statements to the effect that the number of these employees in manufacturing has been reduced by 1,500,000 in the last six years. As one example from the
service industries, automatic elevators have already
displaced 40,000 operators in New York.
Another disturbing aspect of the blue-collar displacement problem is its impact on employment opportunities for Negroes. There is already an increasingly lopsided N egro-to-white unemployment
ratio as the dock, factory, and mine operations where
Negroes have hitherto found their steadiest employment are cybernated. This, plus the handicaps of bias
in hiring and lack of educational opportunity, leaves
Negroes very few chances to gain new skills and new
jobs. Continued widespread and disproportionate
firings of Negroes, if accompanied by ineffectual reemployment methods, may well produce a situation
that will increase disenchantment abroad and encourage discontent and violence here.
SERVICE INDUSTRIES
It is commonly argued that, with
the growth of population, there will always be more
need for people in the service industries. The assumption is that these industries will be able to absorb and displaced, retrained blue-collar labor force;
that automation will not seriously displace people
who perform service functions; and that the demand
for engineers and scientists will be so great as to provide employment for any number of the young people
who graduate with engineering training. (Indeed,
some of this demand is expected to arise from the
needs of cybernetic systems themselves.)
It is all very well to speak glowingly of the coming
growth in the service industries and the vast opportunities for well-paid jobs and job-upgrading that
these activities will provide as blue-collar opportunities diminish. But is the future as bright and as simple
as this speculation implies? In the first place, service
activities will also tend to displace workers by becoming self-service, by becoming cybernated, and by being
eliminated. Consider the following data: The U. S.
BLUE-COLLAR

Census Bureau was able to use fifty statisticians 1Il
1960 to do the tabulations that required 4,100 in
1950. Even where people are not being fired, service
industries can now carryon a vastly greater amount of
business without hiring additional personnel; for example, a 50 per cent increase in the Bell System's volume of calls in the last ten years with only a 10 per
cent increase in personnel.
Automation frequently permits the mass production of both cheap items and items of adequate to
superior quality. It frequently uses methods of fabrication that makes replacement of part or all of the
item more efficient or less bother than repairing it.
As automation results in more leisure time, certainly
some of this time will be used by more and more doit-yourselfers to replace worn-out or faulty components in home appliances that are now repaired by
paid service personnel. Nor is it clear that repairing
computers will be big business. Computer design is
in the direction of microminiaturized components:
when there is a failure in the system, the malfunctioning part is simply unplugged or pulled out, much as
a drawer from a bureau, and replaced by a new unit.
Routine procedures determine which component is
malfunctioning, so routine that the larger computers
now indicate where their own troubles are, so routine
that small computers could be built to troubleshoot
others. This does not mean that clever maintenance
and repair people will be completely unnecessary, but
it does mean that a much more careful estimate is re·
quired of the probable need for these skills in home·
repair work or in computer-repair work.
Drip-dry clothes, synthetic fabrics, plus self-service
dry and wet cleaning facilities, probably will outmode
this type of service activity.
Identification by fingerprints, instantly checked
against an up-to-date nation-wide credit rating (performed by a central computer facility), could eliminate all service activities associated with processing
based on identification (for example, bank tellers).
A computer that can identify fingerprints does not
yet exist, but there is no reason to believe it will not
be invented in the next two decades.
If people cost more than machines-either in money
or because of the managerial effort involved-there
will be growing incentives to replace them in one way
or another in most service activities where they perform routine, predefined tasks. It is possible, of
course, that eventually people will not cost more than
machines, because there may be so many of them competing for jobs, including a growing number of working women. But will service people be this cheap?
As union strength is weakened or threatened through
reductions in blue-collar membership, unions will try,
as they have already begun to do, to organize the
white-collar worker and other service personnel more
completely in order to help them to protect their jobs
from managements willing to hire those who, having
no other work to turn to, would work for less money.
Former blue-collar workers who, through retraining,
will join the ranks of the service group may help to
produce an atmosphere conducive to such unionizing.
But how many service organizations will accept the
complications of union negotiations, strikes, personnel
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services, and higher wages in preference to investing
ill cybernation?
It is possible that as automation and computers are
applied more widely an attitude of indifference to
personalized service will gradually develop. People
will not demand it and organizations will not provide
it. The family doctor is disappearing; clerks of all
sorts in stores of all sorts are disappearing as well.
For example:
"The R. H. iWacy Co. is trying out its first electronic sales girl. This machine is smart enough to
disj)(~nse 36 different items in 10 separate styles and
sizes. It accepts one- and five-dollar bills in addition to coins and returns the correct change plus
rejecting counterfeit currency."10
People either get used to this or, as in the case of
the self-service supermarket, seem to prefer it.
It is already the rare sales clerk who knows the
"real" differences between functionally similar items;
indeed, in most stores, sales clerks as such are rare.
Thus, the customer is almost forced to do much of his
own selecting and to know at least as much about or
to be at least as casual about the differences between
competing items as the clerk. As automation increases,
the utility of the sales clerk will further diminish.
With some products, automation will permit extensive variation in design and utility. With others, especially if our society follows its present course, automation will encourage the endless proliferation of
items only marginally different from one other. In
either event there is no reason to believe that the clerk
or salesman will become more knowledgeable about
an even larger variety of competing items. Finally, it
is obvious that the remaining tasks of the clerk, such
as recording the sale and insuring that the item is
paid for, can be cybernated without difficulty.
The greater the indifference to personalized service
by both buyers and sellers, the greater the opportunity, of course, to remove human judgments from
the system. Cybernation may well encourage acceptance to such depersonalization, and this, in turn,
would encourage further reductions in opportunities
[or service jobs.
MIDDLE i\IANAGEMENT
The blue-collar worker and the
relatively menial service worker will not be the only
employment victims of cybernation.
" ... llro(ldly, our prognostications are along the following lines:
ul) Information technology should move the
boundary between planning and performance upward . .lust as planning was taken from the hourly
worher and given to the industrial engineer, we
now (:x jJect it to be taken from a number of middle
managers and given to as yet largely nonexistent
specialists: {operation researchers: perhaps, or {organizational analysts.' Jobs at today's middle-management level will become highly structured. Much
tnon: of the worh will be programmed, i.e., covered
by sets of operating rules governing the day-to-day
decisions that (lre made.
({2) Corrd(ltitJely, we jJredict that large industrial
organizatiol1s will recentralize, that top managers
will la/u~ on an ever larger proportion of the inno1Jatillg, /Jlalllling, and other {creative' functions than
they //(Ill(: 110W.
COMPUTERS (I1ul AUTOMATION for March, 1962

((3) A radical reorganization of middle-management
levels should occur with certain classes of middlemanagement jobs moving downward in status and
compensation (because they will require less autonomy and shill), while other classes move upward
into the top-management group.
({4) 'Ve suggest, too, that the line separating the top
from, tlte tniddle of the organization will be drawn
more clearly and impenetrably than ever, much lihe
the line drawn in the last few decades between
hourly wor/((:rs and first-line supeTVisors.
({ . . . Inforlllation technology promises to allow
fewer jJeojJ/e to do more work. The more it can reduce tlte nllmber of middle managers, the more top
managers will be willing to try it . . . . One can
imagi1le lIl(ljor jJ'~'Ychological problems arising from
the dej)(:rsonalization of relationships within management (111£1 the greater distance between peuple
at diUer(:nt levels . ... In particular, we may have
to reajJjJl"(Iise our traditional notions about the
worth of the individual as opposed to the organization, (II/(/ about the mobility rights of young men
on the 111 ({/{e. This hind of inquiry may bt; painfully difficult, but will be increasingly necessary."ll
As cybernation moves into the areas now dominated
by middle management in government and in business-and this move is already beginning-growing
numbers of middle managers will find themselves displaced. Perhaps the bulk of displaced members of the
blue-collar and service work force might be trained
"up" or "over" to other jobs with, generally speaking,
little or no decline in status. But the middle manager
presents a special and poignant problem. Where can
he go? To firms that are not as yet assigning routine
liaison, analysis, and minor executive tasks to machines? This may take care of some of the best of the
displaced managers and junior executives, but if these
firms are to have a future, the chances are that they
will have to computerize eventually in order to compete. To the government? Again, some could join
it, but the style and format of governmental operations may require readjustments that many junior executives would be unable to make. And, in any case,
governmen t too, as we have seen, is turning to computers, and it is entirely possible that much of the
work of its middle management will also be absorbed
by the computers. Up into top management? A few,
of course, but necessarily only a few. Into the service
end of the organization, such as sales? Some here,
certainly, if they have the talent for such work. If
computers and automation lead to an even greater,
efflorescence of marginally differentiated articles and
services, there will be a correspondingly greater emphasis on sales in an effort to compete successfully.
But can this be an outlet for a truly sig-nificant portion of the displaced? And at what salary? Overseas
appoin tments in nations not yet IIsi ng- cy berna tion at
the management level? ,\g-ain, for a few, but only for
those with the special ability to fit inl<> a different
culture at the corresponding level from which they
came.
Middle management is the group in the society
with the most intensive emotional drive for succeS5
and status. Their family and social life is molded by
these needs, as the endless literature on life in subur31

bia and exurbia demonstrate. They stand to be deeply
disturbed by the threat and fact of their replacement
by machines. One wonders what the threat will do to
the ambitions of those who will still be students and
who, as followers of one of the pervasive American
dreams, will have aspired to the role of middle manager "011 the way up."
\I\Tith the demise or downgrading of this group,
changes in advertising, or at least changes in the
be expected. These people, although they are not the
only consumers of products of the sort advertised in
The New Yorker, Holiday, and the like, are certainly
among the largest of such consumers. They are the
style-setters, the innovators, and the experimenters
with new, quality products. With their loss of status
and the loss of their buying power, one can imagine
changes in advertising, or at least changes in the
"taste" that this advertising tries to generate. It is
possible that the new middle elite, the engineers, operations researchers, and systems analysts, will simply
absorb the standards of the group they will have replaced. But they may be different enough in outlook
and motives to have different styles in consumption.
OVERWORKED PROFESSIONALS
There are service jobs,
of course, that require judgments about people by
people. (We are not including here the "personalized service" type of salesmanship.) The shortage of
people with these talents is evidenced by the 60-hour
and more work-weeks of many professionals. But these
people are the products of special education, special
motives, and special attitudes that are not shared to
any great degree by those who turn to blue-collar or
routine service tasks. Increasing the proportion of
citizens with this sort of professional competence
would require systematic changes in attitudes, motives, and levels of education, not to mention more
teachers, a professional service already in short supply.
Alterations of this magnitude cannot be carried out
overnight or by casual advertising campaigns or minor
government appropriations. It is doubtful indeed, in
our present operating context, that they can be done
fast enough to make a significant difference in the
employment picture for professional services in the
next decade or two. Values become imbedded early
in life. They are subject to change, to be sure, but we
are not, as a democratic society, adept at or inclined
to change them deliberately and systematically.
Even if the teachers and the appropriate attitudes
already existed, service needs at the professional level
might not be great enough to absorb a large share of
the potentially unemployed. Much of the work that
now takes up the time of many professionals, such as
doctors and lawyers, could be done by computersjust as much of the time of teachers is now taken up
by teaching wha t could be done as well by machines.
The development of procedures for medical diagnosis by machine is proceeding well. A completely
automatic analysis of data can produce just as good a
diagnosis of brain malfunction as that done by a
highly trained doctor. Cybernated diagnosis will be
used in conjunction with improved multi-purpose
antibiotics and with microminiaturized, highly sensitive, and accurate telemetering equipment (which
can be swallowed, imbedded in the body, or affixed
to it) in order to detect, perhaps at a distance, signifi:12

cant symptoms. I !! All of these developments are likely
to change the nature of a doctor's time-consuming
tasks. In the field of law successful codification, so that
searches and evaluations can be automatic, as well as
changes in legal procedures, will probably make the
lawyer's work substantially different from what it is
today, at least in terms of how he allocates his time.
Computers probably will perform tasks like these
because the shortage of professionals will he more
acute at the time the computers acquire the necessary capabilities. By then, speeded-up data processing and interpretation will be necessary if professional
services are to be rendered with any adequacy. Once
the computers are in operation, the need for additional professional people may be only moderate, and
those who are needed will have to be of very high
calibre indeed. Probably only a small percentage of
the population will have the natural endowments to
meet such high requirements. A tour of the strongholds of science and engineering and conversations
with productive scientists and engineers already lead
to the conclusion that much of what now appears to
be creative, barrier-breaking "research and development" is in fact routine work done by mediocre
scientists and engineers. We lost sight of the fact that
not everybody with dirty hands or a white coat is an
Einstein or a Steinmetz. Many first-class scientists in
universities will testify that one consequence of the
increasingly large federal funds for research is that
many more mediocre scientists doing mediocre work
are being supported. No doubt for some time to
come good use can be made by good professionals of
battalions of mediocre professionals. But battalions
are not armies. And sooner or later one general of
science or engineering will be able to fight this war
for knowledge more effectively with more push-buttons than with more intellectual foot-soldiers.
UNTRAINED
ADOLESCENTS
((Altogether the United
States will need 13,500,000 more jobs in the Sixties
merely to keep abreast of the expected growth in
the labor force. This means an average of 25,000
new jobs each week, on top of those required to
drain the reseruoir of present unemployment and
to replace jobs made superfluous by improved
technology. In the last year, despite the slackness
of employment opportunities, 2,500,000 more people came into the job scramble than left it thTough
death, age, sickness or voluntary withdrawal. This
was more than double the 835,000 average annual
growth in the working population in the last ten
years. By the end of this decade, 3,000,000 youngsters will be starting their quest for jobs each year,
as against 2,000,000 now. This almost automatically
guarantees trouble in getting the over-all unemployment rate down to 4 per cent because the proportion of idleness among teen-age workers is always
far higher than it is among their elders."1:1
The Labor Department estimates that 26,000,000
adolescents will seek work in the Sixties. If present
performance is any indicator, in the decade ahead
30 per cent of adolescents will continue to drop out
before completing high school and many who could
go to college won't. The unemployment rate for such
drop-outs is about 30 per cent now. Robert E. ]ffert,
of the Department of Health, Education, and 'VelCOMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for

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fare, concluded in a ] 958 study that approximately
one-fourth of the students who enter college leave
after their freshman year never to return. Figures
compiled since then lead him to conclude that there
has been no significant change, in spite of the N ational Defense Education Act, which was supposed to
help reduce this figure. 14
If some figures recently given by James B. Conant
turn out to be typical, at least one situation is much
more serious than the average would imply. He
found that in one of our largest cities, in an almost
exclusively Negro slum of 125,000, 70 per cent of the
boys and girls between 16 and 21 were out of school
and unemployed. In another city, in an almost exclusively Negro slum, in the same age group, 48 per
cent of the high school graduates were unemployed
and 63 per cent of the high school drop-outs were unemployed. I5 These adolescents would in the normal
course join the untrained or poorly trained work
force, a work force that will be more and more the
respository of un trainable or untrained people displaced from their jobs by cybernation. These adolescents will have the following choices: they can stay
in school, for which they are unsuited either by motivation or by intelligence; they can seek training that
will raise them out of the untrained work force; they
can compete in the growing manpower pool of those
seeking relatively unskilled jobs; or they can loaf.
If they loaf, almost inevitably they are going to become delinquent. Thus, without adequate occupational outlets for these youths, cybernation may contribute substantially to further social disruption.
Threatened institutions often try forcibly to repress
groups demanding changes in the status quo. Imagine
the incentives to use force that would exist in a nation beset by national and international frustrations
and bedeviled by anarchic unemployed-youth movements. Imagine, too, the incentives to use force in
view of the reserves of volunteer "police" made up of
adults who can vent their own unemployment-based
hostility in a socially approved way by punishing or
disciplining these "children."
A constructive alternative, of course, is to provide
appropriate training for these young people in tasks
that are not about to be automated. But this implies
an elaborate, costly program of research and planning
to recruit teachers, to apply advanced teaching machine methods as a supplement to teachers, and to
stimulate presently unmotivated youngsters to learn.
The program would also require intensive cooperation among business, labor, education, local social
service agencies, and the government. And all this
must begin now in order for it to be ready when it
will be needed.
None of this is easily met. Persuading drop-outs to
stay in school will not be easy. Teachers will not be
easy to recruit unless they are well paid. There is
already a shortage of teachers. And let no one suggest
that an easy source of teachers would be displaced
workers. There is no reason to believe that they have
the verbal and social facility to teach, and most of
them wOllld have nothing to teach but skills that have
become obsolete. Some, of course, might be taught to
teach, thollgh this would add obvious complications
to the whole effort.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

Knowing what to teach will depend on knowing
what types of jobs are likely to exist when the student
finishes his training. This will require knowledge
about the trends and plans of local industry, if that
is where the youths are to work (and if that is where
industry plans to stay!), and of industries in other
localities, if the youths are willing to move. Such
knowledge often does not exist in a rapidly changing
world or, if it exists, may not be forthcoming from
businesses more concerned with competition than with
the frustrated "delinquents" of their community. As
of now, in the words of Dr. Conant, "unemployment
of youth is literally nobody's affair."
SOME PROPOSED SOLUTIONS
Retraining is often proposed as if it were also the cure-all for coping with
adults displaced by cybernation as well as young
people. In some circumstances it has worked well for
some people, especially with office personnel who have
been displaced by data-processing computers and have
learned other office jobs, including servicing the computers. But in other cases, especially with poorly educated blue-collar workers, retraining has not always
been successful, nor have new jobs based on that retraining been available. :Max Horton, Michigan'S Director of Employment Security, says:
"'1 suppose that is as good as any way for getting
rid of the unemployed-just keeping them in retraining. But how retrainable are the mass of these
unskilled and semi-skilled 1£ 11 elll played? Two-thirds
of them have less thau a high school education.
Arc they illtaested in retraining? But most imporUIIII, is there a fob waiting for them when they
have been retrained?' The new California SmithCollier Act retraining program drew only 100 applicants in six months."16
A. H. Raskin's survey of the situation leads him to
conclude:
"The upgrading task will be a difficult, and pel"haps impossible, one for those whose education and
general background do not fit them for shilled
work. The outlook is especially bleak for miners,
laborers and other unskilled workers over 40, who
already make up sllch a big chunk of the hard core
of joblessness."17
.
Moreover, management has not always been willing
to institute retraining programs. People are either
fired outright in some cases or, more often, simply are
not rehired after a layoff.
"Labor and management have been slow to face
the problem over the bargaining table. Harry
Bridges' West Coast longshoremen's union recently
agreed to give shippers a free hand to mechanize
cargo handling-in exchange for a guarantee of
present jobs, plus early rdirelllent and liberal
death benefits. In Cltimp;o this week, President
Clark Kerr of tlte Ulli1ll:rsil), of California, one of
the tOj) labor aOlloll/ists, will preside over a companY-U71iOll cOII/II/illa II/{:eting at Armour & Co. to
draw u/J (I /J/(lll for lite rapidly automating meat
industry. A sill/i/ar committee is at work at Kaiser
Steel Co. nllt many authorities think such efforts
are far too few, that management must do more.
E. C. Schulze, acting area director of Ohio's stair:
emjJloyment service, says: (I've yet to see an (:11/jJlo)'er's group willing to take a look at this jJrob33

lern and seek solutions. They refuse to recognize
their responsibility. They talk about long-term
trends-but nobody talks about the immediate
jJroblem of jobless} needy people.' "18
The problem of retraining blue-collar workers is
formidable enough. But, in view of the coming role of
cybernation in the service industries, the retraining
problem for service personnel seems insuperable. No
one has seriously proposed what service tasks this
working group could be retrained for-to say nothing
of training them for jobs that would pay high enough
wages to make them good consumers of the cornucopia of products manufactured by automation.
Another proposal for coping with the unemployment-via-cybernation problem is shorter hours for the
same pay. This approach is intended to maintain the
ability of workers to consume the products of cybernation and, in the case of blue-collar workers, to
maintain the strength of unions. This would retain
the consumer purchasing capacity for x workers in
those situations where the nature of the cybernation
process is such that x men would do essentially the
same work as x plus y men used to do. But when
the task itself is eliminated or new tasks are developed
that need different talents, shorter shifts clearly will
not solve the problem. The latter conditions are the
more likely ones as cybernation becomes more sophisticated.
Proponents of cybernation claim that it should reduce the price of products by removing much of the
cost of labor and increasing consumer demand.
vVhether the price of beef, or milk, or rent will be reduced in phase with the displaced worker's lowered
paycheck remains to be seen. So far this has not
happened. \tVhether the price of TV sets, cars, refrigerators, etc., will be reduced substantially depends
in part on how much product cost goes into larger
advertising budgets aimed at differentiating the product from the essentially same one produced last year
or from the practically identical one produced on
some other firm's automated production line.
An obvious solution to unemployment is a public
works program. If our understanding of the direction
of cybernation is correct, the government will probably be faced for the indefinite future with the need
to support part of the population through public
works. There is no dearth of public work to be done,
and it is not impossible that so much would continue
to be needed that an appropriately organized public
works program could stimulate the economy to the
point that a substantial portion of the work force
could be re-absorbed into the private sector. That is,
although the proportion of workers needed for any
particular task will be reduced through the use of
cybernation, the total number of tasks that need to
be done could equal or exceed the absolute number
of people available to do them. It is not known
whether this si tuation would obtain for enough tasks
in enough places so that the portion of the population working on public projects would be relatively
small. However, if it should turn out that this
felicitous state of affairs could be realized in principle, clearly it could only be realized and sustained
if there were to be considerable and continuous centralized planning and control over financing, the
31

choice of public projects, and the places where they
were to be done. If, for whatever reasons, this situation could not be achieved, the public works payroll
would remain very large indeed.
What would be the effects on the attitudes and aspirations of a society, and particularly of its leadership,
when a significant part of it is overtly supported by
governmental public works programs? ("Overtly" is
used because much of the aerospace industry in particular and of the weapons systems industry in general
is subsidized by the government right now: they
literally live off cost plus fixed fee contracts, and there
is no other comparable market for their products.)
\Vhatever else the attitudes might be, they certainly
would not be conducive to maintaining the spirit of a
capitalistic economy. This shift in perspective may
or may not be desirable, but those who think it would
be undesirable should realize that encouraging the
extension of cybernation, in the interests of free enterprise and better profits, may be self-defeating.
The inherent flexibility of cybernated systems, which
permits great latitude in their geographic location, is
the inspiration for the proposal that if jobs are lost
through cybernation, the unemployed could be moved
to another area where jobs exist. It is said that a
governmental agency similar to the Agricultural Resettlement Administration, which moved farmers
from the Dust Bowl to cities, could be used. However, two important differences between that situation and this one would complicate this effort: the
contemporary cause of the unemployment would not
be the result of an act of God; and it is not immediately evident that these unemployed people could
find jobs in other areas, which might be suffering
from a similar plethora of useless workers.
Herbert Striner has suggested that a more extreme
approach would be to export blue-collar and whitecollar workers and their families to nations needing
their talents. The problem of whether or how the
salary differential might be made up is one of several
difficul ties wi th this proposal. Yet, if such emigration could be carried out, it might be a better solution than letting the workers atrophy here. The economic history of former colonial powers and their
colonization techniques indicate that "dumping" of
excess personnel into foreign lands would not be a
radically new innovation.
Another possible long-run approach might be curtailment of the birth rate. In times of depression the
rate falls off naturally-which may be the way the
process would be accomplished here if enough people
become unemployed or marginally employed (although the effects of the lowered birth rate would
only follow after the economic and social changes had
been made). Of course, the government could encourage birth control by reducing the income tax dependency deduction or by other tax means.
Finally, there is the proposal to reduce the working
population by increasing the incentives for early retirement. Government could do this by reducing the
retirement age for social security, and unions and
management could use their collective ingenuity to
provide special retirement incentives. Naturally, this
would increase the already large percentage of retired
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

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elderly people. Along with the other familiar problems associated with this group is the poignant one
we shall face in more general form in the next section:
how arc all these people to be kept happily occupied
in their leisure?
Whether any of these proposed solutions is adequate
to the challenge of unemployment is not known to us
or, we gather, to those who have proposed one solution or another. But even if, in principle, some combination of them would be adequate, in order to put
them into effect a considerable change would be
necessary in the attitudes and voting behavior of
Congress and our tax-paying citizens. Preconceptions
about the virtues and vices of work, inflation, the national debt, and government control run deep and
shift slowly.
Not all of these dire threats would come to pass,
of COllrse, if cybernation reduced consumer buying
power through unemployment and, thereby, the financial capability of industry and business to introduce
or profit from cybernation. In this way we might all
be saved from the adverse effects of unemployment
from this source. But the economy would still be
faced with those threats to its well-being which, as
were pointed out earlier, make the need to cybernate
so compelling.
Cybernation is by nature the sort of process that
will be introduced selectively by organization, industry, and locality. The ill-effects will be felt at first
only locally and, as a result, will not be recognized by
those who introduce it-and perhaps not even by the
government-as a national problem with many serious implications for the whole social system. Also,
because one of the chief effects of cybernation on employment is not to hire rather than to fire, the economic-social consequences will be delayed and will at
any time be exacerbated or ameliorated by other
economic and social factors such as the condition of
our foreign markets, which also are being changed
and challenged by European and Russian cybernation. By the time the adverse effects of cybernation
are sufficiently noticeable to be ascribed to cybernation, the equipment will be in and operating.
Once this happens, the costs of backtracking may
be too great for private enterprise to sustain. For, in
addition to the costs of removing the equipment,
there will be the costs of building a pre-cybernation
system of operations. But which firms will voluntarily
undertake such a job if they are unsure whether their
competitors are suffering the same setback-or indeed
if their competitors are going to decybernate at all?
And, if not voluntarily, how would the government
enforce, control, and pay for the change-over?
Additional Leisure

1t is generally recognized that sooner or later automation and computers will mean shorter working
hours and greater leisure for most if not all of the
American people. It is also generally, if vaguely,
recognized that there probably are problems connected wi th the use of leisure that will take time to
work oul.
Two stages need to be distinguished: the state of
leisure over the next decade or two, when ollr sociCOMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

ety will still be in transition to a way of life based
on the widespread application of cybernation; and
the relatively stable state some time in the future
when supposedly everybody will have more leisure
time than today and enough security to enjoy it. The
transitional stage is our chief concern, for the end is
far enough off to make more than some general
speculations about it footless. At this later time people's behavior and attitudes will be conditioned as
much by presently unforeseeable social and technological developments as by the character and impact of cybernation itself.
During the transition there will be four differen t
"leisure" classes: 1) the unemployed, 2) the lowsalaried employees working short hours, 3) the adequately paid to high-salaried group working short
hours, and 4) those with no more leisure than they
now have-which in the case of many professionals
means very few hours of leisure indeed.
LEISURE CLASS ONE
Today, most of the unemployed
are from low educational backgrounds where leisure
has always been simply a respite from labor. No particular aspirations to or positive attitudes about the
creative use of leisure characterize this group. Since
their main concern is finding work and security, wha t
they do with their leisure is a gratuitous question;
whatever they do, it will hardly contribute to someone else's profits.
I t is worth speculating that one thing they might
do is to participate in radical organizations through
which they could vent their hostility over being made
insecure and useless. Another thing they could do,
if so motivated and if the opportunity were available.
would be to learn a skill not likely to be cybernated
in the near future, although, as we have seen, the
question arises of what this would be. Another thing
would be to move to areas where there is still a demand for them. But breaking community ties is always difficult, especially during periods of threat when
the familiar social group is the chief symbol of security. And who would pay for their move and who
would guarantee a job when they got where they
were going?l!l
As cybernation expands its domain, the unemployed
"leisure" class will not consist only of blue-collar
workers. The displaced service worker will also swell
the ranks of the unemployed, as well as the relatively
well-trained white-collar workers until they can find
jobs or displace from jobs the less well-trained or less
presentable, like the college graduate filling-station
attendant of not so many years ago. It is doubtful
that during their unemployed period these people
will look upon that time as "leisure" time. For the
poorly educated, watching television, gossiping, and
puttering around the house will be low-cost time-fillers between unemployment checks; for the better educated, efforts at systematic self-improvement, perhaps, as well as readillg, television, and gossip; for
many, it will he time spent in making the agonizing
shift in style of living required of the unemployed.
These will be more or less individual tragedies representing at any given time a small portion of the
work force of the nation, statistically speaking. They
will be spread over the cities and suburbs of the
Ilation, reflecting the consequences of actions taken
35

by particular firms. If the SpIrIt of the day grows
more statistical than individualistic, as this paper
suggests later that it well might, there is a real question of our capacity to make the necessary organized
effort in order to anticipate and cope with these
"individual" cases.
The free time of some men will be used to care
for their children while their wives, in an effort to
replace lost income, work at service jobs. But this
arrangement is incompatible with our image of what
properly constitutes man's role and man's work. The
effects of this use of "leisure" on all family members
will be corrosive rather than constructive and will
contribute to disruption of the family circle. "Leisure"
for this group of people may well acquire a connotation that will discourage for a long time to come any
real desire to achieve it or any effort to learn how to
use it creatively.
One wonders, too, what women, with their growing
tendency to work-to combat boredom as well as for
money-will do as the barriers to work become
higher, as menial white-collar jobs disappear under
the impact of cybernation, and as the competition
increases for the remaining jobs. If there are jobs,
6,000,000 more women are expected to be in the
labor force in 1970 than were in it in 1960. Out of
a total labor force of 87,000,000 at that time, 30,000,000 would be women. To the extent that women
who want jobs to combat boredom will not be able
to get them, there will be a growing leisure class that
will be untrained for and does not want the added
leisure. As for those women who have a source of
adequate income but want jobs because they are
bored, they will have less and less to do at home as
automated procedures further routinize domestic
chores.
'LEISURE CLASS TWO A different kind of leisure
problem will exist for the low-income group working
shorter hours. This group will be composed of people with the attitudes and behavior traditionally
associated with this class, as well as some others who
will have drifted into the group as a result of having
been displaced by cybernation. What evidence there
is indicates that now and probably for years to come,
when members of this group have leisure time as
a result of fewer working hours, the tendency will
be to take another job.:w It is reasonable to believe
that the general insecurity inevitably arising from
changing work arrangements and the over-all threat
of automation would encourage "moonlighting"
rather than the use of free time for recreation. If
these people cannot find second jobs, it is hard to
imagine their doing anything different with their
free time from what they do now, since they will
not have the money, the motives, or the knowledge
to search out different activities.
If the shorter hours are of the order of four eighthour days, potentially serious social problems will
arise. For example, a father will be working fewer
hours than his children do in school. 'I\That he will
do "around the house" and what adjustments he, his
wife, and children will have to make to each other
will certainly add very real difficulties to the already
inadequate, ambiguous, and frustrating personal re3G

lationships that typify much of middle-class family
life.
LEISURE CLASS THREE Workers with good or adequate income employed for shorter hours are the
group usually thought of when one talks about the
positive opportunities for using extra leisure in a
cybernated world. Its members for the most part
will be the professional, semi-professional, or skilled
workers who will contribute enough in their social
role to command a good salary but who will not be
so rare as to be needed for 40 hours a week. These
people already value learning and learning to learn.
Given knowledge about, money for, and access to
new leisure-time activities, they are likely to make
use of them. They could help to do various desirable
social service tasks in the community, tasks for which
there is not enough money to attract paid personnel
of high enough quality. They could help to teach,
and, by virtue of their own intimate experiences with
cybernation, they would be able to pass on the attitudes and knowledge that will be needed to live
effectively in a cybernated world. It is likely, too,
that this group will be the chief repository of creative,
skilled manual talents. In a nation living off massproduced, automatically produced products, there
may be a real if limited demand for hand-made articles. (We may become again in part a nation 01
small shopkeepers and craftsmen.) In general, this
group of people will probably produce and consume
most of its own leisure-time activities.
LEISURE CLASS FOUR The fourth group consists of
those who probably will have little or no more leisure
time than they now have except to the extent permitted by additions to their ranks and by the services
of cybernation. But extrapolations for the foreseeable
future indicate insufficient increases in the class of
presently overworked professionals and executives.
Computers should be able to remove many of the
more tedious aspects of their work in another few
years, bu t for some time to come these people will
continue to be overburdened. Some of this relatively
small proportion of the population may manage to
get down to a 40-hour week, and these lucky few
should find no difficulty in using their leisure as
productively and creatively as those in the third
group.
Thus, during the transItIOn period, it is the second
group, the low-salaried workers who cannot or will
not find another job, that presents the true leisure
problem, as distinct from the unemployment problem. Here is where the multiple problems connected
with private and public make-play efforts may prove
very difficult indeed. ''''e have some knowledge about
relatively low-income workers who become voluntarily interested in adult education and adult play
sessions, but we have had no real experience with
the problems of how to stimulate the interests and
change the attitudes of a large population that is
forced to work shorter hours but is used to equating
work and security, that will be bombarded with an
advertising geist praising consumption and glamorous
leisure, that will be bounded closely on one side by
the unemployed and on the other by a re]atively
well-to-do community to which it cannot hope to
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 19G2

COMl

aspire. Boredom may drive these people to seek new
leisure-time activities if they are provided and do
not cost much. But boredom combined with other
factors Illay also make for frustration and aggression
and all the social and political problems these qualities imply.

Decisions and Public Opinion

c and
19GO.

The government must turn
to cOlllputers to handle many of its major problems
simply hecause the data involved are so massive and
the factors so complex that only machines can handle the material fast enough to allow timely action
based on understanding of the facts. In the nature
of the situation, the decisions made by the government with the help of computers would be based in
good part on computers that have been programmed
with more or less confidential information-and
privileged access to information, at the time it is
needed, is a sufficient if not always necessary condition
for attaining and maintaining power. There may
not be any easy way to insure that decisions based
on computers could not become a threat to democratic government.
Most of the necessary inputs for the government's
computer systems are available only to the government, because it is the only institution with sufficiently
extensive facilities for massive surveys (whether they
be photographic, observational, paper and pencil,
or electronic in nature). Also, the costs of these facilities and their computer installations are so great that
buying and maintaining such a system is sensible
only if one has the decision-making needs of a government and the data required to feed the machines.
Other organizations, with other purposes, would not
need this kind of installation. These machines can
provide more potent information than merely rapidly
produced summaries and tabulations of data. They
can quickly provide information on relationships
among data, which may be appreciated as significant
only by those already having privileged information
based on a simpler level of analysis or on other nonquantified intelligence to which the user is privy.21
Computers can also provide information in the form
of extrapolations of the consequences of specific strategies and the probabilities that these consequences
will arise. This information can be based on exceedingly complex contingencies. The utility and
applicability of these extrapolations will be fully
understandable only to those knowing the particular
assumptions that went into the programming of the
machines.
THE INEVITABILITY OF IGNORANCE It may be impossible to allow much of the government, to say nothing
of the public, access to the kind of information we
have been discussing here. But let us assume that
somehow the operation of the government has been
reorganized so that procedures are enforced to permit
competing political parties and other private organizations to have access to the government's raw data,
to have parallel systems for the processing of data as
well as to have access to the government's computer
programs. Even then, most people will be incapable
of judging the validity of one contending computer
program compared to another, or whether the policies
based on them are appropriate.

. ]%2

COMP1JTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1962

PRIVILEGED INFORMATION

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This condition exists today about military postures.
These are derived in good part from computer analyses and computer-based games that produce probabilities based on programmed assumptions about
weapon systems and our and the enemy's behavior.
Here the intellectual ineffectualness of the layman is
obscured by the secrecy that keeps him from finding
out what he probably would not be able to understand anyway. J[ this sounds condescending, it only
needs to be pointed out that there are large areas
of misunderstanding and misinterpretation among
the military too. At any given time, some of these
people do not fully appreciate the relationships between the programs used in the computers and the
real world in which the consequences are supposed
to follow. As it is now, the average intelligent man
has little basis for judging the differing opinions of
economists about the state of the economy or even
about the reasons for a past state. He also has little
basis for a ppraising the conflicting opinions among
scientists and engineers about the costs and results
of complex scientific developments such as man in
space. In both examples, computers play important
roles in the esoteric arguments involved.
Thus, even if people may have more leisure time
to attend more closely to politics, they may not have
the ability to contribute to the formulation of policy.
Some observers feel that the middle class does not
now take a strong interest in voting and is alienated
in its responsibility for the conduct of government.
Leisure may not change this trend, especially when
government becomes in large part the complex computer operation that it must necessarily become.
Significant public opinion may come from only a
relatively small portion of the public: a) those who
are able to follow the battles of the computers and
to understand the implications of their programs;
and b) those who are concerned with government
policy but who are outside of or unfamiliar with
the computer environment.
For this segment of the voting population, differences over decisions that are made or should be made
might become more intense and more irreconcilable.
Already there is a difference of opinion among intelligent men about the problem of the proper roles
in American foreign policy of military weapons, arms
control, and various levels of disarmament. One side
accuses its opponents of naIvete or ignorance about
the "facts" (computer-based), and the other side objects to the immorality or political insensibilities of
its opponents. Many aspects of the problem involve
incommensurables; most are too complex to stand
simplification in order to appeal to the larger public
or to an unsophisticated Congressman. Yet the arguments are simplified for these purposes and the result
is fantastic confusion. The ensuing frustration leads
to further efforts to ma ke the case black or white
and to further efforts by one contingent to provide
ever more impressive computer-based analyses and
by the other side to demonstrate that they are beside
the point.
This is only one example of the problems that will
arise from the existence of sophisticated computers.
''''ill the problems create greater chasms between the
:~7

sophisticated voter and the general public, and within
the sophisticated voting group itself?
PERSONNEL AND PERSONALITIES As for the selection of
the men who are to plan or make policy, a computerized government will require different training from
that which executive personnel in most governmental
agencies has today. Certainly, without such training
(and perhaps with it) there is bound to be a deepening of the split between politics and facts. For example, it is evident that the attitudes of many Congressmen toward space activities are motivated more
by politics and conventional interpretations of reality
than by engineering facts or the realities of international relations.
The same schisms will be compounded as computers are used more and more to plan programs in the
Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, urban development, communications, transportation,
foreign aid, and the analysis of intelligence data of
all sorts.
In business and industry the shift has already begun toward recruiting top management from the
cadre of engineering and laboratory administration,
for these are the people who understand the possibilities of and are sympathetic to computer-based thinking. In government the trend has not been as clearcut, but it is noteworthy that the scientist, as highlevel adviser, is a recent innovation and one clearly
here to stay. Sometimes unhappily and sometimes
enthusiastically, the scientist, scientist-administrator,
and engineer acknowledge that their role of adviser
is frequently confused with that of policy-maker. As
people with this training come more to influence
policy and those chosen to make it, changes in the
character and attitudes of the men responsible for
the conduct of government will inevitably occur.
For reasons of ,personality as well as professional
perspective, many operations researchers and systems
analysts have great difficulty in coping with the more
ambiguous and less "logical" aspects of society.!!!! Their
temperaments, training, and sympathies may not incline them to indulge the slow, ponderous, illogical,
and emotional tendencies of democratic processes.
Or they may ignore the extra-logical nature of man.
Emphasis on "logic," in association with the other
factors we have mentioned, may encourage a trend
toward the recruitment of authoritarian personalities.
There is no necessary correlation between the desire
to apply scientific logic to problems and the desire
to apply democratic principles to daily, or even to
professional scientific, life.
MASS VS. THE INDIVIDUAL The psychological influence
of computers is overwhelming: they symbolize and
reenforce the potency of America's belief in the utility of science and technology. There is a sense of
security in nicely worked-up curves and complex displays of information which are the products of almost unimaginably intricate and elegant machinery.
In general, the influence of computers will continue
to be enhanced if those who use them attend chiefly
to those components of reality which can be put into
a computer and processed by it, and the important
values will become those which are compatible with
this approach to analyzing and manipulating the
world. For example, the influence of computers has
:H~

already been sufficiently strong to seduce military
planners and civil defense planners away from those
aspects of their problems which are not now subject
to data processing. Most of the planning for survival
following nuclear attack has to do with those parts
of the situation which can be studied by computers.
Crucial aspects of psychological and social reOl'ganization have been pushed into the background simply
because they cannot be handled statistically with convenience or with the demonstrated "expertness" of
the specialist in computers. Thus, the nature of the
postattack situation is argued learnedly but spuriously by those who have the attention of leadership,
an attention stimulated by the glamor of computers,
the prestige of their scientist-keepers, and the comfort
of their "hard facts."
Computers are especially useful for dealing with
social situations that pertain to people in the mass,
such as traffic control, financial transactions, massdemand consumer goods, allocation of resources, etc.
They are so useful in these areas that they undoubtedly will help to seduce planners into inventing a
society with goals that can be dealt with in the mass
rather than in terms of the individual. In fact, the
whole trend toward cybernation can be seen as an
effort to remove the variabilities in man's on-the-job
behavior and off-the-job needs which, because of their
lIoll-statistical nature, complicate production and consumption. Thus, somewhere along the line, the idea
of the individual may be completely swallowed up
ill statistics. The planner and those he plans for may
become divorced from one another, and the alienation of the individual from his government and individual from individual within government may
grow ever greater.
Computers will inevitably be used to plan employment for those displaced by cybernation. This may
lead to a more rationalized society than could otherwise be invented, with a more adequate allocation
of jobs. But one wonders whether it will not also
lead, on a national scale, to an attitude in the planner of relative indifference to the individual, an indifference similar to that shown by many managers
of large self-service institutions who find an occasional
complaint too much trouble to cope with individually
because the influence of the individual on the operation of the system is too negligible to warrant attention.
What will be the consequences for our relations
with underdeveloped nations of a government that
sees the world through computers? With our general
public alienated from its own productive and governmental processes and our leadership seemingly
successful through its use of computer-based planning
and control, our government may well become more
and more' incapable of recognizing the differences
between the needs, aspirations, and customs of these
nations and those of our own country. In these nations, productive and governmental processes will
still be very human activities, with all the non-statistical variabilities that implies. Our decision to race
the U.S.S.R. to the moon is an initial indication of
our incapacity as an advanced technological nation
to appreciate what our acts look like to other nations
with different attitudes.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for l\Iarch, 1962

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On the other hand, the emphasis on human behavior as a statistical reality may encourage revisions
in the temporal scale of government planning and
programs. Time is a statistical property in cybernated
systems: it takes time for variables to average out,
to rise or fall in their effects, and the time period
usually is not a fiscal year or some small multiple
thereof. Thus, perhaps we can hope for more sensible long-range planning in government as a result of
the computer's need [or long time periods in which
to make its statistical models work out. If this should
come about, of course, it will require vast changes
in the conduct of government and in the devices
that government, and especially the Congress, uses
for controlling its activities. It may also result in
extending the present trend of turning over governmental policy-planning and, in effect, policy-making
responsibilities to private organizations and their
human and machine computers such as RAND. For
unless the rules for Congressional elections are also
changed, some of the responsibility that Congressmen
now take for programs, when they vote relatively
short-term appropriations, will no doubt be transferred to the machines that invented the plans if
Congressmen should be faced with passing on appropriations and programs that would extend far beyond
the time of their incumbencies.
DECISIONS FOR BUSINESS
The implications of the concentration of decision-making within business firms
as a result of cybernation are not as clear-cut as the
effects for government. In principle, both big and
small business will be able to know much more about
the nature of their markets and of their organizational
operations through cybernation. Whether or not
this will help both big and small proportionately
is far from clear. Big business will undoubtedly have
better facilities for information and decisions, but
small business may be able to get what it needs by
buying it from service organizations that will come
into existence for this purpose. Big organizations will
be able to afford high-priced personnel for doing the
thinking beyond that done by the machines. If quality o[ thinking is always related to price, the big organizations will be able to put their small competitors out or busirless. But the big organizations, precisely because of their size, may have relatively little
maneuverability, and some of the best minds may
find the little organizations a more exciting game.
'Nhether the little organizations could stay afloat is
moot, but one can anticipate some exciting entrepreneurial maneuvers among the small firms while
they last.
One thing is clear: among the small organizations,
and probably among the big ones too, we can expect
disastrous mistakes as a result of poor machine programming or inaccurate interpretations of the directives or the machines. These will be greatest during
the early period when it will be faddish to plan via
machi ne a nd when few organizations will have the
brainpower and organization to do so intelligently.
Thus, added to the unemployment ranks in the decade
or so ahead will be those who have been put out or
jobs because their firms have misused computers.
COMPUTERS

(/1ld

AUTOMATION for March, 1962

The Control of Cybernation
Time and Planning

Time is crucial in any plan to cope with cybernation.
Ways of ameliorating its adverse effects require thinking farther ahead than we ever do. In a society in
the process of becoming cybernated, education and
training [or work as well as education and training
[or leisure must begin early in life. Shifts in behavior,
attitudes, and aspirations take a long time to mature.
It will be extraordinarily difficult to produce appropriate "culture-bearers," both parents and teachers, in sufficient numbers, distribution, and quality
in the relatively brief time available. It is hard to
see, for example, how Congress, composed in good
part of older men acting from traditional perspectives and operating by seniority, could recognize soon
enough and then legislate well enough to produce
the fundamental shifts needed to meet the complexities of cybernation. It is hard to see how our style
of pragmatic making-do and frantic crash programs
can radically change in the next few years. This is
especially hard to visualize when the whole cybernation situation is such that we find it impossible to determine the consequences of cybernation even in the
medium long run. The differences expressed in the
public statements of business and labor demonstrate
that any reconciliation of interests will be a very longrange effort indeed. "Drastic" actions to forestall
or eliminate the ill-effects of cybernation will not be
taken in time unless we change our operating style
drastically.
Education: Occupations and Attitudes

Among the many factors contributing to the stability
of a social system are two intimately intertwined
ones: the types of tasks that are performed; and the
nature of the relationship between the attitudes o[
the members of the society toward these tasks and
their opinions about the proper goals of the individual members of the society and the right ways of
reaching them.
The long-range stability of the social system depends on a population of young people properly educated to enter the adult world of tasks and attitudes.
Once, the pace of change was slow enough to permit
a comfortable margin of compatibility between the
adult world and the one children were trained to
expect. This compatibility no longer exists. Now
we have to ask: What should be the education of a
population more and more enveloped in cybernation?
What are the appropriate attitudes toward and training for participation in government, the use of leisure,
standards of consumption, particular occupations?
Education must cope with the transitional period
when the disruption among different socio-economic
and occupational groups will be the greatest; and the
later, relatively stahle period, if it ever comes to exist,
when most people would have adequate income and
shorter working hours. The problem involves looking ahead five, ten, twenty years to see what are
likely to be the occupational and social needs and
attitudes of those future periods; planning the intellectual and social education o[ each age group in the
numbers needed; motivating young- people to seek
certain types of jobs and to adopt the desirable alld
:I!/

necessary attitudes; providing enough suitable te~c:h
ers; being able to alter all of these as the actualItIes
in society and technology indicate; and directing the
pattern of cybernation so that it fits with the expected
kinds and distribution of abilities and attitudes produced by home and school.
To what extent education and technology can be
coordinated is not at all clear, if only because we do
not know, even for today's world, the criteria for
judging the consonance or dissonance in our educational, attitudinal, and occupational systems. We
think that parts of the social system are badly out
of phase with other parts and that, as a whole, the
system is progressively less capable of coping with
the problems it produces. But there is little consensus
on the "causes" and even less 'On what can be done
about them. All we have at present is the hope that
most people can be educated for significant participation in such a world as we have foreseen here-we
have no evidence that it can be done.
If we do not find the answers to these questions
soon, we will have a population in the next ten to
twenty years more and more out of touch with I~a
tional and international realities, ever more the VICtims of insecurity on the one hand and ennui on the
other, and more and more mismatched to the occupational needs of the day. If we fail to find the answers, we can bumble along, very probably heading
into disaster, or we can restrict the extension of cybernation, permitting it only where necessary for
the national interest. But judging the nati'Onal interest and distinguishing it from private interests
would confront us with most of the problems that
have been outlined in this paper.
Perhaps time has already run out. Even ~f ol~r
style somehow should shift to long-range plannmg, It
would not eliminate the inadequate training and
inadequate values of much of our present adolescent
and pre-adolescent population, as well as of those
adults who will be displaced or remain unhired as
a result of cybernation in the next decade. Only a
partial solution exists in this case: Begin now a program of economic and social first aid for these people.
A Moratorium on Cybernation?

Can we control the effects of cybernation by making
it illegal or unprofitable to devel'Op cybernation technology? No, not without virtually stopping the development of almost all of new technology and a good
part of the general development of scientific knowledge. The accumulation of knowledge in many areas
of science depends on computers. To refine computers and make them more versatile requires research
in almost every scientific area. It also requires the
development of a technology, usually automated, to
produce the articles needed to build new computers.
As long as we choose to compete with other parts of
I he world, we shall have to develop new products
and new means for producing them better. CybernaI ion is the only way to do it on a significant scale.
As long as we choose to live in a world guided by
science and its technology we have no choice but to
encourage the development of cybernation. If we insist on this framework, the answers to coping wi th

its effects must be found elsewhere than In a moratorium on its development.
Control: Public or Private?

There has always been tension between big industry,
with its concern for profit and market control, and
government, with its concern for the. natio~al interest. The tension has increased as bIg busmess has
become so large as t'O be quasi-governmental in its
influence and as government has had to turn to and
even subsidize parts of business in order to meet parts
of the national interest within a free-enterprise framework. Under these circumstances we can expect
strong differences between government and business
as to when and where it is socially legitimate to introduce automation.
Sufficient governmental control over who can cybernate, when, and where would not come easily. In
the first place, decisions about control would have
to be based on the intentions 'Of local business and
industry as well as on the national picture. For example, the effects on Congressional seating of shifts
in populations as a result of cybernation-based industrial relocation would presumably enter the calculations. Longer-run consequences would have to be
balanced against short-run profits or social dislocations. Implications for our military posture and for
international trade would be significant. Moreover,
it would be difficul t for the governmen t to make a
case for control of private organizations on the basis
of ambiguous estimates of the effects of automation
on hiring policy. In any particular case, it becomes
clear only well after the fact of cybernation whether
increases or changes in production resulted in a corresponding increase in man-hours of work sufficient
to compensate the economy for the jobs lost or the
people unhired.
Finally, it must be kept in mind that the power
of some of the largest unions is seriously threatened
by automation. In a relatively short time they may
not have the leverage they now have. Thus, a crucial
counterbalance to the pressures from business may
be absent when it is most needed. It is possible that
the crisis that will arouse the government to exert
control will not be evident until the blue-collar work
force has been so eroded as to have weakened the
unions irreparably.
Yet some sort of control is going to be necessary.
There are, of course, the federal regulatory agencies.
H'Owever, they have never been distinguished for
applying their powers with the vigor sometimes allowed by their mandates, and there is no reason to
suppose that their traditional weaknesses would suddenly disappear and than an agency created to cope
with cybernation w'Ould be effective. Nor is there any
reason to believe that an agency with the very wideranging powers that it would need would be approved before the crisis that it was supposed to avert
was upon us.
In theory, control could be exercised by private
enterprise. But in the unlikely case that competi.to.rs
could see their mutual interests clearly enough to .10111
forces, the very act of cooperative control would be
incompatible with our anti-trust laws. 't\Thether the
government or s'Ome alter-government comprised of
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1%2

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business, labor, and industry were to do the controlling, either group would have to undertake a degree
of national planning and control thoroughly incompatible with the way in which we look upon the management of our economic and social system today.
After the Take-Over
In twenty years, other things being equal, most of
the routine blue-collar and white-collar tasks that
can be done by cybernation will be. Our schools will
probably be turning out a larger proportion of the
population better educated than they are today, but
most of Ollr citizens will be unable to understand the
cybernated world in which they live. Perhaps they
will understand the rudiments of calculus, biology,
nuclear physics, and the humanities. But the research
realm of scientists, the problems of government, and
the interplay between them will be beyond the ken
even of our college graduates. Besides, most people
will have had to recognize that, when it comes to logic,
the machines by and large can think better than
they, for in that time reasonably good thinking computers should be operating on a large scale.
There will be a small, almost separate, society of
people in rapport with the advanced computers. These
cyberneticians will have established a relationship
with their machines that cannot be shared with the
average man any more than the average man today
can understand the problems of molecular biology,
nuclear physics, or neuropsychiatry. Indeed, many
scholars will not have the capacity to share their
knowledge or feeling about this new man-machine
relationship. Those with the talent for the work
probably will have to develop it from childhood and
will be trained as intensively as the classical ballerina.
Some of the remaining population will be productively engaged in human-to-human or human-to-machine activities requiring judgment and a high level
of intelligence and training. But the rest, whose innate intelligence or training is not of the highest,
what will they do? We can foresee a nation with a
large portion of its people doing, directly or indirectly,
the endless public tasks that the welfare state needs
and that the government will not allow to be cyberluted because of the serious unemployment that
would result. These people will work short hours,
with much time for the pursuit of leisure activities.
Even wi th a college education, what will they do
all their long lives, day after day, four-day week-end
after week-end, vacation after vacation, in a more and
more crowded world? (There is a population explosion to face in another ten to thirty years.) What
will they believe in and aspire to as they work their
shorter hours and, on the outside, pursue their "selffulfilling" activities, whatever they may be? No one
has ever seriously envisioned what characteristics these
activities might have in order to be able to engross
most men and women most of their adult lives. What
will be the relationship of these people to government,
to the "upper intellectuals," to the rest of the world,
to themselves?
Obviously, attitudes toward work, play, and social
responsibility will have changed greatly. Somehow
we shall have had to cope emotionally with the V;lsl
gap in living standards that will then typify the difference between us and the have-not nations. \IVC
COMPUTERS lind AUTOMATION for March, 1962

shall presumably have found some way to give mealling to the consumption of mass leisure. It would
seem that a life oriented to private recreation might
carry with it an attitude of relative indifference to
public responsibility. This indifference, plus the
centralization of authority, would seem to imply a
governing elite and a popular acceptance of such an
dite.
H this world is to exist as a coherent society, it will
have to have its own "logic," so that it will make
sense to its inhabitants. Today, for most of our population, our society makes sense, even though some
other eyes hardly see us as logical in the formal sense
of the word and the eyes of some of our own people
look on us as a more or less pointless society. We
make and solve our problems chiefly by other than
mathematical-logical standards, and so must the cybernated generations. ''\That these standards might
be, we do not know. But if they are inadequate, the
frustration and pointlessness that they produce may
well evoke, in turn, a war of desperation-ostensibly
against some external enemy but, in fact, a war to
make the world safe for human beings by destroying
most of society'S sophisticated technological base.
One thing is clear: if the new "logic" is to resolve
the problems raised here, it will have to generate
beliefs, behavior, and goals far different from those
which we have held now and which are driving us
more and more inexorably into a contradictory
'ivorld run by (and for?) ever more intelligent, ever
more versatile slaves.
FOOTNOTES
1. John Diebold, Automation: Its Impact on Business lind

Labor, National Planning Association, Planning Pamphlet No.
106, Washington, D. C., May, 1959, p. 3.
2. "Multi-Purpose Automation Unit is Sold 'Off the Shelf,'''
New York Times, .Tune 23, 1961, p. 44.
3. Norbert 'Viener, "Some Moral and Technical Consequences
of Automation," Science, Vol. 131, ~o. 3410, May 6, 1960, p. 1356.
4. Ibid., p. 1357.
5. Calling All Jobs, National Association of Manufacturers,
New York, October, 1957, p. 21.
6. "'Vhen Machines Have Jobs-and 'Yorkers Do Not," U. s.
News and World RejJort, Vol. 50, No.6, Fehruary G, 1961, p. 76.
7. From statement by 'Valter Reuther before the Subcommittee on Economic Stabilization of the Joint Committee on the
Economic Report, U. S. Cong-ress; .rlll/olllll/io/l (///(l Technological Change, 84th Congress. First S~ssion. lise PO, 1955, p. 99.
8. From statement of James .\. Sullridg-e, President, Retail
Clerks International .\ssociation before the Subcommittee on
.\utomatioll anel Energy Resources of the Joint Economic Committee, U. S. Congress; New Views all A utumutioll, 86th Congress, Second Session, USGPO, 1960, p. 591.
9. "The Automation Johless ... Not Fired, Just Not Hired,"
Time, Vol. 77, No.9, February 24, 1961, p. 69.
10. From statement by Howard Coughlin, President, Office
Employees International Union, AFL-CIO, before the Subcom·
mittee on Automation and Energy Resources of the Joint Economic Committee, U. S. Congress; New Views on Automation,
86th Congress, Second Session, USGPO, 1960, p. 513.
II. Harold J. Leavitt and Thomas L. 'Vhisler, "~lanagement
in the 1980's," Haruard Business Review, Nov.-Dec. 1958, pp. 41-8.
12. See, for example, Howard Rusk, "New Tools in Medicine,"
New York Times, July 23, 1961.
13. A. H. Raskin, "Hard-Core Unemployment a Rising National Problem," New York Times, April 6, 1961, p. 18.
14. In conversation with Mr. Iffert. See also Robert E. IITert,
Hetention and Withdrawal of College Students, Bulletin No. I,
Department of Health, Education, and 'Velfare, 1958.
15. James B. Conant, "Social Dynamite in Our Large Cities,"
Vital Speeches, No. 18, July I. 1%1, p. !i!).! If.
16. "The Automation Johless ... :"Jot Fired. Just Not Hired,"
Tillie, Vol. 77, No. !), February:!·!, 1%1. p. Ii!).
]7. A. H. Raskin, "Fears Ahout. Autolllatioll OvershadowillgIts Boons," New Yo,-k Times, ;\pril 7, 1!lIiI. p. Iti.

(Colldudcd

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IJ(/p.,f')
11

Who's Who in the Computer Field
(Supplement)
A full entry in the "Who's Who
in the Computer Field" consists of:
name / title, organization, address
/ interests (the capital letters of
the abbreviations are the initial
letters of Applications, Business,
Construction, Design, Electronics,
Logic, Mathematics, Programming,
Sales) / year of birth, college or
last school (background), year of
entering the computer field, occupation / other information such as
distinctions, publications, etc. An
absence of information is indicated
by - (dash). Other abbreviations
are used which may be easily
guessed like those in the telephone
book.
Davenport, John H / Secy, Integrand Corp,
1 Bond St, Westbury, N Y / AP / '20,
Univ of ~Iich Grad Schl, -, DcCruccio, John F / Compr Sys Coordinator, ·Western Electric Co, Inc, 100 Central
Avc, Kearny, N J / ABP / '33, Lehigh
Univ (BSIE), '57, ind cngr
DcLasscn, Jan / Pgmr, Mobil Oil Co, Caracas, Venezuela / AL~IP / '34, Texas
;\ & 1\1, '59, prgmr
Dc Nicola, Robert / Prgmr, Port of N Y
Authority, HI-8th Ave, N Y H, N Y /
P / '14, CCNY, '61, prgmr
Dickinson, William R / Compr Consltnt,
Data Processing Consultants Co., First
Nat'l Bank Bldg, 1580 Sherman, Evanston,
III / A / '24, Northwestern, '58, compr
cons1tnt
Edmiston, Walter / Dig Compr Adm, Phila
Naval Shipyard, Phi1a, Pa / ABP, gen
admn / '16, Drexel Inst, Temple Univ,
'55, - / Secy Univac User Assoc
Effros, Alan L I Mbr Elecnc Products Dept,
Recordak Corp, 1 ·Wanamaker Place,
New York 3, N Y / ABDEMPS / '29,
Adelphi CoIl, '55, sys & prod pIng /
techl papers on info procg and retricval
Ferrari, Reynold I Mgr Comm App!, Bendix Computer Div, 205 E 42nd St, New
York 17, N Y I ABLPS / '26, St. John's
Univ, '56, accountant
Fonseca, John / Head, Banking, Ins & Real
Estatc Dept. Mohawk Valley Technical
Inst, Utica, N Y I B I '25, Harvard Law
Schl, '!i9, coIl adm / "Impact of Automation on Insurance Collcge Courses and
Administration"
Grossman, Georgc / Chmn of Mathematics,
William Howard Taft High Schl, Board

of Education of the City of New York,
N Y 57, N Y; Instructor in Computers
and Math at Columbia Univ, Schl of
Engrg, N Y 27, N Y / ALMP, teaching
I '14, CCNY and Columbia Univ, '57,
chmn of high schl math dept / article
in 2/61 Mathematics Teacher discussing
how programming is taught to high schl
studcnts
Hardy, Norman / Vice Pres, Rabinow
Engrg Co, Inc, 1025 Research Blvd, Rockville, Md / AS I '17, CCNY, '51, apln
cngrg
Holmes, James D J I Assoc Prof of Accountancy, Univ of Miss, Schl of Commerce and Bus Admr, University, Miss /
tcaching I '30, Univ of Alabama (BS,
~rS), '58, tcacher I "An Introductory
Course in the Field of Electronic Data
Processing"
Johnson, Gilbert I I Sr EDP Prgmr, Gcneral Dynamics, Fort ·Worth, Tcx I BP I
'29, North Texas State, Tcxas Christian
U, '51, prgmr
Kcenan, John A / Sr Engr, Sylvania Data
Systcms, 1210 VFW Parkway, W Rox~:ury, Mass / DE / '30, Univ of Wisc,
:)7, cngr
Kerr, J L / Devt Engr, Electronic Switchins Svstem, 6200 East Broad, C()lumbus
13, Ohio / AP I '37, Washington U,
'60, Lemus, F I Scientist, SHAPE Air Defence
Technl Centrc, POBox 174, The Hague,
Netherlands I ABMP / '26, Iowa State
Univ, '57, statistician / "A Mixed Model
Factorial in Testing Electrical Connectors," "Reliability Evaluation of a Power
Supply System"
Lewis, Albert D M / Assoc Prof of Structural Engrg, Purdue Univ, Civil Engrg
Bldg, Lafayette, Ind I AEP / '20, Purdue
Univ, '54, civil engr
Lowe, Stephen I Aero Space Technologist,
National Aeronautics and Space Administration, Box 273, Edwards, Calif /
ALMP I '36, Univ of Utah, '61, prgmr
Luckie, Robert Ross, III / Mathn, HRBSinger, Inc, POBox 60, Science Pk,
State College, Pa I ADELM, info retrieval, military ap1ns / '34, Pennsylvania
State Univ, '60, compr sys dsgn
Marshall, Harold J / Elecnc Systms Analyst.
New England Mutual Life Ins Co, 501
Boylston St, Boston, Mass / ABP I -,
Boston Univ, '56, compr pgrmr and sys
anlyst
McCall, Dr Jerry C I Asst to the Dir,
George C Marshall Space Flight Center,
Nat'! Aeronautics and Space Admn,
Huntsville, Ala / AP I '27, Univ of
Miss (BA, MA), Univ of III (MS, PhD),

'54, -

IH. "The Automation Jobless ... Not Fired, Just Not Hired,"
Tilllt', Vol. 77, No.9, February 24, 1961, p. 69.

I !I. Perhaps an indication of things to come is to be found
ill the recent Federal Court ruling that employees have an
"('arncd and vested right" of seniority and that this cannot be
"denicd unilaterally" or affected by a change in the location of
their employer. "Court Bars Firing in Plant Move," Washington
])osf, July 7, 1961.

WHO'S WHO IN THE
COMPUTER FIELDCUMULATIVE EDITION,
1962
Computers and Automation will
publish this spring a cumulative
edition of "Who's Who in the
Computer Field." The closing date
for receiving entries is Mar. 25,
1962. If you are interested in computers, please fill in the following
Who's Who entry form (which may
be copied on any piece of paper)
and send it to us for your free
listing. If you have friends in the
computer field, please call their
attention to sending us their Who's
\!\Tho entries. The cumulative edition will include only the entries
of persons who send us their Who's
\!\Tho information.

eng
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563

Name? (please print)
Your Address? ................................... .
Your Organization? __ .. __ ................. .
I ts Address? ....................................... .
\' our
Your
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

Title? ................................ __ .. __ ..
Main Computer Interests?
) Applications
) Business
) Construction
) Design
) Electronics
) Logic
) Mathematics
) Programming
) Sales
) Other (specify):

Year of birth? .............................. __ . __ .
Col1ege or last school? ................... .
Year entered the computer field? ... .
Occupation? ................. _................... .
Anything else? (publications, distinctions, etc.) ................................... .

"\Then you have filled in this
en try form please send it to: Who's
''\Tho Editor, Computers and Automation, 815 Washington Street,
Newtonville 60, Mass.

20. Harvey Swados, "Less Work-Less Leisure," Alass Leisllre,
ed. Eric Larrabee and Rolf Meyersohn, The Free Press, Glencoc,
Ill., 1958, p. 353.
21. Lawrence K Davies, "Data Retriever to Help the CIA.
Finds One Page in Millions in Only a Few Seconds," New Yorh
Times, July 12, 1961.
22- Donald N. Michael, "Some Factors Tending to Limit the
Utility of the Social Scientist in Military Systems Analysis,"
OjJcrations Research, Vol. 5, No.1, February, 1957, pp. 90-96.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 19G2

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Muller, Elizabeth M / Sr Staff Matlm,
General Precision, GPL Div, Pleasantville, N Y / AD, new systms / -, Columbia, '51, sys analyst
Newman, Sam / Mathn, NAFEC, FAA/
BRAD, Atlantic City, N J / M / '19,
-, '57, mathn / various papers and pubIs,
patent
Oxford, Desmond de Villiers / Proj Mgr
Compr Investigation, Anglo American
Corporation Limited, Leslie Poll a k
House, Kitwe, Northern Rhodesia / Aplns
to the mining industry / '16, Univ of
South Africa, '60, mining engnr / numerous published articles
Paden, John K / Pres, John K Paden Company, 2624 Shelby St, Dallas 19, Tex /
ABPS / '24, US Military Academy at
West Point, '56, elecnc data procg consltnt
Patton, Peter C / Assoc Engr, Midwest Research Inst, 425 Volker Blvd, Kansas
'City 10, Mo / AMP, info retrieval / '35,
Harvard (AB), Kansas Univ (MA), '57,
data procg sys anlyst
Payne, R / Supv Compr Lab, Worthington
Corp, Harrison, N J / AMP / '12,
USNA, '57, engrg
Payne, W II / Admn Sys Specl, Lockheed
Aircraft Corp, Box 551, Burbank, Calif
/ ABMP, compr sys evaluation / '27, -,
'56, data procg pIng
Peterson, Norman D / Mgm Analyst, US
Dept of Interior, Portland, Ore / P, inventory and prodtn cantrI, info retrieval / -, Washington State Univ (:\IS,
BEd), '55, mathn
Petrie, H Philip / Engrg Speclst, The Air
Preheater Corp, Wellsville, N Y / A:\IP
/ '26, St. Bonaventure Univ, '57, compr
prgmg
Rice, Sidney E / Sr Prgmr, The National
Cash Register Company, National Data
Processing Center, 660 Madison Ave, New
York 21, N Y / AP, systems / '28,
Brooklyn ColI, New London Jr CoIl, New
York Community CoIl, '57, compr sys
analyst and prgmr
Salsbury, Robert G / Staff Mathn, IBM
Corp, General Product Development Lab,
Endicott, N Y / ADLP / '22, Univ of
:\Iich (MA), '57, prgmr-analyst
Simmons, ~Iaryhelen / Dig Compr Prgmr,
DHEW, SS:\, Bureau of Old Age & Survivors Insnrance, Woodlawn 35, Md /
P / '23, CoIl of Notre Dame of :\ld, '55,
prgmr
Simpson, Charles H / Mgr, Data Procg,
Commission on Professional and Hospital Activities, First National Bldg, Ann
Arbor, i\lich / ABP, medical data res /
'31, :\Iich State Univ, '60, medical data
res
Siqueland, Torger A / Bus Sys Anlyst, Collins Radio Co., Information Science Center, 19700 San Joaquin Rd, Newport
Beach, Calif / ABCP, eqpm and sys
evaluations / '29, St Olaf CoIl, '59, admr
supv
Street, Lt David L / Data Sys Anlyst, Personnel S y s t ems Development Office,
USAF, Bolling 25, D C / P, sys dsgn /
'37, U of Colo, '60, sys anlyst and prgmr
VanWinkle, Richard L / Chf Prgmr, Franklin Life Insurance Company, 800 So 6th
St, Springfield, III / AP / '31, -, '52,
life ins acctg / co-authored life ins chpt
in Handhook of Automation Computation and (:ontrol
Walker, Robert M / EleCllc Engr, Lawrence Radiation Lah, Liverlllore, Calif /
DEL / ':1:'1, lJniv of Calif, 'm, engr
Yates, D J / Sec-Treas, National Computer
AnalYSIS, IIIC, Route !WG Center, Princeton, N .J /
COMPUTERS

flllti

AUTOMATION for March, 1962

DERIVING
majority logic
NETWORKS

The fundamental theorem of majority-decision logic, a typical product of
Univac's Mathematics and Logic Research Department, has practical as well
as theoretical interest. The even-parity checker derived above from the fundamental theorem can be treed to determine the parity of 3n bits in 2!l logiC
levels using only (3 n -1) three-input majority gates.

Qualified applicants will find at Remington Rand Univac
a scientific climate tuned to the intellectual curiosity of the
professional man. The opportunity and the incentive for
advancement are waiting for you in highly significant
positions at Univac. You are invited to investigate them
immediately.

• SYSTEMS ANALYSTS • APPLICATIONS
ANALYSTS • ENGINEER WRITERS •
LOGICAL DESIGNERS • PROGRAMMERS
Call tact the office of your choice:
R. K. PATTERSON
REMINGTON RAND UNIVAC
Univac Park
St. Paul 16, Minnesota
REM

WILLIAM LOWE
REMINGTON RAND UNIVAC
P.O. Box 6068
San Diego 6, California
TON

HAN

UNIVAC
DIVISIDN DF SPERRY RAND CDRPDRATIDN

Thc'rc' CII c' also imme'C/iate' o/Je'llillgs
ill a/l arcas of digital ('omplltc'r
clerc'III/II/It'lIt at ollr ot/ie'r lahoratllri,·.I. IIIIIIIiri('.l .l/lOlIlcilwacicirc'.lsc'cito:

T.M.McCABE
Reill. Hilnu Univilc
P.O. Box 500
Blue Bell, Penn.

D. CLAVELOUX
neill. fbnd Univilc
Wilson Avpm,,'
So. Norw.llk, Conn,

(1111 ('(/(ldl O/J/JOI {ulli{ies employer)

NEW PATENTS
Raymond R. Skolnick
Reg. Patent Agent
Ford Inst. Co.
Div. of Sperry Rand Corp.
Long Island City 1, New York

The following is a compilatiolJ
patents pertaining to computer
and associated equipment from the
"Official Gazette of the U. S. Patent Office," dates of issue as indicated. Each entry consists of
patent number / inventor (s) /
assignee / invention. Printed copies of patents may be obtained
[rom the Commissioner of Patents,
VVashington 25, D. C., at a cost or
25 cen ts each.
o[

December 12, 196<1 (Cont'd)
3,012,725 / Frederic C. Williams, Romiley,
Tom Kilburn, Davyhulme, Manchester,
and Geoffrey C. TootilL Hawley, Camherley, Eng. / 1. B. M. Corp., New York,
N. Y. / An electronic digital computing
device.
;1,012,72G / Frederic C. Williams, Romilcy,
Tom Kilburn, Davyhulme, Manchester,
Geoffrey C. Tootill, Hawley, CamberIey,
and Arthur A. Rohinson, Hazel Grove,
Eng. / 1. B. M. Corp., New York, N. Y.
/ An electronic digital computing device.
3,012,727 / Frederic C. Williams, Romiley,
and Tom Kilburn, Davyhulme, Manchester, Eng. / I. B. M. Corp., New
York, ~. Y. / An electronic digital com·
puting device.
3.013,120 / Esmond P. Wright, London,
Eng. / International Standard Elect.
Corp., New York, N. Y. / A data processing system.
3,013,2:,)1 / Esmond P. Wright, London,
Eng. / International Standard Elect.
Corp., New York, N. Y. / Data process·
ing equipment.
3,013,252 ! Frederick T. Andrews, Jr.,
Berkeley Heights, N. ]. / Bell Telephone Lab., Inc., New York, N. Y. /
A magnetic core shift register circuit.
:I,()l3,254 / Robert K. Walker, New Hartford, N. Y. / General Electric Co., a
corp. of N. Y. / An information storage
apparatus.

December 19, 1961
3,014,180 / Tohn G. Leming, Niagara Falls,
N. Y. / U. S. A. as represented by the
Sec. of the Air Force / An electronic
pulse weier.
3,014,202 / Lorenz Hanewinkel, Neukirchen, (;ermany / Zuse KG., Neukirchen,
Germany / :\ selector for selecting
channels.
:1.014.20:1 / Louis D. Stevens, San Jose,
Calif. / I. B. ~r. Corp., New York, N. Y.
/ .\n information storage matrix.
:1.OI·1,2().f / Arthur W. Lo, Fords, N. l.
and Hewitt D. Crane, Palo Alto, Calif.
/ R. C. A., a corp. of Del. / A magnetic
ci rcui t.

December 26, 1961
:1.OII,G!'12 / Alfred Zarouni, Brooklyn.
:--:. Y. / Bell Telephone Lab., Inc., New
York, N. Y. / An automatic data reader.

;U)l4,G54 / Raymond E. Wilser, U. S.
,\nny, and Harry M. Lawrence, "\Vare
Neck P.O., Va. / I. B. ;\1. Corp., New
York, N. Y. / A random storage input
device.
3,014,G59 / Arthur H. Dickinson, Greenwich, Conn. / I. B. M. Corp., New York,
N. Y. / An electronic integrating means
for continuous variable quantities.
;1,014,GG2 / Charles R. Borders, Alpine.
N. J. / 1. n. M. Corp., New York, N. Y.
/ Counters with serially connected delay units.
3,014,G63 / John W. Horton and Arthur
G. Anderson, New York, N. Y. / I. n. M.
Corp., New York, N. Y. / A binary full
adder.
3,015,040 / Gerald A. Maley, Poughkeepsie. and William "\V. Boyle, La Grangeville, N. Y. / I. B. M. Corp., New York,
N. Y. / A binary trigger circuit.
3,015,042 / Balthasar H. Pinckaers, Edina,
~1inn. / Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co., Minneapolis, Minn. / A pulse
responsive circuit with storage means.
;l,0IG,089 / Philip N. Armstrong, Santa
Monica, Calif. / Hughes Aircraft Co ..
Culver City, Calif. / A minimal storage
sorter.
:1,015,091 / James J. Nyberg, Torrance,
and Alfred D. Scarbrough, Palos Verdes
Estates, Calif. / Thompson Ramo 'Wooldridge, Inc., Cleveland, Ohio / A memory matrix control device.

January 2, 196·2
3,015,441 / Edward F. Rent, Vestal, and
Flavious ~I. Powell, Johnson City, N. Y.
/ I.B.M. Corp., New York, N. Y. / An
indexing system for a stored program
calculator.
3,015,442 / Arthur H. Dickinson, Greenwich, Corm. / I.B.M. Corp., New York,
N. Y. / An electronic multiplier.
:3,015,443 / Wendell S. Miller, 1341 Com·
stock Ave., Los Angeles, Calif. / An
electronic computer.
3,015,444 / Herbert A. Schneider, Coytesville, N. J. / Bell Telephone Lab., Inc.,
New York, N. Y. / A digital data generator circuit for computer testing.
:\,015,445 / Toshio Kashio, Musashino,
Japan / Uchida Yoko C~., L.im., Toyko,
Japan / A relay type bl-qUlnary adder
apparatus.
3,015,694 / Freddy David, Rochester, N. Y.
/ General Dynamics Corp., Rochester,
N. Y. / A solid state binary code multiplexing and demultiplexing device.
3,015,708 / Warren P. Mason, We s t
Orano-e, N. J. / Bell Telephone Lab.,
Inc., c New York, N. Y. / A combined
memory storage and switching arrangement.
:1.015,732 / Harry C. Kuntzleman, Newark Valley, and John G. Simek, Endicott,
N. Y. / I.B.M. Corp., New York, N. Y.
/ A delayed roinsideme circuit.
:1.015,783 / .Joseph P. Vignos, Binghamton, N. Y. and Donald P. Shoultes,
Charleston, S. C. / 1. B. M. Corp., New
York, N. Y. / A bipolar switching ring.

3,015,734 / John P. Jones, Jr., Pottstdwn,
Pa. / Navigation Computer Corp., a
corp. of Penn. / A transistor computer
circuit.
3,015,807 / Arthur V. Pohm, White Bear
Lake, Earl N. Mitchell, St. Paul, and
Thomas D. Rossing, Northfield, ~linn. /
Sperry Rand Corp., New York, N. Y. /
A non-destructive sensing of a magnetic
core.
3,015,808 / Nicolaas C. De Troye, Eindhoven, Netherlands / North American
Philips Co., Inc., New York, N. Y. / :\
matrix-memory arrangement.
3,015,809 / Peter B. Myers, Millington,
N. J. / Bell Telephone Lab., Inc., New
York, N. Y. / A magnetic memory
matrix.

January 9, 1962
3,016,008 / Ralph Berger, Wellesley, and
Hugh E. Harlow, Reading, Mass. / Anelex Corp., Boston, Mass. / A data processing apparatus.
3,016,195 / Arthur Hamburgen, Endicott,
N. Y. / 1.B.M. Corp., New York, N. Y.
/ A binary multiplier.
3,016,196 / Paul Mallery, Murray Hill,
N. J. / Bell Telephone Lab., Inc., N PII
York., N. Y. / An arithmetic carry generator.
3,016,466 / Richard K. Richards, OIJ
Troy Road, Wappingers Falls, N. Y. /
- - - / A logical circut.
:\,0IG,470 / Gilbert A. Van Dine, Madison,
N. J. / Bell Telephone Lab., Inc., New
York, N. Y. / A shift register.
3,016,516 / Charles H. Doersam, Jr., 24
Winthrope Rd., Port 'Washington, N. Y.
/ - - - / A pulse code multiplexing system.
3,016,517 / Burton R. Saltzberg, New
Providence, N. J. / Bell Telephone Lab.,
Inc., New York, N. Y. / A redundant
logic circuitry.
:\,016,521 / John H. McGuigan, New Providence, N. J. / Bell Telephone Lab., Inc.,
New York, N. Y. / A magnetic core
memory matrix.
3,016,522 / Norman M. Lourie, Watertown, and Kenneth E. Perry, Newton,
Mass. / Minneapolis-Honeywell Regula·
tor Co., Minneapolis, Minn. / An in·
formation storage apparatus using a l"CCord medium.
3,016.523 / John J. Sharp, Stevena.~e, Eng.
/ International Computers and Tabu·
lators, Lim., London, Eng. / An infoI"
mation storage system.
3,016,524 / Arthur G. Edmunds, 69 Warwick Ave., Edgware, Eng. /---/ An
information storage system.
3,0l(),527 / Edgar N. Gilbert, Whippany.
and Edward F. Moore, Chatham, N . .J. /
Bell Telephone Lab., Inc., New York,
N. Y. / An apparatus for utilizing variable length alphabetized codes.

January 16. 1962
3,017,082 / Reginald L. Riddiford, Birmingham, and Frank Salisbury, Coventry, Eng. / General Electric Co., Lim.,
London, Eng. / A device for sensing
punched cards, tapes or other members.

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