196205
196205 196205
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.5
F
computers
automation
and
Computers and
Political Strategy
Data Processing
as a Universal
Approach
to Cataloging
Parts
City Traffic
Simulated by
Computer
1962 Spring
Joint Computer
Conference
,
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It's not in your dictionary-but it could be someday.
"Super-phonic" describes the speed with which
business machines can "talk" data over telephone lines
when Bell System DATA-PHONE service is used.
At this speed, you could transmit every word on
the front page of the Wall Street Journal coast to
coast in two minutes, 20 seconds!
It means you can send payroll or production figures, inventories or sales orders anywhere they are
needed in a small fraction of the time it takes you now.
And for all its super-phonic speed, new DATAservice costs no more per data call than you
pay for a regular telephone call.
Let one of our Communications Consultants
show you how DATA-PHONE service can help you
speed up your data handling, reduce your costs and
bolster your profits.
Just call your nearest Bell Telephone Business
Office and ask for him. There's no obligation, of
course.
soh
niql
qua
wal
of I
PHONE
BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM
COl
in1
m~
ah
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"
SOUNDCRAFT TYPE LWD HEAVY DUTY/HIGH DENSITY
Longer life, flawless performance! These are the advantages of Soundcraft LWO heavy duty/high density tape-the most
,gneth ashave
In
444
advanced computer tape available today! In specific tests, Soundcraft new LWO achieved more than 20,000 passes
across recording heads with absolutely no sign of breakdown. Heretofore, 15,000 passes had been considered maximum
for a heavy duty magnetic recording tape. Soundcraft combines a unique binder system with
Mylar*base, producing superior adhesion and cohesion. Result: a heavy duty tape with blemishfree oxide coating, superior surface characteristics and a pulse packing capability that exceeds
~
s
lut
sts
Ible.
962
the requirements of all existing computer systems. Furthermore, Soundcraft LWO more closely
approaches the ideal hysteresis curve than any competitive computer tape. Its im-
.....
::.. :
..
:
............ ..
proved square BH characteristic makes the computer system less susceptible to
non-repetitive errors. For an LWO "confidence -level" test in your system, write:
Main Office: Creat Pasture Road, Danbury, Connecticut· New York: 10 [all ~2nd SI.
Chicago; 28 E. Jackson Blvd.• los Angeles: 342 Il. l .. Blea • TOlonlo: 100 Weslon Rd
·OUPONT T.M.
NEW GROWTH AND NEW DEVELOPMENT$ .ALL FOR A NEW MARK!
I
C
puter
a gro
Weath
aid i
hurri
gists
are u
225 c
of th
Their
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AN
To symbolize the many new systems, services and products which THE NATIONAL CASH REGISTER COMPANY
offers businesses everywhere, we have adopted a new business mark ..•
New mark of The National Cash Register
Company, dedicated to providing the finest
in total systems • •• from original entry to
final report-through NCR accounting machines, cash registers, adding machines and
electronic data processing. 1,039 offices in
121 countries-78 years of helping business
save money.
NEW FROM NCR-"TOTAL SYSTEMS" TO
SERVE YOU BETTER. New te~hnological developments now enable NCR to serve business
faster, more efficiently than ever before with
"Total Systems."
An NCR cash register in a retail store .•.
an NCR accounting machine in an office or
bank .•• NCR adding machines wherever
figures are handled-all can provide media
that flows to NCR electronic data processing
systems.
Today you'll find NCR Data Processing
Centers in certain major cities ... which represent the beginning of a nationwide network.
NEW FROM NCR-NEW DEVELOPMENTS
IN HIGH SPEED COMPUTER SYSTEMS. The
unique Card Random Access Memory
("CRAM") developed for the NCR 315 computer stores more than 5 million characters
of information on plastic cards.
The versatile NCR 390 and NCR 310 computers bring electronics to thousands of businesses of all kinds.
NCR's new optical reading system, which
permits direct processing of printed data without first converting it to a machine language,
will create revolutionary advances in handling
records.
NEW FROM NCR-NEW PRODUCTS FROM
RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT. More than
2,000 people are working at NCR on many
new and important projects.
Encapsulation-the method by which. liquids or solids can be enclosed in microscopic
capsules-holds the promise of tasteless castor
oil, "dry gasoline," more stable rocket fuels,
and many other things.
Other dramatic developments are a new
NCR "rod memory" that switches in billionths
of a second, and new photochromic data-storage techniques based on color changes which
occur under varying wave lengths of light.
New Y
Gear,
oped
ing t
on th
air i
son a
into
are f
purpo
puter
cial
which
cells
durin
This
a mea
respi
and t
of th
ous d
have
ation
CON
,
CO~PUTERS
)
and AUT 0 MAT ION
COMPUTERS AND DATA PROCESSORS, AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION,
APPLICATIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING AUTOMATION
Volume XI
Number 5
s
f
a
1962
Established
September 1951
MAY, 1962
EDMUND C. BERKELEY
Editor
PATRICK J. MCGOVERN Assistant Editor
MOSES M. BERLIN
Assistant Editor
NEIL D. MACDONALD
Assistant Editor
ANN B. BAKER
Production Manager
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
1962 SPRING JOINT
COMPUTER CONFERENCE
List of Exhibitors.
Locations of Exhibit Areas.
Program
27
28
. 29
ANDltEW D. BOOTH
NED CHAPIN
JOHN W. CARR, III
ALSTON S. HOUSEH9LDER
PETER KUGEL
ADVISORY COMMITTEE
MORTON M. ASTRAHAN
HOWARD T. ENGSTROM
GEORGE E. FORSYTHE
RICHARD W. HAMMING
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
HERBERT F. MITCHELL, JR.
FRONT COVER
Mountain-Edge Diffraction for Computer
Communications
1, 6
ARTICLES
Data Processing as a Universal Approach to
Cataloging Parts, by P. F. SANTARELLI.
Computers and Political Strategy,
by PETER KUGEL.
City Traffic Simulated by Computer,
by NATIONAL BUREAU OF STANDARDS.
.23
READERS' AND EDITORS' FORUM
What is "Computers and Automation", and
What Does It Try to Do?
Reader's Reply Label.
Computers and World Peace
Calendar of Coming Events
· 6
· 6
.44
.60
ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK.
New Installations .
New Firms, DiviSions, and Mergers
Publications .
Teaching Machines
People of Note
Automation .
New Products
New Contracts
New Applications
.46
.46
.48
.50
.50
.50
.52
.53
.58
.61
· 12
· 17
SALES AND SERVICE DIRECTOR
PA TRICK J. MCGOVERN
8 1 5 Washington St.
Newtonville 60, Mass.
DEcatur 2-5453
ADVERTISING REPRESENT A TIVES
Los Angeles 5 WENTWORTH F. GREEN
439 So. Western Ave. DUnkirk 7-8135
San Francisco 5
A. S. BABCOCK
605 Market St.
YUkon 2-3954
Elsewhere
PATRICK J. MCGOVERN
815 Washington St.
DEcatur 2-5453
Newtonville 60, Mass.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION is published monthly at
815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass., by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. Printed in U.S.A.
SUBSCRIPTION RATES: United States, $15.00 for 1 year,
$29.00 for 2 years, including the June Directory issue; Canada,
add 50c a year for postage; foreign, add $1.50 a year for postage. Address all Editorial and Subscription Mail to Berkeley
Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass.
ENTERED AS SECOND CLASS MATTER at the Post Office
at Boston, Mass.
POSTMASTER: Please send all Forms 3579 to Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass.
Copyright, 1962, by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.
CHANGE of ADDRESS: If your address changes, please send us
both your new address and your old address (as it appears on the
ma~azine address imprint), and allow three weeks for the change
to be made.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
INDEX OF NOTIC ES
Advertising Index.
Computer Directory
and Buyers' Guide
Glossary of Computer Terms
Manuscripts .
Reference and Survey
Information
Who's Who Entry Form
.60
see Mar., page 24
see Mar., page 24
see Mar., page 18
see Mar., page 24
.22
5
Readers' and Editors' Forum
ce:
Sir
in
St
FRONT COVER: MOUNTAIN-EDGE DIFFRACTION
FOR COMPUTER COMMUNICATIONS
The front cover shows a ten-foot microwave
- . antenna which implements ~ and· a sclle~atic
model which illustrates - a new experimental
technique for transmitting data over the horizon
at high speeds without using relay stations.
Computer data is being transmitted over a
mountain edge, using a technique called "knifeedge diffraction", at speeds as high as 500, 00(l
bits of information per second, with power as
low as 16 watts. These experiments are being
conducted at IBM Corp., San Jose, Calif.; the
path of experimental transmission lies between
a transmitter at Monterey and a receiver at San
Jose 45 miles distant. Both are focused directly
at the Loma Prieta Ridge, 3800 feet high, in the
Santa Cruz mountains. One of the reasons for
the success of the experiments is a novel frequency-modulation feedback loop incorporated in
.the microwave equipment, which was developed
and manufactured by the Nippon Electric Company,
Tokyo, Japan.
WHAT IS "COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION'~
AND WHAT DOES IT TRY TO DO?
3000 copies of this issue, Vol. Xl, No.5, of
"Computers and Automation" are being distributed
to persons attending the Spring Joint Computer
Conference, San Francisco, May 1 to 3.
We greet you in this way.
To many of you, perhaps, this is the first
issue of "Computers and Automation" you have
seen. So we should like to say who we are and
what we are trying to do.
This magazine is the first one published in
the computer field. Our first issue, consisting
of seven purple ditto pages and entitled "Roster
of Organizations in the Computer Field", was
distributed in September, 1951. Since that time,
we have become a magazine publishing over 700
pages annually.
Our goal is "to. publish information which is
factual, useful, and understandable, about computers and data processors, and their construction, applications, and implications, including
automation." We want to be of help to people in
6
the field of computers and data processors to the
extent that we can. That impulse stirred our
editor, Edmund C. Berkeley, when he helped
______ ~20
velopl
panie.
Control Data Corporation is proud to announce the new Control Data 606 high performance magnetic
tape transport for the storage and manipulation of digital information. The 606 features pneumatic control of
tape movement that provides smooth, uniform tape acceleration with minimum stress and stretch to the tapes.
The head assembly consists of individual read/write heads, an erase head, pressure pad, and vacuumoperated tape cleaners-designed to maintain precise head-to-tape contact pressure and reduce head and tape
wear. The dual-gap 7-channel head construction provides read-while-write capabilities ... as well as format
compatibility with most major existing tape systems.
Designed for full computer control with no programming restrictions, the 606 was developed by Control
Data computer engineers who know the value and importance of reliable, trouble-free operation in high performance equipment. Electrical and mechanical adjustments in the 606 have been minimized. The inherent
reliability of all solid-state components is safe-guarded by direct-blast cooling.
Ease of maintenance is facilitated by provisions which permit quick replacement of major components
through the use of pluggable modules and sub-assemblies. In multiple-unit systems, each 606 can be individually
serviced for testing and maintenance without effecting the operation of other units.
The Control Data 1615 Tape Control Unit is used to connect the 606 Tape Transport to Control Data's
large-scale computers. Up to eight 606 Transports can be controlled from a single 1615. As a standard feature,
electronic circuitry is included in the 1615 to operate Control Data computers in the Satellite Computer System.
DETAILED SPECIFICATIONS
RECORDING FORMAT
• Method-NRZ (non·return to zero-change on ones)
• Seven·Track Recording: Data-6 bits; Parity-1 bit
• Inter-Record Gap-% inch
• Tape Markers
End-of-Tape & Load Point reflective spot
• Compatible with IBM 727 and 729, I, II, III and IV
Tape Units
CHARACTER RATE
.83,400 per sec. @ High Density & 150 inches/sec.
.30,000 per sec. @ Low Density & 150 inches/sec.
HEADS
• Physical Spacings (forward direction):
Erase gap-to-write gap-7/16 inches
Write gap-to-read gap-0.300 inches
will
of va
weigh
incor]
port
which
bank
times
the p
but i
check
a com
315 e
tern,
check
ly in
prepa
posit
The 4'
with
er, w
gramm
autom
clear
the m
sorte
elect
sorte
exclu
o
Far
TAPE
• Width-V2 inch
• Length-2400 feet with 11/2 mil base Mylar tape
• Reels-101/2 inch NARTB hub with file-protect ring
TAPE SPEED
• Read/Write-150 inches/sec.
• Reverse Movement-150 inches/sec.
• Rewind & Unload-225 inches/sec ..
• Start Time-4 millisec. max.
• Stop Time-4 millisec. max.
RECORDING DENSITY-Selectable
• Low-200 frames per inch
• High-556 frames per inch
PANEL
• Operator Controls with Indicators:
Power/Load Point/Forward/Hi-Lo Density/
Reverse/Ready/Unload/Clear/
U nit No. Selector
• Operation I ndicators Only
Read/Fault/Write/File Protect
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS
• Size: Height-72 inches
Depth-33 inches
Width-28 inches
• Weight: 800 pounds
• Power-115v, 60 cycle, 3 KW
capab
from
verti
puter
by th
of 20
Punch
perfo
able.
obtai
wiril1
lecti
any p
nitio
tion
tion
COl\
ER
data
110
de-
I' ,
lk
d
ysal
ape
odes
en
fos
0
s
ych
606
MAGNETIC
TAPE
TRANSPORT
ut,
ond
r
d
as
0-
t
1
1
ugh
The 606 Tape Transport is available with Control
Data's large-scale computers, as well as for
O.E.M. For further information on the Control
Data 606, call the Control Data Sales Office in
your area ... or write for Publication No. 196.
por
ed
CONTROL DATA
or
ine
CORPORATION
1962
8100 34TH AVENUE SOUTH, MINNEAPOLIS 20, MINNESOTA
DATA PROCESSING AS A UNIVERSAL
APPROACH TO CATALOGING PARTS
P. F. Santarelli
IBM Corp.
Kingston, N. Y.
The purpose of this report is to present a brief
outline of the problem of preparing parts catalDging
informat,ion for the prDvisioning of end items and to
show the potential for data processing techniques in
future applications. This report also briefly outlines
the progress IBM has made in this area to' date.
The Technical Documentation Problem
One of the most perplexing problems facing industry and various government agencies tDday is the
preparation and rapid publkation of technical data
incomplete, concise, accurate, and usable form. Such
data is vital to the design, prDduction, operation, and
maintenance Df the myriad products Df modem industry. This technical data is also used fDr provisiDning Df equipment procured by industry and the Department of Defense.
This problem has increased a hundredfold Dver the
past ten years, due to' (1) the ~emand fDr technical
information necessary to keep the equipment operative and (2) the tremendous increase in the size and
complexity of the equipment being manufactured
today. Adding to the problem have been the varied
methods of preparing, cDmpiling, and recording this
information. In most cases, this data is compiled by
highly specialized technicians and typists. They have
been aided to some extent by the application Df internal data processing methods developed by individual industries and various departments of the government. Variations of the data processing methods used
has been a limiting factor in a wider acceptance of
data processing techniques.
It has ,become increasingly necessary to' devise new
methods Df compilation and dissemination Df technical data. To some extent this can be accomplished by
fuller utilization of present-day data processing equipment and techniques. This in itself is only a stop-gap
measure affording us temporary relief. In general,
industrial management has not yet devDted the time
or the money required fDr a thorough study 'Of this
area. OrganizatiDn and selection of data processing
techniques have been left largely to specialists in this
field; thus, in their interpretatiDn, they have dealt
mainly with the problem at hand. In exercising these
functions, little time, thDught, or consideration has
been given to the devel'Opment of uniform data processing techniques. Recently renewed interest in data
processing techniques with its significant potential has
placed technical data processing and analysis in better
12
perspective, as evidenced by the release of the Department of Defense Instruction Bulletin 3232.7. The
purpose of this document is to establish uniform
Department Df Defense provisioning requirements
through the utilization of data processing techniques.
This document is in furtherance of the prDvisioning
objectives cited in Department 'Of Defense Instruction
Bulletin 3232.4, subject: "Policy and Principles Governing ProvisiDning of End Items 'Of Materia!."
On January 8 and 9, 1959, a Department of Defense
Seminar on Provisioning Technical Documentation
(D. O. D. Instruction Bulletin 3232.7) was jDintly
sponsored by industrial associatiDns and the Department of Defense for the purpose Df instructing all
concerned with the technical documentation requirements of D. O. D. Instruction Bulletin 3232.7. Attending the seminar were approximately 1,000 interested representatives of industry and the military
services. The large attendance and thorough discussion of Bulletin 3232.7 at the seminar lends credence
to the increased interest and wider acceptance of data
processing techniques for the preparation of technical
data.
Progress to Date
For the past five years, Kingston IBM has pioneered
in the application of technical data processing techniques to the preparation of catalog information. In
1954, fDr example, Kingston IBM was cDnfronted
with a tremendous parts-cataloging task. They were
committed to supply the Air Force with an illustrated
parts ,breakdDwn for the IBM engineered and manufactured SAGE Computer. Because Df the magnitude
of the task, Kingston develDped a data processing
technique that was designed to minimize time, effort,
andcDsts. It was evident from the start that a significant saving could be achieved by employing data
processing techniques. Because of this, specific approval to' use data processing methods for preparation
of the Illustrated Parts Breakdown manual fDr the
SAGE Computer was granted by the procuring government agency. The result of this endeavor was extremely successful. A significant reduction in cost
and time was realized in the preparation, publication,
and maintenance of a manual consisting of over 5,000
pages 'Of listings and over 1,200 illustration pages.
Time is a factor of paramount importance in publication schedules.
With the SAGE .catalog successfully completed on
punched~card equipment, the entire prDcess was re-
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
ly c
been
This
ible
as 1
proa
been
flyi
can
with
bett,
plan,
cura,
spee l
work
cont
the;
form
tron
the
grou
are
comp
oper,
mand
pute
the
nal
The
airc
flyi
from
tion
to a:
sing.
Cali:
563,
comp:
cont
wide
leng
to 1:
the
for
capa]
tion
inch
CalC,
COl\l
LANT
:M
new
will
.ement
.ed
;tem.
5
,
Ramo
be
syswet
oper!tconsysImputer
!rial
.15 to
"5 to
I
~
d. Automatic deletion of li~ts and illustrations;
e. Placement of running heads and feet, including automatic insertion of deletion
notices when sheets have been deleted;
f. Automatic page numbering and revision
date as applicable;
g. Elimination of the manual preparation and/
or sorting of a numerical index;
h. Completely paginates the numerical index
including the following:
1. A three-column numerical arrange men t
of part numbers;
2. As in the GAPL above, the automatic
placement of running heads and feet including the insertion of deletion notices,
revision dates, and page numbers.
vie"wed to determine whether the preparation of parts
catalogs could be further automated:
How could the manual insertion and extraction
of revision cards and the semi-automated preparation of reproducible copy be eliminated?
How could production time and costs be further
reduced and still utilize the same punched-card input?
With these thoughts in mind the decision was made
to try programming an IBM 704 computer to completely process and maintain the SAGE Computer
Illustrated Parts Catalog.
Research along these lines culminated in November
1959 in an operational Issue-and-Revision computer
program which retained all the advantages of the
earlier data processing techniques and added unique
features of its own. This computer program accomplishes the following:
1.
Integrates all Group Assembly Parts List
(GAPL) entries;
2.
Completely paginates the GAPL including
following features:
a. Placement of illustrations and titles in relation to an applicable list;
b. Formulation of revision pages as applicable
to accommodate overflow;
c. Placement of list captions at the beginning
of a list and at the head of each page;
In addition, the computer program provides the
following:
1. An edit tape of improper entries.,....-this greatly
facilitates the visual editing of the catalog;
2. A new CAPL detail tape which provides the
input data for subsequent revisions-this tape
is essentially the same as the GAPL repro
print tape, except that information which is
110t required for the printed catalog but is
essential for subsequem computer operation
is maimailled on this tape.
th~
rAPE
n
lchine
ine
'ling
~d
on
~
~hine
-
INPUT DATA PREPAHATION
3000
sys~tual
netal
)n of
to
ae
on
lin on
tion,
eriely
a
s adltines
ver-
PERIPHERAL
EQUIPMENT
OFF-LINE EQUIPMENT
CATALOGING
REFERRAL
LISTING
Master Descriptions indicated are I
prepared &. icycle I
repeated
....- - - - - f
0727 MAGNETIC TAPE
UNIT
Referral
(unmatched
header) tape
Referral listing. The
printer lists 150 lines
(1 to 80 characters per
line) in 1 minute.
Handwritten
Master Descriptions prepared
from source data
@727 MAGNETIC TAPE
UNIT
Master Description tape
@714
CARD
READER
@GAPLFORMS
Handwritten GAPL
forms (w/o descriptions). Figuro
Reference-Title
forms, and List
Caption forms aro
prepared from
source data.
1962
Transfers information in
punched cards
to magnetic
tape
I
I
@727 MAGNETIC TAPE
UNIT
MAIN FRAME
Headers separated
and matched against
numerically arranged
Master Descriptions.
Unmatched headers
are segregated for
referral listing. The
computer processes
10,000 cards in approximately 2 hours.
I
@COMPUTER
PROCESSING
UNIT
@727
MAGNETIC
TAPE
UNIT
TO
PHASE
II
GAPL
(w/description),
. Figure ReferenceTitle, and List
Caption tapa
I
I
GAPL and
auxiliary card
tape
cription
cards
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
13
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• • CAROSU5-ASSY.ARRA'I'CAGE
• SPACf'hIlO~RO ASSY
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• IiIAStlU.FLAT '10. 6
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.SCREW.MACIoIINEFIL ..... 06_:J2XI/2
• WASHER.lOC~ SPR!'1G TE"SIO'l NO. 6
• W"'SKER.FL"'T 0.149 U> x 5/16 I'" 00
• NUToPLAIN,loIrx ... GO"l 6-32
• FR"'ME ASSEM!lly.CORE MEMORY ARRAYU"In
• SCREW.MACH!'1E FlL ..... O e·'2 X 318
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- Listing and Description of Parts
14
an
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
I
has
apterse
as
giance
sign,
d
rs.
an
ctory.
es
ry
by
on
nd,
the
shcon-
MULL,
.aw"
It
lead-
is your electronics career in a closed loop?
Have you programmed your career into a corner? Create a loop exit for
yourself ... apply for one of several senior openings for MILITARY SALES
lppliIter
of
It
the
ENGINEERS, DIGITAL COMPUTER SYSTEMS ENGINEERS and
SYSTEMS PROGRAMMERS at Bendix Computer Division. Bendix
LC
Computer has been a leading manufacturer of digital computing systems
Bar
dth
for 10 years ... has long enjoyed a reputation for leadership. Growing
I
acceptance of the Bendix G-20 and new military computer systems has
lem:ia'0,
~ee
created exceptional opportunities, The
~esulting
combination of leader-
ship and growth will help you out of that iterative loop
I.
I
and into a new
open-ended career. Check it out for yourself. Call or write: Mr. William
;ent
In
lrt-
.55
III
Keefer, Manager, Professional Staff Relations, Bendix Conlputer Division,
5630 Arbor Vitae Street, Los Angeles 45, California .
AN EQUAL OPPOflTUrllTY EMPLOYER
Bendix Computer Division
MEET US AT THE SPRING JOINT COMPUTER CONFERENCE, FAIRMONT HOTEL, SAN FRANCISCO
1962
GAPL AND NUMERICAL INDEX· UPDATING
PHASES II AND III
PERIPHERAL
EQUIPMENT
MAIN FRAME
UNIT
1--_-.l1d
GAPL detail tape,
used on the subsequent revision in
conjunction with
a Phase I revision
tape
@727
MAGNETIC
GAPL UPDATE
A paginated layout of
the GAPL is prepared.
Illustrations, titles,
captions, page nwnbers,
A pages, etc. are properly
placed. The Computer processes 10 cards per second
when issuing and 3 cards
per second when revising
TAPE
UNIT
Edit tape of improper entries.
>
FRaM
@727
@727
MAGNETIC
TAPE
UNIT
GAPL (w/descriptions). Figure
Reference-Title,
and List Caption
tape
OFF-LINE
EQUIPMENT
CENTRAL
PRaCESSING
UNIT
UPDATE
A paginatedlayout of the Nwnerical Index is prepared automatically as a direct
by-product of the
GAPL. The computer processes
420 cards
@727
MAGNETIC
MAGNETIC
TAPE
UNIT
GAPL reproducible copy print
tape
!
index reproducible
copy
@727
MAGNETIC
TAPE
UNIT
Programs
The camputer greatly facilitated the preparation
of the parts >catalog and in addition retained all the
primary advantages inherent in the earlier technique:
greater consistency and accuracy, relative ease of revision, faster compilati'On, and more economical preparation of repra copy.
In >conjunction with the advances made in the processing of raw data, experiments are being conducted
to improve the reproduction quality of printed material. Along these lines, variaus ribbons and paper
have been tested in an effort ta achieve the highest
reproduction quality 'Obtainable by data processing
techniques. The results 'Of these experiments have
been more than gratifying.
Although pleased with the progress made to date,
Poughkeepsie Product Publicatians plans to cantinue
investigating the passibilities available from current
research in such areas as magnetic inks, magnetic
typewriter ribbons, magnetically sensitized ca:ds,
photo recagnition, and high-speed readout deVices
capable of printing speeds up to 'One millian characters a minute. We hope the mediums just mentioned
will permit us to speed up reproduction considerably.
Speed and quality are essential in the preparation of
technical data. Short deadlines make it almost mandatory that better means be devised ta maintain schedules. Quality is essential fram the viewpoint of the
customer, since mast' of this material is distributed in
manual form. Use of these mediums would permit
us to reduce the time and amount 'Of work necessary
16
Nwnerical index
reproducible copy
print tape
t'O perform these functions. Reduced time and reduced wark mean reduced casts and increased production capabilities.
Conclusion and Recommendations
Realizing the rapidly growing need far a solutian
ta the problem of technical documentation and the
vast patential for data pracessing techniques in this
field, the following infarmatian should be considered.
Factors for evaluating any appraach to the technical documentatian prablem are time, wark, costs,
duplicatian of effort, and quality 'Of the end item.
These factors became even mare significant with the
increased camplexity 'Of the equipments being manufactured today. With the advent 'Of D. O. D. 3232.7
and its stringent requirements far provisioning of
end items, reliable equipment operation is affected
unless adequate technical documentatian is made
available at the proper time. This dacument emphasizes the growing impartance f'Or technical data pracessing techniques. There is little daubt that automatic
processing of technical data is essential and that the
demand for these services will grow in the very near
future. Thus, fram a campetitive viewpaint, it is
extremely impartant that present data processing
tec~niques be expl'Oited to the fullest extent.
: fillians of dallars are expended annually in the
preparatian 'Of technical data. This shauld be an incentive as well as an exciting challenge to thase of us
invalved in the design, manufacture, and application
of data pracessing equipment.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
420,
hree
omputs
COMPUTERS AND POLITICAL STRATEGY
e II,
ES
REST
'.
Peter Kugel
Technical Operations, Inc.
Burlington, Mass.
a
on
r-
percBee
n
9 comd by
nd
1
e as
of
'S
YSTEMS
er
neral
.Y. ,
which
eneral
ection
and
s
conervicstems.
F
PMENT
a9 all
de-
oradeill
ical
formY. had
size
was
quiphe
of
ers
Elecmeet1962
At the end of the 1960 campaign, computers made
brief, and not always auspicious, appearances as sideshow curiosities on television news programs. In future campaigns, the role of computers promises to be
somewhat more impressive. This will not be merely
because the quality of their predictions will be improved (although this appears likely) but because
we can also expect computers to be applied in new
and important ways in the political campaigns of the
future. If the elections are close and the computers
are used well, such applications may conceivably
determine the outcomes of these campaigns.
Perhaps the most important application of computers in future political campaigns will be their use in
helping to devise optimal campaign strategies. Strategies chosen with the help of computers can be far
more effective than strategies developed without them.
Therefore it is possible that some future election may
be won by the party with the best computer program
rather than the party with the best candidate. To
show how 'this might come about is one purpose of
this article. To show why this is not as threatening
to the future of democracy as it might at first appear,
is another.
Technological Innovations
The computer is a technological innovation, and
like many technological innovations of the past, it
can be expected to have unexpected effects. Technological innovations have, of course, already had
their influence on the practice of politics. For example, rapid communication has outmoded (but not
eliminated) the electoral college. The jet plane has
increased the mobility of national candidates; and
there are those who credit (or blame) the outcome of
the 1960 campaign on the effects of the television set.
Computers can be expected to exert their influence
on politics in several ways. The automation brought
about by their use may provide campaign issues.
Computers may be used to simplify the tabulation of
results, increase the difficulty of perpetrating voting'
frauds, increase the frequency with which elections
are held, and so forth. Most importantly, computers
will be able to influence results of campaigns through
their ability to make information available to those
in charge of running the campaigns.
Transfonnations of Datu
Information is more useful than it might at first
appear, and examples which suggest lhis fact are easy
to find. Much of the activities of military intelligence
and research groups are "nothing more" than obtain-
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
ing information. Computers are, in a sense. more
limited in their activities than research groups. The
information the computer can produce for its users
is nothing more than the results of applying rules
with which the computer has been provided to a set
of facts with which it has also been provided. In spite
of these apparent limitations, however, the results
computers can obtain can be of considerable value, for
transformations of data can be far more valuable than
the original raw data.
This fact is, of course, familiar to most scientists,
since much of their work consists not of gathering data
but of summarizing and analyzing it appropriately.
A familiar, if somewhat mundane, example of how
merely summarizing data can increase its value is
provided by the cash register in a supermarket. Its
use enables a clerk to take data from the customer's
purchases and to provide that customer, fishing in her
pocketbook, with precisely the summary of the data
which she needs.
The information processing done by computers is,
at least on occasion, somewhat more sophisticated.
Although the use of computers to provide summaries,
as when they are used to prod1.lce financial reports,
is familiar and, in many applications, extremely useful, yet computers can do more than merely summarize information. They can perform a variety of
logical and mathematical operations on data to extrapolate it, correct it, analyze it, and provide much information from it which does not, at first sight, appear to be contained in the original data.
Correcting Polls
One application of this ability to politics, which is
already familiar and is being used with increasing
sophistication and success, is to "correct" the data obtained from public opinion polls for biased samples,
voters who express an opinion but will not show up
at the polls, and similar factors. Of far more importance in the future will be the computer's- ability to
calculate the effects of decisions and changes in the
situation on the opinion (and the voting behavior)
of the electorate, and to analyze the results of such
calculations. Such an ability includes the ability to
predict the effects of various alternative choices open
to party leaders.
If one also provides the computer with a way of
evaluating' these clrects (and the number of electoral
votes it would will for a party suggests itself as a pretty
good measure of the value of a possible alternative
to a political party in a national campaign). then the
computer may pe C!lpable of choosing' the hest from
17
among the possible courses of action. If the values one
provides the computer for this evaluation are one's
own (or those of one's party) then there is a sense in
which the computer is telling the user what he ought
to do.
Resources for a Political Campaign Manager
Thus, the computer (appropriately programmed,
of course) can provide the manager of a political campaign with three kinds of information. It can provide
him with descriptive information which tells him
what is going on; it can provide him with prediCtive
information, or information of what will be going on
in the future (with emphasis on what will happen on
the first Tuesday after the first Monday in November); and it can provide him with prescriptive information which tells him what he ought to do. How valuable might these different types of information be in
a political campaign?
Much of the answer to this question depends, of
course, on how sound the information is, and how
well it will be applied. Consider however, as an example, the application of computers to the problem
of planning a campaign itinerary for a presidential
candidate. Assume (and it seems to be a reasonable
assumption) that the candidate's personal appearance
in a particular area will pick up a certain number
of votes in that area which he would not have gotten
otherwise. Assume also, that this is the only factor
with which we are concerned. In actual fact, of course,
there will be other factors involved in planning campaign itineraries. There will be the effect of local appearances of national candidates on the results of
local elections, there will be the question of how much
money is available for transportation, of a candidate's
varying appeal to varying audiences, and of personal
factors. However, we can simplify our example by disregarding these factors (although we cannot do this
in actual fact).
Given this simplified problem, then, consider the
relative values of the different kinds of information
which a computer can provide for a campaign manager.
Focusing a Candidate's Energy
If the campaign manager has available
to him a
computer-produced summary of political opinion
polls., which describes for him the current state of the
electorate, he can focus his candidate's time and
energy on those areas where his personal appearance
will have the maximum effect on the eventual electoral vote. He will thus send his candidate to the
states with the largest groups of undecided voters, or
those where opinion is most evenly divided. By his
ability to focus the power of his candidate's personality on those areas where it will have the greatest
effect on the final result, this campaign manager
clearly has the advantage over the campaign manager
who (and he is surely only an imaginary character)
plans his candidate's itinerary completely at random.
The manager who uses the high speed and relatively low cost of the computer to provide him with
more frequent descriptive summaries of the situation
is one step ahead in that he can (insofar as previous
commiunents permit) adapt his itinerary to uuex-
18
pee ted changes during the course of the campaign,
and thus he increases the ·effectiveness with which he
uses his resources.
Predictive Information
These examples indicate how descriptive information obtained with the help of computers can be helpful. Predictive information, or information which
tells one what will happen, can be even more useful.
Suppose, for example, that we have a computer program which uses information gleaned from the experiences of past elections to predict the effects of different itineraries. Computers can be used to consider
the effects of various possible alternative itineraries
on the eventual electoral vote and can take into account a large number of relevant factors in making
such predictions.
The capabilities of such a predictive program differ,
of course, from those of the crystal ball. Whereas the
crystal ball tells us what will happen no matter what,
our computer program tells us what will happen if
we do certain things and if we have taken all the
relevant factors into account. In other words, it has
all the limitations of any of the more familiar parts of
science. In general, however, these limitations need
not be serious. We often know what most of the
relevant factors are, and can often predict quite well
within what range our predictions will- be accurate.
Thus, to take what is, perhaps, a frivolous example of
the use made of a scientific principle, the law of reflection (which says that the angle of incidence equals
the angle of reflection) may not tell us precisely how a
billiard ball (hit without spin) will bounce off the
edge of the table, because it ignores the imperfections
of the table, but it comes as close as we need for any
practical purposes. And, as most billiard players
know, it only predicts what will happen if the ball
is hit correctly. In other words, it does not predict
the outcome of a game, or even the effects of a shot,
but knowledge of it does help one to play the game
well.
Similarly, our computer program will tell us what
will happen if the factors we have not considered can
be ignored, but one of the reasons we ignored them is
because it seems quite reasonable that they will not
make a difference. And, of course, it can predict only
what would happen if we actually do as we said we
would. But even such predictions can be of extraordinary help in making rational decisions. The predictions made by applying political science are not
guaranteed to the same degree as those offered by
those who read crystal balls, but, in spite of this,
there are good reasons for taking them more seriously.
By predicting the consequences of the various alternatives open to us, a predictive program tells us how to
bring the consequences about, for by predicting which
alternative itinerary is most likely to win an election,
the information may, indeed, enable us to win the
election.
There are several ways we can still improve upon
our program. One way involves retaining its essentially predictive nature, but making it more adaptive.
Our predictions in the previous case were based on
the information at hand when we planned out the
itiner~ry. However, these predictions were based on
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
pr
G·
co.
Ilo
ad
•
ex
G·
I
certain assumptions as to what would happen during
the campaign (such as the continued good health of
the candidate) and such assumptions are notorious for
their ability to go wrong. During the campaign, events
will occur that weren't anticipated, and the effects
of other events may not be quite what we predicted.
The clerical capabilities of the computer can be used
to revise our estimates of the situation in the light
of these chaIJges. If something unexpected happens
to make one state's elections closer than anticipated,
we may, as a result of the more recent information,
change the itinerary to put more emphasis there.
'S
lemory,
a highcard
)er
lSocilpment.
~TER
Prescriptive Information
Finally, suppose that we have a prescriptive device:
that is, a device that tells us what to do. Here again
it is important to distinguish such devices from other
prescriptive devices, such as Fairy Godmothers, which
tell us what to do no matter what. Our prescriptive
device, like our predictive device, is conditional. It
only tells us what to do if we wish to accomplish certain aims, and if other assumptions are made. In this
application, such a device would consider the presidential candidate as a resource to be allocated. Acting
on the basis of experience fed to it from past campaigns it would attempt to determine where and
when our candidate should speak in order to maximize his chances of winning the election. Its aims in
such an effort would have to be determined by us.
We would have to tell our device that we wanted to
win the most electoral votes, and not the most popular votes, to indicate the relative importance of presidential, gubernatorial, senatorial and other campaigns
and so forth. What our device would do is to take
into account all of these factors, and by applying rules
provided by mathematicians and political scientists,
attempt to calculate the best policy using many of the
same techniques that are now being used to write
computer programs to optimize delivery schedules,
inventories, and other allocations for industry.
The outputs of this device would be the best policy
for achieving the aims we had provided to it. In its
ability to take into account a larger variety of factors,
and to apply some powerful mathematical techniques,
it might considerably change the itinerary we had
worked out intuitively, and perhaps pick one quite
different from any that had occurred to us.
Intangible Factors
Such devices as we have outlined above, will not
actually run campaigns. Some decisions will be made
on the basis of factors too intangible for precise computations, and human judgment will still be required
in applying these results. However, these devices will
provide information, and by providing information
which can considerably amplify the effectiveness of
campaign managers' decisions, can thus influence the
courses and outcomes of political campaigns.
Political Positions
More striking than the ability of such computed
information to change itineraries is the possibility
that it might change the political positions (or at least
the avowed positions) of the parties.
As an example of how this could come about, suppose that one wishes to determine the platform to be
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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
1962
I'
submitted to the national convention. Again, in order
to simplify matters for our example, let us further assume that whatever platform we submit will be accepted.
Since civil rights planks are currently de rigueur we
shall, of course, include such a plank. Suppose that
we, personally, prefer a strong civil rights plank. Again
we consult a device which is essentially predictive.
We know that both strong and weak civil rights planks
will win some votes and lose others. What we do not
know is how many each will win or lose, and what the
importance of the changed votes will be to the outcome of the election. This is precisely what our device
can tell us by projecting the lessons of past campaigns
onto the facts of the current one. Let us suppose that
in this case it tells us that, either due to the number
or to the distribution of the votes that a strong civil
rights plank will lose, its inclusion in the platform
(assuming everything else remains unchanged) will
probably lose the election for us. If we believe strongly
enough in the rest of the platform, this information
may well lead us to propose the weaker plank, in
spite of our personal feelings. This is not to say that
the selection of a platform is totally a matter of expediency, or that our device tells us what we must do.
The only thing that our device has done is to spell
out the consequences of our alternatives. However,
this spelling out may determine our choice between
them.
Models of the Electorate
How can the computer, a device which (as many
programmers will be delighted to explain) has an
imagination somewhat smaller than that of a salted
peanut, be programmed to turn it into devices of the
sort we have suggested above?
Basic to these capabilities is the use of computers
to project the partial information obtained from public opinion polls into a description of the electorate.
Public opinion polls have been suspect ever since
the Truman debacle when they almost uniformly
erred in their attempts to predict the outcome of an
election. However, precisely because of the lessons
learned from this failure, and because of the availability of computers to perform the necessary clerical
work and calculation to correct for past errors, such
polls, or rather the interpretation of their results, has
been considerably improved. They can now be COfrected for their limited, and possibly bias.ed sampling,
for voter apathy which can lead to a felt opinion not
being translated into a vote, as well as a number of
other factors. By correcting for previous mistakes,
such interpretations can now provide surprisingly
accurate pictures of what the vote would be if it were
taken on the day of the poll.
This information underlies the other applications
of computers to the management of election campaigns and is used to produce a "Illodel" of the electorate. Such models arc fundamelltal to the potential
roles of computers in future campaigns.
Models in General
Models, in general, are imitations of their objects
intended to behave like them in some particular
way. Perhaps the most familiar kinds of models are
those built by and for children. Such models are gen-
19
erally intended largely to look like what they are models of (although modern toy makers are pushing resemblances in various other directions).
The models with which our computers will work
will not look like what they are imitations of. Indeed,
to the unpracticed eye they will not look like much at
all. They will consist (in some sense) of symbols and
numbers. However, such symbols and numbers can
produce models much like the child's model plane or
house. They are model& because they maintain the
relationships (or at least those relationships relevant
to our concerns of the moment) inherent in the
original situation.
Most of us are familiar with such mathematical
models. Thus the equation: V = 32 X T is a model
of a falling object (on or near the surface of the
earth in a vacuum). It is a model in spite of the fact
that it neither looks like or behaves like a falling object. It is a model because it describes the relationships between two characteristics of such falling objects: namely how fast it is falling (V) and how
long it has been falling (T).
As a model, it has two further defects. It does not
tell us precisely what this relationship will be in actual
fact because it leaves out a number of important factors such as air resistance, and it tells us nothing about
the "real" nature of gravity itself. However, in spite
of these shortcomings, it can be an extremely useful
model in a surprising number of applications.
Computer Models
Generally, the models one puts on computers are
considerably more complex. There are more equations involved, and the equations are a bit more complicated, but the basic considerations are roughly the
same.
For one thing, computerized models frequently deal
with numerically measurable quantities. This often
raises a number of problems. Perhaps crucial to the
particular application with which we are here concerned is the problem of assigning numbers to indicate the values, to us, of effects produced by various
strategies.
In trying to plan an optimal itinerary for a presidential candidate, for instance, one would have to
compare the importance of the presidential election
with that of governors, senators, and congressmen. In
general, it is clear that (barring some exceptional
cases) the presidential election is more important than
any given senatorial election. Thus, the numerical
value assigned as the value of winning the presidency
should be greater than that of winning a Senate seat.
Howe\'er, one might be willing to risk losing a presidential election in order to win a large number of
senatorial elections. There is a problem here in attempting to ascertain exactly how many.
Another similarity between our first equation and
the more complex equations which make up a computerized model is that, like the simpler model and in
spite of its greater complexity, the computer model
leaves a large number of things out. In general, these
things are left out because they are not thought to
have any important influence on the relationships that
concern us. Thus, a lead ball dropped from the Lean-
20
ing Tower of Pisa may not be appreciably influenced
by air resistance, but a piece of paper under similar
circumstances would be. Our model, thus, is limited
in scope. The importance of such omissions should
hot, however, be overemphasized. In general, they occur because they make no practical difference. Where
they do, however, the other factors involved can be
added in a relatively straightforward manner where
their behavior is understood. Where they are not
understood, the partial understanding of the situation
produced by the parti,ll model defines the problem involved in this lack of understanding far more precisely. Indeed, it is by regularly defining such new
problems, made apparent by a fuller understanding
of grosser relationships that have been more thoroughly studied, that science of all kinds, and in this
case, a political science in particular, advances and
_increasingly refines its tools.
Utility of Abstract Models
A final similarity of the computerized model to the
simple equation is that it is abstract and can thus be
studied mathematically. Our gravity equation can be
subjected to simple mathematical analysis without
further investigation of falling objects to yield an
equation for acceleration, or a model of how much
the speed of a falling- object is increasing at any moment. Similarly, mathematical tools devised originally
for quite different purposes, can be applied to models
of the electorate to produce information quite strikingly different from the information that appears to
be contained in the model, but which is implied by it.
The utility of such abstraction is quite similar to
the utility of less complicated toys for children. A
model train that smokes and emits various noises can
serve only as a model of a train. A wooden block: on
the other hand, can serve not only as a train, but also
as a car, a gun, a house, or what have you. A mathematical model, sufficiently lacking in the specific detail tying it to a particular application, has a similarly
broad range of applications and has, in all likelihood
already been studied in some of these. One is thus
capable of applying work already done in other areas
to the area one is interested in merely because one
has constructed a sufficiently abstract model.
Once one has such a mathematical model of the
electorate (and the nature of the. model depends in
large part on what one plans to do with it), one can
use the computer in calculating the effects of changes
in various parts of the model (just as one can use
Galileo's equation to calculate the effects of changes
in speed as the result of changes of the time of fall) .
In the case of the more complex model of the electorate, one requires the assistance of a computer partly
because there are so many relationships to be considered, and partly because some of the relationships are
rather complicated.
Models of the Electorate
The first step in using computers to help determine
campaign strategy is the construction of such a model
of the electorate. The kind of model we need must
contain a large number of factors, and interrelationships between them. It must relate factors we can
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
lems
of a
ly
of
an
comn
lip-
nel.
ES
1.
om
of
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--1962
...
observe (such as opinions expressed in polls), and factors we can control (such as itineraries and platforms)
to the future behavior of the electorate.
The factors underlying such relationships are extremely complex, involving factors such as unconscious motivation, which are not fully understood.
However, just as it was not necessary for Galileo to
fully understand the mechanism of gravity to produce
an equation describing its effects, so it is not necessary
for the political scientist to fully understand the
mechanisms underlying political behavior in order
to describe them accurately and precisely.
Indeed, as contrasred to Galileo (but not to the contemporary physicist) he does not even have to describe
lhese interactions exactly. It is sufficient for him to
describe such interactions statistically. He need not,
in other words, say that a given kind of speech will
influence so and so to change his vote, but only that
it will change a certain percentage of such and such
a group. And he need not even specify what the percentage is. It will suffice if he predicts merely the
probabilities with which different percentage changes
will occur.
The computerized study of such dynamic models
can give one not only the examination we outlined
in the examples above, but information on far more
complex situations. The computer can be programmed to apply the change rules discovered by
political scientists to the initial condition of the model
as it is determined by the results of public opinion
polls. By experimenting with the effects of different
changes it can predict the effects of choosing these
changes, just as one might predict the speed of a body
dropped from different buildings by feeding different
times into GaIileo's equation.
However, we can go considerably beyond such experimentation. We can, by studying the model mathematically, derive some general truths about all changes
of a certain kind. A number of different mathematical techniques, many of which were developed during
the course of World War II and are now part of the
arsenal used by workers in operations research, can
be brought to bear upon these models to yield results "all" possible values of their variables. In particular, such techniques can be used to yield courses of
action which will maximize some effect among the
wide spectrum of available alternatives.
The Campaign Manager's Power
It is, then, these two results of studying the behavior
of mathematical models of the electorate on computers, the one giving the probable effects of a decision and the other yielding the best policy for achieving one's aims, that will strengthen the hand of the
campaign manager. Do these results give the campaign manager a Svengali-like control over the vote
of the American people?
The answer to this question is, of course, no. In
Lhe first place, it is clear that such information cannot
by itself win any election. It can only enable those
who manage the campaign to make the best use of
those capabilities which their party has at iLS command. It may, in other words, be a factor in elections,
but it will not be the sole factor.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
For another thing. such programs will, in one form
or another, be available to both sides. This is not to
overlook the fact that one party may make better use
of this tool than the other, or that one party may have
this tool before the other. (Thus, in the 1960 election, several political scientists and mathematicians
built a model of the electorate for the Democratic
party.) But the general underlying scientific information is available to both panics, just as the basic findings of scientists in both the USSR and the USA are,
in general, available to the scientists of both countries.
Computers Lack Imagination and Judgment
Finally, although computers can determine strategies, no way has yet been found to have them do so
with imagination or with much judgment.
Thus, a computer currently lacks imagination in
that it can only consider the alternatives that have
been suggested to it. There is a sense, although it is
not precisely the sense in which it is commonly believed, that computer programs cannot come up with
any really original ideas.
However, perhaps the most striking shortcoming of
computers as applied to politics is their lack of judgment when it comes to applying their results. This
lack of judgment suggests that the job of the campaign manager has not yet been made obsolete by
automation. But, on the other hand, the computer
provides the campaign manager with more information than he would have without it, and thus enables
him to make a sounder, more 'rational, judgment.
The computer will be merely one factor in future
elections although, in some, it may be a crucial one.
It, like any other technological innovation, opens up
new possibilities which one party may manage to
exploit more successfully than the other.
Thus it can, perhaps, be compared to the. television
set. Both the computer and the television set were
around for some time without having any appreciable
effect on elections. Both are currently more widely
spread, cheaper and efficient than before, and the uses
of both in areas closely related to those involved in
political campaigning are becoming more fully understood. There are those who contend that the television set determined the outcome of the 1960 elections by limiting the importance of the fact that Kennedy was not as widely known as Nixon at the beginning of the campaign, and by allowing Kennedy
to take advantage of his better television image.
Similarly, the appropriate use of computers can
help win (or lose) elections by providing new tools
for fighting campaigns. However, the more widely
these tools are understood, the less will be their influence for they will be used by both sides, and their
effects may thus cancel each other out.
Improving EfIicicncy of Democracy
However, it might well be argued that the computer
will improve the efficiency and rc.:liahilit y of the democratic process. By making the consequences of their
choices known to the leaders of hath panics it makes
a more rational selection from among these alternatives possible. Thus, to return to a previous example,
if a computer program tells a party that it takes a
,considerable risk of losing the election by including a
21
strong civil rights platform, it does not thereby tell
that party to leave the plank out. Rather it makes
it clear what the consequences of leaving it in are
going to be on voters and makes it clear to that party
what it is choosing. By making such consequences apparent to the policy makers in both parties, the com-
puter may contribute to making the policies of these
parties more responsive to the actual wishes of the
people. One may question whether or not this is
desirable, but then one is questioning the validity of
a notion basic to a democratic society. In a democraticsociety, this is, of course, one's privilege.
WHO'S WHO IN THE
COMPUTER FIELDCUl\1ULATIVE EDITION,
of persons who send us their Who's
\Vho information.
1962
Your Address? ................................... .
Computers and Automation will
publish this summer a cumulative
edition of "Who's Who in the
Computer Field." The closing date
for receiving entries is .J une 30,
1962. If you are interested in computers, please fill in the following
'tVho's Who entry form (which may
be copied on any piece of paper)
and send it to us for your free
listing. If you have friends in the
computer field, please call their
attention to sending us their 'tVho's
\Vho entries. The cumulative edilion will include only the elllrics
Your Organization? ....................... .
Name? (please print)
Year of birth? ................................... .
Col1ege or last school? ................... .
Year entered the computer field? ... .
Occupation? ..................................... .
Anything else? (publications, distinctions, etc.) ................................... .
Title? ....................................... .
Main Computer Interests?
) Applications
) Business
) Construction
) Design
) Electronics
) Logic
) Mathematics
) Programming
) Sales
) Other (specify):
stc
w~
I ts Address? ....................................... .
Your
Your
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
•of
•
sy:
When you have filled in this
entry form please send it to: Who's
\tVho Editor, Computers and Automation, 815 Washington Street,
Newtonville 60, Mass.
SPACE SYSTEMS
PROGRAMMING!
This May Be Your Opportunity
Here you can work in a completely
scientific atmosphere while enjoying the
ideal climate and living conditions of
beautiful Monterey Peninsula.
Just two hours from San Francisco in
the heart of historic
•
do'
.1
in
Tl
Bl
It'
ab
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COl
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In
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MONTEREY, CA,LIFORNIA
au
Laboratory For Electronics, Inc. programming staff is engaged in developing
satellite tracking programs for research
and operational applications.
tio
fm
In
int
thl
Expansion of our technical staff offers substantial growth
opportunities for professional advancement in the areas of
mathematical analysis and programming, systems design,
and data handling.
Positions currently available at all levels for graduate
mathematicians or physicists with large scale digital computer experience. Please send resume in complete confidence to:
Mr. W. E. Daly, 305 Webster Street, Monterey, California
LABORATORY FOR ELECTRONICS, INC.
An Equal Opportunity Employer
22
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
CITY TRAFFIC SIMULATED
BY COMPUTER
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1962
National Bureau of Standards
Washington 25. D. c.
10..
The National Bureau of Standards has programmed high-speed data processing and display
equipment to simulate traffic flow over a nine-block
length of a principal traffic artery in downtown Washington, D. C. After information on volume of traffic
and traffic controls has been fed into the system, the
simulated traffic flow is tabulated on printouts and
is also shown in a motion picture of simulated cars
moving, changing lanes, and stopping for lights, as
in a helicopter view of· the actual streets. This result
has been attained in a three-year program l 'Conducted
by M. C. Stark of the NBS data processing systems
laboratory for the Bureau of Public Roads.
For some time the rapid increase of traffic on city
streets has been a source of concern to traffic engineers
and city planners. Municipalities must aSSllmc that
streets now used to near capacity will have to carry
even more traffic in the future. Thus traffic experts
feel that detailed studies to correct congestion points
-which even now are urgently needed-may hecomc
absolutely essential within perhaps the next decade.
In such studies the problem is to determine I he results of proposed changes in traffic control meaSllres
without actually disrupting traffic.
Automatic data processing to determine the optimum use, timing, and placement of traffic control
devices appears to offer a promising approach to this
problem. Simulation runs can be made with a computer to study the sensitivity of the traffic flow to
proposed changes in the signal system and to explore
the capacity of an existing system to handle different
patterns or increased volumes of traffic. Many other
traffic engineering situations-such as use of one-way
streets, banning left turns, location of bus stops, and
restriction of parking-also can be studied in this way.
Previous Work
In 1956, H. H. Goode, of the University of Michigan, and his colleagues reported the use of computer
techniques in traffic engineering 2 by setting up a
computer model of two north-south and two east-west
streets, both two-lane and two-way. All four intersections were signal-controlled and the route (straight
through, right turn, or left turn) for each car was
randomly assigned at each intersection. Each car was
identical to all others and was represented by one
binary digit or "bit"; all moved at the same speed
and maintained the same spacin~ uet ween cars. Traffic
How in the Goode model was presellted in motion
picture form for analysis.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
FIGURE I
National Bureau of Standards computer scientists prepare to
make a motion picture of an' oscilloscopic presentation of city
traffic simulated by a computer. The magnetic tape used as an
input is obtained from a previous computer operation, which
produces tabular printouts also.
Configuration of Model
In 1958 the Bureau of Public Roads requested the
National Bureau of Standards to 'conduct a traffic
research study by means of a simulation model using
several improvements over the earlier work as suggested by Professor Goode. The most significant improvement was the use of a computer "word" to permit the use of more variables and a planned route
for each 'car instead of tabulating it as an undistinguished computer bit.
The model selected for use was based on a heavily
traveled O.6-mile streIch of Washington, D. C.'s 13th
Street, N.W., which includes ten intersections from
Euclid Street to Monroe Street. Seven of the intersections had traflic si~nals and three were controlled
by stop signs at the cast-west slreets. The model in-
23
cludes several two-way cross streets (two at a 60°
angle), one T-intersection, and several one-way cross
streets. The study was restricted to the peak evening
rush configuration in which all four lanes of 13th
Street are used for northbound traffic.
Previously acquired traffic-survey information was
used to determine the volume of cars traversing the
entire course on 13th Street and those entering, crossing, and leaving it at each intermediate point. This
permitted the computer program to show traffic composed of purposefully oper,ated vehicles, each having
a route assigned at the time of its generation.
The streets of the model were divided up into 12foot long rectangles called "unit blocks." The unit
blocks in each lane were numbered in sequence, from
entrance to exit of the course and crosswise at each
side street, so that any position could be given by unit
block number. The computer required the position
of each vehicle for each computation and assigned a
new position (if changed) as part of each computation.
Operation of Model
Vehicles of the model were "generated" at each of
the possible entrances to the course by means of
random number generators in proportion to their
numbers in the real course. At the same time each
vehicle was assigned characteristics determining its
route and behavior in traffic, also by means of random
number generation and in numbers corresponding to
the proportions in actual traffic. Most vehicles used
13th Street as an artery, being generated below the
simulated stretch and leaving it at its northern end.
Each vehicle destined for the end of the course continued at its desired speed unless forced to reduce
speed for traffic signals and slower traffic in the same
lane; each continued in its original lane unless forced
to change to avoid being slowed by overtaken vehicles.
The vehicles generated at each entrance to the
model were described by two words in digital format.
Characteristics determined at "launch time" included:
Time of departure in ~ -second intervals; type of vehicle-automobile, small truck, or large truck; exit
point to be used (determining the route); and desired speed category-15, 20, 25, 30, or 35 mph. All
of these characteristics were chosen by means of random number selection from a series proportioned
according to empirical knowledge.
Additional information was added within the vehicle two-word format as the computer surveyed the
entire course at ~ -second real time intervals. Its
computations determined for each vehicle the length
of its "jump," or distance traversed during an interval, and assigned to each its new actual speed and
position, given by its unit block number and the
hundredths of the block length to which the vehicle's
nose had penetrated.
Th
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in
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Ap
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FIGURE 2
A strip of four frames of motion picture of computer simulation
of city traffic is here shown; it is obtained by photographing
the oscilloscope screen. The model is formed by computer
operations repeated for each 1/4 -second real-time interval.
When processed and projected at 16 frames per second, the
film presents the model operating in real time. Several runs
of three complete SO-second traffic-light cycles (four minutes)
were obtained by this method.
24
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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
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, 1962
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Vehicles approaching stopped vehicles in the same
lane (where lane changing was not possible), a stop
sign, or a red light were decelerated gradually; this
took the form of ~ -second jumps of decreasing size.
A stopped vehicle was identified by its two-word
digital description showing a zero jump and indicating the same position at sucessessive intervals.
When the distance between any two vehicles in the
same lane became less than the allowable net clear
sight distance determined by both vehicles' speeds,
the net clear sight distances for the overtaking vehicle
in the two neighboring lanes were determined as part
. of the computations of each ~ -second interval. The
three alternatives (stay in lane, switch to right, or
switch to left) were evaluated at each interval and
the one chosen which best permitted the desired speed
to be attained. The overtaking car was switched to
the lane sdected by being moved through progressive
intermediate straddle positions during the time required to make the change. Vehicles obliged to stay
in the same lane were gradually decelerated to the
speed of the leading vehicle.
The routes assigned to vehicles at the time of generation determined their behavior in complex intersection situations. Westbound vehicles were not permitted to turn left (13th Street being one-way northbound) and hence could always proceed through or
make a right turn in the lane determined by route or
lane preference assigned at time of generation. Eastbound vehicles assigned a turn onto 13th Street were
obliged to await a gap in westbound traffic. Those requiring a near or far lane because of a later turn
waited to enter 13th Street on the appropriate lane.
Those not assigned a later turn entered on the preferred lane (lor 4), except for vehicles having a
LANE 4 preference, which if blocked by oncoming
traffic went on to enter at LANE I, waiting there to
turn if necessary.
Vehicles assigned a turn off of 13th Street were
"coaxed" into the appropriate lanes when within
1200 feet (100 unit blocks) of the turn. A definite
pattern of "last chance" unit blocks for each lane
shift approaching each intersection. was programmed
into the computer. The cal'S made the necessary
shifts in as rapid succession as possible when approaching the turning point, following the lane-switching
rules.
Computer Operation
The computer operation was performed by first
programming the "rules of the road" into a highspeed computer and "filling" the model course with
vehicles in a pre-production run. Several computer
runs, each of three complete SO-second traffic light
cycles (four minutes), were made. Sixty minutes of
computer time was needed to process each run because of the many computations required-as many
as 500 (in the complex lane-changing situation)for more than a hundred vehicles each ~ second.
A magnetic tape recording of the simulation and
four tabular printouts were obtained from the COIllputer; all were used in la ter analysis. One of the
printouts, the VEHICLE GENERATION TABLE,
gives for each vehicle the launch time, the exit, the
type of vehicle (~ar, truck I, truck 2, or marked vehi-
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
FIGURE 3
Single frame of motion picture produced at NBS in traffic
simulation program shows traffic flow on map-like presentation. A O.6-mile stretch of Washington,' D. C.'s 13th Street,
N.W., composed of four northbound (up) lanes, was simulated
in this model and supplied the field data for operation and
evaluation of the model. The course is photographed in two
segments because of its shape, beginning at the lower left,
the lower right continuing where the upper left ends, and
ending at the upper right. Traffic lights are shown as a bar
of three lights at northeast corners of some intersections; the
vertical configuration indicates green for 13th Street traffic;
horizontal, red; and diagonal, amber. The two lower traffic
lights of the left-hand segment of 13th Street have just turned
amber, the lower one being about to turn green for 13th Street
traffic. The end of the platoon of cars just got through the
middle light above on green, leaving only one car to be stopped
for red. The green-light condition is continued for the entire
up~er half of the course, shown on the right. Single dots represent cars, double dots small trucks, and triple dots large trucks.
cle), the generating point, the desired speed, and the
lane preference. Another printout, the STATION B
CHECK, tabulates vehicles passing the maximumload point of the course for comparison with empirical data. The third printout, the VEHICLE RETIREMENT TABLE, tabulates the individual running times and actual speed of vehicles completing
the course in each lane, also for comparison with
empirical data. Finally, the MARKED CAR CHRONOLOGICAL PRINTOlJT gives the location of each
marked car every Yt second for analysis of its progress.
The magnetic tapl! ohtained I'rom the computer
was used to make a motion picture film of the simulated model ill operation, resembling a helicopter
view 01' traflic flow Oil the course. The tape supplied
the input to the Bureau's SEAC computer, which operated all oscilloscope to produce a visual presentation
of the computed vehicle movements. This presenta-
25
tion was retained for repetition and analysis by trig.
gering a 16-mm motion picture camera, mounted in
front of the oscilloscope, 'for four frames to depict
the situation at the completion of each ~ -second realtime computation. The processed film, when projected at 16 frames per second, shows the simulated
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Analysis of Results
Analysis of the tabular data and the film showed
that the computer program caused the "vehicles" to
behave in what seems to be a very realistic manner.
They stopped at red lights, yielded right of way at
stop signs, moved at various speeds, maneuvered for
turns and to overtake slower cars, and formed queues
when necessary; in short they did most of the definable things that are done by real cars in city traffic.
During runs of the model, vehicles actually came to a
stop if they reached the last chance position without
making the lane shift, just as seen occasionally in real
traffic.
The simulation technique has produced a model
which apparently can be made to correspond reasonably well with actual field situations. Thorough
evaluation of the model will require new field data,
as traffic on 13th Street has changed considerably since
the original counts were made. When validated this
technique will be useful in predicting the detailed
effects on traffic flow due to changed parametersmoved or removed ,bus stops, altered signal light timing, and the like. Computer simulation will make
possible experimental manipulation of traffic situations without the possibility of snarling the real traffic. Most important, experimental manipulation of
traffic loads in models of today's streets should' make
it possible to estimate how long these streets can be
used without change and to predict what changes will
then be needed.
LAST CHANCE
SHIFT RIGHT
TO LANE 1
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Vehicles in NBS computer simulation of city traffic were programmed to prepare for turns assigned them by trying to get
into the correct lane 1200 feet before arriving at the turn intersection. The map of part of Washington's 13th Street shows
for cars planning turns at Park Road (top), the start-prepara~
tion line (bottom). The numbers in the lanes are the course
"unit block" numbers of the "last-chance" positions to make
lane shifts in preparation for these turns. The left shift at
UB 1014 is offset from the right shift at UB 1626 to avoid the
possibility of a stalemate. Vehicles were programmed to slow
to a stop at the last-chance position if prevented by traffic
from making a lane shift needed for their turn.
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1. Computer simulation of street traffic, by M. C. Stark, NBS Tech·
nical Note 1I9.
2. The use of a digital computer to model a signalized intersection,
by H. H. Goode, C. H. Pollmar, and J. B. Wright, in Proceedings of
Highway Research Board, 1956, vol. 35, pp. 548·557.
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OF
SPRING
JOINT
Aeronutronic, Div. of Ford Motor Co., Ford Road,
Newport "Beach, Calif. I ORiole 5-1234 I 512-513
AMP, Inc., Harrisburg, Pa. I JOrdan 4-0101 I 217219, 317-319
Ampex Corp., 934 Charter St., Redwood City, Calif. I EMerson 9-7111 I 505-508
ANelex Corp., 150 Causeway St., Boston 14, Mass.
I RIchmond 2-1720 I 204-205
Applied Dynamics, Inc., Box 612, Ann Arbor, Mich.
I NO 2-4493 I 511
Automatic Electric Sales Corp., Northlake, Ill.
I FIllmore 5-7111 I 412-413
Bell Telephone System, Pacific Telephone Co. &
Long Lines Dept., San Francisco, Calif. I 107109
The Bendix Corp., Bendix Computer Div., 5630 Arbor
Vitae St., Los Angeles 45, Calif. I ORchard
0-3640 I 501-504
Berkeley Div. of Beckman Instruments, 2200 Wright
Ave., Richmond, Calif. I LA 6-7730 I 308
Brush Instruments, Div. of Clevite Corp., 37th &
Perkins Ave., Cleveland 14, Ohio I ENdicott 13315 I 802
Bryant Computer Products, 850 Ladd Rd., Walled
Lake, Mich. I MArket 4-4571 I 105-106
The Bureau of National Affairs, Inc., Washington,
D.C. I 304
Burroughs Corp., 6071 Second Ave., Detroit 32,
Mich. I TRinity 5-2260 I 704-706
California Computer Products, Inc., 8714 Cleta
St., Downey, Calif. I SPruce 3-4921 I 417-418
C~E-I-R, Inc., New York, N. Y. I 823-824
Collins Radio Co., Dallas, Texas I 815-818
Comcor. Inc., Denver, Colo. I 514
Computer Control Co., Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.
I 410-411
Computer Systems, Inc., Culver Rd., Monmouth Jct ••
N.J. I DA 9-2351 I 609-610
Consolidated Electrodynamics Corp., 360 Sierra
Madre Villa, Pasadena, Calif. I MUrray 1-8421
1"820
Control Data Corp., 501 Park Ave., Minneapolis,
Minn. / FEderal 9-0947 I 201-203
Datamation. 141 E. 44 St., New York 17, N.Y. /
305
Data Products Corp., Culver City, Calif. / 616-618
Datapulse, Inc., 509 Hindry Ave •• Inglewood I,
Calif. / 415
DI/AN Controls, Inc., 944 Dorchester Ave., Boston
25, Mass. I 611
Digital Equipment Corp., Main St., Maynard, Mass.
I TWinoaks 7-8821 / 211-214
Digitronics Corp., 10 E. 40 St., New York 16, N.Y.
I 401-403
Dymec, Div. of Hewlett-Packard Co., 1501 Page Mill
Rd., Palo Alto, Calif. / DAvenport 6-7000 I 903
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
EXHIBITORS
THE
COMPUTER
CONFERENCE
Electro Instruments, Inc., Sunnyvale, Calif. I 515
Electronic Associates, Inc., Long Branch Ave.,
Long Branch, N.J. / CApital 9-1100 I 404-405
Electronic Engineering Co. of California, 1601 E.
Chestnut Ave., Santa Ana, Calif. I KImberly 75501 / 315
Electronic Memories, Inc., 9430 Bellanca Ave.,
Los Angeles 45, Calif. / 701
Engineered Electronics Co., 1441 E. Chestnut Ave.,
Santa Ana, Calif. I KImberly 7-5651 I 313-314
Epsco, Inc., 275 Mass. Ave., Cambridge 3, Mass. /
UNiversity 4-4950 I 215-216
Fabri-Tek, Inc., Amery, Wis. I 416
Fairchild Semiconductor Corp., 545 Whisman Rd.,
Mountain View, Calif. I YOrkshire 8-8161 I 406407
Ferrunti Electric, Inc., Industrial Park #1,
Pluinview, L.I., N.Y. / 509
Friden, Inc., 2350 Washington Ave., San Leandro,
Calif. I NEptune 8-0700 / 102-104
General Dynamics/Electronics. Information Technology Div., 1895 Hancock St., San Diego 12,
Calif. I CYpress 8-8331 / 112-114
General Electric Co., Computer Dept., 13430 No.
Black Canyon Highway, Phoenix, Ariz. I WIndsor
3-2351 / 808-811
The Hallicrafters Co., Berwyn, Ill. / 902
Indiana General Corp., Electronics Div., Memory
Products Dept., Keasbey, N.J. / 110-111
Informatic, Inc., Culver City, Calif. / 616-618
International Business Machines Corp., 590 Madison Ave., New York 22, N. Y. / 601-605
ITT Information Systems Div., International Telephone and Telegraph Corp., New York, N.Y. /
803-804
Invac Corporation, 26 Fox Road, Waltham 54, Mass.
I 899-2380 I 517
Kearfott Div., General Precision, Inc., Little
Falls, N.J. / 316
Laboratory for Electronics, 1079 Commonwealth
Ave., Boston 15, Mass. I ALgonquin 4-4235 I
208-209
Litton Systems, Inc., 336 No. Foothill Rd., Beverly Hills, Calif. I OR 4-7411 / 812-813
McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., Corte Madera, Calif.
I 518
Memorex Corporation, Santa Clara, Calif. I 801
Moxon Electronics Corp., Beverly Hills, Calif. /
516
National Cash Register Co., Main & K Sts., Dayton,
Ohio / BAldwin 6-1411 / 206-207, 306-307
North American Aviation, Inc., Los Angeles, Calif.
I 807
llirulitronics, Inc., 511 N. Broad St., Phila. 23,
Pa. / WAlnut 5-4343 I 819
Packard Dell Computer Corp., 1905 Armacost Ave.,
Los Angeles 25, Calif. I BR 2-9161 / 612-615
27
Philco Corporation, Computer Div., Philadelphia,
Pa. / 606-608
Photocircuits Corporation, 31 Sea Cliff Ave.,
Glen Cove, N.Y. / 814
Potter Instrument Co., Inc., Sunnyside Blvd.,
Plainview, L.I., N.Y., / OVerbrook 1-3200 /
702-703
Raytheon Company, Waltham, Mass. / 821-822
Radio Corporation of America, Semiconductor and
Materials Div., Route 202. Somerville. N.J. /
RAndolph 2-3200 / 825-826
Remington Rand UNIVAC, 315 Park Ave. So., New
York 10, N.Y. / SPring 7-8000 / 301-303
Rese Engineer ing, Inc., "Aft and Courtland Sts ••
Phila. 20, Pa. / GL 5-9000 / 510
Rheem Electronics, Div. of Rheem Manufacturing
Co., Los Angeles, Calif. / 210
LOCATIONS
OF
Rotron Manufacturing Co., Inc., Hasbrouck Lane,
Woodstock, N.Y. / ORiole 9-2401 / 901
Royal McBee Corp., 850 Third Ave., New York 22,
N.Y. / 805-806
Scientific Data Systems, Inc •• Santa Monica.
Calif. / 309-310
The Service Bureau Corp., 425 Park Ave •• New York
22, N.Y. / PLaza 1-5600 / 414
Soroban Engineering, Inc., Box 1717, Melbourne,
Fla. / PArkway 3-7221 / 408-409
Tally Register Corp., 1310 Mercer St., Seattle
9, Wash. / MAin 4-0760 / 311-312
Teletype Corporation. 5555 Touhy Ave., Skokie.
Ill. / ORchard 6-1000 / 904-905
John Wiley & Sons, Inc •• 440 Park Ave. So., New
York 16, N.Y. / 101
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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
COMPl
visual
com:ribed
.caI
1962 SPRING JOINT
COMPUTER CONF'ERENCE
PROGRAM
Fairmont
Chii in a
.h the
.s
~fined,
:oeffiFor
~s the
:i terjusts
:and.
Led
it for
ley
withlimen;
San
Francisco,
May
1-3,
1962
OPENING SESSION
is a
I
Hotel.,
Tuesday, May 1 -- 10 a.m. to 12 noon
Gold Room
Introduction: Dr. Richard I. Tanaka, Lockheed
Missiles and Space Co .• Program Chairman of
1962 SJCC
Opening Remarks: George A. Barnard, Philco Western Development Laboratories. General Chairman
of 1962 SJCC / Dr. Willis H. Ware, Rand Corporation, Chairman of AFIPS Governing Board
Keynote Address: Dr. Edward Teller, Professor of
Physics at Large, University of California,
Berkeley, Calif.
.
SESSION A
les in
.ons for
)f lowiystem
is
Tuesday, May 1 -- 2 p.m. to 5 p.m •
Venetian Room
Study of Business Information Systems
Chairman:
nputer
Lzation
ld opied)
i or
le conJghout,
)rm in
tradifrom
More:is
ich
Fred M. Tonge, Stanford University
Panelists: C. B. McGuire, University of California.Berkeley, Calif. / Richard L. Van Horn, The
Rand Corporation, Santa,Monica, Calif.
Organizations have always had information
systems. The computer has focussed increasing
attention on these systems by magnifying both
their potential benefits and their directly attributable costs. Since the problems of constructing, using and improving these systems are
largely ill-structured, optimizing techniques
that have served in other areas cannot be transferred intact. There is much to learn about how
to effect such systems and about how they affect
the organization.
Within the framework of the study of business information systems we propose the following
areas for specific discussion, to relate the formal papers and to explore their implications.
What useful formal descriptions exist of
business information systems, and what techniques
are available for manipulating and extracting
consequences from such formal descriptions? 2)
What specific studies have been made of these systems, and what are their implications? 3) Of
what relevance are disciplines such as information
theory, theory of teams, feedback control systems
theory? 4) What will be the impact of hardware
and programming developments in such areas as
1)
lnsidnore
iting
::ation
rlsid, Int pro-
T,
1962
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
Calif.
display systems, pseudo-English input, etc? 5)
What is the appropriate division of research between industry and the university? 6) How can we
best profit from the ongoing diverse systems activities in industry?
-------
Toward a General Simulation Capability
Michael R. Lackner
System Development Corporation
Santa Monica, Calif.
Simulation of a system by digital computer require:
a model of the system which is intelligible to
to the student of the system while compatible
with the limitations of the computer, translation of the model to computer code, movement of
the model through time, recording the performance of the model.
SIMPAC, a "simula tion- package!' incorporates
coherent techniques and devices for the accomplishment of these objectives: modeling concepts
for building a computer-compatible model, a vocabulary for encoding the model, a computer program
for moving the model through time and recording'
its performance, and an output presentation
program.
A model of an hypothetical business system
has been imple~ented with the first version of
SIMPAC for the purpose of studying management controls in a complex system.
This paper discusses digital simulation and.
SIMPAC, and introduces modeling concepts which may
lead to a set of simulation systems which would
assemble models of varying complexity from descriptive statements and analyze the models prior
to simulation.
A Non-Linear Digital Optimizing Program for
Process Control
Raymond A. Mugele
IBM Corporation
San Jose, Calif.
A new program has been developed for optimIZIng a computer-controlled process. This program applies probinu and restraint-following algorithms which permit solving the optimization
problem in difficult cases. These cases include
non-linear or discontinuous restraint functions,
and non-convex domains.
The program requires relatively little storage for program and data, and no special modifications of objective or restraint functions. It
29
men in
can ani
extend
behavil
comple:
genera
be bet
when i
A
orator'
how th;
Meet
our new
heavyweight
Here's the newest entry in our line-up
of computers: the Honeywell 1800
Series. The 1800 is a heavyweight
champ from the word go. It has the
speed, capacity and capability to
handle the very biggest business,
scientific or real-time applications. If
you're familiar with the Honeywell 400
and 800 computers, you're already aware
of many of the advantages of the 1800.
Some of these are: Parallel Processing,
Orthotronic Control, FACT, vacuumactuated tape units, control memory,
Polyphase and Cascade sort techniques,
and COP. This heritage is important.
But so are the many new features.
Especially if you have a big job in
mind. Here, then, are the highlights
of the new Honeywell 1800:
Chairm;
Mas:
ing1
Paneli:
Jr. ,
Jos:
Med:
TI
probler
system
availal
tion.
mental
models.
cation
to anal
ena obI
systeml
and mel
systeml
the pr~
others.
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and thl
study (
are ill
certail
behavi(
groups,
observ;
from e:
cussed
perimel
larly 1
computl
feat urI
problel
some oj
COMPl
;sion
call
2-microsecond memory cycle time
"t
:om-
ldy
Iputers
A disconI-linear
:ooper-
.s
luctor
. para;he
~oblem
Nanosecond floating-point option
:omIe be-
:om-
and
m-
1
.fied,
difflour
;her
lsional
Id
.bIe.
bein
; been
~pIace
r
The 1800 Central Processor (Model 1801) has an
internal operating speed of more than 120,000
three-address operations per second for typical
arithmetic instructions such as additions and
subtractions. Memory cycle time is two
microseconds. Memory modules contain 8,192
48-bit words, and up to four modules may be
utilized (maximum of 262,144 alphabetic
characters or 393,216 decimal digits). As in the
Honeywell 800, a separate control memory
containing 256 special registers automatically
supervises simultaneous and parallel execution
of as many as eight independent programs.
These can be business or scientific programs
or a mixture of both.
~.
.'~,
~
An optional floating-point unit for the H1800
(Model 1801B) makes extensive use of tunnel
diode circuitry and achieves speeds up in the
nanosecond range. The Honeywell floatingpoint word utilizes a 40-bit mantissa and a 7-bit
exponent, permitting a range of values from
10~5 to 1065 in decimal,:or from 10-78 to 1076
in binary. Nanosecond speeds, plus the ability
to work in fixed or floating-point arithmetic
give the 1800 an outstanding scientific and realtime capability. Couple this with its bent for
business data processing and its ability to run
independent jobs in parallel, and you begin to
see what a real work horse the H1800 can be.
per-
in
, what
lot do.
;
,ers
IS
tW to
I.
las
tr of
, 1962
Complete ~software package now ready
The Honeywell 1800 has the same command list
and instruction format as the Honeywell 800.
Thus the two systems are completely compatible
and all Honeywell 800 software is immediately
usable for the 1800. This in~ludes machineoriented assembly systems, problem-oriented
business and scientific compilers and COP
(Computer Optimization Package), a collection
of programming aids that greatly increases the
day-to-day operating efficiency of Honeywell
computers.
Your pick of peripheral units
The Honeywell 1800 uses the same peripheral
units as the Honeywell 800. In addition to
high-density magnetic tapes (133,000 digits
per second), available units include card
readers and punches, optical scanners,
paper tape readers and punches, high-speed
printers, and data transmission controls. The
magnetic tape units, in addition to speed,
feature exceptionally gentle vacuum-drive
mechanisms, variable length records, fast
rewind, and speedy tape changing. There are no
untried units here. All have been thoroughly
tested in extensive field use.
Just feel our muscle now
The addition of the 1800 tops off our broad line
of magnetic tape computers. For those taking
their first ED P steps or maybe adding a satellite
to a central computing system, there's the
Honeywell 400. For full-scale solid-state
processing with 8-jobs-at-once efficiency there's
the Honeywell 800. Now the Honeywell 1800
brings nanosecond speeds to bear on the
biggest business, scientific or real-time
problems. For more information contact an)
Honeywell EDP sales office or write to
Honeywell EDP, Wellesley Hills 81, Mass.
In Canada, Honeywell Controls Limited,
Toronto 17, Ontario.
Honeyw-ell
;g
~ Daa P~"1
is primarily applicable to some medium-sized digital computers now used in process control.
Various control strategies are compatible
with this program. It can be used to generate an
operator guide for a process operating in the
steady state. It can also be used for optimizing
the control of a process with perturbed inputs,
i.e., in the transient state. It can also be interrupted, before completion, in order to determine the degree of improvement available, or to
impose new restraints.
-------
A Simulation of a Business Firm
Charles P. Bonini
Graduate School of Business
Stanford University
This paper describes a simulation model of a
hypothetical business firm. The model was constructed to include not only the accounting and
economic factors of costs, profits, sales, units
produced, etc., but also psychological and behavioral concepts. Individuals in the firm have
aspiration levels, feel pressure, and react in
accordance with behavioral theory.
The purpose of the model is to study the effects of informational and organizational factors
upon the decisions of a business firm. We have
had limited knowledge of such variables as: the
effects of tardy information, the effects of different distributions of information within the
firm, the effects of differing degrees of centralization or decentralization, etc. A comprehensive model, such as the one proposed, is necessary to answer such questions.
Eight specific hypotheses involving changes
in the organization and information system of the
firm were formulated and tested using a factorial
experimental design. The results of this experiment demonstrate the usefulness of this model as
a research tool.
SESSION B
Tuesday, May 1 -- 2 p.m. to 5 p.m.
Gold Room
Theoretical Problems in Artificial Intelligence
Chairman: Russell A. Kirsch, National Bureau of
Standards, Washington, D.C.
Panelists: Edward A. Feigenbaum. University of
California, Berkeley, Calif. and Rand Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif. / Marvin L. Minsky,
Computation Center, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Mass. / Norman Z.
Shapiro, National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Md.
The three papers in this session represent
contributions to artificial intelligence from diverse sources. Ernst draws upon techniques related to heuristic programming to solve a .problem
in tactile and visual sensing and control of a
32
real environment. Reiss draws from classical associationist psychology to provide models for machines that would exhibit association of ideas.
Cannonito draws from mathematical logic to study
the nature of fundamental limitations on the behavior of intelligent machines.
The papers and the subsequent discussion will
be directed more to· the specialist in artificial
intelligence thai to the specialist in the source
disciplines from which the contributions derive.
To the computer specialist this session will be
of interest because artificial intelligence research makes essential use of computers in nontrivial ways and because some of the by-products
of such research (most notably the design of programming languages) contribute directly to the
further development of computers.
11
rrlJ
On
postula
the fun
and ana
minimal
its beh
fini te
types 0
modifie
"at tent
by the
registe
over-si
theory,
haviora
t.
l.
1
MH-l, a Computer-Operated Mechanical Hand
Heinrich A. Ernst
IBM Research Laboratory
San Jose, Calif.
Th
Incompl
incapab
The paf
limit II
belief,
set of
appeali
basic i
itial f
tive S€
after s
sets of
nique,
is defi
set of
consist
given c
stated
comput€
MH-l is a motorized and sensitized servomanipulator operated by the TX-O computer at the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Unlike in
a conventional digital control system, the computer in the MH-l system is not used to process
quantitative information. Its function is rather
to perceive and appreciate the environment of the
hand qualitatively. On this basis, the computer
determines a reasonable course of action after a
goal has been specified for the hand.
Because of the automatic execution of these
higher control functions, the system, by itself,
in its attempt to reach that goal, behaves sensibly even in unexpected situations for which no
explicit instructions have been given. For example, it makes reasonably successful attempts to
resolve inconsistencies between the plan of action
and the situation in the environment, it finds a
way around obstacles hindering the hand, or it
accepts help from a human assistant without fighting back, but it still resists unwanted interference. A film of MH-l in action, demonstrating
these properties, will be shown.
An Abstract Machine Based on Classical
Association Psychology
It
I)
'.';
Richard F. Reiss
Librascope Division
General Precision, Inc.
Glendale, Calif.
Classical association psychology (circa 17501900) described, and proposed to explain, human
thought processes in terms of a few kinds of
forces operating on discrete entities called
"sensations," "images," "ideas!' etc. The classical theory was not given a precise, quantitative
formulation and has been generally abandoned for
a variety of reasons. However, the problem of
developing artificial intelligence in digital machines provides new grounds for evaluating and
perhaps extending association theory.
cept oj
Moore,
argue t
tegers
under ~
as remc
chines
IncompJ
~
Chairm,
Masl
ing1
Paneli:
Inc.
Thor
Yorl
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
COMPl
'11 asH ma~as.
study
~ be-
)n will
icial
source
rive.
L be
re10niucts
f prothe
It
(fD
The session on digital storage and circuits
will emphasize the continuing attempt on the part
of components designers to perform more complicated functions faster and cheaper. Two of the
papers are devoted to cryogenic associative memory work, the third to a technique for high-speed
transistor logic. Whi~e they represent widely
different ends of the component spectrum with respect to environment, switching speed, stage of
development and familiarity, they, as well as all
other developments, will be measured ultimately
in common units of bits, dollars, and microseconds. It is hoped that this session will make
some contribution to this difficult process of
evaluation.
The Godel Incompleteness Theorem and
Intelligent Machines
A Superconductive Associative Memory
Frank B. Cannonito
Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp.
Bethpage, N.Y.
ld
This paper considers whether or not Godel's
Incompleteness Theorem implies that machines are
incapable of operating as intelligent robots.
The paper's view is that the theorem does not
limit machines in this sense. To support this
belief, the concept of a recursively enumerable
set of integers is developed via the intuitively
appealing properties of programs made up from
basic instructions similar to the well-known initial functions of primitive recursion. Productive sets of integers are then introduced and
after some remarks relating formal languages to
sets of integers via the Godel numbering technique, a formal axiomatic arithmetic language L
is defined and the recursive enumerability of L's
set of theorems is asserted. The notions of wconsistency and interpretation of L are then
given and Godel's Incompleteness Theorem is
stated and interpreted vis-a-vis digital
computers.
loman-
1e
ike in
~om~ess
rather
)f the
)uter
ter a
Ghese
self,
sens1 no
ex)ts to
action
lds a
it
fight~rfer-
ing
'1 1750-
One method of evaluation is the synthesis by
postulation of abstract "machines" which reflect
the fundamental insights of association theory,
and analyses of their behavior. In this paper a
minimal madiine is defined and certain aspects of
its behavior are examined. It is restricted to a
finite system of discrete objects coupled by two
types of associative bonds, some of which are
modified by passage of the objects through an
"attention" register. The system grows in size
by the admission of new objects via a "sensory"
register. Although this "machine" constitutes an
over-simplified interpretation of association
theory, it does display some of the diverse behavioral potentialities of such systems.
,,0·
V
f
, 1962
The general properties of an associative
memory arc explained, and their advantages relative to a random access memory discussed. Then
a superconductive mechanization of such a memory
is described which is based upon the cross film
cryotron. The memory requires 5 cryotrons per
bit and 9 cryotrons for a control module associated with each word. Any combination of bits of
the word can be used as the key, and any number
of records in the memory can be identified and
read out as the result of a single association.
The speed of various circuitry in the memory is
approximated and some ap~lications are suggested.
A Cryogenic Data Addressed Memory
V. L. Newhouse
General Electric Research Laboratory
Schenectady, N.Y.
and
The paper then attempts to modify the concept of a program so that the theorem of De Leeuw,
Moore, Shannon and Shapiro can be introduced to
argue that nonrecursively enumerable sets of integers can be generated by the modified programs
under suitable restrictions. This is regarded
as removing the restrictions on the use of machines as creative robots, implied by the Godel
Incompleteness Theorem.
R. E. Fruin
General Electric Heavy Military Electronic Dept.
Syracuse, N.Y.
SESSION C
Circuits for the FX-l Computer
Wednesday, May 2 -- 9 a.m. to 12 noon
Venetian Room
Kenneth H. Konkle
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Lexington, Mass.
lman
i
Las silti ve
i for
of
'11 ma'1nd
Paul M. Davies
Abacus, Inc.
Santa Monica, Calif.
A computer storage system which is addressed
by content rather than location is described.
The design has been verified by constructing and
successfully operating a three-word module consisting of 81 crossed-film-cryotrons on a sixinch,by three-inch substrate.
Digital Storage and Circuits
Chairman: Jack I. Raffel, Lincoln Laboratory,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Mass.
Panelists: Kent D. Broadbent, American Systems,
Inc., Inglewood, Calif. / Munro K. Haynes,
Thomas J. Watson Research Center, IUM Corp.,
Yorktown Heights, N.Y.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
A set of circuits capable of 50 megapulse
operation is described. Included are gated and
mixing pulse amplifiers, a static flip-flop, a
diode logic unit with current-steering amplifier,
a passive delay line, and an active variable delay circuit; all of which are designed to operate
with terminated 75 ohm transmission lines. Ten
nsec. pulses and 20 nsec. flip-flop transition
tjmes are provided through use of very-high-speed
33
MADT transistors. The circuits have been successfully employed in the FX-l, a small general purpose computer with high-speed magnetic film
memory.
The paper concludes with a brief discussion
of man-computer communication problems that call
for basic advances in concept and hardware.
Solution of Non-Linear Integral Equations
Using On-Line Computer Control
SESSION D
Wednesday, May 2 -- 9 a.m. to 12 noon
Gold Room
Glen J. Culler
Ramo-Wooldridge, a Division of
Thompson-Ramo-Wooldridge
Canoga Park, Calif.
Man-Machine Cooperation
Chairman: Douglas C. Engelbart, Stanford Research
Institute, Menlo Park, Calif.
Panelists: Frederick P. Brooks, Jr., IBM Corp.,
Poughkeepsie, N.Y. / Richard S. Hirsch, IBM
Corp., San Jose, Calif. / Herbert Martin
Teager, Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
Cambridge, Mass.
Bringing the human into on-line association
with the computer, to interact in real time, is
a trend motivated by several goals. Computerized systems, with real-time missions, often need
to utilize some of the still-unique human capabilities, such as pattern recognition and judgment. Here the goal is to get best possible system performance, and the problem in the manmachine relationships is to try to couple the man
in the best manner to this end. This goal has
prompted most of the man-machine work to date.
Another goal, still to be generally appreciated and pursued, is that of extending the individual human's self-directed problem-solving
capability by means of more intimate cooperation
with the computer. This session is concerned,
relative to both goals, with the current possibilities and problems of real-time, on-line,
man-computer cooperation.
On-Line Communication Between Man and Computers
J. C. R. Licklider
Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc.
Cambridge, Mass.
and
Welden Clark
Bolt Beranek and Newman, Inc.
Los Angeles, Calif.
The paper first reviews briefly the main
problems and existing techniques of on-line communication between men and computers, and then
describes three current developments:
1.
2.
3.
34
A time-sharing system that permits several operators with independent problems
to use one computer simultaneously, each
operator having sensibly continuous access to its facilities.
A set of programs and techniques to facilitate planning and design of buildings.
Techniques that provide pictorial displays of what is Going on inside the
computer and reveal basic characteristics of traced-operating programs.
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Robert W. Huff
University of California
Radiation Laboratory
Berkeley, Calif.
48
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This paper contains results from some computer experiments performed as part of a study
concerning more effective utilization of computers
as research tools for scientific problems. A display and analysis console permitting direct control of the computer was used to solve a non-linear
integral equation occurring in the Bardeen-CooperSchrieffer theory of superconductivity. This
equation gives the energy gap in a superconductor
as a function of energy after three physical parameters have been specified. In each case, the
method of solution was constructed by the problem
solver through direct interaction with the computer, the strategy of solution of each stage being based on information obtained from the computer in the course of the solution process.
Thus, characteristic features of the problem and
the pitfalls involved were discovered and controlled during the process of solution.
According to the parameter values specified,
the problems ranged from very easy to quite difficult, and thus provided a basis for testing our
approach. Extension of this technique to other
digital equations, to more general one-dimensional
problems, and to a wide class of physical and
mathematical problems appears entirely feasible.
Are the Man and the Machine Relations?
Burton R. Wolin
System Development Corporation
Santa Monica, Calif.
As environments requiring control have become more complex, and the speeds of events in
those environments have increased, there has been
a trend to use computers to supplement or replace
men or the functions they have traditionally performed.
The decision as to how to use computers in
systems has been influenced by beliefs about what
men can and cannot do or should and should not do.
Additionally, attempts to employ computers
have frequently failed because not enough has
been known, either about the function, or how to
program the computer to perform the function.
A research program is described which has
two objectives: First, to study the behavior of
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
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men in complex environments to find out what they
can and cannot do well, and what factors limit or
extend their effectiveness. Second, to study the
behavior of men to determine how they perform
complex functions, using the men as analogues of
general-purpose computers, so that computers can
be better programmed to perform such functions
when it is necessary to do so.
.,
A brief description of the computerized laboratory in which the research is being done, and
how the laboratory is being used, is included.
SESSION E
Wednesday, May 2 -- 2 p.m. to 5 p.m.
Venetian Room
Data Analysis and Model Construction
in the Study of the Nervous System
Chairman: Belmont G. Farley, Lincoln Laboratory,
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Lexington, Mass.
Panelists: T. H. Bullock, UCLA / M. H. Goldstein,
Jr., Massachusetts Institute of Technology /
Josiah Macy, Jr., Albert Einstein College of
Medicine, New York City, N.Y.
The complexity and non-linearity of the
problems encountered in the study of the nervous
system make necessary the use of the most cnpable
available tools for progress toward their solution. Problems arise both in processing experimental data, and in constructing theoretical
models. The theme of this session is the application of advanced analog and digital techniques
to analysis and synthesis of experimental phenomena observed in both animal and human nervous
systems. Emphasis will be placed on problems
and methods peculiar to the study of biological
systems, but an attempt will be made to assess
the present status of the field and relate it to
others.
Problems in the Study of the Nervous System
Belmont G. Farley
Lincoln Laboratory
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Lexington, Mass.
A survey is given of the main experimental
and theoretical difficulties encountered in the
study of the nervous system. These difficulties
are illustrated by specific examples of the uncertainties still existing in knowledge of the
behavior of neurons, both individually and in
groups, and in the interpretation of experimental
observations. Concepts of the reduction of data
from electrophysiological experiments are discussed and compared with those in physical experiments. Some theoretical problems are similarly treated. Examples of analog and digital
computers having both special and general-purpose
features which have been used to attack these
problems are given, with a brief discussion of
some of the results.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
Neural Analogs
Leon D. Harmon
Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc.
Murray Hill, N.J.
Information processing in the nervous system
is receiving increasing attention by researchers
in the communications sciences. One of the most
prolific areas of activity has been neural modeling. Simple electrical and mathematical models
were described over half a century agoj in recent
years there has been a growing array of chemical,
electronic, mathematical and computer-simulated
analogs.
Two quite different kinds of neural modeling
have resulted. In one category the intent is to
simulate the complex parameters of the biological
original closely in order to consider functions
of the nervous system, hopefully to supplement
neuro-physiological research. In the second kind
of neural modeling the idea is to explore the
single-element logical behavior or the self-organizing properties of ensembles of relatively
simple quasi-neural elements.
It is the purpose of this paper to emphasize
the differences between these two approaches, to
review briefly some of the main streams of activity in neural modeling, and to show, by way of
example, the results of one particular line of
investigation -- the work dealing with real-time
electronic neural annlogs.
The Caudal Photoreceptor of the Crayfish:
A Quantitative Study of Responses to Intensity,
Temporal and Wavelength Variables
William R. Uttal
IBM Research Center
Yorktown Heights, N.Y.
This paper describes the results of a study
which has been made of the caudal photoreceptor
of the crayfish. Pooled pulse potentials evoked
by photic stimuli were recorded from the ventral
nerve cord and these data digitized and recorded
on magnetic tape. A digital computer was then
used to analyze the data and recognize certain
specific features. The coding of the nerve action potentials, as a function of the stimulus
dimensions, was investigated and it was determined that the stimulus amplitude-response magnitude relation was a power function with the same
exponent as that found in human perception.
Furthermore,' the spectral 1uminosi ty curve was
determined to coincide with that of the human eye.
The similarities of these two functions suggest a common photochemical medium which thus
allows a detailed study to be made of thesd human
perceptual processes in a highly reduced model
preparation.
35
A Theory and Simulation of Rhythmic Behavior Due
to Reciprocal Inhibition in Small Nerve Nets
Richard F. Reiss
Librascope Division
General Precision, Inc.
Glendale, Calif.
An elementary theory predicts that neurons
which inhibit each other, and which suffer "fatigue" with repeated firin~ can produce alternate
bursts of pulses, a "multivibrator" effect, under
certain conditions. Fragmentary physiological
evidence suggests that reciprocal inhibition does
occur in sensory and muscle control systems, and
may in particular explain rhythmic behavior of
the sort seen in alternating reflexes-responsible
for animal locomotion.
On the basis of a specific conceptual model
of signal processing in neurons, analog and digital simulation models have been constructed and
used to explore the multivibrator effect. The
effect is rather easily produced with model neurons operating in either "coincidence" or "relaxation" modes, and is facilitated within limits by
asymmetric parameters.
The reported simulation experiments are restricted to reciprocal inhibition of just two
neurons and indicate that a neuron couplet, with
a few sensory inputs and proprioceptive feedbacks,
could provide an economical control system for
alternating reflexes or for synergetic muscle
groups which time-share a common load. Such a
system could rapidly adapt to varying loads and
would require minimal control from higher nervous
centers. The exploration of many other possible
functions for two (and more) multivibrator effects
in small nerve nets has only begun.
suIts can often be presented to the user in visual
displays conveying the essential information compactly and in minimum time; the example described
primarily concerns maintenance but has implications for operational results as well.
(
The Maniac III Arithmetic System
Robert L. Ashenhurst
Institute for Computer Research
University of Chicago
Chicago, Ill.
Unlike most computers, for which there is a
formal distinction between "fixed-point" and
"floating-point" numbers, the University of Chicago Maniac III computer handles all numbers in a
single format (exponent and coefficient, with the
coefficient in general not normalized). This
permits several types of arithmetic to be defined,
which differ in that results are adjusted (coefficient scaled) according to different rules. For
example, a "floating-point" operation adj usts the
result according to a "significant digit" criterion, while a "specified point" operation adjusts
the result to the exponent of the first operand.
Normalized arithmetic and a fourth type called
"basic" are also available. Since the format for
operands is the same for all these types, they
can be processed by the various arithmetics without intermediate conversion, thus adding a dimension of flexibility to the computing process.
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some detail, showing how consistent conventions for
rounding, adjustment of zero and formation of loworder parts are established. The trapping system
used for the detection of anomalous results is
also described.
~
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An Organization of an Associate Cryogenic Computer
SESSION F
Wednesday, May 2 -- 2 p.m. to 5 p.m.
Gold Room
Computer Systems
Chairman: James H. Pomerene, Thomas J. Watson
Research Center, IBM Corporation, Yorktown
Heights, N.Y.
Panelists: Erich Bloch, IBM Corporation, Poughkeepsie, N.Y. / Howard R. Nonken, Burroughs
Laboratories, Paoli, Pa. / Herbert Martin
Teager, Massachusetts Institute of Technolog~
Cambridge, Mass.
Faster computer systems can usually be expected from faster technology, but there are
other areas where improvement is needed and can
be obtained. Some of these are described.
The processes themselves can be defined in
new ways which make solution of many problems
more convenient. The use of content-addressed,
or "associative" memories can greatly speed up
and simplify the searching operations characteristic of many non-numerical problems. Final re-
36
Panelis
nia,
Rand
Robert F. Rosin
Department of Electrical Engineering
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Mich.
This paper is concerned with the organization
of a computer built entirely of cryotrons and operating with an associative (content addressed)
memory in which the location of words stored or
retrieved is determined by all or part of the contents of the words.
Since cryogenic circuitry is used throughout,
the speed of the machine is relatively uniform in
both memory and other functions. Thus, the traditional balance of operation time is changed from
that existing in more contemporary devices. Moreoveri the problem of hardware maintenance has
changed due to the very cold environment which
must exist for the machine to operate.
A design approach to these and other considerations is evolved which includes putting more
logic than usual into the memory and eliminating
the necessity for a distinct instruction location
counter, address decoder, etc. Problems considered include multi- and parallel processing, indexing and indirect addressing, input-output processing and self-monitoring functions.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
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Integration and Automatic Fault Location Techniques
in Large Digital Data Systems
k 22.
Donald W. Liddell
U. S. Navy Electronics Laboratory
San Diego, Calif.
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A digital computer, if used with proper programming techniques, can be a powerful tool during the processes of physical integration of complex digital data processing systems. After system integration as such has been completed, the
same ·techniques may be used to provide performance monitoring and daily calibration status data
for all or any part of a system.
Investigation of such programming techniques
during system integration of the Developmental
Navy Tactical Data System (NTDS) at USNEL produced results which indicated the possibility of
using the computer for automatic fault location
in the system. Some progress has been made in
this area, and a program which allows the NTDS
computer to identify a failing logic card associated with its own memory logic and switching circuitry has been successfully demonstrated. The
final objectives of this approach are to provide
facilitieS to perform on-line performance monitoring and automatic fault location, reduce to a
minimum the external test equipment required for
a system, and eliminate insofar as possible the
high degree of training presently required in
the system maintenance technician.
SESSION G
Wednesday, May 2 -- 2 p.m. to 5 p.m.
Peacock Court (Mark Hopkins Hotel)
Analog Applications and Techniques
Chairman: Vernon L. Larrowe, Institute of Science and Technology, University of Michigan,
Ann Arbor, Mich.
101
Panelists: Arthur D. Bridgman, Sylvania Electronic Defense Laboratories, Mountain View,
Calif. / p. J. Hermann, Dept. of Aerospace
Engineering, Iowa State University / Hans E.
Meissinger, Hughes Aircraft Company, Culver
City, Calif. / James E. WOlle, Analog Computer
Laboratory, General Electric Company, Philadelphia, Pa.
The modern electronic analog computer, when
intelligently programmed, is capable of solving
accurately many engineering problems which arise
in current technological research and development.
The papers scheduled for presentation at
this session represent a sampling of the many applications of the analog computer to contemporary
problems. They are intended, not only to introduce ideas and stimulate thinking, but also to
serve as valuable references for persons engaged
in solving similar problems on electronic analog
computers.
1962
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
The Use of Computers in Analysis
Walter J. Karplus and Ladis D. Kovach
Department of Engineering
University of California
Los Angeles, Calif.
The computer is recognized as an important
engineering design tool permitting the student to
test the efficacy of a large number of design hypotheses to determine an optimum design. The application of automatic computers to courses in
methods of analysis, however, has not been clearly
defined.
This paper gives a number of specific examples of the utilization of computers in engineering analysis. Foremost among these examples
are two categories of computer utilization:
1) The application of computers to aid the student in the visualization of dynamic or mathematical phenomena; and 2) The opening up of new
approaches to the explanation of system behavior
-- approaches which are out of reach of conventional analytical methods.
Analog Simulation of Particle Trajectories
in Fluid Flow
Vance D. Norum
Space-General Corporation
Glendale, Calif.
and
Marvin Adelberg and Robert L. Farrenkopf
Space Technology Laboratories, Inc.
Redondo Beach, Calif.
This paper presents a detailed account of
the analog simulation of particle trajectories in
a two-dimensional fluid flow field governed by
Laplace's equation. A conductive surface is used
a& a direct analog of the two-dimensional fluid
flow field in conjunction with an electronic analog computer to determine the trajectories of
particles in the presence of fluid flow. Emphasis is placed on the concept of accuracy of the
particle trajectories as well as error criteria
by which trajectory accuracy can be judged; and
on the sources of error inherent in their determination.
A detailed error analysis is presented in
which a suitable error model is derived and certain inaccuracies in the computing equipment are
assumed in order to predict their effect on the
particle trajectories. An example is presented
to illustrate the types and magnitUdes of errors
that exist in a typical problem. The analog simulation is also used to obtain trajectories in a
potential flow field distorted by the presence of
a cylinder and the results are then compared to a
similar case obtained by other authors using a
different approach. These results were comparable, with suitable explanations for the
difference.
37
The Application of Finite Fourier Transforms to
Analog Computer Simulations
Eric Liban
Grumman Aircraft Engineering Corp.
Bethpage, L.I., N.Y.
An analog computer technique for the solution of certain classes of boundary value problems of partial differential equation based on
Finite Fourier Transforms is presented, which requires considerably less computer components than
conventional finite difference methods. The derivation of the Finite Fourier Transform method
is briefly stated and then applied to analog computer simulations of heat transfer equations with
linear and nonlinear boundary conditions.
Analog Simulation of the Re-Entry of a
Ballistic Missile Warhead and Multiple Decoys
L. E. Fogarty and R. M. Howe
University of Michigan
Ann Arbor, Mich.
The basic problem considered here is the
computation of the re-entry trajectory of a
single ballistic missile warhead as well as the
trajectories of a number of decoys which originate from the warhead trajectory. Suitable threedimensional equations of motion are presented for
a re-entry vehicle with arbitrary drag coefficient,
mass, and area, and the analog computer circuit
for solving these equations in real time is given.
Then a method of using several such circuits to
compute simultaneously the trajectories of multiple targets with variations in all three initial
veloci ty components as well as v_ariations in
ballistic coefficient is presented.
SESSION H
Thursday, May 3 -- 9 a.m. to 12 noon
Venetian Room
Information Retrieval
Chairman: Jack Goldberg, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif.
Panelists: Charles P. Bourne, Stanford Research
Institute, Menlo Park, Calif. / R. K. Wakerling,
Lawrence Radiation Laboratory, University of
California, Berkeley, Calif.
Two basic tasks in an information retrieval
system presently requiring human judgment are the
establishment of the indexing categories and the
indexing of incoming items. There have been numerous suggestions for the mechanization of the
latter task, using semantic or statistical analysis. One of the papers at this session will
describe a statistical method for establishing
the categories themselves, by analysis of the
text of a representative body of items. The
method might also be useful in mechanizing item
indexing in a so-called probabilistic indexing
and retrieval system.
38
Machine retrieval has been proposed for more
than just library service. A second paper discusses the possibilities of a mechanized retrieval
system at the center of a very complicated technical and human organization -- the hospital. The
paper illustrates the complexity of the prOblem,
and the diversity of techniques which the system
designer must employ.
The Construction of an Empirically Based
Mathematically Derived Classification System
Harold Borko
System Development Corp.
Santa Monica, Calif.
This study describes a method for developing
an empirically based, computer derived classification system. Six hundred and eighteen psychological abstracts were coded in machine language for
computer processing. The total text consisted of
approximately 50,000 words of which nearly 6,800
were unique words. The computer program arranged
these words in order of frequency of occurence.
From the list of words which occurred 20 or more
times, excluding syntactical terms such as and,
but, of, etc., the investigator selected 90 words
for use as index terms. These were arranged in a
data matrix with the terms on the horizontal and
the document number on the vertical axis. The
cells contained the number of times the term was
used in the document. Based on these data, a
correlation matrix, 90x90 in size, was computed
which showed the relationship of each term to
every other term. The matrix was factor analyzed
and the first 10 eigenvectors were selected as
factors. These were rotated for meaning and interpreted as major categories in a classification
system. These factors were compared with, and
shown to be compatible but not identical to, the
classification system used by the American Psychological Association. The results demonstrate the
feasibility of an empirically derived classification system and establish the value of factor analysis as a technique in language data processing.
J
The Storage and Retrieval of Physiological
and Medical Data in a Modern Hospital
Paul C. Tiffany
Aerospace Corporation
El Segundo, Calif.
As ari introduction, this paper considers some
of the problems of data handling in a modern hospital. Next, the needs of the users of the data
are considered. The principal area of interest is
directed toward the hospital function which deals
with the storage and retrieval of the clinical
record after the patient's hospitalization. An
estimation is made of the large amounts of terms
used in medicine, and of two currently employed
schemes for the indexing of diseases and operations. A description is made of a storage and
retrieval system which allows the medical researcher to examine and browse through clinical
records or abstracts of the records. The paper
concludes with observations on the need for applied research and system development to acquire
pilot systems for the storage and retrieval of
physiological and medical data.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 19G2
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PROGRAMMERS shape the future of a new technology
IBM programmers, working with professional associates
in research, development and manufacturing, are contributing expert knowledge and ideas in the creation of
future computing systems.
of
This teamwork represents a striking advance in the role
ofthe programmerand dramatizesthe important part being played by this young but rapidly growing profession.
At 18M, programmers are creating new concepts in software, and contributing to the design of new systems for
virtually every phase of business, science and industry.
1962
for formulating new programs. They are creating programs that enable computers to diagnose their own
faults through self-checking. And they are helping to design the systems that will let scientists and engineers
"talk" to machines in the everyday language of science
and engineering.
Programmers at IBM take pride in their professional
status and enjoy the unusual opportunities offered by a
leader of the computer industry. In an atmosphere so
receptive to new ideas, their concepts flourish. They
find that their keen interest in exploring the capabilities
of electronic computing is supported by 18M'S full resources. This combination results in significant accomplishments recognized throughout the field.
In response to the vastly increasing versatility of computers and their widespread applications, IBM programmers at all levels of endeavor are establishing new
standards of achievement. They are designing programs
that will simulate business and industrial operations.
Theyare developing systems for government projects in
space, defense and communications, where their data
processing skills will help produce significant advances
in tomorrow's computer technology. They are also studying the complex programs for ... information-handling
systems ... scheduling methodology ... information-retrieval studies.
Openings for programmers exist in all IBM facilities,
including: San Jose, California; the Washington, D. C.,
area; Lexington, Kentucky; Rochester, Minnesota; Omaha, Nebraska; and New York City, Endicott, Kingston,
Owego, Poughkeepsie and Yorktown Heights, New York.
In addition to its extensive benefits programs, the IBM
Educational Program is one of the most extensive in the
country today. IBM is an Equal Opportunity Employer.
IBM programmers also face challenging tasks in developing new programming systems. For example, they are
devising programs that in turn use machine capability
If you have experience in computer programming and
would like to have more information about careers with
IBM, we'd like to hear from you. Please write to:
Manager of Professional Employment
IBM, Dept. 539 R
590 Madison Avenue
New York 22, New York
SESSION I
Thursday, May 3 -- 9 a.m. to 12 noon
Gold Room
,
about to be addressed. This provides an efficient
linkage to the monitor enabling it to activate the
segment.
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A General Test Data Generator for Cobol
dig
ing
Programming and Coding -- Part 1
Chairman: Bernard A. Galler, Computing Center,
University of Michigan
Panelists: Richard W. Hamming, Bell Telephone
Labs, Murray Hill, N.J. / Edwin L. Jacks, Data
Processing Section, General Motors, Inc., Detroit, Mich. / Alan ~ Perlis, Computation
Center, Carnegie Tec~. Pittsburgh, Pa. /
Francis V. Wagner, North American Aviation
Company, Los Angeles, Calif.
The most striking feature about programming
tOday is the variety of problems on which work is
being done. We normally think of activity in
programming as being concerned with sub-routines,
translators, or system development, but as we
shall see in the papers presented here, there are
other areas under active investigation.
Two of the papers are concerned with new developments in the languages which we use in expressing algorithms. The very existence of these
papers testifies that the topics which concern
them must inevitably be provided for in computing languages. Two of the papers deal with new
requirements on operating systems. As problems
become more complex, we find that we must consider the implications of dynamic storage allocation,
and these two papers are pointing up some-of the
different approaches to the problem.
The fifth paper in this session is also concerned with the complexity of future problems,
but from a different point of view. Here we need
to examine the methods used to determine when a
program is working correctly. The trend toward
putting the burden more squarely on the "shoulders" of the computer continues, and, of course,
it must.
Fact Compiler Segmentation
Martin N. Greenfield
Minneapolis-Honeywell EDP Division
Wellesley Hills, Mass.
The manner in which the Fact Compiler handles segmentation of programs is described. Programs are divided into many interdependent segments in order to optimize the use of core storage. For instance, the internal storage required
to handle a tape file (buffers, labels, controls)
would be one segment. This segment would be operated upon by other processing segments. Each
of the segments may be activated or released independently as required. Each of the segments
is relocated at execution time. Segments in memory may be subsequently moved by the monitor in
order to fit additional segments in core. The
monitor has the ability to organize the required
rearrangement. A hardware error detection feature is used to make the currently operating
segments sensitive to the absence of a segment
40
Lt. Richard L. Sauder
Wright-Patterson Air Force Base
Ohio
"
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sigl
the
Program checkout procedures are often hampered by the nonavailability of adequate test
data. To reduce this problem, a Test Data Generator is currently being developed to operate in
conjunction with the Cobol Compiler implemented
by the Air Force Logistics Command. The system
not only builds data items conforming to descriptions given· in the Data Division of the associated
Cobol Source Program but also inserts in these
items necessary data relationships and requirements to test various branches of the Cobol object
program. The generator is labelled "general» inasmuch as the method of expressing these data requirements is designed to be as hardware independent as the Cobol compiler employed to build the
program being tested. This paper discusses both
the utilization and the method of operation of
the Data Generator.
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Data Structures that Generalize
Rectangular Arrays
Samuel A. Hoffman
Kettelle & Wagner
Paoli, Pa.
A class of data structures, useful in data
processing, is defined. These are called generalized structures. A formal method of describing
a generalized structure is given. It is shown how
a compiler program, once given such a description
or descriptor, can allocate contiguous storage and
determine the appropriate form of the storage mapping function which will relate suitably referenced
positions in the structure with positions in the
linear storage. The suitable referencing of data
in the structure is accomplished by reference expressions; these are defined and it is shown how,
at run time, they are operated upon by the storage
mapping function.
The class of structures, the descriptors, the
form of the storage mapping function and the reference expressions are all shown to be direct generalizations of the corresponding considerations
for n-dimensional rectangular arrays.
Finally, an Algol program for the Burroughs
220 computer is briefly described. The program
simulates the functions that a compiler, upon receiving a descriptor, would perform in forming the
storage mapping function, and the processing that
would be carried out at run time when a reference
expression is presented.
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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION fot' May, 19G2
COM}
Scientific programmers for Space Technology Leadership
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.
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01,
REPRINTS OF THE DRAWINGS CREATED FOR TillS SERIES. SI:HTABLE FOR FRA~IING. ARE AVAILABLE ON REQUEST.
Thinking it not improper, we invite your attention to the challenging opportunities for scientific programmers at Space
Technology Laboratories, Inc. In the tradition of Newton, you might well be interested in helping to develop a better
understanding of such phenomena as the orbiting of bodies-celestial and man-made. At STL there is continuing interest
in the solution of the broad spectrum of unsolved problems relating to space technology using two IBM 7090's, and
extensive peripheral equipment. Opportunities also exist for Computational Systems Programmers, Data Analysts and
Applied Mathematicians. Please write Dr. R. C. Potter, Manager of Professional Placement and Development at STL.
STL is an equal opportunity employer.
SPACE TECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES, INC.
a subsidiary of Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc.
lo, Angol" • S,nlo M"i, • C.pe C.n • ..,.1 • W"hinglon. D. C.
~
BO"on. D"lon • Hunl,,"'o • Edw"d, AFB· C.nog. P,,'· H.w.;;
Spring Joint Computer Conference Delegates: San Francisco Interviews May 1-3.
19()2
P.o. DOX !)5005UU. LOS ANGELES 45. CALIFORNIA
•
Call F. C. Nagel at Conference Hotel, SUtter 170909
SESSION I
SESSION J
Thursday, May 3 -- 2 p.m. to 5 p.m.
Gold Room
Thursday, May 3 -- 2 p.m. to 5 p.m.
Venetian Room
Programming and Coding -- Part 2
Chairman:
Panelists:
Same as Part 1
World Peace and Role of Computers*
Chairman:
Calif.
Louis Fein, Consultant, Palo Alto,
Same as Part 1
Panel Discussion
An Experimental Time-Sharing System
Fernando J. Corbato
MIT Computation Center
Cambridge, Mass.
Time-sharing a digital computer is subject
to two common interpretations. One can mean using different parts of the hardware at the same
time for different tasks, or one can mean several persons making- use of the computer at the same
time. The first meaning, often called mUltiprogramming, is oriented towards hardware efficiency
in the sense of attempting to attain complete
utilization of all components. The second meaning of time-sharing, which is meant here, is primarily concerned with the efficiency of persons
trying to use a computer. Computer efficiency
must still be considered but only in the perspective of the total system utility.
The motivation for time-shared computer usage arises out of the slow man-computer interaction rate possible with the bigger, more-advanced
computers. This rate has changed little (and become worse in some cases) in the last decade of
widespread computer use. The desired performance
of a time-shared computer will be discussed as
well as specific hardware, programming and usage
problems. The operational characteristics of an
experimental time-sharing programming system prepared for an IBM 7090 will be described. Consideration will be given to the design compromises
and to the future avenues of improvement.
A Programming Language
Kenneth E. Iverson
Thomas J. Watson Research Center
IBM Corporation
Yorktown Heights, N.Y.
The paper describes a succinct problemoriented programming language. The language is
broad in scope, having been developed for, and
applied effectively in, such diverse areas as
microprogramming, switching theory, operations
research, information retrieval, sorting theory,
structure of compilers, search procedures, and
language translation. The language permits a
high degree of useful formalism. It relies
heavily on a systematic extension of a small set
of basic operations to vectors, matrices, and
trees, and on a family of flexible selection operations controlled by logical vectors. Illustrations will be drawn from a variety of
applications.
Political scientists, behavioral scientists
and computer scientists will explore some of the
general problem areas of peace research and some
of those specific classes of problems -- if any
-- amenable to solution with the aid of computers.
Finally, the credibility of computer-generated
recommendations will be discussed.
Peace research appears to deal with five
main problem areas: (I) Identifying necessary
and sufficient conditions (economic, political,
sociological, psychological, cultural, military,
religious, moral, ethical, ideological, legal and
semantic) for preventing major international conflicts -- conflicts for whose resolution nations
seriously consider all-out nuclear war as an acceptable instrument; (2) generating alternative
models of society whose most important property
is that they meet these necessary and sufficient
conditions; (3) generating alternative routes of
getting from our present world condition to a
condition of society with no major conflicts.
In the event of conflict, the research would
concentrate on (I) generating alternative nondestructive strategies and policies to resolve
conflicts, and (2) generating detailed ways of
implementing these policies in practice.
Papers will be integrated with a continuity
of subject matter from paper to paper. The format
and content of the session may be considered as a
very small scale model of the whole process of
analyzing important sociological problems and
solving them with the aid of computers.
(*See note on page 44.)
SESSION K
Thursday, May 3 -- 2 p.m. to 5 p.m.
Peacock Court (Mark Hopkins Hotel)
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DDA and Hybrid Computation
Chairman: Harold K. Skramstad, Naval Ordnance
Laboratory, Corona, Calif.
Panelists: Robert M. Barnett, Ames Research
Center, Moffett Field, Calif. / W. N. McLean,
North American Aviation, Los Angeles, Calif. /
Fred Shaver, National Aeronautics and Space
Administration, Marshall Space Flight Center,
Huntsville, Ala.
The Digital Differential Analyzer or DDA is
a special-purpose digital computer of the incremental type which has the ability to solve dif-
gal
tee
COl
stn
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ide
biT
aile
110'
pic
42
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
COMI
lese
the
:; is
, of
atic-
lis-
• does one computer system take maximum advantage
of its computing speed, peripheral equipment and
storage capacity at all times and under all conditionswhereas others do not (and cannot) ?
• do three jobs that each take an hour to do on other
systems take only 17,4 hours all told on this system?
his
o's
to:et,
• do interrupt conditions that make other systems bog
down have no effect on this system?
• do you get more throughput per dollar with this
system than with any other?
• can this equipment lay claim to a totally new concept
in computer system operation?
Or consider the paradox of how three jobs that each
take one hour to do on other systems can be completed in less than half that time by the B 5000. It's
easy-the way the MCP does it. Since some jobs need
a lot of processor time but little input-output time,
whereas some jobs need just the opposite, the MCP
cuts the total processing time of each by running them
concurrently. The programer needs to write only the
basic program and the MCP takes over from there,
scheduling and assigning different components when
free. This ability to time-share unused processor and
input-output capacities is one of the main reasons
the B 5000 can give you more throughput per dollar.
Versatile as it is, however, the MCP doesn't fully
account for the fact that the B 5000 is a totally new
concept in system operation. There's the B 5000's
ability to incorporate a second central processor, for
instance-without reprograming. And there's the fact
that the B 5000's basic design concept provides effective and productive use of the higher level languages
of ALGOL and COBOL. Plus enough other reasons
to fill a whole booklet-which we'll be glad to send
to you. It's called The B 5000 Concept and is available from our main office at Detroit 32, Michigan.
Burroughs-TM
The Master Control Program (MCP) of a Burroughs
B 5000 Information Processing System is the answer.
It's one of the primary answers to all the questions
above, and it's also the solution to just about every
operational drawback that's ever drained away a
computer user's time, money and patience.
Take the question of interrupts, for example. Conventional systems employ programed interrupt detection.
In the B 5000, interrupt detection is built right into
the hardware. The hardware then switches electronically to the appropriate portion of the MCP for
automatic handling of that specific interrupt condition. Meanwhile, the current program is processed
further or another program is run instead, if preferred.
In either event, the B 5000's MCP assures that an
interrupt condition does not mean an interruption of
the system itself or the work in progress.
Burroughs Corporation
1962
ferential equation problems with high efficiency.
Programmed in the manner of analog computers, but
free of analog limitations on precision, they are
being increasingly used in real-time simulation
and control, due primarily to the order of magnitude increases in speed attainable in recent years.
The first paper "Design of a One-Megacycle
Iteration Rate DDA" describes a new DDA of exceptionally high speed. The second paper "DDA
Error Analysis Using Sampled Data Techniques" is
a thorough analytical study of the errors produced in DDA's in which a conceptually simple
error theory is evolved.
The third paper" Hybrid Techniques for Optimization Problems" describes a hybrid technique,
combining analog and digital hardware, for minimizing a function dependent on the solution of a
set of differential equations, by means of a
systematic search procedure in parameter space.
obsel
tors'
to tll
Hybrid Techniques Applied to Optimization Problems
Hans S. Witsenhausen
Electronic Associates, Inc.
Princeton, N.J.
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A hybrid system is described consisting of a
general-purpose analog computer and a specially
designed digital expansion system (DES). One of
the functions of ~his expansion is to act as an
intelligent operator of the analog high-speed computing capability. To this end, the expansion
contains logic building blocks (essentially flipflops and gates) interconnected on a patch-panel.
Switching commands are transmitted from the DES
to analog gates, memory units and mode control.
Comparators transmit quantized information from
the analog to the DES.
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lem}
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desCi
in 0
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Application of this simplest capability of
the hybrid approach is illustrated for the optimization problem, stated as follows:
a gn
cent
prol
Design of a One-Megacycle Iteration Rate DDA
R. E. Bradley, Design Engineer
J. F. Genna, Project Engineer
Hazeltine Technical Development Center, Inc.
Indianapolis, Ind.
This paper discusses the special design features of a digital differential analyzer (DDA)
which operates at a rate of one million iterations per second. SPEDAC (Solid-state Parallel
Expandable Differential Analyzer Computer) features parallel organization of the integrators,
serial-parallel arithmetic within the iteration
cycle, 26-bit word length, and the integral inclusion of a multi-function digital function generator. The computer is programmed in analog
computer fashion by means of plug'board interconnection of the integrators.
To achieve a one-megacycle iteration rate,
the arithmetic circuits operate at a six-megacycle clock rate. Trapezoidal integration is
performed. Initial conditions and function generator breakpoints and slopes are stored as parallel words in a multiplane magnetic core memory.
The use :of a parallel memory is exploited to permit direct parallel communication and hybrid operation with external large-scale general-purpose
digital computers.
-------
DDA Error Analysis Using Sampled Data Techniques
Don J. Nelson
University of Nebraska
Department of Engineering·
Lincoln, ~eb.
The Z or W-Transforms may be combined with
matrix techniques to analyze errors in digital
differential analyzers. This analysis demonstrates how errors in the solution of linear
differential equations with constant coefficients
can be simply determined and how solutions to
these equations can be developed, the accuracy
of which is limited only by round-off.
A function dependent on the solution of a
set of differential and/or algebraic equations
containing adjustable parameters is to be minimized by systematic search procedures in parameter
space. Among the applications are model building,
process optimization and matching of boundary conditions. One possible ~rocedure has been selected
for illustration and its hybrid implementation is
carried out for the general n-parameter case. Exploratory runs determine approximate partial derivatives from which a quantized direction is determined. Steps are taken in this direction until
lack of improvement forces a redetermination of
partials. The techniques of programming the DES
and the hybrid interconnections are emphasized.
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COMPUTERS AND WORLD PEACE
of a
cal
It is worth quoting a paragraph from Louis Fein's
the
"Introduction to the Session: Peace and the Role of Computers":
" ... The prime reason for having this session is to
ascertain what, if anything, we can do professionally
in the cause of peace ... and how we might go about
doing it. We do not intend. .. to attempt the solution
of specific problems of peace at this three-hour session.
Nor is this a peace rally. We are here not as partisans
but as technicians confronting ourselves with a set of
problems. We have had a good deal of experience as
technicians. in trying to solve moderately complex problems with the aid of computers. Appreciating full well
that the problems of peace are probably more complex
than those with which we've already dealt, still we ought
to be able to identify what we might do effectively - and
what we cannot do at all - to help prevent nuclear war
now and help establish world peace in the future. We
ought also to be able to provide methods for ascertaining what mm and cannot be done effectively and acceptably, ~ to do what can be done, and to estimate the
magnitude of such tasks. . .. "
arse
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44
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
COM
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oc~re
be
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Somewhere between the problem of forming six matches into four equilateral triangles and seeing the solution as a tetrahedron.; .... Achphenomenon occurs, Call it
insight, inspiration, or perception. It is that sudden impulse to think in another direction. Such impulses have produced our greatest achievements.
We welcome engine,ers who think in new dimensions, who form uncommon conclusions,who are not afraid to go outside the confines of accepted concepts~
Insightful thinkers areinvitedto send a resume to Mr. Nick B. Pagan, Manager Professional and Scientific Staffing. You may expect prompt attention.
rn
LITTON SYSTEMS, INC.
GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEMS DIVISION
5500 CANOGA AVENUE, WOODLAND HILLS, CALIF.
Guidance Systems· Control Systems· Computers· Computer Components
An Equal Opportunity Employer
~~ACROSS
NEWS
of
THE
EDITOR'S
Computers
and
DESK"
Data
cert
the
the
thei
Processors
will
NEW
INSTALLATIONS
IBM STRETCH COMPUTER SYSTEM
AIRLIFTED TO LONDON
A large-scale IBM 7030
"STRETCH" electronic data processing system was airlifted by two
cargo planes from New York's Idlewild airport to London. It will
be delivered by IBM-United Kingdom
to the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority.
The solid-state STRETCH can
perform more than 30 billion multiplications in a 24-hour period.
The computer attains its high
speeds through use of ultra-fast
circuits, transistors and circuit
components. Its speed makes possible solutions to scientific problems for which equations are known
but which were previously too large
or complex for solution for a reasonable cost, or in a reasonable
length of time.
This is the third STRETCH system to be delivered by IBM to an
atomic energy organization.
AUTOMOBILE INSURANCE COMPANY
INSTALLING
DATA PROCESSING EQUIPMENT
State Farm Mutual Ins. Co.,
Bloomington, Ill., has begun installation of 38 solid-state computers.
They are part of a decentralized
computing and data processing system, having both disk and tape
storage at each of the regional
offices.
An IBM 1410 and a 1401 are being installed in each regional office. Another 1401 will be installed in the home office in
Bloomington.
Each 1410 system will include
a new IBM 1301 disk storage unit,
offering either 28 or 56 million
digits of capacity. Access to the
1301 unit will be provided by one
or two IBM 1014 remote-inquiry stations, as the region requires.
Each 1401 will also have five magnetic tape units for processing the
master policy file with from 300 ro
2400 characters per policy; a 1403
printer which operates at up to
600 lines a minute, and a 1402
card unit which reads 800 cards a
minute and punches 250.
46
H-400 EDP SYSTEM FOR
PUBLIC HEALTH APPLICATIONS
The U. S. Public Health Service, Cincinnati, Ohio has installed
a Honeywell 400 electronic computer
at the Robert A. Taft Sanitary Engineering Center. It will be used
in studies of radiation, water purification, air pOllution, and
other environmental factors in all
parts of the country.
The new computer, which the
Public Health Service will use on
a lease-purchase basis, is a highspeed, medium-scale electronic data
processing system. It will include
a central processor, with a 3,000
word memory; four magnetic tape
transports, each capable of reading or writing 96,000 decimal digits per second; a high-speed printer; a high-speed card reader; and
a card punch.
GERMAN NUCLEAR RESEARCH FIRM
INSTALLS LARGE-SCALE
ANALOG COMPUTEH SYSTEM
Interatom, a German company
specializing in nuclear reactor research and construction, has installed a large-scale analog computer system in its laboratories
near Cologne. The system is made
by Electronic Associates, Long
Branch, N.J. and consists of two
large-scale PACE 231R general purpose analog computers. Interatom
is using the computing system in
research and design of nuclear
reactors.
IDNEYWELL 80b AIR SHIPPED
TO LONDON
Minneapolis-Honeywell's Electronic Data Processing Division,
Wellesley, Mass., has shipped by
air a large-scale Honeywell 800
computer to London, England. There
it will be installed in the company's first overseas EDP Service
Bureau. The Service Bureau will
serve as a data center handling
electronic data processing on a
contract basis. It will also function as an educational and demonstration center to help acquaint
European EDP users with Honeywell
equipment.
The computer, which weighs
more than 33,000 pounds, required
the entire carrying capacity of a
KLM DC-7F cargo plane. Equipment
includes a powerful central pro-
of (
cessor with 8,000 words of memory,
eight magnetic tape drives, a highspeed printer, a high-speed card
reader and card punch, a paper
tape reader and punch and associated electronic control equipment.
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BANK OPENS LARGEST EDP CENTER
IN WEST BERLIN
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The largest electronic data
processing center in West Berlin
has been opened by the Bank for
Commerce and Industry, a subsidiary of Dresdner Bank A.G.
Two IBM 1401 medium-scale computers, backed up by eleven tape
units, are the center of the installation. Bank statements ready
for mailing are printed at a speed
of 600 lines per minute.
The equipment will enable the
bank to meet the sharp increase in
demand deposit bookkeeping operations resulting from the current
German trend away from cash transactions.
TRW COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEM
FOR PETROLEUM CHEMICALS, INC.
Petroleum Chemicals, Inc. will
install a TRW-330 digital computer
control system at its high-purity
ethylene unit in Lake Charles, La.
The TRW-330 will perform a
number of control calculations, including material and energy balances, conversions, and yields.
Other functions of the system include scanning of instruments,
alarming of off-normal variables,
and logging of operating records.
war]
diffe
51
actu
on t
put,
in a
UNIVERSITY OF MELBOURNE
TO USE ANALOG COMPUTER
University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia, has taken delivery of an AD-1-64PB electronic
analog computer from Applied Dynamics, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich.
pro,
whi(
cam
cour
The computer will be used by
the university departments of chemical, electrical, and mechanical
engineering, and engineering mathematics. Applications will include
both instruction and research.
M
info:
that
the:
Al
pose
COM]
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 19G2
II'.'
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he
na!lpich
lUI.
Iroex:lifder
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acing
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the
lat,
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Engineered to meet the major demands of modern management, the Bendix G-20 data processing system is designed
to increase profits in an era of critically spiralling costs. II Specifically designed as a central, integrated system, the
G-20 is capable of concurrently handling the computer workloads of all of your company's major departments: accounting, marketing, engineering, manufacturing, administration, warehousing and distribution. II Bendix G-20 automatic
programming and linear programming systems open the door to a vast range of applications. For instance, a Bendix
G-20 in a typical business organization could, at this moment, be performing these functions: design automation and
cost analysis, inventory control, budget analysis, production and facility control, sales analysis and forecasting, raw material
flow, market research and product planning, order processing, advertising planning, and operations research .. . all these in
addition to more standard business and scientific applications. As workloads increase, G-20 modularity allows you to
expand your system without reprogramming. II Backing up the proven hardware-software capabilities of the Bendix
G-20 is a nationwide team of experienced applications specialists, providing systems support in depth ... from preliminary
evaluation through systems analysis, programming, installation and on-site maintenance and service. II Your nearby
Bendix Computer representative will be glad to introduce you to the Bendix G-20 solution to swiftly rising costs: or
write for the brochure, HA Solution to the Profit Squeeze," Bendix Computer Division, 5630 Arbor Vitae Street,
Los Angeles 45, California, Dept. D39.
, of
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Bendix Computer Division
'~nc(!/'
co
A PO A AT ION
CAPE CANAVERAL AND ASCENSION ISLAND
HAVE NEW ELECTRONIC DATA SYSTEM
A new electronic data processing system has been placed in operation at Cape Canaveral and Ascension Island for improved radar
tracking of ICBM's and earth satellites launched at Cape Canaveral
along the 5,000-mile Atlantic Missile Range.
The system has a Univac 1206
Mili tary computer, a "real-time
data handling syste~', made by
Univac Military Operations, St.
Paul, Minn.
The computer operates on
stored trajectory information, and
tracking data radioed and teletyped
from Cape Canaveralj it also assists down-range radar stations in
"locking on" and tracking spaceborne vehicles, even though the
vehicle may be only intermittently
visible to the radar.
"Mission replays" stored on
magnetic tape will be used by the
Air Force for simulating launchings for the training of Range
personnel.
I
tilar· • • • •
and Hospital Activity, Ann Arbor,
Mich. The equipment will be used
in the analysis of clinical records
of millions of hospital patients
throughout the U.S. and Canada.
A wide range of diagnostic and
hospital care records, covering
some 2.5 million patients a year,
will be studied under the commission's Professional Activity Study
(PAS), a long-range project to
help improve medical and hospital
practice.
The Honeywell 400 delivered
to the Commission consists of a
central processor with a 3000word memory, a high-speed card
reader, a card punch, a hIgh-speed
printer. and related electronic
control equipment.
New
Firms,
and
Divisions,
Mergers
C-E-I-R, INC. APPEALS
COURT DECISION
HONEYWELL 400 TO ANALYZE
DIAGNOSTIC AND HOSPITAL RECORDS
A Honeywell 400 made by Honeywell EDP Division. Wellesley
Hills, Mass., has been delivered
to the Commission on Professional
48
GENERAL PRECISION COMPLETES
PURCHASE OF ROYAL McBEE INTEREST
IN COMPUTER COMPANY
General Precision, Inc., a
subsidiary of General Precision
Equipment Corporation, has purchased for $5,000,000 the 50 percent interest held by Royal McBee
Corporation in Royal Precision
Corporation. Royal Precision,
which manufactures and markets
scientific and data processing computers, has been jointly owned by
General Precision Equipment and
Royal McBee.
It is expected that Royal
Precision will shortly operate as
the Data Processing Division of
General Precision.
NCR TO MARKET GENERAL TIME'S
'TRANSACTER' DATA-COLLECTION SYSTEMS
C-E-I-R, Inc., Washington,
D.C., has appealed to the Maryland
Court of Appeals the decision of
Judge Kathryn L. Shook of the Circuit Court of Montgomery County,
Maryland, dismissing C-E-I-R's
suit for an injunction against
Computer Dynamics, Inc.
MILITARY PRODUCTS GROUP
FOR BENDIX COMPUTER
Small circuit cards, 2 1/2"
by 1 3/4", are the basic modules
in the Univac 1206 Real-Time computer. They are shown here extended from one of the computer's
13 chassis trays. The Univac 1206
computer is about 3 feet squ3re
and 6 feet high. and houses about
4,000 circuit cards. They are
easily removed for servicing and
quick replacement.
checkout of the prototype ASI 420,
second .in the ASI family of three
high-speed, general-purpose computers. The third member of this
computer family is the Advance II,
a large scale machine.
The Bendix Corporation's Computer Division has created a military computer products ·group. The
group will specialize in research,
engineering, production and sales
of special-purpose computing systems, with initial emphasis in the
growing area of military ground
and shipboard computers. This will
include tactical and strategic command and control, intelligence and
surveillance data gathering, fire
control, simulator and training,
launch control and automatic checkout systems.
ASI CELEBRATES FIRST ANNIVERSARY
Advanced Scientif'ic Instruments, Inc., 5249 Hanson Court,
Minneapolis, Minn., is celebrating
its first anniversary as a manufacturer of computers. To date the
company has announced the sale of
two ASI 210 computers: one to NASA
and the other to Argonne National
Laboratory of the Atomi~ Energy
Commission. ASI is completing
The National Cash Register
Company, Dayton, Ohio, and General
Time Corporation, New York, N.Y.,
have made an agreement under which
NCR will market and service Generru
Time's "Transacter" data collection
systems in the United States and
Canada and in various overseas
countries. General Time will continue its own marketing and servicing program for Transacter systems.
IBM SHIFTS HEADQUARTERS OF
CHARACTER RECOGNITION DEVELOPMENT
International Business Machines Corporation is shifting all
of its character-recognition development work to its new laboratory in Rochester, Minn. The developments to be carried on will
involve both magnetic and optical
recognition systems.
It was believed that the former laboratory at Endicott, N.Y. had
reached its maximum effective size
and that the Rochester plant was
suited to build the type of equipment that would come out of the
development work.
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AlEE-IRE BOARDS APPROVE
MERGER PRINCIPLES
The Boards of Directors of
the Institute of Radio Engineers
and the American Institute of Electrical Engineers, in separate meet-
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 19G2
ap]
to
ane
COM:
WHAT GOES INTO A SUPERIOR COMPUTER TAPE?
Many,things, tangible and intangible, go into the making of EP Computer
Audiotape. On the tangible side, only the finest materials and equipmentmeticulously selected and constantly tested-are used in producing this extra
precision computer tape. In addition, every reel is 100% checked on specially·
designed Automatic Certifiers to insure that each of the 112 million test pulses
(161 million on high density tapes) reproduce properly ... Less tangible but
just as important are our years of experience in this exacting field. Experience
that tells you Extra Precision Computer Audiotape consistently lives up to its
name. Once you try this superior computer tape, we're certain that you'll agree.
on
)Ie
EP COMPUTER AUDIOTAPE/ AUDIO DEVICES INC., 444 MADISON AVE., N. Y.
ical
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IC
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III
1962
•
ings, approved in ~eneral the principles of the proposed consolidation of the two engineering
societies.
At present, the IRE's membership is 97,000 and AlEE's 70,000.
(Both figures include students.)
Combined assets of the two societies total over $6 million.
The proposed constitution,
agreement of merger, and principles
of consolidation will be submitted
to the combined membership of both
organizations for approval. If the
memberships approve the consolidation, it is expected that the combined society will be operating by
January 1, 1963.
OF
PEOPLE
Michael W. Pulscak, of Rockville,
Md., was named Manager of the
IMPACT Division.
Mr. Burris was formerly Manager of Systems Analysis and Government Marketing for Remington Rand
Univac. He will be responsible for
probing the decision-making process
of management to determine and synthesize into a computer proc~ss
those policies, techniques and procedures which govern and direct the
most vital operations of an organization.
Mr. Pulscak, a senior systems
analyst, is a specialist in the design and implementation of integrated processing systems. He is
the originator of this company's
new technique -- IMPACT -- lMPlementation flanning ~nd ~ontrol
Iechnique.
NOTE
II. W. THUE PROMOTED
PUBLICA TIONS
A STANDARD COMPUTER LANGUAGE
FOR DEFENSE DEPARTMENT
The Defense Supply Agency has
published a standard language applicable to an aspect of computers.
The standard language is known as
Military Standard MIL-STD-806B,
"Graphic Symbols for Logic Diagrams". It will be used by engineering, training, and maintenance
personnel who deal with the design,
construction, installation, and
maintenance of digital computers.
The Air Force introduced an
early form of the standard two
years ago and found it satisfactory.
The present version incorporates
the requirements of all military
departments. It was prepared by
the Electronics Systems division
of the Air Force Systems Command,
Bedford, Mass.
TO VICE PRESIDENT
I··/:-;-~J
I'
,
'\
'I
An announcement has been
made of the promotion of ..!.!.:.....!..
Thue to Vice
President, Manufacturing, of
the General Products Division
of the International Business
Machines Corp.
Mr. Thue was formerly Assistant General Manager for Manufacturing. He has been with IBM since
August 1957. General Products Division is one of two IBM Divisions
manufacturing data processing
equi~ment in the United States.
Mr. Thue is responsible for all
manufacturing activities in the
division.
POTTER NAMES RUDY TO EDP POST
Andrew R. Rudy has been named
Supervisor of Electronic Data Processing at Potter Instrument Company, Inc., Plainview, N.Y. Mr.
Rudy previously was tabulation
supervisor of the Suffolk County
Police Department.
COMPUTER DYNAMICS NAMES EXECUTIVES
TO MANAGE NEW SERVICES DIVISIONS
Copies are available from the
Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. or from military contracting officers.
Teaching
Machine:s
TEACHING BY LONG-PLAYING RECORD
About 2~ million of the nation's sales people are getting
some part of their job training
through long-playing hi-fi-records,
according to Sales and Marketing
Executives -- International, 630
3rd Ave., New York. Most salesclerks respond well to th~s method
of training, while sales managers
like flicking a switch and letting
somebody else give the "pep talk"
to salesmen.
Sales training records bring
the nation's experts to the trainee.
Personal appearance fees of training specialists would be more than
most companies could afford to pay.
One recording company has reported that it will alone sell
more than 65,000 sales training
records this year. A typical title
among -these best-sellers is "How
to Win a Sales Argument Without
Arguing".
NEWSLETTER "MODERN USES OF
LOGIC IN LAW" -- MULL
The quarterly newsletter MULL,
for "Modern UseS of Logic in Law"
will henceforth be published at
the American Bar Association headquarters in Chicago.
M.U.L.L. deals ~ith the applications of modern logic, computer
technology, and other aspects of
information technology to law. It
has been published to date by the
special Committee on Electronic
Data Retrieval of the American Bar
Association in collaboration with
Yale Law School.
Persons, whether or not members of the American Bar Association, may subscribe to M.U.L.L.,
at $4 per year and $10 for three
years.
Subscriptions should be sent
to the American Bar Association
(Attention: Publications Department), American Bar Center, 1155
East 60th Street, Chicago 37, III
Charles W. Burris, Jr., of
Washington, D.C. was appointed Vice
President and Manager of the new
Systems Division of Computer Dynamics Corp., Silver Spring, Md.
50
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 19fi2
1ft
ADVANCED AIR DEFENSE SYSTEMS WITH FIRST-DAY CAPABIUTY
The needs of today's air defense
sy~tems pose a problem that would
have seemed insoluble ten short
years ago. The problem of furnishing mixed-weapons command and
control, with first-day capability, in
a system that is portable to any
place in the world.
ASQ-54, installed in a land-based
AEW & C aircraft, and the ANI
ASA-27, installed in a carrier-based
AEW & C aircraft, furnish early
warning data on enemy raids to
surface eleJ!lents of an air defense
network and provide airborne control of interceptors.
Missile Master System deployed
within the Continental United
Here is how that problem has been
solved through creative engineering
utilizing a decade of industry progress in tactical data systems.
....
,.
Systems already delivered by Litton
to the military, or in the advanced
state of development and production, include: Airborne Tactical
Data Systems (AN/ASQ-54, ANI
ASA-27) for the U.S. Navy, the
Marine Corps Tactical Data System
(AN/TYQ-l,AN/TYQ-2) for the
U.S. Marine Corps, and the ANI
FSG-l Retrofit Improvement System (OA-3063/FSG-l (V) ) for the
U.S. Army.
'101iI1
The first of these, the Airborne
Tactical Data Systems, provides a
capability for the mission of Airborne -Early Warning and Control
(AEW & C) in defense of large land
masses, attack carrier task groups
and other naval units. Both the ANI
•
DATA HANDLING &. DISPLAY SYSTEMS
1962
States to furnish surface-to-air missile battery coordination in the defense of large cities and industrial
areas.
The second of these systems, the
Marine Corps Tactical Data System
( MTDS ), features capabilities for
continllolls and effective control of
Combat Air Operations during an
amphibious assault. Facilities are
available for control of aircraft on
missions such as close air support,
reconnaissance, and interdiction
and for air defense with mixed
weapons, both ship-based and
shore-based surface-to-air missiles
and interceptors. An integral air
traffic control system assists in initial
and continuous identification of
friendly aircraft.
The third, the AN/FSG-l Retrofit
Improvement System, significantly
increases the counter-countermeasures capability of the AN/FSG-l
Through the successful, design, development and manufacture of systems for air defense missions, Litton
has demonstrated i~ capability to
proceed with even further advanced
data systems. Such systems are now
under conception and development
at Litton.
Air defense systems that not only
fulfill today's defense requirements
but also defy obsolescence for years
to come require' engineering that is
versatile. in-ventive, aggressive, and
adaptable. This is the kind of engineering Litton expects from its
people. If you are qualified to perform -engineering at this level, you
are invited to write: H. E. Laur,
Litton Systems, Inc., Data Systems
Division, 6700 Eton Avenue, Canoga Park, California; or telephone
DIamond 6-4040.
An "Egual Opportunity Employer
,..
~
...
DATA SYSTEMS DIVISION
....l1lI
LITTON SYSTEMS, INC .
A DIVISION OF LITTON INDUSTRIES
•
COMPUTER
SYSTEMS
•
MODULAR DISPERSED CONTROL
SYSTEMS
AUTOMATION
a series of punched cards and the
directions are converted to coded
tape for the actual control of
the tool.
AUTOMATIC STEEL ANALYZING SYSTEM
OF BETHLEHEM STEEL
A fast, error-free data-conversion system utilizing a computerprinter combined with a spectrograph
and teletype equipment, permits
close analytical control on heats
of carbon and alloy steels. The
new e~uipment makes up a system for
automatically analyzing steel
samples and printing the results
simultaneously in the laboratory
and plant shop. An analysis can
be obtained within two minutes
after a test cycle is started.
The Bethlehem system does all
operations automatically, including typing in both the laboratory
and shop. It makes it possible to
prevent heats being held overlong
in the furnaces or from being downgraded because of incorrect analysis.
Bethlehem has installed the
computer-printer in three plants.
POLARIS PRODUCTION USES AUTOMATION
The reliability and efficiency
of the Navy's Polaris missile is
being further improved by tapecontrolled equipment.
After" hand-building" the
first of the Polaris missile systems, Lockheed Missiles and Space
Co.,:Sunnyvale, Calif., decided to
use tape-controlled equipment.
Among the benefits of numerical control machine tools are minimized tooling, reduced human error, increased reliability and a
significant saving in time and
money from the engineering dra~ing
to the finished part.
The initial requirement was
for three advanced tape-controlled
machines -- a turret-type drill,
an automatic multiple tool changer
and a profiler-type milling machID~
The mul tiple-tool-changer milling
machine has 31 different tools
which can be sele~ted automatically and used for specific operations as directed by the computer.
The computer does this operation
by translating written specifications into commands directing the
machine to produce the part. It
interprets design information and
calculates appropriate directions
for the tool control system.
These calcualtions are fed out on
52
JAPANESE
ULT~A-MODERN CEMENT PLANT
TO BE CONTROLLED BY
TRW DIGITAL COMPUTER SYSTEM
vic
cat
Chichibu Cement Company's new
plant at Kumagaya, near Tokyo, will
be one of the world's first cement
plants designed and constructed
around a computer control system.
The computer, a Thompson Ramo
Wooldridge Inc. RW-300, will be
the heart of the closed-loop system for integrated control of wet
blending and clinker burning operations in the plant. Four wetprocess rotary kilns will be controlled and optimized by the system. In addition, the TRW computer
system· will schedule raw material
-- from hoppers "to mills, mills to
slurry tanks, and slurry tanks to
slurry basins.
to
pl(:
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]
19!
pH
car
fea
pli
CONTROL OF MILLING MACHINE AND OF DRAWING MACHINE BY SAME COMPUTER TAPE
Thompson Ramo Wooldridge, Dage
Division, 455 Sheridan Ave., Michigan City, Ind., is demonstrating
a numerical-contouring control
system in two combinations, one
with a new automatic drafting machine, and the other with a contourmilling machine.
A TRW-3000 control system
operates Universal Drafting Machine
Company's new "Orthomae' machine
to produce a verification drawing
of a metal part.
The same tape is also used on
a Gorton rail-type milling machine
where another TRW-3000
numerical control system controls the actual
production of the metal
part.
The application of
numerical control to
the Orthomat machine
allows information on
the tape to be drawn on
paper for verification,
instead tif being verified. more expensively
by machining with a
machine tool. Thus advanced computer routines
can be effectively verified at low cost.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 19G2
~
1
COM
HIGH-SPEED DIGITAL DATA RECOHDER
Engineers
Perkin-Elmet Corporation
Norwalk, Conn.
What do you know
about the HIBOO 1
A new, high-speed digital data
recorder with an output rate of 110
characters per second has been developed by this company.
This newest digital computer system has just been announced
by Honeywell Electronic Data Processing. Here are a few fea·
tures of this latest system you should find quite interesting.
The H1BOO has a new central processor with an internal operating speed of more than 120,000 three-address operation a
second - a two micro-second memory access speed time 6 and
a new floating point unit that operates at nano-second speeds,
using tunnel-diode circuitry.
The H1BOO utilizes the ability to operate eight different programs simultaneously and to perform automatic error detection
and correction. The H1BOO is one more proof that Honeywell
EDP is setting the pace for the EDP industry and for EDP
career opportunities.
Other computer systems in Honeywell's growing line include
the HBOO, its medium-scale counter part the H400 and the
H290 industrial process control system. Professional opportunities to work on the design of present and future computer
systems exist in the following areas:
Circuit Designers
NEW HIGH-SPEED TAPE PERFORATOR
Anadex Instruments, Inc.
Van Nuys, Calif.
A new, high-speed tape perforator has been developed by this
company. It offers speeds up to
60 cps and has a non-synchronous
drive. Five to eight code channels are available. Paper or mylar tape in widths up to one inch
is used.
The perforator is designed
for recDr'ing digital data in
punched tape from computer output,
data logging systems, machine control systems, automatic test and
simulation systems, data transmission systems, and keyboard or
other manual systems.
Logical Designers
Electrical Engineers
Product Designers
San Francisco interviews:
NEW X-Y RECORDER
HAS SOLID STATE CIRCUITRY
Call Richard Bueschel at
DOuglas 2-8800 during the
SJCC May 1-3 in San Francisco.
Electronic Associates, Inc.
Long Branch, N.J.
As a member of our Engineering and Research Center in suburban Boston, you will be able to take advantage of Honeywell's tuition-support at any of the world-renowned universities
in the area. Honeywell also provides a liberal fringe benefits
program and will pay all normal relocation costs.
Address your resume to:
Richard T. Bueschel,
Personnel Manager
Engineering and Research
Center
151 Needham Street, Dept.
Newton Highlands, Massachusetts
A new X-Y plotter-recorder
having 100 microvolt/inch sensitivity, solid-state circuits and
dual-mode hydraulic damping has
been developed by this company.
The new instrument, known as
the Series 11)0 Variplotter, produces an inked plot of two input
voltages (X and Y) on either
standard 11 x 17 inch or 8~ x 11
inch graph paper. The 1110 will
operate in any position, 0 through
360 degrees and is suitable for
table top use or rack mounting.
Boney","ell
[j] ~ DatA, ~~
Opportunities also exist in other Honeywell divisions coast to coast.
Send resume to H. E. Eckstrom, Minneapolis-Honeywell, Minneapolis 8,
Minnesota. "An equal opportunity employer"
54
The data recorder was developed to serve as a flexible link
between data-logging systems and
general computers. The basic system consists of an analog-digital
converter, a translator and a tape
punch. A wide flexibility in modes
of recording binary data has been
provided.
Two types of hydraulic damping are included, so the operator
can select either viscous-coupled
inertia damping for high-speed
plotting, or velocity damping for
point plotting or lower-speed line
plotting.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
•
NEW DOCUMENT SORTER
Programmers
Pitney-Bowes, Inc.
Stamford, Conn.
and
The National Cash Register Co.
Dayton, Ohio
What do you know
about the H1BOO 1
A new document sorter, which
will electronically read and sort
IJ>20 checks a minute, has been developed jointly by these two companies.
tic
of
es.
m-
pe
lat
rol
ermt
I1ts
Uy
l'S
re,
m.
The new uClass 403" machine
will handle intermixed documents
of varying sizes, th~cknesses, and
weights. The new 403 sorter will
incorporate a new high-speed transport and a new reading mechanism
which will make it possible for a
bank to sort checks more than 30
times faster than by manual methods.
The sorter not only automates
the physical paper-handling jon,
but is a link in the automation of
checking-account record-keeping in
a computer system. With the NCR
315 electronic data processing system, information can be read from
checks and other documents directly into the computer for automatic
preparation of all subsequent depositor statements and bank records.
The 403 sorter can also be operated
with the NCR 310 desk-size computer, which provides high-speed programmed sorting and listing to
automate a bank's transit and
clearing operations.
If you're answer is "Nothing", you're probably wrong. This
newest member of Honeywell's growing line of digital computer
systems will seem quite familiar to many business and scientific
programmers.
The H 1BOO is a powerful extension of Honeywell's other computer systems, the HBOO, and its medium-scale counterpart,
the H400.
All three systems utilize the unique and proven software packages that have made Honeywell's' EDP systems one of the most
competent and versatile in the industry. The H1BOO now makes
them one of the most powerful.
Honeywell's growing line of automatic programming aids,
including FACT, EASY, COBOL, ARGUS, ALGOL-type Compilers,
etc., can handle a broad variety of computer applications. The
addition of the new H1BOO, with its great central processor and
magnetic tape speeds, now permits Honeywell programmers to
engage in larger business data processing jobs, more complex
scientific computations and real-time applications. These broadening horizons of work at Honeywell have created unique
opportunities for professional growth and personal advancement
to those Programmers who join us now. Immediate opportunities
exist in the following areas:
Automatic Programming
Operational Programming
Compiler Development
Systems Analysis
Pitney-Bowes will manufacture
the mechanical transport of the
sorter and NCR will produce the
electronic reading mechanism. The
sorter will be marketed to banks
exclusively by NCR.
San Francisco interviews:
Call Dr. Roger Bender at
YUkon 1-8010 during SJCC,
May 1-3 in San Francisco.
OPTICAL SCANNER OF PAGES
OF SELECTED DATA
Farrington Electronics, Inc.
Alexandria, Va.
An electronic reading machine
capable of selecting specified data
from a business document and converting the information into computer language has been developed
by this company.
This machine reads at the rate
of 200 characters per second.
Punched card, magnetic tape or
perforated tape output is available. Programming flexibility is
obtained with an interchangeable
wiring panel. Control of the selection of a scann,ing field wi thin
any particular line permits recognition of the groups of information selected, all other information being ignored automatically.
In addition to the usual professional employee benefits,
Honeywell offers a unique educational-support program:
Address your resume to:
Mr. John L. Ritchie
Personnel Manager
Programming Systems Division
60 Walnut Street
Dept. 519,
Wellesley Hills, Mass.
HoneYDTel1
[jI)~1)~~~
Opportunities also exist in other Honeywell divisions coast to coast.
Send resume to H. E. Eckstrom, Minneapolis-Honeywell, Minneapolis 8._
Minnesota. "An equal opportunity employer"
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
55
The first Selected Data Page
Scanner will be delivered to Aetna
Insurance Co., Hartford, Conn.
This will be used to scan insurance
policy declaration forms and extract
the pertinent individual data for
computer input. The machine is expected to find application in a
wide variety of industries which
use complex business forms governed
by legal, regulatory, or accounting standards.
CUl'ious About Computel'sP
Automatic Electric Co.
Subsidiary of General Telephone
and Electronics Corp.
Northlake, Ill.
Minivac
Learn digital computer theory. Discover how large
multimillion dollar computers operate ... what
they can and cannot do. Construct and understand
circuits similar to those of the most advanced
data processing machines. You can do all this and
more with MINIVAC - a unique scientific educational device. It receives, processes and remembers information and communicates answers to
questions and problems based on the data it's
given - in the same manner as full-scale commercial computers!
EASY TO USE
A set of illustrated manuals - containing easy-tofollow, step-by-step instructions - -accompanies
each MIN IVAC. Experiments teach you basic
principles ..• demonstrate How computers do
arithmetic, solve mathematical problems, use logic
to make decisions.
BY ANYONE
No knowledge of electronics, higher mathematics
or computer technology is necessary. Anyone with
an inquiring mind can use MINIVAC - teenagers
and adults .•• students and teachers .•• busi·
nessmen, engineers, hobbyists.
AND UNCONDITIONALLY GUARANTEED
MINIVAC is fully guaranteed against defects in
manufacture and, in addition, carries a 10-day un·
conditional money· back guarantee.
TWO MODELS AVAILABLE
MINIVAC 601, -a computer simulator with which
you can learn basic principles and operations $95.00
MINIVAC 6010, an advanced model that lets you
perform more sophisticated experiments, solve
more complex problems. . . • . . . . •• . . . • $155.00
SEND FOR DESCRIPTIVE LlTERATURE-TODAYI
,---------------,
II
I
Scientific Development Corporation
~;:tM~i~-;treet
Watertown, Massachusetts
PieasesendlileratureonMINIVAC6010 MINIVAC6010 0
Name...............................................
Street..... ...........................................
The punched paper-tape reader
is suited to message relaying, data
collection, business machines, computer i'nput, or machine tool and
plotter control. A semi-automatic
tape insertion feature reduces
tape loading and unloading time.
DATACOM FOR DIAL TWX SERVICE
Explore the
exciting world of
electronic brains with
I
I
I
I
characters per second. The devices weigh only 2 3/4 pounds and
combine flexibility of input-output
with high operating speeds, accuracy and low cost.
I
I
I
I
I
,
I
....................
.......
LCity
-_
_ _ _ _Zone
_ ........
_ _State.....
___
_ _,
Equipment called DATACOM for
dial TWX (teletypewriter switching)
service has been made available by
this company. This equipment will
allow independent telephone companies to convert from manual TWX
service to dial operation. They
are preparing now to join in Bell
System's plans for a nationwide
cutover to dial TWX on Labor Day,
1962.
A TWX subscriber will be able
to dial directly to any other TWX
unit in the country. The plan requires the transmission of teletypewriter (digital) data over existing voice {analog) channels. To
do this, the DC signal from a teletypewriter must be transformed into
voice-frequency tones and then reconverted at the receiving end.
Two special devices will be a part
of every teletypewriter station,
in order to accomplish this. The
DATACOM subset AE 691A permits the
subscriber to dial directly. The
phone handset will have a receiver
only, which will allow supervisory
tones and signals to be heard.
After connection is made, 60 words
per minute data transmission will
follow. The DATACOM data set
AE lOlA, which mounts on the side
of the teletypewriter, converts
the DC signals to tone signals on
the sending end, and reconverts
them to DC signals on the receiving end.
Bri
ser
me
Sys
Al
en]
abc
Du
pel
sys
pul
eql
DA
intI
The punched-tape perforator
feeds in either forward or reverse
directions at the same speed as
the reader. It makes use of a
new principle which uses the holding power of small electromagnets
in combination with off-center
springs to engage the selected
punches.
10 MILLISECOND MAGNETOSTRICTIVE
DELAY LINE
Del time Inc.
608 Fayette Ave.
Mamaroneck, N.Y.
OUI
ad,
rna
This company has developed a
magnetically-shielded, magnetostrictive delay line providing a
delay length of 10 milliseconds.
The.new Deltime Type 174 operates
at 655 KC/S pulse repetition rate
with return-to-zero.
Th
~
we:
hig
ane
ing
hig
sen
act,
assl
Ne'
ice
pre
cha
sev
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cha
wo
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ane
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Ab~
LOW-COST PUNCH AND READER UNITS
Royal McBee Corporation
850 Third Avenue
New York 22, N.Y.
This company has developed a
Punched Tape Reader and a Punched
Tape Perforator to serve the dataprocessing component needs of business equipment manufacturers.
The Royal McBee Series 500 punch
and reader has a basic speed of 50
Th
pIe
ane
cen
for:
rec
me
wri
DA
,m(
In (
pre
a 1I
at
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mit
56
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
MAGNETIC-TAPE CLEANER
Cybetronics, Inc.
132 Calvary St.
Waltham 54, Mass.
The Cybetronics Model E magnetic-tape cleaner gives safe, rapid cleaning of both blank and recorded tapes. The device removes
lint, dirt, loose oxide, or Mylar
particles from both sides of the
tape in a single pass.
turned to the manufacturer eliminating investment in permanent
equipment.
Power connections are automatically made to each module as it is
plugged into the rack. The schematic of the individual module is
silk-screened onto its face. The
logical diagrams conform to applicable military specs. Connections
may be made at the front or rear
of the module. Each module contains an indicator light to show
the logical statement of the circuit. Simplified loading rules
are printed on the front of each
module. Each module has built-in
short circuit protection.
Blank modules are available
for construction of special circuits by the customer.
NEW ITT-025 DATA PROCESSOR
The cleaning process is entirely dry and does not affect, in
any way, the data stored on the
tape. The machine also operates
as a tape rewinder. Its dimensions are 19" x 14" x 8".
NEW APD DATA ACQUISITION SYSTEM
Genisco Inc.
2233 Federal Ave.
Los Angeles 64, Calif.
A new high-speed version of
the Analog-to-Pulse-Duration (APD)
Data-Acquisition System for process
control has been developed by this
company. The device has a sampling
rate of 200 channels per second.
o
The pulse-duration output is
digitally measured for other uses,
such as display, recording, and
further processing to become input
to digital computing equipment.
The device has a permanent "sample
and hold" feature and can be designed to operate either in sequential or parallel data-sampling.
DIGITAL LOGIC MODULES
Harman-Kardon, Inc.
Data Systems Division
Plainview, N.Y.
[lY
:a·
CT
A line of rentable digital
logic modules has been developed
by this company.
These modules, called Facilogic, can be incorporated in systems
breadboarding or in designing oneshot specialized systems or for
personnel training. When the need
has cnded, the modules can be re-
ITT Federal Laboratories
Division of International
Telephone and Telegraph Co.
Nutley, N.J.
A data processor for communication purposes, adapted to a variety of military applications, has
been developed by this company.
This equipment is a military
switching system for storing and
forwarding communications. Called
the ITT-025, it is able to receive,
process, and transmit messages of
a large number of communication
lines simultaneously. Up to 256
separate jobs can be handled at
the same time. Its functions include automatic alternate routing
of messages, message verification,
retransmission of garbled messages,
continuous self-checking, and traffic accounting to ensure that all
messages are properly received.
COMPUTER I
IPROGRAMMERS I
I
I=
:. .:
I e : .:
I
7030
I (STRETCH), M •
0....
!!
i
7090,
AN/FSQ·7
(SAGE)
~
Nippon Electric Co., Ltd.
Tokyo, Japan
A new medium-scale business
and scientific computer made by
this company will be marketed in
Japan this fall. The new computer
is specifically intended to compete with soine American mediumsized computers, which are gaining
popularity with Japanese users.
The medium-size system, called
NEAC 2230, has operating speeds on
the order of 100 microseconds for
fixed-point addition and subtraction, 3 milliseconds for fixedpoint multiplication, 6 milli-
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
PRO G RAM MER S
U
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MITRE is expanding its effort
on the design and development
of computer programs for critical experiments in the area of
large-scale computer-based !!
command and control systems. II'!
Test facilities are now equipped
with 7090, 1401, and AN/FSQ-7 ~
(SAGE) computers. These facilities will soon be expanded ~
to include a 7030 STRETCH
computer.
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Computer Applications
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Programming Research
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Real Time System Design
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Information Storage and Retrieval
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MITRE Corporation, Post Office Box 208, Dept. ME5, ,Bed·
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MEDIUM-SCALE COMPUTER ANNOUNCED
FOR JAPANESE MARKET
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competition with - industloy. Formed
under the sponsorship of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology,
MITRE is Technical Advisor to the
Air Force Electronic Systems Division.
and chartered to wOlok fOI such other
Government agencies as FAA.
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57
seconds for fixed-point division,
and an internal core memory of
2400 words capacity with an average access time of 5 microseconds.
ADVANCED
PROGRAMMING
RESEARCH
The expanding utilization of
NCR's computer systems has
created new opportunities for
experienced programmers familiar with automatic programming techniques. College
education, plus 2-5 years' experience with large scale magnetic tape systems can qualify
you for a rewarding career
with NCR, one of the world's
leading business machine manufacturers. Recognized and respected wherever men trade,
NCR stands alone for its creative and flexible approach to
business system development.
Aside from the opportunities
present in Programming Resem'ch, other openings in our
expanding operation include:
Installation Representative:
experience required, covers
magnetic tape system programming, knowledge of complete business systems, and
ability to work effectively as
a representative of NCR.
o Programmer: ~for small systems work which requires
good background in data processing as related to normal
business functions and some
knowledge of programming'
of magnetic tape systems. Intermittent customer contact.
• Instructor: experience and education should be such that
the person employed can effectively train programming
personnel. Familiarity with
math and business systems is
desirable. Programming of
magnetic tape systems necessary.
o
Other opportunities may more
nearly meet your particular experience and aspirations. To
investigate, you need only
write, sending complete resume to:
T. F. Wade, Technical Placem'ent,
The National Cash-,Register Company, Main & K Streets, Dayton 9,
Ohio
Along with the medium-sized
computer, NEC also has developed
a large computer system for business and scientific data processing.
NEW PERFORATED TAPE READER
Potter Instrument Company, Inc.
Plainview, N.Y.
This company has shown its
new PTR-50 perforated tape reader
and its companion PTS-50 spooler.
The PTR-50 reader uses photoelectric sensing for two-way highspeed reading and introduces the
Potter Monobrake Tape Stop System,
a device to eliminate tape bounce
and buckling at the read station.
The companion PTS-50 spooler is an
improved version of the Potter
Model 3299 Dual Spooler. Either
two-speed or single-speed units
are available. The PTR-50 and
PTS-50 comb~nation takes tape
widths of 11/16", 7/8", or 1",
with changeover accomplished by
repositioning the tape guide posts.
NEW HIGH-SPEED
DIGITAL CONTROL COMPUTER
Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc.
TRW Computers Company
Canoga Park, Calif.
A new, high~speed control computer system that can perform over
20,000 operations per second has
been developed by th.is company.
The new machine, called TRW-340,
combines a rapid core memory with
a high-volume drum memory.
The computer's core memory is
expandable from 4,000 to 16,000
wordsi drum memory is expandable
from 8,000 to over 112,000 words.
The TRW-340 has the capacity for
almost unlimited expansion of the
number of digital and analog inputs
and outputs. The computer is designed to be compatible with all
optional equipment, including pro~
gramming software, available with
the previous computer TRW-330.
NEW
CONTRACTS
DATATROL CORPORATION
AWARDED NATIONAL SCIENCE FOUNDATION
STUDY CONTRACT
The Datatrol Corporation, Silver Spring, Maryland, has been
awarded a contract by the National
Science Foundation to investigate
problems in applying the technical
indexing and retrieval vocabulary
of one large information system to
documents catalogued in another.
In the proj ect' s initial phase,
a preliminary table of equivalents
will be developed for the descriptors used by the Armed Services
Technical Information Agency in
terms of subject headings employed
by the Atomic Energy Commission.
After the tables of equivalents
are compiled and established in
suitable form, a computer will be
used to edit and update them. The
results will be printed out for
publication.
CUBIC BUILDS PACIFIC
TRACKING STATIONS
Cubic Corporation, San Diego
11, Calif., is supplying tracking
systems for locating and recovering satellites in a vast area west
of the Hawaiian Islands. Two recovery stations in the Pacific are
being supplied under separate contracts totaling $800,000.
The stations are constructed
around the Diamond AGAVE system
(Automatic Gimballed Antenna Vectoring Equipment) which acts as an
acquisition, tracking and telemetry antenna. The AGAVE will locate, lock-on and automatically
track the re-entering vehicle,
providing direction and vector
coordinates in a digital form to
be converted into teletype format
for real-time transmission to air
and sea recovery forces.
VA TO USE DIAL-O-VERTER EQUIPMENT
The Digitronics Corporation,
Albertson, N.Y., has received an
order for four Dial-o-verter magnetic tape terminals from the Veterans Administration. Using this
equipment, the VA will transmit
approximately 4,000,000 words of
insurance data daily over phone
lines.
Two Dial-o-verter terminals
will be installed in the data pro-
A II Eqllal Opportllnity Employer
58
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
THI
DIG
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RND
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OVER $2 MILLION CONTRACT FOR
COLLINS RADIO CO.
Aeronautical Radio, Inc.,
(ARINC) has awarded Collins Radio
Company, Dallas, Texas, a contract
for over $2 million for the first
Collins C-8000 Communication
Switching System.
1,
ARINC is one of the world's
largest specialized communication
companies, furnishing air-groundair and point-to-point communication through domestic and overseas
facilities. It serves all U.S.
airlines, foreign flag aircraft
entering the U.S., and several
hundred corporate aircraft
operators.
led
PACKARD BELL COMPUTER CORP.
AWARDED CONTRACT
The Ford Instrument Division
of Sperry Rand Corporation has awarded a contract to Packard Bell
Computer Corp., Los Angeles 25,
Calif., for two Nontrajectory Recording Systems for shipboard use.
These digital data systems, to be
used as part of the Mobile Atlantic Missile Range System (MARS),
will accept 64 channels of analog
informationj convert the information to digital formj and record
it on magnetic tape in proper
format for automatic processing
by a computer. The systems will
be used in tracking missiles and
satellites fired out over the
Atlantic Missile Range.
The Collins system is an
electronic automatic telegraphmessage switching and processing
exchange which integrates highspeed teletype communication with
data-processing techniques.
{INFORMATION
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cessing center in Philadelphia.
Similar terminals will be installed
in insurance centers in Denver and
St. Paul.
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REQUIRING
DATA SYSTEM ANALYSTS
SENIOR
COMPUTER PROGRAMMERS
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MITRE's expanding role in
systems engineering for the
Air Force Electronic Systems
Division has led to an increased effort in the design
and development of intelligence data processing systems.
There are new opportunities
for creative work in automatic
indexing and retrieval, systerns analysis and synthesis.
MITRE is engaged in the
analysis of intelligence operations at several Air Force
Commands. Command. requirements for accurate and timely
intelligence support is leading
to the use of automatic data
processing systems. MITRE is
assisting the Air Force in determining the extent and
means of applying automatic
data processing to the intelligence problems. This work is
supported by experimental activities at our Bedford operation in pleasant suburban
Boston. Positions are also
available in Colorado Springs,
Colo., Omaha, Neb., and
Washington, D. C.
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1 ME5, Bedford, Mass.
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MITRE is an. independent, nonprofit
corporation working with not in
competition with - industry. Formed
under the sponsorship of the MassachuseUs Institute of Technology,
MITRE is Technical Advisor to the
.Air Force Electronic Systems DivisIon,
ami chartcr-ell to work for Kuch other
Governlllcnt agcnclt's II!I FAA,
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1962
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
Opportunity Employer I
59
CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS
May 7-8, 1962: Fifth Annual Conference of the Association of Records Executives and Administrators, WaldorfAstoria Hotel, New York City; contact Miss Judith
Gordon, AREA Conference publicity chairman, Metal
& Thermit Corp., Rahway, N. J.
May 8-10, 1962: Electronic Components Conference, Marriott Twin Bridges Hotel, Washington, D. c.; contact
Henry A. Stone, Bell Tel. Lab., Murray Hill, N. J.
May 9-11, 1962: Operations Research Society of America,
Tenth Anniversary Meeting, Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D. c.; contact Harold O. Davidson, Operations
Research Inc., 8605 Cameron St., Silver Spring, Md.
May 14-16, 1962: National Aerospace Electronics Conference, Biltmore Hotel, Dayton, Ohio; contact George A.
Langston, 472 5 Rean Meadow Dr., Dayton, Ohio
May 21-25, 1962: Institute on Electronic Information
Display Systems, The American University, Washington,
D. C.; contact Dr. Lowell H. Hattery, Director, Center
for Technology and Administration, The American University, 1901 F St., N.W., Washington 6, D. C.
May 22-24, 1962: Conference on Self-Organizing Systems, Museum of Science and Industry, Chicago, Ill.;
contact Mr. George T. Jacobi, casos Conference
Sec'y, Armour Research Foundation, 10 W. 35 St.,
Chicago 16, Ill.
May 28-June 1, 1962: Colloquium on Modern Computation Techniques in Industrial Automatic Control, Paris,
France; contact French Association of Automatic Control (AFRA), 19, Rue Blance, Paris 9, France.
June 4-14, 1962: Mathematical Techniques of Optimization (1 O-Day Short Course on Operations Research),
Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.; contact Div. of
Adult Education, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.
June II-July 20, 1962: Summer Institute on Advanced
Topics in the Computer Sciences, Computation Center,
University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, N. c.; contact Dr. John W. Carr, III, Computation Center, University of North Carolina, P. O. Box 929, Chapel Hill,
C
A
N.C.
V'
N
June 18-Sept. 14, 1962: Engineering Summer Conference
Courses, Univ. of Mich., Ann Arbor, Mich.; contact
Raymond E. Carroll, Univ. of Mich., 126 West Engineering Bldg., Ann Arbor, Mich.
June 19-21, 1962: Fourth Joint Automatic Control Conference, Univ. of Texas, Austin, Tex.; contact Prof. Otis
L. Updike, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Univ. of
Va., Charlottesville, Va.
June 19-21, 1962: Second
Engineering Symposium
Hotel, San Diego, Calif.;
tee, Inter-Science, Inc.,
Jolla, Calif.
Annual San Diego BioMedical
and Exhibit, Stardust Motor
contact The Program Commit8484 La Jolla Shores Dr., La
June 19-22, 1962: National Machine Accountants Association International Conference, Hotel Statler, New
York, N. Y.; contact R. Calvin Elliott, Exec. Dir.,
NMAA, 524 Busse Highway, Park Ridge, Ill.
ADVERTISING INDEX
Following is the index of advertisements. Each item contains: Name and address of the advertiser / page number
where the advertisement appears / name of agency if any.
American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 195 Broadway,
New York 7, N. Y. / Page 2 / N. W. Ayer & Son, Inc.
Audio Devices, Inc., 444 Madison Ave., New York,
N. Y. / Page 49 / Charles W. Hoyt Co., Inc.
Bendix Computer Division, 5630 Arbor Vitae St. ,
Los Angeles 45, Calif. / Pages 15, 47 / John B.
Shaw Co., Inc.
E. J. Bettinger Co., 20 So. 15 St., Philadelphia 2,
Pa. / Page 59/ Diener & Dorskind
Burroughs Corp., Detroit 32, Mich. / Page 43 /
Campbell-Ewald Co.
California Computer Products, Inc., 8714 Cleta St. ,
Downey, Calif. / Page 7 / Hal Stebbins, Inc.
Computron Inc., 122 Calvary St., Waltham, Mass. /
Page 64 / Larcom Randall Advertising, Inc.
Control Data Corp., 501 Park Ave., Minneapolis 15,
Minn. Pages 10, 11 / Honeywell Electronic Data Processing, Newton Highlands, Mass. / Page 54 / Allied Advertising Agency, Inc.
Honeywell Electronic Data Processing, Wellesley Hills
81, Mass. / Page 55 / Allied Advertising Agency,
Inc.
Honeywell Electronic Data Processing, Wellesley Hills
81, Mass. / Pages 30, 31 / Batten, Barton, Durstine & Osborn
Hughes Aircraft Co., Culver City, Calif. / Page 53 /
Foote, Cone & Belding
60
International Business Machines Corp., 590 Madison
Ave., New York 22, N. Y. / Page 39 / Benton &
Bowles, Inc.
Laboratory for ElectrOnics, Inc., 305 Webster St. ,
Monterey, Calif. / Page 22 / Litton Systems, Inc., Data Systems Div., 6700 Eton
Ave., Canoga Park, Calif. / Page 51 / Compton
Advertising, Inc.
Litton Systems, Inc., Guidance and Control Systems
Div., 5500 Canoga Ave., Woodland Hills, Calif. /
Page 45 / Compton Advertising, Inc.
The Mitre Corp., Box 208, Bedford, Mass. / Pages
57, 59, 61 / The Bresnick Co., Inc.
The National Cash Register Co., Main & K Sts.,
Dayton 9, Ohio / Pages 4, 58 / McCann-Erickson,
Inc.
The National Cash Register Co., Electronics Div. ,
1401 E. EI Segundo Blvd., Hawthorne, Calif. /
Page 8/ Allen, Dorsey & Hatfield, Inc.
Potter Instrument Co., Inc., Plainview, N. Y. /
Page 62 / Gamut, Inc.
Reeves Soundcraft Corp., Great Pasture Rd., Danbury, Conn. / Page 3 / The Wexton Co., Inc.
Scientific Development Corp., 372 Main St., Watertown, Mass. / Page 56 / Chirurg & Cairns, Inc.
Space Technology Laboratories, Inc., P. O. Box
95005, Los Angeles 45, Calif. / Page 41 / Fuller
& Smith & Ross, Inc.
Tally Register Co., 1310 Mercer St., Seattle 9,
Wash. / Page 9/ Bonfield Associates, Inc.
Technical Operations, Inc., 3600 M St., N. W.,
Washington 7, D. C. / Page 63 / Edwin F. Hall
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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
COM
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NEW
APPLICA TIONS
COMPUTER TO AID IN BATTLE
AGAINST HURRICANES
A high-speed scientific computer is being put into service by
a group of Department of Commerce
Weather Bureau meteorologists to
aid in their battle against the
hurricane. Twenty-five meteorologists and data processing experts
are using a new General Electric
225 computer to process hundreds
of thousands of weather readings.
Their goal is to build a mathematical model of a hurricane to permit
more rapid forecasting.
Reconnaissance aircraft, which
fly through live hurricanes, collect approximately 100,000 readings
on their instruments in a single
day. The collected data are stored
on magnetic tapes until completion
of the flight. The tapes are then
taken to the computer center and
placed in the computer for a series
of processing routines.
The National Hurricane Research Project was authorized by
Congress in late 1955. A sister
group of NlffiP, the Research Flight
Facility, is charged with the responsibility for airborne data
collection.
ANALOG COMPUTING TECHNIQUE
SIMPLIFIES RESEARCH ON
EFFECTS OF DRUGS
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many
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casler
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Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center,
New York, N.Y., and Electronic
Gear, Inc., have together developed a machine useful in analyzing the effects of different drugs
on the human body.
The equipment analyzes the
air inhaled and exhaled by a person and converts the measurements
into electrical signals, which
are fed directly to a specialpurpose analog computer. The computer was designed to solve a special equation, the solution of
which shows how completely the air
cells of the lungs are ventiiated
during the breathing process.
This ventilation factor serves as.
a measure of the response of the
respiratory center of the brain,
and this is useful in the study
of the depressant effects of various drugs.
Medical researchers will now
have a simple technique for evaluation of new drugs by simultaneous
study of many physiological factors. It is also expected that the
equipment will improve understanding of respiration during anesthesia.
SECRET SERVICE PUTS ELECTRONIC EYE
ON FORGERS
The U. S. Secret Service,
Washington, D.C., after two years
of testing, is convinced that cleotronic classification of handwriting characteristics could serve to
alert all areas of the nation to a
check forging operation. It has
asked Congress for $10,000 to rent
its own computer time.
The service's forgery section
handles about 40,000 forgeries a
year. Professional forgers steal
government checks, mostly from
mail boxes, in one city, forge the
endorsement, and cash them elsewhere. They keep on the move so
that by the time the theft and
forgery are discovered the culprit
is no longer nearby. It is hard
to watch out for him because the
forger never uses the same name
twice.
Careful study of past forgeries by the same person produces
clues about him. James L. Lewis,
special agent in charge of the
service's forgery section, has developed a system for classifying
the letters as appearing in forged
signatures. He enters such letters in a master file. By scanning the file, Mr. Lewis or his
assistant, Special Agent Paul E.
Henne, often can match a batch of
checks forged by the same person.
Scanning the master file by
hand and eye, however, is slow
and time consuming. But it can
be done ele~tronically -- by a
computer which then prints a list
of all forged checks featuring
the same unusual letter or letters.
ELECTRONICS INVENTORY CONTROL
PROBLEM SOLVED BY COMPUTER
A major electronics distributor has tight control of inventory·
covering 30,000 ite~s through a
continuous processing system that
reports activity and status for
all items daily. The New York
computer center of Statistical
Tabulating Corporation processes
the card input on its 1400-series
computer.
About 600 orders are processed daily. A daily report is
given to the electronics distributor showing activity customer by
which
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Large.seale syslem design, 1,,.1,
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The Federal Aviation Agency
has selected MITRE to estab)ish an experimental air traffic control "system test bed."
Operations, equipment, and
computer program techniques
will be designed, implemented, tested, and evaluated in
the "system :test bed" prior
to incorporation in a new
national air traffic control
system.
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immediately fOl' this impOl'tant job
and thereaftel' for MITRE's expand.
ing role in the design and development of real time computer.based
systems.
Recent college graduates with high
scholastic achievements and an inter·
est in these fields are also invited
to apply. MITRE is located in pleas.
ant suburban Boston,
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Write in confidence to Vice
President - Technical Operations, The MITRE Corporation, P. O. Box 208, Dept.
ME5, Bedford, Mass.
MITRE is an independent. nonprofit
corporation wOl'king with - not in
competition with-industry. Formed
under the sponsorship of the Massa-
~
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Ail' Force Electronic Systems Divi·
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olhel' Govel'nment agencies as FAA.
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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1962
61
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customer. An order point for each
item is established each month by
the computer to reflect the pace
of orders, sales, deliveries, and
incoming shipments. The computer
signals management when inventory
of an item falls below order point.
The firm reports information
is now maintained up to the minut~
closing up a lag of one month to
six weeks which existed when the
company used a perpetual inventory
control card system and manual
computation. In addition, substantial savings are being realized from faster turnover and
reduced inventories.
they chose
New
(F)(d)uu~ LWE""-1
Tape Transports
for
~~~J__~~~"~.r~~~.~_~
"
NTDS is a shipboard computer
system designed to speed the
processing of tactical information.
It provides rapid communication
of combat data between shipspermitting them to act faster and
with greater accuracy in tactical
situations.
Potter M906 TI Tape Transports
were chosen for the NTDS 1206
Military Computer because they
provide optimum reliability.
In actual operation, units like
these can read or write at the fantastic rate of 360,000 alpha-numeric characters per second at packing densities to 1500 per inch on
I-inch tape ... with drop-outs fewer than 1 in 108 !
To learn how Potter Digital Tape
Drives can be applied to your computer system, write today for
details!:
PC:>TTER
[MIilliT.:'LAINVIEW, NEW
YORK
Computing
Centers
CENTER FOR TRANSLATION OF
COMPUTER LANGUAGES
A half-million dollar center
for the translation of data languages is being built at the Electronic Engineering Company of California, Santa Ana, Calif. The
Translation Center will be available to all organizations having
computers that must "talk" to
each other.
Translation has become necessary in electronic data processing
because various computer manufacturer's systems employ data languages which are "foreign" to one
another.
The equipment used in the
EECO Computer Tape Conversion Service includes a magnetic tape
adapter unit, an IBM 1401 compute~
and various tape machines required
for RCA, Remington Rand, and Burroughs computer systems.
CHICAGO UNIVAC
SERVICE CENTER EXPANDS
Two Univac solid-state magnetic tape computing systems, with associated peripheral equipment have
been installed at the Remington
Rand Univac branch offices at' 444
N. Michigan Ave., Chicago. The
Center will now occupy an entire
floor of the building.
The new equipment includes
both 80 and 90 column card input
as well as magnetic tape. A
trained staff of systems analysts
and programmers will be available.
INSTRUMENT CO., INC.
62
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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 19G2
adv,
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ATTENDING TH E SPRING
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Weare addressing this message to programming scientists on a project leader level who
have been in one phase or another of programming work over the past few years and are now seriously
assessing their long-range professional development. We are particularly interested in programming
scientists who feel that their assignments have hot been broad enough to develop their professional
and managerial capabilities to the fullest extent. If this strikes a responsive chord with you, we may
have a position of more than casual interest.
Tech/Ops' work in Washington, where our staff numbers almost a hundred, consists of
solving through the use of rather advanced computer simulation, operations research and related techniques, somewhat complex problems for a variety of different organizations. Sponsors range from Headquarters, U.S. Air Force, for whom we operate Project Omega (a simulation of a large scale strategic air
war battle), to the Federal Aviation Agency (analysis of air traffic control systems). Some of the kinds
of problems in a little more detail:
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Development of programming systems (assemblers, compilers, translators, generators, string
handling packages, and the like). We have constructed and are using CL-l and are now ready
to build a more powerful computer language.
o
Simulation techniques: using high-speed computers to determine the impact ofnew operational procedures, plans or equipment, when direct experimentation is too costly or otherwise impractical.
o
Analysis and programming for command control systems; status and employment of resources;
routing and scheduling; information storage, retrieval and display; report generation.
o
Evaluation of large, complex weapons and communications systems, studies of logistic systems
to increase operational efficiency.
o
Mathematical analysis and its application to operational problems; e. g., queueing theory,
linear programming, inventory control analysis, equations describing combat operations.
Scientists who fare best in our environment essentially have the problem-solving approach
coupled with a specialty in one or more of the following fields: programming; programming systems;
information storage, retrieval and display; simulation models; command control systems and manmachine war games. In addition to programming scientists on a project leader level, appointments are
also available for promising programmers of lesser experience.
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Contact Mr. Kingsley Andersson at the Mark Hopkins Hotel, May 1st to 3rd
TECHNICAL OPERATIONS, INCORPORATED
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3600 M STREET N. W., WASHINGTON 7, D. C.
P. S. While at the Conference, don't forget to picl< up from Tech/Ops a free copy of THE GAME of WAR
which traces the history of war gaming from ancient chess as played 3,000 years ago through
modern computer gaming with authentic illustrations of each period.
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P. S. Computape doesn't really talk, of course. But in a computer, Computape reliability will deliver its
own message. New COMPUTAPE, the premium quality computer and instrumentation tape, is [r:~~\
the product of the only company devoted exclusively to the manufacture of quality tapes for r~---
data processing and instrumentation. Investigate new Computape today, Better still, immediately. \
CDMPUTRDN INC.
122 Calvary Street. Waltham. Massachusetts
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