196211

196211 196211

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Integrated Automatic
Control SystemsApplications and
Frontiers
The Catalytic Power
of Business-Decision
Gaming in Teaching
Management Science
ALCOL-A Simple
Explanation
The Case for Buying
a Used Computer
The Used Computer
Market

Computers Talk Via Telstar

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Now your data processing machines can talk to each other by telephonejust like people.
Well-not exactly like people. The machines use the special new telephone shown on the right. It's called a DATA-PHONE data set. And with it they
talk much faster than people-up to 2500 words per minute, and even faster
when private leased lines are used_
A DATA-PHONE data set can help your business machines send any kind
of data that can be put on cards or tape-in any quantity, to any place. Calling
rates are exactly the same as for regular telephone calls.
We can't begin to tell you all about the benefits of DATA-PHONE service in
this brief message. Let one of our Communications Consultants show you how
DATA-PHONE service can extend the reach of your operation and payoff in real
time and money savings. Just call your Bell Telephone Business Office.

BELL TELEPHONE SYSTEM

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WHAT GOES INTO A SUPERIOR COMPUTER TAPE?

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Many things, tangible and intangible, go into' the making of EP Computer
Audiotape. On the tangible side, only the finest materials and equipmentmeticulously selected ~nd constantly tested-are used in producing this extra
precision computer tape. In addition, every reel is 100% c:hecked on speciallydesigned Automatic Certifiers to insure that each of the 112 million test pulses
(161 million on high density tapes) reproduce properly ... Less tangible but
just as important are our years of experience in this exacting field. EXperience
that tells you Extra Precision Computer Audiotape consistently lives up to its
name. Once you try this superior computer tape, we're certain that you'll agree.

kill,
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EP COMPUTER AUDIOTAPE I AUDIO DEVICES INC., 444 MADISON AVE., N. Y.
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162

COMPUTERS alld AUTOMATION for November, 1962

COMPUTERS
and AUTOMATION
COMPUTERS AND DATA PROCESSORS, AND THEIR CONSTRUCTION,
APPLICATIONS, AND IMPLICATIONS, INCLUDING AUTOMATION
Volume XI
Number 11

NOVEMBER, 1962

Esta blished
September, 1951

of
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cat
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FRONT COVER

Computer Communications Via Telstar

EDMUND C. BERKELEY.

. 1,43

Editor and. Publis/:Jer
PATRICK

MCGOVERN

Associate Publisher
MOSES M. BERLIN
Assistant Editor
NEIL D: MACDONALD Assistant Editor
Assistant Editor
L. LADD LOVETT
Prodllc
lion Manager
ANN B. BAKER
CONTRIBUTING EDITORS
ANDREW

BOOTH
NED CHAPIN

JOHN W. CARR, III
ALSTON· S. HOUSEHOLDER
PETER KUGEL

ADVISORY COMMITTEE
GEORGE E. FORSYTHE
RICHARD W. HAMMING
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
HERBERT F. MITCHELL, JR.

SALES AND SERVICE DIRECTOR
ROGER BARNARD

8 15 Washington St.
Newtonville 60, Mass.
DEcatur 2-5453
ADVERTISING REPRESENTATIVES
Los Angeles 5, WENTWORTH F; GREEN
439 So. Western Ave •. DUnkirk7-8135

San Francisco 5

A •. S. BABCOCK

605 Market St.

YUkon 2;.3954

Elsewhere

THE. PUBLISHER

8 1 5 Washington St.

DEcatur 2-5453

Newtonville 60, Mass.

Co
tor
eae

ARTICLES

Integrated Automatic Control Systems-Applications
and Frontiers, Part I, by JOHN R. MOORE
The Catalytic Power of Business-Decision Gaming m
Teaching Management Science, by
MARK E. STERN
ALGOL-A Simple Explanation, by DR. RICHARD
F. CLIPPINGER.

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The Case for Buying a Used Computer,
by I. M. ANONYMOUS .

3,0'
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The Used Computer Market, by NEIL MACDONALD

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READERS' AND EDITOR'S FORUM

Color-Coded Tape Filing

Calendar of Coming Events

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ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK

New Applications

Automation

New Products

New Firms, Divisions, and Mergers

New Installations

Computing Centers

People of Note

New Contracts

Business News

38
\

1
COMPUTERS and AUTOMA nON is published monthly at
S15 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass., by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. Printed in U.S.A.

Monthly Computer Census

Books and Other Publications, by MOSES M. BERLIN

New Patents, by RAYMOND R. SKOLNICK

SUBSCRIPTION RATES: United States, $15.00 for 1 year,
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add 50c a year for postage; foreign, add $1. 5 a year for postage. Address all Editorial and Subscription Mail to Berkeley
Enterprises, Inc., S 15 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass.

INDEX OF NOTICES

ENTERED AS SECOND CLASS MATTER at the Post Office
at Boston, Mass.

Advertising Index

POSTMASTER: Please send all Forms 3579 to Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass.
Copyright, 1962, by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.
CHANGE of ADDRESS: If your address changes, please send us
both your new address and your old address (as it appears on the
magazine address imprint), and allow three weeks for the change
to be made.

F
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REFERENCE INFORMATION

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Computer Directory and Buyers' Guide

3,0

see Oct., page 51

Glossary of Computer Terms.

Manuscripts

Statement of Ownership and Management.

Who's Who Entry Form.

COMPUTERS ami AUTOMATION for November, 1962

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The answer is YES ... if

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o You want a hand in today's most important computer developments

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o You want a chance to use ALL of your abilities
o You want stimulating work in an exhilarating atmosphere

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o You have proven ability in any of these areas ...

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ENG~NlElERING

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Large - Scale Data Systems

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Programming Systems Design
Training

Logic Design

• Systems Analysis
Technical Writing
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Memory Development

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Circuit Design

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SEND YOUR RESU ME in confidence to: F. E. Bradley, Professional Employment

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\j\s\t us at t e

PHILeo
A SUBSIDIARY OF

(Jf;;a~.otur?5~

COMPUTER

DIVISION
3900 Welsh Road, Willow Grove, Pa. Phone: 215-0L 9-7700

lUV

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CO:\IPUTERS and :\UTO:\IATIO:'-J for November, 1962

EQUAL

OPPORTUNITY

EMPLOYER

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... and five reasons vvhy it vvill pay you to knovv!
The Control Data 1604j1604-A Computer, demonstrated a leader in a competitive and demanding field,
continues to prove its ability to scientists and engineers as the computer to solve their problems, and
to management as the computer to help maintain
their profit. Here are the reasons why!
RELIABILITY: The 1604j1604-A continues to log
an unusual history of "uptime." Why? The people
from Control Data have been making computers for
a long, long time. Their experience, their reputation
are built into every Control Data computer. Your
confidence has been their objective, your demands
have been their guide. This is why the 1604j1604-A
proven records set a high standard of performance.
SOFTWARE: With the Control Data 1604/1604-A
(i

Computer come proven programming systems that
grow with your needs: These systems include PERT •
COBOL * • CODAP· CO-OP MONITOR· LINEAR
PROGRAMMING • ALGOL* • FORTRAN 62
• FORTRAN 63*.
These systems will also be compatible with the
3600 Computer. Additional, proven programming
systems (including JOVIAL) are available through
the Co-op users organization.
SERVICES: A wide range of proven services come
with the 1604j1604-A. These include Programming
Assistance • Programmer and Operator Training
• Programming Systems Improvement • Installation
Check-out • Post Installation Assistance • System
Analysis • On-site Customer Engineering.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1962

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the Control Data 1604/1604-A
APPLICATIONS: The power, versatility and usefulness of the Control Data 1604/1604-A Computer
are demonstrated by the many users who rely upon
its proven problem-solving capabilities. Real-time,
on-line data reduction/data acquisition, large-scale
problem-solving, large-scale data processing, biomedical and institutional research, weather prediction, oceanography, petroleum reservoir analysis, and
flight simulation to name a few. Names of these
satisfied users are available to you through the Control Data office near you.
LOW-COST: The Control Data 1604/1604-A is
available today at an amazingly low cost. With its
proven performance, programming systems and services, the Control Data 1604/1604-A offers the most
computer for the least dollars spent.
CO.\IPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1962

These are the main reasons why so many computer
users prefer the Control Data 1604/1604-A. To learn
more about how the 1604/1604-A can solve your
computing problems now, contact the Control Data
representative nearest you.
*Available in early 1963.

Offices: Albuquerque. Beverly Hills. Birmingham • Boston • Chicago.
Cleveland. Dallas. Dayton. Denver • Detroit • Honolulu • Houston •
Ithaca. Kansas City. Minneapolis • Newark • Orlando • Palo Alto
• Washington, D.C .• Toronto. Bad Homburg. Zurich

8100-34th Avenue South
Minneapolis 20,
Minnesota

CONTROL DATA
CORPORATION
7

INTEGRATED AUTOMATIC CONTROL SYSTEMSAPPLICATIONS and FRONTIERS
PART I
John R. Moore
President
Autonetics, a division of
North American Aviation, Inc.
Downey, Calif.

A skilled and significant analysis of the present science
of automatic control, and its application to defense,
space, and automation. The frontier problems that
challenge its application are thoughtfully reviewed.

This year 1962 is a year which may very well be
recognized as the beginning of the first plateau of
maturity for the industries that automatic control has
helped to create. This is because 1962 has seen the
infusion of reality into the financial appraisal of the
glamour companies, and the recognition by owners
and managers of these new industries that most of
the same principles of good management are just
as applicable to the industries whose products have
a high technical content as they are to businesses
whose products are of a much more conventional
nature.
Signs of maturity are also evident among the scientists and engineers who created these new industries
and who must continue to act as whole partners with
management and finance in continuing to create and
exploit the new scientific breakthroughs which will
firmly establish automatic control in its ultimate position as the greatest servant of mankind. This maturity takes a number of forms:
1. The number of engineers and scientists enrolled
in postgraduate or extension courses in marketing and
management is testimony that the importance of market and management factors in technical decisions is
now widely recognized by the technical experts. The
idea of tradeoffs among technical performance, cost,
schedule, physical characteristics, and reliability has
now become widely accepted as a factor in technical
decisions. The cost and time for a development, as
well as the accuracy with which these elements can
be forecast, are now firmly entrenched as significant
parameters in the selection of technical alternatives.
Finally, an increasing number pf scientists and engineers has come to realize that their technical brilliance
is wasted if their ideas cannot be sold, and that it is
a hollow satisfaction to be able to prove that something new and wonderful can be done unless means
are found to ensure that it will be done.
2. Electronics engineers and dynamicists have discovered the importance of electrical, mechanical, and
field service engineers in the translation of their diagrams and equations into operating realities. We all
know of some brilliant idea which was dimmed by
the fact that it was lJased upon unrealistic assumpt ions (or oversimplifications) regarding the quality of
inpllt power; the characteristics of output load; the
difficlIlties with electromagnetic and ground loop
(Based on a talk to the 1962 Joint Automatic Control Conference,
York, N. Y., June 27·29, 1962.)

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'coupling; the effects of externally originated disturbances; the basic inadequacies of relays, slip rings, and
connectors; or the tolerances of elements and components-particularly under uncontrolled environmental conditions.
3. The overriding importance of reliability in concept, design, manufacture, operation, and maintenance of automatic control systems has been thoroughly recognized. Unreliability of electronic equipment is the greatest deterrent to full exploitation of
the theoretical potentialities of automatic control
today-far greater than size, weight, or cost. The
importance of reliability engineering on both systems
and their components will continue to increase as
advances in analysis, synthesis, and microminiaturization make increasingly complex equipment feasible.
4. Our new ability to use high-speed, high-capacity
digital computers as controllers for automatic control
systems, plus the advent of microminiaturization, has
provided the flexibility for universal application to
systems of almost any complexity, involving almost
any combination of scientific disciplines. This new
flexibility provides the base from which automatic
control can be adapted to applications ranging from
space vehicles to automatic factories-from complex
air-traffic-control systems to the most microscopic of
biological measurements and processes-from the unmanned vehicles of oceanological exploitation to the
complex man-machine systems of industry and
sociology.
5. In the areas of technology, the automatic control industry has now burst the bonds of sub-audio
electronics and dynamics within which it had its birth.
Today, because of the broadening application of his
industry into all fields, the automatic control technologist must be able to understand and communicate with technologists from almost every field of
endeavor. These fields include the whole "hit parade"
of modern science-astro, nuclear, cryogenic, and solid
state physics; aero-dynamics; thermodynamics; information theory; digital computer logic; process chemistry; oceanology; manufacturing methods; management systems; communication systems; biochemistry;
psychometry; and medicine. This universality of
automatic control science application has brought
about a lowering of the barriers of disciplinary specialty to permit an intermingling of the most widely
diversified technologies. As a result, a new breed of
technologists has evolved. This is the technical genCOMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1962

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eralist. Thoroughly grounded in the basic sciences,
he is also capable of specializing as required to perform the marriage of disciplines involved in the
complex automatic control systems of today.
From such a platform of blossoming maturity, it is
possible to discuss with confidence some of the challenges which face the automatic control industry
today, and to predict the course of this technology
in the decade of the sixties.
Evolution of the Science of Automatic Control
A basic principle of information theory precludes
the prediction of the future without the proper
processing of information from the past. Accordingly
it is appropriate, at such a conference as this, to pause
for a short look at where we have been before we
attempt to determine where we are going.
The science of automatic control began with the
analysis of coupled systems. This analysis involved
such devices as steering mechanisms for ships; and
regulators of voltage, current, temperature, pressure,
and speed. Generally speaking, this analysis took the
form of phase-plane plots for on-off ("bang-bang")
systems, or the linearization of continuous variable
systems so that they could be attacked by applications of the theory of linear differential equations.
As an aid to the setting up of multiply coupled systems, the various types of operational techniques
were evolved. These varied from the highly intui tive
"operational calculus" of Oliver Heaviside to the
much more rigorously established Fourier and Laplace transform methods. The more fortunate system analysts even had access to one of the (then)
small number of available analog differential analyzers.
During this period, systems were "designed"-not
"synthesized." The engineer pre-selected the form of
his system elements and then analyzed, through a
discrete set of solutions, the effect of those variations
of parameters over which he had control to determine
a satisfactory (although not optimum) system. It was
evident that a system was not satisfactory if it were
prone to oscillating continuously or "running away."
This led to the recognition of stability as a necessary
condition of satisfactory operation. It resulted in much
concentration on the use of "damping," both linear
and nonlinear. It also led to attempts at inertia reduction by the use of clutches and brake-clutch combinations. These ideas are still good today, subject
to the same mechanical limitations that have always
prevented the successful application of impact and
friction devices to high-rate duty-cycle operation.
The science of automatic control got its first real
boost with the intensification of applications just
prior to and during World War II. This involved
not only the requirements for controlling the radar
tracking of targets; the directing of projectiles; and
the automatic piloting of aircraft, torpedoes, and
missiles-but also the design of long-line communication networks. Indeed, it was in connection with
the design of such networks that the first great step
toward the development of a cohesive method for
linear system synthesis was developed. This first step
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1962

.... '.'.,.

consisted of the application· of what have become
known as "frequency response" techniques, and it
established relationships between system stability and
its response to a spectrum of input frequencies of
unit amplitude.
During these sallle war years, the design of linear
filters to optimize the detection of signals in the
presence of noise was stlldied and first revealed in
Dr. Norbert Wiener's famolls paper (known to all
engaged in Fire Control Compllter Design, by the
name the "Yellow Peril").
As a result of all of the wartime technological activity, a new scientific discipline, "Servomechanism
Theory," was born. This discipline began to appear
in the curricula of universities and in the training
courses both of major companies and of the armed
services. The more ardent devotees of this discipline
almost constituted a cult characterized by a new jargon unfamiliar to the lesser beings in the outside
world. Theirs was a domain of "dead time," "time
constant," "overshoot," "settling time," "gain,"
"phase," "db per octave," "feedback," "equalizers,"
"gain margin," "phase margin," "gain-crossover,"
"Nyquist plots," and "Bode diagrams." The really
sophisticated members of the cult even spoke wisely
of "autocorrelation functions" and "cross-correlation
functions."
Meanwhile, scientists and engineers using principles less formally designated were continuing to improve the performance of electromechanical feedback
systems hy the simple expedient of improving the
accllracy of detectors, inneasing- t he rapidity of response of power elements, eliminat ing sOllrces of unwanted distllrhance or noise, and hy lIsing nonlinear
system elements to obtain beLLel' performance from a
qualitative or intuitive analysis than could ever be
obtained with the best linear systems. Therefore, in
retrospect, the real contribution of the war and early
postwar years was not so much the development of
powerful new tools for syn thesizing linear servomechanisms using unimprovable components as it
was three other factors:
First, the collection and the formalization of methods for performing the theoretical design of automatic control systems resulted in a great increase in
the number of scientists and engineers engaged in
automatic control activities. This produced such a
flood of papers in technical journals that many were
only slight variations of each other and prompted the
well-known quip that a technical session on servos
was like a group of individuals with the same blood
disease giving each other transfusions.
Second, the limitations of control system design
using linear methods involving slide rules, charts,
and desk calculators caused automatic control engineers to develop much more powerful design techniques. The new approach included the use of simulators and digital compute.rs capable of handling
nonlinear, multivariable systems; and permitted introduction of the high-speed electronic digital computer
as a real-time control and programming elemen t of
the system.
Finally, the large increase ill the number of indi!I

viduals knowledgeable in servo matters permitted a
wide extension of applications of automatic control
theory to the point where a whole host of new
problems was attacked. This resulted in a breakout
of the science from its limited single-input, singleoutput, continuous variable, linear, analog characteristics to its present domain of multivariable, nonlinear, discrete valued, man-machine sophistication.
Automatic Control Today
1. The Stimulus of the Defense Program. The
Plateau of "Maturity which characterizes the automatic
control industry of today has been achieved under
the intense stimulation of the national defense program. Perhaps 1 should rephrase that to read the
"First Plateau of Maturity" because, although our
industry has come of age in an important class of
applications, the exploitation of new ideas involving
microminiaturization, adaptive controls and bionics
during the next decade will make today's proud
accomplishments seem as archaic in 1975 as those of
the pre-war er~ seem today. .
It is, perhaps, a sad commentary on our society
that only the fear of a cataclysmic national catastrophe can provide the economic means for scientific
and industrial achievements which promise to make
as much progress in three decades as might otherwise
have been achieved in a millenium; for what board
of directors would have authorized the expenditures
required to harness nuclear energy, develop jet aircraft, send satellites into orbit, undertake the manned
conquest of space, and develop the pool of scientific
manpower and facilities necessary to achieve these
and many other technical accomplishments of equal
or greater significance? The billions poured into the
defense effort have not only sparked fantastic advances on all scientific fronts, but have also developed,
apace, the science of complex interacting systems and
the science of management required for the integration and full exploitation of the widely-diversified,
improved technologies.
2. A utomatic Control at the Center of A II Scientific Progress. The automatic control industry finds
itself at the very heart of the modern integration of
scientific disciplines into many-element coupled systems. In fact, it might be properly considered the
cement which holds many other scientific endeavon
together and which has made possible, and which
will continue to make possible, many breakthroughs
in all areas of scientific activity. This is because automatic control systems contain analogs of the controlling elements of man himself-sensors, reflexes,
"muscles" and "brains."
3. The Automatic Crew. The comparison of the
functions of automatic control systems with the duties
of the men whom they serve and replace establishes a
basis for classification of present automatic-controlsystem applications and the key to the avenues of
their greater utility in the future. Thus, the first great
sl imllills to the development of the modern autolila I ic control industry can generally be classified as
I he mcchanization of certain functions previously
pcrformed by the crews of military vehicles. These
10

include automatic gunners, automatic bombardiers,
automatic pilots, automatic navigators, automatic
engineers, automatic vehicle commanders and the
often forgotten (but every bit as important) automatic crew chiefs.
Each member of the automatic crew is required
to perform functions involving several coupled inputs
and outputs, several sensors and usually several power
elements. Thus, the progress which brought automatic control to the present technological level also
evolved important advances in sensors and power
elements as well as the computing and amplifying
systems which interconnect them. Moreover, progress
has had to be made in the science of man-machine
combinations or "human factors," since, in many
cases, the human crew member is still part of the
system. Four examples of some of the different members of the automatic crew will illustrate how defense
applications have spearheaded advances in automatic
control.
3.1. The Automatic Gunner. First consider the
automatic gunner. His is the problem of directing
the path of projectiles accurately enough to destroy
a target. He requires information to determine that a
possible target exists; to identify it as an enemy target; to determine, in a suitable reference frame, the
target's three coordinates of past and present position
and, insofar as possible, their probable future values.
The automatic gunner must also be able to determine
the projectile'S three coordinates of present and future
position; to eliminate, insofar as possible, the effects
.of unwanted inputs such as angular motion of the
position sensing vehicle and projectile launching platform plus background disturbances from false targets.
He must also be able to control the projectile's motion
to maximize the probability of destroying the target.
One mechanization of the automatic gunner involves the control of an unguided rocket, launched
from an interceptor aircraft against a bomber target.
Here, the non-linear, multi-variable characteristics of
the control system result from the geometrical relations among the reference axes which must be used
for the various system elements, plus the dynamics
of the bomber, rocket, and interceptor.
3.2. A utomatic Pilot. A second example of the
advance of automatic control technology lies in the
general class of systems known as automatic pilots.
As the name implies, automatic pilots replace some
or all of the functions of human pilots. For example,
the sophisticated aircraft automatic pilot today is
capable of stabilizing the aircraft against the effect
of rough air; maintaining pre-set angle- and rate-ofclimbs, a constant air speed or :Mach number, a COllstant altitude and heading; and it may also be coupled
into various approach and navigation systems to provide effective flight path control under almost all
conditions after take-off and before landing. Indeed,
very successful development programs have been carried out which included automatic ground control,
take-off and landing of both manned and unmanned
aircraft. Some of these developmental automatic
pilots have been applied to the complete control of

(Please turn to Page 47)
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1962

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A cursory analysis leads some to say that five breaks and reJoins are required to
make a fifteen-link chain out of five chains of 1,2,3,4, and 5 links. If you say four,
you show imagination and perception. The optimal solution, three, requires the ingenuity, acumen - Achphenomenon, if you will-that is welcome at Litton Systems.
We are looking for engineers who can disregard the brjck-~nd-mortar approach and
see the unobserved. Engineers who avoid the tendency to think in traditional chann~.ls. If you're relatively unhampered by stereotypes, send a resume to Mr. Don B.
Krause, Manager Professional an d Scientific Staffing. Anticipate a prompt reply.

nee,

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19O,

197)2

LITTON SYSTEMS, INC.
GUIDANCE AND CONTROL SYSTEMS DIVrSION
5500 CANOGA AVENUE, WOODLAND HILLS, CALIF.
Guidance Systems. Control Systems. Computers. Computer Component:;
An Equal Opportunity Employer

The Catalytic Power of Business-Decision Gaming
In Teaching Management Science
Mark E. Stern
IBM Corp. and
The Graduate School
of Business Administration
New York University
New York, N. Y.

Computers have streamlined business operations in
many areas. N ow they are being used increasingly to
strengthen the education of tomorrow's businessman.
Here is a case study on how a computer is being used
to help business students integrate the tools of accounting, finance, marketing, and psychology into a
balanced decision-making ability.

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The new :Management Science program at the
Graduate School of Business Administration of New
York University contains particular emphasis upon
the use of a business game as an integral part of
the program. No attempt has been made so far to
validate the hypothesis that the gaming sessions impart more knowledge to the students than would an
equivalent amount of case discllssion or lecturing,
but the gaming sessions do rouse interest; however,
it should be noted that neither case discussion nor
lecturing has been validated, either.
The philosophy of GBA, as well as the Masters'
Degree Program for Day Students into which Management Science has been integrated, has a basic premise.
This is that managers of tomorrow must combine
technical competence and social responsibility with
their knowledge of business administration in order
to bring breadth and depth to the decision-making
process. Implicit in this philosophy is the realization
that professional competence requires a thorough
grounding in quantitative subjects as well as an
understanding of the economic and social forces
influencing business action.
Masters' Degree Program
These principles are embodied in the new Masters'
Degree Program for Day Students inaugurated at
GBA only last year and principally designed for recent college graduates who will devote full time for
four semesters to attaining the MBA degree. The
first group of students numbered 43, the incoming
class will be over 50, and it is expected that the
numbcr of students in the program will grow to
about 350 in the next 5 years. Admittedly, the Day
Studcnts arc a relatively small proportion of our
IOlal student body of over 5,000, but they are an
Based on a talk before the International Meeting of the Institute of
l\lanagement Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan,
September 9-11, 1962.

excellent group upon which to begin curriculum
innovation.
The first two terms of the Day MBA program
consist entirely of required courses in the functional
areas of marketing, production, management, and
finance, as well as in the quantitative subjects of
accounting, mathematics, statistics, economics, and
human behavior. Of course, in the third and fourth
terms the students are able to elect advanced courses
such as Econometrics, Mathematical Programming,
Decision Theory, Market Research, and Managerial
Measurements and Controls. Two aspects of the Day
l\;[asters' Degree program are particularly important:
1. 25% of the student's first year core requirements is in the subjects of mathematics and
statistics.
2. Students may elect to concentrate in the· area
of :Management Science in order to obtain the
MBA.
In other words, Management Science has been
afforded the same status as marketing, production,
or finance, but this of course is only the first step
in developing a meaningful Management Science
program.

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Mathematics and Statistics
The next step was to find a way to usc to best
effect the 25% of the first year student's time that
was to be devoted to the study of mathematics and
statIstIcs. Which topics in mathematics were most
valuable in the training of a future business manager?
In what depth could the students be expected to
comprehend the material inasmuch as their mathematics backgrounds ranged from a basic knowledge
of high school algebra through a competence in
calculus and some finite mathematics?
Two Management Science core courses in mathematics and statistics had to be developed; the second
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course includes the use of a business game. Although
only :Management Science students were required to
take both courses, the enrollment in each was about
15.
The first course that required development was
the mathematics course given during Term 1. Its
goal was to impart to the students all the 11onstatistical mathematical knowledge that they would
need in their future work. After considering backgrounds of the students, it was concluded that the
course would start with some elements of college
algebra and analytic geometry and then proceed at
a rapid pace through functions and limits, differential and integral calculus, difference and differential
equations, matrix and vector algebra, and finally
linear programming and decision theory. Throughout,
the course was to be oriented to business problems.
Now that I have developed and taught the course
(and, as a matter of fact, just completed a manuscript of a text that covers the mathematics topics
briefly outlined above), I am more thoroughly convinced than before that business students grounded
in college algebra can and should be exposed to these
topics in mathematics if they are to have the best
chance of succeeding in the business world.
Our experiment in lYIanagement Science continued
into the second term of the school year with the
announcement of a course which was not only to
provide the Statistics background necessary for business students, but was also designed to give them
an opportunity to use quantitative methods in the
solution of problems in broad areas of business policy.
The first part of this task was relatively easy to accomplish since there are many good texts on Statistics and its application to business. I would add
in this regard that the students spent very little time
going through tedious arithmetic calculations for
correlation coefficients, standard deviations, etc., since
most of them had attended a series of no-credit lectures on computer programming and were able to
utilize the NYU IBlYI 7090 computer to help them
solve their statistical problems.
However, there still remained the task of providing
the students with an environment in which they could
draw upon both the qualitative and quantitative
knowledge obtained during their first term, in order
to formulate and solve business problems; furthermore, it was desired to give the students some experience in business decision-making since most of
them had no business experience. Thus, what we
were seeking was a catalyst to stimulate the interaction of the ingredients of accounting, economics,
marketing, human behavior, finance, management,
mathematics, and statistics so as to crystallize them
into a business decision-making compound par excellence. I suggest that the catalyst is the business
game and I would like to discuss with you its use
in the course, as well as comment on some of the
game's advantages and shortcomings.
Selection of a Business Game
Since the NYU IBM 7090 was available, I sought
a game programmed for that machine. Among the

1962

CO~IPUTERS

and AUTOMATION for November, 1962

games considered for use in the course were Mass.
Inst. of Technology's lVIarketing Game, Univ. of
Calif. at Los Angeles' Executive Decision Game # 3,
and Carnegie Tech.'s lYIanagement Game. The latter
was to be written in FORTRAN in time for the
Spring 1962 semester. The criteria used for selection
were:
1. The game should permit general business policy

decisions to be made as opposed to concentrating on a specific functional area.

2. The number of decisions required per period
should be consistent with the 2-3 hours per
week that the students had available for that
purpose.
3. The game should be sufficiently complex so that
it would remain a challenge to the students
during the entire IS-week semester (which implies 15 moves).
4. The administration of the game should be
possible by one person inasmuch as none of
my colleagues familiar with gaming had schedules which permitted their participation.

Now the MIT Marketing Game, as its name suggests, is primarily concerned with Marketing; in fact,
a great emphasis is placed on advertising and promotional decisions. Furthermore, judgment by experts
is required to quantify the advertising layouts of the
competing teams; and this implied a Faculty panel
since I was Ilot competellt to make these jlldgments
myself. ,\hollt two do/ell decisiolls were reqllired for
each qllarter of simlllated play, which did not seem
too lllany for the time alloued. Also the wIlT Game
offered enough complexity so that student interest
would be sustained. On balance, I concluded that the
special marketing nature of the game and its administrative difficulties made it unacceptable for my
purposes. However, the lVIIT Game would be a useful adjunct to a '.Marketing course if a Faculty panel
could be assembled a few hours a week without too
much difficulty. This is the way it is used at MIT.
The Carnegie Game is probably the most realistic
of those considered; however, in order to achieve this
degree of realism, about 200 decisions per period are
required of the teams. Unfortunately, I could not
reasonably expect the students to have sufficient time
available to do the Game justice and thus it was
necessary to cross it off the list.
At this point, it becomes obvious that the UCLA
Game # 3 was selected for use in the course. Here
are some of the reasons why:
1. It requires relatively few decisions

(17 per
quarter) which was consistent with the several
hours per week that the students were expected
to have available for this function.

2. The game is concerned with general business
policy rather than concentrating on marketing
or production or finance. It permits executive
decisions to be made in all three areas, without
becoming involved too 111llch in any particular
one.

3. II is of sufficient complexity so that it would
remain a challenge to the students for the entire
semester.
4. Administration was easy since Jim Jackson of

UCLA sent me the FORTRAN deck, Participant's Manual, Administrator's Manual, initial
conditions deck, and decision forms.
Description of the UCLA Game
Following is a brief description of the UCLA
Game. Each competing firm in an unnamed industry
is permitted to manufacture and market between
one and three products at various manufacturing
costs which measure the quality of the product. The
value of plant and equipment determines the total
number of units that can be produced on regular
time and a limited amount of overtime production
is permitted by paying a premium. Plant and equipment depreciate 10% per year so that capital investment is necessary not only to expand but also to
maintain capacity. The sales of each product depends
upon price and the respective marketing and styling
budgets, as well as quality. Securities which earn 6%
per annum may be bought with surplus cash or may
be sold (for a brokerage charge) when cash is needed.
The marketplace is divided into sectors, each with its
own peculiarities, e.g., one sector is highly priceconscious but insensitive to quality, while another is
quality-conscious and not too sensitive to moderate
change in price. All firms compete in all sectors and
the resulting sales depend on both the decisions of
each firm and those of its competitors. Pervading
the entire economy is a general business index with
built-in fluctuations which affects the various market
sectors differently; in addition, a seasonal demand
also exists, but is known with certainty.
For each quarter, every firm must decide whether
to buy or sell securities and how much to invest in
plant and equipment. Furthermore, for each product,
decisions are made on price, marketing budget, styling
budget, manufacturing costs (quality) and the level of
production. The computer program considers the
interactions of all ,firms' decisions, apportions sales,
and prepares a balance sheet, profit and loss statement, plant capacity report, cash flow analysis and
sales analysis by product for each firm. Also some
competitive information is supplied, but random
errors are purposely present. A prediction of the
general business index for the next several quarters
is also given but that, too, is only an approximation.
Clearly, an accurate sales forecast by product is essential to success; also, production smoothing is important since significant variations in the production
schedule give rise to high administrative costs. Many
other factors such as inventory carrying charges,
transportation, obsolescence, warehousing, and debt
service mllst be considered as well.
A pplication of the Game to the Students
The fifteen students in the class were divided into
three teams of five each, according to their particular
fields of interest, i.e., each firm included at least one
man concentrating in each of the fields of finance,

marketing, production, and management science.
Aside from the participants' manual of information,
the students were given one year (four quarters) of
history of their respective firms. All firms started
with the same total assets, but the four sets of decisions constituting the history were different so that
more information could be obtained from the reports.
Although they were told that the game would probably be played once a week during the semester, the
actual number of quarters to be played was unknown
since several might be played at the same time in any
given week. After a briefing session on the game and
a two-hour lecture on planning, each firm was given a
bibliography on planning, told to decide within a
week on its initial strategies for the coming period~,
and then submit them in the form of a written twdyear operating plan. At the end of each simulated
year, an annual report and revised plan for the
next year were submitted by the three firms. The use
of operating plans was encouraged. as a management
tool and, in fact, during the last wf'ek of the semester,
each firm was required to make four consecutive
quarterly decisions during the same session which
necessitated the use of their plans since not enough
time was available to go through the usual decisionmaking processes. The exercise of planning coupled
with the opportunity to measure results against objectives made the planning process a meaningful experience and got across the important point that
certain changes in the business environment can and
must be anticipated if business is to operate efficiently.
In the two other weekly sessions, one was consistently
devoted to Statistics, while the other was used as a
seminar in the selected Management Science topics
of sales forecasting, allocation of resources, queuing
theory, decision and game theory, manufacturing
control, investment analysis, and critical path scheduling. Thus, all the firms had available to them the
techniques necessary to make quantitatively-based
business decisions. Furthermore, they all had easy
access to the IBM 7090, and several regression analysis
and linear programming problems related to the business game were written for and run on the computer.
Aside from the very important task of accurately
forecasting sales, a key consideration in the business
, game was production smoothing; in fact, the winning
firm (in terms of total assets) developed a plug-in
model which smoothed production very well. Moreover, they developed a complete model of their
decision-making process from sales forecast to pricing
to production requirements to marketing and styling
budgets to cash flow analysis to capital investment
decisions and around the Horn again. They used
price changes to control the demand, i.e., when expected sales temporarily exceeded production capacity, price was raised to lower the forecast to an
amount that the plant could handle, which then
allowed the production facilities to operate efficiently.
This concept is often difficult to get across to students,
i.e., that production need not always be the slave to
the sales forecast because it is sometimes more profitable, and wiser, to purposely lose sales temporarily
by raising price. In addition to the importance of
their interpersonal experiences, the business game
COMPUTERS a1/d AUTOMATION for November, 1962

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SIMULATION
fAI HYDAC Computer, Series 2000, introduces a new dimension to computer simulation by combining analog and digital
operation into one integrated system. HYDAC achieves a computational efficiency well beyond the limits of either analog or
digital computers alone. Moreover, it offers an economical alternative to tying a complete data processing computer to an analog
computer for hybrid computation.
HYDAC combines two major sub-systems; the well-known PACf® Series 231 R General Purpose Analog Computer and the new
Series 350 Digital Console. The normal analog operations of summation, inversion, continuous integration, multiplication, division
and function generation are performed by the analog computer while the digital system provides high-speed logic, switching and
memory capability. All digital operations are accomplished by solid-state, general purpose, modular building blocks interconnected by the proven prepatch panel system. HYDAC programming follows simple analog principles, making extensive
retraining of analog programmers unnecessary.
HYDAC vastly increases the range of dynamic simulations that can be performed by computers. Such applications include iteration and optimization studies, partial differential equation solutions, simulation of logic functions, transport delay and other
auxiliary mathematical functions as well as high-speed incremental computation. Full information on HYDAC, the new computer
for dynamic simulation, can be obtained by writing for Bulletin HC 6238.
HYDAC ;s a trademark of EAt.

EAI

ELECTRONIC ASSOCIATES, INC. Long Branch, New Jersey

CO~IPUTERS {Iud AUTO~IATION

for November, 1962

also provided an excellent lesson in organization,
namely, that wtihout job definitions and delegation
of responsibility, the decision-making process becomes
overly complex, cumbersome and confusing. For example, one of the firms believed that each man should
help the other in making his decisions and that the
final decision would be made by majority vote. The
result was that their business meetings were disorganized and their decisions inconsistent. Whether
by coincidence or not, this firm made the poorest
showing of the three.
It is almost trite to say that the fundamental
value of the business game was that it gave the students an opportunity to make decisions in a dynamic
situation and then attempt to analyze the results of
their actions and the interactions with their competitors in an analytic framework so as to learn from
experience. Throughout the course, the business game
greatly increased the students' motivation to learn
because they were continually looking for new techniques and ideas that would help their firm make
better decisions. There was an enthusiasm and thirst
for knowledge that I am told existed in no other
course in the Day Program.
Changes and Improvements
However, room [or improvement still exists. Perhaps, because of the relatively limited amount of
data and short period of time during which the game
is played, there was little basis for sophisticated
mathematical or statistical anlysis. Only the simple
tools of least squares curve fitting, graphical analysis,
and some algebraic manipulation actually proved useful in making better decisions. Applications of the
calculus and linear programming were attempted but
proved fruitless; thus, in the important respect of
providing a framework in which the students could
apply the mathematical techniques already learned
during their first term in school, the business game
failed. In our post mortem session, suggestions were
made by the students to permit more complexity in
the decision-making process, thus making it more
amenable to mathematical analysis. Specifically, the
suggestions were:

1. It was felt that purchasing a unit of production
capacity should be more expensive for a high
quality (high manufacturing cost) product than
for a low one. This implied that the quantity
produced of each of the three products would
be limited by individual production capacities,
rather than the only limitation being that the
sum of all items produced could not exceed
total plant capacity (without going into overtime). This requires much more careful capacity
planning, more closely approximates reality,
and doesn't appear too difficult to incorporate
into the game.
I)

Jli

I t was suggested that warehousing and inventory
carrying charges should be made more significant since all firms were able to ignore them
completely without doing themselves much
harm. I believe this can be implemented by
adjusting certain game constants.

3. One of the teams complained about the built-in
stickiness to decreases in price. They had been
selling a product at $20 per unit and decided
to stop producing it, sell out the inventory, and
switch to a three dollar product instead, while
leaving the other two products untouched. The
game did not appreciate this strategy and (to
oversimplify) considered the effective price to be
the average of the last period's price $20, anel
the current price of $3. Of course, sales were
well below expectations due to the effective
price of $11.50 for a low quality product. This
frustration would have continued for another
period or two, but I interceded and lowered
the effective price on the program deck. However, a stickiness to price decrease is a good
idea; the administrator should merely point out
the difficulty in switching products.
Although the students spent only about two hours
week in the formal business meetings during which
the ~lecisions were discussed, it was very clear that
some were spending at least another ten hours a
week working on charts and trying to formulate new
and better decision-making models. It is the rare
teacher indeed who feels badly about his students
spending too much time on his course; however, I
am still not sure that the benefits obtained from the
gaming sessions were worth all the time that some
of the students put into it. Thus, another criticism of
the use of business games as a teaching tool is that the
other edge of the two-edged sword of emotional involvement in the game may have cut too deeply into
other courses the students were taking. Personally, I
find it hard to make a judgment on how many hours
per week a student might justifiably spend thinking
about and working on the business game. In the
post mortem session several students did state that
they had devoted a good deal of time to the game
and that other courses suffered; however, they believed that, on balance, this was an efficient allocation
of their time.
It is our opinion that the advantages of the use of
the business game in the classroom far outweigh the
disadvantages. Naturally, we anticipate making
changes in the game, as well as in the course, so that
our goals will be better met; moreover, we firmly intend to continue to offer the two term quantitative
sequence that I have described. It is naive to expect
that at present all the students in our business school
are mentally and psychologically equipped to absorb
the mathematics that I suggest is a necessary part of
business education. However, the evolutionary process of preparing students to grasp mathematics has
significantly quickened its pace in the last several
years and I believe it will not be too long before most
of our freshmen and certainly our graduate students
will arrive with a thorough grounding in algebra and
the elements of calculus. A crucial question is whether
we will be prepared to really teach them what Management Science is all about. I suggest that the business game is a catalytic agent that will help us achieve
this goal.
it

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ALGOL
Dr. Richard F. Clippinger
Director of Standards
Honeywell EDP Division
WeHesley Hills, Mass.

A SIMPLE EXPLANATION
ALGOL, which stands for ALGOrithmic Language, is
a language for describing methods 0.1 problem solving
in terms a computer can understand. It was developed
by an international group 0/ computer people between
1957 and 1960. Since that time it has mustered
staunch support for its use as the standard language
for scientific programming.

ALGOL is a language used to describe procedures
for solving problems using electronic computers. It
can also be used to communicate such procedures to
other people. It is known as a scientific language
rather than a data processing language because it is
not concerned with arrangements of large files of data
and the manipulation of such files but rather with
the execution of algorithms applied to variables
within a computer. For example, it would be wellsuited to the solution of differential equations.
The purpose of this presentation is to introduce the
reader to ALGOL to give him a feel for it. A deeper
knowledge will require studying the original document! or one of the courses2 or primcrs 3 ,4 soon to appear.
The ALGa L language takes several forms. The
form described here is called the reference language.
Different implementers of ALGOL for specific machines have applied various restrictions appropriate
to the hardware, and their languages are called hardware representations.

The Metalanguage
The ALGOL report describes ALGOL using a
metalinguistic formalism (the precise rules of syntax and semantics for the proposed language) which
we shall not stress but which must be understood to
read the ALGOL report. This metalanguage employs
four characters which have nothing to do with
ALGOL. These are the metalinguistic brackets
which are used to enclose names of things
about which the metalanguage is talking, ::
which
means 'is,' and 1 which means 'or.' Thus:

<~igit> :: = 01112!3141516171819
is read 'a digit is a 0 or a 1 or a 2 or a 3 or a 4 or a 5
or a 6 or a 7 or an 8 or a 9.'
Sometimes the thing being defined is mentioned on
both sides of the symbol:: =, e.g.
::
1 I

which says that 'an identifier is a letter or an identifier
followed by a letter or an identifier followed by a
digit.' This is a 'recursive' definition which is equivalent to saying that an identifier is any sequence of
letters and digits which starts with a letter.

Basic Symbols
The 116 basic symbols of ALGOL are the ten digits.
52 letters, upper and lower case, and 52 delimiters.
The delimiters which the reader may glance at and
then skip over are:
1962

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1962

The six arithmetic operators:
+ plus
minus
X
times
-;- divided by, giving an integer
exponentiate
/ divided by

The six relational operators:
< is less than
s is less than or equal to
equals
:> is greater than or equal to
> is greater than
=f= is not equal to
The five logical operators:
is equivalent
:::> implies
V or
/\ and
......, not
The six sequential operators:
go to
if
then Note that an ALGOL basic symelse bol need not be a single character.
I t can be a word or two words.
for
do
The eight brackets:
() used in arithmetic expressions,
function designators, designational
expressions, parameter delimiters,
procedure statements
[ ] used in subscripted variables, arrays
used to enclose strings
t
begin end used to enclose compound statements and"blocks
The seven declararors:
own we shall ignore this
Boolean'..
designates a variable which has the
,:'I ••
,.'~'. ,val ues true or false
integer" 'designates a variable which has in:~:
tegral ;values
real designat~s a variable which has real
,
values ,,array

designates ,a multi-dimensional
quantity like a vector or matrix
17

switch
procedure

designates a choice of 'go to' points
designates a section of programs
which computes certain outputs
from certain inputs.

if a

then

a t2 + b 1'2 else 7 a 2 + b 2 if a
7ifa==-b

and the three specifications:
string designates certain sequences of
characters in particular' and'
value designates a specific value taken
on by a variable
label designates the name of a statement

Note that ALGOL is arranged as a string of symbols
on a line without spatial position signals to indicate
powers and quotien ts. This makes it more suitable as
input to a computer and less suitable for humans. In
order that arithmetic expressions shall be well defined there are certain rules for the formation and
evaluation of such expressions:

ALGOL builds up numbers, variables, statements,
labels, blocks, procedures and programs out of these
symbols.
Instead of trying to define the concepts of ALGOL
rigorously, carefully and completely, let us illustrate
the major concepts only by the use of examples:
Example 1:
real p, q, SUM; integer n; n: = 1; p: = 0.5;
SUM: = 0; q: = 1; loop:
SUM: = SUM + q/n; q: = qxp; n: = n +1;
go to loop;

A few of these are:
1. Do the exponentiations first
2. Do the multiplications and divisions next
3. Do the additions and subtractions last
Spaces have no significance in ALGOL. One can
therefore, arrange his ALGOL program in a form easy
to read. Thus in Example 1; introducing two more
labels and re-arranging the page,:
declare: real p, q, SUM; integer n;
initialize: n: = 1; p: = 0.5; SUM: = 0; = q:
l',
loop:
SUlVI: = SUlVI + q/n; q: = qxp;
n: = n + 1; go to loop;

In this example there are ten statements-each
terminated with a semi-colon. The first statement,
real p, q, SUNI;, is a declaration. It declares that p, q
and S0N1 are those variables which are real. p, q and
SUN! are examples of simple variables as opposed to a
subscripted variable such as Q [7, 2] which is a particular member of an array Q [i, j] for which i is 7 and
j is 2.
The second statement, integer n;, is also a declaration declaring that n can only take on the values 0,
-1, 1, -2,2 .. ·.
The third statement, n: = 1;, is an assignment statement. It says 'assign the value 1 to the variable n.'
The fourth statement, p: = 0.5;, illustrates a slightly
more general form of a number. Other examples 01
n um bers are:
-200.12610-8 which stands for
.00000200126
210-4
which stands for
.0002
10+5
which stands for 100,000.
The seventh statement, loop: SUM + q/n; has a
name, loop, which in ALGOL is called a label. The
label is identified by the colon following it. The ten
statements are executed in the order written; however, the effect of the tenth is to cause loop to be the
II th, 15th, 19th, etc. statements executed. In other
words statements 7, 8, 9, and 10 become a loop executed indefinitely. The right side of statement seven
is a simple example of an arithmetic expression. The
statement says 'divide q by n. Add it to SUM. Assign this as the new value of SUM.'
Other arithmetic expressions are:

(s - t) IV

s -

(L! - 'V) X (1 - a l' 3 / k I (a - k»

+ ---a3

(U-W}(l-

)
k(a- k)

in pr
bewil
ors h
machi
chinE
other

roomi

TION
or

Ameri
the p
month

Addr€
Co

Example 2:
begin in teger n; real h, k, pi; )"eal army s [0: 180],
c [0:180]; pi: = 3.14159; h: = pifl80; k: = b12:
s [0] : = 0; c [0] : = I; for n: = 0 ste/) 1 until
180 do
begin comment s En] is sin n pifl80 and c En] is
cos npil 180; real y, z, Y, Z;
integrate: y:
s [n]; z:
c [n];
Y: = y + h*z; Z: = z - h*y
s [n + I] = Y + k * (z + Z);
c [n + 1] : = z - k* [y + Y]
end integration step
end trig table computation

Advar
Ir

Autor

Bendj

This example introduces the notion of a block. A
block starts with begin and terminates with end. At
the head of the block come the three declarations
which are valid for block only. These declarations
declare n to be an integer; h, k, pi to be real and the
arrays sand c to be real one-dimensional arrays with
181 numbers in each array. These variables could be
used for other purposes in other blocks outside this
one. The words 'trig table computation' after {end'
constitute a comment for explanatory purposes. A
second block constituting an integration step is part
of, and nested in, the main block. It star~s with a
comment, so labelled, which explains what s En] and
c En] are. Such comments may be sprinkled freely
in among other statements. They are ignored by the
computer.
The {for' statement used in this example is practically self explanatory. It directs that 'integrate' be
performed 181 times with n successively equal to 0,
1, 2, ... 180.
The computation 'integrate' is the Heun integration procedure for the solution of the differential
equations
s'
c
c'
s
which define sin x and cos x.

Burrc

CompL

ContI

Digit

El-tr

Gener

Honey
Pr

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1962

COM

:n
)f
t
).7
r

port
s,
ng

re
ase
f

rom
to
erto
3 as
,000.
uter
9

he
Ex-

sym1
the-

so
rId's
a1
also

Example 3:
a. Definition of Step via a proceduye:
integer procedure Step (n); yeal n; Step:
if
o -== u /\ u -=::::. 1 then 1 else 0;
b. Use of function Step:
being integer Step; real y, x; if Step (x)
1 V Step (X - 10)
0 then y :
x else y:

-x
end

In this example, Step (u) is a function defined by
the procedure named Step. The assignment statement giving Step a value illustrates the use of an if
clause to give an arithmetic expression a choice of
values. It reads 'If u is greater than or equal to zero
and u is less than or equal to I, assign Step the value I
otherwise assign it the value zero. In this if clause
'0 = u = II = l' is a simple example of a Boolean expression. Such an expression has the value true or
false and may be compounded using certain rules of
precedence out of relations and Boolean variables and
the logical operators:
x = -2
x equals -2
Y \VVz q Y is greater than '''' or z is less than q

Procedures
In general a procedure has a heading giving a list
of formal parameters and a value part specifying that
some of these parameters must be given a value before
entering and a specification part declaring the type
of the variables used. The heading is followed by a

procedure body which computes the values of some
of the formal parameters as functions of the values of
some of the others. Thus:
Procedure Spur (a, n, s); value n; aTray a; integer n;
real s; begin integer k; s: = 0; forI?: = I step I until
n do s: = s + a [k, k] end
In this case a and n are inputs. a is a matrix; nits
order. s is the output, Lhe spur of matrix a. a value
must be specified for n.
The procedure is used as follows: Somewhere in an
ALGOL program the programmer pu Ls Lhe 'procedure
statement' Spur (A, 7, V);. This means compute the
spur of the m,atrix A of order 7 and assign V the value
of this spur. If procedure Spur had terminated with
the assignment statement Spur: = s then Spur (A, 7,
V) could be used in an arithmetic expression as a
functional value like sin (x). Thus, in example 3b,
Step (x) is a function defined by the procedure Step

(u).
The interested reader will find that ~LGOL is not
a difficult language to learn to use. He will, of course,
have to learn certain specific extras associated with
some hardware version before he can use it on a
computer.

.1 Backus, J. W. et ai., Naur, Peter, editor, "Report on the ALGOLrithmlc Language, ALGOL 60," Comm. A.C.M., May, 1960.
19~1~aur, P., "A Course on ALGOL 60," Regnecentralen, Copenhagen,

3 ~'[cCracken, Daniel D., "A Guide to ALGOL Programming" John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1962.
'
4 Dijskstra, E. W., "A Primer of ALGOL 60 Programming," Academic
Press, New York, 1962.

MATHEMATICIANS
PROGRAMMERS
We are engaged in the development of an
interesting variety of programs for research
and real-time operations.
Expansion of our technical staff offers
substantial growth opportunities for professional advancement in the areas of mathematical analysis and programming, systems
design, and data handling.

t),

n 1945

x-Army
rst
rk,
ion.
ade
ion.
r rets of
ion.

Senior positions currently available for
mathematicians and physicists in program
development and mathematical analysis.
Please send resume in complete confidence to:
Mr. W. E. Daly.

'VI!e are located just two hours from San Francisco on the Monterey
Peninsula . . . one of the most desirable living and working areas in
the West. Monterey enjoys a temperate, smog-free climate year
round and offers an unmatched professional, cultural and recreational environment.

LFE ELECTRONICS
A DIVISION OF LABORATORY FOR ELECTRONICS. INC.
MONTEREY

LABORATORY

305

WEBSTER

STREET

MONTEREY.

CALIFORNIA

An Equal Opportunity Employer

1962
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November,. 1962

atlBM

and 0
Weste
which
ness
catio

Calif
putin,
pany'
mingt
pany
to me
quirel
contr
facil
Mat w
ing n,
servi,
SysteJ
line I
avail.
time I
their
contr:
pare 1
tern fl

PROGRAMMERS shape the future of a new technology
IBM programmers, working with professional associates
in research, development and manufacturing, are contributing expert knowledge and ideas in the creation of
future computing systems.

This teamwork represents a striking advance in the role
of the programmer and dramatizesthe important part being played by this young but rapidly growing profession.
At IBM, programmers are creating new concepts in software, and contributing to the design of new systems for
virtually every phase of business, science and industry.

for formulating new programs. They are creating programs that enable computers to diagnose their own
faults through self-checking. And they are helping to design the systems that will let scientists and engineers
Utalk" to machines in the everyday language of science
and engineering.
Programmers at IBM take pride in their professional
status and enjoy the unusual opportunities offered by a
leader of the computer industry. In an atmosphere so
receptive to new ideas, their concepts flourish. They
find that their keen interest in exploring the capabilities
of electronic computing is supported by IBM'S full resources. This combination results in significant accomplishments recognized throughout the field.

In response to the vastly increasing versatility of computers and their widespread applications, IBM programmers at all levels of endeavor are establishing new
standards of achievement. They are designing programs
that will simulate business and industrial operations.
They are developing systems for government projects in
space, defense and communications, where their data
processing skills will help produce significant advances
in tomorrow's computer technology. They are also studying the complex programs for ... information-handling
systems ... scheduling methodology ... information-retrieval studies.

Openings for programmers exist in all IBM facilities,
including: San Jose, California; the Washington, D. C.,
area; Lexington, Kentucky; Rochester, Minnesota; Omaha, Nebraska; and New York City, Endicott, Kingston,
Owego, Poughkeepsie and Yorktown Heights, New York.
In addition to its extensive benefits programs, the IBM
Educational Program is one of the most extensive in the
country today. IBM is an Equal Opportunity Employer.

IBM programmers also face challenging tasks in developing new programming systems. For example, they are
devising programs that in turn use machine capability

If you have experience in computer programming and
would like to have more information about careers with
IBM, we'd like to hear from you. Please write to:
Manager of Professional Employment
IBM, Dept. 539Y
590 Madison Avenue
New York 22, New York

PE
IBM's

vice 1
of IBI
Proce:
sion,

N.Y.

will )
sible
divis:
opera1
cludiJ
ing, :
adminj
Los AI
Chica~

York 1
to Mr.

14 we~
headql

COMP

NEWS

Computers

and

Data

Processors

agfuncfiIS

~~ACROSS

THE EDITOR'S

DESK"

nu9

s of
el
oir
uct

ana
nda is

NEW

APPLICATIONS

COMPUTERS ON WALL STREET -

THE BIG BOARD AUTOMA TES

will

,000
t

R
~nces
1-

1001,
10, (XX)

.ble

I, is
~fore

cen»

Ita.

wave
i,

by
to

~d
~y

ied

Jch
lio-

)e
,y
studused
lint
s of

sts
L of
ity
in
for
ram
j

ral
ic

, 1962

Contracts have been signed by
the New York Stock Exchange with
International Business Machines
Corporation for the manufacture
and installation of a computer
system, and with the New York Telephone Company for special communications faciIi ties. Kei th Funston,
President of the Exchange, has announced that the specially designed
computer system will completely
automate the publication of Exchange trading data by early 1965.
The IBM Tele-processing system will include two devices never
before used in an IBM system: an
optical "reader", which will take
sales and bid-asked information
directly from the trading floor to
a computer; and a "voice assembler",
which will compose messages from a
pre-recorded electronic vocabulary
and "speak" them over the telephone
to member subscribers of the Quotation Service. Another major
component, specially designed by
the New York Telephone Company,
will be a high-speed-access switching system. This will link the
computer center with direct private telephone wires of the Quotation Service. The installation
will include two IBM 1410 computers
and two IBM 7750 programmed transmission control units.
Trading information, now
transmitted by pneumatic tubes and
voice, will instead be sped to the
computer center in the Exchange by
direct electronic signals from 19
"data readers" on the trading
floor. One reader will be installed at each of the 18 horseshoe-shaped trading posts on the
floor, plus one at "Post 30",
where less active stocks are
traded. They will read cards at
a rate of up to 40 a minute.
Cards will be pre-printed with the

After the trading information
is transmitted to the computer center, the system will automatically:

New York Stock Exchallue
President Kei th Funston fe(~ds
a card into a prototyp(! ll1o(lId
of the specially desiUlwd lB~1
"data reader" which will trallsmit trade and bid-asked illfom~
ation directly from the Exchange
floor to a computing center.

• Print sales on the thousands of
Exchange stock tickers across the
continent in as little as a halfsecond after a special reporting
card is "read" on the trading floClr.
• Compose voice responses to as
many as 400,000 phone inquiries a
day from Exchange member subscribers to the Telephone Quotation
Service.
• Electronically process and store
i II I. ime sequence aU trading informalioll, continually determining total
volume, plus volum(! for each stock,
0IH~II, hiUh, low, .last sale prices
and 1at(~sL bid-ask(!d quote.
• Furllish up-to-the-market reports
to the floor and for such operations
as the "stock watching" program.

letter symbols of the small group
The "voice assembler", a speof stocks for which each individual
cially designed device that produces
floor reporter is responsible. The
reporter at a trading
post will mark the
details of the transaction by drawing
lines with an ordinary lead penci 1
through boxes designating stock symbol,
number of shares and
price. (Each card
will have spaces for
three trades and one
bid-asked quotation.)
When the marked card
is placed in the
"data reader", it
scans the pencil
marks optically and
transmits the information to the data
processing center in
-- IBM ElIuin(~er ."~rry Dubois I ist.(~lIs to a
the Exchange building.
"spoken" messaue uelwratcd by tlw "voice
assembly" equipment which is Lo be used in
the Exchange's fully automated lickerquotation service.

COMPUTERS and A UTOMA TION for November, 1962

audio responses, will provide upto-the-market bid-asked and last
sale information to Telephone Quotation Service subscribers via a
1000-line Access Switching System
to be provided by the New York
Telephone Company. Last sales
will be supplied to odd-lot dealers
by loudspeakers at the rear of each
post. These last sales announcements will be automatically composed and, at the computing center,
transmitted to the trading post
where a particular stock is traded.
Uuotes and last sales will b~ assembled into Quotation Service
"spoken" messages when member subscribers question the computer by
dialing four-digit code numbers
assigned to individual stocks.
This device is capable of providing 200 "spoken" messages simultaneously, 50 of which can be
broadcast over loud-speakers on
the Exchange floor. The "voice
assembler" will contain a vocabulary made up of 126 key words,
syllables, digits and letters recorded on various tracks of a revolving magnetic drum. Electronic
reading heads will "play back"
these sounds in a sequence determined by the computer to form an
easily understandable voice message which can be delivered in
about six seconds.

The special New York Telephone
Company high-speed access switching equipment will link the computing center initially with 1000
direct private wire telephone
lines. The equipment will be able
to handle calls from 300 member
subscribers at one time. DataPhone equipment (data sets) will
be used to convert phone dial impulses into code language the
computer center can accept.
The Exchange will lease the
components of the system from IBM
and the New York Telephone Company at an annual cost of about
$1,800,000. The stock ticker
activated by the computer will be
a new tape printing model capable
of operating at speeds up to at
least 900 characters per minute
-- 80 per cent faster than the
present ticker. The new ticker,
being developed for the Exchange
by Teletype Corporation, is
scheduled to go into service
early in 1964.
At each trading post, computer-assembled announcements of
all round-lot prices for stocks
traded there will be broadcasted
over loudspeakers to odd-lot
dealers at the rear of the post.
These transactions will also be
recorded there on special
printers.
There will also be a number
of "inquiry" stations on the
floor, where questions may be
keyed into the computer system to
obtain up-to-the-market printed
information on volumes, ranges,
last sales, previous sales and
bid-asked quotations for all
listed stocks.

Miles of wires and switches
serve as background.for Edward
DeLaura, Director of Operationa I Deve lopment and Planning
for the New York Stock Exchange,
b

MONTHLY
boIs
cate
Ie as

In
deand

can
easy
lore

The number of electronic computers installed, or
in production at anyone time has been increasing at a
bewildering pace in the past several years. New vendors have come into the computer market, and familiar
machines have gone out of production. Some new machines have been received with open arms by users -others have been given the cold shoulder.
To aid our readers in keeping up with this mushrooming activity, the editors of COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION present below a monthly report on the number of
American-made computers installed or on order as of
the preceding month. We revise this computer census
monthly, so that it will serve as a "box-score" to

k. A
At
tions
tions
i the
with
Id be
this
'end'
s. A

part
ith a
and
reel)'
y the
prace' be
to 0,
.cgra~ntia]

1962

Most of the figures are verified by the respective manufacturers. In cases where this is not so,
estimates are made based upon information in the
reference files of COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION. The
figures are then reviewed by a group of computer
indu~try cognoscenti.
Any additions, or corrections, from informed
readers will be welcomed.

SOLID
STATE?

EDP 900 system

$7500

2/61

ASI 210
ASI 420

Y
Y

$'2850
$12,500

4/62
-/62

2
1

RECOMP II
RECOMP III

$2495
$1495

11/58
6/61

125
24

o
o

Bendix

G-15
G-20

N
Y

$2150
$15,500

7/55
4/61

354
20

12
6

Burroughs

205
220
E101-103
B250
B260
B270
B280
B5000

N
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

$4600
$14,000
$1000
$5000
$3750
$7000
$6500
$16,200

1/54
10/58
1/56
11/61

92
58
157
22

6/62

Clary

DE-60/DE-60M

-Y

$675

2/60

Computer Control Co.

DDP-19
DDP-24
SPEC

Y
Y

$2800
$3000
$800

6/61

Advanced Scientific
Instruments
Autonetics

Control Data Corporation

AVERAGE MONTHLY
RENTAL

DATE OF FIRST
INSTALLATION

NUMBER OF
INSTALLATIONS

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED
ORDERS

NAME OF
COMPUTER

NAME OF
MANUFACTURER
Addressograph-Multigraph
Corporation

:ntil

readers interested in following the growth of the
American computer industry.

AS OF OCTOBER 20. 1962

= 1;

gO],
1/2:

CENSUS

x
X
~4

o
o

42
30
16
10

2
1
2

200
38

12/59

8/62

5/60
5/60 & 7/61
1/60

160/160A
1604
3600

Y
Y
Y

$2000/$3500
$35,000
$52,000

PDP-l

PDP-4

Sold only
about $500,000
Sold only
about $100,000

El-tronics, Inc.

ALWAC IIIE

$2500

2/54

General Electric

210
225

$16,000
$7000

7/59
1/61

53
59

20
90

$1300
$1875

9/56
1/61

tlOO

20
20

Digital Equipment Corp.

General Precision
Honeywell Electronic Data
Processing

LGP-30
RPC-4000
H-290
H-400

COMPUTERS and AUTOMA TION for November, 1962

semi
Y
Y

$3000 up
$8000

6/60
12/60

NAME OF
COMPUTER

SOLID
STATE?

H-OOO
H-1800
DATAmatic 1000

Y
Y
N

$22,000
$30,000 up

HRB-Singer, Inc.

SEMA 2000

IBM

305
650-card
650-RAMAC
1401
1410
1620
701
702
7030
704
7040
7044
705
7070, 2, 4
7080
709
7090
7094

N
N
N

Information Systems, Inc.

NAME OF
MANUFACTURER

AVERAGE MONTHLY
RENTAL

DATE OF FIRST
INSTALLATION

NUMBER OF
INSTALLATIONS

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED
ORDERS

Dr. ]

12/60
-/63
12/57

Direr

2
X

Well.

$700

1/62

3/62
1l/54
1l/54
9/60
1l/61
9/60
4/53
2/55
5/61
12/55

925
735
262
3230
48
1300

X
X

Y
Y
Y
N
N
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
N
Y
Y

$3600
$4000
$9000
$2500
$10,000
$2000
$5000
$6900
$300,000
$32,000
$14,000
$38,600
$30,000
$24,000
$46,000
$40,000
$64,000
$70,000

11/55
3/60
8/61
8/58
1l/59
12/62

ISI-609

$4000

ITT

7300 ADX

Monroe Calculating Machine Co.

Monrobot IX
Monrobot XI
NCR - 102
- 304
-310
- 315

Honeywell EDP (cont'd.)

National Cash Register Co.

-390

4670
450
460

X
X
X
X

5
3

160
230

30
5
X

260
25

45
200

150

2/58

$35.000

7/62

N
Y

$340
$700

3/58
6/60

150
195

7
150

N
Y
Y
Y
Y

$14,000
$2000
$7250
$1850

1/60
5/61
5/62
5/61

30
30
25
21
250

40
135
220
35

X
U

Packard Bell

PB 250

$1200

12/60

118

Philco

2000-212
-210, 211

Y
Y

$68,000
$40,000

-/63
10/58

Bizmac
RCA 301
RCA 501
RCA 601

N
Y
Y
Y

$6000
$15,000
$35,000

-/56
2/61
6/59
-/62

125
80

320
10

SDS-91O
SDS-920

Y
Y

$1700
$2500

8/62
9/62

TRW Computer Co.

RW530

$2500

8/61

UNIVAC

Solid-state 80,
90, & Step
Solid-state II

Y
Y
Y

8/58
9/62
12/61
10/62
8/62
5/60

525

490

$8000
$8500
$26,000
$45,000
$20,000
$135,000

155
32
12
16
65

$35,000
$25,000
$15,000
$1200

12/50
3/51 & 11/57
8/56
-/53

32
65
77
910

Radio Corp. of America

Scientific Data Systems Inc.

1107

III

LARC
1100 Series (except 1107)

& II

File Computers
60 & 120

N
N
N

TOTALS

1
4
1

X
1

AL
for sc
can a
other
rathe1
not c(
and t
the f
withi1
suited
Th
reade,
know:
ment]
pear.
Thl
form
Differ
chine~

to tht
ware 1
Th(
metali
tax aI
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ased
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:ame
1962

taxed. The number of problems which cannot be
efficiently solved on the computers of the "mid-50's"
is small. This is not to deny that there are some.
Furthermore it is not necessarily economic to do the
hard programming work to maximize the utilization
or hardware. It is often less expensive to use better
hardware, and program inefficiently, but quickly.
In general, though, the major disadvantages I see
t.o second-line computers are in the morale and prestige
areas rather than in the loss of ability to do problems.
The best people in the computer field are attracted
to the new machinery. :Meetings of user groups devote little attention to equipment not actively in
production. Also for engineering computers-not
commercial ones-there may be some tendency for
customers, especially the Federal Government, to assay engineering competence at a higher level if the
engineers are using the most modern hardware.

pIe, they added five new motors and new read-write
heads to each of ten tape units.
Performance in the first eight to ten weeks was
poor in comparison to a similar period for either 705.
My opinion is that the customer engineers had not
been adequately pretrained on the 704. Performance
since can only be described as excellent. Unscheduled
maintenance has averaged a V:! hr.jday. My recollection is that we did not do better than this on the new
705's.
While it is important to recognize that our experience with the purchased 704 may not be entirely
typical, it can be said that there has' been no perceptible physical deterioration of the computer now
5 Y2 years old.

Conversion Costs
It is because the disadvantages of purchasing are of
this type that I have emphasized so strongly that the
calculations in Table I are not economics. In an economic decision about purchasing, some "value" figures
must be assigned to these nebulous disadvantages.
A decision to purchase a used computer is a decision to fall behind in the race for glamor in the computer field. To appreciate the advantages of such
a decision anyone familiar with the costs of programming need only review the costs of keeping lip
with computer technology. In a large company, nol
my own, with which I am familiar, the cost of converting from four 705's to two 7080's was estimated al
about three quarters of a million dollars. There are
few easier conversions to be made than that one. Conversions are expensive in big numbers and it is much
more usual to underestimate than to overestimate
their cost. Skipping a computer model doesn't usually
add any expense to the cost of acquiring the next
computer model. A purchased machine might be expected to skip one generation of computers and completely eliminate the cost of one conversion.
Aside from the problem of conversion per se-by
which 1 mean changing a set of programs which work
on wlachine X to a set which work on Machine Y,there is the cost of converting the programming staff.
This can be a small cost; if the staff is of top quality,
they will shift to new machines nearly effortlessly.
However, it will cost something to convert most programming staffs. If one recognizes how limited in
validity such estimates are, a man-month plus per
programmer might be proffered as an, average cost
of convening a staff.

Walter W. Finke, president of Honeywell EDP,
is shown viewing a one-third size model of Telstar
by the console of a Honeywell 800 computer. The
pair joined together last month to demonstrate the
use of outer space to provide data transmission between computer installations.
The 800 computer, located at the Honeywell Research Center, sent a series of messages through telephone voice circuits to the AT&T ground station
at Andover, Me., where the dala was Iransmitted by
microwave 10 I he orhil ing salellile. \Vithin milliseconds, I he messages were I'en~i\'ed hack at the compliler and prillled 0111 Wilholll Cl'ror hy " Honeywell
800 high speed prilller.
'
Telstar travelled ·l,OO() Illiles during the twenty
minute test. When transmission began at 11 :50 a.m.,
Telstar was located over the North Atlantic Ocean
near its apogee at an altitude of 3,250 miles. The
satellite orbits at a speed of about 16,000 miles an
hour.
In another computer land-space communications
test on the same day, a Burroughs D825 modular
clata processing system at the Burroughs Laboratories
in Paoli, Pa., was linked via Telstar to a S203 high
speed electrostatic printer at the Burroughs headquarters in Detroit. Electronic signals were sent by
telephone lines to the Long Lines Dept. at AT&T,
in New York City, relayed to Andover, and transmitted to Telstar. The message was amplified 10
billion times, then sent back to Andover, and transmitted by land-lines to New York, and then to Detroit.
Mr. Finke predicted that "this test illustrates the
type of the high-speed intercontinental computer network that in years to come will handle the data
processing need of the bulk of the world commerce."
U. S. industry is expanding its international operations at the rate of nearly $5 billion a year, Mr.
Finke noted. At the same time, the European CommonMarket and other international trade blocs have
shown every sign of continued healthy growth. These
developments, he said, "will crca tea tremendous demand for fast data communical ions that can only
be met by sophisticated data processing and communications networks."

Results
As a concluding note it may be useful to describe
the operahility of the 704 my company purchased.
l\fy operating experience is with two different installations of 70S's, both rented, and with this 704. All
equiplllent has been maintained by IBl\L The 704
was pllrchased from IBlYl and when it arrived that
company extensively overhauled it at what must have
been cOllsiderable expense to themselves. For examC()~ll'liTERS

(/1/([

AUTOMATION for November, 1962

FRONT COVER: COMPUTER COMMUNICATION
VIA TELSTAR

THE USED COMPUTER MARKET
Neil Macdonald

Used bits for new uses

Assistant Editor

The sale of a used computer, such as reported in
the previous article, is an event occurring with increasing frequency in the computer field. The rapid
advances in computer technology during the past
several years have encouraged many users to exchange
"first generation" computers for more modern solidstate units. The result has been the appearance of a
brisk market for used computers.
Computers a1ld Automation made a survey of computer vendors who have had machines available for
more than three years to determine the present structure of this used computer market. Table I presents
a summary of the information which was collected.
The prices quoted in the Table should be treated
as rough approximations. There are many factors
which can alter the selling price of a used computer
substantially. Much depends on whether there is an
outright purchase or a lease arrangement, on whether
there is a new sale rather than another system going
to the same customer, and on whether there are

strong prospects for future sales of new equipment to
the same customer.
The used computer marketplace is shaping up as
a hotly competitive arena. The Burroughs Corp.
reports that, it "is sustaining a strong secondhand
computer market." They report that sufficient 205's
are available so that they can be delivered immedi. ately. The E's are being factory reconditioned at the
rate of one a week. Burroughs states it currently has
a backlog for reconditioned Es. They anticipate
that there will be some larger 220 systems available
in 1963.
Remington Rand Univac declares that it is "aggressively promoting the used computer market."
Univac cites as an example a large life insurance
company which was one of the first users of a
UNIVAC I, installed over ten years ago. When after
five years the workload became greater than the
computer could handle, the company decided to
purchase another UNIVAC I, then a used machine,

TABLE I

Prices for Typical Used Computer Systems
SYSTEM

PRICE NEW

PRICE USED,

1962

NUMBER

PERCENTAGE OF

AVAILABLE

ORIGINAL PRICES

50-60%

Alwac Corp.
Alwac III E

.$50,000-80,000

$26,764-43,875

cour
only
take
15.
T]
the
goal
stati
need
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cour
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tial
equCl
linec
the
NoV\(and
scriF
briej
vlno
In c(

topi l
char

into
ann(
prov
ness
an (
solUi
The
com'
tisti(
in tl
goin
corn
mosl
ture~

utili
solv(

Burroughs
EI0I-I03
205 Card
205 Paper Tape
205 Magnetic Tape

$40,000
$190,000
$155,000
$400,000

$22,000
$61,000
$48,000
$130,000

$20,000

$12,000

40%

$49,500

$18,000
to schools only

35%

$190,000
$525,000

$76,000
$244,000

40-60%

30%

H
the ~
drav
knm
to f,
mon
peril
then

Clary Corp.
DE-60

General Precision
LGP-30

wen
actie
marl
matl
into
celIe
gam
in t
gam

IBM
650 Card
650 ;\[agnetic Tape
Remington Rand UNIVAC
Univac I
File Computer 0
File Computer 1

$1,250,000
$325,000
$665,000

Individually
N egotiatecl

"enough to
satisfy many
customers"

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for NO\,l'IIlIH'r.

Si
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19
ln

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ence

to handle the additional workload. Presently the
company is in the process of negotiating for the purchase of a third UNIVAC I to provide still additional
com pu tel' capacity in the coming year.
The IBM Corp. does not consider itself an active
factor in the used computer marketplace. In a carefully worded policy statement, designed no doubt
with the .Justice Department's Anti-Trust Division in
mind, IB~[ disavows any interest in promoting the
direct sale of traded-in computers to new users. Its
policy statement reads: "IBNI sells new equipment
outright and has been doing so for several years. In
addition, IBNI leases equipment.
"l[ a customer renting one of IBM's machines decides he wants to buy it, IBM will sell it to him. The
price will vary depending on the age of the machine
in question. This is one case in which it might be
said that IBNI sells 'used' computers, but the limitation should be noted. IBM in this case is only selling
,1 used machine to the customer who has been renting
that particular machine.
"Suppose a customer buys an IBNI machine, new
or 'used,' and he decides for one reason or another
that he wants to replace it with a newer machine.
1£ IB.M has a need for the older type machine involved, IBNI will accept the older machine as a
trade-in. It first offers the machine for sale, as is,
to used equipment dealers. If they are not purchased,
however, the machine normally is scrapped.
"It can be seen then that IBlV[ is not involved in
what might generally be described as a 'used computer
market.' IBM does sell used machines to customers
who are already using the machine, and IBl\;[ does
sell machines that are traded in, not directly to customers, but to used machine dealers."
Conservative estimates suggest that there will be
over 60 used computers purchased in 1963 by users
who had not previously leased or rented the equipment. The figure will probably expand to 500 by
1965 as many of the smaller solid-state systems are
exchanged for larger computers. These facts suggest
a time in the 1970's when the unit sales of used
computers will outstrip that of new computer systems.
The used computer market shou~d soon become a
major factor in the development of the computer
industry.

Pc...R

COAAPU"'e~

g';,~

000

.• and these red ones are lor our internal au(liting."

STATEMENT

OWNERSHIP

AND

MANAGE-

MENT OF COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION
Computers and Automation is publishl:d 12 times a year
at Boston, Mass.
1. Thl: 11;\I11I:S and add .. l:ssl:s of the publishl:", editor, managing I:ditor, and businl:ss managl:r arl::
Publishl:r, Bl:rkdl:Y Entl:rprisl:s, Inc., S 15 Washington
St., Newtonvilll: 60, Mass.
Editor and managing editor, Edmund C. Berkeley,
815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass. Business
manager, Patrick J. McGovern, 815 Washington St.,
Newtonville 60, Mass.

2. The owner is: Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass.

Stockholders holding one per cent or more of the
stock are:
Edmund C. Berkeley, 815 Washington St., Newtonville 60, Mass.
Max S. Weinstein, 25 Highland Drive, Albany 3, N. Y.

4. The average number of copies of each issue of this
publication sold or distributed, through the mails or otherwise, to paid subscribers during thl: 12 months preceding
the date shown above was 3552.

Patrick

McGovern, Businl:ss Manager

SWORN TO and subscribed before me, a notary public
in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts, on September 18,
1962.

III

Kevin A. Burns, Notary Public
My commission expires May 14, 1966.

athecond

, 1962

3. The known bondholders, mortgagees, and other security
holders owning or holding one per cent or more of the
total amount of bonds, mortgages, or other securities are:
None.

best
that
and
most
tger?
d to
lItheed/!;e

Color-Coded Tape Filing

C()~II'IITJo:RS (/Ild AUTO~rATION

for November, 1962

CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS
Nov. 4-7, 1962: 15th Annual Conf. on Elec. Tech. in
Medicine and Biology, Conrad Hilton Hotel, Chicago,
111.; contact Dr. J. E. Jacobs, 624 Lincoln Ave., Evanston, Ill.
Nov. 5-7, 1962: NEREM (Northeast Res. & Engineering
Meeting), Commonwealth Armory, Somerset Hotel,
Boston, Mass.; contact NEREM-IRE Boston Office, 313
Washington St., Newton, Mass.
Nov. 7-9, 1962: Data Processing Management Association South Central Div. Conference, Washington Youree
Hotel, Shreveport, La.; contact J. D. Parker, Jr., Conference Chairman, P. O. Box 1724, Shreveport, La.
Nov. 12-14, 1962: 1962 Radio Fall Meeting, King Edward
Hotel, Toronto, Canada; contact EIA Engineering Dept.,
Room 2260, 11 W. 42nd St., New York 36, N. Y.
Nov. 29-30, 1962: ACM Sort Symposium, Nassau Inn,
Princeton, N. J.; contact Mrs. L. R. Becker, c/o Applied
Data Research, Inc., 759 State Rd., Princeton, N. J.
Dec. 3-7, 1962: Course in Mathematics of Information
Storage and Retrieval, Georgia Institute of Technology,
Atlanta 13, Ga.; contact Director, Department of Short
Courses and Conferences, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta 13, Ga.
Dec. 4-6, 1962: FJCC (Fall Joint Computer Conference),
Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa.; contact E. Gary Clark,
Burroughs Research Center, Box 843, Paoli, Pa.
Dec. 6-7, 1962: PGVC (PG on Vehicular Communications) Conference, Disneyland Motel, Los Angeles,
Calif.; contact W. J. Weisz, Motorola, Inc., Comm.
Div., 4545 West Augusta Blvd., Chicago 51, Ill.
Dec. 12-14, 1962: American Documentation Institute
Annual Meeting and Exhibit, Diplomat Hotel, Hollywood, Fla.; contact John L. Whitlock Associates, 253
Waples Mill Rd., Oakton, Va.
Jan. 22-24, 1963: Ninth National Symposium on
Reliability and Quality Control, Sheraton-Palace, San
Francisco, Calif.; contact A. R. Park, Librascope
Division, General Precision, P. O. Box 458, San Marcos,
Calif.
Jan. 28-Feb. 1, 1963: 1963 Winter General Meeting of the
American Institute of Electrical Engineers, New York,
N. Y.; contact Dr. D. R. Helman, ITT Federal Laboratories, 500 Washington Ave., Nutley 10, N. J.
Jan. 30-Feb. 1, 1963: 4th Winter Convention on Military
Electronics, Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, Calif.; contact IRE L. A. Office, 1435 La Cienega Blvd., Los
Angeles, Calif.
Feb. 4-8, 1963: ASTM Committee Week, Queen Elizabeth
Hotel, Montreal, Canada
Feb. 20-22, 1963: International Solid State Circuits Conference, Sheraton Hotel and Univ. of Pennsylvania,
Philadelphia, Pa.; contact S. K. Ghandi, Philco Scientific Lab., Blue Bell, Pa.
Mar. 15-16,1963: Pacific Computer Conference, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, Calif.; contact
Dr. E. J. Schubert, Systems Division of Beckman Instruments, Inc., 2400 Harbor Blvd., Fullerton, Calif.
Mar. 19-21, 1963: Symposium on Bionics, sponsored by
Aeronautical Systems Div. of the Air Force Systems
Command, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, Biltmore Hotel, Dayton, Ohio; contact Commander, Aeronautical Systems Div., Attn.: ASRNEB-3, Lt. Col.
L. M. Butsch, Jr., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,
Ohio
Mar. 25-28, 1963: IRE International Convention, Coliseum and Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York; contact
Dr. D. B. Sinclair, IRE Headquarters, 1 E. 79th St.,
New York 21, N. Y.
46

April 17-19, 1963: International Conference on Nonlinear
Magnetics, Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D. c.; contact J. J. Suozzi, Technical Program Chairman, Bell
Telephone Labs., Allentown, Pa.
April 23-25, 1963: The Eleventh National Conference on
Electromagnetic Relays, Student Union Bldg., Oklahoma
State University, Stillwater, Okla.; contact Prof. Charles
F. Cameron, Technical Coordinator of the NARM,
Oklahoma State University School of Electrical Engineering, Stillwater, Okla.
April 24-26, 1963: Power Industry Computer Application Conference, Hotel Westward Ho, Phoenix 4, Ariz.;
contact E. J. Lassen, 453 E. Lamar Rd., Phoenix 12,
Ariz.
May 20-22, 1963: National Telemetering Conference,
Hilton Hotel, Albuquerque, N. M.; contact T. J.
Hoban, NTC Program Chairman, Sandia Corp., P. o.
Box 5800, Albuquerque, N. M.
May 21-23, 1963: Spring Joint Computer Conference,
Cobo Hall, Detroit, Mich.; contact Dr. E. Calvin Johnson, Bendix Aviation Corp., Detroit, Mich.
June 23-28, 1963: ASTM 66th Annual Meeting, Chalfonte-Haddon Hall, Atlantic City, N. J.
Sept. 9-11, 1963: 7th National Convention on Military
Electronics (MIL-E-CON 7), Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D. c.; contact L. D. Whitelock, Exhibits Chairman, 5614 Greentree Road, Bethesda 14, Md.
Oct., 1963: 10th Annual Meeting, PGNS 2nd International Symposium on Aerospace Nuclear Prop. and
Power
Nov. 4-6, 1963: NEREM (Northeast Resea.rch and Eng.
Meeting), Boston, Mass.; contact NEREM-IRE Boston
Office, 313 Washington St., Newton, Mass.
Nov. 10-14, 1963: 9th Annual Conference on Magnetism
and Magnetic Materials, Chalfonte-Haddon Hall,
Atlantic City, N. J.
Nov. 12-14, 1963: Fall Joint Computer Conference, Las
Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nev.; contact
Mr. J. D. Madden, System Development Corp., Santa
Monica, Calif.
Nov. 18-20, 1963: 1963 Radio Fall Meeting, Manger Hotel,
Rochester, N. Y.; contact EIA Engineering Dept.,
Room 2260, 11 W. 42 St., New York 36, N. Y.
Nov. 19-21, 1963: Fifth International Automation
Congress and Exposition, Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia,
Pa.; contact International Automation Congress &
Exposition, Richard Rimbach Associates, Management,
933 Ridge Ave., Pittsburgh 12, Pa.
Feb. 3-7, 1964: ASTM International Conference on
Materials, Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa.; contact
H. H. Hamilton, American Society for Testing and
Materials, 1916 Race St., Philadelphia 3, Pa.
Mar. 23-26, 1964 (Tentat.): IRE International Convention, Coliseum and Waldorf-Astoria, New York, N. Y.;
contact E. K. Gannett, IRE Hdqs., 1 E. 79 St., New
York 21, N. Y.
Apr. 22-24, 1964: SWIRECO (SW IRE Conf. and Elec.
Show), Dallas Memorial Auditorium, Dallas, Texas.
Apr. 28-30, 1964: Spring Joint Computer Conference,
Statler Hotel, Boston, Mass.
May 26-28, 1964: Spring Joint Computer Conference,
Washington Hilton Hotel, Washington, D. c.; contact
Mr. J. D. Madden, System Development Corp., Santa
Monica, Calif.
June 21-26, 1964: ASTM 67th Annual Meeting and 16th
Materials Testing Exhibit, Conrad Hilton Hotel, Chicago,
Ill.
CO~IPUTERS

and AUTOMATION for Novelll!Jt'I', 1!1iJ:!

ers,
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uts

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962

INTEGRATED AUTOMATIC CONTROL
SYSTEMS
(Continued fr01Il Page 10)

high-performance aircraft and missiles operating over
wide variations of speed, altitude, acceleration, and
temperature; and in the presence of extreme aerodynamic cross-coupling and complicated aeroelastic
phenomena.
.
, The advances in control technology represented
by such automatic pilots have, as in the case of the
automatic gunner, required the concurrent development of delicate sensors; high performance power
systems; and multi-variable, non-linear computation.
The sensors involve radio receivers, radar and pressure altimeters, air-speed and Mach-number indicators, angl~-of-attack and angle-of-sideslip detectors,
shaft-position and speed-measuring devices, gyroscopes,
accelerometers, thermometers, and strain gages. The
power elements include primary power sources such
as electrical batteries and internal combustion engines; electrical generators and motors; hydraulic
pumps, valves, accumulators and actuators; and all
of the auxiliary power transmission and control
equipment which so often in the past has been considered too unsophisticated to be interesting to the
servo-mechanism designer, but which, nevertheless,
has represented major items of cost, weight, and reliability in the reduction of control system theories
to practice.
The computation elements of such an automalic
pilot include signal amplifiers, lead and lag networks,
resolvers, integrators, differentiators and algebraic
function generators. Recently, the major computational load has been successfully assumed in some
automatic pilot designs by high-speed, real-time digital computers. Here, as in all other automatic control
applications, the ability to apply real-time digital
computers has added a new dimension to system
flexibility and the practical mechanization of adaptive control techniques.
3.3. A lltomatic Navigator. A third member of the
automatic crew is the "automatic navigator" -sometimes, in the case of an unmanned vehicle, called a
"guidance system." These devices are used to determine components of vehicle position, velocity, and
acceleration. The vehicle-position data and its appropriate time derivatives are then displayed to a hU,man
pilot, together with other pertinent information such
as distance, time, and heading to destination. These
outputs are also used to generate steering inputs to
an automatic pilot.
Once again, the control problem of the automatic
navigator involves several variables, sensors, and computers. (;enerally speaking, since the primary output
of an automatic navigator is information, the mechanical power elements of the system are secondary to the
sensors and computation. A common characteristic
of many types of automatic navigators is a requirement for extreme precision in the sensors and computer. Elementary dynamical computations show, for
example, t hat the cut-off velocity of a ballistic missile
lllust be established to an accuracy of about 0.005
CO:'.IPlJTERS mlft AUTOMATION for November, 1962

percent to achieve an accuracy of one mile on a
5,000 mile flight, even if all other errors are zero.
Precision automatic navigators are generally classified into two types: "Externally Controlled" and "self
contained." There are, of course, combinations of
these two. Externally controlled automatic navigators
involve the whole class of radio navigation aids, including the very new applications of transit satellites.
Self contained automatic navigators involve air-speed
and magnetic-compass dead reckoning systems; doppler-inertial systems; stellar-inertial systems; all-inertial systems; and the use of checkpoints obtained by
visual or radar observation of known locations on the
surface of the earth.
Generally speaking, the dynamic-response problems
of the navigation automatic-control systems have been
far less severe than those of the automatic gunner or
automatic pilot. Improvements in accuracy and reliability, and reductions in size and cost of precision
sensors for navigation automatic-control systems have
been every bit as dramatic as the solution of highperformance, multipli-coupled dynamical problems in
the automatic-pilot and automatic-gunner applications.
The requirement for accuracy in computation
characterizes the automatic-navigation-system application in contrast to the requirement for speed-of-computation in the previous two examples. This has
made it feasible and desirable to introduce digital
computers as basic clements of automatic navigators
at an earlier date than has been practicable in the
case of aUlolllatic flight cOlltrol. The digital computers used in automatic navigation equipment today
represent major improvements in size, capacity, and
reliability over those which were llsed for airborne
applications in the first postwar decade.
A further very important advance, made possible
by the use of digital computers, has been the inclusion of capabilities for pre-operational readiness checks,
fault isolation and operation countdown, as well as
t,he programming on non-navigational vehicle activities. The exploitation of these capabilities of digital
computers is only beginning as we enter the era of
microminiaturization.
3.4. The Automatic Crew Chief. The automatic
crew chief is the fourth member of the automatic crew.
Although I am not aware of any equipment specifically designated "automatic crew chief," the name
is appropriate for a most important class of automaticcontrol systems associated with malfunction detection
and isolation; pre-operational calibration and checkout; and automatic countdown as applied to complex
aircraft, missile, and space systems.
The complexity of operational equipment results
in a corresponding complexity in the various levels of
malfunction detection and isolation, and in the preoperational functions of calibration checkout and
countdown. As complicated missile systems moved
into the field, it became obviolls that the ordinary
manual or semi-automatic methods which had sufficed
for the vehicles of World 't\Tar II, would result in intolerable delays and costs. There was also the very real
danger of wearing out the operat ional equipment
,Ii

during its period of test, calibration and checkout. As
a result, a whole new class of automatic control equipment has been developed. This equipment has at its
center a device of broad applicability, often called a
"programmer-compara tor."
The programmer-comparator contains logical circuits closely akin to those of general-purpose digital
computers. In fact, the trend in programmer-comparator design has been toward the use of high-capacity digital computers for increasing the number of
functions which can be performed; for increasing the
accuracy with which obscure malfunctions can be implicitly determined; and for instituting tests, the results of which are compared with predetermined
values. Depending upon the results of the comparison,
a built-in logical decision is automatically called for,
which may continue the first-level testing if the comparison is within a certain tolerance band; initiate
second-level or subroutine testing if the comparison is
within a larger tolerance band; or stop the whole test
procedure when a malfunction is indicated which is
either beyond the capabilities of the system to isolate
or which represents a clearly established condition of
inoperability for the major system being tested. Of
course the programmer-comparator may alternately
be programmed to continue the tests to search for
other malfunctions even when the nature of a malfunction or the need for repair has been established
and reported.
In addition, the programmer-comparator normally
contains certain basic standards, usually of an electrical nature, sllch as voltage levels, current levels, standarcI frequencies, and phase detectors. It also has within
itself the means for providing standard inputs in the
form of single or combination sine waves, doublets,
impulses, step functions, ramp functions, and various
kinds of noise which may be necessary to calibrate or
otherwise determine the operability of the system
being checked.
The programmer-comparator can be operated by
punched cards, punched paper tape or magnetic tape,
or other types of memory. It normally contains provisions for printing out the results of its tests, for
visually indicating the status of the checkout, for
showing the presence of malfunctions, and for otherwise interfacing with the human operator. Since the
programmer-comparator is a general-purpose equipment, it is not normally capable of communicating
directly with the equipments being tested, so the
automatic crew chief also includes special adaptors
which operate between the programmer-comparator
and the operational system. These adaptors are special-purpose elements of the automatic control system,
whose function is to make the language of the programmer-comparator understandable to the system
being checked out, and vice versa. The problem of
adaptor design and connection to the equipment being tested is simplified if the operational system contains a digital computer through which the operational system can be controlled.
(hher Applications of Automatic Control
Stimulated hy Defense and Space Efforts
The previous discussion has concerned itself with a
,IR

particular classification of automatic control technology associated with the missions of military vehicles. Although the fall-out from these vehicle-control
system problems covers a very large part of today's
industry, it by no means represents the totality of the
influence of defense programs on the science of automatic control.
Command) Communication and Control. A very
significant technology has been built up around the
complex problems of command, communication and
decision-making. These are the problems of collecting,
transmitting, analyzing, and evaluating large numbers
of different inputs from which are developed the
bases for command decisions. Such systems are characterized by extreme complexity, and they require
very large computing capacities and logical designs
which determine the optimum compromise among
rigorous solutions of many problems. All this information must then be compressed into presentations
which can be comprehended and acted upon by human beings in a specified short time.
Management Aids. Another class of application
of automatic control consists of the man-machine
combinations designed to improve various management characteristics of complex organizations and
programs. Generally speaking, these systems involve
human beings as data sources or inputs; elements of
the feedback loops; error analyzers; and action initiators. Machines, usua11y in the form of computers,
are the system's controllers. The dynamics of such
systems are extremely complex, involving as they do
finite time delays, human perception and human inertia. Some systems are designed to improve program
forecasting and control; others to ensure configuration
control or rapid feedback of reliability data, and still
others are aimed at improving the speed and detail
with which cost information is accumulated and disseminated.
Far-sighted and enlightened governmental agencies
have begun to encourage and demand the development of man-machine systems for management assistance in government and industry alike. In response,
a considerable number of relatively preliminary manifestations of this new facet of automatic control science are already in successful operation. It can be
expected that future progress in these areas will be
rapid, and that the science of automatic managementassistance systems will take its place as a major branch
of automatic control system technology.
Proposal Preparation. Additionally, application of
the broader concepts of integrated man-machine systems has developed in connection with the actual
preparation of proposals for the complex programs
of modern missile and space projects. All of the
different manifestations of the proposal effort are
beginning to be programmed into high-speed digital
computers to permit automatic performance of all of
the calculations and data accumulation tasks; followed
by actual printing of the proposal itself on the computer's automatic printer.

(To Be Continued in the December

IsSIl(~)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for NO\'('lIIht'\',

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BOOI{S AND
OTHER
PUBLICATIONS
Moses M. Berlin
Allston, Mass.

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1962

We publish here citations and
brief reviews of books and other
publications which have a significant relation to computers, data
processing, and. automation, and
which have come to our attention.
We shall be glad to report other information in future lists if a review
copy is sent to us. The plan of each
entry is: author or editor / title /
publisher or issuer / date, publication process, number of pages,
price or its equivalent / comments.
If you write to a publisher or issuer, we would appreciate your
mentioning Computers and Automation.
Miller, David W. and Martin K. Starr I
Executive Decisions and Operations Research I Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood
Cliffs, New Jersey I 1962, printed, 446
pp, $10.60
The application of operations research to
problems of business administration is here
discussed. The book's first part, "The
Executive and Decisions," traces the history of business management and describes
the modem view of the manager and his
objectives. Part 2, "Operations Research
and Decisions," discusses "Applied Decision Theory," "Qualitative Models" and
"Quantitat ive :\Iodels." ~Iethods for using
operations research to discover strategies
and to determine outcomes are given. Parts
3 and 4, "I>e~ision-Problem Paradigms" and
"The EXl'CIItive and Operations Research,"
present problems in marketing, production
alld admillistration, and demonstrate the
applicabil it y of operations research techniques to their solutions. Fourteen chapters, a bibliography and an index are included.
Wilcox, UidIard H. and William C. Mann,
Editors I Redundancy Techniques for
Computing Systems I Spartan Books,
6411 Chillum Place, N.W., Washington
12, D. C. I 1962, offset, 403 pp, cost?
This book incl udes the proceedings of a
symposilllll which was sponsored by the
Office of :'-:aval Research and the Westinghouse Elertric Co., and held in February,
1962 to d isCliss new ideas, research and developments which may lead to the sound
introductioll of redundancy techniques into
forthcoming computer systems. Much useful inforlllation on techniques for avoiding failul"(' .. diagnosing computer malfunct ioning, and improving hardware design
are disCllv;I'(1. Among the twenty-three
papers: "Codes and Coding Circuitry for
Automatic Enol' Correction within Digital
Systems," "Oil the Nature of Reliability of
Automata." ".\nalysis and Synthesis Methods for Rnl\ll\(lallt Logical Design," "Redundallt Digital Systems," and "Two Approacill's til Incorporating Redundancy into
l.ogical I l!-,;ign." A bibliography on rechllulanc), ('(hniques is given.
CO:\IPlJTF.RS

((1/d

Todd, John, Editor I A Survey of NUlllerical Analysis I McGraw-Hill Book Co.,
Inc., 330 'West 42 St., New York 36,
N. Y. I 1962, printed, 589 pp, $12.50
The classical and modern theory, applications, and ramifications of Operations
Research are here discussed by fourteen
experts in the field. The editor, a Professor of Mathematics at California Inst. of
Technology, directed a training program
supported by a grant made to the National
Bureau of Standards by the National
Science Foundation. This book developed
from the program. In the first of seventeen
chapters, Dr. Todd discu~ses "Motivation
for 'Working in Numerical Analysis,"
demonstrating the applicability of various
branches of mathematics to Operations Research. Other titles: "Automatic Computers," "Use and Limitation of Computers," "Numerical Methods in Ordinary
Differential Equations," "Discrete Problems," and "Linear Estimation and Related
Topics." Index.
l)roceedings of the 1962 Spring Joint Computer Conference: American Federation
of Information Processing Societies I The
National Press, 850 Hansen Way, Palo
Alto, Calif. I 1962, offset, 392 pp, $6.00
Thirty-three of the technical papers
given at the conference held in San Francisco, May, 1962, are here published. The
sessions included, "Study of Business Information Systems," "Theoretical Problems
in Artificial Intelligence," "Man-Machine
Cooperation," "Data Analysis and Model
Construction in the Study of the Nervous
System," "Programming and Coding," "Information and Retrieval," and "DDA and
Hybrid Computation." Among the titks
arc: ":\ Simulation of a Business Finll."
"Circuits for the FX-I COlllputer," ",\n'
the ~[all and the ~[achine Relati()lIs~".
"Neural Analogs," "An Organi/at ion of ;111
Associative Cryogcnic COlllputer," "A (;eneral Test Data Generator for COBOL,"
":\ Programming Language," and "Hyhrid
Techniques :\pplied to Optimization Problems."
Dijkstra, E. W. I A Primer of ALGOL 60
Programming I Academic Press, Inc., 11]
Fifth Ave., New York 3, N. Y. I 1962,
printed, 114 pp, $6.00
The ALGOL compiler, which is dcsigned
to translate ALGOL language into a form
that a computer can understand, and the
ALGOL language itself, are here discussed.
Twenty-seven brief but informative sections discuss the various formats and statements of ALGOL 60 expressions. "Assignment Statements," "Conditional Statements," "Procedures," "Bound Variables,"
"Conditional Expressions," and "Special
Input-Output Procedures," are among the
topics covered. A forty-page appendix,
"Report on. the Algorithmic Language
ALGOL 60," includes numerous examples
of ALGOL syntax and demonstrates various
ways in which the compiler works.
Bellman, Richard E. and Stuart E. Dreyfus
I Applied Dynamic Programming I
Princeton University Press, Princeton,
N. J. I 1962, printed, 366 pp, $8.50
This book discusses in detail methods for
applying the techniques of dynamic programming. The problems to which dynamic
programming is applied include: numerical
solution of optimization problems arising
in connection with satellites and space
travel, the determination of trajectories,
feed-back control, inventory and scheduling processes, and many others. The results were obtained in a RAND Corp. study
for the U. S. Air Force. Twelve chapters
include:
"One-Dimensional
Allocation

AUTOl\IATION for November, 1962

AN EXPOSITION
of the maximal network flow
approach to purely linear
problems in the study of
transportation and communication networks. Primarily
a work in applied mathematics it includes special algorithms for computing
answers not presently available in any other self-contained treatment.

Flows In
Networks
A RAND Corporation
Research Study
by L. R. Ford, Jr.
and D. R. Fulkerson
$6.00 at your bookstore
Princeton University Press
Princeton, New Jersey
I'ron'ss('"," "Optilllal Search Techniques,"
"DynallJic ProgramllJing and the Calculus of
Variations," "l\[ultistage Production Processes Utilizing Complexes of Industries,"
and "Numerical Analysis." Five appendices
include discussions relating to the subject,
and a brief description of the RAND
JOH~NIAC computer. Name and subject
indices.
Kaplan, Wilfred I Operational Methods for
Linear Systems I Addison-Wesley Pub.
Co., Inc., Reading, Mass. I 1962, printed,
577 pp, $10.75
This book is intended as a text for a
course on the mathematical methods employed in the design and analysis of linear
systems. The author emphasizes Fourier
series and transforms, Laplace transforms,
and their application to ordinary different ial equations. The first of eight chapters
discllsses "Linear Differential Equations,"
in which a brief review of the subject is
given. In addition, the theory is extended
to integrodifferential equations and impulse functions. Among the other titles:
"Basic Concepts of Systems Analysis,"
"Analytic Functions of a Complex Variable," "Fourier Series and Finite Fourier
Transform," "The Laplace Transform,"
"Stability," and "Time-Variant Linear Systems." Three appendices discuss "The Operational Calculus of Mikusinski," "Recapitulation of Principal Tables," and a
glossary of symbols. Index.
Guilbaud, G. T., trans. by Valerie Mackay
I '\'hat is Cybernetics? I Grove Press,
Inc., 64 University Place, New York 3,
N. Y. I ]960, printed, paperback, ]26 PI',
$1.15
This interestillg alld illfollllati\'(' hoo\;.
discllsses the origill, ('"ollltioll, alld illJp0\,tan('(~ of cyherll('tics.
III tht' illtlOdllctioll,

·1!'

WHO'S WHO IN THE
COMPUTER FIELDCUMULATIVE EDITION,
1962
Computers and Automation will
publish this fall a cumulative
edition of "Who's Who In the
Computer Field."
If you. are interested in computers, please fill in the following
Who's Who entry form (which may
be copied on any piece of paper)
and send it to us for your free
listing. If you have friends in the
compu ter field, please call their
attention to sending us their Who's
Who entries. The cumulative edition will include only the entries
of persons who send us their Who's
Who information.
Name? (please print)
Your Address? ................................... .
Your Organization? ...................... ..
I ts Address?

Your Title?
Your
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(
(

Main Computer III terests?
) Applications
) Business
) Construction
) Design
) Electronics
) Logic
) Mathematics
) Programming
) Sales
) Other (specify):

Year of birth? ................................... .
Col]ege or last school? ................... .
Year entered the computer field? .. ..
Occupation? ..................................... .
Anything else? (publications, distinctions, etc.) .................................. ..

''''hen you have filled in this
entry form p]ease send it to: Who's
\-\Tho Editor. Computers and Automation, 815 Washington Street,
Newtonville 60, Mass.

!i0

the author traces the etymology of the
term and reveals that currently "cyber·
netics" is mistakenly associated with "thinking machines" and electronics instruments.
. rhe first part of the book, "Control Systems," includes chapters on "Circuits and
Networks" and "Feedback and Purposive
Activity." Part two, "Signals and Messages," includes "The Measurement of
rnformation," "Imitative Gibberish," and
"Communication." The final part, "Towards Unification," includes the chapter
"Pilots, Planners and Gamblers," in which
tile components which form a decision are
discussed. A conclusion and a selected
hibliography are included.
Vichnevetsky, R., Editor I Analogue Computation Applied to the Study of Chemical Processes, International Seminar I
Gordon and Breach Science Publishers,
Inc., 150 Fifth Ave., New York II, N. Y.
I 1962, printed, 172 pp, $10.50
Twenty-three papers given at a conference held in Brussels, Nov., 1960, are here
puhlished. The discussions following some
of the papers are included, and often
(hese discussions raise questions which lead
to relevant and interesting information.
The conference, attended by participants
from nineteen countries, concentrated on
current applications of analog computation
(0 on-line chemical processes, chemical reactors, and heat exchange and transfer
prohlems. Among the titles: "The Use of
Computers in the Design and Operation of
Chemical Plants," "Simulation of Chemical
Processes on a Combined Analog-Digital
Computer," "Process Control by Computer,"
"Application of the Analogue Computer in
the Study of the Esterification of Terephthalic Acid," and "The Use of Standard
Analogue Techniques in Solving Propagation Problems." Sixteen of the 23 papers
are published in English.
Finn, James D. and Donald G. Perrin I
Teaching Machines and Programmed
Learning, 1962: A Survey of the Industry, Occasional Paper No.3 I Associate
Investigator, Technological Development
Project, National Education Association,
1201 Sixteenth St., N.W., Washington 6,
D. C. I 1962, photo offset, 85 pp, $1.5Q
This paper reports on trends and developments in new media of instruction
and in the development of hardware and
devices used with the new media. The information given is derived in part from
surveys of recent activities in the field, and
in its thoroughness reflects the research
efforts of the U. S. National Education
Assn. The seven sections include: "Machines and Programs: Some Definitions
and a Conceptual Structure," "Directory of
Machines," "Directory of Programs," and
"Directory of Manufacturers and Publishers." In a prologue, Edward L. Thorndike's comments on "guidance in habitformation and reasoning" are quoted.
Bibliography.
Amos, S. W. I Principles of Transistor Circuits, second edition I John F. Rider
Publisher, Inc., 116 West 14 St., New
York II, N. Y. I 1962, printed, 210 pp,
$4.25
The fund amen tals of transistorized circuitry are discussed in this book, which incorporates information on recent developments not covered in the earlier edition.
The first of fourteen chapters, "Semiconductors and Junction Diodes," describes the
physical processes which occur in transistors.
Among the other titles: "Basic Principles
of Junction Transistors," "Bias Stablizalion," "Large-Shmal .'\. F. Amplifiers,"
"~'{ultivibrators." "Further Applications of
Junction Diodes and Transistors," and
"Further Semiconductor Devices." Index.

Bulletin of the Provisional International
Computation Centre, nos. 15-16 I I)ro\,.
International Compo Centre, Palm:m
degli Uffici, Zona dell' E. U. R., Rome,
Italy I 1962, printed, 70 pp
This issue of the French and English
publication includes articles, reports alld
reviews on topics relating to data processing. Included are: "A Progress Report Oil
Machine Translation," by A. D. B(Joth,
"Origin and Scope of the Libyan Pil(J(
Project," by C. K. Dilwali, an "Interna·
tional Repertory of Computation Lahoratories" (supplements to an earlier list),
"Report on a Research Programme Oil
Learning ~1achines," and reviews of sYIllposia, new computers, and publicatiolls.
The Rate and Direction of Inventive Activity: Economic and Social Factors I
Princeton University Press, Princeton,
N. J. I 1962, printed, 635 pp, $12.50
Twenty-three papers presented at a conference held at the University of Minnesota in the Spring, 1960, are here puhlished. The subject, generally, is inventive
activity, and many aspects of the process
of invention are discussed, questioned, and
evaluated. In addition, some of the papers,
and the comments which follow, analyze
the allocation of inventive efforts, and
study industry's methods for implementing
inventions. Among the topics (which are in
six sections): "Inventive Activity: Problems
of Definition and Measurement," "The
Economics of Research and Development,"
"The Changing Direction of Research and
Development Employment Among Firms,"
"The Origins of the Basic Inventions Underlying Du Pont's Major Product and
Process Innovations, 1920 to 1950," "The
r.ink Between Science and Invention: The
Case of the Transistor," and "Economic
Welfare and the Allocation of Resources
for Invention."
The conference was
sponsored jointly by the Universities-:-Ja(ional Bureau Committee for Economic
Research, and the Committee on Economic
(;rowth of the Social Science Research
Council.
Beth, Evert lV. I Formal Methods: An Introduction to Symbolic Logic and to the
Study of Effective Operations in Arithmetic and Logic I Gordon and Breach
Science Publishers, Inc., 150 Fifth Ave.,
New York II, N. Y. I 1962, printed, 170
pp, $9.75
In the preface to this book, the author
asserts that many intelligent people cannot,
or are unwilling to "argue ex hypothesi."
The intention of the book is not to teach
(his skill, but rather to explain principles,
foundations and methods of logic to people
who possess the skill. The explanations are
presented in simple and concise form, and
although no exercises are given, the reader
can easily create exercises to test his understanding. - Seven
chapters
include:
"Purely Implicational Logic," "Theory of
Quantification, Equality, and Functionality," "Completeness of Elementary Logic,"
and "On Machines \Vhich Prove Theorems."
An appendix provides "Supplementary Explanations." A list of schemata and axioms,
a bibliography, and an index are included.
Ledley, Robert S. I Programming and
Utilizing Digital Computers I McGrawHill Book Co., Inc., 330 West 42 St., New
York 36, N. Y. I 1962, printed, 568 pp,
$12.50
This book, written as a college text in
programming digital computers, introduces
many of the programming methods currently in use. The first part of the book,
"Machine Languages," includes an introductory chapter which discusses the historical development of the computer. In-

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for Novemher,

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eluded are sections on: "Numerical Solution
to Equations," "Process Control," "Block
Diagram of a Computer," "'Yords and
Pulses," and "Input, Output, and Memory
Systems." Other chapters in part one are:
"Principles of Programming," and "Programming for Special-Purpose Digital Computers." . Part II, "Automatic-Programming
Languages," includes: "Development of
Automatic Programming," "Algebraically
Oriented Languages: ALGOL," "COBOL,"
and "Programming to Achieve Intelligence."
Part I II, "Data-Processing Techniques," indudes: "Fundamentals of Numerical Analysis," "Boolean Algebra" and "Searching,
Sorting, Ordering, and Codifying." Each
chapter includes exercises and references.
An appendix cites examples of three- two·
and one-address instruction systems. Name
and subjcct index.
Greenberger, Martin, Editor I Management
and the Computer of the Future I John
"Tiley & Sons, Inc., 440 Park Ave. South,
New York 16, N. Y. I 1962, printed, 340
pp, $6.00
Eight lectures and discussions on the
slIbject of management and the computer
of the future which were given in a series
sponsored by the ~1. L T. School of Industrial :Management in 1961, are published.
The contributors include specialists in computer technology and programming, psychologists and psychophysiologists actively
engaged in the simulation of human thought
processes, physical scientists in fields closely
related to computer technology, economists
and social scientists. The lectures and
authors are: "Scientists and Decision ~Iak
ing," C. P. Snow; "Managerial Decision
Making," .J. W. Forrester; "Simulation of
Human Thinking," H. A. Simon and :\.
~ewell; ".\ Library for 2000 A. n.," .J. G.
Kemeny; "The Computer in the University,"
A. J. Perlis: "Time-Sharing Computer Sys.
tems," J. '[cCarthy; "A New Concept in
Programming," G. 'V. Brown; and "'Vhat
Computers Should Be Doing," J. R. Pierce.
Each lecture is discussed by two commenta·
tors and a number of other participants, all
of whom arc listed. Selected bibliography
and index.

lat

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"0:

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ng

on
~m

1962

Future Computer Developments and Automated Teaching Methods." Index.
Halstead, Maurice H. I Machine-Independent Computer Programming I Spartan
Books, 6411 Chillum Place, N. W., Washington 12, D. C. I 1962, printed, 270 pp,
$6.50
This book is based on the course, "Ncliac,
a dialect of Algol," given at the Universily
of California. The groups of students included experienced computer programmers
and others unfamiliar with programming.
In the first chapter, "Introduction to Ma·
chine-Independent Programming," the au·
thor explains the methodology of organizing
a computer program, and describes the
Neliac language. Subsequent chapters explain how to read and write the language,
and the "Basic Concepts of Self-Compilers."
The second part of the book discusses the
input-output aspects of the Neliac compiler, its noun processing, decompiling, generators and utility subroutines. Four appendices include examples of programs
written in the Neliac language for the In"
704 and the CDC 1604. Index.
Williams, R. W. I Analogue Computation
I Academic Press, Inc., III Fifth Ave.,
New York 3, N. Y. I 1962, printed, 271
pp, $9.50
This bOJk surveys the field of analog
systems, concentrating on components and
techniques rather than on the complete computersystem, and "giving prominence toa.c.
operational amplifier techniques."
The
reader need have little more than a cursory
knowledge of light current engineering to
understand the theory set forth by the author. ~ine chapters include: "Introduction,"
in which the history of analog systems is
described and future possibilities discussed;
"Potentiometers," "A.. C. ~Iethods," "Fullct ion Generators," and "Transistor Applica t ions." Subject and name indices.

Van Ness, Robert G. I Principles of Punched
Card Data Processing I The Business
Press, 2HH Park Ave. West, Elmhurst, III.
I 1962, printed, 263 pp, $9.75
This book discusses the need for, the history of, and the methods for successfully
applying punched card data processing.
Fourteen chapters include: "Principles,"
"Case Study," "Coding Systems," "Data
Processing Services," and "The Future-A
Challenge." Each chapter includes "end-ofchapter" qllestions. Index.

An Introduction to the PERT-Cost System
for Integrated Project Management I
Superintendent of Docull1ent~, U. S.
Government Printing Office, 'Vashingtoll
25, D. C. I 1962, printed, 32 pp, 35¢
This booklet discusses PERT (Program
Evaluation and Review Technique) which
was developed for the Navy Special Projects Office by a management consultant
firm. In addition, General Electric Co.,
and Lockheed ~Iissile and Space Co., have
experimented with PERT by applying it
and evaluating its usefulness. The booklet
describes the system, explains its procedures
and includes examples of its application.
:\. number of charts and diagrams supplement the text.

Coulson, John E., Editor I Programmed
Learnill~ and Computer-Based Instruction I John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 440 Park
Ave. South, New York 16, N. Y. I 1962,
printed, !'!91 pp, $6.75
The I'mrcedings of the Conference on
Applicatioll of Digital Computers to Automated I list mction, held Oct., 1961, and
jointly spollsored by the Office of Naval
Rcsearch and the System Development
Corp., aI(' here published. Twenty-one
papers an' included under the headings:
"Theory alld Experimentation in Programmed I.earning," "Computer-Based In·
structiollal Systems," and "Computer Technology in .\utomated Teaching." Among
the titles: "The Challenge of Automation
in Education," ":\lew Directions in Teaching-Machill(' Research," "Adaptive Teaching ~[achill('s," ",.\ Computer-Based Laboratory for Rt'scarch and Development in
Education," "Computer Techniques in In·
struction,"
and
"Interactions between

Data Processing, Volume IV: Proceedings
of the 1961 International Conference of
the National Machine Accountants Association IN. M. A. A., International
Administrative Headquarters, 524 Busse
Highway, Park Ridge, Ill. I 1962, printed,
388 pp, $5.00
~rore than fifty of the papers presented
at the conference are published in this
volume. Seven catcgories include: Management, ~rachincs, Systems Development, and
Applications. Among the titles: "Does a
Computer Pay Off?" "New Concepts-:\lew
Devices," "Operations Research for the
Layman," "Automatic Coding," and "Better
Inventory Control." Computer applications
to the banking, trucking, utilities, and railways industries, and to education are discussed in other papers. A section on the
fundamentals of computers includes, "How
They Work," "Developing a Computer
System," and "Getting the Show on the
Road."

COMPUTERS

(l1Ui

AUTOMATION for November, 1962

COMPUTER·
RESEARCH
ENGINEERS &
LOGICAL
DESIGNERS
Rapid expansion of the Computer
Laboratory at Hughes-Fullerton has
created several attractive professiohal opportunities for qualified
Computer Research Engineers and
Logical Designers. These positions
require active partiCipation in brf>ad
computer R&D activities in connection with Army/Navy computer
gystems and new large-scale, generalpurpose computers. These multiple
processor computers utilize advanced
solid-state circuitry, gating and resolution times in the millimicrosecond
regions; combine synchronous and
asynchronous techniques for maxi. mum speed and reliability.
These professional assignments
involve broad areas of logical design,
programming and system conception.
Fields of interest include:
• Distributed computers. Advanced arithmetIc processing
techniques. Mechanized design
• Asynchronous design technlques. Utilization of parametrons In computers. Studies in
the utilizatIon of multiple processor computers.
These professional assignments
involve such R&D areas as:
• Solid state digital circuitry
involving miIIimicrosecond logic
• Microwave carrier digital circuits
• Sub-microsecond core memory
• Thin film storage techniques
• Functional circuit concepts
• Micro-miniaturization concepts
• Tunnel diodes. Microwave parametrons •. Circuit organization
for maximal-speed computing.
Located in SOllthern California's
Orange County (the nation's fastest
growing electronics center), HughesFullerton offers you: a stimulating
working environment; private or semiprivate offices; long-term stability.
CALL COLLECT TODAY!
For complete information on these
challenging assignments, call us coiI ect today I Ask for:
Mr. J. E. TENNEY at:
TRojan 1-4080, ext. 3741.
Or, airmail resume to: HUGHESFULLERTON R&D, P. O. Box 2097,
Fullerton 1, Californ ia.
An eQual opportunity employer.

HUGHES
L ___________________ I
HuCHES AIRCRAFT COM"AN't'

MANUSCRIPTS
\VE ARE interested in articles,
pa pers, reference information, and
discussion relating to computers
and autom'ation. To be considered
for any particular issue, the manuscri pt should be in our hands by
the first of the preceding month.
ARTICLES: vVe desire to publish articles
that are factual, useful, understandable,
and interesting to many kinds of people
engaged in one part or another of the
field of computers and automation. In
this audience are many people who have
expert, knowledge of some part of the
field, but who are laymen in other parts
of it.
Consequently, a writer should seek to
explain his subject, and show its context
and significance. He should define unfamiliar terms, or use them in a way that
makes their meaning unmistakable. He
should identify unfamiliar persons with
a few words. He should use examples;
details, comparisons, analogies, etc., whenever they may help readers to understand
a difficult point. He should give data
supporting his argument and evidence
for his assertions.
We look particularly for articles that
explore ideas in the field of computers
and automation, and their applications
and implications. An article may certainly be controversial if the subject is
discussed reasonably.
Ordinarily, the
length should be 1000 to 3000 words. A
suggestion for an article' should be submitted to us before too much work is
done.
TECHNICAL PAPERS: ~lany of the foregoing requirements for articles do not
necessarily apply to technical papers. Undefined technical terms, unfamiliar assumptions, mathematics, circuit diagrams,
etc., may be entirely appropriate. Topics
interesting probably to only a few people are generally not acceptable.
REFEREl'\CE INFORMATION: \Ve desire to
print or reprint reference information:
lists, rosters, abstracts, bibliographies, etc.,
of use to computer people. We are interested in making arrangemen ts for systematic publication from time to time of
such information, with other people besides our own staff. Anyone who would
like to take the responsibility for a type
of reference information should write us.
~EWS AND DISCUSSION: \Ve desire to print
news, brief discussions, arguments, announcements, letters, etc., anything, in
fact, if it is likely to be of suhstantial interest to computer people.

PAYl\IEl'\TS: In many cases, we make small
token payments for articles, if the author
wishes to be paid. The rate is ordinarily
1/2 ¢ a word, the maximum is $15, and
both depend on length in words, whether
prin ted hefore, etc.

;\11 slIggestions, manuscripts, and inqlliril's ahout editorial material should
Ill' addressed to: The l~ditor, CO~1PU
TERS lllIri ;\UTOMATION, 815 JVashillg/nll S//'('('/, Nel/'/O/mille 60, l\.las.\'.

Newell, Allen, Editor I Information Processing Language-V Manual / PrenticeHall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N. J. /
1961, offset, 244 pp, $6.00
The uses of the computer language and
the concepts and techniques it employs are
here discussed. Although the work is intended as a reference manual for the language, it includes valuable information on
general programming methods. The first
section discusses the Elements of IPL Programming, including examples which are
clearly explained. Section two, Programmers Reference l\.fanual, includes general
definitions, routines and subroutines, inputoutput conventions, monitor system and inprocess loading. Index.
Applications of Statistics and Computers to
Fuel and Lubricant Research Problems /
Southwest Research Institute, 8500 Culebra Road, San Antonio 6, Texas / 1962,
offset, 218 pp, $10.00
The Proceedings of a Symposium held
~farch 13-15, 1962, at San Antonio, Texas,
are here published. The first session, Fundamentals, includes "Statistics and the Computer as an Aid to Engineering Research
and Development," "Introduction to Statistics," and "Statistical Control of Nuisance
Variahles in the Comparison of Fuels or
Lubricants"; Design of Experiments, the
second session, includes, Analysis of Variance and Analysis of Regression with More
Than One Response," and "Cross-Over
Experimental Designs." The third session,
Evaluation of Results, includes, "The Interpretation and Use of Multiple Regression
Results." No papers from the Applications
session are incl uded.
Scarborough, J. B. / Numerical Mathematical Analysis, Fifth Edition / The Johns
Hopkins Press, Homewood, Baltimore
18, Md. / 1962, printed, 594 pp, $7.00
This edition, incorporating all of the information of the renowned previous editions, includes in addition: a chapter on
interpolation with unequal intervals by
means of, Newton's general formula; the
derivation of all central-difference interpolation formulas by means of divided differences; and methods of investigating errors
in the solutions of single equations when
the coefficients are subject to errors. The
text covers numerical differentiation and
integration, solution of algebraic and transcendental equations, theory of errors, precision of measurements, and empirical formulas. Nineteen chapters, an appendix which
gives tables of values of the probability
integral, and index and answers to the exercises found in each chapter, are included.
Jacobowitz, Henry / Computer Arithmetic
I John F. Rider Publisher, Inc., 116 West
14 St., New York 11, N. Y. / 1962,
printed, 128 pp, $3.00
This soft cover edition aimed at "trainees
and other interested readers" discusses
arithmetical operations of all positional
number systems, with a concentration on the
fundamentals of decimal, octal, binary,
hexadecimal and ternary arithmetic. The
fourth and last chapter describes and illustrates techniques for conversion from one
number system to another. An appe~dix
includes tables of the powers of two, eIght,
sixteen and three. Index.
ICC Bulletin, Vol. 1, no. 1 / International
Computation Centre, Palazzo degli Uffici,
Zona dell'E. U. R., Rome, Italy / 1962,
Printed, 79 pp, $3.00 per annum
This edition of the Bulletin includes six
articles on topics in data processing and
computers. In English, a "Symposium on
Symbolic Languages in Data Processing,"
an article on the "Libyan Pilot Project,"

and the following articles, ":\utolllall'd
Instruction and Computers ill Educatioll,"
"The New IR\f Disk Storage Unit," and
"Analog and Digital Computers ~laIIlI
factured in Japan," are included. In French.
the paper, "L'Analyse fonctionelle el Ie
Caleul numcrique" is given. New COIllPUtel'S, reviews of books, notices of conferences
and a supplement which lists computalion
centers in Germany, Canada, the U. S.,
Sweden, India, Italy, the United Kingdolll,
and Norway is included.
Mickel, Joseph / Digital Computer I)rograms / J. Mickel, P. O. Box 9144, Austin
17, Texas / 1962, ofIset, 26 pp, $1.50
A collection of computer programs written in the machine language, "GOTRAN ,"
is here· presen ted. The programs can be
run on the IB~f 1620, and with modifications, can be run on other systems, as
FORTRAN routines. A brief but useful
discussion of GOTRAN is included. The
programming techniques used by the author
are instructive and worthy of review.

Ruiter, Jacob H., Jr. and R. Gordon
Murphy / Basic Industrial Electronic
Controls / Holt, Rinehart and Winston,
Inc., 383 Madison Ave., New York 17,
N. Y. I 1962, printed, 283 pp, $8.50
The aim of this book is to "take the
mystery out of the, thousands of 'black
boxes' which make up industrial electronics." Unfortunately, the authors have attempted to solve mysteries on too many
levels; the result is a text which mixes
fundamental principles in simple language
with complex theories in technical language. Of the seven chapters, six have
summaries and all have questions. Among
the titles: "Industrial Electronics," "Transducers," "Indicators and Recorders," "Actua·
tors," and "Applications." Glossary and
index.
Cerni, R. H. and L. E. Foster / Instru·
mentation for Engineering Measurement
/ John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 440 Park
Ave. South, New York 15, N. Y. / 1952,
printed, 456 pp, $12.50
A survey of current techniques and equipment for testing a variety of instruments
is here g-iven. The applications include
missile flight testing, nuclear reactor measurements, satellite tracking and telemetry
and general industrial development testing.
The material is written for the engineer
familiar with the terminology and theory of
engineerin/2'_ Seven chapters include, H:\Ieasurements of Physical Systems," "Transducers
and Primary Sensors," "Data Indication and
Recordin/2'," "Data Handling and Processing," which includes sections on analog
and digital systems, and "Data Instrumentation System." Index.
Holmes, James F. / Communications Dictionary / John F. Rider Publisher, Inc.,
116 West 14 St., New York 11, N. Y. I
1962, printed, 95 pp, $1.50
More than 2,500 terms in the fields of
electronic communications and data processing are here defined. The definitions have
been checked against those approyed by the
American Standards Association, and conform with glossaries published by the U. S.
Air Force, the Data Transmission Study
Group of the major aircraft companies an,l
with the "American Standard Definitions of
Electrical Terms."
Problematical Recreations 4, Fourth in a
series / Litton Industries, 336 North Foothill Rd., Beverly Hills, Calif. I 1962,
printed, 38 pp, free on request
A fourth collection of 33 hUlllorously il·
lustrated mathematical puzzles is here presented, for the interest of the mathclIIaticalh
inclined. Solutions are given.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for Novemhl'l', 1!J(i:.!

SEr

(
CO:\I

NEW PATENTS

PACKARD BELL COMPUTER
CORPORATION

RAYMOND R. SKOLNICK
Reg. Patent Agent
Ford Inst. Co., Div. of Sperry Rand
Corp., Long Island City 1, New York

)N,
)N

shed
~9 51

..,

1,43

'Ii

The following is a compilation
of patents pertaining to computer
and associated equipment from the
"Official Gazette of the U. S. Patent Office," dates of issue as inclicated. Each entry consists of patent
number / inventor(s) / assignee /
invention. Printed copies of patents may be obtained from the U. S.
Commissioner of Patents, Washington 25, D. C., at a cost of 25 cents
each.
July 31, 1962 (Continued)

17
41
44

25
34

35
36
37
37

;e 51
54

52
45
50
1962

3,047,733 I Richard F. Rutz, Fishkill, N. Y.
I LB.l\I. Corp., New York, N. Y., a corp.
of NelV York I Mulitple output semi·
conductor logical device.
3,047,739 I Heine Andries Rodrigues de
Miranda,
Mollenhutseweg
Nijmegen,
Netherlands I North American Philips
Co., Inc., New York, N. Y., a corp.
of Delaware I Shift register utilizing free
charge carrier storage of cascaded delay
network coupled transistors.
3,047,840 I Victor Harms, 4224 16th St.
SVV., and Jerry Howard Schwartz, 3032
Hampton Crescent, both of Calgary, Alberta, (:anada / - - - - I Translators for
multi-channel codes employing matrices.
3,047,842 I WiIIiam R. Johnston, Los
Angeles, Calif. I Ampex Corp., Redwood
City, Calif., a corp. of California I
i\fagnetic core shift register.
3,047,868 I Henry W. Schrimpf, Waltham,
Mass. I Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Co., a corp. of Delaware I Information storage apparatus.

August 7, 1962
3,048,327 I Frank 1. Gewickey, Fishkill,
Robert K. Golden, Peekskill, and Bernard
i\1. i\II1('1\zer, Hyde Park, N. Y. I LB.M.
Corp., ;\lew York, N. Y., a corp. of New
York I Information Reproducing System.
3,048,33:~ / Joseph L. Brown, Jordan M.
Taylor. and Philip N. Stroughton,
Poughkl'epsie, N. Y. I LB.i\I. Corp., New
York, ;\l. Y., a corp. of New York I
Fast .\( ultiplying Apparatus in an
Electron ic Digital Computer.
3,048,33·1 I Edward Arthur Newman, Oxshot, a 1\(1 John Bentley Stringer, Hanworth. England I National Research DevelopnH'llt Corp., London, England, a
British Corp. / Electrical Digital Computing- Engines.
:I.048.33!) / Ralph W. Burhans, Chagrin
Falls, Warren Jackson, Jr., Lyndhurst,
and Philip .J. Stevko, Euclid, Ohio I The
Standal
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