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196508 196508

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August, 1965

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Computer Art Contest
First Prize

Navajo Freight Lines takes the shortest route to faster billing

,.'
Navajo Freight Lines, Inc., uses Bell System
Data-Phone* service to speed some 4000 bills a day.
At originating terminals, freight bills are cut on
35 ASR teletypewriter machines. Copies of the bills and an
8-channel by-product tape are produced simultaneously.
The tape is then transmitted over telephone lines
at 1050 words per minute (or a bill every 3 seconds)
to destination terminals and to Navajo headquarters in Denver.
At the destination terminals, tapes are inserted
in 35 ASR teletypewriters which produce delivery copies
of the freight bills.
At the same time in Denver, tapes are processed through
a magnetic tape converter direct to computers which
check for accuracy and produce cop!es of bills for preaudit.
Circle No. 4 on Readers Service Card

This operation has made substantial savings for
Navajo Freight. Billing steps have been reduced
from 10 to 4. Accounting now takes just 2 days
instead of 8. Current revenue figures are
always available to Navajo management within 24 hours.
Find out how Data-Phone service can work
for your data systems by talking with one of our
Communications Consultants. Just call your
Bell Telephone Business Office and ask for his services.
*Service mark of the Bell System

@."9BeIiSystem
American Telephone and Telegraph and Associated Companies
Circle No. 5 on Readers Service Card ~,

The Benson,:,Lehner L TE Magnetic Tape Plotting System combines unequalled
flexibility with field prove.n rrIi?bility for all mappirig' applications. Currently
being used for intelligence reporting, deployments, weather, se~smic and geophysical contouring, lunar exploration, war gaming, and many other unique applications, the L TE is the only 'Ilarge plotting" (42" x 58") system that can handle
all requirements. Solid-state modular construction allows you to design your own
off-line plotting system; or if you desire, the LTE may be operated on-line with
your digital computer.

Circle No. 6 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

AN OFF-BIT HISTORY OF MAGNETIC TAPE ... #7 of a series by Computape*

Once upon a time, there was an Emperor who kept 3,007
concubines to cheer his leisure hours.
In fact, there were so many Chinese cookies around,
the Palace came popularly to be known as "The Bakery".
The Emperor was a fanatically suspicious man - so
much so, he had a special bank of computers installed
just to keep track of his harem. (Information as to the
precise whereabouts of each of his charges was continuously fed onto reels of magnetic tape.)
Yet all his precautions did not prevent his very favorite
morsel, Lotus Lovely, from running away, one moonless
night, with the milkman.

Pity the poor Emperor. He might have known that with
ordinary magnetic tape you're bound to have a dropout
problem. Which is why he switched to Computape.
One of a series of documentaries made possible by
COMPUTRON INC., a company even more interested in
making history than fracturing it. Our Computape is so
carefully made that it delivers 556, 800 or 1,000 bits per
inch - with- no dropout. Available with 7, 8, 9, 10, 16
channel or full-width certification to meet your
systems requirements.
Now - if Computape can write that kind of computer
tape history - shouldn't you be using it?

-Reg. T.M. Computron Inc.

CDMPUTRDN INC.
MEMBER OF THE

rn£~!r GROUP

122 CALVARY STREET, WALTHAM, MASSACHUSETTS

COMPUTAPE - product of the first company to manufacture magnetic tape for computers and instrumentation, exclusively.
Circle No. 3 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

The winner of our
Annual Computer Art Contest is
A. Michael Noll,
for his entry entitled
"Computer Composition with Lines."
For more details, see page 1 O.

Cump"ter ,hI COlllest
l'irllt Prize

AUGUST, 1965 Vol. 14, No.8

computet's and data processors:
the design, applications,
and implications of
information processing systems.

editor and publisher
EDMUND C. BERKELEY

assistant editors
MOSES M. BERLIN
LINDA LADD LOVETT
NEIL D. MACDONALD

contributing editors
JOHN BENNETT
ANDREW D. BOOTH
DICK H. BRANDON
JOHN W. CARR, III
NED CHAPIN
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
PETER KUGEL

In This Issue

Special Issue on the Problem of Computer Personnel
10
12

by Ned Chapin

Some stands taken by employers who are hiring programmers may be
needlessly expensive
PERSONNEL PROBLEMS IN DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS: THE APPROACH OF
TOP MANAGEMENT
by Harvey W. Protzel

Many people working in data processing systems are misplaced, says
the author: why? and what to do?

advisory committee
T. E. CHEATHAM, JR.
JAMES J. CRYAN
GEORGE E. FORSYTHE
RICHARD W. HAMMIN&i
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
HERBERT F. MITCHELL, JR.
VICTOR PASCHIUS

THE ANNUAL COMPUTER ART CONTEST OF "COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION"
SOME PROGRAMMER·EMPLOYER PROBLEMS: A REPORT FROM THE FIELD

EMPLOYMENT, EDUCATION, AND THE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM
by Prof. John Kenneth Galbraith

The problem of the insufficiently educated: their unemployability in the
industrial system. The remedy: a more rapid accommodation of education to industrial need.
IS COMPUTING A PROFESSION?
by Dr. Robert P. Rich

What being in a profession implies, and how persons who engage in
computing and programming may eventually become professionals
if they really want to

associate publisher
PATRICK J. MCGOVERN

production manager
ANN B. BAKER

In Every Issue

art director

across the editor's desk

RAY W. HASS

fulfilment manager

WILLIAM J. MCMILLAN, 815 Washington St.
Newtonville, Mass. 02160, 617-DEcatur 2-5453

advertising representatives

New York 10018, BERNARD LANE
37 West 39 St., 212-BRyant 9-7281
Chicago 60611, COLE, MASON AND DEMING
737 N. Michigan Ave., 312-SU 7-6558

Los Angeles 90005, WENTWORTH F. GREEN
300 S. Kenmore Ave., 213-DUnkirk 7-8135
San Francisco 94105, A. S. BABCOCK
605 Market St., 415-YUkon 2-3954
Elsewhere, THE PUBLISHER
815 Washington St., 617-DEcatur 2-5453
Newtonville, Mass. 02160

COMPUTING AND DATA PROCESSING NEWSLETTER

editorial
The Progress in Programming Computers: Some Questions of Semantics
What's That Price Again, Sir?

rhroughput
30

15
46
48

The Personnel Development Problem -

August 1965

capital report
reference information
Calendar of Coming Events
Computer Census
New Patents, by Raymond R. Skolnick

index of notices
50
50

Advertising Index
Classified Advertisements

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COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION IS PUBLISHED MONTHLY AT 815 WASHINGTON ST., NEWTONVILLE, MASS. 02160, BY BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC. ADDITIONAL OffiCE OF PUBLICATION: 1657 WASHINGTON
PRINTED IN U.S.A. SUBSCRIPTION RATES: UNITED STATES, $15.00 FOR 1 YEAR, $29.00 FOR 2 YEARS, INCLUDING THE JUNE DIRECTORY ISSUE, CANADA, ADD 50. A YEAR FOR
......... POSTAGE, FOREIGN, ADD $3.50 A YEAR FOR POSTAGE. ADDRESS ALL EDITORIAL AND SUBSCRIPTION MAIL TO BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC•• 815 WASHINGTON ST., NEWTONVILLE. MASS .• 02160. SECOND
CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT HOLLISTON, MASS.

.~. ST .• HOLLISTON. MASS.

POSTMASTER: PLEASE SEND ALL FORMS 3519 TO BERKElEY ENTERPIISU, INC., I I ' WASHINGTON ST., NEWTONVILLE, MASS. 02160. © COPYRIGHT, 1965, BY BERKElEY ENTERPRISES, INC. CHANGE
O' ADDRUS: If TOUI ADDIES$ CHANGES, PLEASE SEND US BOTH YOUR NEW ADD lESS AND YOUR OLD ADDRESS (AS IT A'PEAIS ON THE MAGAZINE ADDRESS IMPRINT), AND .ALLOW THiEf WEEKS
FOR THE CHANGE fO BE MADE.
.

COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION, FOR AUGUST, 1965

Meet the "MB"
A 2-usec, all-silicon memory
system that meets rugged
environmental specifications
The Fabri·Tek Series MR memory system offers systems
designers the well·known Fabri·Tek Memory technology in a
new, ruggedized version using components meeting the
requirements of MIL·Std 242D. Capacities from 32 to 32,000
words of any bit length are available. Full cycle time is 2
microseconds. (A 8192 X 21·bit system is illustrated here with
the front door removed.)
The Series MR meets these environmental specifications:
0
0
• Operating temperature ... -40 C to +71 C
• Humidity ... meets humidity test procedure 1, Para. 4.4 of Mil-E-5272
• Shock ••. unit operates satisfactorily after being subjected to 15g of ac·
celeration having a duration of 11 msec in each direction of the 3
mutually perpendicular axes.
• Vibration ... unit operates satisfactorily after being subjected to vibration of
from 10 to 300 cps along each of the 3 mutually perpendicular
axes as follows: ± 2.5g acceleration from 10 to 36 cps, 0.036"
double amplitude from 36 to 46 cps, ± 4g acceleration from 46
to 300 cps.

Ruggedized, die·cast aluminum frames support circuit cards.
One card supports the adjacent card to resist severe shock
and vibration environments. Easily accessible test points are
brought out through the frame.
The memory stack assembly is removable. Lithium·ferrite
memory cores meet extreme temperature requirements so it
is not necessary to thermally compensate this stack for the
maximum temperature limit.
The compact power supply is easily accessible. All voltages
used can be adjusted in this section. Power supply transistors
are "wind tunnel" cooled.
I nstead of conventional printed·circuit board connectors, a
single parent board is used and the PC connectors form an
integral part of the parent board. System interwiring is all
"Wire· Wrap"*.
*T.M. Gardner-Denver Company

If your memory requirement calls for environmental ruggedizing, the Series MR may be just what you've been looking
for. Call, wire, or write Fabri-Tek Incorporated, Amery,
Wisconsin. Phone: COngress 8-7155 (Area 715). TWX:
510-376-1710.

FABRI-TEK
INCORPORATED

Circle No. 15

Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

c&a
EDITORIAL
•

The Progress In Programming Computers:
Some Questions of Semantics

In our last issue we published an article "Intelligent Machines and Hazy Questions" by Richard K. Overton. It contained a description of a computer program named AGILE
which simulates learning and generalizing, through, for example, conversational interaction with a human being. AGILE
illustrates the recent progress in programming computers to
deal with problems where either it is very tedious to explain
or else very difficult to be precise about what one wants as
an answer.
The work and examples described in Overton's article, and
similar work and examples of the last year or two, appear
to contradict many accepted dogmas of a few years ago in
the computer field. For example, in "A Guide to Algol Programming" by Daniel D. MacCracken, published by John
Wiley & Sons, New York, June, 1962, we find:
· . . The computer does not solve problems; it only
follows carefully defined computational procedures. (p. 4)
· .. In specifying a problem-solving procedure to a computer, ... everything must be specified in advance. (p. 5)
· .. A computer cannot exercise judgment unless it has
been provided with explicit directions for making a decision. (p. 5 )
· .. It must always be remembered that a computer has
no common sense. If you enter angles in degrees into a
computer system that has been set up to accept angles
in radians, the computer will blindly carry out the computations specified even though the results are meaningless.
Remarks of this kind raise the general question of the
meaning to be attached to sweeping statements, the semantics
of asserting as completely true some prjnciple which really
requires a restricted context in order for it to be true.
In a sense it is true that "The computer does not solve
problems." But "the programmed computer" certainly does
solve problems. And don't people usually mean "the programmed computer" when they say "the computer?"
In a sense it is true that "In specifying a problem-solving
procedure to a computer, . . . everything must be specified
in advance." But if you sit at the console, and interact with
the computer, using a comfortable programm;ng language
like LISP for example, surely you are not "specifying everything in advance." Instead, you are find:ng out where the
program is not behaving as you wish it would, and you are
correcting the program; and you may even arrange the program to be ready to respond a week from now to anyone of
a large number of different problems, to be presented then.
So, isn't it true. that usually part of a computer program is
specified in advance, while the rest of the computer program
is specified when one is ready to specify it?
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

In a sense it is true that "a computer cannot exercise judgment unless it has been provided with explicit directions for
making a decision." But isn't it often easily possible to supply
directions for making a hundred decisions or more, and then
isn't the computer exercising judgment?
In a sense it is true that "a computer has no common sense."
But common sense often consists of a set of a hundred or more
rules which a hl:lman being often knows, and which a human
programmer can know. Then, if the programmer cares to
take enough trouble, he can cause the computer program to
show "common sense" by inserting decisions according to
rules of common sense suitably into the program. So doesn't
the computer then display "common sense?"
For example, at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y., a programming system called CORC has been worked out, for
students and faculty to use, under which an unusually
complete programming system can make deductions about
what the user "probably meant" in case of a certain kind of
error. So the average number of runs for novices in order to
run their first program is reported to be 1.6! Doesn't this
kind of program display common sense, to a remarkable
degree, as well as judgment and helpfulness?
Talking of common sense, a great many human beings
seem to show a great lack of it. A file clerk in your office
is told to file folders in the order 52E, 52E(Aplns, 52E(Books,
52EA, 52EA(65; and you come back later and look, and the
folders are in the order 52E, 52EA, 52E (Books, 52E (Aplns,
52EA (65, which are in accordance neither with your instructions nor common sense. Or you ask your bookkeeper to tell
you the equivalent in U.S. money of $22.75 in Canadian
money and she tells you $24.57 in U.S. money; but you
know and she knows too that Canadian dollars are worth
less than U.S. dollars; her result contradicts common sense,
but on that occasion her common sense did not operate.
The moral of this argument is essentially that we need to
be careful if we are to say what is precisely true when we
talk about computers able or not able to solve problems, to
use judgment, and show common sense. With care and
thought, computers most certainly can be programmed to
deal reasonably with vague and changing information, and to
refer to a large set of sensible rules which we might call
common sense.

c.~
EDITOR

c~ter CRg.iRCCfS

YJiwyiwmmt~\

Pull yourself together.
Every now and then thoughtful engineers and programmers should review their
long range career objectives in reference to their daily work requirements.
All too easily, the two can become seriously out of phase.
To those who are reviewing their recent past progress, and surveying their probable
future, we offer an invitation to explore the professional opportunities at our
suburban Boston facilities.
The continued success of the Honeywell Series 200 computer systems has created
more positions than at any other time in our history, making this a most opportune
time to consider a career with Honeywell.
These opportunities span the entire spectrum of advanced hardware and software
technology, with emphasis in the following areas.

ENGINEERING
Logic Design D
Systems Design D
Microcircuit
Design & Packaging D
Component & Circuit Reliability D
Memory Development D
PROGRAMMING
Software Development D Automatic Language
Conversion D Documentation Writing D Liberator
Techniques D Commercial & Scientific Compiler
Development D Peripheral Systems D
Interested candidates should forward resumes to Mr. Edwin Barr

at 200 Smith Street, Dept. 8907, Waltham, Massachusetts.

Honeyw-ell
ELECTRONIC DATA PROCESSING

NOTE: ACM andWESCON interviews may be prearranged by calling Mr. Barr
(collect) on any weekday in Waltham at 617-891-8400.
Opportunities exist ill other Honeywell Divisions. Send rlfsumes to F. E. Laing, Honeywell, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55408.
An Equal Opportunity Employer

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

MARKET
REPORT
WHA T' S THA T PRIC E AGAIN, SIR?
The intense competition in the computer field has
made detailed market planning a necessity for any computer manufacturer that wishes to preserve the good will
of its stockholders no less its corporate shirt in the offering of a new computer system. However, even these detailed market plans often fail to foresee technical and
competitive developments that can threaten the market
life of a computer system.
When such developments do occur, the manufacturer has several market handles available for twisting
which can possibly boost the selling success of a computer system closer to intended goals.
What are these market handles? To see these
clearly, let's look through the eyes of a user evaluating
a proposed new computer system. This user would be
certain to judge the merits of the proposed new system
on at least the following five points:
(1) Performance - how good is the system rated
on strictly a unit performance basis? How
fast is the central processing time? How
effectively do the input/output control units
handle their jobs?
(2) Benchmark Problem Performance - how fast
will the proposed computer system in actual
operation execute the major applications that
the user has in mind? How effective is it in
a real-time application? How fast will it
process the user's major files?
(3) Software Support - .!low. good is the software
supplied by the manufacturer? How much of
it is available? What is its delivery schedule?
(4) Back-up Services - what kind of a reputation
does the manufacturer have for fulfilling his
promises on delivery of special services,
maintenance support, etc.?
(5) Price - what is the actual cost of the proposed
computer system?
Although price is listed here as the last factor,
this does not necessarily mean that it is the least important; in fact, each of the five factors frequently have
roughly equal importance in the decision to select computing equipment.
Within these five factors, the manufacturer has to
find the market adjustments he can make to achieve the
desired marketing goals on a computer system. The performance rating of the equipment is usually set in the re- .
search and development stage, and generally can only be
modestly modified after the computer reaches the market.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

The benchmark problem performance is basically dependent upon the rated performance of the various units
in the computer configuration, and therefore is subject
to only modest improvements. Software improvement
is a more continuous activity, but there is usually a considerable delay between the point :vhen a manufacturer
recognizes a marketing weakness in a capability of a particular software offering and the time when he can introduce an improved one to the customer or potential customer. This time lag is often a year or more. Reputation is probably the most lethargic of entities, and the
manufacturer can not expect to change substantially his
reputation in the field during the marketing life of a
particular computer system. This leaves the last area
of price as the one area in which the manufacturer has
considerable competitive flexibility which he can use with
a short response time.
One way of doing this, of course, is to offer direct
price reductions. However in the computer field the more
frequent and more subtle approach is to selectively adjust
the price of and promote the incorporation of certain peripheral devices on to installed computer systems. This
is because the percentage of profit in peripheral devices
varies considerably. Some peripheral devices are conSiderably more profitable than the central processor.
And the percentage of the rental cost of the sys tem represented by peripheral devices can range from 40% on
large-scale systems to nearly 80% on small-scale systems. These peripheral devices include the card reader
punch, printer, magnetic tape transports, data communications terminals, data collection equipment, and external
memory devices such as disc files and disc packs.
The selling success of individual peripheral devices themselves are not price sensitive to the same degree. For example, card handling equipment, paper
tape equipment, and printers are relatively insensitive
to price because a configuration usually needs one and only
one of these units. However peripheral devices which vary
the performance or the capacity of the system such as
magnetic tape transports, data communications terminals,
disc packs, disc files, data collection units, etc., are
quite price sensitive. A 20% reduction in the cost of a
magnetic tape transport might well result in a 20-30%
increase in the sale of this unit to customers. Manufacturers will watch the market acceptance of these
peripheral devices closely, and when a manufacturer
adjusts his price on these units, he is probably reacting
to supply and demand considerations.

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r·--."" . 'E- 'ANNUAL COMPUTER ART CONTEST
I'

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*:-- ~

OF "COMPUTERS AND AUTOMA TION"

The front cover of our August issue is awarded to an entry by A. Michael
Noll, Research Engineer, of Newark, N. J., entitled "Computer Composition with
Li nes" . He sa ys :
The positions of the vertical and horizontal bars have been
chosen at random with the constraint that the positions must
fall inside a circle.
The length and width of the bars was
chosen at random within a specified range.
If the position
of the bar fell within a parabolic region in the upper half
of the circle, the length of the bar was shortened by a factor proportional to the distance of the position from
the
edge of the parabolic region. The motivation for this type
of pattern came from Piet Mondrian' s "Composition wi th
Lines", 1917, now in the possession of the Rijkmuseum
. Kroller-Muller, Otterlo, The Netherlands.
Four other computer art drawings are also included in our August issue
with honorable mention. Each is explained with some notes next to the picture
of the drawing.
Next year we expect to run this contest again, and we invite contributions
of computer art from interested readers.

NEUTRON FLUX DISTRIBUTION
by D. J. DiLeonardo, Westinghouse
Electric Corp., Bettis Atomic Power
Laboratory, West Mifflin, Pa. 15122

When studying the physics behavior of a nuclear
reactor, the neutron diffusion equation in two dimensions is solved by finite difference techniques to
determine the neutron flux (the product of the neutron density and velocity) and power density at various locations in the reactor core.
Typical problems may consist of a mesh containing 5000 points.
To help interpret and digest the mass of data
generated by the physics calculations, a FORTRAN
program has been written to draw isometric plots of
the data using a Calcomp Plotter.
Here is a plot obtained from a sample twodimensional diffusion equation calculation. It shows
the distribution of the neutron flux below
electron-volt in a vertical r-z slice through a fuel
module assembly of cylindrical geometry.
The orientation of the plot is shown in the figure below:

T P
Center
of cylinder

Outer surface
of cylinder
_

Bottom

In addition to its quantitative value
seems to possess a certain artistic value.

the plot

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

TESTING PATTERN
by California Computer Products, Inc.
Anaheim, Ca lif.
This is one of the patterns used for
testing the operation of the Calcomp
Plotter.

r---

.--

=
-

VERTICAL-HORIZONTAL NO. 3
by A. Michael Noll
101 randomly selected points (with x-coordinate less than
the y-coordinate) were connected by vertical and horizontal line segments to form a single line.
The lines were
determined under the condition that only one of the two
coordinates was changed (alternatingly) from one point to
the next.

L..-

-;.

L..-

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I
©

AMN 1965

GAUSSIAN QUADRATIC
by A. Michael Noll
The horizontal positions of the end points of
the line segments have a Gaussian or normal curve
distribution; the vertical positions increase quadratically, until they reach the top, except that
when any vertical position measured is greater
than the constant height, then the constant height
is subtracted. The result is a line that starts at
the bottom of the drawing and randomly zigzags to
the top in continually increasing steps;
at the
top, the line is translated to the bottom to once
again continue its rise.
©

At.4N 1965

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

SOME PROGRAMMER-EMPLOYER PROBLEMS:
A Report from the Field

Ned Chupin
Data Processing Consultant
Menlo Park, Calif.

I t was a one-inch item:
Programer. Expanding aerospace company has opening for programer with 1401 tape experience. Good
salary, modern benefit program, and convenient location. A growth opportunity. Apply to Mr. Jones, XYZ
Company, Suburb. An equal-opportunity employer.

Not an exceptional advertisement, true, but rather one that
seemed average enough to show the operation of the programer-employer relationship in the market place. In order
to get data on some of the actual personnel problems in
data processing, I contacted the XYZ Company and obtained
permission to interview the Data Processing Supervisor, and
to contact those who responded to the advertisement. Most
of the persons responding were interviewed.
This report summarizes four interviews: with the Data
Processing Supervisor, who outlined the characteristics of the
job and the person sought to fill it; with two of the unsuccessful applicants; and with the one successful applicant. The
report closes with a summary of some major programer-employer problems illustrated by the experiences brought out in
these interviews.*

The Supervisor's View
Interviewer: Could you please describe the job you have
open?
Supervisor, Mr. Jones: We have a 16K IBM-1401 tape
system which we recently upgraded from a card system. We
work on a closed-shop basis here and have seven programers.
We are not a large company yet but we have important
contacts in the aerospace field and are growing. Our up*The work on which this report is based was done in mid-1964, but it
is believed to be still representative. All personal and identifying data
have been altered in this report to protect the privacy of the persons and
firms involved.

graded computer capability helps us obtain contracts and
to meet them successfully.
Because we do work for all parts of the company, the job
we have open is one of considerable challenge. It offers
a great deal of variety. It is difficult to forecast what the
programing assignments will be from one month to the next:
product development, simulation, accounting we have
a variety.
Interviewer: What about salary and working conditions?
Supervisor: We work an 8 to 5 day here; our programers
share offices two or three to an office. We supply key-punch
service for punching programs and test data, and computer
operators for making runs. The programer need not waste
his own time and our machine time running the computer,
but we like to have the programer around when his program
is being tested.
As to salary, we would like to hire at about $600 for this
job, and after six months raise the man to about $675. After
that, the raises would depend upon merit. \Ve have a very
up-to-date health insurance and life insurance program. \Ve
have an ample parking lot, and are close to the expressway.
Interviewer: What sort of a person are you looking for to
fill this job?
Supervisor: We want someone with aerospace experience
because part of our growth depends upon our ability to
offer computer service to other parts of our organization.
\Ve would like a man between 28 and 35 who holds a BS
in engineering or mathematics and has some business training
too. He should have had 4 to 6 years of experience as an
engineer or in accounting, preferably in the aerospace industry. He should have two or more years of programing
experience with at least one year of that time on a 1-101
tape system. He should get along well with people and have
initiative and drive. I hate having to supervise a man closely.
He ought to be a real self-starter who can turn out a good
piece of work rapidly, accurately, and fully documented.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

Tnterviewer: How is it that this position has become open
at this time?
Supervisor: Things have been a little slack of late and we
recently lost a programer who left to take a job with the
ABC Company. So we need a replacement. The way things
look business will be picking up, and soon I will be looking
for additional programing help if things work out the way we
expect. If I call find them, I'll hire two now, and be ready.
Interviewer: What recruitment aids are you using?
Supervisor: We are advertising in the newspaper, and from
past experience that will probably work. If we don't get an
adequate response within two weeks and have not filled the
position, then we will list it with one of the personnel agencies
specializing in types of computer personnel. But I don't
think we will have to resort to that.
Unsuccessful Applicant F/s View
Interviewer: Tell me about your experience in responding
to the XYZ Company's advertisement for a programer.
Applicant F: I called up and made an appointment for
an interview with Mr. Jones and went out to see him at
the time specified. They have a nice place out there; it is
easy to get to, the parking is good, but the offices looked
a bit stark. They have a tape 1401 but I didn't sec any of
the programers using it. It seemed to be tied up on a production run when I was there.
Mr. Jones was very nice to me and showed me around. But
he didn't seem to think much of my qualifications and the
interview didn't last very long, although he said he would
let me know if they wanted me.
Interviewer: Tell me about your qualifications.
Applicant F: I have a bachelor's degree in chC'mistry which
I earned just after World War II. I got married during my
senior year and never went on to graduate school because of
starting a family. But my three children are now in high
school and don't need as much of my time as before and
the housework takes only a little time. I could easily hold
down a job and still meet my family's requirements and the
money sure would help with college expenses which will be
starting in the Fall for my oldest son. For the last couple
of years, I have been looking around for things that I could
do. My husband, who is an accountant, suggested computers.
I took one of the classes given by that AA trade school that
advertises in the transit buses, and I finished their 1401 programing course.
I have been looking for a job ever since, but all I have
found is some overload programing work on an IBM-1620
which I have been doing off and on for the last year for
the MNP Optics Company. I got that because I know the
wife of one of the engineers over there and they said they
would give me a try. But they do not need another programer.
Interviewer: What did Mr. Jones say about your qualifications?
Applicant F: He was curious why I was applying for the
job at all when I had so little experience. So I stressed to him
that I was willing to learn, that I had had some experience
with the IBM-1620, and that at the AA trade school, I was
the best in my 1401 class.
Mr. Jones also said that I didn't have any experience in
the aerospace industry and he didn't seem to think that a
B.S. in chemistry would help his company very much. And
he said since my degree was so long ago, he thought I must
be pretty rusty even in my mathematics. Mr. Jones also
did not seem to think much of people who got certificates
from the AA trade school. He said something about none of
them were any good and I felt pretty bad about that. I
thought I learned a lot there. He also said something about
how they would prefer a man for the job so they would
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

Ned Chapin received his Ph.D. in Business and Economics from Illinois Inst. of Technology in 1959. He
had five years of experience in data processing and
operations research with Stanford Research Inst. (195661), and has been a consultant in data processing since
1961. He is the author of two books and dozens of
articles and papers.
have someone who would not have to be taking off for
PTA meetings and the like. He doesn't seem to know that
PTA meetings come at night.
Interviewer: Wauld you be willing to demonstrate your
abilities by taking a test designed to measure programing aptitude, and to do a short tape 1401 programing task from
start to finish?
On the aptitude test, the applicant scored at the A level.
She had the programming task debugged and running in 3 Yt
hours. The same aptitude test and programing task were
presented to all the applicants I interviewed.

Unsuccessful Applicant Mis Views
Interviewer: Tell me about your experience in responding
to the XYZ Company's advertisC'ment for a programer.
Applicant M: I called up for an appointment and went out
to see Mr. Jones. He showed me around the place - they
have a nice layout there. We went over my qualifications
but he didn't seem to think much of them. He said he was
looking for a man with more experience.
Interviewer: Tell me about your qualifications.
Applicant M: I got my start in data proressing in the
Air Force where I worked as a tab operator. After a while,
I began to pick up 1401 programing. I used to help the
programers debug their programs.
I am' 26 now and I have been out of the Air Force for
almost a year. At present, I am working as an engineering
aid trainee in an electronics plant but until I got that job,
I filled in with a few odd jobs 'that I found. The only data
processings jobs that I have been able to find so far are
tab jobs. I do not want to do that again.
Interviewer: Tell me more about your education.
Applicant M: I have had almost two years of college,
but I never had to study in high school and college was easy
too. It never really interested me. So that is why I joined
the Air Force. I will be getting. married soon, however, and
I am going to go back to school at nights and get a degree.
To do that I need a job first.
In order to get a job, I have been studying the 1401
Manual and I took a course at the Community college on
the 1401. I got an A and I was doing work well beyond
what any of the other students were doing. But that sure
didn't seem to impress Mr. Jones.
Mr. Jones said he was looking for a man with a college
degree, not a college dropout even if he did get an A in a
programing course. I pointed out to him that I had a lot
of experience in the Air Force, but he says that was tab
experience and not programing and he wasn't going to
count it.
Interviewer: What was Mr. Jones' attitude?
Applicant M: When he learned about my education, he
really didn't take me seriously after that. He did ask about
my background experience and wanted to know if I had
done any aerospace work. I told him the Air Force was
the closest I had gotten to that, and he thought that was
funny. I was pretty disappointed about not really being given
a chance to show what I could do. I feel I could do a good
job for XYZ Company. The 1401 is a nice machine to
work with but he just didn't seem to take me seriously.

Interviewer: Would you be willing to demonstrate your
abilities by taking a test designed to measure programing
aptitude, and to do a short tape 1401 programing task from
start to finish?
On the aptitude test, the applicant scored at the A lew!.
He had the programing task debugged and running in 2Y2
hours.

hired a programer whose qualifications look good when bted
as part of a proposal seeking contracts. The "window dressing" in a proposal generally is silent on programing competence. The impression of competence in a progr~ming staff
may be more valuable to some employers than~l_ctually having
competence in a programing staff.

Job-Hopping
Successful Applicant S's View
Interviewer: Tell me about your experience in responding
to the XYZ Company's advertisement for a programer.
Applicant S: I called up, made an appointment, and went
over to see Mr. Jones. He seemed to like my qualifications.
He called and offered me the job later that same day. I
will start there the first of the month.
Interviewer: Tell me about your qualifications.
Applicant S: The thing Mr. Jones seemed to like best was
that I have had experience in the aerospace industry as an
engineer. After I got my engineering degree six years ago,
I went to work to avoid the draft for one of the major aircraft companies near home as an engineer. I started in ground
support and moved into checkout systems. I never cared
very much for the work: it was pretty dull and I think 1
was mostly "on the stock pile." But one of the things I did
do was learn FORTRAN programing. Then about 2Y2 years
ago, I was laid off. I couldn't find any job near home; so
we moved here where the job opportunities were better. Within a month, I found work as a 1401 operator. I did some
programing in FORTRAN, and gradually branched out into
SPS. After about seven months as an operator, they promoted
me to programer, and I worked there as a programer for
about 13 months. They would not give me a raise, however;
so I hunted up my present job as a programer which I have
held for the last ten months.
The major thing they didn't like about my qualifications
was that I had no experience with tape systems. My present
employer has only a card 1401. I have been to two of
IBM's schools on 1401, one of them covering tape, and I
am presently taking a course in systems at night.
Interviewer: What about salary and job assignment?
Applicant S: In my present position,_ I am making $625 so
when he first offered me $600 I told him nothing doing. But
he right away upped the offer to $685 and I accepted. He
said I would likely get a raise within a year if they liked
my work. Mr. Jones explained that the work consists of a
great variety of stuff, and that he had no idea what my assignment would be from month to month. But to start with, I
would be assigned to help revise an inventory cost program
that is presently in use.
Interviewer: Would you be willing to demonstrate your
abilities by taking a test designed to measure programing
aptitude, and to do a short tape 1401 programing task from
start to finish?
On the aptitude test, the applicant scored at the D level.
He worked for just under six hours on the task, and then
left it, explaining that that was all the time he could devote
to it. It was not debugged adequately enough to run.

Some programers make it a habit to flit from job to job.
They spend a year or so on a job and then start looking for
a new one. The reason for seeking a change they most commonly give is that their present employer will not give them
more than a token raise, but that another employer will give
them a higher salary immediately. They get their raises,
and often fat ones by changing employers. This increases
personnel turnover. It is significant that the personnel who
are least able to job-hop are those with the least impressivelooking qualifications. For example, persons without a college
degree find it more difficult to job-hop than do college
graduates.

Men vs. Women
Some employers appear to prefer men to women for illdocumented reasons. Some claim that women are less satisfactory programers because their first attention goes to their
families - they are not as committed or motivated to give
their all for their employer. Yet typically most employers pay
their female programers less than they pay their male programers for what appears to be equivalent work. The women
typically do not have such fine sounding n~sum~s or as much
experience. But if female programers can be hired for salaries
lower than for males for equivalent work, are employers
perhaps getting a bargain in terms of programing work accomplished?

Programer Competence
Evaluating programer competence is a problem. Recommendations are often worth little because some employers
give a good recommendation to an incompetent to get rid
of him. Tests, although often adequate as to reliability, are
generally weak on validity - this is certainly true of the two
most common programer aptitude tests in use today. Using
a test of weak validity and strong reliability is like driving
a car with a stuck gas gage; it gives one a feeling of confidence to see the needle up near full all the time, but that
feeling of confidence is of little aid in getting the car going
again when the tank goes empty while the gage still shows
near full. Performance on a sample programing task is subject to wide differences in response. Everyone has an off day
once in a while. The particular task may strike an applicant's
strong or weak points and the applicant may do correspondingly poorly or well in contrast to his normal level of performance. And the weakness of an interview for evaluating
a skill has been well documented.

The Applicant's Experience
"Window Dressing" in Contract Proposals
The experiences of these three applicants with the XYZ
Company illustrate some important personnel problems in
data processing, but leave many untouched. Let us list briefly
some that are illustrated.
Does an employer want a programer who performs as a
programer or does he want a programer who looks like a
programer? In terms of programing capability, this employer
appears to have hired a weak programer. But this employer

How valuable to an employer is the applicant's experience?
The applicant who claims experience is usually valued and
preferred above the applicant who through honesty or modesty
does not claim experience. The real question the employer
must face, however, is not "Does the applicant have experience
in a particular area?", but rather "Has the applicant learned
something of value to the employer from the experience?"
Having existed or survived through a situation for a time
does not mean the person has learned something of value to
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

a prospective employer from that experience. But employers
typically rely on a claimed quantity and duration of experience
rather than upon the applicant's learning from the experience
because the first can be more easily verified and has at least
given the opportunity for learning.

The Worth of Education
How much is education worth in lieu of experience? Some
employers accept training by a manufacturer, but not by a
community college or by a private trade school. Some want
university training; some want some combination. But again,
exposure is a poor "index of learning; yet it is what the applicant has learned that is of value to the employer.

Cost of Programer Turnover
The cost of programer turnover is linked to the costs of
training and break-in. A new programer at any installation
has to learn the ways the particular installation likes to have
work done. The programer has to adopt new work habits.
This will not happen overnight, and impairs programer
efficiency during the break-in period. Often new programers
at an installation go through an on-the-job training period,

or are sent to a manufacturer's or other school for a period
of weeks. Yet the employer usually has to hire a new employee at a salary close to what he was paying for the employee who left, in the case of turnover. And employers
universally complain about the high salaries they must pay
for programers. Yet if they paid more in direct salary increases, would turnover, training, and break-in costs be reduced enough to pay the cost?

Conclusion
In making this report, it has been my objective not so
much to offer solutions, but rather to point to the existence
of significant problems in programer-employer relationships.
Typically, employers by their behavior indicate that they
have taken de facto positions on such problems. To an outside observer, these positions may appear based upon faulty
evidence.
In defense of the employer, it must be said that most
employers are in business to make a profit, and once they
find a way to do something, they are reluctant to change.
To persuade them to change usually implies showing them
that their present stands "needlessly cost them money.

CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS
Aug. 13-14, 1965: 8th Annual Northwest Computer Conference,
Olympic Hotel, Seattle, Wash.; contact Grant W. Erwin, Jr.,
Box 836, Seahurst, Wash.
Aug. 14-Sept. 6, 1965: National Science Foundation Conference on Digital Computers for College Teachers of Science,
Mathematics and Engineering Univ. of Southwestern Louisiana, Lafayette, La.; contact Dr. James R. Oliver, Director,
USL Computing Center, Box 133, USL Station, Lafayette,
La. 70506
Aug. 23-27, 1965: 6th International Conference on Medical
Elec. & Biological Engineering, Tokyo, Japan; contact Dr.
L. E. Flory, RCA Labs., Princeton, N. J.
Aug. 24-26, 1965: Association for Computing Machinery, 20th
National Meeting, Sheraton-Cleveland Hotel, Cleveland,
Ohio; contact Lev.;is Winner, 152 W. 42 St., New York,
N. y. 10036
Aug. 24-27, 1965: WESCON, Cow Palace, San Francisco,
Calif.; contact IEEE L. A. Office, 3600 Wilshire Blvd., Los
Angeles, Calif.
Sept. 8-10, 1965: Industrial Electronics & Control Instrumentation Conference, Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa.; contact
Lewis Winner, 152 W. 42 St., New York, N. Y. 10036
Sept. 20-23, 1965: Second Systems Engineering Conference &
Exposition, McCormick Place, Chicago, Ill.; contact Clapp &
Poliak, Inc., 341 Madison Ave., New York, N. Y. 10017
Sept. 22-24, 1965: UNIVAC Users Association Annual Fall
Conference, Hilton Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.; contact Bruce M.
Wallis, O. E. McIntyre Inc., Prospect Ave., Westbury,
N. Y. 11590
Oct., 1965: International Symposium on Economics of Automatic Data Processing, Rome, Italy; contact Symposium on
Economics of ADP, International Computation Centre,
Casella Postale No. 10053, Rome, Italy
Oct. --1--7, 1965:" 20th Annual ISA Instrument-Automation Conference & Exhibit, Sports Arena, Los Angeles, Calif.; contact
Public Relations Dept., Instrument Society of America, PennSheraton Hotel, 530 Wm. Penn Pl., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15219
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

Oct. 27-29,1965: Second National Conference on EDP Systems for State and Local Governments, N. Y. University
Graduate School of Public Administration, New York, N. Y.;
contact Prof. Herman G. Berkman, Graduate School of Public'
Administration, N. Y. Univ., 4 Washington Sq., No., New
York, N. Y. 10003
Nov. 1-3, 1965: International Systems Meeting, Palmer House,
Chicago, Ill.; contact Richard L. Irwin, Exec. Dir., Systems
and Procedures Association, 7890 Brookside Dr., Cleveland
38, Ohio
Nov. 2-5, 1965: GUIDE International (User Organization for
Large Scale IBM EDP Machines) Meeting, Jung Hotel,
New Orleans, La.; contact Lois E. Mecham, Secretary,
GUIDE International, c/o United Servic~s Automobile Assoc.,
4119 Broadway, San Antonio, Tex. 78215
Nov. 3-5, 1965: Data Processing Management Association Fall
International Conference, Adolphus Hotel, Dallas, Tex.; contact R. Calvin Elliott, Exec. Dir., DPMA, 524 Busse Highway,
Park Ridge, Ill. 60068
Nov. 10-16, 1965: INTERKAMA (International Congress and
Exhibition of Measuring Instruments and Automation) ; contact Nordwestdeutsche Ausstellungs- und Messe-Gesellschaft
mbH - NOWEA -, DUsseldorf, MessegeHinde
Nov. 16-18, 1965: Fall Joint Computer Conference, Ambassador Hotel, Los Angeles, Calif.; contact Phyllis Huggins,
Public Information Director, AFIPS, P.O. Box 55, Malibu,
Calif.
May 3-5, 1966: British Joint Computer Conference, Congress
Theatre, Eastbourne, Sussex, England; contact Public Relations Officer, Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place,
London, W.C.2, England
May 30-June 1, 1966: National Conference of the Computing
and Data Processing Society of Canada, Banff Springs Hotel,
Banff, Alberta, Canada; contact Mr. K. R. Marble, Mgr.,
Systems and Computer Services Dept., Western Region, Imperial Oil Ltd., Calgary

PERSONNEL PROBLEMS IN DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS:
The Approach of Top Management

Harvey W. Protzel
H. W. Protzel and Co., Inc.
St. Louis, Mo. 63105

Misplacement of Personnel
A good percentage of the personnel doing work in data
processing and systems today should not be in those fields.
What is resulting from this misplacement of personnel?
Excessive company operating costs; dissatisfied employees (in
data processing, systems work, and all related functional
areas); and frustrated manufacturers of data processing equipment, who are spending billions of dollars on research and
production only to find their equipment misused, partially
used, or blamed for problems which are not the fault of the
machines (the machines cannot talk back). N or can the
salesman talk back, because few salesmen dare take the liberty
of arguing with the customer who is paying for his livelihood.
As the use of data processing equipment increases, which,
of course, is a certainty, the problems involved multiply. The
seriousness of the situation can be illustrated with this one,
most indicative, example: The top executives of many companies are making important operating decisions based
upon reports received from their data processing equipment.
In all my experience, I have yet to find an executive receiving
management reports who could assure me that his reports
were accurate or that they could not be redesigned to permit
him better utilization.
Is this the fault of the machines? How could it be? Is
this the fault of the machine personnel or the systems men?
Indirectly, it seems to be. However, I have to put 100% of
the blame on the top executives for three reasons:
1. They have not made certain that the personnel selected
for operating their machines, designing their reports,
and developing their systems should actually be selected
for these jobs.
2. They have not given the proper training to their data
processing and systems personnel.

3. They have not made certain that their reports were
properly designed, all-inclusive, and completely accurate;
they have substantially accepted what was given to them.
Let us pursue each of these "accusations" in greater detail.

Personnel Selection -

Tests

We can all agree that the need for mach:ne operators,
computer programers, and systems personnel is acute and
becoming worse. I know companies that will hire, on the
spot, anyone that has seen a computer or who has an uncle
that has taught him the word "modular" or "binary." The
thinking is that, "This person is not completely ignorant of
machines and therefore he can be trained." But, can he be
or should he be? The training cost alone is not small.
International Business Machines Corp. has developed an
excellent test to determine the technical potential of a person.
Richard Wessler, our chief psychologist, has been permitted
the use of this test on numerous occasions. He has told me
that, although he has tests which will give him substantially
the same type of results, he prefers to use IBM's test because
it has been specifically designed for the purpose and is, therefore, most desirable. This test is available to every IBM
customer. How many executives have taken advantage of its
availability and insisted upon its use? Only a relatively few.

Business Experience
Technical potential and knowledge is essential, of course,
for data processing personnel. But, if they are going to be
of much value there are other things that they should also
know, such as accounting and general business principles.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

Harvey W. Protzel is president of his own firm, H. W.
Protzel Inc., Consultants to Top Management, in St.
Louis, Mo. He has had 25 years of experience in the
field and 14 years of experience as a consultant.

Systems men should not only know these things but should
also have extensive and diversified business experience: experience in a number of different types of businesses and
various functional areas of any business.
One needs only to look through the want ads in the Wall
Street Joumal and the local newsp:tpers to discover what most
executives have decided is sufficient experience for the company's systems: "One to three years of systems experience"
is called for in more than 90% of the cases. Does it seem
intelligent for a company to trust the cost and metbods of
their operations to a person with "one to three years" of
experience? What does this person know about the running
of a company on an overall company-wide, properly controlled and functionally coordinated basis? I have never seen
an ad state that a working knowledge regarding the requirements for good internal controls was necessary. Yet, most
companies are losing an untold number of dollars due to
internal control weaknesses.

Employment Standards
People are getting into data processing because there is an
increasing need and because they want jobs. If the right
people are to be placed in these jobs for the good of the
company· (and for the people themselves), the company
executives must be properly selective. They must set up
employment standards regarding background, experience,
technical ability or potential, and:.personal characteristics.
They will be in a much better positioll for a successful operation if they hire personnel with the proper potential and
characteristics than if they hire people with experience who
are actually not suited for data processing or systems work.
The former, if properly trained, could become valuable employees. The latter will prove themselves to be of little
value.

Personal Characteristics
A person's background and experience can be determined
very easily. His technical ability and potential can be determined to a worthwhile degree by tests such as the one
previously mentioned. But, what about his personal characteristics? Can interviewing do the job adequately? The
answer is yes - but only if one is lucky.
A number of years ago, when directing the implementation
of a computer operation, the client asked me to select a
supervisor for them. I grilled a good number of experienced
data processing supervisors and selected a man who knew all
of the answers. He appeared to me to be a top-notch supervisor. He had, it was soon discovered, only one problem:
he could not perform. He knew what to do and how but
wasn't able to do it. This, of course, was most embarrassing
for me since I had recommended the man. However, I made
certain that this mistake was never repeated. Such a mistake
often leads one to better things. I was led to psychological
testing.

selection of executives and salesmen. Therefore, it occurred
to me that, since data processing and systems work was becoming increasingly important to more and more companies,
perhaps the selection of this type of personnel warranted this
special attention. I tried a psychologist a few times and
found his efforts to be of such great value that I brought
him into my firm.
What is psychological testing? It is not, as some people
have decided, the meanderings of a "head shrinker." Psychological tests are scientifically based and provide systematic
information which are "pictures" of the individual. Characteristic requirements for the job (and any future possibilities
that management wishes considered) are determined and the
psychologist selects the battery of tests which will lead to
the desired results.
His report aids management in determining if the person
is suited for the job and, if so, how he can be made most
productive in the shortest period of time. It also indicates
the area in which the person's future should be directed and
how he can best be helped to grow. Psychological testing is
something that many people fear, but if used properly by
management, it can only help.

Employment by Hunch
Here is an experience where psychological tests were not
used: a company had hired and fired two machine supervisors within a short period of time. Not wishing to go
through this costly and disturbing experience again, the president decided to utilize our psychological testing in order to
be able to learn more about the job applicants before he
hired one.
We tested some men; but none of these did he want to
hire because each had certain characteristics which he felt
were not desirable (to him, personally). One day, in sudden
desperation, he hired a supervisor whom he enjoyed talking
with (no testing). The machine salesman later told me that
the president had stated, "I like this man and I'll be darned
if I'm going to let Protzel get hold of him and maybe keep
me from hiring him." The man lasted only two months, and
we were brought back to complete what we had started. That
is, to find a machine supervisor compatible with this type of
company president.

Personnel Training - Turning Supervisory
Potential into Supervisors
Many current machine supervisors and systems department
supervisors are performing inadequately. Although the reason
in some instances may be that they do not have supervisory
ability, this is not always so. Even if a man is tested and is
found to have supervisory potential, it could be many years
before he has learned enough, through trial and error and at
a cost to the company, to be able to do a good job of supervising his department.
What is the answer? Supervisory training for the people
that are, or will some day be, responsible for some of the
company's personnel. Many large companies provide this
training - all companies could. We have even accomplished
this by holding classes for a group of very small companies
who recognized the need and value, and got together for this
purpose.

Education about the Company's Operations
Psychological Testing
I had known that psychological testing was being used by
a number of progressive companies as a material aid in their
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for July, 1965

Some time ago, a large company was concerned about
their computer department and the activities of their systems

(Please turn to page 29)
17

EMPLOYMENT I EDUCATION
AND THE INDUSTRIAL SYSTEM
Prof· John Kenneth Galbraith
Harvard Univ.
Cambridge, Mass.

The Chances of Keeping Unemployment Down
The accepted test of successful economic policy in our time
is the level of employment. That production of seemingly
rather unimportant things is important is fairly well agreed.
But that a high level of employment is vital is beyond dispute.
We proudly tell of how much labor-saving machinery we
have. But we measure success by how well we employ the
labor that is saved. This means not only that recessions must
be prevented but that there must be a rate of expansion sufficient to employ the annual increments to the labor force.
If unemployment remains below a certain minimum - in the
United States perhaps three to five per cent of the labor force
and elsewhere less - economic policy by common consent is
a success. If unemployment rises much above this level, it
is not. There is a strong likelihood that, in the future, we shall
produce things of increasing unimportance. And we shall d0
so with more and more machinery. What are our chances
of keeping down unemployment and thus making our economic policy a success?
The prospect is not, I think, entirely bright. For it is one
of the less agreeable tendencies of the modern industrial
system that success along some dimensions causes failure
along others. The technical virtuosity which serves us well
in some respects will cause problems as regards employment.
The problem will be increasingly difficult the more advanced
the industrial system. It will be easier for Australia than
Western Europe and easier in Europe than the United States.

The Environment of the Modern
Industrial System
The modern industrial system strongly shapes its own environment. This includes the institutions and arrangements
with which it is supplied the requisites or factors of production - capital, labor and materials. The role of different
factors, notably of capital and manpower, have changed and, in highly significant fashion, the position and prestige
of their sources of supply have also changed.

The Days when High-Level Talent is Decisive

which the modern large corporation supplies to itself from
retained earnings. Except for service to the community or
exceptional eccentricity in the pursuit of business the
hiring of Japanese wrestlers to perform in the banking chambers, the provision of massage, or the purchase of abstract art
- no American banker is now known beyond his immediate
financial community.
On the other hand, in all industrial economies there has
been growing concern about the quality of men available for
employment. This becomes increasingly acute in the case
of more sophisticated production in the more advanced
economies.
The decisive problem in launching a new and comparatively
technical enterprise by an established corporation in the
modern industrial society is not where the money will come
from. That capital will be available for a promising profit
from an established enterprise can be assumed. The question
is where the requisite higher-level talent can· be located. The
banker cultivates the corporation to seek a market for his
funds; the corporate employer goes to the college and university in search of talent. Access to capital was once a factor
in the location of the industrial enterprise; ready access to
technology has now become a far more important consideration. For some years now we have been in an orgy of concern for the quality of education in the United States. This
has commonly been attributed to a new and pervasive age
of intellectual enlightenment. In fact it reflects, preeminently,
the changed character and needs of the industrial. system.
Once the banker and industrialist sat on the college board in
order to compensate for academic incompetence in practical
affairs as well of course, as to dampen heresy. Now such
honor~ are a 'useful liaison with the sources of technical
and scientific talent. The academic scientist and engineer
provides guidance through the mysteries of modern technology
to the corporation of his choice; and helps the simple man
of affairs to understand the implications of modern science.
Were capital again to become scarce, bankers would again
become men of distinction and investment bankers, the senior
partners of brokerage houses and even life insurance presidents would live in their glow. For the foreseeable future,
however, they are doomed to fall ever more deeply into the
shadow of the physicist and engineer.

The rise of modern technology produces a radical change
in these relationships. The banker becomes a convenience and
not a power; he now competes to supplement the savings

The Days when Capital was Decisive
and Labor Plentiful

(Based on a talk given at the International Congress on
Human Relations, Melbourne, Australia, May 3, 1965)

In the early days of the industrial system, when capital
was decisive, banks were institutions of marked prestige and
the stock market was a focal point of the culture. In the

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

United States the greater among the bankers and investment
bankers - Cooke, Drexel, Morgan, Mellon, Lamont - were
among the folk heroes of their time. Those who managed
enterprises - in the manner of Judge Gary for Morgan or
the latter-day Gates for Rockefeller - had something of the
status of servants. In Australia and Japan until this century
industrial enterprises were the proclaimed satellites of one
bank or another. Elsewhere the power of Marx's finance
capital over the enterprise - broadly speaking, the banking
fraternity - might be debated but no one argued that it was
inconsiderable. The belief of Soviet traditionalists and nostalgic American and European liberals in the ultimate power
of capital has not, even yet, been entirely shaken.
The counterpart of the prestige, associated with the provision of capital, was the small interest in the supply of labor.
This was a brutish and available mass. In its early stages,
by lowering the reliance on traditional skills, it seems possible
that the factory system substantially reduced and homogenized
the qualifications required in the labor force. The manual
dexterity and training of handicraft production were no longer
needed; instead only physical stamina and patience were
needed to conform to the pace and repetitive needs of the
machine. A muscular illiterate was more employable, on the
whole, than a feeble scholar.

Demand for Talent
The most critical ~emands for talent come from the upper
technical and specialized strata of the industrial enterprise.
Other factors deepen these technical and specialized strata
and reduce relatively the demand for blue collar labor and
especially those of lowest qualification.
One influence is simply the changing relation of the factors
of production and the general advance of technology. With
high incomes and continuing prosperity, savings and capital
are becoming increasingly abundant. And technology is opening new channels to its use. In consequence, factor substitution in power of capital and against labor proceeds at a rapid
pace. It is the most predictable of developments in an age
of capital abundance.
It does not, however, have a uniform effect on labor supply.
Simple repetitive physical effort is most readily replaced by
machines; this means that the industrial system dispenses
increasingly with that part of the working force which sells
only physical effort unguided by significant intelligence.
It is true that numerous machine operations - such sensorymanipulative operations as, for example, the guidance of a
power shovel or dump truck - must still be under the control
of a man. And Jor these, educational requirements are not
high. But it is also being said that there is no point in
automating processes that can be accomplished more cheaply
by manpower. 1 Thus it is held, both technology and economics
combine to insure a continuing demand for more modestly
qualified workers. This is not necessarily SO.2
Among the standards by which the modern industrial
enterprise measures success is its technical progressiveness; it
does not replace profit but it is in addition to profit and it
is not an especially surprising standard of performance in a
society w~th high technology. It follows that there will be a
lA word of definition is in order here. The word automation, narrowly
construed, refers to an industrial process which provides data from its own
operations and feeds this back often through a computer, to controls which
govern fully the process. It thus dispenses with all direct manpower. Automation in this rigorous sense of the term is a growing though not yet a
dominant factor in the labor market. But automatic machinery, dispensing
with much but not all human guidance, is, of course, very important. And
this too is called automation. Because of this ambiguity, I have used
the phrase automation sparingly.
2Cf Charles E. Silberman, "The Real News about Automation," Fortune,
January, 1965. For a far more concerned and, I think, realistic view see
Ben Seligman, "Automation and the Unions," Dissent, January, 1965.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

Dr. John Kenneth Galbraith is Paul M. Warburg
Professor of Economics at Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass. A Canadian by birth, he is now a citizen
of the United States, and was United States Ambassador
to India, 1961-63. He is the author of "The Affluent Society" and a number of other books and many
papers.
certain bias in favor of capital intensive and labor saving
processes even where the cost advantage is not clear.

Motivation of Workers
More important, the management of the modern corporation seeks to reinforce pecuniary motivation of workers with
identification with the enterprise, and it seeks, as a matter
of common prudence, to reduce the number of contingencies,
dangerous to itself, which are beyond its control. Both of
these ends are served by replacing production or blue collar
workers with machines. Such workers identify themselves
least readily with the corporation; they are most susceptible
to control by the union. Once considerable thought went into
fighting the unions. This is no longer considered tactful or
even wise but the procedure of shrinking the number of employees susceptible to organization, and replacing them with
machines, remains fully available. The capital available for
this purpose is abundant; since retained earnings are the
major source, the supply can be wholly under the control of
the management. And there is not the slightest danger that
capital will go on strike. I doubt that this step is often a
matter of formal calculation. Nor is great point made of it
in conservative and circumspect circles. But, in any candid
view of the motives for mechanization, it can hardly be
ignored.

Substitution of Capital for Labor
This substitution of capital for labor, either to or beyond
the point of cost advantage, leads to expansion of the specialized and technical structure of the enterprise and the
white collar employment on its periphery.3 Requirements for
coordination, planning, engineering, data control become more
exacting. This exchange has advantages in worker morale and
commitment. Employees whose tendency to identification is
low are exchanged with those who identify readily with the
technostructure or are part of it. The corporation thus becomes a much more closely integrated instrument. Again, I
would imagine, this is a tendency that has gone farther in
the United States than in Australia. But one of the advantages of having the United States - and needless to say
we should lose no opportunity for enumerating them - is
that it pictures the various forms of paradise and purgatory
to which other countries can look forward.

Heavy Employment of the Qualified - Heavy
Unemployment of the Unskilled
In summary then, the thrust of the industrial system is for
mechanization and automation, for both economic and extraeconomic strategies - and this means an increasingly high
educational qualification. It may be that this tendency is
uniform throughout the system. But it is most clearly visible
at the extremes. Men of high scientific, engineering, coordinating, sales and other qualifications are strongly in demand; those with little but repetitive muscle power to offer
3This is borne out by all recent trends in white collar employment. United
States Department of Labor. Occupational Outlook Handbook Bulletin,
No. 1375 - A. L963-64. pp. 12-13.

are little needed. In the United States efforts to find highly
qualified talent go hand in hand with heavy unemployment
of the illiterate and unskilled. The newspapers, in cities which
report high unemployment, run many pages of advertisements
for scientists, engineers and other specialized talent.
But even white collar operations are showing the same
tenden~y. "While the staff as a whole was reduced during
the year, the number of officers was increased, reflecting the
mounting demand for competent men and women on the
management level."·

The Shape of the Educational System
It is the vanity of educators that they shape the educational system to their chosen image. They are not without
influence. But here, as elsewhere, the determining influence
is the industrial system. This has shaped the educational
system of most countries in the past. It continues to do so.
In its early stages, the need of the industrial system was
for a limited number of managers, bookkeepers, eng;neers, and
clerks, and then the brutish mass. This the educational system
provided. Industrial requirements were in the shape of a
very squat pyramid. A few men of no very profound qualification were needed at the top; the wide base reflected the
large requirement for those for whom literacy and little more
was sufficient. The educational system conformed.
In the United States, elementary education of poor quality
was provided for' the mass. More advanced education was
scanty. To this time the educational systems of the older
industrial areas in the United States - West Virginia, central
and western Pennsylvania, north New Jersey, upstate New
York - still manifest their ancient inferiority. It is still
assumed almost everywhere that an old mill town will have
bad schools. 5

The Shape of Manpower Requirements
The manpower requirements of the industrial system are,
by contrast, somewhat in the shape of a tall urn. It tapers
out below the top to reflect the need of the administrative
and technical structure for: administrative, coordinating and
planning talent, scientists and engineers; sales executives, salesmen, and those learned in the other arts of persuasion; and
those who program and command the computers. It curves
in sharply at the base to reflect the limited demand for
those who are qualified only for muscular and repetitive tasks
that are readily replaced by machines.

Unemployment as a Result of Delayed
Educational Response
Unemployment in the United States is now largel'y_ the
result of the delayed response of the educational to the industrial system; and it exists in the disparity between the
two. It is especially marked among the youth of limited
qualification who are without either work experience or
seniority. Those who are in jobs with some seniority can
protect their employment. Those who must break into the
labor market have a far harder time. They are seeking access
to a privileged and somewhat closed club. It is further aggravated because the industrial system expands its activities
in areas where qualified talent is comparatively abundant.
In the United States such areas as southern New England,
California, Minnesota, Wisconsin attract the new industries,
leaving the older industrial areas, already over-supplied by
their poor school systems with workers of minimal qualification, to contend with an even greater labor surplus. There
seems little doubt, moreover, that the least qualified workers
are the least inclined to move in search of jobs. Given the
limited opportunities in the industrial system for those with
minimal qualifications, this may be a wise strategy.
Nonetheless, many do move. And we have, here, an interesting and important source of social tension. The community with a good educational system, a favorable industrial
environment and, accordingly, good employment is the natural
Canaan of those who were born in less favored communities.
They migrate but without the qualifications for regular
employment in the industrial system. As a result they contribute heavily to welfare and unemployment rolls in communities which do a much better job of qualifying their own
people for employment. This poverty and education inferiority arouses xenophobic attitudes which fix, in turn, on
cultural or racial difference: "Things would be fine here if
it weren't for the Negroes (or Niggers)"; "We've had a heavy
influx of ignorant hill-billies."

The Old Conflict between the
Rich and the Poor
If I may digress for a moment, we have here an interesting
clue to the class structure of the industrial society. As always,
social conflict in a community reflects its deeper character.
When capital gave access to power and well-being, the conflict was between the rich and the poor. That made the
differ~nce; it was the difference worth quarrelling about.
Sociology, economics and fiction celebrated the latent war
between the two sides of the railway tracks.

The Lag in Social Response
The change in the pattern of these requirements - increasing
demand at the top and the lessening demand at the bottom
- is progressive. And the educational system responds. But,
in the nature of any social response, there is a lag. In addition, the industrial system has had to learn, acknowledge
and react to its dependence on the state for qualified manpower. This required a sharp break with the ideology of the
older industrial enterprise which regarded the state, not unreasonably from its point of view, as an incubus when it
went much beyond the provis:on of law and order and the
protection of property. This need to convert to an essentially
socialist attitude and advocacy to insure a vital factor of
production has also slowed the response.

4Chase Manhattan Bank, Annual Report, 1964. The report adds that new
vice-presidents were added to bring the total of those exalted officers to
just under 200.
5The same is true of the rural areas of the South. Here too, the need
was for hude, illiterate labor power, and provision, accordingly, was made
for nothing more. Northern agriculture was far more demanding.

The New Conflict between the
Educated and the Uneducated
As intellectual qualifications have become the key, the conflict, increasingly, is between groups of differing educational
level. In the United States, this is the difference that really
divides. It is differences in education that foster contempt
by the fortunate and resentment by the deprived. It is quite
fitting, in this new class division, that ignorant millionaires
should regularly turn up leading the ignorant or financing
their political crusades. The Goldwater movement last autumn
was, in some respects, a revolt of the financially well-heeled
but intellectually under-privileged. Perhaps you will be spared
this political development. You will not, I venture, be spared
the increasing impact of education on class structure and the
associated tensions.

High Specialization
The modern industrial system calls also for high specialization. The administrative and technical structure consists of
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

;

In(~n

who are deeply informed or experienced over a fairly
limited range of matters. 6 The structure combines this diverse
knowledge and experience to obtain a result that is far beyond the competence of any individual. Such organisation
is more certainly available than genius, for which it is a
substitute, and far more predictable.
There also continues to be need for specialized craft skills.
The technical dynamic of the industrial system means that, at
any given time, some kinds of knowledge, experience and skill
are in rising demand. Others are becoming obsolete. There"
will be a question whether the categories of qualification
available at any time fit the demand. If they do not, this will
be a cause of unemployment.

levels than in the United States. I would judge that you
have had similar success. But it is the lesson of our experience that educational requirements become increasingly demanding. It will require great vigilance and great effort to
profit from our experience and keep the qualifications of the
labor force abreast of requirements. No part of the country
and no· economic sector - and in our case, no racial group
- can be allowed to supply unqualified and hence unwanted
labor power to the industrial system .. And, to repeat, the
industrial system is not static. There is a constant elevation .
of requirements; a continuing redundancy of those who fall
below the minimum requirement.

Rapid Improvement of the Educational System
Those with No Skill
However, this is a much less serious problem than that
presented by those with no training or skill of any kind.
Retraining is at least possible for someone who has been a
member of the labor force; it is not for someone who has
never been a member. Quite a few changes in need are
taken care of in the normal turnover of the labor force the sons of railway telegraphers do not follow in a dying
profession but become sales executives. The sons of the
ignorant are far more likely to follow in the footsteps of
their parents and be nowhere.
In consequence unemployment in the United States consists
overwhelmingly of those who are not qualified by education
for employment in the industrial system. In the spring of
1962, when the official unemployment rate was 6.0 percent
of the labor force it was 10.4 per cent for those with four
years of schooling and 8.5 per cent for those with five to seven
years of schooling. With adjustments for those not counted
because they were not actively looking for work - discouragement begins to operate after a time - , the national rate
was estimated at 7.8 per cent. The rate for those with four
years of schooling or less was estimated at 17.2 per cent, but
for those with five to seven years of schooling or more unemployment was 1.4 per cent. Of all those officially counted
as unemployed at the time, 40 per cent had eight years of
schooling or (in most cases) much less. 7

Accordingly there must be a rapid improvement in the
educational system in order to keep even with the employment problem. 9

Conclusions

7Charles C. Killingsworth. "Unemployment and the Tax Cut." Address
before Conference on Economic Security. Michigan State University, October 26, 1963. Mimeographed.
By way of comparison, national unemployment was estimated at 25 per
cent of the civilian labor force in 1933, the year during the depression
when it was highest.

What conclusions should one draw from this brief t.our of
the problem of manpower in the modern industrial community? Especially what conclusions should a slightly less
industrialized country draw from the experience of the United
States?
Let me, at the cost of minor repetition, suggest five of
central importance:
( 1) The modern industrial system has a technological
dynamic that has a strong economic base and which transcends
purely economic considerations. It has changed and will continue to change the nature of the demands on the working
force.
(2) Since this dynamic has a thrust of its own, there
seems little alternative to accommodating to it. Most of this
accommodation is in the field of education.
(3) The basis of this accommodation is to expand the
amount of very highly qualified workers, f~r which there is enlarged demand, and shrink the number of minimally qualified
workers, for which there is a sharply declining demand.
Countries such as Australia with uniformity by national standards of education, and less sbcial or racial stratification than
the United States, may have an easier passage in this regard.
But they should be warned by our experience. We have not
been able to keep educational preparation abreast of requirements and we are having increasing difficulty in doing so.
(4) Given the importance of education, it is not surprising that differences in educational qualification is a modern source of social tension - as differences in income were
once a source of such tension. And, it follows, that equality
of educational opportunity will become an increasingly important solvent of social tension.
(5) But perhaps the day is not distant when we will
need to consider more carefully the purpose of the industrial
system. I began by saying that our present test of its success is the employment it provides· regardless of need. This
might, if workers became increasingly expendable, be too
difficult a test. Instead we might wish to consider how Wf'
can meet our needs with a minimum of well-distributed
effort. This would require a drastic alteration in our attitudes.
Toil would no longer be an end in itself. It would become,
instead, a means to the end of providing for our needs. This
is a disturbing note on which to end. But it is a prospect we
might have to face.

8The problem of organic m~ntal retardation arises here - of those who
are constitutionally incapable of education. However, recent studies indicate
that this is comparatively unimportant as compared with environment and
opportunity and related motivation. Race is another factor; a very large
proportion of the unemployed in the lower educational levels are Negroes.
But the prime discrimination against the Negro lies in poor environment
and schools and related absence of motivation. The position of an educated Negro is less favorable than that of a white of equal education. But
it is far superior to that of an illiterate white.

9We have the added problem of uneven regional development, and the low
motivation which goes with life in urban and rural slums and among social
minorities. This line of analysis led me to urge in the autumn of 1963
that we concentrate Federal funds for education on the poorer school districts. "Let Us Begin: An Invitation to War on Poverty," Harper's Magazine, March, 1964. From a speech "Wealth and Poverty" to the National
Policy Committee on Pockets of Poverty. This has since become the
course of policy.

The Problem of the Insufficiently Educate"d
The expansion of demand is not a remedy for this unemployment. The problem of the insufficiently educated is, it
must be stressed, their unemployability in the industrial system. A more rapid accommodation of education to industrial
need is a remedy.8 National educational standards and a
more uniformly qualified domestic working force combined
(possibly) with a lower stage of technical development and
the availability of a mobile force of imported workers have
enabled European countries to keep unemployment at lower
6In the wartime years in the Office of Price Administration of the U.S.
Government where I was in charge of price control we once procured a
pickle man from one of the food companies to prepare a price regulation on
pickles. After a few days he appealed for help. He was, he said, primarily
a dill man. The regulation would have to cover sweet pickles too.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

IS COMPUTING A PROFESSION?

Dr. Robert P. Rich
The Johns Hopkins University
Applied Physics Laboratory
Silver S pring, Maryland

Is computing a profession?
To put this discussion into perspective, let's consider a
vocation which is fully accepted as a profession, and let it
serve as an anchor for discussion. Among the several professions that are so acknowledged I have chosen medicine because I have some information readily available for it,
mostly drawn from the issue of Daedalus for fall of 1963.
That issue is devoted to the professions, with chapters on the
various professions, their cultural impact, and the impact of
the culture on them. I recommend it very strongly to anyone
who is interested in the question of what is a profession.

An Example -

The Medical Profession

Medicine in the United States began with the colonists in
New England. As far as I'm aware there were no professional
doctors, but a number of the clergy who accompanied those
English colonists had taken the medical training that was then
available and brought it over with them so that they could
administer to the bodies as well as the souls of the people
under their care. The influx of doctors continued for a while,
but it became necessary for the new country to develop its
own methods for providing itself with medical care.
In 1791 New York Hospital was established as the first
teaching hospital ~n the country. In 1848, the American
Medical Association· was founded, with the same stated aims
that it has today and with the promise that the medical
profession would forthwith begin to keep its own house in
'
order.

Professional Standards
How well it did this is reflected in the Flexner report in
1910 which was prepared for the Carnegie Foundation for
the Advancement of Teaching. That report, which took something like two years to prepare, consisted of a detailed examination of virtually all of the medical schools then running
in the country - both the university medical schools and
the proprietary ones which then abounded - and jt found
something seriously wrong with almost all of them. The
Flexner report had an effect which a good many similar re-

(Based on a talk given at the 2nd Annual Conference of the
Computer Personnel Research Group)

ports don't have nowadays; the medical schools and the teaching hospitals did begin to put their houses in order. Within
a very few years the standards of medical teaching and the
standards of clinical research had reached very nearly the
level at which they now 'are, and this, in my opm:on, is a
level of which the medical profession can well be proud.

The Professional/s Relationship t'o His Client
From approximately the Civil War until just before the
First World War we had the era of the private general practitioner - the horse-and-buggy doctor until he began buying
automobiles. The relationship between the professional man
and his clients was very close and personal. It was not unusual for the family practitioner to bring three and sometimes even four generations of the same family into the world.
He knew the people he was serving. He felt responsible for
them in ways outside of his strict professional duties, and
they felt a confidence in him that's very hard for people
living in these days to understand.
Before the Flexner report it is safe to say that that confidence was not based primarily upon the doctor's professional
qualifications, which by and large weren't especially good. It
was based on the professional-client relationship primarily.

Deterioration of the Relationship
Since the depression or since the First World War or since
1950, depending on exactly where you look, there has been
a change in the medical profession resulting in a relaxation
in this patient-doctor confidence which is frightening to me,
and I think is beginning to be terrifying to some of the more
perceptive members of the profession. There are a number
of reasons why this relationship has deteriorated.
In the first place, there aren't very many GP's left per
unit of population. The better medical students tend to prefer
specialization. Those who stay in general practice have not
increased very much numerically, while the population itself
has increased substantially, and the fraction of the population
who can afford their services, either from personal funds or
because of increased institutionalized medical care, has increased even more. Consequently the general practitioner
these days is an extremely busy man. He simply doesn't
have time to get in his car and spend three or four hours
on a house call, because he's either required urgently for a
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

couple of operations at the hospital, or he has a wamng
room full of patients who have made appointments and are
entitled to his attention. So, one of the reasons for this deterioration, this lack of the personal relationship, is s:mply
that he is very busy, and that's not his personal fault - it
mayor may not be partly the fault of the profession.

The Emergence of Specialists
The emergence of specialists, I think, has also had its effect
on the patient-doctor relationship. When you had one horse
and buggy doctor in a county, he was quite obviously the
man who had medical knowledge, and it was quite easy to
look up to him as the sole support of his profession. When
you now go into a busy clinic and you find three or four
interns around, any· one of whom makes the first examination, and then you are referred apparently at random to any
of a number of specialists, it becomes increasingly hard to
think of the individual as the repository of professional knowledge (an aspect relevant to our own situation).
Also, during those days the doctor was on a pedestal
whose height was measured from the ground on which it
stood. Those were not days of broad general learning. They
were not days of easy expertise. Nowadays anybody who has
a subscription to the Reader's Digest feels entitled to tell his
doctor what drug he wants for what ailment he thinks he has.
Without discussing the wisdom of this approach to medicine,
it certainly has not had a good effect upon the professional
prestige, so to speak, of the medical practitioners.

Suing the Doctor
There ~re a number of evidences, other than those you can
see by visiting your own family doctor's office, of the extent
to which this lack of confidence is going. I have heard stories
(I don't know how true they are) of doctors who were afraid
to stop beside the road and treat an accident victim, because
the probability of a resulting malpractice suit was getting up
past point five. Your family doctor may have known in
principle about the possibility of a malpractice suit, but I
don't remember in anything that I have read that it was
taken as a fact of life worthy of consideration - anybody
can be struck by lightning, but you don't plan your life on
that basis. Nowadays the question of a malpractice suit is
very much in the forefront of every medical practitioner's
mind all the time. This, when we think about it, is a bit
frightening from a number of points of view.
Well, I think that this little summary may help us understand how the members of one profession attained prestige
and held it for something on the order of three generations.
I think the latter part of the history may show some of the
dangers to which this prestige is subject in our modern society. I hope it may help show us what we might be able
to do to guard against a similar deterioration if and when
we ever become a profession.

Who is to Recognize the "CompuHng Profession"?
The next question that arises is: when you say that you
want your vocation or avocation to be recognized as a profession - by whom do you want it so recognized? There
are a number of groups of people who might reasonably be
expected to give such recognition under suitable circumstances.
First of all, you might want the members of the field itself
to agree that it was a profession and to act as if it we~e.
Second, you might expect recognition by other professlOna~s
that what you are doing is in fact professional work. Thls
has more point than pats on the back at technical meetings.
Before you can get curricula introduced into schools of
higher study, those curricula and those who are to teach them
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

must be - in all schools that I'm acquainted with - accepted by academic councils. These academic councils are
faculties of other departments. They may say when computing
courses are being discussed, "Well, I suppose we can intro-duce computing courses we discussed five years ago
whether we ought to teach typing." It's going to be very
hard to get curricula and faculty in our field past the academic
councils unless we can in fact get recognition from the members of the other professions that are represented.
The technical and trade journals seem to concentrate pretty
much on recognition by one's own management. One study
of technical manpower by Deutsch and Shea, of New York,
mentions a number of comments about the fact that management doesn't seem to hold the high regard for the professional status of programmers that it should; I think that
a good many programmers take quite a limited view of the
kind of recognition that they would really like and would
be quite willing to let some of the other forms of recognition
take care of themselves later, if ever.
One might talk about recognition by government and
specifically by state governments, which traditionally have had
the responsibility for licensing practitioners in professions.
Also, I think when we come down to the criteri~ we will
find that without that recognition it would be hard to persuade a large fraction of the population that we are in fact
a profession.
Finally, one might talk about recognition by the general
public of the sort that the medical profession held during its
heyday and still does to a very large extent.
When we talk about the advantages and disadvantages of
recognizing the "computing profession" as a profession, we
want to keep clearly in mind as we make each point which
fraction of these recognizers the particular point applies to.

What are the Criteria for a Profession?
The next set of questions that one might ask is you tell when a vocation is a profession?

how do

Long Recognition
One of the most reliable criteria, of course, is long recognition. If the field has been recognized by everybody as a
profession for a long time, then only real social change or
real dereliction on the part of its members will cause it to
cease being a profession. This may be possible even in long
established professions, but it's pretty hard for it to happen.

Who is One and Who Isn/t
The second major criterion is that you know who's in and
who's out. When you get sick, you go to a doctor. If you've
been around town a long time you probably have a favorite
doctor, but in case of emergency you would be willing to go
to any doctor with an MD after his name, unless you knew
that he was personally unreliable. There is a recognized
procedure by which a person is admitted to practice as a

Dr. Robert P. Rich has been director of the University
Computing Center at Johns Hopkins University since
1962, and previously was supervisor of the Computing
Center there. He obtained his Ph.D. in mathematics in
1951 from Johns Hopkins University. He is a member
of the Operations Research Society of America, the
Association for Computing Machinery, and several other
professional societies.

doctor in a state. Everybody knows that this procedure exists.
There are legal sanctions against those who try to practice
without going through the cursus honorum. As far as the
general public is concerned, the human population is divided
very clearly into two groups - those who are medical doctors
and those who aren't. Anyone who is a doctor is admitted
to the privacy of your body, so to speak. Anyone who isn't
a doctor is not, and it's clear who is who. So a sharp distinction between those in the profession arid those outside it
is one of the most crucial criteria.

The Learned Professions
A profession, typically, or historically, was a vocation in
which a gentleman's son could indulge himself. The oldest
of these vocations were the military, the clergy, medicine,
and the law. It was early recognized that there was a distinction between being a military officer on one hand and
being a member of the ba~ on the other; a distinction was
therefore made between the learned and non-learned professions, and when I use the word profession from now on I
will observe that distinction.
For the learned professions, then, the criterion foremost in
everybody's mind, especially in the minds of all those who
belong to them, is that there is a substantial special intellectual
content required. In the best recognized professions this intellectual content is so great that it requires a substantial
amount of study after the bachelor's degree; as I understand,
the standard right now is three years in the law, and four years
of study plus either two or three years of interning in medicine. But the kind of intellectual content that we're talking
about here is quite different from the intellectual content in
training programmers. This is not a matter of whether it's
two weeks or six months. This is a matter of whether it's
three or four years devoted to the special intellectual content
of the field.

Sanctions
The next criterion is the relationship of the individual
professional to society. The individual doctor, as I indicated
a little while ago, is personally liable to malpractice suits.
The individual lawyer is personally liable to disbarment. The
individuals in !post of the other professions are subject to
economic sanctions so severe that if they violate whatever
their profession has decided upon as proper professional conduct they no longer practice that profession. They've got to
go into something else. I think when you consider some of
the hiring practices in our business you'll see how far we are
from that, but it has been typical of a profession that you
can get read out of it. This is really a concomitant to having
a sharp distinction between those who are in and those who
are out. Just as a profession has a mechanism for getting
people in, a profession must, to protect itself, have a mechanism for getting people out. It is true and has always been
true that military officers can be cashiered, and clergy can
be unfrocked. Whenever a computer person says he wants to
be a professional, he needs to keep this in mind.

Code of Professional Ethics
Very closely related to this is that the established and
recognized professions have a formal and well recognized
code of professional ethics. This is usually distinct from the
code of personal ethics that every gentleman's son, so to
speak, however far removed from the gentry, is assumed to
have. There are certain things that they don't do, and they
do or don't do these things under the severe economic sanctions that I mentioned just above.

The Strong Professional Society
There is typically a strong professional society. This professional society is strong downwards as well as upwards.
John Lacey, who is patent attorney for the Laboratory, told
me a story about a friend of his who was admitted to argue
before the Patent Commissioner, which is distinct from admission to the Washington, D.C. bar, incidentally. He went
down to Florida for reasons of health and started practicing
patent law there. The Florida Bar Association pointed out
to him that he had not been admitted to the Bar of Florida
and was therefore not entitled to practice in that state. He
said to them, "I practiced in the District of Columbia without being admitted to that bar; I am still entitled to argue
before the Patent Commissioner; that's all I want to do; I
will therefore continue." They said, "That's fine, you may
continue then to do that portion of your activities which have
only to do with the Patent Commissioner; you may not,
however, practice any other law in the state of Florida. For
example, you may not draft a contract between the present
holder of a patent and licensees. This you have to get done
by somebody licensed in this state." And none of the people
who heard about this, including the poor fellow himself,
thought such action strange, oppressive, or opposable. The
local bar association says to a lawyer, "You shall not do such
a thing in our jurisdiction"; then he won't. I don't know, as
I think it over, whether I really want to give that amount of
power to the Association for Computing Machinery, even
though I highly regard that organization. One of the reasons
for the strength of the American Medical Association and
the various bar associations resides, of course, in the fact that
a legal license of one kind or another is required for practice.
These licenses are granted and taken away by legal procedures. But the people who exercise these legal procedures
are, let me say, strongly influenced by the recommendation of
the professional societies involved.
Another criterion for a learned profession is that it should
have its own literature and that this should be a good and a
full literature.

What are the Criteria That Do Not
Make a Difference?
One of the things which is not a criterion, it seems to me,
is the simple fact that you may spend all your time at it
and be paid for it. We hear about the distinction between
amateur and 'professional golf players; we hear lots about professional football and professional baseball. These mayor
may not be professions in some sense; but they are surely
not learned professions within the scope of the present discussion.

Technical Ingenuity
Another thing that is not a criterion is the elaboration of
technical skill or even technical ingenuity. A practicing programmer quite rightly takes pride in being able to write a
tight, fast, efficient, easily readable, etc., program. In order
to do this, he has to put a lot of intellectual effort into it.
I think that there would be general agreement that the kind
of intellectual activity that he has to put into it to get both
AC and MQ cleared in one cycle instead of three, for instance, is not professional activity. It is technical activity.
Technical competence is required in the practice of a profession at least at certain stages, just as it is required that
a surgeon be able to tie knots with his left hand and gloves
on. But this is not the essence of the learning required for a
learned profession; I think we have to be careful to distinguish between technical and somewhat superficial skills on the
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

one hand and the deep special knowledge which makes the
difference between a craft on the one hand and a profession
on the other.

Years of Unrelated Formal Training

One of the other things that, it seems to me, is not a
criterion is the amount of unrelated formal training required.
I t is usual in a number of installations not to consider
seriously applicants who don't have bachelor's degrees; but
the consideration tends to stop pretty much there. You don't
care much what they had their bachelor's degree in. You
may hope that they had a certain minimum of math or a
certain minimum of business administration, depending on
what your interests arc. But a certain number of years spent
studying something is not by any means the same as the
special formal content of a profession that I discussed just
above.

Years of Experience
Finally, it seems to me, one of the things that is not a
criterion is experience or even the use to which that experience is put. I know janitors with thirty-five years' experience,
and I'm sure they're good janitors. They are not members
of a learned profession. So the length of time that somebody has spent at something, even how much he is paid at
the end of that time, are not criteria in this discussion.

Elementary school teachers are fairly low down on both the
prestige and salary scale. Nevertheless teaching has long been
recognized as one of the professions and for quite a while
was among the most honored, as in fact it still is if you're
teaching students who pay enough tuition. Salary in our
present culture seems to be set pretty much by supply and
demand on one hand, and by demonstrated competence and
honesty on the other.

Intellectual Challenge
As for intellectual challenge, there again, I don't really
know. Science wasn't a profession when Newton was working on it. It was the avocation of gentlemen pretty much,
and I don't know that he would have done any better work
if it had been a profession at that time. Some of the people
who are intellectually active in our field are well known. I
can't believe that those people could work any harder or
do any better work under any circumstances, and in particular I don't think that professional recognition would really
drive them very much further. I think that the degree of
intellectual challenge and the way in which one meets that
challenge is determined by the subject matter of the field
and the individual's attitudes more than by professional
recognition.
Some of the other pros and cons of recognition as a profession have already occurred to you many times and have
been discussed in the press, and since my space is running
short I'll let those go.

De We Want Programming to be a Profession?
We are now ready perhaps to ask the question "Do we
really want programming to be a profession?" Here, we ought
to keep in mind some of the costs that people in learned
professions must be prepared to pay. They must be prepared
to live their daily professional lives under a stringent code of
ethics. They must be prepared in general to devote their
lives to the fulfillment of those ethics. In other words, they
have to take a professional attitude towards their full professional career.

Continuity
In this regard I think it's instructive to make one more
comment based on the Deutsch and Shea study, which I referred to above. One of the questions asked of the respondents in that study was, "What do you expect to be
doing five years from now?" Forty-seven per cent expected
to be supervising or managing, in other words, primarily not
programming anymore. Just enough others expected to have
left the field completely to bring the response up to: just
over half of the people .did not expect to be practicing their
profession five years from now. These 549 respondents were
selected by taking every other member of the ACM (already
a pretty highly selective body) and then counting only the
ones who responded. If these people expect not to be practicing their profession five years from now (at an average age
under 30), then are we really concerned about developing a
professional code of conduct ? You can hardly develop one in
that period of time.

Rewards
As for the rewards for becoming a member of a recognized
profession, I think we want to weigh these very carefully too,
because professional recognition by itself carries very little in
either prestige or reward. It seems to me that the prestige
and the rewards actually given to the individual practitioners
of a profession depend not upon their professional recognition
primarily, but upon how they themselves contribute to society.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

How Does Programming Become a Profession?
Assuming three things: ( 1) that we know what a profession is; (2) that we think programming should become
a profession; and (3) that it is not now in fact a profession,
we can ask, How does programming become a profession?
That question may be answered very easily: by meeting the
criteria for recognition.
The fundamental criterion - the one without which you
cannot really meet any of the other ones - is a formal intellectual content which is agreed upon by the practitioners,
which is taught in the schools, and which is formally recognized by some procedure equivalent to licensing.
One of the most encouraging things to me in this development of computing into a profession has been the increasing thoughtfulness and intensity of curriculum development in our field. All of you know that courses in computing,
interpreted one way or another, have been taught for some
time. Some of these courses have been excellent and well
taught by excellent teachers. There have even been curricula
designed in the computing sciences. These curricula have
not been agreed upon to the extent that practicing managers
like myself refuse to hire anyone who hasn't successfully
completed one, and, as a matter of fact, I think that those
curricula will have to be thought about a good deal more
before that time will be reached.
It seems to me, therefore, that no one in the computing
field has a right to yearn to be a professional until he has
himself put in some minimum number of hours deciding
what the intellectual content of his field is, and making
the results of his thinking known, either formally or informally to someone who has the responsibility for curriculum
development, either within the ACM or at a University, or
in any other way. Since substantial intellectual content is
the thing without which we can't possibly ever get a profession, the price of admission to this discussion is some hours
of work deciding what the intellectual content of our field is,
and until you have done those hours of work I think you
don't have a right to yearn.

Get fast,
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Eliminates paper and filing cards.
Fi ts on a desk top.
And it offers you access to almost unlimited storage capacity.
You can record daily sales activity and production reports. You
can see your profit and loss statements at a glance.
You can also see the results of
business and scientific. calculations. Or customer lists, inventory
data, insurance records and reservation lists.
You can plug one-or one hundred Display Stations into one
SYSTEM/360 (Models 30 through
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in one building-or they can be
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You simply "type" your information on a Display Station's numeric or alphanumeric keyboard.
As you "type," your information
appears as an image on the CRT
screen.
You check the data. Or you
edit it.
Then you press a control key
and your data is fed into the central file of SYSTEM/360. Almost instantly, the screen displays your
solution.
Or you can retrieve information from the computer. Update
it. Change it. Then send it back
into storage.
You can choose an IBM Display
Station that has a 240 ... 480 ... or
960 character buffer.
Each 2260 has 64 different display characters-both letters and

IBM~
Circle No. 8 on Readers Service Card

numbers. Twenty-three of these
are special symbols. When directly
connected to a computer channel,
IBM's 2260 Display Station has a
data rate of up to 2560 characters
per second.
On a telephone line, its data
rate is 120 or 240 characters per
second-depending on the data set
used.
The 2260 offers you fast access
to all kinds of files. It's inexpensive: as low as $89.00 a month.
Wherever you use typewriters,
files, or paper-you can use an IBM
2260 Display Station. It will save
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It's another new device to help
your SYSTEM/360 grow as you
grow.

SYSTEM/360-The Computer
with a Future.

c&a
THROUGHPUT

The Personnel Development Problem
- August 1965

The personnel requirements of the next five years in the
computer and data processing field have been estimated in
a number of different ways. Regardless of the size of the
estimate, the number of people needed in the delta processing
industry is far higher than the number currently in the field;
thus we have a problem in personnel development.
Generally accepted figures indicate that there are some
225,000 people in the industry today, in 22,000 computer
installations at some 14,000 computer sites, and there are
perhaps another 10,000 card processor installations planning
conversion to a stored-program computer. Of these 225,000
people, approximately 140,000 are analysts or programmers,
or a combination of the two.
Within this group of 140,000 analyst-programmers, some
80,000 spend more time in programming than in analysis, and
some 60,000 are principally analysts. Qualitatively, approximately 25% of today's analyst-programmers are unqualified:

Total 1965
Qualified 1965

Total

Majority
in Analysis

Majority
in Programming

140,000
105,000

60,000
45,000

80,000
60,000

Requirements in 1970 will increase and change in nature.
The split between analysis and programming will widen, and
a greater number of people will be required in analysis. Thus,
we estimate a total of 350,000 planning personnel in 1970,
with 200,000 concerning themselves principally with analysis.
There seems to be no reason to assume an increase in the
percent qualified; therefore, 1970's personnel picture appears
as follows:

Total 1970
Qualified 1970
Increase over
Qualified 1965
Increase in %
over 1965

Total

Majority
in Analysis

Majority
in Programming

350,000
262,500

200,000
150,000

150,000
112,500

157,000

105,000

52,500

150%

233%

87.5%

The greatest training need, therefore, is in analysis personnel. And yet, that is where the training programs today are
weakest.

Today's trammg programs for analysts are, with few exceptions, based on programmer training. A good programmer,
or one who does well in the programming course, is selected
for analysis work, without any real systems or analysis training. His on-the-job training, vital in analysis, is largely trial
by fire, with no second opportunity. No systems training is
offered by most manufacturers, and certainly nothing comparable to what is required to meet the 1970 increase. Even
the universities are not meeting the challenge; training offered
there has limited initial applicability to the day-to-day analysis
problems.
The manufacturers should meet this problem with a more
comprehensive training program. A brief outline of such
training, twelve weeks in length, is suggested below, to be
followed by a minimum of four months of on-the-job training. This curriculum should be flexible, to accommodate the
specific requirements of user organizations:

Orientation to Data Processing A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.

II.

2 weeks

Information Processing Concepts
Types of Processing Systems
Punched Card Principles
Binary Numbers
Basic Computer Concepts
Stored Programming
Personnel Functions
Punched Card Operation
Computer Operation

Principles of Programming -

3 weeks

Tasks of Programming
Use of the Specification
Logical Analysis
Coding
Testing
Program Documentation
Programming Environment and Tools
Instruction Format
Instructions
J. Optimization Concepts
K. Programming Practice

A.
B.
C.
D.
E.
F.
G.
H.
I.

III. Systems Analysis and Design -

7 weeks

A. Systems Functions
B. Analysis Concepts
C. Design Concepts
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

D.
E.
F.
G.

H.
1.

J.
K.
L.
M.
N.
O.

The Systems Proposal
The Systems Specification
The Feasibility Analysis·
Systems Techniques
- Process charting
- Flow charting
- Document analysis
- Lay-outs
- Forms design
- Interviews
The Analysis Process
The Design Process
Systems Test
Turnover to Programming
Clerical Systems
Programming Tools
Total Systems Concepts
Practice Workshop

I t Takes More Than
Your Own Ability to
Get The Right Jo~!
You get more with ...
Ed Younger & Associates

The above curriculum is by no means complete; it represents the basic concepts required for an analyst-trainee, prior
to intensive on-the-job training, under direct and constant
supervision of a senior analyst.
The success of the industry, and the success of the 30,000
new installations going in by 1970, will depend to a great
extent on the analysis training provided in the next five years.

Few men have the time to properly present
themselves for consideration. Our service is
designed to eliminate the initial problems
of the first interview through consultation,
preparation, and the "right" exposure.
Younger & Assoc. can offer you the same
specialized service that has helped many
individuals solve their career needs.
Current Needs:
Mathematicians
Systems Analysts
Programmers
Software Analysts
Hardware Analysts

Programming Supervisors
Real Time Analysts
Manager Computer Center
Systems Project Leader
O. R. Analyst

The right man
in the right job.

ED YOUNGER

.~,
:': ",'

& ASSOCIATES

Dick H. Brandon
Contributing Editor

8 S. Michigan Ave.
Chicago. III.
(312) 332-4170

324 S. 4th St,
Minneapolis. Minn.
(612) FE 3-5448

Circle No. 13 on Readers Service Card

PERSONNEL PROBLEMS
IN DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS
(Continued from page 17)
men. We were asked to review the physical operations and
also test the personnel involved. We found that a complete
overhaul of the computer functions and all related systems
was necessary. One of the reasons was that many of the
people did not belong in data processing or in systems work.
But, we also discovered that almost all of the people felt that
they d:d not know enough about the company's operations
to be able to do an acceptable job.
Included in the initial training of data processing and
systems people should be a thorough understanding of the
company's policies, philosophies, goals, methods of doing
business, and a look-see at the operations of each department.
Education, on a continuing basis, should be provided to keep
these people up to date technically. In addition, persons
who are found to possess unusual management potential
should be given specialized training to increase their rise as
rapidly 2.S it is needed.
A well-informed and well-trained employee will be a more
valuable employee.

Management Reporting
No machine supervisor or systems man should be expected
to kilo", what is needed by top management if he has never
been ill the shoes of a top executive. If the company executives are to get the best tools for their jobs (management
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

reports), the people designing and producing these reports
must know more about the executives' jobs.
The top executives should take their data processing supervisors into their confidence and teach them what is go:ng on
at this level. They should work together very closely. Anyone
should be able to do a better job if he has better tools. An
executive, who will do what is suggested here, will be in a
position to receive better tools. One thing more, Mr. Executive, make them prove to you that the controls are such
that your reports are accurate. A decision or action, based
upon an inaccurate report, could prove very costly.

Conclusion
When management decides that machines are not automatic cure-alls and will not solve their problems for them
- and when management decides that it is most important
to properly select and train their data processing personnel
- then industry will be in a better position to prosper.
Data processing and systems personnel have more opportunity to get into more functional areas of a business than
any other group of a company's employees. Therefore, these
people should be selected and trained as good management
potential.
If management would use every possible means to be most
effective in selecting and training this type of personnel, the
companies would get much more for their machine dollars;
the companies would earn more profits; and the future executives would be more capable. The cost of testing and training
is very small compared with the value that may be derived.

c&a
CAPITAL
REPORT
A Special Report from C&A/s
Washington Correspondent

The day-to-day use of optical scanners for reading mail
moved a step closer in June when the Post Office Department
awarded Philco Corporation a $1,800,000 contract for six
scanners. Four systems will be field-tested on actual mail
two in Detroit, starting November, 1965, and two in Buffalo,
starting September, 1966.
In experiments with the Philco scanner, the Post Office
reported 99 per cent accuracy in reading the second line of
the address on Zip Coded mail, which Postmaster General
John A. Gronouski called "a major breakthrough in mechanization." When used with a mechanical letter sorter, the
Phiko scanners examine the face of each envelope, locate and
read into memory the Zip Code, then instruct the letter sorter
where to distribute each letter.
Phil co's pilot machine will be installed at the Post Office
research department in Washington for further refinements.
Meanwhile, the Post Office still has contracts with Burroughs,
Rabinow Engineering (a Control Data subsidiary), and National Cash Register to reduce costs of scanners and simplify
their design.
Computer manufacturers competing for Government contracts usually have a fair idea of the value of the other fellow's bid on a particular contract, but occasionally they miss.
Seldom, however, do they miss by as much as they did in
June when the Navy's Bureau of Supplies and Accounts told
Bunker-Ramo and Honeywell EDP that Univac had underbid
them on a new contract by $8.6 million and $7.1 million,
respectively. This eye-opener clearly demonstrates the competitiveness of the computer industry.
These three companies were the only ones to respond to the
Navy's request for bids on 68 shipboard digital computers, 57
for immediate use and 11 to be placed on option for possible
use. Univac's actual bid was $9.8 million; Bunker-Ramo's was
$18.4 million, and Honeywell's was $16.9 million.
The Navy's specifications call for a computer with a central
processor, magnetic tape units, card reader and punch, and
line printer. Since it will be used aboard ship, the ~omputer
will· also be ruggedized to withstand shock.
Although the lowest bidder is sometimes passed over in
Government contracts, Univac looks as if it is a sure winner
here. It has considerable experience in . . rniIitary computers
and has long been a vendor to the Navy. A few weeks before
this latest contI:act activity, it delivered . the first CP-823 JU
to the Naval Air.Development Center at Johnsville, Penna.
Known commercially as the Univac 1830, this computer will
serve as the control center of an airborne antisubmarine system in the Bureau of Naval Weapons.
In other significant contracts, IBM was selected by the
Space Agency to supply a huge computing complex for the
Goddard Space Flight Center in Greenbelt, Md. With options, this contract will be worth $18 million. Initially, IBM
will supply .one. SystemJ360 Model 7Sand two Model 92s.
The option calls for ·five additional processors: one Model· 91
and four Model 65s. Some of the equipment
go· to God·

""ill

dard's Institute for Space Studies in New York.
Back on the military side, RCA Electronic Data Processing
received a $17.1 million lea~e contract to supply 13 RCA
3301s for six locations in the Defense Supply Agency, which
is the buyer for much of the common military items. At the
same time, DSA announced a $5.6 million contract to IBM
for 8 System/360 Model 30s to be used for mechanization of
warehousing and shipment processing. The RCA equipment
will be used for a material management system.
These are the recent contracts of worthy size, but another
is coming in the future that should bring in a tidy sum to
someone. The Air Force Systems Command wants to replace
IBM 7094 systems now used in four research and development
spots: the Systems Engineering Group, Wright-Patterson Air
Force Base, Ohio; the Ballistic Systems Division, Norton AFB,
CaIif.; the Flight Test Center, Edwards AFB, Calif.; and the
Air Proving Ground Center, Eglin AFB, Fla. The computer
selected must be three to four times faster than the 7094
Model I. Bids are due from manufacturers by August 10.
Don't be surprised if Defense Department contractors suddenly start buying more computers than they have in the past.
Secretary of Defense Robert S. McNamara has 2pproved a
report on contract services that knocks down many of the
arguments these contractors have used in the past for buying
only 5 per cent of the computers they use.
Defense looked at 18 of its largest cost-reimburseable contractors. They rent ·1 74 computer systems at· a yea.rly cost of
$62 million, which Defense considers "a dispropo~tionate bias
toward rental."
These contractors . said the "uncertainties" of. .the future
Defense business justify leasing computers instead of buying,
but Defense pointed out that in five out of seven years all
18 contractors increased their defense business; in the two
off years, their decreases were only 10 per cent and 1 per ·cent.
In addition, Defense rejected the claim that these contractors have unique problems in the use of computers, such
as equipment obsolescence and insufIicient:capita.1 or credit.
These are problems common to all computer users, Defense
said.
As part of its ammunition in this study, Defense put out
some noteworthy statistics. It said contractors whose work
is funded primarily by firm fixed-price contracts own 23 per
cent of the computers they use; the Government as a whole
owns 46 per cent, as of June 30; industry owns 15 per cent,
and this figure is·· steadily increasing. Defense· said it would
like its cost-type contractors· to own anywhere from 15 to 50
per cent, rather than the current 5 per cent.
In the COIlClusions to this study, Defense re-affirmed its
belief in contractors' furnishing· their own computers, whether
they are purchased or leased. The. General Accounting Office
has been after Defense for some time to furnish them, but
Defense still maintains that the· management of contracts is
best done by contractors, and this includes procurement of
computers used for the contract.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

"ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK"
Computing and Data Processing NewsleHer

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Applications •
New Contracts
New Installations •
Organization News
Education News

.31

• 32
• 34
• 35
• 36

New Products
People of Note •
New Literature •
Business News •
Computer Census

.37
.43
.44
.45
.46

APPLICATIONS

air traffic recording, atomic
structure analysis, navigation,
sales analysis, inventory analysis, and brain pattern analysis
as "a few of the many
applications" •

'INSTANT PROOF-READING'

Proof-reading once requiring
20 man hours can now be completed
in less than 10 minutes bya digital plotter. "We call it 'instant
proof-reading'," said Lester L.
Kilpatrick, president of California
Computer Products, Inc., when speaking at the annual "Share" design
automation workshop held in 'June
at Atlantic City, N.J.

HELICOPTER ROTOR
EVALUATION TIME CUT
500:1 BY DATAPLOTTER

Mr. Kilpatrick said that a
digital plotter manufactured by
his company in Anaheim, Calif., is
useq to check the accuracy of control tapes for automated machinetools in experiments at lIT Research Institute in Chicago. "An
error in the control tape shows up
as a 'bulge' on otherwise smooth
lines when the data is plotted in
graphic form", he said. "It would
take at least 20 hours for a man
to check the 240 pages of numbers
recorded by computer on the tape.
A CalComp plotter pinpoints errors
in less than 10 minutes".
CalComp plotters display digital computer output as maps,
charts, graphs or drawings -- complete with numerical, symbolic and
written annotations. The machinetool 'proof-reading' operation
produces a graph.
The digital plotter, according to Mr. Kilpatrick, "has become
a very important addition to the
data processing function of the
digital computer". He cited contour maps of potential oil-yielding areas, automatic weather maps
at government weather stations,

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

The Boeing Company's Vertol
Division (a leading manufacturer
of transport helicopters) has cut
the time required to plot computer
evaluations of rotor design from
two weeks to 10 minutes through
the use of an EAI 3500 DATAP LOTTE R.
manufactured by Electronic Associates, Inc., West Long Branch,
N.J. The resulting plot is an essential element in Vertol's continuous program of rotor designanalysis, evaluation and overall
safety assurance.
Sensing elements mounted on
rotor blades during test flights
by Vertol collect information on
stress, strain, pressure and rotor
motion. The large amount of information collected is analyzed
and evaluated by computer in approximately 20 minutes -- a procedure which once required months
of work -- then plot ted out on the
DATAPLOTTER in 10 minutes. The
normal plot consists of 15,000
points. The DATAPLOTTER connects
these points into a continuous
line -- providing a display suitable for immediate visual evaluation.

Complex contour plotting routines that represent information on stress,
strain, pressure and rotor
motion.
Vertol programmers indicate
that the idea for this design
evaluation procedure came from the
study of complex contour plotting
routines resulting from cancer research performed by the Bio-Medical
Research Center.

COMPUTER WILL CONTROL
OFFICE BUILDING SYSTEMS

The new headquarters building
of the International Monetary Fund
in Washington, D.C., scheduled for
completion late this year, will be
the first office building with
basic equipment operated by a com-

Newsletter
puter. The 13-story building is
an addition to an existing structure, and both will be controlled
by the computer installation, which
is being supplied by Westinghouse
Electric Corporation.
According to Robertshaw Controls Company, Richmond, Va., and
Washington consulting engineer,
Nash M. Love, the computer automatically will determine air conditioning needs and operate equipment to provide the correct amount
of cooling, control operation of
the heating plant, start and stop
ventilating fans, and turn lights
on and off. The computer also is
capable of automatically keeping
track of and analyzing such data
as power and fuel consumption and
printing out a concise daily summary of facts and figures important to the building's operation.
Consulting engineer Love estimates that savings resulting from
more efficient building operation
will pay for the computer installation in a maximum of 27 months.
Major areas in which these cost
reductions will be made include:
Power and fuel costs for air
conditioning, through computerprogrammed operation of refrigeration compressors;
Increased efficiency of the
building's heating plant, by
programming loads on the four
boilers;
Computer control of ventilating air drawn in from outside
the building, related to the
number of people at'work inside;
Utilizing the building's lighting system as a heat source. On
cool days, the computer will decide whether it is more economical to provide heat by turning
on the_lights early, rather than
starting up boilers. If so, the
computer will turn them on;
Computer analysis of operating
conditions of mechanical equipment and automatic warning when
maintenance is required, making
possible more efficient use of
maintenance personnel and equipment; and
Automatic shutdown of faulty
equipment before major damage
can result.
Another "first" in the building will be an automatic fire-alarm
system which will include prerecorded voice messages. Instead of

warning gongs or buzzers, the system automatically will select the
proper recording and the building
loudspeaker system will announce
to building operating personnel
and in the building superintendent's office something like:
"Attention, fire brigade ••• there
is an alarm in building area 9-B".
The Westinghouse computer, a
Prodac® 50, is designed for flexibility of application and is
built of standard modules which
can be assembled in a variety of
ways. Initially there will be
12,000 words of core memory, and
as more building functions are
computerized, its memory will be
expanded to 16,000 words.
Key elements in the closedloop control system are new
direct-digital valve positioning
devices developed by Robertshaw
Controls Company. These automatically convert electronic impulses from the computer to precisely measured, pneumatically
operated "push-pull" movements
which partially or fully open or
close vanes which regulate output
of air conditioning equipment. A
built-in feedback device then
automatically reports to the computer that its command has been
carried out, enabling the computer to control building conditions exactly as instructed by
its program.
The control console for the
building will have fewer of the
lights, dials and pushbuttons
normally built into such control
centers. The computer and associated equipment are hidden from
view, and the center of attention
will be an emerging computerwritten report of the facts important to the building engineer.
Love says the installation
is the forerunner of a new era in
building control which should be
widely used within five to ten
years. "In the building of the
future, a computer not only will
control lights, heating and air
conditioning, it also will handle
the building's elevators. It will
perform bookkeeping, billing and
a large part of the administrative
duties. "
"All this," Love said, "is
not a dream. The equipment and
the computers already are available. Engineers are making plans
for computerized buildings of the
future ••• "

ZOOM LENSES TO BE DESIGNED
FOR BELL & HOWELL
BY COMPUTER

Zoom lenses, which allow photographers to shift easily from
telephoto views to wide angle
photographs, will be designed automatically for Bell & Howell Cameras
by an SDS 930 computer, according
to Scientific Data Systems.
The SDS computer, being delivered this summer, will be used
to solve the complex mathematical
formulas required in design of
both zoom and fixed focal length
lenses. Bell & Howell will use
the SDS system for military as well
as commercial applications.
The computer, after designing
the lens to meet specific requirements, will compute information for
generating "spot diagrams" that
pictorially represent the size and
structure of the image the lens can
be expected to produce. Bell &
Howell also will use the SDS 930
to compute the "modulation transfer function". This is a test of
lens quality that measures the combined resolving power and contrast
of the lens. For special lenses
requiring the use of aspheric surfaces, the SDS 930 will produce
tapes that control aspheric lens
grinding machines.
Walter Johnson, associate
chief optical engineer for Bell &
Howell explained that the use of
computers for lens design allows
camera makers to custom design
lenses to fit each new camera.
Before computers were available,
camera makers had only a relatively small number of manually designed lenses which they fitted
into their camera plans.
Bell & Howell's SDS 930 system includes 16,000 words of core
memory, a Magpak magnetic tape
unit, a card reader, keyboard/
printer and other peripheral
equipment.

NEW CONTRACTS

CONTRACT AWARDED SDC

The System Development Corp.,
Santa Monica, Calif., has been
awarded a contract to assist the
Federal Council for Science and
Technology in developing guidelines for the national network of

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

Newsletter
scientific and technical information systems. Work on the project
already is under way. A report,
scheduled for early fall, is expected to produce recommendations
for action by both governmental
and non-governmental organizations
in the collection, handling and
dissemination of all scientific
and technical documents.

sumer taxes and utility taxes. It
als.O will establish and maintain
a master file .Of tax inf.Ormati.On
on each vendor in the state.

IBM TO BUI'LD TWO
MEMORY SYSTEMS
FOR AEC

Two large-scale computer mem.Ory systems, which use advanced
photographic and optical technologies to store more than a trillion bits of digital information,
wi 11 be bui It f.Or the Atomic Energy
Commissi.On by IBM Corporation.
Basic storage elements of the systems are film chips contained in
plastic cells. Each cell, somewhat smaller than a cigarette
package, can hold the equivalent
.Of three typical encyclopedia
v.Olumes -- about 4.5 milli.On words.

AUTOMATIC FARE
COLLECTION SYSTEM
7

General Electric (Somersworth,
N.H.) has been awarded a $350,000
contract to build and test prototype equipment for a completely
automatic fare collection system
for the San Francisco Bay Area
Rapid Transit District. The
Transit District's consulting engineers, Parsons BrinckerhoffTudor-Bechtel, have retained GE's
Meter Department to demonstrate
its COMMUTA-CODE® automatic fare
collection equipment. The contract·
is preliminary to construction of
the world's most advanced rapid
transi t system -- a $1 billion
computer-controlled transportation
complex at San Francisco.
In addition to building prototype COMMUTA-CODE equipment for
the collection of a graduated fare,
GE will conduct an eight-week simulated demonstration test of the
equipment at the main gate of its
Meter Department plant at S.Omersworth. The plant's normal employee
traffic will be utilized t.O test
the COMMUTA-CODE equipment's capability under a varied, multi-station transit system arrangement.
The fl.OW .Of empl.Oyee "passengers"
will be very similar to a transit
system in habits of entry and exit.
Vendors, visit.Ors, c.Ommunity gr.Oups
.On plant t.Our and .Others will be
enc.Ouraged to use the system f.Or
plant entry and departure.

Mr. Edward O',C.Onn.Or, Manager
.Of CUC's New Y.Ork Operations, said
that the system of m.Ore than 50
UNIVAC III programs will check
soles tax returns al.Ong with c.On-

General Teleph.One & Electr.Onics Corp.Orati.On has announced receipt of an $11.6 million c.Ontract
to produce 59 shipborne computers,
the largest quantity order for
militarized computers and supP.Ort
equipment ever placed by the U. S.
Navy. The award was made to Sylvania Electric Products Inc., a
GT&E subsidiary, by the Bureau of
Ships for the Naval Tactical Data
System. Work .On the three-year
contract will be performed by
Sylvania Electronic Systems (Needham, Mass.), a divisi.On of the
c.Ompany.
The compact, high-speed computers will perform an average of
125,000 computations per second
and will be shock-mounted for
shipboard use. In addition to a
ferrite c.Ore main mem.Ory of 32,768
30-bit words, each will be equipped
with a thin film c.Ontrol mem.Ory of
64 30-bit words and a "bo.Otstrap"
mem.Ory with a 2-32 word 30-bit
capacity. The c.Omputers will be
72" x 38" x 37" and will weigh
less than 2500 P.Ounds.
In additi.On t.O the c.Omputers,
Sylvania will supply paper and magnetic tape systems, key set central
units, key set entry devices,
teletypewriter adapters and
test equipment.

ITEK ANALYSIS WILL
AID ARCHEOLOGY

-- The tiny plastic cell,
held by Melva Ellis of IBM,
can st.Ore the equivalent of
three typical encyclopedia
volumes. Inf.Ormation is
stored in the form of micr.OSC.Opic black and white coded
spots •

NEW YORK CONTRACT
AWARDED TO CUC

The New Y.Ork State Department
.Of Taxati.On and Finance has awarded
a c.Omputer pr.Ogramming c.Ontract t.O
C.Omputer Usage C.Ompany (CUC) to
assist in implementati.On .Of the
state sales tax system which is in
effect as .Of August 1, 1965.

NAVY CONTRACT FOR
$11.6 MILLION TO GT&E
FOR SHIPBORNE COMPUTERS

The random-access systems being built under two contracts
amounting t.O $2.1 million, are
scheduled for the Lawrence Radiati.On Laborat.Ory facilities in
Livermore and Berkeley, Calif.
~.Oth facilities are .Operated by
the University of California for
the AEC. The Livermore system will
have capacity to st.Ore a trilli.On
bits .Of digital inf.Ormati.On and
the second one for Berkeley will
be one-third that size.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

Itek Corp.Oration's Data Analysis Center, located just outside
WaShington, D.C., has received a
contract to perform a special scientific photointerpretation program
f.Or the Government. In essence the
program is an aerial archeology
project which utilizes photographic
analysis to help pin-P.Oint valuable
historical evidence f.Or the Department of the Interi.Or's National
Park Service and the Smithsonian
Institute.
The program inv.Olves a photographic phenomen.On -- the discernability, fr.Om aerial ph.Ot.Ographs,
of surface traces .Of archaic habitations or .Other man-made objects,
despite the deep c.Overage .Of S.Oil
or l.OW vegetati.On. Detection,
identification, and mensuration .Of
these ancient remains can be materially aided by ph.Ot.Ointerpretati.On and photogrammetric techniques. In many cases, features

Newsletter
are photographically revealed that
would not be detected by on-site
inspection.
Interpretation'is taking
place now in conjunction with Government field explorations that are
searching ancient Indian habitation remains along the Missouri
River Basin in North and South
Dakota. The Missouri River Basin
field exploration hopes to salvage
representative samples of the various prehistoric periods throughout the Basin before they are destroyed by the flooding of the
large multi-purpose Federal water
impoundment projects. Subsequent
portions of the program will be
completed later this summer and
result in final reports that evaluate the effectiveness of various
techniques, procedures and photographic materials for use in
archeological photointerpretation.

NEW INSTALLATIONS

HONEYWELL 120 ORDERED
FOR CON-DATA SYSTEMS

O'Shaughnessy, Dewes & Klein,
Inc. has ordered a Honeywell 120
business computer for its subsidiary~ Con-Data Systems, Inc., of
New York City. The firm is one of
the nation's leading resident buying offices, and the only one to
operate a data processing service
bureau for small-store clients.
The company represents more
than 200 small department, junior
department and specialty stores
that have gross sales volumes of
less than two million dollars annually. Through Con-Data,
O'Shaughnessy, Dewes & Klein, Inc.
provides EDP services which up to
now have been available only to
large retail chains.
The Honeywell data processing
system, scheduled for delivery in
early 1966, will replace an existing tabulating machine installation. Con-Data's H-120 system will
consist of a central processor with
12,288 characters of memory, three
magnetic tape units with a data
transfer rate of 13,000 characters
per second, a combination card
reader/punch, and a 450 line-perminute printer.

FAA BUYS ASI 210 COMPUTER

The Federal Aviation Agency
has purchased an ASI 210 digital
computing system valued at slightly
over $100,000 from Advanced Scientific Instruments, Minneapolis,
Minn., a division of ElectroMechanical Research, Inc. (EMR).
The ASI 210 has been delivered to
the FAA National Aviation Facilities Experimental Center in
Atlantic City, N.J., where it will
be used for terminal air traffic
control experimentation.

SUN OIL ORDERS
CONTROL DATA 6400 SYSTEM

It has been announced that
Sun Oil Company has ordered a Control Data 6400 Computer System for
use in their oil production activities. The Control Data 6400 system will be utilized for the solution of large-scale engineering
and scientific problems. Included
in these applications will be the
capability of the 6400 to accommodate remote terminals with efficient and reliable operation.
Located in Richardson, Texas,
Sun Oil is a leader in the worldwide exploration and production
of petroleum. Sun Oil not only
discovers and captures the crude
oil product, but also refines and
markets finished petroleum products to a large segment of the
population. The Richardson facility contributes to these corporate
objectives by developing new and
better techniques to locate and
produce crude oil from beneath
the earth's surface. Installation
of the 6400 will provide Sun Oil
with one of the largest computer
systems for use in the petroleum
industry.

NCR 315 COMPUTER
YO BE INSTALLED
FOR COOPERATIVE

The Mississippi Federated
Cooperati ves (MFC) , Jackson, Mi ss.,
processes and sells 80,000 chickens a day, mixes tons of animal
feeds, stores thousands of bales
of cotton and stocks everything
from barn hinges to tractor tires.
The resultant paperwork problem
is one of complexity.
To solve this problem, MFC
is installing electronic data
processing equipment which will
be linked to conventional business
machines. The resulting "total"

system will be, it is believed,
one of the most advanced to be installed by a cooperative.
A National Cash Register 315
computer has been ordered and is
expected to be in operation by
September 1 when the season's
first cotton is picked. The system's punched tape input will be
produced, variously, by NCR cash
registers, accounting machines
and adding machines.

SDS, BECKMAN HYBRID SYSTEM
ORDERED FOR DOUGLAS R&D

Scientific Data Systems, Santa
Monica, Calif., has announced that
an SDS 925 computer has been ordered by Beckman Instruments for
linkage with a Beckman 2200 analog
computer.
The SDS/Beckman computation
system will be used in a simulation facility at Douglas Aircraft
Company, Missile and Space Systems
Division, for research and development in space and missile systems.
The SDS 925 will be used to perform arithmetic computations and
multi-variable function generation
in hybrid simulations. The hybrid
computer will be used for problems
such as digital auto pilot simulation and space flight control.
The SDS 925 computer includes
4096 words of core memory, a paper
tape reader, paper tape punch,
keyboard/printer, and complete
hybrid oriented programming
languages.

TABULATORS, INC.
INSTALLS UNIVAC 1004

Tabulators, Inc. of Pueblo,
Colorado has installed a Univac
1004 card processor. The 1004
will handle a highly specialized
doctor billing service which
amongst. other feature~ has a builtin pre-collection service, direct
billing of Blue Cross/Blue Shield
and Welfare claims.

BERKSHIRE BANK
INSTALLS COMPUTER

The Berkshire Bank and Trust
Company, Pittsfield, Mass., has
announced it is now using an IBM
1240 computer. This makes Berkshire the first small bank.in the
state west of Boston to acquire

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

Newsletter
this kind of equipment, according
to President James R. Sloane.

such subjects as mathematics, physics, chemistry and other sciences.

The 1240 will be used primarily to handle the demand deposit
accounts held by Berkshire Bank.
The bank also is in the process of
preparing the computer to take over
other chores, such as savings accounts, payroll and installment
loans. In addition, the bank will
act as a service center to handle
a variety of data processing jobs
for the business community in its
area.

The computer, to be installed
at Addison-Wesley's Reading, Mass.
plant, will begin operations by
handling order processing, sales
analysis, inventory control and
other accounting functions.
Future plans call for studying
the application of electronic data
processing to other phases of the
publishing operation.

LEEDS & NORTHRUP SHIPS
DIGITAL COMPUTER SYSTEM TO
ITALIAN STEAM POWER STATION

An LN 4000 digital computer
system for Italy's National Electricity Board -- Ente Nazionale
per L'Energia Elettrica (E.N.E.L.)
-- has been shipped by Leeds &
Northrup Company, Philadelphia, Pa.
The system, to be installed at the
new Fusina steam power station near
Venice, will be used for performance computations, alarm monitoring, trend reporting and data
logging.

FIRST GE·415 COMPUTER SYSTEM
FOR BOSTON AREA INSTALLED BY
REGISTRY OF MOTOR VEHICLES

The first General Electric
415 computer system to go into the
Boston area has been installed at
the Massachusetts Registry of Motor
Vehicles Bureau. The GE-415 system, which replaces a GE-225 computer, was placed in operation
within 65 hours over a weekend in
order to provide continuity of operation for production of automobile excise tax bills and other
administrative functions.
The computer system includes
a 16K central processor; a 900card-per-minute card reader; a
1000-card-per-minute card punch,
with 41.6 KC tape handlers; a
cross-bar tape controller and two
1200-line-per-minute printers.

PUBLISHING COMPANY ORDERS
RCA SPECTRA 70/15 COMPUTER

Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.,
a lending publisher of text books,
has ordered an RCA Spectra 70/15
computer to handle a wide range of
accounting functions. The company
specializes in text books covering

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

The installation will include
the Spectra 70/15 central processor with 8000 characters of memory
storage, four magnetic tape units,
a card punch and reader, and a
high speed printer. Delivery is
expected during the first quarter
of next year.

ticated programs may be developed
using teChniques originated at
1.1.1., to implement judgments
approaching those of the human in
analyzing filmed data.
1.1.1. will support this activity by providing documentation
on the operation of the system and
existing programs.

Colleges and Universities developing programs for the PFR-l
are expected to fully document
such programs and submit them to
1.1.1. who will make them available to other users.
(For more information, designate
U42 on the Readers Service Card.)

PROFIMATICS INC. FORMED
AS CONSULTING FIRM
TO PROCESS INDUSTRIES
ORGANIZATION NEWS

AUTOMATIC FILM READING
FOR EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTIONS

Information International,
Inc. has announced a new policy
with regard to educational use of
its automatic, programmable film
reader installed in its Cambridge,
Massachusetts Office.
1.1.1. will m~ke available
its PFR-l system, which has the
capability of reading, digitizing
and analyzing pictorial or graphic
data under program control, to any
educational organization whose
efforts in research could benefit
from its use.
1.1.1. is offering the use of
the complete system, generally during second or third shift hours, at
the reduced rate of $50.00 per hour.
An example of what this could mean
to the researcher: in one hour he
could expect to read, digitize and
record on magnetic tape over 5000
oscilloscope traces, at a cost of
only $.01 cent per trace.
1.1.1. has instituted this
program because of the large number of inquiries from Universities
both in the United States and
abroad, and because they operate
on limited budgets and grants.

Users have the advantage of
utilizing programs which 1.1.1.
has already developed. Any programs required whiCh may not yet
be available, must be programmed
by the individual. Highly sophis-

"Profi ts Through Automation"
is the slogan of a new consulting
firm, PROFlMATICS INC. (Canoga
Park, Calif.) announced by Dr.
Thomas Stout, its president. Other
founders of the company are Richard
P. Cline, Vaughn A. Kaiser, and
John D. Mahoney. These men all
were previously associated with
The Bunker-Ramo Corporation and its
predecessor companies, for periods
ranging from four to nine years.
PROFlMATICS was established, according to Dr. Stout, to provide
industry with the benefits of
their years of experience in the
design and installation of advanced
process control systems, particularly those employing computers.
Services provided by the new
firm will include studies of technical and economic feasibility for
automation projects in the process
industries; development of process
simulation models; preparation of
specifications and evaluation of
bids; process analysis, system design, programming, installation,
and project management for computer
control systems; and assistance
with recruiting and training of
technical staffs to perform this
type of work.
(For more information, designate
U41 on the Readers Service Card.)

CONTROL DATA ACQUIRES
PRESTON ASSOCIATES

William C. Norris, President
of Control Data Corporation, and
Glenn W. Preston, President of
Glenn W. Preston Associates, Inc.,
have announced the acquisition of

Newsletter
Preston Associates by Control Data.
The sale was an exchange of an undisclosed amount of Control Data
Corporation common stock for the
assets and business of Preston
Associates, Inc.
Preston Associates, based in
Philadelphia, Pa., is a h~ghl~ regarded organization of SCIentIsts
and engineers who have ha? notable
success in the areas of aIrborne
and satellite-borne radar systems
development. Preston Associates
will become a part of TRG, Inc. (a
subsidiary of Control Data Corporation) and will continue their design and development programs in
data processing equipment, antennas and encoded communication
sys~ems in the areas of airborne
and satellite-borne radar systems
development.

C-E-I-R, INC. ACQUIRES
AUTOMATION INSTITUTE

C-E-I-R, Inc., WaShington
applied research and data processing corporation, has purchas~d
Automation Institute of AmerIca,
Inc., a nationwide network of technical training centers headquartered in San Francisco (Calif.).
C-E-I-R will operate AlA, and two
affiliated companies which it also
is acquiring, as separate subsidiaries. Terms of the purchase
provide for payment in C-E~I~R.
common stock, and the acqUISItIon
is subject to clearance by federal
and California government agencies.
Automation Institute franchises 47 schools in 27 states and
the District of Columbia. The
schools specialize in teaching
basic automation skills, such as
computer systems design.and pro~
gramming, punched card Infor~atlon
handling, and machine operatIon.
AlA courses, which run from 6 to
36 weeks, are aimed primar~ly at
high school graduates seekIng special training for the data processing field. AlA has an annual
student body of approximately
20 000 and more than 150,000
gr;dua~es have been placed in
industry.
Acquisition of AlA extends
C-E-I-R into more than 40 additional cities, both for teaChing
and computer service bureau purposes. The firm expects to expand the number of AlA franchises
rapidly during the next year.
Additionally it will make other
C-E-I-R services available to
franchisees.

new advanced computer (IBM System/
360 Model 67) the acquisition of
whi~h will make Carnegie Tech's
facilities the equal in quality of
those of any college or university
in the country; and (4) $750,000
to endow a named professorship.

EDUCATION NEWS

CARNEGIE TECH TO ESTABLISH
DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER AND
INFORMATION SCIENCES

Carnegie Institute of TechnOlogy PittSburgh, Pa., has announced that a grant of $5-million
has been received through the generosity of Lieutenant General
Richard K~ Mellon, and charitable
trusts created by him, for the
establishment of a new department
of computer and information sciences in the College of Engineering and Science. In making the
gift, General Mellon said, "Mr~.
Mellon and I hope this grant WIll
provide the basis for an exp~nded
program leading to the practIcal
and intellectual preeminence of
Carnegie Institute of Technology
in computer information sciences.
It is our belief that such preeminence will be of measurable
benefit and lasting value to the
Pittsburgh community and the
nation" •
Current research programs related to computer sciences at Carnegie Tech include projects in the
behavioral sciences, management
sciences, fine arts and in all
departments of the College of
Engineering and Science. The Computation Center, which was established in 1956, at present has
almost 100 full-time employees.
Facilities include a paired computer with the seco~d larges~ memory storage device In educatIon or
industry in the country.
Current courses presently
are available for undergraduates
in the departments of electrical
enginee~ing and mathematics. Some
1300 students and faculty regularly make use of the University's
computers.
Dr. H. Guyford Stever, President of Carnegie Tech, said the
grant will be used for the f?llOWi ng proj ects: (1) constructIon of
a $2-million building to serve as
the focal point of research and
education in computer science; (2)
expenditure of $1,250,000 over a
five-year period for research in
computer development and applications, including existing projects
in computer languages and system,
thought processes, design, management information systems and
other areas potentially beneficial
to the community; (3) one million
dollars towards the purchase of a

In making the announcement,
Dr Stever pointed out that the
gift would enable Carnegie Tech ~o
expand its program and to co-ordInate, centralize, and increase the
many areas of computer research.
An important area of research to
be intensified is the development
of computer languages and ~ystems.
One objective of research In computer language is to a~low man to
communicate directly WIth the computer in English instead of a v?riety of symbolic languages. ThIS
program will be administered by
Dr. Alan Perlis, distinguishe~
international authority and pIoneer
in computer languages. H~ is cu~
rently Director of CarnegIe Tech s
Computation Center.
Work in the field of simulation of thought processes begun by
Professors Herbert A. Simon and
Allen Newell also will be increased
Such research, believed by many to
be one of the great advances of
the twentieth century, may lead to
an increase in the effectiveness
of human thinking. Other intensified research activities include
problems of engineering design,
and the development of complete
information systems for business
firms.
The new department initially
will enroll only graduate students.
It is expected that during the next
few years it will be expanded to
include undergraduate programs.

MASSACHUSETTS SCHOOLS
TO HAVE EXPERIMENTAL
COMPUTER NETWORK

It has been announced in Washington by Senators Saltonstall and
Kennedy that the first formal program of its kind in the nation to
use computers as a classroom teaching aid in elementary and seco~dary
schools will be inaugurated thIS
fall in five or more Massachusetts
communities.
According to Dr. Owen B.
Kiernan Commissioner of Education
for Mas~achusetts, the experiment
is aimed at determining how computer-aided instruction can be used
to improve the teaching of mathematics and problem solution at

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

Newsletter
grade school, junior high, and
high school levels.

directed by Jesse O. Richardson,
Senior Supervisor for Science and
Mathematics in the Massachusetts
Department of Education. Bolt
Beranek and Newman, in addition to
providing the computer and assisting in conducting the in-school
program, are providing the facilities for a six-week institute this
summer to acquaint teachers from
participating schools with the use
of the computer terminals, the
language, and the system
capabilities.

The system will consist of a
network of teletypewriter terminals connected to a multiple access
digital computer in the Cambridge
facilities of Bolt Beranek and
Newman Inc., one of the country's
leading research and scientific
organizations.
By means of easily learned
programmed languages called Telcomp and Toll I, students in the
sixth grade at Belmont's Kendall
School, in the ninth grade at
Lexington High School, Brookline
High School and Phillips Academy
in Andover, and in the eleventh
grade at Westwood High School, can
call upon the computer to solve
problems in math, algebra, geometry, trigonometry, or perhaps
some higher disciplines ••. can explore mathematical functions ••• or
can even play mathematical games.
It is expected that arrangements
will be made for students in some
adjacent communities to also have
some access to the terminals on a
part-time basis.

One major innovation of the
800 Series is the use of all silicon monolithic integrated digital
circuits in place of discrete component (either full size or microminiature) circuits. This new

Dr. Kiernan emphasized that
the program is not limited to
modern math, nor only to talented
students, and does not involve any
of the students in lengthy study
of computer programming. Rather,
he said, it is adaptable to any
part of the math curriculum, is
expected to be used by the average
student as well as by scholastic
leaders, and does not require any
knowledge of how the computer
works.
Jesse O. Richardson, who will
serve as principal investigator
for the project, and Wallace Fuerzeig, who will establish and manage the computer system for BBN
under the direction of Dr. Jordan
Baruch, stated that the potential
of computer-aided instruction is
limited only by the imagination
that scientists and educators can
bring to the problem.

Two terminals already have been
installed, one in Westwood and one
in Brookline. Both were on line
until the end of the school year,
with the others being added this
summer. In both schools, students

NEW PRODUCTS

Digital

SEL 800 SERIES

-- Gregory Wallace of Westwood, Mass., uses experimental computer terminal at
Westwood High School to
check mathematical functions.

A new series of general purpose digital computers, developed
by Systems Engineering Laboratories (Fort Lauderdale, Fla.)
mark the entrance of this firm
into the highly competitive computer market. The computers,
called the "SEL 800 Series" are
said to offer the fastest throughput rate and highest data storage
and instruction handling capacities of any machines in their size
or price range.

have lined up early in the morning
and late in the day for a turn at
the terminal. In Westwood, for
example, the computer was contacted by a student at 6:58 in
the lIlorning.
The $175,000 program is sponsored by the U. S. Office of Education under the Curriculum Improvement Program of the Cooperative Research Bureau. It will be

are supplied with a complete software package that includes onepass FORTRAN IV compiler, the
MNEMBLER assembly language, diagnostics, utilities and a complete
li brary.

SEL computers are designed for
real-time processing and control
operations or for scientific and
general off-line computation. All

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

-- SEL integrated circuit
card, left, is ~ the size
and does the same work as
the old discrete component
circuit board that it
replaces.
type of circuitry significantly increases the reliability of the machines, which have a full cycle
time of 1.75 microseconds and fully
parallel operation.
The smallest machine in the
series is the SEL 810, a 16-bit
binary device capable of executing
up to 60 instructions. In the medium scale is the SEL 840, which has
a 24-bit capacity and is capable of
executing 91 instructions. Both
have 4096 word basic storage capacity and hardware multiply and
divide capability.
The 800 machines also include
two independent input/output channels; typewriter, tape reader and
punch; hardware index register and
program counter; complete software
package for real-time applications
and FORTRAN IV package for scientific computation.
There are a number of options
available for both the 810 and 840
including magnetic core memory in
the main frame expandable up to
32,768 words -- all directly addressable; external drum or disc
storage; up to eight independent
input/output channels; up to six
direct memory access channels and
any standard peripherals.
(For more information, designate
U45 on the Readers Service Card.)
37

Newsletter
HONEYWELL 8200 SYSTEM
HANDLES NINE PROGRAMS
SIMULTANEOUSLY

A new large-scale computer,
using advanced microcircuitry
throughout, has been introduced by
Honeywell's electronic data processing division, moving the company further into the "thirdgeneration".
The Honeywell 8200, according
to Walter W. Finke, division president, combines key characteristics
of the firm's two top computer
lines into a single machine able
to process nine separate programs
at the same time. The new computer
-- designed for mixed business,
scientific and real-time data processing -- can operate on both
"word-" and "character-oriented"
programs. It also has full data
and programming compatibility with
Honeywell's Series 200 and Series
800 computers.
It was said, the entire H-8200
central processor -- including logic, arithmetic and control sections
-- will occupy less than eight
cubic feet.
The new computer contains
three major subsystems: processor,
memory and input/output.
The processor has within it
10 programming groups: nine running active programs and a tenth
-- called the master control group
-- monitoring the entire computer.
The master control group provides
intercommunication among all active
programming groups. The processor
also includes console, display and
manual control facilities.
The memory subsystem has one to
eight memory modules, and a memory
multiplexor (MM) which can access
up to three memory modules during
each cycle. Each module holds
131,072 characters (16,384 words)
for a total maximum core storage
capacity of 1,048,576 characters
(131,072 words). Memory cycle time
is 750 nanoseconds per eight-character word. The MM handles and
routes multiple requests for access
to memory, assigns priorities, resolves conflicting requests and
provides memory barricade control
so that one active program will not
disturb operation of another.
The input/output subsystem
comprises an input/output multiplexor (110M) and up to 32 read/
write channels. Up to 48 peripheral control units. and their associated devices, can be connected
to the subsystem, enabling the
38

H-8200 to operate up to 32 peripheral devices simultaneously. The
I/OM continuously scans all peripheral control units connected
to the system and requests time
from memory whenever a data transfer is to take place.

is a compatible, more powerful system with increased peripheral capacity, memory and real-time capability over the 491. Both the 491
and 492 can be linked to existing
UNIVAC 490 installations where
computer-to-computer hook-up is
requi red.

In a time-sharing or data
communications application, for
example, each control unit can be
linked to a 64-line communications
device for a total of 3072 remote
connections. Access to the H-8200
will, in effect, be instantaneous
from the standpoint of the remote
communications devices.
The H-8200 offers two effectual programming languages to new
users of Honeywell computer systems; continuity of programming to
current users of Honeywell's Series
200 and Series 800 systems; and the
ability to automatically translate
into Series 200 language (using
the Liberator technique) programs
originally written for six competitive computer systems. Also, a
program translator is being designed to enable automatic conversion of H400/1400 programs into
Series 200 language for users of
H-400 and 1400 systems.
(For more information, designate
~44 on the Readers Service Card.)

SPERRY RAND UNIVAC ANNOUNCES
REAL· TIME COMPUTER SERIES

Sperry Rand Corporation's
UNIVAC Division (New York, N.Y.)
has announced three advanced general purpose computers which are
known as the UNIVAC 490 Modular
Real-Time Systems. The new series
consists of three basic computing
systems: the UNIVAC 491, 492 and
494. They employ a highly modular
design approach that extends the
real-time mode of processing from
the medium to the very large-scale
data processing requirements.
The basic models of the UNIVAC 490 Modular Real-Time Systems
are the UNIVAC 491 and 492. These
stored program computers are capable of concurrently handling extremely large quantities of data
in batch processing and real-time
modes. The standard medium scale
491 has eight input-output channels, which can be expanded to a
maximum of 14. Cycle time is 4.8
microseconds per 30-bit word. The
basic memory of 16,384 words can
be increased in modules to a maximum of 65,536 words.

The largest and most powerful
of the 490 Modular seri es is the
UNIVAC 494, with a 750 nanosecond
memory cycle time, or 375 nanoseconds with overlapped operation.
The 494 is six to ten times faster
than the present UNIVAC 490 RealTime System and processes several
real-time programs concurrently
with multiple batch applications.
Core memory capacity of the
494 starts at 16,384 words and is
expandable in increments to a maximum of 131,072 words. The standard processor has 12 input-output
channels and can be increased in
optional increments in groups of
four to a maximum of 24.
All three systems of the new
series have a communications control feature -- the Externally
Specified Index (ESI). ESI handles
a substantial number of communications lines through a single computer channel, using buffers in
memory. This permits other transactions to' run without interruptions while communications data
comes into and out of the system.
The UNIVAC 490 Modular RealTime Systems direct and control
the operations of a variety of high
capacity random access storage subsystems, data communications equipment in addition to a choice of
card units, magnetic tape units,
printers and other peripherals.
In addition, on-line, remote communications devices, compatible
with common carriers, are controlled by the 490 series
processors.
A comprehensive software package will be available for the systems. Deliveries of the first
UNIVAC 490 Modular Series will begin in the fourth quarter of this
year.
(For more information, designate
~43 on the Readers Service Card.)

For growing processing requirements, the UNIVAC 492 System
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

Newsletter
DISPATCH, is said to make possible
maximum utilization of a trucker's
available vehicles.
DISPATCH is designed to be
used with Honeywell's Series 200
computers. It obtains information
from the computer user's existing
order processing system about the
number of shipments to be delivered, where they are to be delivered, and the weight and space
requirements for each one. It
must know also the size and number
of trucks and the expected delivery and unloading times.

Software

PDP·8 TYPESETTING SYSTEM

A low-cost typesetting system
which uses an integrated circuit
computer to produce 12,000 lines
an hour has been introduced to
newspaper publishers by Digital
Equipment Corporation, Maynard,
Mass. The new product, called the
PDP-8 Typesetting System, accepts
unjustified and unhyphenated
("idiot") tape punched by perforator operators; justifies according to column width, type size and
font; hyphenates according to rules
and an exception diction stored in
the computer memory; and generates
a clean operating tape for tape
driven linecasting machines.
Digital claims the following
advantages for the system: a complete package of field-tested
hardware and software; a low-price,
$24,900; more news in less space;
better-looking type; elimination
of linecaster hangups and matrix
damage caused by tight lines;
fastest delivery of any computerbased system; and a great deal of
flexibility in modifying or expanding the basic system as new needs
appear.

With this information in the
compu ter, DISPATCH wi 11 produce an
assignment sheet listing the size
of trucks to be used, orders to be
grouped together, route to be followed, and time of departure from
warehouse or store.
DISPATCH, written in the FORTRAN programming language, is
scheduled for release to Honeywell
Series 200 users during the fourth
quarter of 1965.
(For more information, designate
u49 on the Readers Service Card.)

CONSTRUCTS COMPUTER.DIRECTED
DRAWING SYSTEM

The basic system being offered
consi st s of the PDP-8 computer wi th
4096-word core memory, complete
hyphenation and justification program, reading unit for the 6- or
O-~evel idiot tape, and punching
un~ t for the output operating tape.
ThIS system accepts tapes from 12
noncounting perforator operators
and generates enough output tape
to keep 12 linecasters busy. Hyphenation accuracy runs better
than 90 per cent in the basic
system.
Two possible new uses cited
by Digital for a modified or expanded system are direct control
of l~necasters and the composing
of dIsplay advertisements.
(For more information, designate
u,17 on the Readers Service Card.)

HONEYWELL EDP HAS NEW
DISPATCHING APPLICATION

. A new general-purpose applicatIons package for truck routing
and scheduling has been introduced
by lI~neyw~l~' ~ electronic data processing dIVISIon, Wellesley HillS,
Mass. The new package, called
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

Control Data Corporation has
demonstrated a computer-directed
drawing system, called CONSTRUCTS
(C~ntrol Data Structural System),
WhICh can produce detailed construction drawings 25 times faster
than a draftsman. The system, developed by Meiscon Corporation a
su~sidiary of Control Data Cor~or
atlon, already has been successfully used to produce steel fabrication detail drawings for a multimillion dollar institutional facility to be erected on the east
coast.
The CONSTRUCTS programming
system is presently capable of
handling more than 4~~ of the steel
fabrication detail drawings required to construct a normal commercial or industrial building.
Within a year this percentage will
be more than doubled. A variety
of non-building type structures
can also be undertaken, as the
system also has the potential to
be used for other kinds of mechanical and electrical drawing work.
Using the CONSTRUCTS programming system in the steel fabrication detailing application, the
computer accepts basic design criteria and determines the exact dimensions of steel members, how they

should be cut, and the size of the
connecting members. The number of
bolts and lengths of welds to be
used to interconnect members are
also determined. CONSTRUCTS seeks
out possible obstructions and connection problems, and automatically
provides special solutions as
required.
Once calculations have been
completed, full-sized drawings are
produced on a plotter, following
currently acceptable practices for
shop detailing. Drawings show accurate dimensions of each piece of
steel to be cut and every connection, with proper allowance for all
fittings. A complete printed bill
of materials also can be produced.
James D. Harris, General Manager of the Company's Data Centers
Division pointed out that a man
familiar with detailing can prepare input data for the computer
after only four hours of training,
and that he can work independently
of the system after a two-day
training period.
(For more information, designate
U48 on the Readers Service Card.)

Data Transmitters
and AID Converters

TRANSLATOR INTRODUCED
BY REGENCY ELECTRONICS

What the Department of the
Army terms the "world's smallest
computer" recently was introduced
at a special Washington, D.C., Pentagon press conference. The tiny
"computer" designed and built by
Regency Electronics, Inc., Indianapolis, Ind., translates the dots
and dashes of Morse code into ordinary English. As ..• -- is sent,
for example, the Regency Translator
shows a "V" on its tiny "picture
tube"
The Translator allows those
untrained in Morse code to read
messages sent to them in code.
The Translator measures 1-1/4
x 2-7/8 x 2-7/8 inches and weighs
less than a pound. It is called
the "world's smallest computer"
because the Translator must differentiate between dots and dashes
and determi'ne the spaces between
characters. In a space the size
of a cigarette package, Regency
has placed 350 diodes, 75 transistor circuits, a display panel that
frames letters with 17 tiny incandescent lamps and four rechargeable
nickel-cadmium penlight batteries.

Newsletter
Newspaper Page Facsimile System,
manufactured by Muirhead Instruments, Inc., Mountainside, N.J.,
an entire newspaper page, including photographs and advertisements,
is transmitted from the London office, where it was originally composed, to the Manchester and Edinburgh printing plants simultaneously, in a matter of minutes.

-- Translator showing
an "A" on its "picture
tube" .
To accomplish this, some of the
most advanced electronic production techniques were used. In fact,
advanced electronics permitted Regency to produce the device with
only one moving part -- the "onoff" switch. Even letter changes
are made electronically.
The letter readout shows one
letter at a time. It can be programmed to display these letters
at virtually any rate of speed.
The only limitation is the ability
of the person receiving the message
to read each letter and write it
down. The person receiving transmission simply plugs the Translator into army radio through a
small jack. A similar jack is
used to connect an earpiece headphone (shaped like a hearing aid)
which is used for tuning.
To date, Regency has supplied
27 of the tiny devices to the Army
for field tests. Volume delivery
of the Translator is expected in
early 1966.
Army spokesmen indicate the
Translator could be used by infantry and artillery in ground-toground, as well as in air-toground communications and ship-toshore communication. Additionally
the Translator could be employed
to train personnel in code sending.
(For more information, designate
U52 on the Readers Service Card.)

MUIRHEAD AIDS
NEWSPAPER PRODUCTION

An important advance in British newspaper produciion occurred
recently when the DAILY MAIL began
facsimile transmission of complete
newspaper pages from London to
production centers in Manchester
and Edinburgh. Using the Muirhead

The definition of the equipment is such that each dot in the
screened photograph, or the smallest serif in the type, is faithfully recorded on film at the receiving end. A printing plate is
then made directly from this
negative.

frame of time. The information in
the waveform is thus reflected in
the pulse's position. Now, these
pulses are put into a pseudo-noise
generator where they are coded into
seemingly random sequences of O's
and l's. The particular sequence
used is the code of the called
party. Every pulse is coded, so
that each pseudo-noise sequence
carries both information and the
code of the called party.
On the receiving end, the
pseudo-noise pulses are fed into
digital matched filters. These
filters are the heart of the system, for they are the devices that
recognize the code of the called
party. Each filter is wired to
recognize only its code. The outputs of these filters are processed
to produce the original pattern of
sampled pulses. The transmitting
process is reversed in a pulseposition demodulator, and the
original voice waveform is produced.

The Muirhead System has been
adopted by newspapers in the
U.S.A., Japan, Sudan, Italy, Maylasia, and the U.K. Throughout
the world, Muirhead orders to date
for this equipment total 77
machines.
(For more information, designate
u50 on the Readers Service Card.)

Designed strictly for experimental purposes, the transceiver
provides almost the equivalent of
automatic dial telephone service
in a highly mobile radio system
that employs no switching nodes.

EXPERIMENTAL IBM RADIO
PERMITS MANY CONVERSATIONS
ON SAME CHANNEL

The transceiver would be especially useful on the battlefield,
where communications security is
vital. Anyone listening on the
tactical frequency would only hear
noise unless their radios were
equipped with exactly the right
decoding circuitry.

An experimental radio-telephone that can handle hundreds of
conversations has been described
by Dr. Francis P. Corr, an engineer of IBM Corporation. The
battery-operated VHF transceiver
was detailed at the Institute of
Electrical and Electronic Engineers Communications Convention.
Dr. Corr explained that the
IBM device permits many calls to
be transmitted on the same channel
simultaneously by assigning each
its own code. Special-purpose
electronic equipment in each radio
responds only to the appropriately
addressed calls. Thus, each called
party can receive, from the hundreds on the air, only the call to
him.

Because the set permits many
high-quality transmissions over
the same channel, i.e., many
talkers per megacycle, the device
also has promising applications in
satellite communications where many
ground stations share the same
satellite.

According to Dr. Corr, when
a user wants to make a call, he
merely dials a six-digit code on
the set's control panel and then
pushes a call button. This signals the called party.
The transceiver's handset is
wired to a conventional pulseposition modulator (PPM). When
the caller starts talking, the PPM
samples his voice waveform 8000
times every second and emits a
pulse for each sample. The amplitude of the sample dictates the
position of the pulse in a fixed

-- Richard C. Crutchfield, Jr., IBM staff
engineer, initiates
the call-up process on
the experimental IBM
radio-telephone. His
connection will be
made in about 20
mi IIi seconds.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1905

Newsletter
AMPEX CARD-TAPE
CONVERSION SYSTEM

A new system which converts
computer data from punched cards
to magnetic tape at twice the speed
and one third the cost of previous
methods has been placed on the market by Ampex Corp., Redwood City,
Calif. The Ampex Model CTS-2000
Card-Tape Conversion System is
said to offer substantial economies for commercial and governmental data processing users by
taking essential card-tape conversion functions away from the
computer and freeing it for its
basic processing jobs.
The system is comprised of a
card reader, a digital
tape transport and solid-state
editing, formating and error-control electronics.
hi~h-speed

Data Collection

A-M DATA COLLECTION SYSTEM
PROVIDES VERIFIED
SOURCE RECORD

Addressograph Multigraph
Corp., Cleveland, Ohio, has announced the development of a data
collection and transmission system that, for the first time, provides a low cost verified record
at the input source. Through an
adaptation of the Addressograph
bar code system tied into standard telephone line transmission
or over direct private line, new
A-M equipment will enable users
to send information directly to
their computers from any decentralized point -- and have a complete record of the transaction -on the spot. Preparation of the
source document is automatic and
simultaneous with the acceptance
of the input data by the central
EDP equipment.
Information transmitted can
be sent directly from the source
to a random access computer or
drum storage. It also can be converted at the receiving end directly to punched cards, paper or
magnetic tape, or into a visual
display.

-- Model CTS-2000 CardTape Conversion System
An operator can place several
thousand cards into the automatic
feed-hopper of the card reader in
a few seconds. The data is read
and transferred to the tape transport, which records it on highdensity tape. The tape then may
be fed into a computer system at
the user's discretion. The transport packs either 200, 556 or 800
characters per linear inch of tape
and generates tape useable in IBM
7330, IBM 729 series, IBM 2400
series and other ASCII-compatible
computer equipment.
Four versions, ranging in
speeds from 400 to 2000 cards per
minute are available to meet varyinU speed and volume requirements.
Lease or purchase of the system
carries full maintenance contract
services from regional Ampex offices throughout the world.
(for more information, designate
n~l on the Readers Service Card.)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

Equipment developed for the
system by A-M includes an embossed
Plastic Card Reader and Electric
Recorders. These machines are employed at the collection source,
along with either the Bell System's Data Phone Set or other
transmitters.

At the heart of the system is
a plastic card embossed with both
human sensible data and machine
sensible data, in the form of a
bar code pattern. These plastic
cards, containing either customer
or employee account numbers, machine
or part numbers, tool identification numbers, or any other informa~
tion embossed with numbers and bar
codes, are used at the collection
source. Full alpha-numeric descriptive information can also be embossed on these cards.
In a typical application of
the system, the plastic card is
placed into the new A-M Bar Code
Reader, which senses and transmits
the pre-embossed numeric data.
Other variable data is transmitted
through the use of a push button
keyboard on the machine. The operator at the source then inserts
the embossed card into an electric
Recorder, together with a sales
slip or transaction document.
In one configuration, if the
information being transmitted is
"acceptable" to the computer, it
returns an "accept" answer-back
signal which automatically triggers
the Recorder to imprint a transaction document. "Off-line" system
configurations could use magnetic
or paper tape devices at the receiving end, as well as card
punches.
A-M officials said that broad
application of this system in the
field of decentralized data collection is possible. Among the prospects for the system are retail accounts receivable, manufacturing
production control, hospital accounting, parts ordering, Motor
Vehicle Drivers' License Control,
and professional billing.
(For more information, designate
u54 on the Readers Service Card.)

Input-Output

UNIVAC 1001
CARD CONTROLLER

-- Pictured from left to
right are an Electric Recorder, a Plastic Card
Reader and Keyboard, the
input equipment of A-M's
new data collection
system.

A punched card device, capable
of both card arranging as well as
multi-file on-line card processing
operations, has been developed by
the Sperry Rand Corporation's UNIVAC Division, New York, N.Y. The
new device, known as the UNIVAC
1001 Card Controller is designed
to handle a variety of punched card

Newsletter
functions off-line, and also can
be used with the UNIVAC 1004 as a
high speed multi-file input.
The 1001 combines into a
single unit the functions of high
speed collating, card editing and
proving, sorting, statistical sorting and counting. It also has adding, subtracting and programmed
multiplication capabilities. The
Card Controller handles 2000 cards
per minute, which is 50% faster
than any available collator.
The UNIVAC 1001 has a 256
6-bit position magnetic core memory with a 12 microsecond cycle
time. This provides the 1001 with
large capacity to compare, classify data, to store constants used
for range comparison, and to store
totals and statistical counts.
The UNIVAC 1001 compares on
the basis of 64 alpha-numeric and
special characters. The 64 columns can be compared for merging
and matching with simultaneous
sequence checking.

MINIATURIZED DIGITAL
MAGNETIC TAPE SYSTEMS

A family of low cost, mlnlaturized digital magnetic tape systems, for computer, data systems, or
automated typewriter applications,
has been announced by Dartex, Inc.
of Anaheim Calif.
The Dartex-lOO Digital Magnetic Tape Transport is the basic
element of the systems. The device
measures 9 x 12 x 6 inches and
weighs less than 25 pounds. Storage capacity is 2.4 million bits
of information on a 3~-inch reel
of quarter inch one-mil computer
grade tape. It will search at
22,240 bits per second, and record or read out at controllable
speeds compatible with mediumspeed computers, electric typewriters, or Dataphone. Density is
556 bits per inch.

San Leandro, Calif. This is the
second electronic calculator model
int~oduced by Friden in a year.
The 132 combines the speed
and quietness of the electronic
computer with the simple input and
operational flexibility of the mechanical desk-top calculator. The
new device operates at speeds measured in milliseconds with answers
appearing almost immediately on
the screen as control keys are released. The simple II-key keyboard and clearly marked controls,
automatic decimal control from 0
to 13 places, and multiple registers are among the features making
the 132 easy to operate.
There also is the automatic
transfer of terms or intermediate
answers which permits a logical
flow of calculations. The 132 has
the added capability of holding a
second constant in the top
register.
(For more information, designate
~62 on the Readers Service Card.)

MASTER-SLAVE TAPE SYSTEM
BY DATAMEC

-- Dartex-lOl Incremental
Digital Recorder utilizing the Dartex-lOO Tape
Transport.

Operational simplicity of the
device is increased by a MultiProgram Panel pre-wired to perform
many standard collating and merging operations. The flick of a
switch activates anyone of 18
different functions. UNIVAC Card
Controllers are available in 90
column and 80 column models. The
80 column unit also reads binary
coded cards.
With the 1004 System, the
UNIVAC 1001 has several operating
modes, which can effectively double
the processing capacity of the
UNIVAC 1004.
(For more information, designate
~65 on the Readers Service Card.)

The basic data system is the
Dartex-lOl Incremental recorder
measuring 9~ x 16 x 8 inches and
weighing less than 35 pounds in a
self-contained desk-top enclosure.
This includes the Dartex-lOO, a
data controller, power supply, and
control panel. The light weight
and small dimensions are made possible by use of integrated microcircuits.
Dartex provides appropriate
interface circuitry for each
application.
(For more information, designate
#60 on the Readers Service Card.)

THE 132 - SECOND ELECTRONIC
CALCULATOR FROM FRIDEN

An all-purpose electronic
desk-top calculator, with a special key for instantaneous square
root computations, has been announced by Friden, Inc., a subsidiary of the Singer Company,

A new master-slave magnetic
tape system for computers has been
developed by Datamec Corporation,
Mountain View, Calif. Datamec
spokesmen said the new "combination" concept was developed to provide data processing systems with
more input/output capaci ty for significantly less hardware investment.
The master-slave tape device
combinations handle input/output
access to several magnetic tapes
through one input/output channel.
They come in two model lines. The
Model D3030 tape units operate at
75 inches per second tape speed,
writing and reading IBM standard
computer format tapes at recording
densities of 800, 556 and 200 characters per inch. Model D 2020 tape
units have 45 ips (or lower, if desired) tape speed.
In the Datamec system, a master tape unit works in combination
with as many as three slave tape
uni ts. Only the mas ter has wri te- "read data electronics, plus a
solid-state electronic switcher
that shifts the data function among
the various tape units as commanded
by the external equipment. The
master,also automatically switches
the control and status line functions to any tape unit as commanded.
(For more information, designate
~56 on the Readers Service Card.)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1905

NewsleHer
SCM ANNOUNCES TWO NEW
ELECTRONIC CALCULATORS

A new line of noiseless, fully
automatic electronic calculators
has been developed by SCM Corporation, New York, N.Y. The first
two models announced, named Cogi to
2~0 and 240SR, are compact versatile solid-state calculators with
a completely automatic floating
decimal system. Each model weighs
35 pounds, is 10 inches high, and
requires only a 14 inch by 19 inch
space on a desk top.
The capacity of Cogito 240
and 240SR enables them to handle
computations involving two twelve
digit numbers, calculating the 24
most significant digits for the
answer. This ability, coupled
with the completely automatic decimal, gives a total capacity in
the product register of 52 decimal
places.
Computations, noiselessly and
rapidly accomplished, are displayed
as on a T.V. screen. The three
visible working registers are shown

-- Shown left to right
Cogito 240 and 240SR
on the screen permitting the operator to obtain proof of all entries
and answers simultaneously. All
zeros are distinctly "half size"
for easier, instant readout.
The Cogi to machines have three
memory registers which can store
three separate numeric entries,
anyone of which may be recalled
for use in any computation. The
ability to transfer factors and
answers between all regi sters and
memories eliminates the reentry of
figures and provides greater speed,
simplicity and flexibility for the
most complex problem.
The Cogito 240SR offers the
extra advantage of a square root
feature and can accumulate the sum
of squares and the sum of multipliers to the twelfth most significant digit. Both models will be
available for delivery in the Fall.
(For more information, designate
u~7 on the Readers Service Card.)
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

Components

GI BUILDS
MICROCIRCUITS FOR
SPACE EXPERIMENTS

General Instrument Corporation's Microelectronic Division
announced that it is building for
the Laboratory for Astrophysics
and Space Research of the University of Chicago, new microelectronic circuits which need
only 300 microwatts (millionths
of a watt) of power to operate.
The new microcircuits -- 200 of
which have been ordered by the
Laboratory -- are for use in NASA
space experiments.
The microcircuits are "binary
flip-flops" (which are basic
"counting" circuits in computing
equipment). They were especially
designed by the Uni versi ty of Chicago group for space use, where
every watt of power can be critical and space and weight is at a
premium. Most other microelectronic circuits currently available need between 10 and several
hundred milliwatts (thousandths
of a watt) of ~ower to operate.
These devices, developed by
General Instrument's Multi-Chip
Microcircuit Department, use
transistor and resistor "chips"
assembled in a "package" only
3/8 inch x 5/8 inch and less than
1/10 inch thick. The extraordinarily low power requirements of
the new microcircuits are achieved
by using special cermet (ceramicmetallic) resistors.
(For more information, designate
u66 on the Readers Service Card.)

MAC TRANSITAPE

A special 200-foot reel of
computer tape, MAC TransiTape, has
been introduced by MAC Panel Co.,
High Point, N.C. George L. Athanas,
president, said that MAC TransiTape
is designed for any short job -especially those calling for interplant, inter-city or inter-state
mailing. Because its size eliminates the need for wasting footage
on 2400- and 1200-foot reels, it
also is expected to be very useful
for service bureau applications.
Each MAC TransiTape package
comes complete with 200-feet of
premium grade, heavy-duty computer
tape, fUll-width tested at 800 bpi.

The tape is on a special 5 3/4-inch
reel wi th standard hub opening. The
reel, enclosed in a reusable poly
bag, comes packed in a box that has
been constructed for mailing. The
complete package (5~ oz.) can be
mailed anywhere in the country for
only fourteen cents.
(Fo: more information, designate
#67 on the Readers ~ervice Card.)

PEOPLE OF NOTE

THREE NEW DIRECTORS
ADDED TO THE BOARD OF
BRANDON APPLIED SYSTEMS

Brandon Applied Systems, Inc.,
a New York data processing consulting firm, has announced the
election of three new directors.
In alphabetical order, they are:
Edmund C. Berkeley, President,
Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.; James
P. Hassett, President, CyberTronics, Inc.; and Samuel B.
Richmond, Professor, Graduate
School of Business, Columbia
University.
Edmund C. Berkeley has been
a pioneer in data processing, since
developing the basic ideas for a
computerized premium accounting
system at The Prudential Insurance
Company of America in 1941. Mr.
Berkeley has been publisher of
Computers and Automation since
1951, and is the author of many
significant books in the data processing field.
James p. Hassett is the President of Cyber-Tronics, Inc., a
major leasing company in the data
processing field. Mr. Hassett has
over ten years of data processing
experience, in all phases of equipment design, engineering and
financi ng.
Samuel B. Richmond is a noted
authority on operations research
and statistics. Dr. Richmond is a
professor of economics and statistics at the Graduate School of
Business, Columbia University, a
consultant to major corporations
and the Federal Government, and an
author of major texts in statistics
and airline economics.

Newsletter
AUERBACH INTERNATIONAL DIV.
HAS NEW DIRECTOR,
OPENS 2ND EUROPEAN OFFICE

Isaac L. Auerbach, President
of AUERBACH Corporation, has announced the appointment of Michael
J. Samek as director of the International Division. At the same
time, Mr. Auerbach announced that
the company has opened a second
European office, this one at
Koninginnegracht 65, in the Hague,
Netherlands, from which Mr. Samek
will direct the European
activities.
Mr. Samek,
who will be responsi ble for
the company's
European operations, is a former vice president and director of the Data
and Information
Systems Division
of International
Telephone and Telegraph. He has
had more than 20 years' experience
in engineering and research management, sales and administration.

for Honeywell's electronic data
processing division. He succeeds
J. M. Sterling, who has been promoted to managing director of Honeywell's European computer organization, headquartered in London,
England.

Magnetic Core Ropes for Decoding
• •. Circuit and General Index .••
Cross Index by Application".
(For more information, designate
u69 on the Readers Service Card.)

Mr. Blucke
wi 11 be responsible for coordinating U.S.
support of Honeywell 's· expanding international EDP sales
activities which
now extend into
13 foreign markets, for international sales administration and
for manufacturing liaison. He
will be headquartered at the EDP
division's offices in Wellesley
Hills, Mass.

COBOL INFORMATION
BULLETIN AVAILABLE

NEW LITERATURE

Richard F. Mills, until recently controller of Digital Equipment Corporation, has been appointed vice president-controller at
Computer Control
Company, Inc.,
Framingham, Mass.,
according to an
announcement by
Benjamin Kessel,
3C president.
Mr. Mill s
joins 3C after
more than four
years a t DEC. He
was formerly associated with Farrington Electronics, Inc., as controller, and the Foxboro Company
as assistant to the treasurer.
The position of vice president-controller is new to the 3C
corporate structure.

HONEYWELL EDP INTERNATIONAL
TO BE HEADED
BY BLUCKE

Robert W. Blucke, formerly
assistant director of international operations, has been named director of international operations

This 186 page multilith document contains a set of elements
chosen from the total COBOL language, as defined by CODASYL to be
considered for the proposed American Standard on COBOL (pASCOBOL).
Copies are available by writing to CIB Editor, Data Processing
Group, BEMA, 235 East 42nd Street,
New York, N.Y. 10017.

MAGNETIC LOGIC
COOK BOOK
3C APPOINTS
VICE PRES-CONTROLLER

The Data Processing Group of
BEMA has released another COBOL
Information Bulletin. This information bulletin includes a working
document entitled "Language Specifications for a Proposed COBOL
Standard" and is number 6 in a
series produced by the COBOL task
group of the American Standards
Association subcommittee X3.4 on
common programming languages.

The availability of its recently published 90-page textbook
on magnetic logic has been announced by Di/An Controls, Inc.,
Boston, Mass. It is entitled,
"The Magnetic Logic Cook Book"
and is offered at $1.00 per copy
in a soft cover edition ($1.25
post-paid).

THE TAPE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM,
FIRST IN SERIES OF FIVE

The clear-cut advantages, in
many applications, of magnetic
shift-register and logic elements
- and most particularly "transistor - magnetic" logic elements have never been fully exploited
(except in critical space applications) although they are quite
generally acknowledged and appreciated throughout the digitalsystems design field.
"The Magnetic Logic Cook Book"
presents, for the first time, a
comprehensive treatment of magnetic logic theory and application.
The following chapter headings extracted from the table of
contents of the "Cook Book" illustrate the scope and depth of
thi s publication: "
the Two
Fundamental Circuits ••• Putting
the Two Fundamental Circuits to
Work ••• Advantages of Magnetic
Core Logic ••. Magnetic Circuit
Packaging and Specifications •••

The first of a series of five
papers covering the entire area of
computer tape management has been
published by General Kinetics Inc.,
Arlington, Va. The first paper to
be released is titled THE TAPE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM. Subsequent papers
will consider the need for tape
preventive maintenance, the process itself, and its technology.
THE TAPE MANAGEMENT PROGRAM,
Paper Ul, outlines the essentials
of a system for maintaining tape
in the best condition and at the
highest level of performance of
which it is inherently capable.
A significant feature of the paper
is a chart that demonstrates how a
Tape Preventive Maintenance and
Rehabilitation Center functions as
part of a computer installation to
keep poor quality tapes out of the
operations area.
(For more information, designate
U70 on the Readers Service Card.)

.00

NEW COMPUTER BOOK AND
FILM GUIDE AVAILABLE

The Washington, D.C. chapter
of the ACM has published a special
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

Newsletter
edition of its monthly news magazine, COMPUTOPICS, which consists
of two annotated bibliographies:
A Career Guidance Bibliography,
and Computer Science Theater
Bi bliography.
This handy booklet provides
an up-to-date listing of educational materials sui table for preparing a course on computers, programming, systems analysis, and
related subjects.
Additional copies of the issue may be obtained for fifty
cents each by writing to the ACM,
211 East 43 Street, New York, N.Y.
10017.

BUSINESS NEWS

COMPUTER TAPE MARKET
EXPECTED TO INCREASE
10% YEARLY

The use of magnetic computer
tape will increase by more than
HY}~ each year through 1970 predicts F. B. Cameron, vice president and general manager of the
Celanese's film and sheet products group. The prediction was
made during a press meeting at
Celanese's new plant in Greer, S.C.
The almost surgically-clean plant
produces the new Celanar polyester
film used as a base for magnetic
recording tapes.
The relatively slower growth
rate in the use of magnetic computer tape versus the 20%-25% annual growth rate expected in the
use of computer systems can be
attributed to several factors. One
is the increased use of on-line
systems that rely on random access
storage devices such as disc files,
disc packs, and magnetic card systems for storage of frequently used
files. Another is the development
of low cost magnetic card and disc
pack memories that provide on-line
storage capacities equal to the information on one to three reels of
magnetic tape. The cartridges of
magnetic cards or discs are
replaceable.
The world-wide market for mag~
netic computer tape in 1965 is currently expected to be about $38
million, accounting for the sale
of approximately 900,000 reels of
magnetic computer tape. A recently completed market study by staff
of C & A of the magnetic tapeCOMPUTERS anu AUTOMATION for August, 1965

oriented computers used in the U.S.
indicates that there are currently
approximately 10,000 magnetic tapeoriented computers in use. These
systems use a total of approximately 50,000 tape transports.
Estimating that 85% of the worldwide sales of magnetic computer
tape occur in the U.S., these figures indicate that the average
consumption per year of magnetic
computer tape in the U.S. is approximately 15 reel s per transport.
Celanese feels it now has a
strong stake in this growing market because of the technical features of its new tape base. Celanar polyester film claims a 25%
to 35% increase in tensile break
strength and a 10% to 15% advantage in F-5 value (stress required
to produce 5% elongation) over its
nearest competitor DuPont's Mylar.
The high F-5 value is of particular significance for computer
magnetic tape. Tape transports in
computer systems start and stop in
thousandths of a second and employ
tape acceleration speeds as high
as 200 inches per second in 2 msec.
Such movements exert very high
momentary stress on the tape. High
stress tends to stretch the tape
and at critical value causes the
tape to break apart. Generally a
magnetic computer tape cannot be
stretched more than 5% without
having the information stored on
it become valueless in high precision work.

RCA SALES, EARNINGS
SET HIGHS

Profits and sales of RCA rose
to all-time record levels during
the second quarter and first half
of 1965, Chairman David Sarnoff
announced. RCA's second-quarter
and first-half dollar earnings increased by 18 per cent and 17 per
cent, respectively, over last
year's levels. The quarter was
the 17th consecutive three-month
period in which profits improved
over the comparable quarter of the
preceding year.
Profits after taxes in the
second quarter were $18,900,000,
as against $16,000,000 in the same
period last year. For the first
half, after-tax profits were
$43,900,000, compared to last
year's first-half record of
$37,600,000.
Sales in the first six months
were $963,900,000, setting a new
mark for any half year. The pre-

vious high was $913,300,000 in the
second half of 1964. Second quarter sales were $488,400,000, an
all-time record for any quarter.
The best previous quarterly total
was $486,200,000 in the fourth
quarter of 1962. In comparison
with the same periods last year,
the gains in sales volume were 12
per cent for the second quarter
and 7 per cent for the first half.
General Sarnoff credited this
to sustained
momentum in RCA EDP sales, highlighted by mounting orders for the
new RCA Spectra 70 computer series,
among other company events.
record~erformance

Chairman Sarnoff said that
more than 925 RCA systems have now
been delivered or are on order.
He said that the new RCA Spectra
70 series is gaining wide acceptance, and that continuing new orders have led to an upward revision in production schedules for
the earlier 301 and 3301 systems.

3C INCOME DROPS

Computer Control Company reports net income for the first 28
weeks of fiscal 1965 of $140,645,
as compared to $389,463, net earnings reported at mid-year for 1964.
First half sales of $11,606,779
for the current period exceed the
$8,482,198 reported for the corresponding period last year.
High scheduled expenditures
incurred in connection with three
new major product lines in final
design, programming, and release
for manufacture contributed to restricted earnings in the first half
of fiscal 1965, according to B.
Kessel, president.
The high scheduled expenditures, Kessel said, relate to
launching the new DDP-224 and DDP116 computers that were released
to full production during the first
half. Initial shipments were made
by the end of the half. Also, during the first half, he pointed out,
3C introduced and released for manufacture its new digital logic module line called "fl.-PACS" (MICROPACS) , which incorporates integrated circuitry.
In addition to the fl.-PAC module line, 3C recently introduced
the DDP-124, its first microcircuit computer.

MONTHLY COMPUTER CENSUS
The number of electronic computers installed or in production at anyone time has been increasing at a bewildering pace
in tIle past several years. New vendors have come into the computer market, and familiar machines have gone out of production.
Some new machines have been received with open arms by users -others have been given the cold shoulder.
To aid our readers in keeping up with this mushrooming activity, the editors of COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION present this
monthly report on the number of general purpose electronic computers of American-based companies which are installed or on
order as of the preceding month. These figures included installations and orders outside the United States. We update this
computer census monthly, so that it well serve as a "box-score"

of progress for readers interested in following the growth of
the American computer industry, and of the computing power it
builds.
In general, manufacturers in the computer field do not
officially release installation and on order figures. The figures in this census are developed through a continuing market
survey conducted by associates of our magazine. This market
research program develops a documented data file which now covers over 80% of the computer installations in the United States.
A similar program is conducted for overseas installations.
Any additions, or corrections, from informed readers will
be welcomed.

AS OF JULY 10, 1965
NAME OF
MANUFACTURER
Addressograph-Mu1tigraph Corporation
Advanced Scientific Instruments

Autonetics
Bunker-Ramo Corp.

Burroughs

Clary
Computer Control Co.

Control Data Corporation

Digital Equipment Corp.

El-tronics. Inc.
Electronic Associates. Inc.
Friden
General Electric

General Precision
Honeywell Electronic Data Processing

NAME OF
COMPUTER
EDP 900 system
ASI 210
ASI 2100
ASI 6020
ASI 6040
ASI 6050
ASI 6070
ASI 6080
RECOMP II
RECOMP III
BR-230
BR-300
BR-330
BR-340
BR-530
205
220
E101-103
BIOO
B250
B260
B270
B280
B370
B5000/B5500
DE-60/DE-60M
DDP-19
DDP-24
DDP-116
DDP-224
G-15
G-20
160*/160A/160G
924/924A
1604/1604A
3100
3200
3300
3400
3600
3800
6400
6600
6800
PDP-l
PDP-4
PDP-5
PDP-6
PDP-7
PDP-8
ALWAC lIrE
8400
6010
115
205
210
215
225
235
415
425
435
625
635
LGP 21
LGP-30
RPC-4000
H-120
H-200
H-400
H-800
H-1200
H-1400
H-1800

SOLID
STATE?
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N
Y
Y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

semi
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

NUMBER OF
DATE OF FIRST
AVERAGE MONTHLY
INSTALLATIONS
INSTALLATION
RENTALS
11
2/61
$7500
23
4/62
$2850
6
12/63
$3000
2
4/65
$2200
o
7/65
$2800
o
10/65
$3000
o
10/65
$3500
o
1/66
$4000
55
11/58
$2495
14
6/61
$1495
14
8/63
$2680
40
3/59
$3000
35
12/60
$4000
19
12/63
$7000
15
$6000
8?1
57
1 54
$4600
44
10/58
$14,000
165
1/56
$875
50
8/64
$2800
105
11/61
$4200
190
11/62
$3750
145
7/62
$7000
80
7/62
$6500
o
7/65
$8400
38
3/63
$20.000
2/60
324
$525
3
$2800
6/61
65
5/63
$2500
5
$900
4/65
5
3/65
$3300
328
$1000
7/55
26
4/61
$15,500
426
5/60;7/61;3/64
$1750/$3400/$12,000
28
8/61
$11,000
60
$38,000
1/60
21
12/64
$7350
73
$12,000
5/64
o
$15,000
7/65
11
$25,000
11/64
40
$58,000
6/63
o
11/65
$60,000
o
1/66
$40,000
8/64
4
$110,000
o
4/67
$140.000
60
$3400
11/60
55
$1700
8/62
110
$900
9/63
10/64
9
$10,000
11
$1300
11/64
30
$525
4/65
24
$1820
2/54
o
$7000
6/65
197
$600
6/63
12/65
o
$1375
25
$2900
6/64
$16,000
56
7/59
$6000
50
9/63
$8000
145
4/61
$10,900
48
4/64
$7300
5/64
58
$9600
30
6/64
$14,000
10
10/64
$41,000
12/64
4
$45.000
12/64
4
12/62
135
$725
$1300
410
9/56
$1875
1/61
90
$2600
12/65
o
$5700
510
3/64
$8500
12/61
122
$22,000
12/60
81
$6500
o
2/66
$14,000
1/64
11
$30,000
1/64
10

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED ORDERS
2

o
4
4
1

o
o

X
1
X
X
2
X
X
X
X

32
7

80
25
25
40
11
3
X

45
20
X
X
4
1
X

35
27
35
20
12
18
2
9
1
2
2
4

11
50
155
X
6

191
95
15
X

5
3
6

80
50
20
21
24
X
X
X
155

340
8

10
30
3

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1905

NAME OF
MANUFACTURER
Honeywell (cont'd)

IBM

ITT
Monroe Calculating Machine Co.
National Cash Register Co.

Phi lco

Radio Corp. of America

Raytheon
Scientific Data Systems Inc.

Systems Engineering Labs
UNIVAC

= no

AVERAGE MONTHLY
SOLID
NAME OF
RENTALS
STATE?
COMPUTER
y
$11,000
H-2200
$16,800
Y
H-4200
$35,000
Y
H-8200
N
~40, 000
DATAmatic 1000
$3600
N
305
$1800
Y
360/20
$7500
Y
360/30
$16,000
Y
360/40
$30,000
Y
360/50
$48,000
Y
360/60
y
$55,000
360/62
y
$49,000
360/65
y
$49,000
360/66
y
$78,000
360/75
$4800
N
650
$850
Y
1130
$4500
Y
1401
$2000
Y
1401-G
$14,200
Y
1410
Y
$3500
1440
$9000
Y
1460
y
$2500
1620 I, II
$3500
Y
1800
$5000
701
N
y
$22,600
7010
N
$6900
702
y
$160,000
7030
704
N
$32,000
y
7040
$18,000
Y
7044
$35,200
$30,000
705
N
Y
7070, 2, 4
$27,000
7080
Y
$55,000
709
N
$40,000
7090
Y
$63,500
y
7094
$72,500
y
7094 II
F8,500
y
7300 ADX
~18,OOO
Monrobot IX
N
Sold only - $5800
y
Monrobot XI
FOO
y
NCR - 304
$14,000
y
$2000
NCR - 310
y
NCR - 315
$8500
y
NCR - 315-Rr.K::
$12,000
y
NCR - 390
$1850
Y
NCR - 500
~1500
y
1000
$7010
y
2000-210, 211
$40,000
y
2000-212
$52,000
y
2000-213
~68,OOO
Bizmac
N
$100,000
RCA 301
Y
$6000
y
RCA 3301
$11,500
RCA 501
Y
$14,000
y
RCA 601
$35,000
y
Spectra 70/15
$2600
y
Spectra 70/25
$5000
y
Spectra 70/45
$9000
y
SQectra 7OL55
~14,OOO
y
250
$1200
440
Y
$3500
y
520
P200
y
SDS-92
$900
y
SDS-910
$2000
y
SDS-920
$2700
SDS-925
Y
$2500
y
SDS-930
$4000
y
SDS-9300
FOOO
y
SEL-81O
$750
y
SEL-840
~4000
I & II
N
$25,000
y
III
$20,000
File Computers
N
$15,000
Solid-State 80 I,
II, 90 I, II &
y
Step
$8000
418
Y
$11,000
y
490 Series
$26,000
1004
Y
$1900
1050
Y
$8000
1100 Series (except 1107)
N
$35,000
1107
Y
$45,000
1108
Y
$50,000
y
LARC
~135,OOO

DATE OF FIRST
INSTALLATION
10/65
2/66
3/67
12i57
12/57
12/65
4/65
4/65
7/65
8/65
9/65
1/66
10/66
11/65
11/54
11/65
9/60
5/64
11/61
4/63
10/63
9/60
12/65
4/53
10/63
2/55
5/61
12/55
6/63
6/63
11/55
3/60
8/61
8/58
11/59
9/62
4i64
9/61
3/58
12L60
1/60
5/61
5/62
9/65
5/61
9L65
6/63
10/58
1/63
6i65
-/56
2/61
7/64
6/59
11/62
11/65
11/65
3/66
5L66
12/60
3/64
lOi64
4/65
8/62
9/62
12/64
6/64
lli64
8/65
10L65
3/51 & 11/57
8/62
8/56

NUMBER OF
INSTALLATIONS
0
0
0
4
185
0
45
60
0
0
0
0
0
0
275
0
7300
900
780
1900
1800
1750
0
1
120
8
7
44
105
50
62
355
73
11
58
140
70
9
155
550
26
46
318
0
930
0
16
21
9
0
3
597
29
98
5
0
0
0
0
170
11
0
10
137
86
3
50
11
0
0
30
88
21

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED ORDERS
40
5
1
X
X
2600
2300
650
290
18
5
80
5
85
X
900
350
100
60
500
300
30
70
X
40
X
X
X
25
10
X
8
1
X
4
15
30
6
X
140
X
1
45
65
60
170
2
2
2
1
X
15
20
2
X
55
45
55
13
10
6
6
40
18
8
25
25
7
8
2
X
5
X

8/58
6/63
12/61
2/63
9/63

315
24
53
2850
175

X
12
22
250
165

13
28
0
2
27,814

X
1
15
X
11,613

12/50
10/62
7/65
5i60
TOTALS

longer in production.

* To avoid double counting, note that the Control Data 160 serves as the central processor of the NCR 310.
Also, many of the orders for the IBM 7044, 7074, and 7094 I and II's are not for new machines but for
conversions from existing 7040, 7070 and 7090 computers respectively.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

WANTED FOR CASH
USED tB.M. COMPUTER
SYSTEMS AND PERIPHERALS
WE WILL PURCHASE FOR CASH THE FOL·
LOWING USED IBM COMPUTER SYSTEMS,
YOU MAY HAVE FOR SALE, AT PRESENT,
OR WITHIN THE NEXT 12 MONTHS:
MODEL # 1401, 1403, 1405, 1440, 1620,
1621, 7070, 7601, 7608, 7094. TAPE
DRIVES # 727, 729, 7330. SORTERS, KEY
PUNCHES, REPRODUCERS, VERIFIERS, COL.
LATORS, TABULATORS. 024, 026, 044,
046, 047, 056, 063, 077, 082, 083, 085,
088, 403, 407, 514, 519, 602A.
ADVISE COMPLETE CONFIGURATIONS,
MODELS AND SERIAL NUMBERS FOR OUR
QUOTATIONS.

FOR SALE
NCR

MAGNETIC

SORTER

#402,

NCR

#310, 390. IBM #650, CDC #G15D AND
2 TAPE DRIVES.

L. A. PEARL CO.
801 SECOND AVE. NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017
PHONE: 212 OREGON 9-6535
Circle No. 14 on Readers Service Card

WANTED
An Applied Mathematician

. . . to formulate and apply advanced
mathematical equations and formulae to a
wide range of engineering, operational
and statistical problems encountered in the
operation of a large water utility. He will
conduct studies of water and sewage plant
operations, make hydraulic and hydrolog.
ical studies pertaining to Philadelphia's
watershed and provide professional assistance in the development of engineering
and scientific computer applications.
He must have a master's degree in
mathematics including physics, applied science or engineering course work and 1
year experience in computer programming
or operations. A Ph.D. in mathematics will
meet all requirements. Salary $8,864$10,104.

CITY of
:::tJj~~~ PHILADELPHIA
Send resumes or phone collect
FLOYD H. PLATTON, Personnel Officer
WATER DEPARTMENT
1130 Municipal Services Bldg., Philadelphia, Pa. 19107
(215) 686-9700, Ext. 3826

Circle No. lOon Readers Service Card

NEW PATENTS
RA YMOND R. SKOLNICK
Reg. Patent Agent
Ford Inst. Co., Div. of Sperry Rand
Corp., Long Island City 1, New York

The following is a compilation
of patents pertaining to computer
and associated equipment from the
"Official Gazette of the U. S. Patent Office," dates of issue as indicated. Each entry consists of patent
number / inventor(s) / assignee /
invention. Printed copies of patents may be obtained from the U. S.
Commissioner of Patents, Washington 25, D. C., at a cost of 25 cents
each.
April 6, 1965
3,177,469/ Chao Kong Chow, Bryn
Mawr, Pa.! Burroughs Corp., Detroit,
Mich.! Character Recognition.
3,177,470/ Anthony Galopin, Reading,
Mass.! - / Character Sensing System.
3,177,472/ John A. Githens, Morristown,
N.J.! Bell Telephone Labs.! Data
Conversion System.
3,177,473/ Wijnand Johannes Schoenmakers,
Eindhoven,
N etherlands/
North American Phillips Co.! Magnetic Memory Device.
3,177,474/ Eric G. Wagner, New York/
IBM Corp., N.Y.! High Speed Binary
Counter.
April 13, 1965
3,178,020/ Heinz M. Zeutschel, Arlington and Robert W. Cooper, Natick,
Mass.! Itek Corp., Lexington, Mass.!
Data Processing Apparatus.
3,178,178/ Heinz M. Zeutschel, Arlington, Mass.! Itek Corp., Lexington,
Mass.! Data Processing Apparatus_
3,178,587/ Burtis W_ Meyer and Hardison J. Geer, Palo Alto, Calif.! General
Electric Co.! Information Storage Circuit.
3,178,692/ Douglas J. Hamilton, Tucson,
Ar.izona/ General Electric Co.! Memory Sensing System.
,3,178,693/ Edward Schwartz, Phila., Pa.!
Sperry Rand Corp.! Memory System.
. 3,178,694/ John C_ Mallinson, P(llo Alto,
Calif./ AMP Inc.! Shift Register.
April 20, 1965
3,179,926/ Robert M. Wolfe, Colonia,
N.J.! Bell Telephone Labs., Inc.! Fer- •
roelectric Logic Circuits.
3,179,927/ Edgar Heimbach, Munich,
Germany/ Siemens & Halske Aktiengesellschaft, Berlin, Germany/ Magnetic Core Matrices.
3,179,928/ Robert E. Sorenson, Bloomington, Minn.! Sperry Rand Corp.!
Search .Memory Using Longitudinal
Steering Fields.
April 27, 1965
3,181,004/ Henry Guckel, Urbana, Ill./
USA, as represented by US Atomic
Energy Comm.! Binary Memory Device Employing Flip-Flop That Is Controlled by In-Phase Drivers.
3,181,123/ Esmond Philip Goodwin
Wright and Donald Adams Wehr,
London, England and Raymond Cecil
Price Hinton, Teaneck and Boris
Dzula, Clifto,n, N.J./ International
Standard Electric Corporation, NY /
Data Processing Systems.
3,181,126/ Milton W. Green, Menlo
Park, Calif.! Radio Corp. of America/
Memory Systems.

3,181,127/ Gerhard Merz, Rommclshausen, Waiblingen, Germany/ International Standard Electric Corporation/
Magnetic-Core Storage Matrix.
3,181,128/ Bruce E. Peck, Whittier and
Calvin Fujimoto, Los Angeles, Calif.!
The National Cash Register Co.!
Magenetic Core Memory Structure.
3,181,129/ Arye Leib Freedman, London,
England/ Decca Limited, London,
England/ Digital Information Storage
Systems.
3,181,131/ Richard L. Pryor, Haddonfield and .Thomas R. Mayhew, Levittown, N.J./ Radio Corp. of America/
Memory.
3,181,132/ Hiroshi Amemiya, Levittown,
N.J'! Radio Corp. of America/ Memory.
May 4, 1965
3,182,204/ Remo Galletti, Milan, Italy/
Ing C. Olivetti & C.S.p.A, Ivrea,
Italy/Tunnel Diode Logic Circuit.
3,182,205/ John R. Sorrells, Rockville
and Arthur W. Holt, Silver Spring,
Md./ assigners by mesme assignments
to Control Data Corp., Minneapolis,
Minn.! Logic Package Including Input Gating Means D.C. Coupled to
Amplifier.
3,182,293/ Robert E. Fruin, Schenectady, and Vernon L. Newhouse, Scotia,
NY / General Electric Company/
Cryogenic Memory Circuit.
3,182,294/ John W. Bremer, Sunnyvale,
Calif. and Vernon L. Newhouse,
Scotia, NY / General Electric Company / Cryogenic Memory.
3,182,295/ Joe B. Crank, Dallas and William F. Donnell, Richardson, Texas/
Texas Instruments Inc'! Shift Register Device.
3,182,296/ John A. Baldwin, Jr., Murray
Hill and Andrew H. Bobeck, Chatham, NJ/ Bell Telephone Company/
Magnetic Information Storage Circuits!
May 11, 1965
3,183,363/ Kenneth E. Batcher, 1010 W_
Green St., Urbana, IlL, Harold R.
Greene, 47 Apple Orchard Drive,
New Shrewsbury, NJ and Saul B.
Yochelson, 10010 Lasaine Ave.,
Northridge, Calif! Logic Mechanization System.
3,183,365/ Harri K. Li~otky, Chicago,
IlL/ International Tele & Telegraph
Corp.! Electronic Counter or Scanner Using Memory Means and Logic
Gate.
3,183,370/ Kurt M. Trampel, Poughkeepsie, NY / International Business
Machines Corp.! Transistor Logic
Circuits Operable Through Feedhack
Circuitry in Nonsaturating Manner.
3,183,371/ Kurt M. Trampel, Poughkeepsie, NY / IBM Corp./ Nonsaturating Transistor Trigger Circuits.
3,183,483/ John R. Lisowski, Minneapo. lis, Minn.! Sperry Rand Corp.! Error Detection Apparatus.
3,183,484/ Richard A. Christiansen,
Rochester, Minn., Norman S. Stockdale, Endwell, NY and Harry J.
Tashjian, Rochester, Minn.! IBM
Corp./ Serial By Bit. Serial By Character, Data Comparing Apparatus.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 19(,5

PLOTTER BUFFER
permits on-line plotting
with IBM system/36D
Now you can plot IBM/360 data as annotated charts, graphs,
drawings or maps ... on-line and at high speed, using any
500 or 700 series CalComp digital incremental plotter.
CalComp's Model 110 Plotter Buffer operates as a control
unit, attached either to a Multiplexor or a Selector channel
of the IBM/360. It also operates with a number of other
digital computers.

MODEL 110
PLOTTER BUFFER

(shown with CalComp
Model 765 Digital
Incremental Plotted
SYSTEM/360
CPU

I
r-------,

IL ______ .JI

I
I
IL ______ ...JI

(OTHER CONTROL UNITS)

• On-iine plotting with IBM System/360 and any CalComp 500 Series or 700 Series Digital I ncremental Plotter
• Operates on System/360Multiplexo'f or Selector Channels • Choice of either "Burst" or "Byte" mode on Mult'iplexor Channel • Core buffer stores up to 2048 plotter
commands; 4096 command option available.
Write or phone" Marketing" for further information.

STANDARD

THE

PLOTTING

INDUSTRY

CALIFORNIA COMPUTER PRODUCTS, INC.

305 Muller Avenue, Anaheim, California. (714) 774·9141
Circle No. 7 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

C&A CLASSIFIED COLUMN

Now - the most adaptable, reliable

DATALITE®
5)

SYSTEM OF INDICATION
For computers, data processing,
and other readout applications

(a)

Build your light indicators with a systemthe DATALITE system. Here's how: Choose a
"Datalamp" Cartridge (a) and combine it with
a "Datalamp Holder" (b); or use a screw-on
"Data Cap" with a rotatable readout lens
(c, d) ••. For multi-indications, "Datalamp"
Cartridges may be mounted on a "Data Strip"
or"Data Matrix" in any required configuration.
"Datalamp" Holders accommodate DIALCO's own plug-in
ultra-miniature Neon or Incandescent "Datalamp" Cart.ridges. Complete assembly mounts in 3/s" clearance hole.
Also available with permanent (not replaceable) Neon
lamps (e). Legends may be hot-stamped on cylindrical
lenses. Styles shown here are only typical components
in the extensive DATALITE system of light indication.

Use economical C&A Classified Ads
to buy or sell your computer and data
processing equipment, to offer services to the industry, to offer new
business opportunities, to seek new
positions or to fill job vacancies, etc.
Rates for Classified Ads: 909 per
word - minimum,/ 20 words. First
line all capitals - no charge.
Blind Ads: Box Numbers acceptable
at $4.00 additional to cover costs of
handling and pos tage.
Send copy to: Computers and Automation, 815 Washington Street, Newtonville, Mass. 02160. Telephone:
617 -332-5453 •
Deadline for Classified Ads is the
10th of the month preceding issue.

SAMPLES ON REQUEST-AT ONCE-NO CHARGE.

For complete data, request current Catalog.

Booths 2324-2325 at WESCON
Circle No. 12 on Readers Service Card

ADVERTISING INDEX
Following is the index of advertisements. Each item contains: Name and address of the advertiser / page number
where the advertisement appears / name of agency if any.

American Telephone & Telegraph Co. ,
195 Broadway, New York 17, New
York / Page 2 / N. W. Ayer & Son
Benson-Lehner Corp., 14761 Califa
St., Van Nuys, Calif. / Page 3 /
Leonard Daniels Advertising
California Computer Products, 305
Muller Ave., Anaheim, Calif. /
Page 49 / Advertisers Production
Agency
Computron Inc., 122 Calvary st. ,
Waltham, Mass. / Page 4 /
Tech/Reps
Dialight Corporation, 60 Stewart Ave. ,
Brooklyn, N. Y. 11237 / Page 50 /
H. J. Gold Co.
Fabri-Tek Incorporated, 705 Keller
Ave. So., Amery, Wisc. / Page
6 / Midland Associates, Inc.
Honeywell Electronic Data Processing, 200 Smith st., Waltham,
Mass. / Page 8 / Allied Advertising Agency Inc.
International Business Machines

Corp., Data Processing Div. ,
White Plains, N. Y. / Pages 26
and 27 / Marsteller Inc.
Memorex Corporation, 1180 Shulman
Ave., Santa Clara, Calif. / Pages
2A and 2B / Hal Lawrence Inc.
National Cash Register Co., Main
& K Sts., Dayton 9, Ohio / Page
51 / MCCann-Erickson, Inc.
L. A. Pearl Co., 801 Second Ave.,
New York, N. Y. 10017 / Page
48/City of Philadelphia, 1130 Municipal
Services Bldg., Philadel phia, Pa.
19107 / Page 48 / B. K. Davis
& Bro.
Wolf Research and Development
Corp., P. O. Box 936, Baker
Ave., W. Concord, Mass. 01781 /
Page 52 / de Garmo-Boston, Inc.
Ed Younger & Associates, 8 So.
Michigan Ave., Chicago, Ill.
60603 / Page 29 / Bentley,
Barnes and Lynn, Inc.

IBM COMPUTER TAPES FOR RENT
or sale. Rent-A-Tape plan. Savings
and· satisfaction unconditionally guaranteed. Telephone: 212 755-1265.
Equipment Exchange, 560 Warburton
Avenue, Yonkers, N. Y. 10701

WE BUY IBM TABULA TING EQUIPment and Solid State Computers. If
you have any of the above equipment
available for current delivery, write
or call collect: Nationwide Office
Machines, Inc., 31 East 32 Street,
New York, N. Y., 212-LE 2-9230

TM-2 HIGH DENSITY AMPEX TAPE
System, purchase price July, 1961 $15,705.00. Never used, for sale at
best offer. Write or call DREXEL
DYNAMICS CORP., Maple Avenue,
Horsham, Pa. 19044. 215-WA-7-6200

COMPUTER FOR SALE. UNIVAC
1101, originally cost U. S. Government $1, 000, 000. 00. Sacrifice price
for immediate sale. Reply CAM,
P. O. Box 43, Detroit, Mich. 48221

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, \C)(i5

-'"',

If you can't afford to buy
a computer, buy part of one.
It works just as well.

Try it. Chip in with other firms in your area and buy an
NCR computer. You can all use it. It's being done by many
banks and other businesses, all over the country that need
the speed, accuracy and efficiency of electronic computa-

tion. Or rent time on an NCR-owned computeratyour local
NCR data processing center. Either way, you'll get the
benefits of NCR's unmatched systems and service. Your
local NCR man will help you make either arrangement.

THE NATIONAL CASH REGISTER

VISIT THE NCR PAVILION AT THE N. Y. WORLD'S FAIR.

co.

Circle No. 9 on Readers Service Card

-4.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for August, 1965

(

J.
I

I~
\,.t

*
Activities at NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center in Houston, Texas, represent .both a challenge and a
promise. Project Apollo will be watched by responsible persons eve~Wber~~'-Wolf .Research and
Development Corp. is playing a key role in this massive undertaking. W6rtfdyriti','like.,to; join'-;us? We
offer computer-oriented services and for 11 years have been solving advanced.proJ;>lems using all
facets of data processing. As independent, scientific consultants, we seek o~ly a'nswers.Our reputation
has been built by competence. SCIENTIFIC PROGRAM.MERS -":';·Otlr ..future anticipated req'iiirements are
for Programmer Analysts and Programmers for compilation, analysis and! evaluation of information vita!
to NASA in Houston. Our Washington, D.C. branch office in. College Park, Ma.,'also h,as
number of
vacancies. A minimum of one year's programming experience· with larg~-scale computers and a BS or
SA in Math, Physics or Engineering are required. Write.
~i I
..'.' ,
~.-)~ ~~)".-::'~" ..,...;.~, ...

WOLF RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION

__JO

an equal-opportunity employer

P.O. Box 936, Baker Avenue, West Concord. Mass. 01781

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