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196503 196503

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March, 1965

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Computer Simultation of the View in Outer Space

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Today's

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No
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Photo-Electric

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Mechanical

Circle No. 5 on Readers Service Card -----.
Circle No. 6 on Readers Service Card

DO YOU HAVE A SIGNAL PROCESSING PROBLEM?
AMBILOG 200 IS DESIGNED TO SOLVE IT!

Using the best of both analog and digital techniques,
the AMBILOG 200™ Stored Program Signal
Processor is designed from the ground up to handle
the "floods of data" generated in test and research
programs. Although such programs cover many fields
- biomedical monitoring, geophysical research, test
stand instrumentation, automatic weapons checkout,
speech analysis - all require complex signal
processing: multiple input acquisition and output
distribution, monitoring, editing, arithmetic, analysis,
recording and display. Because of its high processing
speed and extensive input/output for both analog and
digital data, AMBILOG 200 is ideally suited for such
tasks. Here are some examples.

Real Time Waveform Measurement
Peak values, axis crossings, ratios of successive differences, and
other characteristics of analog signals are measured in real time.
Incoming signals are monitored for events of interest, using complex
programmed detection criteria. In typical biomedical application,
the result is a 100-to-1 reduction in the bulk of magnetic tape
output records.

Spectrum Analysis
Parallel hybrid multiplication and summing, 2 microsecond 30-bit
digital storage, and a flexible instruction format providing efficient
list processing combine to make the AMBILOG 200 powerful in
statistical signal analysis techniques such as Fourier transformation,
auto and cross correlation, power spectrum density an~lysis, and
generation of histograms of amplitude sp'ectra.

Digitizing and Recording
Multiple inputs, from up to several hundred sources, are routed
through a multiplexer switch array under stored program control.
At no penalty in sampling rates over conventional systems, the
AMBILOG 200 converts incoming data to engineering units for
recording or monitoring. An analog-to-digital converter p.erforms
a complete 15-bit conversion in 4 microseconds for digital
storage, recording or outputing.

Display Generation
Multiple analog outputs facilitate close man-machine relationships
in systems involving visual displays. Points of an image stored in
memory are rotated through three space angles and projected on a
CRT at a 50 Kc rate. Co-ordinate transformation is accomplished
simultaneously with digital-to-analog conversion.

For technical reports describing in detail these and similar
AMBILOG 200 applications, write I. R. Schwartz, Vice President.

,q~%,2..a..
292 Main Street, Cambridge,
Massachusetts 02142

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

Circle No. 13 on Readers Service Card

AN OFF-BIT HISTORY OF MAGNETIC TAPE ... #5 of a series by Computape*

The Phoenicians might have become the greatest naval
power of their day if it hadn't been for Hermione.
Hermione was a Phoenician computer technician so
dazzlingly beautiful she kept knocking men's eyes out.
Unfortunately, she was so vain that all the time she was
supposed to be tending to business, she'd be fooling
around admiring herself, dreaming of a movie career
and all that.
As a result, communications at the center kept going
to the dogs, leaving the Phoenician ships very much at
sea where the Persians and Greeks had an easy time
picking them off.
As for the vain Hermione - well, you might know. The
movie people lost no time in signing her up to star in the
·Reg. T.M. Computron Inc.

film version. It was all about a computer technician so
dazzlingly beautiful she kept knocking men's eyes out
and it was called "How to Make a Phoenician Blind".
But the dog stole the picture. He did his original bitbiting bit and the critics said he really got his teeth into
the roll.
One of a series of documentaries made possible by
Computron Inc., a company even more interested in
making history than fracturing it. Our' Computape is so
carefully made that it delivers 556,800 or 1,000 bits per
inch - with no dropout.
Now - if Computape can write that kind of computer
tape history - shouldn't you be using it?

(+J

CCMPUTRCN INC.
MEMBER OF THE

!IDL\\~rr GROUP

122 CALVARY STREET, WALTHAM, MASSACHUSETTS

COMPUTAPE -

product of the first company to manufacture magnetic tape for computers and instrumentation, exclusively.
Circle No. 7 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

Our front cover shows several
computer-driven displays
of what an astronaut will see
during a rendezvous with another spacecraft.
The special manned orbital laboratory simulator
is part of an advanced system
nearing completion at the Astronautics division
of General Dynamics Corp. in San Diego.

MARCH, 1965 Vol. 14, No. 3

computers and data processors:
the design, applications,
and implications of
information processing systems.

editor and publisher
EDMUND C, BERKELEY

assistant editors
MOSES M. BERLIN
LINDA LADD LOVETT
NEIL D. MACDONALD

contributing editors
ANDREW D. BOOTH
DICK H. BRANDON
JOHN W. CARR, III
NED CHAPIN
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
PETER KUGEL

advisory committee
T. E. CHEATHAM, JR.
GEORGE E. FORSYTHE
RICHARD W. HAMMING
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
HERBERT F. MITCHELL, JR.
VICTOR PASCHKIS

associate publisher

Computer-Related Education Issue
112 This Issue
14
18

TOWARDS MORE VERSATILE TEACHING MACHINES

PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION MATERIALS FOR COMPUTER
PROGRAMMING -A SURVEY

fulfilment manager

advertising representatives
New York 10018, BERNARD LANE
37 West 39 St., 212-BRyant 9-7281
Chicago 60611, COLE, MASON AND DEMING
737 N. Michigan Ave., 312-SU 7-6558
Los Angeles 90005, WENTWORTH F. GREEN
300 S. Kenmore Ave., 213-DUnkirk 7-8135

by Walter Feurzeig

by Gloria'M. Silvern

In Every Issue
across the editor's desk
39

COMPUTING AND DATA PROCESSING NEWSLETTER

editorial
8

The Automation-Unemployment Issue

market report
9

RAY W. HASS
WILLIAM J. MCMILLAN, 815 Washington St.
Newtonville, Mass. 02160, 617-DEcatur 2-5453

A SURVEY OF NEW

ANN B. BAKER

art director

COMPUTER-MEDIATED INSTRUCTION DEVELOPMENTS

by Don D. Bushnell

PATRICK J. MCGOVERN

production manager

COMPUTERS, EDUCATION, AND THE GOVERNMENT

by Rod E. Packer, Ph. D.

Program Conversion: A Critical Factor in Computer Replacement

throughput
35

The Battle Lines Are Drawn

readers' and editor's fOrtl1n
11
11
12
17
25
38

Computer Market: Questions for our Readers, by Nicholas H. Dosker, Jr.
New Horizons in Computomation: Washington, D.C., April 15, 1965
The Dilemma: The Choice of National Goals, by William L. Mandel
Automated Vending
Computer Tit-for-Tat
Calendar of Coming Events

reference information

San Francisco 94105, A. S. BABCOCK
605 Market St., 415-YUkon 2-3954

2B
54
58

Elsewhere, THE PUBLISHER
815 Washington St., 617-DEcatur 2-5453
Newtonville, Mass. 02160

62
62

Who's Who in the Computer Field
Computer Census
New Patents, by Raymond R. Skolnick

index of notices
Advertising Index
Classified Advertisements

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COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION IS PUBLISHED MONTHLY AT 815 WASHINGTON ST., NEWTONVILLE, MASS. 02160, BY BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC. ADDITIONAL OFFICE OF PUBLICATION: 1657 WASHINGTON
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COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION, FOR MARCH, 1965

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NEW DECISION·MAKING
TOOLS FOR MANAGER~ ;

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Mathematical progra~ing as an Aid:
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R TO field in recent years has made as rapid strides as
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responses, market simulation, stochastic systems control,
programming languages such as LISP - these are now exciting new realities with enormous implications for science - for business - for your personal participation in
the "computer revolution."
But how do you keep up with developments? How do you
cut through the maze of published materials to pinpoint
the approaches that will help you move ahead in pace
with the new concepts in the computer sciences? How do
you make these revolutionary ideas work for you?

,search, planning and controlling with PERT, advanced
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You will find intensive, step-by-step coverage of every
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The Library of Computer and Information Sciences has
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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

Membership in THE LIBRARY OF COMPUTER AND INFORMATION SCIENCES will help you to cope with the
almost impossible task of keeping up-to-date on the unceasing flow of new literature in this expanding
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In performing. this function, THE LIBRARY
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Over and beyond these regular, substantial savings,
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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

Circle No. lOon Readers Service Card

c&a
EDITORIAL

The Automation-Unemployment Issue

In the January 1965 issue of Fortune} Charles E. Silberman, in his article "The Real News about Automation,"
advances an interesting position. He states: .
"Employment of manufacturing production workers
has increased by one million in the last 3Y2 years ... This
turn-around in blue-collar employment raises fundamental questions about the speed with which machines are
replacing men . . . Automation has made substantially
less headway in the United States than the literature on
the subject suggests . . . No fully automated process
exists for any major product in the U.S .... Many people
writing about automation . . . have grossly exaggerated
the economic impact of automation. . . . In their eagerness to demonstrate that the apocalypse is at hand, the
new technocratic Jeremiahs ... sho~ a remarkable lack
of interest in getting the details straight, and so have
constructed elaborate theories on surprisingly-shaky foundalions .... The view that computers are causing mass
unemployment has gained currency largely because of a
historical coincidence: the computer happened to come
into widespread use in a period of sluggish economic
growth and high unemployment ... Full automation is
far in the future because ... 'there is no substitute for
the brewmaster's nose' . . . Man's versatility was never
really appreciated until engineers and scientists tried to
teach computers to read handwriting, recognize colors,
translate foreign languages, or respond to vocal commands . . . . We don't have enough experience with automation to make any firm generalizations about how technology will change the structure of occupations.
and in essence he asserts that vast unemployment due to
automation is not to be expected.

There are a number of important defects in Silberman's
argument, enough to make the whole argument unspund.
In the first place, Silberman makes a considerable point
of the fact that he has investigated a number of situations
where a large degree of automation was reported, and he
has observed that a much smaller degree 'of automation was
actually to be found there. For example, he has found men
still at work personally guiding the movement of engine
blocks from one automated machine to another. From these
instances he concludes that the threat of automation in
producing unemployment has been grossly exaggerated.
Basically, this is the argument that because something
has not happened yet, it is not going to happen. Of course,
as soon as we express the argument in this form, it is ob-

viously not true. I am reminded of what was being said
about automatic computers in the early 1950's by hardheaded business men: the machines would never be reliable
enough or versatile enough to do any substantial quantity
of useful business work.
Second, Silberman refers to man's versatility, reading of
handwriting, responding to vocal commands, etc. You will
notice that he does not mention what would have been
mentioned in this sentence if said some 15 years ago:
"man's uniquely human ability to think, to solve problems,
to play games, to create"-because now it is abundantly
clear that these abilities are being shared by the computer,
the programmed automatic computer.
But the versatility area also of man's capacities is rapidly
being "threatened" by the computer, by such devices as the
programmable optical reader, in which a computer applies
clever programs to deciphering the precise nature of certain
kinds of marks and thereby identifies them. A programmable film reader made by a firm in Cambridge, Mass., is
able to read film at a speed 5000 times the rate that a human being can read it.
.To assert that because of man's versatility, the computer
WIll not be able to compete with man is a silly argument,
because there are no logical, scientific, or technological
barriers to this accomplishment. Silberman asserts there
will be a cost barrier: it may be many years before a computer can economically displace the human driver ofa
school bus paid at the rate of $4 art hour. But developments in microminiature, chemically-grown, circuits are so
amazing, that we can look forward to the time when a programmed computer equal to the brains of most men can be
produced for say $1000 apiece. Certainly there is nothing
magical or supernatural about the brain of a man; and
certainly once the process of chemically growing brains is
understood, much better materials than protoplasm can
be found for making them.
Third, even if "no fully automated process exists for any
major product in the United States" at the present time,
is there really very much difference between a process
which used to require 100 men and now requires 5 or 3,
compared with a process which used to require 100 men and
now requires zero? The important point here is the amount
of displacement of employed persons-or persons who
would have been employed if the processes had not changed.
Typesetters lose their jobs because a punched paper tape
replaces them. Skilled toolmakers lose their jobs because
numerically controlled milling machines displace them.
Elevator men lose their jobs because automatic elevators
(Please turn to page 17)
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

MARKET
REPORT
PROGRAM CONVERSION:
A CRITICAL FACTOR IN COMPUTER REPLACEMENT
The announcement of "a compatible series of computers" was a step taken by most of the major computer
suppliers during the past year. Control Data, GE,
Honeywell, IBM and RCA all exposed compatible series
of processors ... recognizing that now that upwards of
70% of new computer orders are coming from current
computer users, the computer replacement market has
become of prime importance ... and an upward compatible
system offers the user a chance to expand his computing
capacity without additional investment in programming.
However, none of the newly announced lines are
themselves program compatible with the manufacturer's
former equipment, so the question of efficient program
conversion is currently one of primary importance in
considering the replacement of an existing computer with
one of the newer models. ,
There are three principal methods of converting
programs written for one computer to a language useable on a non-compatible computer. These are:
(1) Manual reprogramming
(2) Simulation of one computer on another, and
(3) Automatic translation of programs from one
computer language into another computer
language.
Manual reprogramming is the surest method for
. getting efficient programs, but it is also the most costly
in terms of time and dollars. For example, if we estimate it takes 12 man-days per program to reprogram,
an average installation with, say, 150 active programs
will require an investment of over seven man-years of
reprogramming effort at a cost of nearly $87, 000 (at
$12, 000 per man-year) to completely rewrite the active
programs for use on a new computer.
To help alleviate this costly burden for the user,
manufacturers have developed computer simulators
which simulate the operations of older equipment on a
newer, faster computer. These simulators take three
forms: software pawn teaching logic.
The language is general. The cost for obtaining this generality is the relatively large set of conditional data required to derive the interaction. The value is in the increased capabilities for accomplishing complex teaching
applications.
It is difficult to predict what new directions for control
language development are likely to be fruitful. The next
significant advances seem hard to achieve.

Teacher-Computer Interactions
Teaching requires a teacher. Computer teaching will
have an insignificant role in educational practice if teachers do not like the task of providing the required data.
Their use of computer programmers to mediate the input
process wiII be unsatisfactory in the long run. Compilers
(and interpreters) for direct operation by the teachers are
what is needed here. On-line interactive systems will be
~specially useful.
In order to be usable by non-computer people the source
languages for these compilers must be well designed. As
a bare necessity they must permit the teacher to use natural language as much as possible-Fortran is no substitute
for English. Several efforts have been ·undertaken in this
area. 1i All of these are limited to the context-free machines destribedabove.
We, are' currently implementing a context-dependent
compiler for use with the Socratic System. This is especially
necessary for us because of the extensive logic (expressed
as conditional data) that must be provided for complex
teaching applications. We expect this compiler system will
impose few constraints on natural language input. Those
conventions that have been imposed have been chosen so
as to appear natural, whenever possible.
New developments in programming language techniques
should have direct applications to these systems. The ultimate in people-oriented (as opposed to programmeroriented) compilers is yet to come.

References
1. "A Conversational Teaching Machine," W. Feurzeig,
Datamation, Vol. 10, No.6, June, 1964.
2. "Computer-Aided Teaching' in Medical Diagnosis,"
W. Feurzeig, P. K. Munter, J. A. Swets, M. Breen, Journal,
of Medical Education, Vol. 39, No.8, August, 1964.
3. "Syntactic Analysis of English by Computer-A Survey,"
D. G. Bobrow, Proc. Fall Joint Computer Conference,
Spartan Press, 1963.
4. "Recursive Functions of Symbolic Expressions and Their
Computation by Machine, Part 1." J. McCarthy, Comm.
ACM, Vol. 3, No.4, April, 1960.
5. "The Compilation of Natural Language Text into
Teaching Machine Programs," L. Uhr, Proc. AFIPS,
Spartan Press, 1964.

Appendix
A Socratic System Protocol
The following is a series of excerpts taken from a transcript of inputs and outputs obtained on a Socratic System interaction in a medical diagnosis run. The sets of
dots . . . . . indicate omissions. The student inputs are
expressed in capital letters and indented. The computer
outputs are expressed both in capitals and lower case, and
are not indented.
PHYSICAL EXAM?
Fine. What in particular would you like to know?
CHEST EXAM?
It is common' practice in the medical profession to begin
an examination by checking the patient's general appearance.
GENERAL APPEARANCE?
Acutely prostrated, lying in bed on his right side. Looks
acutely ill, sweaty, apprehensive, but alert. Paroxysmal
cough, bringing up a little rusty streaked sputum. Breathing with difficulty.
EENT EXAM?
Chcck all the vital signs firstl
PULLS?
Do you mean pulse?
YES.
100 a minute. Occasional extra systole.
LABORATORY REPORTS?
Fine. Which lab tests would you like to have done?
RBC?
A red coun t will be done.
Results will be sent to you as soon as possible.
Some of the first series of lab reports have just come in.
Urine exam: insufficient fluid for analysis.
RBC: 5 million.
WBC: 15500.
Differential: Shift to left.
When the other reports are in you'll be notified.
Before pro'ceeding with the reexamination it might be instructive to pause and consider the diagnostic implications
of the information at hand. Perhaps you think it too early
to arrive at any definitive conclusion. On the other hand,
you may be prepared to make the diagnosis now. Are you?
NQ.
Fine! Nevertheless, we've got a fair amount of informati~n-at least enough to raise some, perhaps several, diagnostic possibilities. Have you any in mind?
YJtS.
Name one.

'.
(I

PULMONARY INFARCTION.
Finc:' Pleural pain, dyspnea, fever and the physical exam
signs and symptoms are certainly consistent with pulmonary
infarction. Do you think shaking chills and the presence
6f rusty sputum further support this diagnosis?
NO.
Right. Though the white count is consistent, isn't it?
NO.
Wrong. The white count is consistent. This should further support your diagnosis.
We've considered one possibility. Do you have another
diagnosis in mind?
NO.
In that case I'd like to talk about viral pneumonia. The
tachycardia, high WBC, elevated respiratory rate, shaking
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

chills, bloody sputum and severe pleural pain all lend
weight to that diagnosis-right?

COMPUTER TIT-FOR-TAT

APPENDICITIS.
Sounds good! But what about the history of cough and
the chest signs? What evidence would help you establish
this diagnosis?
EVIDENCE FROM ABDOMINAL EXAM.
Rightl Go to itt
ABDOMINAL EXAM?
The heart exam should be done before this.
HEART EXAM?
Unchanged, except systolic murmur more prominent.
.\BDOMINAL EXAM?
Pain localizing in lower right. quadrant with continuing
diffuse abdominal tenderness.
APPENDICITIS.
Appendicitis? Nonsense .. By this time you should have
your attention focussed on a different part of the patient's
anatomy.
PNEUMOCCAL PNEUMONIA.
Are you absolutely sure?
YES.
You can't be until you have irrefutable evidence. What
would help you nail down the diagnosis?
EVIDENCE FROM SPUTUM SMEAR AND CULTURE.
Good. Anything else?
NO.
I think you might also want evidence from x-ray findings.
Go ahead and we'll see what happens.

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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION MATERIALS
FOR COMPUTER PROGRAMMING - A SURVEY

Gloria Ai. SiltJern
Senior Technical Specialist
C01npllting and Simulation Center
Space & Information Systems Division
North American Aviation, Inc.
Downey, California

Introduction
This is a sequel to the article by the writer which appeared in the 1Vl arch 1963 issue of Computers and Automation and in which six of the earliest "programmed" courses
in computer programming were reviewed (Reference I).
In the intervening period, a number of new programmed
materials have been produced for this field-as well as
some which claim to be "programmed" but are not. About
a dozen different computer languages and a large assortment of machines are represented. Twenty-five courses
are included in this survey of currently available programmed materials on computing and data processing:
These are not critical, comprehensive reviews; noattempi
has been made to analyze the contents of each course for
appropriateness and completeness. Rather, this survey is
designed to acquaint the reader with available materials by
identifying and describing them, with added comments
where appropriate.
To accommodate readers not completely familiar with
programmed instruction, Part I will provide background
and "state-of-the-art" information. Others have the option
of branching now to Part II, covering programmed materials currently available for computer programming.

Part I
WHAT IS PROCRAMMED INSTRUCTION?
Description of Programmed Instruction
Programmed Instruction, also known as Programmed
Learning, and Teaching Machine Technology are techniques of instructing without the presence of a human instructor.
Programmed Instruction is a learner-centered method of
instruction which presents subject matter to the trainee in
small steps or increments, requiring frequent responses
from him and immediately informing him of the correctness of his response. The interaction of pr'ogram and
learner may be depicted as shown in figure 1.
The correct answer acts as reinforcement to motivate
the trainee for further learning. Thus, he is guided stepby-step to the successful completion of the assigned task,
without a human instructor present.
The trainee responses may be written, oral or manipulative. A response may be constructed, as in the completion type, or it may be selected from among several alternatives, as in the multiple-choice type.

The instruction should be designed 'to provide for individual differences. Also, each trainee should be able to
proceed at his own pace.
Programmed Instruction generally consists of the following steps:
I. The program instructs the learner (visually,
aurally, or both) and provides a question or
problem.
2. The learner uses the instruction to conceptualize
the ari-swer or solve the problem (mental, manipulatiYe, or both).
3. The learner decides upon the answer or solution.
4. The learner informs the program by multiplechoice, written-completion or oral-completion.
(Oral-completion is used in foreign language instruction.)
5_ The program verifies, or has the learner verify, the
response and feeds this back to him. The learner
may repeat, branch or go on to the next incremental
instruction, depending upon the curriculum design.
The term "self-instructional" is often used interchangeably with "programmed instruction." However, they are
not synonymous. Correspondence courses have always been
"self-instructional," but no one would consider calling
them "programmed instruction." A well written textbook
should be understandable without the assistance of an instructor. When certain texts are identified with the label
"self-instructional," exactly what does this mean? Is it
implied that the others are useless unless accompanied by
a human instructor? Or, should any textbook with questions, problems and exercises at the end of each chapter be
identified as "self-instructional," especially if correct answers are included in an appendix? Should these "selfinstructional" texts be considered bona fide programmed
instruction? Not necessarily! Beware of the term "selfinstructional" and the implication that it is synonymous
with "programmed instruction."
Then, what are the criteria for determining if a text
should or should not be classified as programmed instruction? One set of criteria or guidelines includes the following:
1. Instruction is provided without the presence of a
human instructor.
2. The trainee learns at his own rate. Conventional
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

(

1 Stimulus

PROGRAM

2 Response

LEARNER
STEP

_ 3 Feedback

FIGURE 1

group instruction, films, television and other devices and methods which do not allow the learner
to control the rate at which i,nstruction is provided
dp not satisfy this criterion.
3. Instruction is presented in small incremental steps
requiring frequent responses by the learner. Research evidence still does not reveal how "small"
the ideal step should be nor how often responses
should be required. The step size should be a
function of the subject matter and the intended
learner population.
4. There is a partici} lng, overt interaction, or
two-way communication, between the learner and
the program.
S. The learner receives immediate knowledge of his
progress through feedback.
6. Reinforcement is used to strengthen learning.
7. The sequence of the lessons is carefully controlled
and consistent.
8. The program shapes and controls human behavior.
For a more complete, comprehensive definition of programmed instruction, the reader is referred to anyone of a
number of articles (Reference 2).

Comparison of Programmed Text
and Teaching Machine Program
The program, which is the essence of programmed instruction, may be developed as a programmed text or contained in a teaching machine. In either case, the program
is most like the "lesson plan" used by an instructor for
conventional instruction, since it is an organized, sequential
pattern of learning behavior.
A programmed text is the program in a printed document form; this is quite different from a "textbook." The
learner reads a small amount of information from the
programmed text; then he is required to answer a question
or complete a statement. In a "scrambled" text, he is
presented -with a multiple choice; his response determines
what information will be presented to him next-new,
explanatory, review or remedial--or which "branch" he
will take. In non-branching or linear programmed texts,
the correct answer is provided immediately so that he may
compare his response with it and recognize any incorrect
responses before continuing on to the next step.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

A "teaching machine" is a physical device which contains a program. It may be a simple mechanical page
turner or a sophisticated electronic audio-visual device.
The teaching machine program may physically exist in the
form of slides, filmstrip, pre-recorded audio tape, sheets of
paper, other storage materials or combinations of these.
A step is often called a "frame" in these programs; one of
the derivations of this term is based upon the stimulus
being presented in a frame of a filmstrip. Some machines,
instead of requiring a written response, require that buttons, switches, or keys be pushed or other mechanical responses be made. Some machines can determine the correctness of the response, some can record this information,
and some can use it to determine what should be presented
next to the learner. Like the programmed text, the teaching
machine program may be linear, it may provide for
branching, or it may be a composite of both.
A teaching machine is not any machine which instructs,
for if it were defined that way, then an ordinary television
set would be a teaching machine. To be a teaching machine, it is necessary that its programs meet all the criteria
for programmed instruction previously outlined.
Some consider the programmed text to be a kind of
paper teaching machine since the text, like the hardware
machine, is a vehicle for the program. Regardless of form,
the sequence of steps in the program must be sound, both
logically and psychologically. In fact, programmed instruction is based upon psychological principles of learning
theory developed by psychologists who specialize in research
in the analysis of human behavior, such as Prof. B. F.
Skinner of Harvard University and S. D. Pressey of Ohio
State University (Emeritus), both Of whom are noted foJ:'
their pioneering contributions in this field. In administering programmed instruction, practical
differences come into sharp focus between the use of a
program in machine form in contrast with text form.
Generally, machines provide better initial motivat-ion, and
they remove the trainee from the age-old textbook relationship with its uncontrolled methodologies. They can prevent unauthorized re-reading of previous frames and provide
greater control Of behavior during the learning experience.
Since the learner carmot see how much paper or film is in
the machine, there is less traumatism when starting a very
long program. !\owever, machines "are subject to- mechanical difficulties, they are no~ as easily transported and stored,
and the more versatile ones are rather expensive to procure
and maintain.

Advantages and Disadvantages
of Programmed Instruction
Advantages of using programmed instruction include:
l. More flexible scheduling. Since there is no group

2.
3.

5.
6.
7.

instruction, absences do not create gaps in the
learner's knowledge or understanding, and lessons
do not need to be "made up." Interruptions or
distractions, while never desirable, are not disastrous. A trainee can start a course at almost any
time and finish it without regard for the progress
of other trainees.
More trainee participation. A II of the work is
performed by the learner either overtly or covertly.
Provides for differing rates of learning. The fast
learner is not held back; the slow learner is not
left behind.
More uniform levels of achievement. The slow
learner can achieve at a higher level. The difference
is in time expended rather than in the amount
learned.
Increase in achievement.
Saving of time for most learners. Better use is
made of,time.
More uniform quality of course. Conventional
courses encompassing identical subject-matter tend
to vary considerably when presented by different
instructors and to different classes.
Better instruction than in the case where an instructor is not sufficiently knowledgeable in a
particular subject-matter.
Instructor is freed for other and more creative
tasks. However, someone, usually the instructor,
must administer the programmed instruction and
perhaps prepare it.

However, programmed instruction also has its drawbacks.
The pre para tion of programmed ma terials is generally
more expensive than conventional training materials. Besides the higher cost of the physical materials themselves,
preparation time is longer and special training is required
for the personnel who analyze and develop programmed
courses. Due to time, cost, and limitations on personnel
who are able to create programmed materials, it is usually
not feasible to prepare custom-designed courses unless commercial "off-the-shelf" programs are not available which
meet the specific requirements and satisfy the course objectives. Thus, one often selects, from "off-the-shelf" programs, those which are most suitable. However, even when
these available programs are purchased, the price is invariably higher than for ordinary textbooks, and, in addition, the materials often may not be reusable by other
trainees.
Another factor which must be taken into consideration,
especially in the computing field since it is subject to frequent changes, is the effect of rapid obsolescence. By the
time a good programmed text is written, tried out, and revised, and the cycle repeated until it is finally acceptable,
the subject-matter content may be obsolete or it may require further revision due to technical changes. Programmed instruction is therefore best suited to those areas
which are least likely to change.
Thus, a great deal of trade-off judgment should be exercised when deciding to develop a programmed course and
when choosing and evaluating commercially available programmed instructional materials.

Assessing Programmed Instruction Materials
How should programmed materials be assessed? What
criteria should be used to evaluate these materials? For
answers to these questions, the reader is referred to Part
28

III, "Quality Control for Programmed Learning Materials," of the earlier article in Computers and Automation
(Reference 1) and to the references given there. Reference
4 is more suitable for assessing educational programs, while
Reference 5 is intended for the quality control of training
programs in business, industry and government.

Part II
PROGRAMMED MATERIALS CURRENTLY
AVAILABLE FOR COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
The list which follows of programmed materials and of
"so-called" programmed materials in computer programming is not exhaustive: company and school materials not
generally available outside the organizat~on have not been
included, nor have those still in the development stage.
Those which are currently available and which the writer
and the reader could actually obtain or examine· are described here. They are categorized by computer language,
starting with FORTRAN, then COBOL, followed by an
assortment of other actual languages. Finally there are
fictional languages and general data processing which may
be considered to be language-independent.
FonTRAN
I. Title: "FORTRAN A UTOTESTER"

.-\uthor: Control Data Corp. Staff
Publisher: Control Data Corporation
Date Published: 1961
Price: See John Wiley and Sons Edition
Physical Form: Text, loose-leaf, 3Y2" x 6", 176 pages
176 steps
Type or Mode: Combination of multiple-choice with branching, constructed responses which are linear, and no
respons~_ steps. The multiple-choice responses tend. to
provide only two branches. Constructed responses 111clude program writing. The majority of steps do not
require any response to be made by the learner.
Expendability: Responses made separately; may be reused
indefinitely.
Criterion Test: There are occasional quizzes and a final set
of problems to be solved.
Criteria Rating: Satisfies the criteria for programmed instruction with the following reservation: Individual
steps or sequences of steps often provide too many
teaching points before response is required and feedback is given.
Content/Behavioral Objectives: The preface states that
"This short course is an attempt to give to the scientist
and engineer, sufficient skill, in a minimum of time, to
enable him to efficiently program his own problems."
Evidence Rating: No evidence that program was debugged
prior to publication. Conditions of validation not
published.
Remarks: For further comments, see previous review (Reference 1).

2. Title: "FORTRAN A UTOTESTER"
Author: Robert E. Smith and Dora E. Johnson
Publisher: John Wiley and Sons
Date Published: 1962
Price: $2.95
Physical Form: Text, Paperbound, 3Y2" x 6", 176 pages
176 steps
Remarks: This text differs from "FORTRAN AUTOTESTER" published by Control Data Corporation
only in cover, title page and binding.

3. Title: "COMPUTER LANGUAGE-An Autoinstructional
Introduction to FORTRAN"
Author: Harry L. Colman and Clarence Smallwood
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.
Date Published: 1962
Price: $4.50 soft cover; $5.95 cloth
xiv
Physical Form: Text, plastic-bound, 6" x 9", 196
pages
coding forms
"
.
Type or Mode: "No-response mode and exerClses requiring written-completion.
.
Expendability: Only the coding forms in the rear constitute
expendable materials; the other few written responses
called for may be written externally to the text.
Criterion Test: Each of the eight parts has a set of exer-

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

cises which are very lIluch like problems at the end of
a chapter of a standard college text. There is no posttest.
Criteria Rating: The "no-response" mode lIsed throughout
the text docs not satisfy the criteria of (a) participating, overt in teraction betw'een the learner and the program, and (h) immediate knowledge of progress using
feedback.
Content/ Behavioral Objectives: The Preface states that this
text is helpful "to those who wish merely to acquaint
them,e)ves with the rudiments in Fortran programming. It should be useful to managers and administrators who need a basic acquaintance with the concepts
and terminology of computer programming and to
high school and college students in mathematics, statistics, engineering and business administration."
Evidence Rating: The authors state that "Early drafts underwent inbrmal trials, which resulted in extensive
revisions and retrials." Conditions of validation not
published.
Remarks: For further comments, see previous review (Reference 1).
4. Title: "FORTRAN: Programmed Instruction Course"
Author: IBM Staff
Publisher: International Business Machines Corporation
Date Published: 1963
Physical Form: Text, soft-covered, saddle-stitched, 8\r2" x
11", series of booklets: Chapter 1 (38 pages
184
steps), Chapter 2 (41 pages, 185 steps), Chapter 3 (53
pages, 233 steps), Chapter 4 (50 pages, 214 steps), Illtistrations (plastic-bound, 33 pages), Problem Book (46
pages), Advisor Guide
Type: or Mode: Written-completion using constructed responses, mainly single-word and problem solution, with
some multiple-choice and simple branching.
Expendability: Written responses are made into the four
Chapter booklets and the Problem Book; all are expendable.
Criterion Test: Problem Book contains periodic exercises
and end-of-chapter examinations. Trainee is directed
to con tact Advisor for post-test.
Criteria Rating: Satisfies criteria as a written-completion
program.
Con ten t/ Behavioral Objectives: The preface states that "the
objective of the course is to provide the knowledge and
some of the skills required to wr.ite computer programs
using the FORTRAN system; . . . " According to the
Foreword, "no previous experience with any kind of
programming system is assumed."
Evidence Rating: There is evidence that the course has
qeen tried out extensively and revised. See McGrawHill Book Company edition.
Remarks: This version is nearly identical with the 3rd edition, 1962. entitled "Self-Teaching FORTRAN," by
S. C. Plumb. It contains only a few minor changes and
corrections, and differs mainly in physical form of text,
step format and location of exercises and examinations.
For further comments on the 3rd edition, see previous
review (Reference 1).

5. Title: "INTRODUCTION TO FORTRAN: A Program for
Self-Instruction"
Author: Stephen C. Plumb
Publisher: McGraw-Hill Book Company
Date Published: 1964
Price: $5.50
Physical Form: Text, hard-covered, stitch-bound, 6" x 9",
203
ix pages, 775 steps
Type or Mode: Written-completion using constructed responses, mainly single-word and problem solution, with
some multiple-choice and simple branching.
Expendability: The student is directed to make his written
responses either in the book or on separate sheets of
paper.
Criterion Test: The text contains periodic exercises, endof-part examinations and a post-test.
Criteria Rating: Satislics criteria as a written-completion
program.
Content/Behavioral Objectives: The preface states that "the
objective of the course is to provide the knowledge and
some of the skills required to write computer programs
using the FORTRAN system; ... Fortran is introduced
hC"re at a very elementary level; no prior experience in
computer programming is necessary ... reader is (presumed) familiar at least with high school algebra .... "
Evidence Rating: The publisher states that "INTRODUl,TION TO FORTRAN has been thoroughly and ex-

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

tensively tested and revised at IBM. The test group
averaged sixteen hours for the completion of the program and exercises, and achieved an average score of
90% on the accompanying examinations." Complete
conditions of validation not published.
Remarks: This version is nearly identical with the 1962
3rd edition, "Self-Teaching FORTRAN" and the 1963
edition, "FOR TR.-\N: Programmed Instruction Course."
It contains only some minor changes and corrections,
and it differs mainly in physical form of text, step formal and location of exercises and examinations. For
further comments on the 3rd edition. see previous
review (Reference I).
(i.

Title: ··AUTO-PRIMER I:'-J COMPUTER PROGRAMMING for the m~1 1620 in FORTRAN"
.-\uthor: Doris R. Entwisle
Publisher: Blaisdell Publishing Company
Date Published: 1963
Price: $6.50
Physical Form: Text, soft-covered, plastic-bound, 8Y2" xii",
345
x pages
Type or Mode: Text-workbook in which textual information is presented and followed by a set of exercises.
The exercise sets are essentially "self-tests" rather than
responses to programmed steps. Feedback is provided
after the complete set is answered. The text portion
may consist of a single paragraph or several pages.
after which responses are required in an exercise set;
there are no programmed steps.
Expendability: Written responses are made directly into
the text; if is expendable.
Criterion Test: During tryout, the author utilized a posttest in the form of a problem to be programmed and
run on a computer. A post-test is 1I0t included in the
tex t-workbook.
Criteria Rating: Does not satisfy the criteria for prog-rammed instruction, particularly the criterion that instruction be presented in small incremen tal steps req uiring
frequent responses by the learner. It is, however, a
good example of a validated text-workbook.
Content/Behavioral Objectives: The author states that "this
text is designed to teach you how to write programs for
the IBM 1620 computer . . . in a language called
FORTRA~ . . . . ~lany of the skills . . . can be . . .
transferred to other . . . computers with FORTRA:'-J
compilers . _ . especially to the IBM 7090, 7094, and
1401. . . . It is assumed that you have had no experience whatsoever with computers." As a result of the
author's effort to simplify, the learner receives some
misconceptions about programming and the computer.
Evidence Rating: A preliminary version was tried out with
85 undergraduate electrical engineering studen ts and
with 22 graduate industrial engineering students. Revisions and additions were made as a result of the tryout analyses. Additional material was added to cover
changes in the FORTRA:'-J compiler; these constitute
less than ten percen t. The final edition has not been
empirically tested.

CUIWL

7. Title: "REQUIRED COBOL-I9GI: A Self-Instructional
Program"
.-\uthor: Auerbach Corporation Staff
Publisher: Basic Systems, Inc.
Date Published: 1963
Price: $90.00 per copy for 1 to 10 copies
Physical Form: Text, four volumes, soft-covered, plastiLhound, 8Y2" x 11", 990 pages, 3,900 frames; plus a
Student Manual (250 pages) and a vinyl binder-portfolio
with a sliding mask to conceal and reveal feedback and
rein forcemen t frames.
Type or Mode: Written- and oral-completion using constructed responses, with some multiple-choice. There
is some branching, permitting the student with prior
knowledge to skip over material believed to be already mastered. However, the program is essentially
linear.
Expendability: \Vritten responses are made directly into
all four volumes and student manual; all are expendable.
Criterion Test: Frequent "Sneaky Pete," "Swiss Cheese" and
"Review Practice/Quiz" frames constitute criterion
tests for each set. Each group of sets, or volume, has
an interim exam which is a self-test. A post-test consists of a large-scale problem plus procedural questions.
Criteria Rating: Satisfies criteria for a written-completion
program.

Content/Behavioral Objectives: To prepare computer
source programs in Required COBOL-I961; to learn,
practice and review every feature of Required COBOL
-1961. It is intended both for trainees having no
knowledge of data-processing and for programmers and
systems analysts relatively sophisticated in this area.
Evidence Rating: Two separate validations were conducted
in which 24 trainees completed the try-out materials.
Half of these trainees obtained grades of 90% or better
on the post-test, while the other twelve obtained grades
ranging from 89 to below 50. The average grade was
84%, and the average completion time was 62 hours.
8. Title: "COBOL: A Self-Instructional Manual"
Author: James A. Saxon
Publisher: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Date Published: 1963
Price: $6.50
Physical Form: Text, soft-covered, bound, 8Y2" x 11", 190
xi pages
Type or Mode: Text-workbook in which a series of short,
complete lessons is presented. Each lesson contains
about two pages of text material and examples, followed by a set of problems. The problem sets are es"
sentially "self-tests," not responses to programmed
steps. The correct answers, together with remarks, are
provided after each complete problem set. There are
34 lessons, grouped into 13 units.
Expendability: Written responses are made directly into
the text; it is expendable.
Criterion Test: Quizzes which are also self-tests constitute
criterion tests for each unit. A final quiz and a final
problem to be programmed together constitute the posttest.
Criteria Rating: Does not satisfy the criteria for programmed instruction, particularly the criterion that instruction be presented in small incremental steps requiring
frequent responses by the learner. It is, however, a
very good example of a text-workbook.
Content/Behavioral Objectives: The author states that tins
text was "developed to teach the beginn~r. the fundamentals of- COBOL programming. ... this book will
not develop expert COBOL programmers. . .., It will
teach the basic rules of COBOL. ... Previous knowledge of computers, data processing or programmiIlg is
not required. .. ." This text is machine-independen t,
and refers the learner to manuals for each computer
when machine characteristics are involved.
Evidence Rating: No evidence is given in the introductory
section nor in an appendix to describe how it was tried
out and debugged and the conditions of validation.

9. Title: "A PROGRAMMED TRAINING- COURSE IN
COBOL"
Author: American Institute for Research, Inc., Staff
Publisher: Burroughs Corporation
Date Published: 1963
Price: $25.00
Physical Form: Text, three volumes, soft-covered, bound,
8Y2" x 11", 4635 frames, (approximately 1600 pages);
plus three EXHIBITS & ANSWERS booklets. Volume
1 contains "Unit One-Basic Level," 1059 frames; accompanied by "Unit One-Exhibits & Answers" booklet. Volume 2 contains "Unit Two-Intermediate
Level," 1945 frames; accompanied by "Unit Two-Exhibits & Answers" booklet. Volume 3 contains "Unit
Three-Detailed Level," 1631 frames; accompanied by
"Unit Three-Exhibits & Answers" booklet.
Type of Mode: Written-completion using single- and multiple-word responses and problem solutions. Linear.
Expendability: Written responses are made directly into all
three volumes and three answer booklets; all are expendable.
,
Criterion Test: At the end of each "unit, the learner is
stepped through the solution to one or more problems.
However, these are not identified to the learner as
tests,nor are they criterion or post-tests.
Criteria Rating: Satisfies criteria for a written-completion
progra~.
.
Content/Behavioral Objectives: The introductory section
states that "these materials can teach you to program in
COBOL effectively, and to discuss COBOL authoritatively."
Evidence Rating: The introductory section . states that "all
. clements of the text and of the method used in it
(were pretested). Repeated trial, and revision~ of the
materials with individuals similar to the eventual
trainees helped determine . . ." the final material.

Program performance data, while not included with
the materials, are available on request according to the
publisher. The course outline includes Approximate
Average Completion Time for each lesson; the average
completion time for the complete course is given as 70
honrs, 31 minutes. Unit one, which can be used alone
as a basic orientation for supervisory and management
personnel, requires an average completion time of 13
hours, 30 minutes.
10. Title: "PROGRAMMED INSTRUCTION TEXT for BUR!tOUGHS ~ 200 COMPACT COBOL"
Author: Programmed Instruction Group, Sales Education,
Equipment and Systems Marketing Division, Burroughs
Corporation
'
Publisher: Burroughs Corporation
Date Published: ] 964 "
Physical Form: Text, soft-covered, bound, 8Y2" x 11", about
766
viii pages, 1742 frames
Type or Mode: Written-completion using constructed singleand multiple-word responses, with some program writing. There is some branching, consisting of skipping
over review material if the quizzes are answered correc~ly. Since there" is no remedial branching, the text
is essentially linear. It is a departure from the traditional sequence of frames in that each of the 66 lessons
begins with a "study page"-about a page of information
to be studied which does not call for any responses.
This" is followed by two or three sets of about ten
frames covering' the study material. The trainee
responds to a page of frames, then receives feedback and
checks his answers. This pattern has most of the
characteristics of a text-workbook combined with some
characteristics of programmed instruction.
Expendability: Written responses are made directly into
the text; it is expendable.
Criterion Test: The text contains two quizzes which are
self-tests spaced at appropriate intervals in the course
and a final problem at the end. The final problem is
structured to provide a good deal of assistance, including flow charts. The trainee is taken through the
problem step-by-step, receiving feedback, and is instructed to check his en tries before going on. This
final problem is not a post-test.
Criteria Rating: Satisfies most of the criteria for a writtencompletion program. However, (1) the stimulus (instructional material) in a step contains a very large
number of teaching points before any overt or covert
responses' are called for, and (2) the feedback is not
given immediately after each frame: the trainee must
respond to between one and eleven frames before receiving any feedback whatsoever.
Content/Behavioral Objectives: The introductory section
states that "you will learn all the elements of the
COMP ACT language, and be able to apply' this language
to the writing of efficient and effective programs. . ..
When this text has been completed, you will have
written portions of programs and one complete pro-"
gram ... After completing this course you will have a
good knowledge of the skills needed to create and
write fairly complex COMPACT programs for the
BURROUGHS B 200 Series Systems. However, the
text is intended to provide only a foundation for writing programs, and you will gain more knowledge and
understanding of the programming techniques commensurate with the language as you write and run
your own COMPACT programs."
The introductory section states that "this text has been
designed and written for the individual who has a
knowledge of the BURROUGHS B 200 Series Systems,
with machine language and automatic language programming experience ... however, anyone with a basic
orientation in computerS (should have) little or no
difficulty . . . ."
Evidence Rating: No evidence was given ill the introductory
section nor in an appendix to describe how it was tried
out and debugged and the conditions of validation.
However, the Table of Contents includes Average Time
in Minutes for each lesson and indicates that the average
completion time for the entire text, including the final
problem is 44 hours, 10 minutes.

OTHER ACTUAL LANGUAGES

11. Title: "PROGRAMMING THE IBM 1401: A Self-Instructional Programmed Manual"
Author: James A. Saxon and William S. PIette
,Publisher: Prentice-Hall, In~.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

Date Published: 1962
Price: $9.25
Physical Form: Text, hard-covered, stitch-bound, 6" x 9",
208
xv pages
Type or Mode: Text-workbook in which a series of short,
complete lessons is presented. Each lesson contains
about two pages of text material and examples, followed by a set of problems. The problem sets are
essentially "self-tests," not responses to programmed
steps. Correct answers and reinforcing explanatory information are provided after each complete problem
set. There are 42 lessons, grouped into ten units.
Expendability: Written responses are made directly into
the text; it is expendable.
Criterion Test: Quizzes which are also self-tests constitute
criterion tests for each unit. The final lesson consists
of a' final problem which, together with the final quiz,
represent the post-test.
Criteria Rating: Does not satisfy the criteria for programmed instruction, particularly the criterion that
instruction be presented in small incremental steps
requiring frequent responses by the learner. It is,
however, a very good example of a text-workbook.
Content/ Behavioral Objectives: The introduction states
that this "workbook has been developed to teach the
beginner to program for the IBM 1401 computer. . . .
this workbook will not qualify the student as an expert
programmer. It will teach him the fundamentals of
programming for the IBM 1401."
Evidence Rating: No evidence is given in the introductory
sectio? nor in an appendix to describe how it was tried
out and debugged and the conditions of validation.
Remarks: For further comments, see previous review
(Reference 1).

12. Title: "BASIC 1401 PROGRAMMING: Programmed Instruction Course"
Author: IBM Staff
Publisher: International Business Machines Corporation,
Data Processing Division.
Date Published: 1963
Physical Form: Text, loose-leaf form, 8Y2" x 11". Trainee
materials: Volume 1 (311 frames), Volume 2 (592
frames), Volume 3 (377 frames),
Student Materials
(Notes, Reference Manuals and Supplies such as
template, worksheets and coding sheets). Administration materials: Advisor Guide, Instructor Guide, Case
Studies, Intermediate Examinations, Final Examination.
Type or Mode: Combination of mental- and written-completion using single- and multiple-word responses and
problem solution including flow charting. Incorrect
quiz answers direct the trainee to branch back to specified frames. Some permissive skipping ahead to the next
quiz is allowed for areas with which the trainee is
already completely familiar. Essentially linear with
some branching.
Expendability: Student materials constitute the only expendable portion. Since, where written responses are
required, the trainee is directed by the text to use
student materials or scratch paper, all other materials
are reusabl~.
Criterion Test: Quizzes, which are self-tests, are spaced
throughout the course. Four intermediate examinations are administered and scored by the trainee's Advisor.
Criteria Rating: Satisfies the criteria for programmed instruction except that much of the interaction is covert
rather than overt.
Content/Behavioral Objectives: The Course Description
states that the student will be able to:
"1. Read and understand flowcharts for typical 1401
Programs developed by programmers.
2. Develop his own flowcharts from specifications
contained in the problem statements no more
complex than the Case Studies.
3. Write symbolic program instructions on SPS
coding sheets for steps and routines shown in
flowcharts.
4. Describe the functiQns performed by 1401 Components required in the Case Study problems.
5. Define technical terms and apply concepts that
deal with basic fundamentals of 1401 programming beyond those covered by the Case
Studies."
The trainee prerequisites are: "High School graduate
. . . and a score of C or better on the Programmer's
Aptitude Test."

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

Evidence Rating: No evidence is given in any of the
materials to describe how it was tried out and debugged
and the conditions of validation. Hbwever, the follow"
ing average time requirements are furnished: Volume
1, 3 hours; Volume 2, 9 hours; Volume 3, 15 hours.
Remarks: There is a trainee-Advisor relationship throughout the course. The trainee receives the Student Materials and one volume from his Advisor and must
complete it satisfactorily before receiving the next
volume. The Advisor provides supplemental assistance,
personal follow-up, supervision and evaluation. The
programmed instruction is followed by three days on
Case Study problems in a classroom environment with a
human instructor, at the end of which a post-test is
administered.
13. Title:
"1401 DPS BASIC PROGRAMMING-AUTOCODER: Programmed Instruction Course" (N 0050)
Author: IB:Yl Staff
Publisher: International Business Machines Corporation,
Data Processing Division
Date Published: 1964
Physical Form: Text, loose-leaf form, SY2" x 11". Trainee
materials: Volume 1 (202 pages, 320 frames), Volume 2
(341 pages, 627 frames), Volume 3 (247 pages, 398
Student
frames), Volume 4 (121 pages, 252 frames),
Materials (Notes, Reference Manual, Problem Statements, and Supplies such as template, worksheets, and
coding sheets). Administration materials: Advisor Guide
(39 pages), Instructor Guide (127 pages), Case Study
and Practice Problems (27 pages), Intermediate Examinations (24 pages), Final Examination (12 pages).
Type or Mode: Combination of mental- and written-completiop using single- and multiple-word responses and
problem solution, including flow charting. Incorrect
quiz answers direct the trainee to branch back to
specified frames. Some permissive skipping ahead to
the next quiz is allowed for areas with which the
trainee is already completely familiar. Essent.~ally linear
with some branching.
. ;.,,'
Expendability: Student Materials constitute the only expendable portion. Since, where written re~()!lses are
required, the trainee is directe.d by the text to use
student materials or scratch paper, all other. materials
are reusable.
- . 'J_-;.", • •
Criterion Test: 29 quizzes, which are self-tests~ ,are spaced
throughout the course. Four intermediate examinations
are administered and scored by the traine~s Advisor;
poor scores result in an oral examination by the· Advisor. The post-test, consisting of a Case Study problem,
is administered in a classroom environment. ~
Criteria Rating: Satisfies the criteria for programmed instruction except that much of the interactiou is covert
rather than overt.
_
Content/Behavioral Objectives: The Course -Description
states that the student will be able to: -"1. Read and understand flowcharts_for typical 1401
Programs developed by programmers. ,~
2. Develop his own flowcharts from ~ specifications
contained in problem statements that are no
more difficult than the Case Study. ---3. Write symbolic program instructions on Autocoder coding sheets for steps and -routines shown
in flowcharts.
4. Describe the functions performed by -HOI Components required in the Case Study problem.
5. Define technical terms and apply_ concepts that
deal with basic fundamentals of 1401 programming beyond those covered - by the Case
_ Study."
The trainee prerequisites are: "High School graduate
and a score of C or better on the Programmer's
Aptitude Test."
•
Evidence Rating: No evidence is given in any of tlie materials to describe how it was tried out and debugged
and the conditions of validation. However, the following average time requirements are furnished: 'Volume
1, 5 hours; Volume 2, 8 hours; Volume 3, 11 hours;
and Volume 4, 12 hours; for a total of 36 nours. <:
Remarks: There is a trainee-Advisor relationship throughout the course. The trainee receives the Student Materials and one volume from his ,Advisor '~and must
complete it satisfactorily before receiving~ the next volume. The Advisor provides supplemental, assistance,
personal follow-up, supervision and evaluation. The programmed instruction is followed by four hours of work
on a Case Study in a classroom environment with an

Instructor. The Case Study problem is then normally
followed by Course N 0055, a 6Y2 day continuation of
this course given hy a human instructor in non-programmed form in a classroom environment.. Lesson
plans for this portion are included in the Instructor
Guide. The Final Examination is administered on the
last day of the human instruction portion of the course.
14. Title: "PROGR.-\~'IMI~'G THE IB~1 7090: A Self-Instructional Programmed Manual"
Author: James .-\. Saxon
Publisher: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Date Published: 1963
Price: $9.2:,)
Physical Form: Text, hard-covered, stitch-bound, 6" x 9",
210
xiv pages
Type or ~fode: Text-workbook in which a series of fifteen
lessons is presented. Each lesson con tains from 112 to 12
pages of continuous textual material with examples,
followed by a set of one or more problems. The problem
sets are essentially "self-tests," not responses to programmed steps. Correct answers and reinforcing explanatory information are provided after each page of
problems. Most lessons contain several such sequences
of text material, examples, problems and answers.

Expendability: Written responses are made directly into
the text; it is expendable.
Criterion Test: There is a self-test midway in the course
and a post-test at the end.
Criteria Rating: Does not satisfy the criteria for programmed
instruction, particularly the criterion that instruction
he presented in small incremental steps requiring frequent responses by the learner.
Content/Behavioral Objectives: The author states that this
text is designed to teach the reader with no previous
training in data processing or computer programming
"to program for the IBM 7090 computer."
Evidence Rating: ~o evidence is given in the introductory
section nor in an appendix to describe how it was tried
out and debugged and the conditions of validation.
13. Title:

"I~TRODUCTIO~

TO THE

HO~EYWELL

200:

A Programmed Text"

.-\uthor: Kenneth L. Inman and John E. Harrah
Publisher: Honeywell, Inc., Electronic Data Processing
Division
Date Published: 1964
Price: S4.50
Physical Form: Text, soft-covered, bound, 8Y2" xlI", 282
vi pages, about 540 frames
Type or ~lode: Written-completion using constructed
single- and multiple-word and graphic flow chart responses. Linear. The text is divided into seven lessons;
most begin with a page of non-programmed narrative
and graphic information befor·e the teaching frames.
Expendability: Written responses are made directly into the
text; it is expendable.
Criterion Test: Each of the seven lessons is followed by a
quiz which is a self-test. There is no post-test at the
end of the course.
Criteria Rating: Satisfies criteria for a written-completion
program.
Content/Behavioral Objectives: Theauthors state that this
"is a basic in troduction to the Honeywell 200 System
intended for the reader with little or no previous experience in electronic data processing. The preliminary
focus is on general concepts and data processing principles.
Evidence Rating: ~o evidence was given in the introductory
section nor in an appendix to describe how it was tried
out and debugged and the conditions of validation.

16. Title: "XRA~SITIO~ TO EASYCODER: A Programmed
Text"
Author: John E. Harrah and Harris J. Hulburt
Publisher: Honeywell, Inc., Electronic Data Processing
Division
Date Published: 1964
Price: $4.50
Physical Form: Text, soft-covered, bound, 8Y2" xlI", 304
vi pages
Type or Mode: The text is divided into eight lessons. Most
employ the written-completion mode using constructed
single- and multiple-word responses and problem solution. Occasionally there are from one to three pages of
text material and figures between the programmed portions. Lesson II, however, is in the form of a textworkbook. It contains ten pages of high density text

31/\

material containing complex charts and diagrams
crowded with information. Interspersed are three pages
of statements requiring written-completion for which
the reader is instructed to refer to the charts and diagrams to obtain the information called for. There is
no feedback to inform the trainee of the correctness of
his response. The text is essentially linear; some branching is permitted to skip over options not included in
the programmer's installation,
.
Expendability: 'Vritten responses are made directly into
the text; it is expendable.
Criterion Test; There is no post-test nor any self-tests.
Criteria Rating: In general, satisfies the criteria for a
written-completion program, but a number of aberrations exist. Lesson II does not satisfy the criteria for
programmed instruction. Also, in the other lessons
most steps contain too many teaching points. Diagrams
often are unnecessarily complex. In many instances,
instruction is given in the feedback area which should
be presented in the stimulus area of the next step.
Content/Behavioral Objectives: In the Foreword, the authors
state: '·the intent of this manual is to introduce Easycoder language, provide familiarization with Honeywell
200 computer capabilities, describe programming procedures, and define Honeywell terminology." 1401
system programming is a prerequisite.
Evidence Rating: No evidence was given in the introductory
section nor in an appendix to describe how it was tried
out and debugged and the conditions of validation.
17. Title: "PROGRAMMING AND WIRING THE UNIVAC
1004 CARD PROCESSOR: A Self-Instructional Programmed Manual"
Author: James A. Saxon and Richard W. Senseman
Publisher: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Date Published: 1964
Price: $7.00
Physical Form: Text, soft-covered, bound, 8Y2" xlI", 255
xvi pages
Type or Mode: Text-workbook in which a series of short
lessons is presen ted. Most lessons con tain less than a
page of text material and examples, followed by a set
of problems. Some lessons contain slightly more information or longer examples. The problem sets are
essentially "self-tests," not responses to programmed
steps. The correct answers, together with reinforcing
explanatory information, are provided after each complete problem set. There are 75 lessons, grouped into
17 units.
Expendability: Written responses are made directly into
the text; it is expendable.
Criterion Test: Each unit ends with a short quiz which is
a unit self-test. In addition, there is a course self-test
at the midpoint. A final problem to be programmed
constitutes the post-test.
Criteria Rating: Does not satisfy the criteria for programmed instruction, particularly the criterion that
instruction be presented in small incremental steps requiring frequent responses by the learner. It is, however, an excellent example of a text-workbook.
Content/Behavioral Objectives: The authors state that
this text is designed to teach "the basics of programming
and wiring the UNIVAC 1004 Card Processor. No
computer, data processing or mathematical background
is necessary."
Evidence Rating: No evidence is given in the introductory
section nor in an appendix to describe how it was tried
out and debugged and the conditions of validation.

18. Title: "1004 CARD PROCESSOR, 80-Column:
Programmed Instruction"
Author: Basic Systems Incorporated, Programming Staff
Publisher: UNIVAC Education Department, UNIVAC Division of Sperry Rand Corporation
Date Published: 1963
Price: $18.00
Physical Form: Text, five volumes, soft-covered, bound,.
8Y2" xlI", 1621 frames; plus two Panel Books and a
vinyl binder-portfolio with a sliding mask to conceal
and reveal feedback and reinforcement frames.
Type or Mode: Written-completion using single- and multiple-word constructed responses and problem solution.
There is some branching to permit skipping over optional material. However, the program is essentially
linear.
Expendabtiity: Written responses are made on scratch
paper and separate forms such as instruction charts,
storage charts and connection panel diagrams. The

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

five volumes and two panel hooks are reusable.
Criterion Test: There is no post-test included nor any selftests.
Criteria Rating: Satisfies criteria for written-completion
program.
Content/Behavioral Objectives: The introduction states
that this is a text "on how to program the UNIVAC
1004 Card Processor."
Evidence Rating: No evidence is given in the five volumes
or two panel books to describe how it was tried out and
debugged and the conditions of validation.

GENERAL PROGRAMMING

19. Title: "CO~IPUTERS: A Four-Part Course in Programming" (TutorFilm)
Author: Theodore G. Scott
Producer: U. S. Industries, Inc., Educational Science Division
Date Produced: 1962, Rev. 1963
Price: Program (4 reels) $375.00; may be rented. Machine
(AutoTutor Mark II) $1250.00; may be rented.
Physical Form: 35 mm single frame filmstrip, black and
white, for use in AutoTutor Mark II teaching machine.
4 reels:
Reel I: Part I - A First Course in Programming
Reel 2: Part II - Techniques in Programming
Reel 3: Part III - Advanced Techniques in Programming
Reel 4: Part IV - Business and Scientific Applications
Administrative Materials: Instructor's Guide (4 pages),
Table of Contents and Course Outline (24 pages)
Type or Mode: Multiple-choice branching, using push button to select one of several alternatives, causing corresponding next step to be projected on optical screen.
Each of the four parts is divided into five lessons.
Expendability: Since scratch paper is used for taking notes
and working problems, and the trainee's response consists of pushing buttons, the program is reusable.
Criterion Test: Each lesson concludes with a self-test, and
incorrect responses result in branching to repeat or
remedial instruction. Each part has a final examination
which is a post-test. Part IV has two post-tests, one fO t
business applications and one for scien tific applications.
Criteria Rating: A multiple-choice branching program,
satisfying the criteria for programmed instruction.
Content/Behavioral Objectives: An introductory frame states
that by "programming an imaginary machine that is
a simplified version of a typical digital computer . . .
You will learn how to write instructions, how to get
numbers and instructions into the memory, and how to
get answers ou t. You will also learn several im portan t
programming techniques." The Instructor's Guide states
that the course "assumes no prior knowledge of computers by the student. All he needs is basic arithmetic."
Evidence Rating: The Instructor's Guide states that "The
preliminary version of this TutoFilm program was
tested with business school student . . . Corporation
employees ... College sophomores and ... high school
seniors." Tryout data and conditions of validation not
given. Study times of ;) to 12 hours each for Parts I and
II, and 6 to 14 hours each for Parts III and IV, are
reported.
Remarks: For further comments, see previous review (Reference 1).
20. Title: "BASIC COMPUTER PROGRAM~IING" (TutorText)
Author: Theodore G. Scott
Publisher: Doubleday & Company, Inc.
Date Published: 1962
Price: $5.95
Physical Form: Text, hard-covered, stitch-hound, 492
x
pages. A ribbon book-mark is attached to the binding
of this TutorText.
Type or :\lode: Multiple-choice branching, using the
scrambled text technique. Each step begins with a
restatement of the trainee's answer to the previous step
and whether it is correct or incorrect. If incorrect,
remedial instruction is given and then the trainee is
directed to return to the previous step and try again.
If correct, reinforcing explanatory information is given,
followed by new material and then by a set multiplechoice alternatives. The multiple-choice steps contain
two, three or four alternatives, with most containing
three.
Expendability: Since scratch paper is used for taking notes

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

and working problems, and the trainee's response consists of turning to the page indicated next to his selection, the text is reusable.
Criterion Test: Ten chapters each conclud~ with a selftest. These are the only criterion tests; there is no
post- test.
Criteria Rating: A multiple-choice branching program,
satisfying the criteria for programmed instruction.
Content/Behavioral Objectives: The introduction states
that "This book is devoted to the programming of a
hypothetical machine . . . You will learn how to write
instructions, how to get numbers and instructions into
the memory, and how to get answers out. You will also
learn techniques ... useful ... with computers."
Evidence Rating: No evidence is given in the introductory
section nor in an appendix to describe how it was tried
out and debugged and the conditions of validation.
Remarks: The titles of Chapters I through X of this text
are the same as the titles of Lessons I through X of the
first two reels of the TutorFilm "COMPUTERS: A
Four-Part Course in Programming."

2i. Title: "COMPUTER PROGRAMMING TECHNIQUES"
(TutorText)
Author: Theodore G. Scott
Publisher: Doubleday & Company, Inc.
Date Published: 1964
Price: $7.95
Physical Form: Text, hard-covered, stitch-bound, 664
viii
pages. A ribbon book-mark is attached to the binding of
this TutorText.
Type or Mode: Chapter I is a review of "BASIC COMPUTER PROGRAM~nNG" and is in non-programmed
text form. Chapters II through XIII are programmed,
in multiple-choice branching mode, using the scrambled
text technique, same as that previously described for
"BASIC CO~IPUTER PROGRA~IMING."
Expendability: Since the trainee's response consists of
turning to the page indicated next to his selection, the
text is reusable.
Criterion Test: Chapter II through XIII each conclude
with a self-test. These are the only criterion tests;
there is no post-test.
Criteria Rating: Except for Chapter I, it is a multiplechoice branching program, satisfying the criteria for
programmed instruction.
Con tcn t/ llel1avioral Objcctives: The in troduction sta Les
that "This book tells you how these programs are prepared and how they are used by computers to perform
calculations. This book describes many important
programming techniques and some devices . . . will
learn how problems are approached for programming
and what types of problems are most suitable for computer solution."
Evidence Rating: No evidence is given in the introductory
section nor in an appendix to describe how it was
tried out and debugged and the conditions of validation.
Remarks: The introduction states that "BASIC COMPUTER PROGRAMMING, which preceded this vol·
ume ... is, in a sense, a companion book."

22. Title: "FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONIC DA TA
PROCESSING: A Programmed Text"
Author: Kenneth L. Inman
Publisher: Minneapolis-Honeywell Regulator Company,
Electronic Data Processing Division
Date Published: 1963
Price: $4.50
Physical Form: Text; soft-covered, bound, 8V2" x 11", 282
vi pages, about 575 frames
Type or Mode: Written-completion using constructed singleand multiple-word and graphic flow chart responses.
Linear.
Expendability: Written responses are made directly into
the text; it is expendable.
Criterion Test: Only the first two of the seven lessons are
followed by quizzes which are self-tests. There are no
other tests and no post-test.
Criteria Rating: Satisfies criteria for a written-completion
program.
Content/ Behavioral Objectives: The Foreword states that
"this manual is a basic introduction to electronic data
processing intended for the reader with little or no
previous training in the field. The focus throughout is
on general concepts . . , the purpose is to illustrate
general principles. . .. "
Evidence Rating: No evidence is given in the introductory
section nor in an appendix to describe how it was tried
out and debugged and the conditions of validation.

31B

Two entirely new. long-wear. heavy-duty Ampex computer tapes are now available. The tWo (Ampex
838 for 800 bpi applications and 832 for 556 bpi applications) -are· the result of an intensive 2 year de. velopment program. Using an advanced oxide formulation. these -new tapes feature a.mirror-smooth
surface that consistently gives the cleanest. most reliable performance ever possible. The proof of
the new formulation is in the using: no other tape on the market does as much to reduce 'temporary
errors' and static build-up. Even the reel is new: IBM compatible configurations are available on solid
31 C

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

Announcing:
the most important' advance
in computer tape in four years.
flanged plastic reels with new aluminum hubs. Who benefits from this remarkable new tape? Anyone
who uses IBM (including full width tested), IBM compatible, RCA 301, and most Univac computer
systems. Try it. Test it. Use it. We think that you'll agree that the time spent in developing this remarkable new tape was time well spent. For a demonstration, call your Ampex representative, or write the
only comp.any. providing recorders, tape and core memory devi~es f.or ;":'~':AMdpEX1
every application: Ampex Corp., 401 Broadway, Redwood City, California. ',
.. ,"_".""_".,,,,_=.:.,,~:
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

Circle No. 15 on Readers Service Card

31 D

23. Title: "FU:"JDAMENTALS OF ELECTRO:"JIC DATA
PROCESSI:'I:G: A Programmed Text"
Author: Kenneth L. Inman
Publisher: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Date Published: 1964
Price: S6.50
Physical Form: Text, soft-covered, bound, Sy:!" xlI", 2S2
vi pages, about 570 frames
Type or Mode: 'Vritten-complction using constructed
single- and multiple-word and graphic flow chart
responses. Linear.
Expendahility: Written responses are made directly into
the text, it is expendable.
Criterion Test: Only the first two of the seven lessons are
followed by quizzes which are self-tests. There are no
other tests and no post-test.
Criteria Rating: Satisfies criteria for a written-completion
program.
Content/ Behavioral Objectives: The Foreword states that
"this book is a basic introduction to electronic data
processing in tended for the reader with little or no
previous training in the field . . . the purpose is to
explain general principles. . .."
Evidence Rating: :\'0 evidence is given in the introductory
section nor in an appendix to describe how it was tried
out and debugged and the conditions of validation.
Remarks: Except for Chapter V, this text is essentially the
same as "FUNDAMENT.-\.LS OF ELECTRONIC DATA
PRC?CESSI:"JG" published hy Honeywell, with some
speCIfic Honeywell references deleted. Lesson V, Flow
Charts, has been revised considerably using the new
proposed .-\.s..-\. standards. Chapter VII, however, has
not been revised to reflect the newer flow chart conventions.

24. Title: "ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSI:\'G

SYSTE~lS: .\
Self-Instructional Programmed ~Ianual"
Author: Leeland R. O'Neal
Publisher: Prentice-Hall, Inc.
Date Published: 1964
Price: SIO.OO
Physical Form: Text, hard-covered, stitch-bound, 6y:!" x 9",
409
xi pages.
Type or ~Iode: Mostly written-completion using constructed
single- and multiple-word and graphic flow chart responses and program writing. Near the end of each
section, immediately before the self-test, there is a
series of diagnostic-type multiple-choice branching
steps.
Expendability: TNritten responses are made directly into
the text; it is expendable.
Criterion Test: Each of the six sections concludes with a
section self-test. Each section is further subdivided
into a. series of lessons. Having completed the first
lesson 111 the first section, the. trainee begins the second lesson by taking a short lesson pre-test. This lesson pre-self-test is identical with the lesson post-selftest. If the pre-self-test is answered correctly, the
trainee is allowed to branch forward to the next lesson pre-self- test. Otherwise, he takes the instruction in
the lesson. This skip ahead technique is used for the
first four sections, each of which contains two of these
lessons. .-\. comprehensive examination at the rear of
the text constitutes the post-test.
Criteria Rating: Satisfies criteria for programmed instruction.
Content/Behavioral Objectives: The 31 specific objectives
are stated on the introductory pages of each section.
These .deal with drawing sys.tem diagrams, drawing and
~nalyz1l1g fl?,:" charts, defin1l1g specified terms, analyz1l1g and wnt1l1g programs, I/O and others.
Evidence Rating: In the Preface, the author states that "the
average score on a similar examination (to the posttest) was 92 percent with a range of 77 percent to 100
per~e~t and a standard deviation of 5.6 percent. These
statIstICS were secured from a group of 49 studen ts with
high school and technical school backgrounds." He
also states that "Some students have completed this
course in six hours by taking advantage of the skip
feature. Other studen ts have taken thirty hours to
complete this. course. The average completion time has
been. apprOXImately 19 hours-not counting the time
reqUIred for the comprehensive examination." (approximately two hours)

2:;. Title: "BASIC CO~IPUTER SYSTEMS
Programmed Instruction Course"
.\uthor: IB~1 Staff

PRINCIPLES:

Publisher: International Business Machines Corporation,
Data Processing Division
Date Published: 1964
Physical Form: Text, loose-leaf form, SY2" x II". Trainee
materials: Volume 1 (195 pages, 792 frames), Volume 2
(305 pages, 1,057 frames), Volume 3 (272 pages, 1,039
frames), Illustrations (20S pages), and Notebook (71
pages
supplies including template, worksheets and
coding sheets). Administration materials: Advisor
Guide (32 pages) and Examinations (29 pages).
Type or NIode: Combination of mental- and written-completion using single- and multiple-word and graphic
flow charting responses and problem solution. Some
permissive skipping ahead is allowed depending on the
trainee's previous knowledge.
Expendability: Notebook is the only expendable material
and becomes the property of the trainee at the end of
the course. Since, where written responses are required,
the trainee is directed by the text to use the Notebook
or scratch paper, all other materials are reusable.
Criterion Test: Each volume is divided into two sections,
and after each section the trainee is directed to contact his Advisor for the section examination which is
the section post-test. These tests are scored by the Advisor. There is no course post-test at the end.
Criteria Rating: Satisfies the criteria for programmed instruction except tha t much of the in teraction is covert
rather than overt.
Content/ Behavioral Objectives: The Course Description
states that the student will be able to:
"I. Employ standard problem solving techniques and
tools:
a. Problem statement
b. Decision table
c. System and program flowcharts
d. Standard documentation techniques
2. Demonstrate a knowledge of electronic computers
as problem-solving tools:
a. Computer input-output media and their coding
h. Computer input-output devices
c. Storage characteristics (fixed- and variable-word
length) and in ternal coding systems
d. CPU operations (adders, registers, serial and
parallel transmission)
e. Programming techniques and devices (loops,
switches, initialization, instruction modification,
indexing, table lookup)
f. Programming systems (symbolic languages, processors, RPG, IOCS, utility programs)
g. Operating systems"
The trainee prerequisites are: "None for installation
managers, operators and programmers with card computer experience. All others should attain a grade of
C on the Programmer's Aptitude Test."
Evidence Rating: No evidence is given in any of the mateterials to describe how it was tried out and debugged
and the conditions of validation. However, the following average time requirements are furnished: 5 hours
for Section A, 41/2 hours for Section B, 5Y2 hours for
Section C, 7Y2 hours for Section D, Sy:! hours for Section E and 4 hours for Section F, for a total of 35
hours.
Remarks: There is a trainee-Advisor relationship throughout the course. The trainee receives Volume I, Illustrations and Notebook from his Advisor and must complete . the volume and the section post-tests before
receiving the next volume. The Advisor provides supplemental assistance, personal follow-up, supervision
and evaluation. This BCS course is pre-requisite to
certain other courses.

The reader is invited to submit to the author the names and
sources of any programmed materials which are currently available and not included in this survey.
The author wishes to express her gratitude to Dr. Leonard C.
Silvern, Principal Scientist of Education and Training Consultants, for reading the manuscript and offering helpful suggestions.
REFERENCES
I. G. M. Silvern, "Programmed Instruction for Computer Pro·

gramming, Computers and Automation, Vol. XII, No.3;
March, 1963.

2. L. C. Silvern, "Fundamentals of Teaching Machine and Programmed Learning Systems," a programmed course; Educa·
tion and Training Consultants, Los Angeles, California, 1961.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

Powerful new computer.
Only $695 a month.
Only from IBM.
Our new 1130 Computing System has approximately 20 times
more power than our best previous
desk-size digital computer.
But it rents for less than half.
And is backed by IBM programming and services.
We tailored the 1130 to the needs
of the small-budget engineering or
scientific worker. It also helps
printers and newspapers cut the
cost of computer-directed typesetting ... and serves the accounting
needs of many smaller businesses.
The 1130 is fast. It comes with a
big, new direct-access file. It utilizes the improved micro-circuitry
developed for IBM SYSTEM/360.
And it rents for as little as $695.
Look what that buys you: Paper
tape in and out. A high-speed CPU
with 4K 16-bit words of core storage. FORTRAN and a new 1130 Symbolic Assembler Language to speed
programming.
For an extra $200 a month, you
can double core storage to 8K.
For $880 a month, you get a basic
card system that gives you 300
cards/min. in and 80 columns/sec.
punched out (400and160for$995/
month). A new printer (80 lines/
min. alphanumeric; 110 lines, numeric) goes for $275/month.
The new direct-access disk storage lets you put over half a million

'words of data on a single interchangeable disk cartridge. A basic
disk model rents for $895/month.
You can transfer up to 35,000
words per minute on or off the file.
Since the disks are interchangeable, a disk system is the ideal solution for an open-shop operation.
With the disk feature, you can
use a monitor programming system that takes over much of the
routine housework involved in
operating a computer. The monitor
lets you stack jobs-in any sequence
-and lets the computer process
them automatically.
It lets you run a shop more effi-

ciently by reducing turnaround
time from the origin of a problem
to its solution. You put the monitor
on the disk - it occupies less than
20% of the disk's capacity, leaves
over 400,000 words or 800,000 characters for your programs.
Over 40 separate programs for
the new 1130 come in seven tested
application packages. Included
among these are mathematical and
statistical programs, COGO, petroleum engineering exploration, geophysical programs and automatic
typesetting programs.
Other features: a console prin ter
(15.5 cps) and keyboard ... utilities
and subroutines programs ... double precision and floating point
arithmetic.
You can get a 1627 Plotter for
generating graphs, maps, flow
charts, engineering drawings direct from digital information in
the system.
And check these standard features-yours at no extra cost-with
every model of the 1130: Parallel
data transfer ... Parallel arithmetic
... Automatic program interrupt ...
Three index registers ... Overlapped processing ... Indirect addressing ... Multiply and divide ... Parity
checking ... Double-precision instructions ... Boolean logic.
But it won't make coffee. Sorry.

Circle No. 27 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

we're

moving~move

with us.

The opening of our new Engineering and Research Center in suburban Boston
has accelerated Honeywell's pace .. setting expansion program, creating a record
number of professional opportunities for experienced computer engineers.
Located near Route lZ8, the Massa_chusetts Turnpike and other main roads, this
award winning facility is adjacent to Lexington, Concord and other picturesque
communities, and yej:_ witliin easy commuting distance from Boston, Cambridge and
more than thirty major universities and colleges.
Immediate opportunities for experienced graduate engineers span the entire
spectrum of advanced computer technology, with emphasis in the following areas:,

EirEuit design ologiE design 0 svstems design
o memorv deuelopment D miEraelettraniE
paEkaging 0 meEhaniEal engineering 0 eleEtrameEhaniEal engineering 0 applied researEh
o-aduanEed deuelopment

Qualified candidates should forward their resumes to Mr. D. C. Turner,
Employment Supervisor.

Honeywell
151 Needham Street

ELECTRDNIC DATA PRDCESSING
Dept. 6
Newton Highlands, Massachusetts, 02161

New York City interviews during the IEEE Convention
may be arranged by writing to the above address or calling us in N.Y.C.,
between March 22 and 25, at 582-1175.
Opportunities exist at other Honeywell Divisions. Send resume to F. E. Laing, tIoneywell, Minneapolis 8, Minnesota.
An equal opportunity employer.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

c&a
THROUGHPUT

The

Battle Lines Are Drawn ....

Never have so many been offered so much by so few.
There can be no question that the 1965 offerings of the
"big eight" computer manufacturers r.epresent the most
impressive line-up of competitive equipment yet. There
is also no question that this will be the most competitive
year for IBM so far-with a possible reduction in market
share from a current high of 79% of all installations.
In 1964 a total of 45 new computer systems were announced, only eight of which were IBM sys_tems. Evaluation of the line-up facing the potential user certainly indicates the tremendous competition in the industry, with complete lines being offered by almost all suppliers.
Ranking the lines offered by the eight majQr manufacturers is difficult, and requires a definition of the parameters. A cost/performance ranking would not be the same
in each class of system; it would also not correlate to the
market share ranking. Even the market share would have
to be defined either as installations made during 1965 or as
new orders received, or both.
Considering market share only as "value of new orders
received during the year 1965" regardless of replacements,
a possible projection could result in the following table:

...

1. IBM~System 360/20; 360/30; 360/40
360/50; 360/60; 360/62
360/70;360/92
2. RCA-Spectra 70/15; 70/25.·
70/45; 70/55
(to be announced 70/35;-70/65 ?)
3. General Electric-Series 400
Series 600
(to be announced-new "gamma" line ?)
1. Univac-1004; 1050; 1040
490 Series; 418; 1108
5. Control Data Corp.-3000 Series
6000 Series
G. Honeywell-H200, H2200, H300
(to be announced H2300; H3300 ?)
7. NCR-315 Series
500 Series
8. Burroughs-BIOO; B200; B300 Series
B5000 Series
with the remaining 1.5% randomly distrib~ted.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

72%

4%
3%

To look at cost/periormance, a
calculations is necessary. Thus, if
classes of systems would evolve. In
would have to be measured based
tion or problem mix.

$2000 per month rental:
IBM
360/20
RCA
70/15
Univac 1004
NCR 500

more complex series of
one held cost constant,
each class, performance
strictly on the applica-

Class A-((Teeny" Systems

$6000 per month rental: Class B-Small Systems
IBM 360/30; GE 415, 425; CDC 3100; RCA 70/25;
Honeywell H200, 300; Univac 1050, 1040; Burroughs
BIOO, B200, B300; NCR 315
$15)000 per month rental: Class C-Medium Systems
IBM 360/40, 360/50; GE 435, 455; CDC 3200, 3300, 3400;
RCA 70/45, 70/55; Univac 418; Honeywell H2200
$30)000 per month rental: Class D-Large Systems
IBM 360/60, 360/62, 360/70; Univac 490, 1108;
CDC 3600, 3800; RCA 70/55; GE 625; Burroughs
B5000, 5500
$75)000 per month rental: Class E-Family or Economy
Size Systems
IBM 360/92; CDC 6400/6600/6800; GE 635
It is evident that the user can find competition in each
class, a system to fit every pocketbook. Each manufacturer
has consolidated his position during 1964, ready for the
competition of 1965 and 1966. IBM, RCA and NCR
with new lines; CDC, GE and Honeywell by filling out
their existing lines; and Univac and Burroughs with announcements still to come. With this, it is truly a buyers'
market-for the ultimate benefit of the 5000 organizations
who will place their first computer order in 1965.

3%
2%
1.5%
CONTRIBUTING EDITOR

Hot
Line!
Burroughs

OnLine!
BETTER SERVICE

BETTER CONTROL

Yes, you're looking at the on-line system
with the hot line-instantaneous access to
electronic account records for each teller
through the teller console.

You'll like the Burroughs On-Line System
because your records and your customers'
records are right up to the second; because
the system automatically controls teller cash,
unposted items, uncollected funds, holds and
dormant accounts; because it keeps work
load peaks and operating costs down; because
it permits you to grow faster and more
economically; and because of the maximum
accuracy which improves customer relations.

Customers are happier because service is
much faster, more accurate, and they can
transact any and all business at any window
.in any office.
Tellers like the Burroughs On-Line System
because it protects them from posting to the
wrong line of the passbook, simplifies cashbalancing, and posts dividends and no-book
transactions to the passbook automatically
(even identifies them with the original entry
date).
36

Because the Burroughs On-Line System
controls work load peaks and operating costs,
keeping them low, you can handle increased
customer traffic, improve customer service
and add more offices at minimum cost.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

Burroughs Corporation

Burroughs-TM

EFFECTIVE HARDWARE
AND SOFTWARE
(1) Burroughs On-Line Teller Consolesproved teller-oriented design, easier to operate and audit, provide complete computer-toteller communication. (2) Burroughs B 300
Data Processing System-most productive in
its price class, capable of processing other
jobs while simultaneously on-line. (3)
Burroughs Random Access Disk File-five
times faster than any other with expandable
storage capacity. (4) The most economical
communications network, combining telephone lines and Burroughs communication
control units. (5) An operating program providing maximum efficiency and fast transaction response times.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

CUSTOMER ACCEPTANCE
The Provident Institution for Savings
in the Town of Boston, and
Bankers Data Processing, Inc., Boston
Chase Federal Savings & Loan Assn.
(Miami Beach)
Public Bank (Detroit)
Bank of St. Louis
Lincoln First Federal Savings & Loan Assn.
(Spokane) and
Pacific First Federal Savings & Loan Assn.
(Tacoma)
Commercial banks, savings banks, saving~
and loan associations, cooperatives and service centers from coast to coast are turning
to Burroughs On-Line Systems. Join them.
Contact us at Detroit, Michigan 48232.
Circle No. 17 on Readers Service Card

CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS
Mar. 22-25, 1965: IEEE International Convention, Coliseum
and New York Hilton Hotel. New York, N. Y.; contact
IEEE Headquarters, E. K. Gannett, 345 E. 47th St., New
York, N. Y.
Mar. 24-26, 1965: Spring Meeting of the H-800 Users Association, Mayflower Hotel, Washington, D. C.; contact
K. H. Pearce, Northern Ill. Gas Co., P. O. Box 190,
A urora, Ill. 60507

May 19-21, 1965: Power Industry Computer App. Conference (PICA), Jack Tar Hotel, Clearwater, Fla.; contact
G. W. Stagg, American Elee. Power Servo Corp., 2 Broadway, New York, N. Y. 10008.
May 20-21, 196:'): Spring Technical Meeting of the Digital
Equipment Computer Users Society (DECUS), William
James Hall, Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass.; contact DECUS, Maynard, Mass. 01754

Apr. 6-8, 1965: 3rd .-\nnua1 Symposium on Biomathematics
and Computer Science in the Life Sciences, Warwick
Hotel, Houston, Tex.; contact Office of the Dean, Div. of
Continuing Education, Univ. of Tex. Graduate School
of Biomedical Sciences at Houston, 102 'Jesse Jones
Library Bldg., Tex. Medical Center; Houston, Tex. 77025

May 24-29, 1965: IFIP Congress '65, New York Hilton Hotel, New York, N. Y.; contact Evan Herbert, Conover
M·ast Publ., 205 E. 4,2 St., New York 17, N. Y.
June, "1965: Automatic Control in the Peaceful Uses of
Space, Oslo, Norway; contact Dr. John A. Aseltine, Aerospace Corp., P. O. Box 95085, Los Angeles 45, Calif.

Apr. 13-15, 1965: National Telemetering Conference, 15th
Annual Meeting, Shamrock-Hilton Hotel, Houston, Tex.;
contact Lewis Winner, 152 W. 42 St., New York, N. Y.
10036
Apr. 15·16, 1965: First International Conference 011 Programming and Control, U. S. Air Force Academy, Colorado Springs, Colo.; contact Prof. G. B. Dantzig, Operations Research Center, Univ. of Calif., Berkeley, Calif.

June 1-3, 1965: Reprogramming Conference, a Special Interest Symposium of the Association for Computing
Machinery, Nassau Inn, Princeton, N. J.; contact Mrs.
L. R. Becker, Applied Data Research, Inc., Route 206
Center, Princeton, N. J. 08540
June 10-12, 1965: Annual Southeastern Regional Conference of Association of Computing Machinery, Palm Beach
Towers, Palm Beach, Fla.; contact Donald J. Beuttenmuller, Gen. Chairman, 243 Russ1yn Dr., W. Palm
Beach, Fla.
June 17-18, 1965: 3rd Annual Conference of The Computer Personnel Research Group, Washington University,
St. Louis, Mo.; contact Prof. Malcolm H. Gotterer, Program Chairman, 120 Boucke Bldg., Pennsylvania State
University, University Park, Pa. 16802

Apr. 21-23, 1965: 16th Semi-Annual Meeting of Philco
2000 Users Group (TUG), El Tropicana Motor Hotel,
San A.Btonio, Tex.; contact Omar Phipps, Philco Western
Development Laboratories, Palo Alto, Calif.
Apr. 21-23, 1965: 2nd Annual Meeting and Technical Conference of the Numerical Control Society, La Salle Hotel,
Chicago, Ill.; contact Jerry Singleton, Numerical Control
Society, 122 E. 49 St., New York, N. Y. 10017
~ray

3-8, 1965: Symposium on the Numerical Solution of
Partial Differential Equations, Inst. for Fluid Dynamics
and Applied Mathematics and the Computer Science
Center, Univ. of Mel., College Park, Md.; contact Inst.
for Fluid Dynamics and Applied Mathematics, Univ. of
Md., College Park, Md. 20742

May 5-7, 1965: 1965 Electronic Components Conference,
Marriott Twin Bridges Motor Hotel, Washington 1,
D. C.; contact John E. Hickey, Jr., Chilton Co., Chestnut
& 56th Sts., Philadelphia, Pa. 19134
May 10-12, 1965: National Aerospace Electronics Conference (NAECON), Dayton, Ohio; contact IEEE Dayton
Office, 1414 E. 3rd St., Dayton 2, Ohio.
May 13-14, 1965: Symposium on Signal Transmission and
Processing, Columbia Univ., New York, N. Y.; contac~
Dr. L. E. Franks, Bell Tel. Labs., No. Andover, Mass.
May 18-21, 1965: GUIDE International User Organization
Meeting (JJsers of Large Scale IBM EDP Machines,)
Statler-Hilton Hotel, Detroit, Mich.; contact Lois E.
Mecham, Secretary, GUIDE International, c/o United
Services Automobile Association, 4119 Broadway, San
Antonio, Tex. 78215
May 18, 1965: SWAP Conference, Marriott Motor Hotel,
Twin Bridges, Washington, D. C.; contact Gordon V.
Wise, Control Data Corp., 8100 34th Ave. So., Minneapolis, Minn. 55420.
May 19-21, 1965: 15th CO-OP Conference, Marriott Motor Hotel, Twin Bridges, Washington, D. C.; contact
Gordon V. Wise; Control Data Corp., 8100 34th Ave.
So., Minneapolis, Minn. 55420.

June 21-25, 1965: Information Sciences Institute, Seminar
I: -Image Processing, Univ. of Maryland, Computer
Science Center and University College, College Park,
Md.; contact Div. of Institutes, Center of Adult Education, Univ. of Md., College Park, Md. 20742
June 21-25, 1965: San Diego Symp. for Biomedical Engineering, ,San Diego, Calif.; contact Dean L. Franklin,
Scripps Clinic & Res Found., La Jona, Calif.
June 22-25, 1965: 2nd Annual SHARE Design Automation
Committee Workshop, Chalfonte Haddon Hall, Atlantic
City, N. J.; contact J. Behar, IBM Corp., Mathematics
and Applications Dept., 590 Madison Ave., New York,
N. Y. 10022
June 22-25, 1965: Sixth Joint Automatic Control Conference GACC), Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy
N. Y.; contaci-Prof.-james W. Moore, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Univ. of Va., Charlotteville, Va.
June 28-July 1,1965: Information Sciences Institute,
Seminar II: Pattern Recognition, Univ. oJ Maryland,
Computer Science Center and University College, College
Park, Md.; contaCt Diy. of Institutes, Center of -Adult
Education, Univ. of Md., College Park, Md. 20742
June 29-July 2, 1965:- Data Processing Management Association 1965 InternationaL D.ata Processing Conferen~e
and Business Exposition, Benjamin Franklin Hotel and
Convention Hall, Philadelphia, Pa.; contact Data Processing Management Association, 524 Busse Highway, Park
Ridge, Ill.
Aug. 14-Sept. 6, 1965: National Science Foundation Conference on Digital Computers for College Teachcn; of
Science, Mathematics and Engineering, Univ. of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, La.; contact Dr. James R.
Oliver, Director, USL Computing Center, Box 133, -USL
Station, Lafayette, La. 70506
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

"ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK"
Computing and Data Processing Newsletter

TABLE OF CONTENTS

•

Applications
New Contracts
New Ins tallations
Organization News
Computing Centers
Education News.

.39
.40
.41
. 43
.44
.45

New Products
New Literature
Meeting News .
Business News .
Computer Census

.46
. 51
.52
. 53
.54

APPLICATIONS

ECG'S ANALYZED BY COMPUTER

A "hybrid" computer has been
programmed to read and interpret
electrocardiagrams (ECG's), one of
a doctor's most valuable tools in
the diagnosis of heart disease.
The computer analysis frees the
doctor of much of the time-consuming visual examination and reduces
the cost to the patient. Using
this system at a central laborator~
will allow the family doctor to
analyze electrocardiagrams as routinely and inexpensively as blood
samples.

The computer developed for
this purpose is· a Beckman 2220/
SDS 920 integrated system comprising analog and digital sections~
The analog section processes and
analyzes the input data; the digital section diagnoses the results.
The "real-time" language for the
computer was designed by Computer
Usage Company. Other CUC programs facilitate manual control of
the computer and the integration
of the analog and digital sections.
(For more information, designate
~41 on the Readers Service Card.)

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING
USED TO SPEED
REGISTRATION AT UNH

The University of New Hampsid re turned to the use of computer
prouramming to speed up the complex
task of registering its students.
Reuistrar Owen B. Durgin said that
reuistration of the University's
4,966 students, was performed this

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

semester, for the first time,
through use of an IBM 1620 computer. (A trial run of the automated system was made this past
fall when 1400 freshmen were assigned to classes through computer
programmi ng.)
The extent of the institution's class-scheduling problem is
underscored by the fact that there
are approximately 540 courses,
offered in 1500 sections, from
which students establish their
study programs. Required courses
for freshmen and sophmores, in
particular, necessitate a great
many sections so that all students
may be accommodated. Freshman English, for instance, has 49 sections meeting at various times
throughout the University's fiveday class week. The problem is
to place each student in a course
section that does not meet at the
same time as another course in
which he wishes to enroll.
Under the University's former
system, students stood in long
lines on "Registration Day" and
individually enrolled in courses
according to whether space was
still available, and the class
did not meet at the same hour as
any of their other courses. Under
this "first-come, first-serve"
system, courses taught by "popula~'
professors were quickly over-subscribed, while others were only
partially filled. Often, students
specializing in a particular study
field found that a course required
for graduatlon was filled before
they were able to get to the head
of the registration line.

Last January students filled
out IBM cards indicating mandatory
and elective courses they wished
to take, along with alternate
courses to be substituted for electives that would not fit into a
particular schedule. The IBM
machine made a number of attempts
to fashion a workable schedule for
each student, based on his designated choices and alternates. The
few which could not be satisfactorily resolved by the machine
were then reviewed in consultation with the students.
Because of the heavy demands
for use of the computer throughout
the University, the Registrar's
Office processed the student schedules from 8 p.m. to 7 a.m. three
nights beginning.January 22 -- the
only "free time" available on the
machine.

IIBATCHED PERIPHERALS II CONCEPT
USED BY MARTIN COMPANY

A "batched peripherals" concept for greater efficiency and
flexibility has produced impressive
savings in the Martin Company (Denver, Colo.) inventory control program. First-year savings under
the new system have been estimated
at $38,000. Annual savings thereafter are expected to average
about $40,000.
With the new system, Martin
Co. has used microfilm to replace
paper as its basic control and
audit record. It also has placed
its routine decision-making re-

Newsletter
quirements for common usage, low
value, standard items within the
computer and has produced numerous internal operating efficiencies in the area of material
control.
As Integrating Contractor on
the TITAN II inter-continental
ballistic missile, Martin is responsible for coordinating the
activities of half a dozen major
contractors and several thousand
smaller contractors. Some 500,000
parts are used in each TITAN missile and the inventory needed for
Martin's plants alone averages
10,000 commodity type items, and
9000 requirements type items.
Previously, Martin's peripherals opera~ed on-line with two
IBM 7094 computers. This slowed
up the entire configuration. It
also allowed more opportunity for
error, created problems whenever
it became necessary to back up,
and made it necessary to stop the
main frame every time paper had
to be changed in the printers or
microfilm had to be changed in
the General Dynamics S-C 4020
computer recorder.
The "batched peripherals"
concept is designed to get maximum
use of each piece of data processing equipment. This involves the
use of the two 7094's, a GE-225
computer, the 4020 comp~ter recorder, three printers and a card
punch. The 225 is equipped with
a GE Disc Storage Unit (DSU) and
a Datanet-60 controller, and serves
as the "nerve center" of the
system.

updated nomenclature records,
21,000 updated master balance
records and 2000 cards.
Martin's new inventory control system not only has reduced
processing costs, provided faster
updating of records, improved
forecasting techniques, and provided faster access to vital inventory data, but it also has
permitted the application of
additional management controls
to the inventory handling process.
The concept of "batched peripherals" actually halps Martin's
computers to do more computing,
its printers to do more printing
and its entire data processing
system to do more work faster
than ever before.

AUTOVON SWITCHING CENTERS
BEING MANUFACTURED
BY GT&E SUBSIDIARY

A computer controlled paper
making process has resulted in
increased production, more efficient use of manpower and improved quality control for HardingJones Paper Co., Middletown, Ohio.
According to C. M. Jones, President, the process control system
is the first to be applied by a
rag paper mill.
An IBM 1710 process control
system was installed a year ago
on the company's paper machine.
The paper machine under computer
control has a maximum speed of
600 feet per minute and trims to
a width of 72 inches. Dailyoutput averages 19 tons.
Harding-Jones' process control system regulates the operation of the mill by collecting
and analyzing data from 38 sensing devices along the length of
the paper machine. These highly
sensitive instruments measure
variables such as raw stock consistency, flow rates, temperatures
and machine speeds.

In the inventory control application, the 225 specifies the
desired output medium (hard copy,
cards or microfilm). When microfilm is desired, the data passes
from the DSU through the Datanet60 controller to the 4020, where
16 mm microfilm records are produced -- in the desired format -at a rate of 7000 lines per minute.

The most effective combination of historical operating
standards for each grade of paper
is stored in the computer and
is automatically applied during
subsequent runs. Any deviations
from these levels that occur during the manufacturing process are
automatically detected by the
sensing instruments and fed into
the computer. Instruments controlling the machine are then adjusted to bring quality back to
its highest level, automatically,
or on a closed-loop basis.

tlO

NEW CONTRACTS

COMPUTER CONTROLLED
PAPER MAKING

All inventory control data is
processed on the two 709,1' s. Magnetic tape output is fed into the
225 and the data is then stored
in the Disc Storage Unit. The DSU
schedules and operates the 4020,
the three printers and the card
punch. All peripherals operate
simultaneously, rather than
sequentially.

Meanwhil~ other peripheral
equipment, under the control of
the 225, is free to process additional work. This includes an
average daily output of 41,000

The paper machine operator
can increase the production rate
merely by dialing a new speed into
the computer.

High-speed electronic switching cent~rs for the U. S. government's world-wide Automatic Voice
Network (AUTOVON) will complete
many global telephone calls in
less than 10 seconds when the overseas portion of the network becomes
operational in 1967, according to
General Telephone & Electronics
Corporation. The overseas AUTO VON
switching centers are being manufactured by Automatic Electric
Company of Northlake, Ill., a subsidiary of GT&E, under a $21 million
contract from the U. S. Air Force's
Electronic Systems Division at L.
G. Hanscom Field, Bedford, Mass.
The Air Force is administering the
program for the Defense Communications Agency (DCA).
DCA is responsible for the
nation's Defense Communications
System -- an integrated system
which will meet the voice and digital data requirements of the armed
services during any type of global
conditions. The system is comprised of AUTO VON and an Automatic
Digital Network (AUTODIN).
AUTO VON , considered the most
versatile telephon r system yet designed, provides for multi-continent conference calls involving
up to 30 telephones, automatic
pre-emption of inter-office telephone lines for high-priority
calls, and "hot lines" which ring
a pre-determined telephone as soon
as the caller picks up his own
telephone instrument. Twenty-two
AUTOVON switching centers are
planned in 14 countries throughout the world -- 14 centers in the
European-Mediterranean network
area, seven in the Pacific, and
one in the Caribbean. In addition
to the switching centers, the overall AUTOVON system will include
transmission media ~d terminal
facilities for voice and graphic
communications.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

Newsletter
STATE OF CALIFORNIA
SIGNS CONTRACT WITH
LOCKHEED

Governor Edmond G. Brown of
California has announced that the
state has signed a contract with
the Lockheed Missiles & Space Co.
of Sunnyvale to make a study for
the state information system using
the advanced technology of the
space age. The contract for
$100,000 is One of a series of
four studies to be made by the
aerospace industry on govern~ental
problems (an approach proposed by
Governor Brown last November 14).
It is to be completed within a
six month period.
Lockheed's executive vice
president, Herschel J. Brown, said
that Lockheed proposes to develop
the information study along three
lines: (1) perform a system analysis of 18 functional areas, including all state agencies, special
state units, local governments,
and various private enterprises;
(2) develop the conceptual design
of the state-wide information
handling system based upon information gathered in the system analysis phase; and (3) develop an implementation plan, determining
system design, financing and operation and including a proposal
for joint participation by federal
and local governments and private
industry.
The principal part of the
study will be done in Lockheed's
Research and Development Division.

RADIATION INC. TO DEVELOP
WORLD-WIDE WEATHER
MEASURING SYSTEM

Radiation Incorporated, Melbourne, Fla., will develop a new
weather data collection system
which will given an around-theworld weather report every 90 minutes. The satellite-borne instrument package will be tested aboard
the Nimbus B meteorological satellite. The contract from Goddard
Space Flight Center of the National
Aeronautics and Space Administration, is expected to amount to
about $1.7 million when negotiations are completed.
The new equipment, called the
Interrogation Recording and Location System (IRLS) , will tie together readings made On the ground
and in space. Radiation Incorporated will develop receiving and
data storing equipment for the
satellite as well as the necessary
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

electronic devices for unmanned
low-maintenance ground stations.
Under the contract negotiation terms, Radiation will develop
three IRLS fl ight units to be flown
in the satellite and six platforms
for the ground stations. Project
officials have not yet determined
the locations for these stations.
In addition, the Floridabased firm will provide engineering and prototype models -- for
both the satellite and ground
stations -- for laboratory testing of the entire system before
IRLS is flown on Nimbus for the
first time, approximately 18
months after the contract has
been awarded. The contract also
will call for field services of
the ground stations for three
years.

JOB CORPS CONTRACT
AWARDED SDC

System Development Corporation (SDC) , Santa Monica, Calif.,
has been awarded an $85,000 contract by the Job Corps' Office of
Program Development and Analysis,
Washington, D.C., for the development of a computer-based information processing and retrieval
system.
SDC scientists and information processing technicians will
adapt existing computer programs
-- originally designed for and
currently in use by military
organizations -- to allow Job
Corps personnel to accumulate,
organize, retrieve and analyze information relative to the Job
Corps program.

GT&E BEGINS PRODUCTION ON
$7.4 MILLION AIR FORCE
CONTRACT

General Telephone & Electronics Corporation has begun production On a $7~4 million contract
for advanced ai rborne compu ters
which will be incorporated into
larger electronic systems by the
Air Force. The special purpose,
compact computers include plug-in
circuit modules which can be removed easily for maintenance.
Each computer, comprised of a power
supply, logic circuitry and memory
unit, is approximately two feet
square and six inches deep and
weighs less than 250 pounds.

Work is being performed by
Sylvania Electric Products Inc.,
a GT&E subsidiary, under a contract
from the Aeronautical Systems Division, Air Force Systems Command.
The equipment is bein~ produced at
Needham, Mass. and at Santa Cruz,
Calif. Delivery is scheduled to
begin in December and extend into
the spring of 1966.

GE RECEIVES CONTRACT FOR
$2.9 MILLION FROM NASA

The National Aeronautics and
Space Administration's Wallops
Station, Wallops Island, Va., will
place a Real-Time Impact Prediction
and Data Processing System, supplied by the General Electric
Company, into operation this year.
Under a $2.9 million NASA contract, GE's Radio Guidance Operation will provide a system that
wi 11 improve significantly the
test range capabilities of Wallops
Station. The primary mission of
the system will be to predict the
instantaneous impact points for
current and future NASA launch
vehicles.
GE's Radio Guidance Operation
(Syracuse, N.Y.) will provide
problem analysis, system design,
hardware implementation, programming, installation, and maintenance.

NEW INSTALLATIONS

FAWCETT PUBLICATIONS
INSTALLS COMPUTER

Fawcett Publications, Inc.,
Greenwich, Conn., has installed an
IBM 1460 computer which will cut
the time required to process book
orders by some 75 percent
response time on reorders will be
reduced from four days to one.
The computer also will be used
to produce a sales history of each
book by title and type for each
wholesaler. These statistics will
then be used to determine the initial "order" of new book titles to
wholesalers, resulting in a more
efficient distribuiion and higher
sales percentage for books shipped.
Fawcett publishes Crest,
Premier and Gold Medal books and
distributes to some 800 wholesalers
throughout the world.
til

Newsletter
HONEYWELL COMPUTER TO DIRECT
60-LOOP UNIT FOR DUTCH SHELL

A new lubricating oils distillation plant under construction
at the Shell Nederland refinery in
Pernis, Holland will operate under
direct control of a digital computer. The computer, a Honeywell
620 system, will control. 60 valves
by direct 4-20 rna signals, monitor
150 variables and 30 alarm points,
and log operating data.
The installation is part of
experimental work being carried
out by Shell and will be one of
the first of its kind.
Honeywell electronic instrumentation will be installed to
provide standby control. Through
external circuitry, it will be
possible, by means of a single
switch, to simultaneously transfer
control of all valves from the
computer to panel-mounted instruments. Similar transfer also can
be effected for selected loops
individually in both directions.
The computer control system
is being supplied through Honeywell's Dutch subsidiary, which will
assume installation responsibility.

INTERNAL REVENUE SERVICE
ORDERS IBM SYSTEM/360 FOR
NATIONAL COMPUTER CENTER

The Internal Revenue Service
will install an IBM System/360
Model 62 at the Internal Revenue
National Computer Center at Martinsburg, W. Va. The center will
continue to use its two IBM 7074
computer systems. The new equipment will be able to exchange data
with the 7074 systems.
The new. system's central processor will have directly accessible memory of 262,000 characters,
and will be able to retrieve information at an effective rate of
125 nanoseconds per character.
IBM 7340 Model 3 Hypertape units
make the system one of the most
powerful ever ordered from.IBM for
a non-scientific application. This
unit permits double-density storage
of data, packing several times as
much information on each tape as
is possible with a conventional
unit. An IBM 2311 disk storage
device also will be used in the
system.
The center now processes income tax information from businesses, banks and brokers throughout the nation. Individual returns

-12

are being gradually phased into
the automatic data processing system this year. The new equipment
(scheduled for installation by
October) will handle anticipated
growth in the volume of work at
the center at least through 1970.

HOSPITAL WILL USE PDP-7
FOR LAB, CLINICAL STUDIES

The Psychiatry Department of
Massachusetts General Hospital
(Boston) has ordered a PDP-7 computer from' Digi tal Equipment Corporation, Maynard"Mass., for
clinical and labor~tory analyses
in applications ranging from brain
surgery to protein crystal studies.
It will function primarily
in on-line experiments, recording
and analyzing data, performing
preliminary evaluations of data
to determine its validity for
further processing, and, in some
cases, controlling experimental
procedures.
The hospital had earlier used
Digital's PDP-4 computer. Since
the PDP-7 is program-compatible
with the PDP-4, the specialized
programs developed by the hospital,
as well as the general purpose
software, can be used on the new
machine.

U. S. NAVY TO USE
IBM SYSTEM/360s IN
MANPOWER MANAGEMENT SYSTEM

A highly-advanced manpower
information system, usihg five
IBM System/360s, will provide virtually instant access to an inventory of the skills and talents
of each of the more than one million men and women in the United
States Navy. The five data proce~sing systems will be installed
for the Navy's Bureau of Naval
Personnel.
The new system is designed
to permit the Navy to: (1) obtain
on demand, personnel management
information which will heighten
its effectiveness in emergency
situations; and (2) forecast
personnel requirements of both existing and future weapons systems
using operations research techniques, mathematical models and
simulations.
Two IBM System/360s -- a
Model 40 and a Model 30 -- will
be located at BuPers Headquarters
in Washington, D.C. Three other

System/360 Model 30s will be located at Personnel Accounting Machine Installations (PAMls) at
remote locations -- Norfolk, Va.,
San Diego, Calif., and Bainbridge,
Md. The Norfolk PAMI processes
Atlantic Fleet data, San Diego
processes information for the
Pacific Fleet, and Bainbridge
handles manpower information for
the continental United States.
A central "data bank" -containing active master files
holding the Navy's complete roster
of officers, enlisted men, Naval
activities and requirements -will be maintained at BuPers.
Stored information will be instantly available to the BuPers computer
as well as the remote PAMI computers.

IEEE INSTALLS GE-225

The Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers, Inc. has
installed a General Electric 225
computer to take care of its expanding accounting and administrative needs. The system includes
a disc storage unit and four magnetic tape handlers.
The IEEE, with 150,000 members
and a predicted growth to more
than 200,000 members within the
next decade, will use the GE-225
system for: (1) Accounting and
billing, in connection with membership records; (2) Printing of
various mailing lists, including
those for billing, administrative
communications and distribution of
37 publications; (3) Maintenance
of a membership history for each
person in the world-wide society;
and (4) Payroll and other administrative work within the headquarters organization located in
New York.
The new GE-225 system will
replace a ledger processing system, a mechanical addressing system and a number of separate manual
operations now carried on at the
headquarters.

MANNED SPACECRAFT CENTER
TO INSTALL UNIVAC 1108

The Computation and Analysis
Division of the Manned Spacecraft
Center, Houston,Texas, will install
a UNIVAC 1108 Computer to complement its computation capability
required to support the manned
spaceflight effort. The UNIVAC
1108 will be used by NASA to handle
the many intricate computational
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

Newsletter
tasks involved in the Gemini and
Apollo projects. These include
heat transfer, structural problems,
stress analysis, nose cone shapes,
trajectory and re-entry problems,
as well as preflight simulation,
and other advanced engineering
studies. The system will cost
$2.6 mi Ilion.
The UNIVAC 110S configuration
includes a 65,000, 36-bit word core
memory with an effective cycle time
of 375 nanoseconds. The flying
head FH-432 magnetic drum, with an
average access time of 4.25 milliseconds and a 1.4 million character per second transfer rate,
stores the system's operating software and source language processors,
including FORTRAN IV, the language
in which SO% of the system's total
work load will be written. The
system will be manufactured in
UNIVAC's St. Paul, Minn., facility.

CHASE MANHATTAN BANK ORDERS
FIVE RCA SPECTRA 70's

The Chase Manhattan Bank, New
York, N.Y., will install five of
RCA's new Spectra 70 computer systems to handle the paperwork associated with the bank's vast corporate trast operations. The new
order will bring to 25 the number
of RCA computer systems employed
by Chase Manhattan.
The Bank has ordered three
Spectra 70/15 and two Spectra 70/25
computers for its agency trust
function, and will maintain stockholder records in two complete
masterfiles containing complete
stockholder and stock certificate
data.
The five Spectra 70 computers
will join 27 other computers in
the Chase Manhattan Data Processing
Centers. Among 'their many tasks
the computer centers in Chase's
New York headquarters process a
record 1.S million checks valued
at close to $1.5 billion per day.

RETAIL SHOE CHAIN
TO INSTALL H-200

William Hahn Co., a leading
retail show chain in the Washington/
Baltimore area, has ordered a Honeywell 200 business computer to
handle its inventory control, sales
auditing, accounts payable, payroll
and other future applications.
Hahn, with 16 stores in the Washington/Baltimore area, one in

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

Harrisburg, Pa., and three in
Houston, Texas, will begin using
the computer this summer.
Inventory control, the major
application, will require the computer to keep an up-to-date count
of the 600,000 pairs of shoes
stocked by Hahn's. It will do so
according to style by numbers of
pai rs on-hand and on-order as well
as sales by store, style and price.
In its secondary applications,
the Honeywell 200 will audit all
sales checks, verify cash register
and sales information and accumulate payroll information. The
system also will compute the payroll for more than 700 employees.

According to Dick H. Brandon,
President of Brandon Applied Systems, Inc., a careful study was
made of various countries with expanding requirements for technical
capability. Israel was selected on
the basis of its explosive growth,
its high level of technical personnel, and its history of favorable
relationships with American
technology.

CSC ACQUIRES
TWO ITT SUBSIDIARIES

Computer Sciences Corporation,
Los Angeles, Calif., has acquired
two subsidiaries of International
Telephone and Telegraph Corporation -- ITT Communication Systems,
Inc., and ITT Intelcom, Inc.

VA ORDERS SYSTEM/360

The Veterans Administration
has placed an order with IBM Corporation for a System/360 Model 30
digital computer. The computer,
scheduled for installtion at the
VA Hospital, Washington, D.C.,
during the fall of 1965, will be
used for experimentation with a
patient care oriented hospital
information system.
The equipment, which includes
on-line storage of approximately
30 million characters, will be
used as a real-time processor with
remote terminals located in the
patient care areas of the hospital.
The VA hopes such a system will
improve the utilization of the
hospital's medical care facilities
and also free physicians and nurses
of many record-keeping chores.

ITT Communication Systems, Inc.
will be known as Communication
Systems Incorporated (CSI). CSI is
headquartered in Paramus, N.J., and
employs more than 300 scientists,
management specialists and systems
engineers in the design and development of a global communications
network for the U. S. Air Force
ITT Intelcom, Inc. will become
System Sciences Corporation (SSC).
SSC is located at Falls Church,
Va., and has more than 150 staff
members engaged in engineering and
systems management services in the
field of communication satellites.
CSC President Fletcher Jones
said that the acquisitions were
concluded by the payment of an un.disclosed amount of cash for all
the outstanding stock of the two
ITT companies. Both companies
will. be operated as wholly-owned
subsidiaries of CSC with no changes
in personnel or operations.

ORGANIZATION NEWS

BRANDON APPLIED SYSTEMS
OPENS OFFICE IN ISRAEL

Brandon Applied Systems., Inc.,
New York, N.Y., a technical consUlting firm specializing in data
processing, has established a
permanent office in Tel Aviv,
Israel. Thus, the company becomes
the first American data processing
consul ting firm to have an office
in this country.
Although the firm has affiliates in England, Holland and Scandinavia for many of its services,
this represents th~ first major
expansion mo~e for this firm in
the international market.

HONEYWELL AND SAAB
SIGN AGREEMENT

The electronic data processing (EDP) divisions of Honeywell
and Svenska Aeroplan Aktiebolaget
(SAAB) have announced the signing
of a two-way marketing agreement
covering distribution and sale of
business and scientific computing
systems.
The agreement covers the
general-purpose business and scientific computer systems produced
by both firms. SAAB will represent
Honeywell in Sweden, Norway, Denmark
and Finland; and Honeywell will reciprocate for SAAB in the United
States.

Newsletter
FORMS, INC., ACQUIRED BY
AMERICAN BANK STATIONERY

George W. Shay, President of
ForiTIs, Inc., Willow Grove, Pa.,
has announced the signing of an
agreement in principle for the acquisition of the assets of this
company by American Bank Stationery C1mpany, Baltimore, Md.
Forms, Inc., is a continuous
forms manufacturing firm. American
Bank Stationery is the world's
second largest independent producer
of bank checks and stationery.
Thomas M. Sheridan, President
of American Bank Stationery Company, said, " ... Jointly we will be
able to better serve automated
banks, other types of financial
firiTIs and commercial businesses
in general". Mr. Sheridan emphasized that Forms, Inc., will be
operated as a subsidiary and that
all officers and employees will
continue to serve in their present
capacities.

SCHAEVITZ ENGINEERING
ACQUIRES
CONTROL LOGIC, INC.

Herman Schaevitz, president
of Schaevitz Engineering, Pennsauken, N.J., has announced the
acquisition of Control Logic, Inc.,
Natick, Mass., in an exchange of
shares.
Schaevitz Engineering is a
leading specialist in sensing devices to measure and control acceleration, weight, displacement,
pressure and other physical qualities. Control Logic has developedand produces welded digital circuit modules and special-purpose
systems for automatic control,
high-speed computation information
storage and retrieval, data handling and related applications,
with emphasis on miniaturization.
Mr Schaevitz said, "The digital and analogue data-logging
capabilities of Control Logic complement those of our-other companies to give us total system
capabilities in aerospace and
industrial automation".
COMPUTER APPLICATIONS
ACQUIRES
EMAC DATA PROCESSING

The respective boards of
Computer Applications Inc., New
York, N.Y., and EMAC Data Processing Corp., Woodside, N.Y., have

approved in principle the acquIsItion by Computer Applications,
through its wholly-owned subsidiary Eleotronic Business Services
(EBS) of all of the assets of EMAC.
Such agreement is subject to approval of a final agreement by
the boards of directors, as well
as approval of the stockholders
of EMAC.

provided to insure that each institution's records are accessible
only to its own personnel. The
computer at the data center will
automatically verify the account
number and other transaction detailS, insuring that the teller
makes no mistakes. Each transaction will be handled in a matter
of seconds.

The acquisition involves payment of 10,000 shares of Computer
Applications common stock to EMAC
stockholders.

The data center computer will
post the accounts on CRAM (Card
Random Access Memory) units, process the transaction, and control
the updating of the customer's
passbook at the teller's window.
Anyone account out of a million
can be selected in a fraction of
a second, NCR said. It has been
estimated that the maximum delay
which could occur -- if every
teller sent in a transaction at
the same instant
would be only
20 seconds.

EMAC Data Processing Corporation provides data processing
services similar to those supplied
by EBS. Alan A. Fink, president
of EMAC, said the joining of EMAC
with EBS will make available to
EMAC customers a greater range of
service capabilities. He added
that participation in Computer
Applications broad operations
promise also to benefit EMAC
stockholders. Key personnel of
EMAC will continue with Electronic
Business Services Corporation.

COMPUTING CENTERS

NCR TO OFFER "ON·LlNE"
COMPUTER SERVICE FOR BANKS

The National Cash Register
Company, Dayton, Ohio, is planning
a major program to- provide "online"-data processing services in
several metropolitan areas for
savings and loan associations and
for savings banks.
The companys' fi rst "on-li ne"
computer center is scheduled to
open in New York City this spring.
NCR said it has contracted with
eight savings banks and one savings and loan association in the
New York area for the service,
representing over a million accounts. A similar Pittsburgh
center, which is scheduled to open
in mid-year, has entered into service contracts with 18 savings and
loan associations.
In financial institutions
using the service, customers will
be able to go to any teller's
window at any branch of the savings and loan association or savings bank for service. Each teller's machine will be linked by
telephone lines to the central
computer which c·an communicate
with the teller through his input
machine. Special safeguards are

The "on-line" equipment to be
used at the centers is identical
to that already installed by NCR
in several savings banks, except
for code identification numbers
(machine, bank, branch) and the
special programming required to
serve a number of institutions at
one time confidentially. The systems all use NCR "Class 42" teller's machines specially wired
for data transmission.
The 315 systems used for the
service will have as many as eight
CRAM units for a capacity of up to
l~ million accounts. Each center
will have another 315 system
available for back-up.
NCR's schedule for the next
18 months calls for similar centers

to be established in Chicago, Los
Angeles, San Francisco and Boston.
The company said it would offer a
comparable service wherever sufficient demand develops. Each
center is capable of providing effective service to subscribers as
far away as 300 miles. The New
York City center, for instance,
will cover New Jersey, Connecticut,
and Long Island, and the Boston
center will serve the remainder
of New England.
(For more information, designate
#42 on the Readers Service Card.)

IBM'S TIME·SHARING SERVICE
EXTENDED TO LA DATACENTER

A remote computing extension
of IB~'s Datacenter service will
be available from Los Angeles beginning in the third quarter of
1965. Time-sharing service was
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

.•

Newsletter
first announced last December for
IBM's midtown New York Datacenter
in the Time-Life Building.
The extension will enable scientists and engineers in the western United States -- working in
their own offices -- to time-share
the capabilities of an IBM 7040
computer at a d~stant IBM Datacenter. The number of users that
can participate in this type of
remote computing network will be
doubled. The computers in Los
Angeles and New York City each can
accommodate up to 40 subscribers
simultaneously.
Each user will work at a typewriter-like terminal in his own
office to "converse"- wi th the 7040,
thus time-sharing the capabilities
of the computer at a fraction of
the cost of using it alone. The
subscriber needs at his location
only an IBM 1050 data communications system and a communications
device linking his 1050 terminal
to the Datacenter.
The new service will be available in a four-hour session each
IBM working day of the month.
(For more information, designate
#43 on the Readers Service Card.)

IDO-IT-YOURSELF I
COMPUTER CENTER

A 'do-it-yourself' computer
service was inaugurated recently
in Chicago, Ill. The unusual
service, which is called Data-Mat,
permits a customer to bring unprocessed data to a mid-town center, obtain free parking and the
use of a private office to sort
and prepare information, and perform all necessary computations on
any of four computer systems.
The center is open aroundthe-clock, seven days a week.
Attendants are available at all
times to assist customers. Cost
of the service is based upon the
number of hours the computer equipment is used. Scheduled time is
sold on a guaranteed basis, and
customers may contract for as
little as three hours a month.
Data-Mat was originated by
Statistical Tabulating Corp., one
of the world's largest independent
service bureau organizations.
Michael 'R. Notaro, chairman and
president of Statistical Tabulating Corp., said the service is
"intended to fill a void that now
exists within the computer-using
community". He estimated that
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

more than 2000 local firms -mostly small retail, finance,
banking, service and manufacturing businesses-- are potential
users of the Data-Mat service.
Another potential market for
Data-Mat is among present users
of computers, who can purchase
Data-Mat time to handle overflow
work from installed systems on an
as-needed basis, Dean Gardner,
vice president and general manager of the Data-Mat center, added.
Mr. Gardner noted that several of
Chicago's largest computer users
-- including Illinois Bell Telephone, Morton Salt Company, and
Standard Brands, Inc. -- have
already contracted for the
service.
A typical user of Data-Mat
might prepare company payroll information, for example, on punched
cards at his own office. The
cards, representing the amount of
time employees worked during the
pay period, are then brought to
Data-Mat, together with reels of
magnetic tape containing payroll
deduction data, and blank checks
to be printed by the computer.
Upon arrival, the customer
prepares his materials for computer processing in one of a row
of private Data-Mat offices. When
his scheduled turn on the computer
comes up -- at a guaranteed time
-- he takes his cards, blank
checks and magnetic tapes to the
center.
There he loads the magnetic
tape reels onto a tape drive,
reads the punched cards through
a reader unit onto magnetic tape"
and loads the blank check forms
into a high-speed printer. He
is then ready to process the data,
and activates the central processing unit. (The computer systems
include a Honeywell 200 system
and three IBM 1401 systems.)
In convnetional service
bureaus, bureau personnel do most
of the data preparation and processing, but with Data-Mat, the
customer performs these functions.
"Such a service provides on-thejob training, knowledge and experience for a customer's staff
with virtually no risk and no
capital equipment outlays," Mr.
Notaro said.

EDUCATION NEWS

AEDS TO ESTABLISH
A NATIONAL CENTER

The Association forEducational
Data Systems (AEDS) has been awarded
a two-year grant totalling $50,000
to aid the development and management of a national center rendering
certain educational data processing
services to the nation's schools.
The AEDS Association; a professional association of data processing
and information management specialists working in the field of education, are undertaking the establishment of the national center'
within the Washington D.C. area.
Terms of the grant from the Fund
for the Advancement of Education,
stipulate that the funds are to
assist the newly established national center in rendering free
services to all non-profit educational institutions. These services include:
1. A central library of documented computer programs available
to school districts or institutions
of higher learning who want to apply automatic data processing procedures to administrative functions
and instructional programs. A
nationwide search will be undertaken for the best and most generalizeable computer programs for
incorporation in the central depository.
2. Establishment and maintenance of a professional placement
service for persons already in, or
interested in entering, the field
of education.
3. A "Visiting Consultants"
program for the purpose of identifying and listing qualified persons
available (on the basis of competence and proximity) to a school'
district or institution of higher
learning for advising in the planning of a new or expande'd information processing system.
4. Maintenance of a clearing
house or information exchange for
answering requests for information,
listing special or noteworthy applications by district and/or
equipment configurations, and generally encouraging exchanges of"
information among persons in the
educational community with ~imilar
interests and needs.
5. Stimulation and conduct
of seminars and workshops on

Newsletter
critical problems in educational
data processing. Three seminars
will be called this fiscal year.
6. The publication and dissemination of special educational
materials. In addition to the
AEDS Bulletin, Educational Data
Processing Newsletter, and EDP
Journal, which the Association is
now distributing to its members,
the new center will undertake the
printing and mailing of course
outlines, materials, syllabi, and
bibliographies for the teaching of
subjects identified with the computer sciences on the elementary
and secondary levels throughout
the country. A handbook on computer installation and personnel
is also to be prepared at the
national center.
Mr. Simeon Taylor, Chief of
Statistics Division, National Education Association, 1201 Sixteenth
Street N.W., Washington, D.C., is
membership chairman of the Association and he or the AEDS President may be contacted for information regarding the center and its
services.

NEW PRODUCTS

Digital

DIGITAL COMPUTER
TRAINING SYSTEM

Fabri-Tek Inc., Minneapolis,
Minn., has entered the technical
educational field with the development of a new Digital Computer
Training System. The BI-TRAN SIX
Digital Trainer is the heart of
this system.

been design-limited for educational purposes. The BI-TRAN SIX has
a coincident-current (15 microsecond cycle time) ferrite core
memory with a capaci ty of 128 words
of 6 bits each. A set of instructions are included which permit a
wide latitude of problem solution
at the basic level of program~ing.
Special training features include over-size, extendable circuit cards with group component
layouts and silk-screened circuit
designators. The cards can be
extended while the trainer is in
operation for circuit and logic
instruction without a requirement
for use of extender cards. This
permits flexibility in demonstrating or analyzing waveforms through
the use of an oscilloscope. Logic
prints have been matched in exact
correspondence to the circuit
cards for easy comprehension of
circuit and logic concepts. All
computer registers and controls
of the trainer are brought out on
an easy-read panel for student
"hands-on" computer operation.
The Fabri-Tek System is designed to cover a wide variety of
technical subjects from the software topics to the hardware topics.
The training concept of the system
affords student self-motivation
through "hands-on" use of the
equipment.
Appropriate course material,
such as a Teacher's Guide, a Student Workbook and a Technical Operations Manual, is being prepared by McGraw-Hill. -Low-cost
peripheral equipment, especially
designed for training purposes,
include an off-line paper tape
punch, a paper tape reader, a
paper tape strip printer and an
octal-to-binary manual input
keyboard.
By selecting appropriate
course material, the BI-TRAN SIX
can be used not only at the university and vocational school
levels but also in the elementary
grades.
(For more information, designate
#45 on the Readers Service Card.)

DMI 610 SERIES

The system has the general
capabilities of an internallystored programmed computer but has

Data Machines, Inc., Newport
Beach, Cali f ., has developed a new
low-cost line of digital computers
called the DMI 610 series. Three
machines in the series are now
available -- the D~I 610, 611
and 612.

Word size is 12 bits including
sign. Memory is magneto-strictive
delay line, packaged in modules of
256 words per module. Up to 16
memory modules (4096 words) may be
used. The DMI 610, 611 and 612
computers have 28, 38 and 50 commands respectively plus special
micro-instruction features. Input/
output includes teletypewriter,
paper tape reader and punch.

The DMI Series are well-sui ted
for educational and training programs, problem solving, system
control functions and a wide range
of scientific applications.
(For more information, designate
#48 on the Readers Service Card.)

THE HONEYWELL 20
DIGITAL CONTROL SYSTEM

Honeywell Inc. has developed
a low-cost general-purpose digital
computer control system for industrial application. The new system, the Honeywell 20, incorporates
microcircuit and advanced logic
techniques. It uses a new and
simplified control language said
to cut programming costs appreciably.
The Honeywell 20 system uses
either of two central processors
which are functionally identical
except for operating speeds. One,
the Honeywell 21, has a 6-microsecond memory cycle and an average
execution rate of 80,000 instructions per second. The other,
Honeywell 22, has a 1.75 microsecond memory cycle and an average
execution rate of 220,000 instructions per second.
The system's central processor
(which can operate in a temperature
range from 320 to 1200 F. without
air conditioning) has an l8-bit
word length plus parity and memory
guard bi ts. Its randonr access
magnetic core memory is expandable
from 2048 to 16,384 words, of which
8192 words are directly addressable.
Programming features include indexing, indirect addressing, multilevel priority interrupts, and
direct memory access channels.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, l%S

..
•

Newsletter
The new control language,
called CONTRAN, for Control Translator, is specifically designed
for on-line computer control. It
consists of English and mathematical statements and eliminates the
need, Honeywell said, for assembly
language that requiras an intimate
knowledge of machine characteristics. CONTRAN allows the process
engineer, after only minimum
training, to write compiler-level
control programs.

tion, as well as taking logarithms
and extracting roots. All these
basic functions are computed in
approximately 40 milliseconds,
faster than many general purpose
computers.
For programmed operation in
the automatic mode, the LOCI-2
has a flexible repertoire of commands with which iterative procedures are easily and compactly
coded. In particular, there are
commands for making decisions and
for constructing loops in a
program.
Many problems are too tedious
to attempt on a desk-calculator,
but too small to justify the expense and effort of a general purpose computer. By switching back
and forth between the manual and
automatic modes, the LOCI-2 combines the versatility of the
calculator with the powers of
the computer.
(For more information, designate
~50 on the Readers Service Card.)

UNIVAC 1824 MICROELECTRONIC
AEROSPACE COMPUTER

-- H21 central processor,
console-mounted.

A production model of the
UNIVAC 1824 microelectronic aerospace computer is shown below.

The Honeywell 20 system software package, Controlware, includes
in additi on to CONTRA,N, an augmented FORTRAN II compiler with process control statements, a Control
Assembly Program (CAP), Executive
Control Program, and an extensive
library of process control, mathematical, diagnostic and utility
routines, and control algorithms.
(For more informatiqn, designate
~46 on the Readers Service Card.)

non-destructive readout (NDRO) and
512 24-bit words of destructive
readout (DRO).
The 1824 now is a deliverable
production line item of the Sperry
Rand Corporation's UNIVAC Defense
Systems Division, St. Paul, Minn.
UNIVAC says it is the only aerospace computer in production anywhere in the U.S. The 1824 represents the first successful association of thin-film memory with
100 per cent integrated circuitry
in an operational aerospace
computer.
(For more information, designate
~49 on the Readers Service Card.)

30%
INCREASE IN THE
OVERALL PROCESSING SPEED
OF SYSTEM/360 MODEL 30

IBM Corporation, White Plains,
N.Y., has announced developments
which provide increases of up to
30 per cent in the overall processing speed of System/360 Model 30.
Improved processing capability is
the result of two factors. Model
30's memory cycle time, formerly
2.0 microseconds, has been reduced
to 1.5 microseconds. This increase
in memory speed is coupled with a
33 per cent increase in System/360
magnetic tape speeds. Both speed
increases will be available at no
additional cost.
Other System/360 developments
announced are: compatibility features which enable programs wri tten
for the IBM 1620 to be executed by
System/360; and ability to select
any printer characters for special
graphic effects and arrange them
in any sequence for maximum printing speed.
(For more information, designate
~47 on the Readers Service Card.)

LOCI-2

Wang Laboratories, Inc. of
Tewksbury, Mass., has announced
the introduction of a Companion
Instrument to the LOCI-I, LOgarithmic Computing Instrument.
The LOCI-2 is an advanced
model in the LOCI family of desktop computers. In addition to
having all of the features of the
LOCI-l (see Computers and Automation, January 1965, p. 45), it has
a card-reader for programm'3d operation and extra storage registers. The LOCI-2, operated as an
extended calculator in the manual
mode, is capable of performing
addition, subtraction, multiplication, division and exponentiaCOMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

NCR SERIES SOO

It measures just 15 1/2 x 9 3/8
inches x 8 3/8 inches high, weighs
under 46 pounds and consumes only
140 watts of power maximum. The
1824 has been successful in meeting the stringent high reliability, weight, power consumption,
acceleration, vibration and temperature requirements imposed on
present day aerospace computers.
The completely thin-film memory
consists of 4096 48-bit words of

A low-cost series of highly
flexible, modular computers has
been developed by the National
Cash Register Company, Dayton,
Ohio. The new systems, called the
NCR Series 500, are designed especially to bring electronic data
processing to small and mediumsize businesses which have been
restricted in use of EDP because
equipment on the market was not
suited to their needs or pocketbooks.
The new Series 500 lies between the 395 electronic accounting system and the medium-scale
47

Newsletter
315 computer series. Its modularity permits growth fro~ a\modest
first system to a sophIstIcated
complex of equipment as the user's
needs grow or change. Control
center of any Series 500 system is
an internally-stored magnetic-core
alphanumeric processor. Basic
memory size starts at 2400 and
goes up to 4800 characters. Several different models of control
consoles are available, providing
a variety of capabilities.

i~:r
~

-- The magnetic-ledgercard system, shown above,
is the smallest NCR Series
500 System. It includes a
processor, control console
with both alpha and numeric keyboards, and a multiform carriage printer.
Input is available through
magnetic ledger cards and
keyboard entry. Output is
through magnetic ledger
cards and carriage printer.
NCR offers more than 20 different types of peripheral equipment specifically for the Series
500 including a b~ffered line
pri~ter with a speed of 125 lines
a mi nu te and a buffered card punch.
Input and output equipment is
available in both low-speed and
medium-speed configurations. Input media for the Series 500 can
be anyone or a combination of
punched paper tape, punched cards,
optical type font, magnetic ledger
cards or console entries. Processed data can be turned out in
the form of magnetic ledgers,
punched cards, punched tape or
hard-copy records and reports.
O. B. Gardner, NCR's data processing vice president, reports
that over 100 orders already have
been taken for the new computer
systems. First deliveries of the
Series 500 systems are scheduled
for this coming fall.
(For more information, designate
U44 on the Readers Service Card.)

Software

ADVANCED VERSION OF ATOLL
BEING DEVELOPED BY MESA

Mesa Scientific Corporation,
Inglewood, Calif., has started
work on a contract to develop and
implement a formal languag~ for
the multi-computer, real-tIme
checkout system of the Saturn V
Apollo. An advanced version of
the Acceptance, lest, Qr ~aunch
Language (ATOLL) will be formulated for the Saturn V launch
complex at the Kennedy Space
Center, Fla.
The advanced ATOLL will enable launch system engineers to
write vehicle system and subsystem test procedures in the form
of readable test-oriented language statements. The languag~
will be oriented toward real-tIme
operations and parallel processing as required by the Saturn V
launch system.
When the language has been
defined and accepted, it will be
implemented for execution within
the three-computer launch c'heckout
system. Modes of executing the
language statements will be determined in detail, in coordination with other syitem design
efforts now underway at Huntsville. Mesa also is participating in the ~ystem design. Additionally, Mesa will define the
support procedures required to
maintain and operate the advanced
ATOLL system.
The Saturn V vehicle, now being developed by the NASA Marshall
Space Flight Center, Huntsville,
Ala., and associated contractors,
will be 360 feet tall and weigh
6,000,000 pounds at take-off.

RENO

A new program, called RE~O.
for renumbering the more popular
computer languages into a new
source with statement numbers arranged in ascending numerical
order, has been developed by Computer Lanugage Research, Dallas,
Texas. The principal uses of
RENO are to reorganize an existIng program into a logical order
or to break the chain in linked
programs. Number overlapping
where chained programs are used
or where a new program is con-

structed using parts from many existing programs is circumvented by
RENO.
The new RENO program, utilizing sources written in such languages as FORTRAN, ALGOL, GECOM,
COBOL, or WINNTRAN, punches a complete new source, providing a sideby-side listing of the new and old
programs and a list of new and old
statement numbers or labels. Provisions are made wereby the RENO
control cards may be inserted to
start or stop renumbering, change
the increment between numbers, and
start or by-pass punching sequence
number.
RENO is the first of several
computer software programs under
development by Computer Language
Research to become commercially
available.
(For more information, designate
u53 on the Readers Service Card.)

IBM DEMONSTRATES
COMPATIBILITY
BETWEEN COMPUTERS

Without being altered in any
way, programs writ ten for the IBM
1401 were run on a new IBM System/
360 Model 30 at increased speeds
-- and in a few cases as much as
three times faster than on the
1401. Typical programs from more
than 80 United States, Canadian
and Swedish computer installations
were processed at a recent demonstration at IBM's Endicott development laboratory.
More than 100 programs written
for 1401 computers were run on a
System/360 at the laboratory., They
included a mutual fund capital
gains analysis from the First National Bank of Jersey City; a
payroll from the City of Los Angeles; and a tax debiting routine
from the Swedish census bureau.
System/360 uses microprogramming techniques to execute programs
written for the 1401 and other computers. Microprogramming enables
a computer to interpret or amplify
instructions in a variety of ways,
triggering the computer's logic
circuits to perform the proper
operations.
As embodied in System/360's
read-only storage, microprogramming provides two levels of computer compatibility. On one level
it makes possible a single set of
instructions for various models of
System/360. On the second level
it can provide compatiblity between
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

Newsletter
System/360 and fifteen currently
installed IBM computers.

earlier analytical programs -"load flow", "short circuit", and
"transient stability" -- developed
for electric utilities by C-E-I-R.
Users of these programs will be
able to employ the network equivalent analysis program with little
additional input preparation.
(For more information, designate
~55 on the Readers Service Card.)

Data Transmitters
and AID Converters

CARD TO TAPE CONVERTER

-- One element of an IBM
System/360 read-only
storage is examined by
Eugene R. Lee, senior
data processing analyst
for the City of Los Angeles (left), and C. B.
Rogers, director of
product programs for"
IBM's Data Processing
Division. Dozens of
perforated cards such as
the one shown are combined in a read-only
storage unit to interpret 1401 instructions
so they can by understood by System/360.
This second l~vel of compatibility, demonstrated at Endicott,
is called emulation. Each instruction in the 1401 programs was interpreted by System/360's readonly storage, enabling the System/
360 to carry out the desired operations. The System/360 Model 30
used an emulator called the 1401
compatibility feature. This enables the Model 30 to execute programs written for the IBM 1401,
1440 and 1460 computers.
(For more information, designate
~54 on the Readers Service Card.)

'NETWORK EQUIVALENT ANALYSIS'

C-E-I-R, Inc., Arlington, Va.,
has developed a new proprietary
computer program for the electric
utility industry which permits
representation of large electrical
networks by smaller "equivalent"
networks for more effective
analysis and study.
The "network equivalent analysis" program may be used independently or in conjunction with three
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

A hopper fed card to tape
converter, designated the TPU-64,
has been developed by Digital
Electronics, Inc., Kansas City,
Mo. Operating speed of the TPU64 is 800 characters per minute.
Tab cards and edge punched cards,
either machine or hand punched,
can be read with the same high
degree of reliability.
The completely self-contained
device is small in size and light
weight for portability. It is designed for use in factory, numerically controlled machine tools,
or office, standard card to tape
conversion use. Optional features
include: external keyboard, nonstandard tape coding, alpha numeric printer (which prints all
card data), and automatic control
"of data processing equipment -typewriters, printers, calculators, etc.
(For more information, designate
~51 on the Readers Service Card.)

ADAGE OFFERS
TWO NEW CONVERTERS

Adage, Inc., Cambridge, Mass.,
has added two new converters to
its VOLDICON line of analog-todigital converters -- the VTI3-AB
and the VT7-AB. Based on a design
combining teChniques of successive
approximation and parallel threshold decoding, the VTI3-AB accomplishes a 14-bit analog-to-digital
conversion in less than 4 microseconds, The 8-bit VT7-AB performs a complete conversion in
under 800 nanoseconds. Maximum
conversion rate is 200 kilocycles
for the VTI3-AB and 1 megacycle
for the VT7-AB. Input ranges for
both converters are ±5, ±IO, ±20,
or ±100 vol ts full scale wi th other
values available on special order.
(For more information, designate
~52 on the Readers Service Card.)

Input-Output

EAI INTRODUCES
NEW DATAPLOTTER

A new compact, solid-state
X-Y plotter has been introduced by
Electronic Associates, Inc., West
Long Beach, N.J, This instrument,
called the 3500 DATAPLOTTERID, provides graphic display of computer
generated information on a 30" x
20" or 45" x 60" plot ti ng surface.
In the off-line plotting mode, information can be fed to the plotter
from magnetic tape, punched paper
tape or cards, as well as entered
manually from a keyboard. In the
on-line mode, information can be
fed directly from a computer.

-- 3500 DATAPLOTTERID
Speed and accuracy at low cost
are the key features of this device.
The 3500 DATAPLOTTER can draw lines
to within 0.015 of an inch between
two points and can position points
to within an accuracy of ±D.05 per
cent. Lines can be drawn by the
plotter at speeds in excess of 2000
per minute -- plotting points at
the rate of 350 per minute -- and
labeling and annotating are made
at the rate of 180 per minute using an alpha-numeric symbol
printer.
A wide range of application
includes data reduction, engineering plans and surveys, business
graphs, and meteorological and
aerospace data.
(For more infonnation, designate
~61 on the Readers Service Card.)

IBM 1260
ELECTRONIC INSCRIBER

IBM Corporation, White Plains,
N.Y., has developed a new electronic inscriber which enables
banks to increase the speed and
efficiency of proof and transit
operations. The device, called

Newsletter
the IBM 1260 electronic inscriber,
can be used to prove a deposit and
simultaneously record information
in magnetic ink on the check or
deposit slip. Documents inscribed
by the 1260 can be processed by
any computer system with MICR
capability, including IBM System/
360. Solid Logic Technology circuits with an operating speed of
700 nanoseconds have been applied
to the inscribing function.
The 1260's speed and versatility results from its ability
to perform several functions simultaneously, thus reducing multiple handling of documents. In
a single operation, it can automatically: magnetically inscribe
a document with dollar amount, deposit analysis data and control
information; list the document on
an adding-machine tape for future
verification; prove, endorse and
serially number the document; and
distribute it into one of up to
eight pockets.
Three different programs, or
methods of handling documents, can
be set up at one time in the 1260
through the use of pluggable Solid
Logic Technology circuit cards.
The program required for a particular application, such as assigning distribution entries or crediting totals, is selected by
turning a dial.

fer time and high-order zero
suppression are available.
The MC 13-80 was designed
for data logging applications.
(For more information, designate
#59 on the Readers Service Card.)

NAVCOR SERIES 1050 KEYBOARDS

Navigation Computer Corp.
(NAVCOR), Norristown, Pa., have
announced its Series 1050 allpurpose Keyboards as part of a
new line of tape punches and
readers.
Series 1050 Keyboards are
available in both numeric and alphanumeric forms. Codes are selected simply by plugging in a
printed circuit card. Timing and
control functions are entirely
electronic. Each key magnetically
operates a sealed glass reed
switch, insuring high reliability
even under severe environmental
conditions. The keys themselves
are interlocked to p~event doublestrike errors. They are offered
in several different configurations.

A high-speed digital strip
printer that prints data at the
rate of 23 lines per second has
been developed by the DATA/LOG
division of Litton Industries,
San Francisco, Calif.
The drum-type printer, called
the Monroe DATA/LOG MC 13-80, accepts any four-line code using
solid state electronics. Models
are available with 4, 8, 12 or 16
printing positions. Each position prints characters 0 through 9.
The MC 13-80 (meaning 1380
lines per minute) is of modular
construction with self-contained
power supply, timing circuitry
and conversion matrix. It is
shock-mounted and silenced. Registers for 250 microsecond trans50

the columns where data must be entered and go out when data is
entered. Automatic characters can
be preprogrammed and punched at
the beginning and end of each
block of tape.
(For more information, designate
#57 on the Readers Service Card.)

Components

AUTOMATIC DRAWING MACHINE
MAPS MICROSCOPIC
ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS

An automatic line-drawing machine that simplifies the production of tiny electronic circuits
has been developed by the National
Cash Register Company for the Air
Force Avionics Laboratory. NCR's
Advanced Development Division has
delivered the experimental device
under a contract to provide a new
approach in making "masks" for
mic roci rcui try.

The device will be manufactured at IBM facilities in Rochester, Minn., with deliveries
scheduled to begin in the first
quarter of 1966.
(For more information, designate
#59 on the Readers Service Card.)

DIGITAL STRIP PRINTER

to set up supervlslon circuits so
that programmed fields must be
filled with data before punching
will occur. Lights are lit over

Options include a choice of
direct electrical outputs from
the reed switches through a diode
matrix, or buffered parallel or
serial outputs at any specified
logic levels. Timing pulses are
also available as outputs.
(For more information, designate
#56 on the Readers Service Card.)

TPU-28, KEYBOARD
TAPE-CARD PUNCH

The .TPU-28 is a 28 bank keyboard to tape or card punch device
developed by the Digital Electronics, Inc., Kansas City, Mo. It
can be used for data preparation
whenever further processing of
that dat~ is required.
In the standard device, one
or two entry columns can be used

Conventional maskmaking is
done with a complicated graphic
and photo-reduction process to
produce a photo master the exact
size of the finished circuit. The
masters are then contact printed
on silicon wafers to form electrical paths for the ultra-miniature
circuits.
With the new device, NCR researchers said, the entire photoreduction maskmaking process can
be side-stepped. A lens system in
the machine focuses a tiny dot of
light directly on the final master
photoplate, which is placed on a
movable stage. The stage is then
moved in extremely small increments through coded instructions
from punched paper tape. The result is that the dot of light on
the moving plate traces the desired
image, or "map" of the circuit.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

Newsletter
The machine is progammed by the
punched paper tape to "draw".the
circuit lines in the exact Slze
required, eliminating complicated
and exacting reductions.

non-magnetic stainless steel substrate. In addition to its high
temperature capability, its physical properties overcome the
problems of brittleness or fragility, common among homogen~ous
metal tapes currently avallable.
Because of its packing density
capability, twice as much information can be stored in a given
area as on current tapes.
Residual magnetic induction
or magnetic intensity is approximately 7500 Gauss which is a factor of 10 higher than oxide tapes.
The equivalent recording signal
level of oxide tapes can be obtained by DENSIMAG with only onetenth the thickness of the coating. Whittaker engineers say
that the smooth and homogeneous
coating will wear indefinitely.
The coating will have nominal
wearing effect on recording heads
and will resist particle attachment and scoring.

Quality of the finished product is said to be excellent, offering a selection of line widths
from five one-thousandths of an
inch to one ten-thousandth of an
inch. The finished image is accurate to less than one fiftythousandth-inch line.
In addition to eliminating
many processing steps in the conventional method by drawing circuits in final size, the method
permits any mask ~o be remade at
a later date with assurance that
it will register with other masks
of the set. Thus, design modifications are easily made in the
circuits by localized changes in
the mask programs.
An NCR spokesman said circuit
development cost and time could be
considerably reduced with the
machine. He said the concept
represents a major new development in the production of integrated circuits.

DENSIMAG@
MAGNETIC TAPE

A new magnetic tape, called
DENSIMAGD, can withstand temperatures up to 6000 F for prolonged
periods of time and has improved
magnetic and handling characteristics. It has been developed by
the Whittaker Corporation, Los
Angeles, Calif.
The new Whittaker tape has a
metallic magnetic coating over a
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

Obvious uses for the new tape
are those with temperature, sterilization or elasticity problems.
It is presently being produced by
a continuous process in widths
varying from 1/4 to 2 inches.
Limited amounts are available
now with volume production of
DENSIMAG planned to begin during
the first half of this year.
(For more information, designate
u63 on the Readers Service Card.)

NEW LITERATURE

IIINPUT-OUTPUT II BOOKLET
AVAILABLE FROM C-E-I-R

A new 24-page booklet, describing how business and goverment agencies can make practical
use of new economic "input-output"
tables published by the U. S. Department of Commerce, is now
available. Copies of the publication, enti tled "What if?", may
be obtained free of charge from
C-E-I-R, Inc.
The recent release by the
Commerce Department of "inputoutput" tables showing the complex inter-relationships between
86 industrial groups -- the first
such release in 17 years -- "puts
at our disposal a powerful tool to
remove much of the guesswork from
vital areas of forecasting, planning, expansion and investment",
the booklet points out. Use of
the tables not only will make

business and government predictions
more accurate, but also will enable
a businessman to determine how
changes in consumer demand, taxes,
defense expenditures and the like
affect his own enterprise.
(For more information, designate
u65 on the Readers Service Card.)

DPMA PUBLISHES BOOKLET
ON BASICS OF
AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING

The ABC's of ADP, a twentyfive page booklet describing the
basic principles of automatic
data processing is available from
Data Processing Management Association.
The booklet, authored by
James A. Campise of Computer Sciences Corporation and Max L. Wagoner of the Bendix Corporation, was
written to introduce ADP to high
school and college students, as
well as managers who must familiarize themselves with fundamental
data processing concepts. It treats
such subjects as unit record and
computer principles, business and
scientific data processing, hardware and software, data processing
personnel requirements, and the
problems facing ADP management.
Single copies of ABC's of ADP
are available on request. Additional copies are fifteen cents
each, postpaid, with minimum orders
of ten copies.
(For more information, designate
u66 on the Readers Service Card.)

GUIDE TO INFORMATION SOURCES
FOR SCIENTISTS AND ENGINEERS

The National Referral Center
for Science and Technology at the
Library of Congress recently has
published a new directory to help
meet the information needs of scientists and engineers. The 356page book is entitled A Directory
of Information Resources in the
United States: Physical Sciences,
Biological Sciences. Engineering.
The volume contains narrative
descriptions of the subject specialization, information services, and
publications of some 1100 organizations and institutions throughout
the United States. Professional
soci eti es, academic research groups,
industrial firms, Government offices.
and technical libraries are
included.
Copies may be purchased at
$2.25 each from the Superintendent
51

Newsletter
of Documents, Government Printing
Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.

COMPUTER EQUIPMENT BULLETIN

Free copies are available of
Information Processing Systems'
latest Equipment Bulletin describing used electronic data processing equipment for sale. Used
equipment wanted by buyers is
also listed.
(For more information, designate
~64 on the Readers Service Card.)

DIGITAL LOGIC
HANDBOOK AVAILABLE

Computer Logic Corporation
has announced the availability of
its new 80-page Digital Logic
Handbook. The handbook contains
design and circuit application information relative to the CLC compatible family of digital logic
plug-in circuits.
Subjects covered include an
explanation of CLC Digital Logic,
Boolean Algebra, waveform techniques, level-shifting at no cost,
zero-cost gating, logic counters,
thin film memories, analog-digital
conversion, least-cost high-speed
memories, and various system
techn.lques.
The Handbook may be obtained
for $1.00, plus 25¢ to cover shipping.
(For more information, designate
~67 on the Readers Service Card.)

MEETING NEWS

THIRD NATIONAL AUTOMATION
CONFERENCE OF THE A.B.A.

"Man-Machine Relationships"
will be the theme of the Third
National Automation Conference of
the American Bankers Association
to be held in San Francisco (Calif)
March 8-10. The general sessions
will be held in the Masonic
Auditorium~

An advance program featuring
"subjects that concern managementlevel officers in banks of all
sizes" has been announced by Conference Chairman A. R. Zipf, senior vice president, Bank of Amer'52

keynote address, "The Needed Econo'Ilic Breakthrou'Jh in Electronics".
If electronic advances are to be of
wide benefit to society, they must
be financially feasible, a0cording
to Dr. Ramo, who will discuss the
prospects.

ica N.T. & S.A., San Francisco.
The keynote speaker on Monday
morning (March 8) will be Thomas
J. Watson Jr., chairman of the
board, IBM Corporation, New York.
Other major addresses will be
delivered by: Reno Odlin, A.B.A.
president and chairman, The Puget
Sound National Bank, Tacoma, Wash.;
Dr. Louis Rader, vice president
and general manager of industrial
electronics division, General Electric Co., New York; Fletcher
Jones, president, Computer Sciences Corp., El Segundo, Calif.;
and Chairman Zipf.

Batch fabrication is a term
used to define identical components
which have been created simultaneously in quantity through a highly
standardized production process.
Units which can be batch fabricated include microelectronic components, memories, displays, interconnections, input-output and bulk
storage devices. Aspects of batch
fabrication technologies and their
effect on logic and memory, machine
organization, system design, programming, professional education
and broad social implications wi'! 1
be discussed at seven technical
sessions.

Concurrent sessio~s are being
held in several hotels starting
Monday afternoon, with special
tutorial sessions scheduled Tuesday morning. This is being done
in order to cover vital subjects
in the allotted time and to permit in-depth treatment of specialized areas.
Among topics at Monday afternoon sessions will be "management
Orientation for Automatio n", "Automation's Impact on Personnel and
the Organization", "Computer Accounting Techniques", "Marketing's
Newest Tool: the Computer", and
"A Realistic Look at Programming
Techniques and Software".
Tuesday's agenda includes a
"Status Report on Banking Automation" and concurrent workshops
on "Approaches to Small Bank Automation" "Tr:lst Automation"
"Saving; Automation", "New Customer Services", and "Aids to
Management Decision Making". Case
history studies of small bank
automation and automation tips on
several matters of interest to
larger banks will be offered at
Wednesday morning's sessions. The
Conference will close Wednesday
afternoon with six more concur~
rent sessions.

IEEE CONFERENCE
BATCH FABRICATION
AND FUTURE COMPUTERS

Computer industry representatives from throughout the nation
will meet, in Los Angeles (Calif.)
A~ril 6-8, to explore the effects
of fast-developing batch fabrication techniques on future computers. The conference, according
to General Chairman L. C. Hobbs,
will discuss expected transitions
in the computer industry.
The conference pace will be
set by Dr. Simon Ramo, president
of Bunker-Ramo Corp., with the

Technical papers, written by
men working in the field, have
been distributed to advance registrants for study. Papers will not
be formally presented, and open
discussions will permit attendees
to inject new materials and opposing views. Informal evening discussions and a Thursday luncheon
address by Col. Arthur C. Lowell,
Santa Clara, Calif., will complete
the program.
Registration may be made at
the conference to be held at the
Thunderbird Hotel (Los Angeles,
Calif.), or by writing Donald
Meier, 1401 El Segundo Blvd.,
Hawthorne, Calif., befora
April 1.

IFIP CONGRESS 65

The triennial meeting of the
23-nation-federation of professional and scientific organizations in
the computer and information processing field. is to be held in the
USA for the first time; previous
conferences were held in Paris and
Munich. IFIP CONGRESS 65 will be
held in New York City from May 24
to 29, 1965.
About 5000 people from all
over the world are expected to
attend its scientific program;
many more will be attracted to
Interdata 65 -- the IFIP Congress
Exhibition. The American Federation of Information Processing
Societies (AFIPS) has omitted its
own national meeting (the Spring
Joint Computer Conference), normally sched~led for that time, so
that its members may act as U. S.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 19G5

Newsletter

hosts and participate fully in
IFIP CONGRESS 65.

BUSINESS NEWS

IBM REPORTS
INCREASED PROFITS

IBM's consolidated gross income for the year ended December
~l, 1964, was $3,239,359,581, an
Increase of $376,626,854, or 13.2%
over 1963. Gross income from domestic operations increased 11.1%,
with regular products increasing
13.9% and space and defense products gross income showing a 25.6%
decrease compared with 1963.
Gross income from foreign operations showed an increase of 18.5%.
Worldwide consolidated net
earni ngs after taxes amounted to
$431,159,766, an increase- of
$66,904,788 over the previous
year.
Consolidated gross income
included $933,400,319 from foreign
operations, an increase of
$145,391,008 over 1963. Net
earnings from foreign operations
~ere $123,998,898 in 1964, an
Increase of $19,394,846 over the
year before.

IBM's total assets at the
end of the year amounted to
$3,309,152,915. During 1964, the
company's increased volume of
business and replacement of obsolete equipment required an
investment of $723,906,108 in
factories, offices, rental machines and parts.

HONEYWELL SALES, EARNINGS
SET RECORDS

Sales and earnings of Honeywell Inc. reached record highs in
1964, the company reports.
Indicated earnings for the
year ended December 31 were
$41,389,166, up approximately 19
per cent over the previous year.
Earnings in 1963 were $34,669,623.

Indicated fourth quarter earnings were $14,871,531 compared to
$10,993,934 in the comparable
period last year. Fourth quarter
earnings include 11 cents per
share arising out of investment
credits and other tax adjustments.
Fourth quarter sales increased
to $188,041,692, as against
$178,450,195 in the same quarter
in 1963.
Honeywell's Chairman Wishart
said the company's electronic data
processing activities made major
gains -- "in some respects greater
than we estimated at the beginning
of the year.
"Bookings, shipments and
revenues were at all-time highs,"
he disclosed. "The volume of
computer systems shipped during
the year exceeded $100 million by
a healthy margin.

SCIENTIFIC DATA SYSTEMS
REPORTS 1964 RESULTS

A record year of sales and
earnings is reported for Scientific
Data Systems by SDS President Max
Palevsky.
In preliminary results for
the year ended December 31, 1964,
total revenues at SDS increased
to an estimated $20,442,500 from
$7,721,500 for 1963. Net income
~as $2,173,400 for 1964 as compared to $1,310,700 last year.
The total number of employees
also rose last year to 1,400 from
450 in 1963.
Mr. Palevsky estimated that
on the basis of current increased
digital computer shipments, SDS
now ranks seventh in the industry.
Commenting on current negotiations to acquire Consolidated
Systems Corporation, Mr. Palevsky
stated that discussions are proceeding satisfactorily with AllisChalmers Manufacturing Company and
Bell and Howell Company, joint
owners of CSC, a producer of electronic data systems for the industrial and aerospace fields with
sales of approximately $lO-million
in 1964.

DATA PRODUCTS
REPORTS EARNINGS

Data Products Corp. reported
a profit of $10,554 from sales of
$1,856,811.00 for the 3rd Quarter
ended December 26, 1964. During
the same period in 1963 the company
reported a profit of $216,394 from
sales of $1,781,938. The company
has sustained a loss of $150,342.00
from sales of $5,831,337.00 for the
nine months ended December 26, 1964
as compared with a profit of
$470,767.00, or 22¢ per share,
from sales of $4,932,660.00 for
the like period one year ago.
Backlog of firm orders at the
end of the 3rd Quarter was
$2,913,071.00.

CALCOMP LISTED ON AM EX

Common stock of Ca lifornia
Computer Products, Inc., Anaheimbased manufacturer of digital
plotting equipment, was listed last
month on the American Stock Exchange and on the Pacific Coast
Stock Exchange.
Listed on the Exchanges were
659,527 shares of California Computer common stock which was
formerly traded over-the-counter.
The company currently has more
than 1300 shareholders.
California Computer Products,
Inc., develops, manufactures and
sells digital plotting equipment
for business and industrial uses.
The company's business is about
25 percent government and 75 percent commercial.
In the fiscal year ended June
30, 1964, California Computer Products, Inc. reported net earnings
of $459,000 or 73¢ per share
(based upon the average number of
shares outstanding, adjusted for
stock splits and stock dividends),
on sales of $5,157,000.
t

The c ompa ny reported net i n-come of $107,307 for the first
quarter of fiscal 1965, compared
with earnings of $12,585 for the
like period last year. Profit for
the first quarter was 16~ cents
per share on 651,227 shares outstanding, compared with 2 cents
per share on 614,250 shares outstanding the prior year.

Sales for the year increased
3 per cent to $667,193,406, as
against $648,481,914 in 1963.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

MONTHLY COMPUTER CENSUS
The number of electronic computers installed or in production at anyone time has been increasing at a bewildering pace
in the past several years. New vendors have come into the computer market, and familiar machines have gone out of production.
Some new machines have been received with open arms by users -others have been given the cold shoulder.
To aid our readers in keeping up with this mushrooming activity, the editors of COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION present this
monthly report on the number of general purpose electronic computers of American-based companies which are installed or on
order as of the preceding month. These figures included installations and orders outside the United States. We update this
computer census monthly, so that it will serve as a "box-score"

of progress for readers tnterested in following the growth of
the American computer industry, and of the computing power it
builds.
Most of the installation figures, and some of the unfilled
order figures, are verified by the respective manufacturers.
In cases where this is not so, estimates are based on information in the market research reference files of COMPUTERS AND
AUTOMATION. The figures are then reviewed by a group of computer industry cognoscenti.
Any additions, or corrections, from informed readers will
be welcomed.

AS OF FEBRUARY 10, 1965
NAME OF
MANUFACTURER

NAME OF
COMPUTER

SOLID
STATE?

AVERAGE MONTHLY
RENTAL

.".

DATE OF FIRST
INSTALLATION

NUMBER OF
INSTALLATIONS

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED ORDERS

2/61
11
EDP 900 system
Y
$7500
1
ASI 210
22
Y
4/62
0
$2850
Y
ASI 2100
12/63
6
0
$3000
0
Y
ASI 6020
4/65
$2200
3
0
$2800
ASI 6040
7/65
3
Y
60
X
Autonetics
RECOMP II
$2495
Y
11/58
15
RECOMP III
Y
$1495
X
6/61
Bunker-Ramo Corp.
Y
BR-230
8/63
7
2
$2680
Y
40
X
BR-300
$5000
3/59
30
Y
12/60
X
BR-330
$5000
12/63
13
BR-340
Y
$7000
7
12
$6000
BR-530
X
8/61
Y
Burroughs
61
205
N
$4600
1/54
X
N
$14,000
40
220
10/58
X
EI0l-103
N
$875
1/56
100
X
B100
Y
23
8/64
27
$2800
B250
11/61
Y
$4200
96
5
B260
11/62
125
Y
$3750
115
B270
Y
122
$7000
24
7/62
B280
Y
$6500
7/62
60
30
B370
Y
7/65
0
$8400
22
B5000/B5500
Y
$20.000
3/63
35
3
Clary
DE-60/DE-60M
Y
$525
2/60
281
3
Comp~u~t~e~r~C~o~n~t~r~o~l~C~o-.---------------~~~~~~----~~--------~~~----------~~----------~~----------~~---y
DDP-19
$2800
6/61
3
X
y
DDP-24
$2500
5/63
51
12
y
DDP-1l6
$900
2/65
0
24
DDP-224
Y
3300
2 65
0
14
Control Data Corporation
G-15
N
$1000
7 55
325
X
Y
G-20
$15,500
4/61
28
X
160*/160A/160G
Y
$1750/$3400/$12,000 5/60;7/61;3/64
416
8
Y
924/924A
$11 ,000
8/61
28
1
1604/1604A
Y
$38,000
1/60
60
X
3100
Y
$7350
12/64
2
14
y
3200
$12,000
5/64
33
35
3300
Y
$15,000
7/65
0
25
3400
Y
$25,000
11/64
3
15
y
3600
$58,000
6/63
34
17
y
3800
$60,000
0
5/65
16
y
6400
$40,000
12/65
0
1
y
6600
$110,000
8/64
2
6
y
6800
140 000
4 67
0
0
Digital Equipment Corp.
PDP-l
Y
$3400
11 60
57
2
PDP-4
Y
$1700
8/62
54
6
PDP-5
Y
$900
9/63
98
12
PDP-6
Y
$10,000
10/64
3
8
PDP-7
Y
$1300
11/64
5
14
PDP-8
Y
$525
4/65
0
45
E1-tronics. Inc.
ALWAC IIIE
N
$1820
2/54
24
X
y
Friden
6010
$600
6/63
180
165
General Electric
205
Y
$2900
10/64
11
16
210
Y
$16,000
7/59
57
X
215
Y
$5500
38
11/63
6
y
225
$7000
1/61
135
5
y
235
$10,900
12/63
32
12
415
Y
$5500
5/64
30
75
425
Y
$7500
7/64
13
40
435
Y
$12,000
10/64
4
20
455
Y
$18,000
6/65
0
2
465
Y
$24,000
6/65
0
1
y
625
$50,000
12/64
1
11
y
635
$65.000
12/64
1
16
General Precision
LGP-21
Y
$725
12/62
143
X
LGP-30
semi
$1300
9/56
430
X
RPC-4000
Y
$1875
1/61
98
X
Honeywell Electronic Data Processing
H-200
Y
$6000
3/64
260
545
H-300
Y
$3900
7/65
0
10
H-400
Y
$8500
12/61
108
5
H-800
Y
$22,000
12/60
70
15

Addressograph-Multigraph Corporation
Advanced Scientific Instruments

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 19()S

NAME OF
MANUFACTURER
Honeywell in this important area. From
timo to time we will try to summarize
thiH experience for the benefit of other
usol's.

¥~~

Programming Documentation-Technical· Writers: Secure
information from technical personnel about programs and
their application; analyze the information; organize, write
and present" it in clear and concise form for publication
and presentation to our customers. Computer programming training will be given to all successful applicants.
Requires a college degree with a m'inimum of four years'
writing experience, two clearly in a technical or scientific
writing field. A writing background in computer documentation, particularly programming documentation, would be
highly desirable.
Programming Languages: Development of compilers for
assembly language, FORTRAN, COBOL, and new programming language.
Business-Oriented Programming: Advanced development
of sorting and merging techniques, report generators, and
file-maintenance programs.
Qualifications: A B.S. or advanced degree in the sciences
or arts with a minimum of two years' programming experience.
Location: These openings are mainly in Poughkeepsie,
New York, a suburban environment 70 miles north of New
York City. Other programming facilities are located in
White Plains, New York; New York City; and Boston, Massachusetts. A wide range of company-paid personal and
family benefits are provided, and relocation expenses are
paid. IBM is an Equal Opportunity Employer.
Please write, outlining,your experience and qualifications,
to: D. B. Cal.kins, Dept. 539C, IBM Corporation, Box 390,
PoughkeepSie, New York.

IBM

Associate Publisher
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

Electronic computer systems for the small businessman? Why not?
Do you think electronic data proc·
essing isfor big business only? Well,
think again. Nowsmall businessmen
(Iikehardware dealers, variety store
owners, stationers) ... even doctors
and dentists ..• are using computers
to handle tedious paper work. And
they're saving money doing it.
The developmentthat makes it all
possible is NCR Optical Type Font.

A cash register, accounting machine,
or adding machine with this feature
records every entry in figures that
both you and computer systems can
read. All you do is send the record
tape over to your local NCR Data
Processing Center. And that's it. The
EDP Center takes care of the rest.
Electronic Data Processing for
the professional man and small

BE SURE TO VISIT THE NCR PAVILION AT THE NEW YORK WORLD'S FAIR.

businessman. That's the sort of
thing you can expect from NCR.
Because no one knows total business systems like NCR.. WOUldn't it
be smart to call
G qO & G5.5081
your 10c~1 NCR
"1 9 q q q &.00\\ I
man orwnte NCR, a &5 6 6 6.000 I
Dayton, Ohio, be· q!i 110 s.an 81
fore your compe· 6 000
tit ion does?

THE NATIONAL CASH REGISTER CO.

Circle No. 21 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 19G5

Before you kick your UNIBIM in its HONEYVAC, read this.
It's a fact that 99% of the errors you are attributing to your
computer or data processing system can be traced to errors in
the input media.
It's a fact that Addo-X has a unique system of data capture
and control featuring lO-:-key tabulating carriage machines which
prepare input media in the form of punched paper tape or
punched cards.
It's a fact that the speed of data capture is increased as much
as 30% and that controls are simultaneously generated when
you use Addo-X.

It's a fact that if you do 1 job or 10, or even change from
a UNIBIM to a HONEYVAC, the versatile programming
capabilities of Addo-X enable you to make the changes in procedures and applications or coding structures in a matter of
seconds with a minimum of effort.
We'll be pleased to send you our descriptive booklet on Addoflex Data Capture and Control ... Free.

r------------------------------------------Adda-X Inc. ADP Div., 270 Park Ave., New York 17, N.Y.
Without obligation, please send me your
Addoflex Data Capture and Control.

bo~klet on

Name __________________________________

aololo-x

Company & Title ___________________________
Address______________________________
City_________________ Zone--5tate_ _ __

;"'~!!!!!!dd~o~fI~ex~~
p~~essing
o

0.- .--

uuuu

()~)~) () ()
00

e-"-.".-:,,:u(')
()(JO

()O~;;;()~

Circle No. 11 on Readors Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION far March, 1965

Now - the most adaptable, reliable

C&A CLASSIFIED COLUMN

DATALITE®
SYSTEM OF INDICATION
For computers, data processing,
and other readout applications
Build your light indicators with a systemthe DATALITE system. Here's how: Choose a
"Datalamp" Cartridge (a) and combine it with
a "Datalamp Holder" (b); or use a screw·on
"Data Cap" with a rotatable readout lens
(c, d) ... For multi·indications, "Datalamp"
Cartridges 'may be mounted on a "Data Strip"
or "Data Matrix" in any required configuration.
"Datalamp" Holders accommodate DIALCO's own plug·in
ultra·miniature Neon or Incandescent "Datalamp" Cart·
ridges. Complete assembly mounts in 3/s" clearance hole.
Also available with permanent (not replaceable) Neon
lamps (e). Legends may be hot·stamped on cylindrical
lenses. Styles shown here are only typical components
in the extensive DATALITE system of light indication.

Use economical C&A Classified Ads
to buy or sell your computer and data
processing equipment, to offer services to the industry, to offer new
business opportunities, to seek new
positions or to fill job vacancies, etc.
Rates for Classified Ads: 90~ per
word - minimum, 20 words. First
line all capitals - no charge.
Blind Ads: Box Numbers acceptable
'at $4. 00 additional to cover costs of
handling and postage.
Send copy to: 'Computers and Automation, 815 Washington Street, Newtonville, Mass. 02160.
Telephone:
617 -332-5453.
Deadline for Classified Ads is the
10th of the month preceding issue.

SAMPLES ON REQUEST-AT ONCE-NO CHARGE.

For complete data, request current Catalog.

Booths 2623 - 2625 at the IEEE Show

WANTED: KEY PUNCHES #024, 026.
Verifiers #056. Sorters 083, 084,
085, 088, 403, 407, 602A, 407, 1401.
FOR SALE: 858 Cardatype. 031, 063,
080, 402, 523, 552. 805 Test Scorer.
824 Tape Card Punch. 031, 055.
L. A. Pearl Co., 801 Second Ave.,
New York, N. Y. 10017

Circle No. 22 on Readers Service Card

ADVERTISING INDEX
Following is the index of advertisements. Each item contains: Name and address of the advertiser / page number
where the advertisement appears / name of agency if any.
Adage, Inc., 292 Main St., Cambridge 42, Mass. / Page
3 / Fuller & Smith & Ross, Inc.
Addo-X, Inc. ADP Div., 270 Park Ave., New York 17,
N. Y. / Page 61 / Albert Frank, Guenther Law, Inc.
American Telephone & Telegraph Co., 195 Broadway,
New York 17, N. Y. / Page 57 / N. W Ayer & Son
Ampex Corporation, 401 Broadway, Redwood City, Calif.
/ Pages 31C, 31D / Cunningham & Walsh, Inc.
Benson-Lehner Corporation, 14761 Califa St., Van Nuys,
Calif. / Page 64 / Leonard Daniels Advertising
Brandon Applied Systems, Inc., 30 East 42nd St., New
York, N. Y. 10017 / Pages 12, 58 / Burroughs Corporation, 6071 Second Boulevard, Detroit
32, Mich. / Pages 36, 37 / Campbell-Ewald Co.
Cheshire, Inc., 408 Washington Blvd., Mundelein, Ill.
60060 / Page 58 / Robert W. Deitz & Associates
Computron, Inc., 122 Calvary St., Waltham, Mass. /
Page 4 / Tech/Reps
Cross Country Consultants, 16 W. 25 St., Baltimore
18, Md. / Page 58 / Paul Silver Advertising, Inc.
Dialight Corp.; 60 Stewart Ave., Brooklyn 37, N. Y. /
Page 62 / H. J. Gold Co.
Fabri-Tek, Inc., Edutronics Div., 1201 E. Lake st. ,
Hopkins, Minn. / Page 10 / Midland Associates, Inc.
Fastline Monthly, P. O. Box 1, Newtonville, Mass.
02160 / Page 17 / -

Forms, Inc., Willow Grove, Pa. / Page 13 / Elkman
Advertising Co., Inc.
Honeywell Electrohic Data Processing Division, 151
Needham St., Newton, Mass. / Page 34 / Allied
Advertising
International Business Machines Corp., Armonk, N. Y.
10504 / Pages 56, 59 / Benton & Bowles, Inc.
International Business Machines Corp., Data Processing
Div., White Plains, N. Y. / Page 33 / Marsteller, Inc.
Library of Computer and Information Sciences, 59
Fourth Ave., New York 11, N. Y. / Pages 6, 7 /
Smith, Henderson & Berey, [nco
Memorex Corporation, 1180 Shulman Ave., Santa Clara,
Calif. / Page 2A / Hal Lawrence, Inc.
National Cash Register Co., Main & K Sts., Dayton 9,
Ohio / Page 60 / McCann-Erickson, Inc.
Pergamon Press, Inc., 122 East 55 st., New York 22,
N. Y. / Page 25 / Pro,motion Consultants, Inc.
Scientific Data Systems, 1649 17th St., Santa Monica,
Calif. / Page 21 / Faust/Day Advertising
SCM Corp., 410 Park Ave., New York, N. Y. 10022 /
Page 2 / Lawrence G. Chait & Co.
TRW Space Technology Laboratories, One Space Park,
Redondo Beach, Calif. / Page 63 / Fuller & Smith
& Ross, Inc.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

.~.

OPPORTUNITIES IN LOS ANGELES AND
HOUSTON WITH TRW SPACE TECHNOLOGY
LABORATORIES FOR MATHEMATICIANS,
ENGINEERS AND PHYSICISTS IN SCIENTIFIC
AND BUSINESS PROGRAMMING

TRW Space Technology Laboratories has openings for Scientific and Business Programmers at its
Computation and Data Reduction Centers (CDRC) at TRW Space Technology Center in Redondo
Beach, California, and in its new Manned Spaceflight Department in Houston, Texas.
In Redondo Beach near Los Angeles International Airport, you will be working with over 200 programmers and scientists who are applying their background in mathematics, engineering and the
physical sciences to resolve problems of the aerospace environment, and to further advance the
capability of computers and the computer sciences. Here, their responsibilities include space mission
analysis, statistical analysis, data analysis, spacecraft environmental simulation, interpretive computer simulation, automated plotting, business data processing, real-time operations, list processing,
and computer system applications.
In Houston in new facilities adjacent to NASA's Manned Space Flight Center, you will be a vital
part of the Apollo Program. TRW Space Technology Laboratories has responsibility to NASA for
Apollo mission planning, mission analysis and real-time program development. STL's task, in broad
terms, consists of "building a computer highway to the moon." STL Programmers will chart the path
the Apollo craft must follow and the functions and maneuvers which will be required to remain on
that path for manned landing on· the lunar surface in 1969.
With this challenging assignment, STL in Houston has ground-floor opportunities that may never be
available again. For these exceptional openings, STL requires BS or MS degrees in Aeronautical
Engineering, Physics, Applied Math or Astronomy, with experience or training in these areas:

MISSION ANALYSIS: Strong analytical ability and technical originality with broad background in

flight mechanics, astronautics, missile guidance and mission performance.
TRAJECTORY ANALYSIS: Familiarity with the use of digital computation, analytically inclined, with

background in space mechanics.
ASTRODYNAM ICS: Theoretical background in celestial mechanics, orbit determination and/or re-

lated fields of math, physics or astronomy.
GUIDANCE ANALYSIS: Familiarity with techniques for missile guidance and experience in orbital
mechanics, random processes and statistics.
SCIENTIFIC PROGRAMMING: Background in high speed digital computers. Will assist in the solution
of problems arising in missile and space vehicle engineering, with responsibility for direction, programming, debugging and analysis of computer solutions.

ACT NOW! Forward your resume immediately to R. J. Brown, TRW Professional Placement,
One Space Park, Department CA -3,
employer.

TRW SPACE

Redondo Beach, California. TRW is an equal opportunity

TECHNOLOGY LABORATORIES

THOMPSON RAMO WOOLDRIDGE INC.

Circle No. 23 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for March, 1965

-,'

DIGITAL
PLOTTING
Is
The

Difference
There is a great deal of difference
in digital plotting when you consider the dramatic advan tages
found only in Benson-Lehner's
new 30 - inch DRAFTOMATIC
System.
1. Dual density (200 and 556
bpi) tape handling capability
2. High speed (300 steps/sec.)
3. High resolution (.005 inches)
4. Modular construction
5. Wide range of flexibility
6. Compatible with all digital
computers
7. On-line/off-line operation
8. Capital outlay is drastically
reduced
9, 120 ft. paper roll capability*
o 30 inch plotting paper is available

with any desired pre-printed grid,
or, .if more economical, 12 - inch
plotting paper can also be used.

Many computer sub-routines are
available in our library for your
use. Programming assistance is
readily available.
Our warranty service is backed by
the nation's largest field service
organization specializing in computer-graphic equipment.

Circle No. 24 on Readers Service Card

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