196511

196511 196511

User Manual: 196511

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November, 1965

ere

and automation

Graphic Data Processing: A New Frontier for Computers

"Guess who saved
$75,000

for a customer
of Atlas Stationersl"

"Well, whol"
"I did."

"Actually, I shouldn't take all the credit. I'm just part
of the Atlas Order-Mation* system, which is saving money
for a lot of customers."
When an Atlas customer needs office supplies, it's
just a matter of feeding punched cards through a card
reader connected to a Bell System Data-Phone* * data set.
The order flashes over telephone lines from distant
locations to Atlas headquarters in Los Angeles. The cards
are automatically duplicated and processed so that Atlas
can start filling the order within minutes.

Because of the fast, automatic reordering operations,
Atlas customers are able to reduce clerical details, paperwork, and inventories. A chain of department stores saved
approximately $75,000. An electrical company saved
$28,000. An astronautics firm saves $5000 yearly.
If you're interested in keeping customers buying from
you, consider what Data-Phone service could do for your
customers and your business. We can show you how.
Just call your Bell Telephone Business Office and ask
for the services of our Communications Consultant.
*Trademark of Atlas Stationers

Visit the Bell System data exhibit
at the Joint Computer Show in
Las Vegas, November 30-December 2.
Designate No. 1 on Readers Service Card

* *Trademark of the Bell System

@ Bell System
NIiI.
•

American Telephone and Telegraph
and Associated Companies

Designate No. 2 on Readers Service Card---'"

~.J

GSD[g]§u

SECOND GENERATION
CRT MICROFILM
PRINTER/PLOTTER
ON THE MARI(ET TODAY
The 8-L 120 is a truly expandable, modular system, completely solid-state and features the latest in high reliability
silicon logic circuits.

o Truly off line-does not require expensive computer tape transport
o Through-put-120 frames per minute for both 556 and 800 bpi tapes
o 64 character selection with 128 character option
o Vector line drawing and axes line
drawing
o Handles either 16mm or 35mm
monocromatic film
o Tape transport compatible with all
7-track, Ih-inch magnetic tapes or
9-track, Ih-inch magnetic tape
o Optional "Quick-Look" hard copyexposure simultaneous with film

rM
V

benson-Iehner

",p.

:'::61 CALI FA STREET

VAN NUYS, CALIFORNIA
o

781-7100

Demonstrations Now Being Conducted at Van Nuys
Designate No. 3 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

AN OFF-BIT HISTORY OF MAGNETIC TAPE ... #9 of a series by Computape*

There were mutterings at the Round Table that Merlin
the Magician was growing absent minded, not to say
daft. The Knight of the Silver Spoon was sure of it. And
the Knight of the Iguana agreed.
IIAbsent minded am I? Ready for Medicare am I?"
cackled Merlin. 111'11 show them I"
And so he collared the noble Galahad. IIWatch this,
Gal old boyl" he crowed.
And without so much as an abracadabra - 10 I The
two were suddenly in a strange room, where a damsel
pecked absently at a typewriter and musicians played
Greensleeves from the balcony.
IIAnd what do you thinkthose are?" Merlih whispered
to Galahad, pointing a warty finger at a bank of computers that had suddenly materialized along the far wall.
IIComputers," Galahad replied promptly. "As for the
tape, it's heavy duty Computape. Magnetic. 556, or 800,

Inc. 1965

or 1000 bits per inch with no dropout, if I recalL"
Merlin sighed. "Then I've shown you this before?"
IIAt least 25 times," said Galahad. "But fear not,
Merlin. None shall ever be the wiser."
And none ever was. After all, would you have the heart
to tell on a poor old man?
Galahadn't either.
One of a series of documentaries ma.de possible by
COMPUTRON INC., a company even more interested in
making history than fracturing it. Our Computape is so
carefully made that it delivers 556, 800 or 1,000 bits per
inch - with no dropout. Available with 7, 8, 9, 10, 16
channel or full-width certification to meet your systems
requirements.
Now - if Computape can write that kind of computer
tape history - shouldn't you be using it?

'"Reg. T.M. Computron Inc.

CCMPUTRCN INC.
MEMBER OF THE

mL\\~Ir GROUP

122 CALVARY STREET, WALTHAM, MASSACHUSETTS

GOM PUTAPE - product of the first company to manufacture magnetic tape for computers and'instrumentation, exclusively.

Designate No. 4 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

Our front cover shows a graphic data processing
system which can scan graphic in/ormation
recorded on microfilm, store it in it computer,
process it, and display it on a screen
in the form of diagrams, drawings, graphs,
and management reports. For more details, see
the article by C. F. Smith beginning on page 14.

computers and data' processors:
the design, applications,
and implications 0/
information processing systems.

NOVEMBER, 1965 Vol. 14, No. 11

editor and publisher
EDMUND C. BERKELEY

SPecial Featttre: Graphic Daht Processing

assistant editors

MOSES M. BERLIN
LINDA LADD LOVETT
NEIL D. MACDONALD

GRAPHIC SYSTEMS FOR COMPUTERS
by Christopher F. Smith

The design, programming, and use of a system for graphic input/output
for a computer

: 17

PROGRAMMING GRAPHIC DEVICES

by Roger L. Fulton

contributing editors

The programming tools and techniques for effective input, processing,
and output of graphic data by a computer

JOHN BENNETT
ANDREW D. BOOTH
DICK H. BRANDON
JOHN W. CARR, III
NED CHAPIN
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
PETER KUGEL

COMPUTER·GENERATED THREE·DIMENSIONAL MOVIES

by A. Michael Noll

Computer·created movies for clarifying scientific/engineering concepts
offer considerable promise.
.24

SOME APPLICATIONS OF GRAPHIC DATA OUTPUT
by N. Waddington

Description and applica,tions of a successful computer·controlled printer·
plotter

advisory committee
T. E. CHEATHAM, JR.
JAMES J. CRYAN
GEORGE E. FORSYTHE
RICHARD W. HAMMING
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
HERBERT F. MITCHELL, JR.
VICTOR PASCHKIS

In This Issue
28

COMPUTER PROGRAMMING: THE DEBUGGING EPOCH OPENS

by Mark Halpern

The decline of hardware-limited computing has surfaced the prospect
of bug-limited computing

CHARACTERIZING DOCUMENTS - A TRIAL OF AN AUTOMATIC METHOD

by Andrew D. Booth

An evaluation of an automatic method of selecting the significant words
in a text

associate publisher
PATRICK J. MCGOVERN

In Every Issue

production manager
ANN B. BAKER

art director
RAY W. HASS

fulfilment manager

across the editor's desk
COMPUTiNG AND DATA PROCESSING NEWSLETTER

editorial
Intelligent Operations and Their Performance by Computers

market report

WILLIAM J. MCMILLAN, 815 Washington St.
Newtonville, Mass. '02160, 617-DEcatur 2-5453

9
37

advertising representatives

11
11
11
12
12
31

New York 10018, BERNAIlD LANE
37 West 39 St., 212-BRyant 9-7281
Chicago 60611, COLE, MASON AND DEMING
737 N. Michigan Ave., 312-SU 7-6558
Los Angeles 90005, WENTWORTH F. GREEN
300 S. Kenmore Ave., 213-DUnkirk 7-8135

Uncle Sam's Computer Chest: Where the Dollars Went

capital report
readers' and editor's forum
Education in Computers and Data Processing
"The Computer Field and Bandwagons" - Some Comments
Time-Sharing - Some Comments
1966 IEEE Communications Conference - Call for Papers
"Personnel Problems in Data Processing Systems" - Some Comments
Calendar of Coming Events

reference information
54

San Francisco 94105, A. S. BABCOCK
605 Market St., 415-YUkon 2-3954

Elsewhere, THE PUBLISHER
815 Washington St., 617-DEcatur2-5453
Newtonville, Mass. 02160

58
58
19

Computer Census
New Patents, by Raymon'd R: Skolnick

index of notices
{t.'

Advertising Index
Classified Advertisements
Statement of Ownership, Management and Circulation

COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION IS PUBLISHED MONTHLY AT B15 WASHINGTON ST" NEWTONVILLE. MASS. 02160, BY BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC, PRINTED IN U,S,A. SUBSCRIPTION RATES: UNITED
STATES, $15.00 FOR 1 YEAR, $29.00 FOR 2 YEARS, INCLUDING THE JUNE DIRECTORY ISSUE; CANADA, ADD SOc A YEAR FOR POSTAGE; FOREIGN, ADD $3,50 A YEAR FOR POSTAGE. ADDRESS ALL
•••••••• EDITORIAL AND SUBSCRIPTION MAIL TO BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC., B15 WASHINGTON ST., NEWTONVILLE, MASS., 02160. SECOND CLASS POSTAGE PAID AT BOSTON, MASS.

'!Y!J[."

POSTMASTER: PLEASE SEND ALL FORMS 3579 TO BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC., B15 WASHINGTON ST., NEWTONVILLE, MASS. 02160. © COPYRIGHT, 1965, BY BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC. CHANGE
OF ADDRESS: IF YOUR ADDRESS CHANGES, PLEASE SEND US BOTH YOUR NEW ADDRESS AND YOUR OLD ADDRESS (AS IT APPEARS ON THE MAGAZINE ADDRESS IMPRINT), AND ALLOW THREE WEEKS
FOR THE CHANGE TO BE MADE.
COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION, FOR NOVEMBER, 1965

Lockheed Missiles & Space Company is making important contributions in the areas of computer
research and development and information processing at centers located in Sunnyvale, California
and Huntsville, Alabama. 0 The most advanced equipment is utilized including IBM 7094, 1401,
1410 and 360; Control Data Corp. 3600, 160A and G series; RCA 301; Univac 1107; GE 415.
Outstanding opportunities are available in:
Business Programming
Data Conversion •
Scientific Computer Systems
Digital Computer Operations •
Scientific Programming
Analog Computing •
Fortran Programming •
Mathematical Modelling
TECHNICAL SUPERVISORS AND MANAGERS
representing these important Lockheed Information Analysis and Computation Centers invite you
to meet with them for a confidential interview during the
•
•
•
•

WESTERN JOINT COMPUTER CONFERENCE
To arrange for an interview appointment: Contact Mr. U. D. McDonald, Suite 103, La Concha
Motel (on the Strip) in Las Vegas. Drop in any time during the conference, November 29 and
30, December 1 and 2. Hours; 10 a.m. to 8 p.m. 0 If you are not planning to attend the conference, write or visit Lockheed Missiles & Space Company, Supervisor, Professional Placement,
599 North Mathilda Avenue, Sunnyvale, California. Your inquiry will. receive special attention.
An Equal Opportunity Employer

LOCKHEED

Designate No. 5 on Readers Service Card

MISSILES & SPACE COMPANY
A GROUP OIVIS/ON 0" L.OCKNEED A'RCRA~r COlflfPORATIOIV

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

c&a
EDITORIAL

~ lru~e ~~ i gJeU1l~ O~errCl~ DO,lrus
C}[l)d l~eir f1eu-~olrmalfllee
Proposition: "Every defined intelligerit operation can be
performed by a computer."
Is this true?

In Cedar Rapids, Iowa, on September 25., I listened to two
excellent illustrated talks given at the 13th Annual Conference of the Cedar Rapids section of the Institute of Electrical
and Electronic Engineers.
One was a talk by R. P. Noonan of Honeywell Corporation
about the new computer-controlled Kitchens of Sara Lee,
Deerfield, Ill. This is a $25 million dollar plant for automatically making frozen cakes of very high and uniform
quality; they are stored automatically in a warehouse 4
stories high, larger than a football field, and maintained at
10° below zero; and the cakes are drawn automatically from
the inventory to fill orders. He showed movies of the automatic cranes in motion - a non-human world of metal
dinosaurs. This automatic factory and warehouse is operated
by a combination of data processing computers and control
computers.
The other talk was by T. D. Robertson of IBM, on the
automation of engineering design. Formerly, a human engineer would take a customer's order, a book of rules, etc., and
make the design of a motor, transformer, pump, voltmeter,
etc., to meet the customer's requirements. Now this is accomplished by a program. The customer's requirements, the
tables, standards, and formulas, and the design logic of the
engineer, are put together in a program using a technique·
called "decision tables." The program produces product specifications so that the factory has the precise specifications for
making the particular product the way the customer wants it.
A computer program may, for example, express 250 decision
tables, leading to 200 billion different possible designs. The
same technique can be applied in other areas such as producing the product. The decision tablp.s summarize the
conclusions about what choices should be made in view of
given circumstances.
Across my desk on September 18 came a Release of
which the following is an excerpt:
"Students applying for Pennsylvania college loans and
scholarships are getting a fair hearing from a computer, which
is screening student requests to the Pennsylvania Higher
Education Assistance Agency for funds. The aid may total
$2000 per student during each year of undergraduate study.
There are 190 checkpoints in each application, and 12 to
15 thousand student applications: The computer impartially
reviews each application and judges it on its merits. Safeguards have been built into the system that guarantee every
student a fair hearing. The computer processes an application in seven seconds compared to the 45 to 50 minutes
it takes a professional evaluator. Though the computer determines an applicant's needs, its decision is not necessarily
binding, since an applicant may have a review of his case
by an evaluator, if he so requests."
Here is the work of a factory manager, the work of a
design engineer, the work of a judge - all summarized and
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

(om60M~ellg

performed by a computer, and performed better, faster, and
more reliably than the professional man who used to do
the work.
These examples make more and more evident the long
reach of the capacity of a computing machine. There is no
question that a computer can perform arithmetic, mathematics, logic, reasoning, proving, controlling, guiding, communicating, filing, classifying, sorting, investigating permutations and combinations and making the "best" choice,
puzzle-solving, game-playing, etc., etc. It has been demonstrated repeatedly that defined intelligent operations can be
reduced to sequences of logical steps. It has been demonstrated repeatedly that sequences of logical steps can be
performed by a computer.
What sorts of intelligent operations might be outside the
power of a computer to perform? At any rate, what sorts of
intelligent operations show hardly any signs yet of being performed by computers? Examples are:
driving a bus, and stopping to pick up passengers and
let them off (a. bus driver)
diagnosi)1g and repairing a motor car (a repairman)
- identifying decayed places in teeth, and drilling and
filling them (a dentist)
- recognizing the ideas conveyed by sequences of words
in a booklet of motor vehicle driving regulations, and
applying them subsequently in driving a motor car
(a driver)
investigating the occurrences surrounding a news event,
and writing a report about it for a newspaper (a reporter)
All of these types of intelligent operations depend on a
highly trained way of perceiving a complex environment,
distinguishing parts of it, and then acting appropriately in
response.
And yet even for these operations, it seems clear that
over the next quarter century equipment that observes, analyzes, and classifies the environment will develop greatly.
We already have optical scanning of characters, reading of
films by programmable computers, and other graphic devices.
Once the parts of an environment are recognized and defined,
the intelligent operations to be performed are often simple;
for example, the dentist's mission after finding a decayed
area, is simply to excavate and put in a filling.
So we can conclude that it is mainly our limited capacity
to imagine the probabilities and the possibilities in the future
that may prevent us from agreeing completely with the
proposition:
"Every defined intelligent operation can be performed
by a computer."

c.~
EDITOR
7

computer
specialists

At Grumman, our highly sophisticated digital
facility is comprised of two IBM 7094 II systems, two IBM 360/30's and one IBM 1460.
Parallelling this is our modern analog facility
with 1700 operational amplifiers. Modern linkage equipment between the two facilities providing one of the largest hybrid installations in
the U. S., makes Grumman an ideal vehicle for
computer specialists who find up-to-the-minute
equipment can materially speed their professional progress. Positions are immediately
available in the following fields:

To arrange an immediate
interview, SEND RESUME·
to Mr. George K. Kwak
Engineering Employment
Dept. 9l.
Designate No. 6 on Readers Service Card

DIGITAL PROGRAMMERS
Time Sharing
Special Purpose Compilers
Hybrid and Real Time Simulators
large Scale Data Handling Systems
Management Information Systems
Monitors, Systems Support
Engineering and Research Applications
ANALOG APPLICATIONS ENGINEERS
Real Time Simulation
Hybrid Applications
Analog Applications to Engineering Analysis and Design
New Techniques and Applications
COMPUTER DESIGN (EE's Preferred)
Special Purpose Equipment
Computer Systems Interface
Hybrid Equipment

~l.....~GRUMMAN

AIRCRAFT ENGINEERING CORPORATION

Bethpage· Long Island· New York
An Equal Opportunity Employer

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

c&a
MARKET
REPORT
* Control Data,

benefiting from the addition of some
33 installed computer systems acquired from
General Precision, has moved into a secure
second place in the government market with 243
systems installed .•. 11 %of the total. NCR, which
was in the second place in June, '64, slipped to
third place this year with 196 systems installed,
9% of the total.

UNCLE SAM'S COMPUTER CHEST:
WHERE THE DOLLARS WENT
The Federal Government, the nation's largest
computer user •.• employing just over 10% of all computers in use in the U. S••.. spent an estimated $1132 million for data processing in the Fiscal Year ending June
30, 1965. Of this amount, $441 million, or 39% of the
total, is estimated as the cost for the rental or purchase
of computers ($203 million for rental and $238 million
for purchase).

* Total costs for data processing

in the Federal Government are expected to rise to an estimated $1148
million in Fiscal '66 ... an increase of less than
2%. However previous government projections
of DP costs have usually proven to be conservative.

These figures, and scores of others, are reported in the publication, "Inventory of Automatic Data Processing Equipment in the Federal Government", issued
recently by the U. S. Bureau· of the Budget. This is the
third consecutive year that such an inventory has been
prepared and published through the efforts of the Management Improvement and Research Branch of the Bureau of
the Budget's Office of Management and Organization.
This year's edition, 365 pages long, is available for
$2.00 from the U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D. C. 20402.

* The percentage of purchased computers

in use in the
Federal Government rose from 39.7% as of June,
'64, to 45.2% as of June, '65. By June, '66, the
percentage of purchased computers is expected to
rise to 49. 2%.

'* By June,

'66, 37 government agencies will be using
computers at some 923 computer units ••• each
computer unit being defined as a separate adminis":
trative site for a computer installation.

A selection of other Significant statistics about
the computer industry provided by this publication are:

* The Department of Defense operates

1497 computers,
or 68% of the current government total. It accounts
for 60% of the total government bill for data processing. NASA is the next largest user, using
11 % of government computers and accounting for
17% of DP spending. In third place is the AEC,
using 8% of government computers, and accounting
for 7% of the DP spending.

* 2188 computers were in use in the

Federal Government by the end of June, '65, compared to 1767
at the end of June, '64 ••• an increase of 24%.
This number is expected to rise to 2451 by the
end of June, '66 ... an increase of 12% during
the year.

* IBM supplied 999 of the computers in use in the
Federal Government as of June, '65, accounting
for 46% of the total. In June, '64, their share of
installed computers was 53%. By next June, '66,
it is expected to decline to 36%.

The chart below gives a breakdown of the number
of systems installed, or expected to be installed, in the
Federal Government, and the number and percentage of
currently installed equipment which is purchased.

Number of Coml2uters Installed
In Federal Government
Manufacturer
IBM
Control Data (includes General
PreciSion)
NCR
Univac
RCA
Burroughs
Honeywell EDP
General Electric
Scientific Data Systems
Digital Equipment
All others
TOTALS

June '64
940
195
190
96
97
30
25
36
18
20
120
1767

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

June '65
999
243
196
187
132
98
66
53
40
31
143
2188

~Est.)

June '66 ~Est. )
888
243
197
330
132
164
90
44
43
35
286
2451

Est. No. Computers Purchased,
June '65
370
148
5
126
70
22
35
21
33
31
127
988

% Computers
Purchased
37%
61%
3%
67%
53%
24%
53%
40%
83%
100%
89%
45%

Automated
Pay-roll
for
LESS Money!
- Now, you can electronically automate
complex payroll applications (plus other
processing jobs) for substantially less
cost than any other type of automated
EDP system.

"500" payroll applications can be
TOTALLY automatic. It provides each
employee with a fully protected check
and an itemized statement of earnings
and deductions. The payroll journal,
check register and employee's earnings
record are all produced automatically.
So is a distribution detail for direct entry
to subsidiary ledgers. Even details for deferred records like quarterly tax reports
are accumulated and stored for subsequent automatic reporting.
The NCR 500 System reads and "speaks"
in any of four EDP languages. Punched
card. Punched tape. Magnetic ledger
Optical character recognition. You can
use anyone - a combination, or all of the
languages with equal ease.
Buy or lease only the units of the system
you need. Expand it as your business
grows. The price of the "500" System
will remain modest.
What can the NCR 500 System do for
you? What are the probable savings? You
can find out by calling your local NCR
office. Or, write NCR, Dayton, Ohio 45409.

THE NATIONAL CASH REGISTER COMPANY
Designate No. 7 on Readers Service Card

DAYTON. OHIO

45409

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

c&a
READERS' & EDITOR'S FORUM

EDUCATION IN COMPUTERS
AND DATA PROCESSING
E. J. Haga
Editor, Education Edition,
Business Automation
Livermore, Calif. 94550

In response to your editorial in the July issue on education,
I heartily commend your long-standing efforts in the field
of computers and automation education. I think it would
be highly beneficial for all publications in the field to devote
more attention to this vital topic. You may know that
Business Automation Magazine now has an Educators Edition, published as an insert in the October, January, March
and May issues. This is sent free to all qualified educators.
With regard to DPMA's Certificate in EDP, I have given
some attention to this topic in my monthly column, "Understanding Automation," which appears in The Journal of
Business Education. I too think that other groups should
join in this effort; I would like to see Computers and Automation, and all magazines in the field, publish more educational material, both of a factual and of a critical nature
(the latter is essential, in my opinion, for good programs to
be developed).
Generally, I am opposed to testing, or screening of any
other kind, to determine entry qualifications. I believe that
it is far better to let an individual try to do the actual
course work, or actual job, than it is to try to tell him
in advance that he can't succeed. Just consider events in
your own life: did things turn out in a way that anyone
could earlier have predicted? But I do believe that the
safest place to print such a test would be in a magazine
such as Computers and Automation. The self-screening test
should caution individuals to explore the field, and tell
them that no test can measure all the factors that potentially
make for occupational success.
The biggest drawback to the furtherance of education in
computers and data processing areas is political: namely, our
outmoded and uneconomic system of 29,000 school district
organizations. When this condition is ameliorated, the attendant economic problems of financing such education will
be far more easily solved. As a partial solution, I believe in
and propose state control of education. Local school district
organization has too often and far too long fostered tyranny
in the name of democracy, for there is nothing democratic
about a handful of local professional people governing in the
name of 5% or 10% of the people, as is often the case.
As a substitute, I would have regional boards of education,
elected by all the people at large, on a statewide ballot.
These people would be educators probably, but wouldn't have
to be, and they would be on full-time status on the state
payroll. The result would be democratic education, with
far more administrative and financial efficiency (teachers, for
example, would receive pay based on a uniform state salary
schedule) .
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

For more information on education in computers and data
processing, I would like to refer readers to my book "Understanding Automation A Data Processing Curriculum
Guide and Reference Text," published by The Business
Press, 1965.

liTHE COMPUTER FIELD AND BANDWAGONSII
- SOME COMMENTS
I.
From Roger G. Gilbertson, President
Electronic Management, Computerology Corp.
Washington, D. C.

In your editorial "The Computer Field and Bandwagons"
you hit the nail right on the head - I agree with you!

II.
From James C. Reilly
Information Manager
The Seryice Bureau Corporation
New York, N.Y.

Congratulations on your "bandwagon" editorial in the
September issue. The points you raised needed saying for a
long time and coming as they do from the editorial page in
Computers and Automation, I'm sure that many businessmen
will· pause to take a hard look at their own "wagons."
May we have permission to reprint your editorial and distribute it internally to our sales force?

III.
From Sam Wyly
President
University Computing Co.
Dallas, Tex.

May I congratulate you on your "Band Wagon" editorial?
You expressed most clearly a thought which has been buzzing
about in my head for a couple of years.

TIME·SHARING -

SOME COMMENTS

Gordon R. Carlson
The Flint Journal
Flint 2, Michigan

I would like to take exception to the following articles,
"The Small Computer Versus Time-Shared Systems" and "A
Time-Shared Computer System The Disadvantages,"
which were published in the September issue, for the following reasons:
1. These articles used only the university and engineering
lab environment as a basis for judging against time-

sharing. The commercial environment, which makes up
a very large share of our industry, was completely overlooked.
2. The techniques (such as multi-programs, multiprocessors, operation and hardware organization philosophy) which can make time-sharing more effective and
less costly, were given so little room that an informed
stand can not be made against time-sharing on the
basis of these articles.
I would like to see a thorough thought-provoking discussion
regarding the use of multiple small computers vs. a computing
system operating in a multi-user mode. Our quest for improved computer usage should not be based on one technique
vs. another; but on what is the problem as it really faces
uS and what blend of techniques and philosophy will help
us solve the problem.

1966 IEEE COMMUNICATIONS CONFERENCE
- CALL FOR PAPERS
The 1966 IEEE Communications Conference has issued a
call for papers on the subject of electrical communications
as applied to the government and the military, business, education, and industry. Topic sessions include satellite systems,
optical (laser) technology, analog versus digital transmission,
data systems and error control, software for communication
systems, and display systems. Abstracts (35 words) and condensed versions of contributed papers are due on or before
March 4, 1966 to: A. E. Joel, Jr., Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Room 2G-330, Holmdel, N.J. 07733. The '66
IEEE Communications Conference will be held June 15-17,
1966, at the Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa.

IIPERSONNEL PROBLEMS IN DATA PROCESSING
SYSTEMS" - SOME COMMENTS
I. From Dick H. Brandon
Brandon Applied Systems, Inc.
New York, N.Y.

In regard to the article "Personnel Problems in Data
Processing Systems" by H. W. Protzel, August, 1965, I must
take exception. The data processing industry needs boosters;
articles which reflect unwarranted assumptions are misleading and destructive.
The following statements are harmful or incorrect:
1. The opening sentence: "A good percentage of the
personnel doing work in data processing and systems
today should not be in those fields." This is assumption, unsupported, and if "good" means "majority,"
totally false.
2. "Only a relatively few executives have taken advantage of IBM's test for selection." If this means
P.A.T., this statement is absurd. We know of no
installation using trainee personnel which did not use
P.A.T. or its equivalent for selection.
3. "Psychological testing, if used properly by management, can only help." The controversies surrounding
this topic are far too deep for simple and inaccurate
generaliza tions.
4. "Many current machine supervisors and systems department supervisors are performing inadequately."
So are many consultants, TV repairmen, furniture

salesmen, actors and even editors. But how many,
and how inadequate? Certainly the article offers no
solution.
The industry faces complex problems which do not lend
themselves to simple solutions borrowed from Personnel Theory I.

II. From Harvey W. Probel
H. W. Protzel and Co., Inc.
St. Louis, Mo.

I appreciate Mr. Brandon's letter regarding my article.
1. Based upon 25 years of experience in the field (14 as
a consultant to management) and discussions with other
experienced consultants, I have become convinced that "a
good percentage," though not "a majority," of the personnel
doing work in data processing and systems today should not
be in those fields. Of course, no ~tatistical information is
available on this point about all data processing installations;
and it is not possible to state the percentage exactly.
There are many people going into data processing because
of its growth and future potential. A percentage of these
people will not perform adequately because data processing
should not be their field. Better selection methods could
discourage them early and possibly direct them toward something more suitable for them.
2. I have been asked into numerous installations, because
of existing problems, and found that the personnel were
"given" their jobs because their former jobs had been eliminated. This was considered the "humane" thing to do, or else
it was done for "morale" purposes. Quite often the problems
are found to be a result of this practice. In fact, I was just
called into a company this week which is seriously concerned about certain key personnel· that were moved into
their new computer operation as described.
Mr. Brandon's last sentence, I assume, refers to his clients
who have acted correctly because of his capable direction.
This is probably a good example of the value of using
experienced consultants.
There are some fine data processing schools who determine
aptitude prior to accepting students. But other schools will
take anyone with the fee. This adds to the percentage of
people who should not be in the field of data processing.
3. I t is true that psychological testing is a controversial
subject. However, so is medical practice, and the performance of many other professions and functions. It is clear that
psychological testing is not 100% correct at all times just as
a physician or lawyer is not. But it reduces the gamble
considerably and offers management an additional tool to
work with. Like any tool, it must be used properly to be
helpful. I have found psychological testing to be extremely
helpful. The extent of aid to management depends upon
how it is used and this depends mostly upon the psychologist's training in regard to management's use of test results.
4. The rapid growth of the data . processing industry and
the extensive need for personnel has created the problem
with which I am concerned. The article intended to offer
a solution by recommending better methods of selection and
training. This recommendation could be applied to and
could be of value to "consultants, TV repairmen, furniture
salesmen, actors, and even editors," etc. However, I see no
reason not to remind the data processing industry that selection and training are important factors even though other
industries could also be reminded. We must all remember
that the success or failure of any endeavor is most dependent
upon the personnel involved. Therefore, better selection and
training of people provides an opportunity for greater success.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

The next time somebody asks you why the talent is moving
to the Independent Software Houses, quote him Bauer's Second Law.
MANPOWER
SHORTAGE
EXISTS

I+PROFESSIONALS
ATTRACTED TO
SOFTWARE CO

NON·SOFTWARE CO.
STAFF LOSES
RELATIVE CAPABILITY

......

SOFTWARE CO .
STAFF IMPROVES

SOFTWARE CO.
BUSINESS EXPANDS

...

SOFTWARE COMPANIES
MANAGED BY
PROGRAMMERS OFFER
FINANCIAL REWARDS

Fig. 1

Fig. 2: Dr. Bauer
Bauer's Second
Law: Talent migrates from areas
of well defined and
stratified responsibility to areas of
expanding activity
at a rate proportional to the rate
of expansion. Or,
stated more simply:
talent goes where the action is.
COROLLARY

Independent software companies, those not
associated with a manufacturer or user
group, are attracting an increasing percentage of available programming talent.
MANPOWER SHORTAGE EXISTS

Our basic premise is that talent, especially
top talent, is in limited supply in any field.
In the software industry the demand for
top-rated specialists exceeds the supply.
Consequently. software experts have a
choice as to where they work. At present,
and with increasing frequency, they choose
to work for independent software companies. This is not to say that you can't find
very talented people employed by computer
manufacturers or user organizations. You
certainly can. But more and more of them
concentrate in independent companies.
SOFTWARE COMPANIES, MANAGED BY
PROGRAMMERS, OFFER FINANCIAL REWARDS

It is true that part of the attraction is
financial. Independent software companies
depend on talent for their livelihood and
consequently are willing to pay for it in
several ways. Empiricisfs please call.
PROFESSIONALS ATTRACTED TO
SOFTWARE COMPANY

But specialists are attracted to the independent company by more than money. A
professional, given his choice, would rather
work among his fellows. It is always best to
work where your contribution is essential to
the success of the enterprise, a place where
you feel yourself in the mainstream of the
business. Furthermore, when a man and his

management are of the same discipline his
needs are understood, his accomplishments
rewarded, and his individual worth appreciated. Finally, working among top talent, a
man can improve his own skills. This is
especially true where people who have relatively narrow specialties within the basic
discipline have a chance to exchange ideas
and to learn from one another.
.
SOFTWARE COMPANY STAFF IMPROVES

For these reasons the staff of the independent software company improves, both in
quality and in quantity_ Since the talent pool
is limited, it follows that the increased
capability of the independents results in a
deerease in the relative capability of nonindependent software groups.
SOFTWARE COMPANY BUSINESS EXPANDS

This increase in capability brings more
business to the independents. This in turn,
makes it possible for the software company
to offer more challenging work, more
responsibility and more rewards. All this
attracts still more talent. Thus the whole
process repeats itself and becomes selfpropagating.
IS THE INDEPENDENTS' GROWTH
GOOD FOR YOU?

In five short years the independent software industry has grown from a meager
$5.000,000 annual business, to $70,000,000
last year. And this year the figure is expected
to double. Such growth must have sound
economic reasons. There must be something
the independents have to offer. There is.
Stated in the simplest terms, the independent
software firm can offer a pool of specialized
talent which few users could afford to maintain for themselves. You .can buy all this
expert know-how, and use it for just as long
as you need it to solve a given problem.
And you will pay less than if you tried to
solve the problem yourself. Furthermore,
you will get the results on time.

gence, in data retrieval, in PERT, and many
more. Without even leaving the building.
Now, this kind of talent doesn't come cheap.
(Look at our payroll and at our salary incentive plan, unique in the software industry.)
We're always busy working on the latest
problems. Right now, about 80% of our
work is in the new field of on-line computing systems. We sponsored the first national
symposium on the subject together with
U.C.L.A. (We'II be happy to send you some
of the papers presented in return for the
coupon, below.)
THE MORAL:

If you have read this far, you might be

interested in talking to us further about our
services, capabilities, and opportunities.
Simply call (213) 872-1220 and ask for me,
for Frank Wagner, for Bob Rector or for
anyone else on our staff. If more convenient
call Werner Frank at our Washington office
(301) 654-9190.

• informatics inc~

I
•
I

Department F
5430 Van Nuys Boulevard
Sherman Oaks, California

Please send me the articles checked
below:
D On-line Systems-Their Characteristics and Motivations
D On-line CRT Displays: User Technology and Software
Name ___________________________
Company ________________________
Address ________________________
City ___________________________

HOW DOES INFORMATICS FIT IN?

State ______________ Zip _ _ _ __

Within our own organization (you knew
the commercial was coming, didn't you?)
we can call upon systems specialists, language specialists, experts in artificial inteIli-

An Equal Opportunity Employer.
P.S. IN CASE YOU'RE WONDERING, BAUER'S
FIRST LAW IS: IF THE PROGRAM HAS A BUG,
THE COMPUTER WILL FIND IT.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

Designate No. 26 on Readers Service Card

GRAPHIC SYSTEMS FOR COMPUTERS

Christopher F. Smith
Manager, Graphic Data Processing Development
IBM Data Processing Division
White Plains, N. Y.

With the arrival of working graphic systems in computers,
the concept of direct communcation between man and machine has taken on a new dimension. In the short space of
two years, computer components which can process both
graphic and alphanumeric information have emerged. They
have the potential for a wide range of commercial and scientific applications involving graphic information.
Much of graphics today, however, is in process of development. On the one hand we have a set of devices whose effect
on engineering, research, and business is expected to be revolutionary. On the other hand, we are faced with the realization that all new advances are really evolutionary in nature,
and a great deal of application, hard work, and testing is
required before our expectations can be fulfilled.
Design Engineering
Particularly in design tasks, graphic systems will be useful
in shortening the cycle time and in making changes easily.
Graphic data processing will remove many present-day procedures in the review of designs, their modification, and recording, and provide faster and more accurate designs than
were possible previously.
In a typical design task of the future, an engineer might
make a simple sketch on the face of a cathode-ray tube with a
light pen; then he might use program function keys at the display unit to activate computer subroutines. Using an alphanumeric keyboard, the engineer would then enter parameter
values, then the prestored programs (written by the engineer)
would compute values and make the results immediately
available. In this way, the engineer could arrive at essential
specifications or constraints.
The design and the specification could then be retransmitted automatically to the computer, which would compute
the desired characteristics, such as weight, strength, and
power. These values would then be displayed with the sketch
so that the engineer could make any desired changes. These
changes, in tum, would again be transmitted to the computer,
and new values of the characteristics displayed. This procedure would be repeated until the engineer was satisfied
with the design. A great deal of programming, of course, will
be needed before such a system could operate satisfactorily.
Other Applications
Graphic systems of the future will be used not only for

design but also for a variety of information-handling activities
in business, science and industry. These might include:
Graphic File Maintenance, for updating and maintain~g
microfilm files of blueprints and working drawings, construction plans or public utility distribution network drawings;
Graphic Data Reduction, for conversion of graphically recorded information, such as electrocardiograms, into digital
form for computer processing;
Graphic Documentation, for recording business statistics
represented in graphs and charts on film while making the
information available for computer processing; and
High-Speed Recording, for transferring to film, at rates up
to 20,000 lines a minute, information stored on magnetic tape.
Because graphic systems can translate between graphic and
alphanumeric information, graphic systems can process words,
tables, and equations as well as graphs, drawings, and charts.
These elements, until recently, seemed beyond the capabilities
of the computer.
Graphic Systems
A complete graphic system will link input/output units,
such as film scanners, film recorders and display units to a
computer, and will provide integrated graphic input, manipulation, and output. Such a system would accept information
in graphic form, convert it to digital form, and then store it
on disk or tape. It would make the stored information available in graphic form for handling modifications while the
information is still retained in the system. It will convert the
information from digital form back to graphic, displaying or
recorqing it as required.
A planned graphic system is to provide these capabilities
through advanced programming and time-sharing techniques
Since joining IBM in 1959, Christopher F. Smith
has been active in the development of advanced computer applications with emphasis on the engineering
and scientific areas. These have included design automation, inventory management simulation, scientific
inventory management, forecasting techniques, piping
design and layout and information retrieval.
Prior to joining IBM, Mr. Smith served as an engineer with utility companies. He holds bachelor degrees
in electrical engineering and English from Union College, Schenectady, New York.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

to permit graphic communication between engineers, scientists
and businessmen and a computer through devices such as:
-

a
a
a
a

display unit;
display station;
film recorder; and
film scanner.

The display unit is a programmable, free-running device
which will permit graphical computer input and output. It
makes use of an electronic light pen to enable the operator
to modify or update images which have been called from
computer storage or from microfilm and displayed on a 21inch, direct view cathode ray tube located on the console.
The user will be able to draw lines, modify a curve, change
a physical dimension or identify a piece of information directly with the light pen, or point to a section of the image
with the light pen and make the desired manipulation by
using an alphanumeric or program function keyboard. This
link to the computer will give the user the opportunity to see
the results of his decisions immediately and to obtain the
data in the desired output form, when he is satisfied with
the results.
Display Stations
Multiple displays from 2 to 8, depending on the application, and a film recorder and scanner, may be used with the
computer. MUltiple control units can be linked to a central
processing unit, depending on the application.
Some display stations may be used to display alphanumeric
images. Executives, for example, may review current operating data at their desks or in conference rooms to make decisions. Engineers will describe a problem on the screen,
enter new variables, and receive solutions. Computer programmers will be able to use the unit to "debug" and update
programs.
Many display stations may be linked to a central computer
over regular communications lines, time-sharing the COffi-

puter's central processing unit and making available to each
user a completely different set of facts.
Users will transmit messages to other display stations or to
the central computer from either an alphanumeric or numeric
keyboard. These messages will be composed in their entirety,
displayed for verification and editing, and then transmitted for
computer processing and possible display at other locations.
Symbols
Sixty-four different symbols, including letters and numbers,
may be displayed. One of these symbols, called a "cursor,"
identifies the location at which each character of information
will be displayed on the screen and will give the user the
ability to edit and correct alphanumeric charts or listings on
the screen and update information stored in the computer.
Film Recorder
A film recorder will record images generated by its cathode
ray tube onto unsprocketed 35 mm film (1.2 x 1.2 inch frame)
from information stored digitally in the computer. Once the
film is exposed, if processing is desired, the film is moved
through various chemical solutions. The processed images
may be magnified 19 times actual size for viewing on the
unit's rear-projection screen.
Film Scanner
A film scanner uses a cathode ray tube to convert lines and
curves recorded on microfilm to digital form for storage in
the computer. The information may de displayed. A new
microfilm recording of the material may then be made on
a film recorder.
Programming Routines
Programming routines for the graphic system will include:
- an input/output routine for the displays;

A graphic data processing system can scan graphic information recorded on microfilm, store
it inside a computer and display it on a screen in the form of diagrams, drawings, graphs or

management reports. The image can be changed on the screen with a light-sensitive pen, and
automatically recorded in corrected form on microfilm.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

problem-oriented routines which provide the display
and the film recorder with the facility for defining
grids, scaling coordinates, plotting lines and labeling
graphs; and
an input/output routine which enables information to
flow between the computer and the peripheral equipment.
A programming package, designed for use with one or
more display units connected to a processing unit via a selector or multiplexor channel, will include three types of
modules to assist the programmer in reducing his graphic
programming time and effort. These will include macroinstructions, problem-oriented routines (PORs), and operating system modules.
Macro-instructions and PORs will reduce required programming by offering a set of generalized "building blocks"
that are pretested and debugged, and which will be used
directly to support a wide range of applications.

Operating System Modules
The operating system modules will function as part of the
Input/Output Supervisor (lOS). They will relieve the
programmer of much handling of input/output functions.
They will also provide error-correction techniques.

Macro·Programmi ng
The functional advantages of macro-programming are
widely recognized. A macro-instruction statement is one that
is translated into a group of machine instructions, input/output
commands, communication assembler instructions, etc.

Initialization macro-instructions provide for monitoring buffer allocation and current beam position during the generation
of graphic orders at assembly time. Monitoring is accomplished by initializing and updating the symbolic bufferlocation and beam-position counters. Macro-instructions in
this category are also used to specify the limit or maximum
value of the buffer-location counter. Initialization and special
macro-instructions may also be used throughout the problem
program to reset, interrogate and store the contents of the
counters.
The input! output command macro-instructions are used
to construct channel programs. Each macro-instruction in
this category fulfills two functions: generating channel commands to control transfer of data between the processing unit
and the graphic display unit and to start and stop execution
of the display unit program; and inserting instructions into
the problem program to request execution of input/output
commands.
Order macro-instructions provide a convenient means of
generating the graphic orders that become part of the device
program, including conversions from one scale of notation
to another.

Expansion
The capacity and complexity of a graphic system can vary
over a wide range, from small to large, and from single location to many interlinked locations. It is reasonable to expect
that in another half dozen years computer graphics will expand so far that the handling of information graphically in
computer systems. will then be as normal as the handling
of characters is today.

Now there are two ways
to be a data-coHlHlunications expert.
You can pore over reams of sales literature, product specifications, and magazine articles.
Study. Analyze. Interpret. Work hard. And use up a lot of expensive time.
Or, subscribe to Auerbach Data Communications Repqrts .
• This service gives you a single, self-sufficient source for all the information you want about datacommunications equipment. Initially the service will report on 29 major equipment lines. Both processing and terminal. • Equipment reports include characteristics, features, limitations, and prices. In
detail. • New systems and equipment changes are covered by quarterly supplements. • You might
be able to do all this yourself. But why bother? Auerbach Data Communications Reports is easier and
quicker. It costs only $325.00 a year. And you would probably need a full-time staff of three to do
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Fill in and mail to address at left for your
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nAT/\,
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NAME _____________________________________________________

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55 N. Seventeenth St.
Phila., Penna. 19103
Another analytical
reference service from
the publisher of
AUERBACH Standard
EOP Reports

CITY _ _ _ _ _STATE,_ _ _ZIP _ _
' - ________________________________ _

Designate No. 8 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

•

PROGRAMMING GRAPHIC DEVICES

Roger L. Fulton
Computer Graphics
Gardena, Calif.

The physical tools required for effective input, processing,
and output of graphic data are available. In many instances
they are capable of considerable improvement and could be
marketed profitably at well below current prices. Nevertheless, the rapid application of graphic data processing to a
host of problems is both physically possible and economically
desirable with currently available and priced devices.
The barriers to more rapid development of graphic data
processing are essentially lack of communication with potential users and the failure to fully utilize existing devices
through the development of computer programs for graphic
devices.

extensive efforts are being made to implement existing graphic
I/O devices and develop graphic data processing techniques
applicable to the particular problem.

Applications

The first essential in the application of computers to
engineering problems is rapid input of engineering drawings.
The most practical method of mass input is by means of a
computer-controlled scanner. This device inputs data at
100,000 points a second and can be programmed to automatically read the lines on an engineering drawing, and
even recognize alphanumerics generated by a lettering device.
IBM has announced a computer-controlled scanner for the
System 360. Computer Graphics has constructed a computercontrolled scanner utilizing Digital Equipment Corporation
equipment. The device reads either drawings or film records
of drawings. The computer-controlled scanner can advaf.lce
automatically from one drawing to the next, and recognize
shades of gray by internally controlled sensitivity.

Graphic data processing can be effectively applied to problems in engineering, education, astronomy, law enforcement,
advertising, entertainment, biology, printing, medicine, seismology, meteorology, oil exploration, missile landing, and
many other fields. Weather satellites transmit infrared and
cloud cover information which is displayed on scopes and
recorded on film. Extensive studies of the fundamental
nature of weather require this data in digital form, and even
short range predictive programs utilize this data. The medical field produces encephalograms and electrocardiograms;
they can be studied more completely in digital form. The
engineering and architectural fields are showing great interest
in computer-aided design, using a suitably programmed computer, a cathode-ray tube (CRT), and a light-pen to generate
and manipulate designs displayed on the CRT. The Bureau
of Internal Revenue, credit card offices, and many commercial
operations require conversion of handwritten numbers. Even
the analysis of natural phenomena such as blood cells, fingerprints, and fish scales can be accomplished if they can be
suitably recorded on film. Both seismologists and oil companies have extensive stylus traces to be digitized and processed. Circular charts of temperature, humidity, and pressure are maintained during many experiments and must be
processed. Statistical studies of star density are possible from
existing film records. Bubble chamber film can be examined
for events; spectrograms can be examined for density and
band width under computer control. In each of these areas
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

Engineering
An examination of one area, engineering, should serve to
illustrate the extensive hardware available for the solution
of graphic problems as well as the nature of required programming support to effectively utilize this hardware.
Scanner

Computer Programs
Needless to say, the programs necessary to fully exploit
this capability are demanding and highly specialized. They
include: routines to follow the interface between two gray
shades until return to point of departure or until the edge
of the drawing is reached; routines that vary sensitivity in
order to maintain line width in spite of drawing variations;
dendritic search routines; and routines that can read and
store a character set and then identify members of the s.et.
The basic programs used by the computer-controlled scanner
are a probe and an edge follower that automatically follows
an interface between two shades of gray until it returns to
its starting place or leaves the screen area. The probe IS

used to locate information on the film and the edge follower
performs the actual reading. Although there are automatic
scanners that read at electronic speeds, they flood the computer with unorganized responses. The programs to order
this data in memory are the same as those used directly by
the computer-controlled scanner in reading the drawing. The
probes of areas of uniform shade performed by an automatic
scanner are unnecessary and wasteful, since areas of uniform
shade contain no information. Computer control greatly reduces the number of probes by adhering to gray shade
contours.
Following a Line
To follow a line it is necessary to apply the edge follower
program to both sides alternately. It is advisable to let one
side lead the other and connect each point with the closest
point on the opposite side to find the centerline. This
produces a differential effect on curves, yielding more points
just where they are usually desired. An intersection is
detected by the widening of the distance between the sides.
The routine should then probe across the intersecting line
and back toward the intersection to establish its location
accurately.
Following a Tree
It is possible to follow a treelike pattern by making left
turns at each intersection until a dead end is reached and
then backing up to the last intersection and making the
next left turn until all branches of all intersections have been
followed. When two curves merge, it is sometimes impossible
to identify them on separation. By reserving judgment the
routine can usually establish identity later when one curve
exceeds limits possible to the other.
The edge of a line is rough even if photographically reduced from drawings on vellum. This can be observed by an
operation using a microscope program under light pen control to scan and display to successively greater detail. The
light pen is used to select the center of interest at each level
and switches indicate whether to go up a level, down a level,
or center around a new point at the same level. The light pen
can also be used to add to or delete from a particular read.

Macro-I nstructions
Once the major input has been accomplished, the engineer
requires a man-machine interface to permit modification of
existing data and introduction of new data. Graphic compilers can be designed to permit macros such as "rotate,"
"translate," "scale," dimension" etc., but these entail the
mastery of a new language by the engineer or the intervention
of a programmer. Devices are available which permit the
engineer to communicate directly and graphically with the
computer. These devices include stylus sensitive tablets such
as the Rand tablet and pressure plates. Rap~d responses can
be obtained with a light pen (photodiode or flexible light
fiber connected to a photomultiplier) which writes on the
CRT face. Programming should eliminate the need for any
drafting instruments. Generation of straight line connectors,
parallel lines, required angles, conic sections, etc., should
be .provided by program. The console must provide a function keyboard to indicate desired functions and an alphanumeric keyboard to indicate desired lettering. Since varying
applications require different utilization of the function keys
and they must be properly labelled, alternate function keyboard overl~ys should be provided for each application. The
overlays themselves can depress keys to call the associated
programs into memory.

Dr. Roger L. Fulton developed software for one of
the earliest computer controlled scanners at Lawrence
Radiation Laboratory, Livermore, California. Since
then he has been continuously engaged in the application of visual I/O to computers, including projects
such as software for the IBM Graphic System and a
computer generated motion picture on quantum mechanics at Computer Sciences Corporation. Recently, he
has been appointed director of the technical staff of
Computer Graphics, an organization which develops
hardware and software for applications of graphic data
processing.
The programming support should provide manipulative
functions such as translation, rotation, scaling, dimensioning,
storage, and retrieval of standard parts drawings and adjacent sub-assemblies. Generation of isometric drawings from
input views should be provided for the user.
Output Devices
A wide variety of output devices are available, including
mechanical plotters and printers. The fastest output method
employs the CRT already present in the display system as
the source and the pulse-operated camera already present in
the film input device as the recorder. It offers the additional
advantages of compact storage and excellent reproduction
by photographic or electrostatic processes.
Output Programming
Graphic output presents programming problems as severe
as those encountered in graphic input. There are many
"packages" intended to provide the user with an effective
language for graphic output comparable to the processing
capability afforded by Fortran or Algol. Some of these are
designed for use with an on-line CRT such as Data Display's
DD80. Others are intended for mechanical plotters such as
the Cal-Comp, or off-line CRT recorders such as General
Dynamic's SC4020.
There are certain standards which should be met by all
such programs. First, they should provide a rapid versatile
alphanumeric output. Often the output device supplies a
standard upper-case character set, but lower-case, punctuation and user-designed symbols should be provided by program if necessary. It is probably not important to enable
the user to print upside down, but vertical as well as horizontal printing should be permitted. In most cases a sacrifice
of "typewriter mode" speed is entailed by such programs,
and this aspect should be stressed in the documentation. It
is interesting to note that the computer-controlled scanner
permits the rapid input of any character set for output use,
obviating the necessity for expensive programming.
Graphs
The engineering user, like many others, requires more than
alphanumeric output. He wants performance graphs and
drawings he can give to his shop superintendent as well as
parts lists and specifications. Whether the program support
consists of a graphic compiler or graphic Fortran subroutines,
it must enable the user to output graphs and drawings' with a
minimum of programming. The graph options should include
output of curves composed of connected or unconnected
data points, or alphanumerics at data points that both define
and label the curves, and the ability to output curves in
segments and stilI retain connectivity. Rectangular or polar
grids with linear or logarithmic divisions clearly labelled
should be provided.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

Drawings
The programming to output drawings is fairly straightforward, although storage limitations may require that bit
patterns or vectors rather than full X-Y coordinates be stored.
Repetitive backgrounds can often be produced by \ rearwindow CRT projection less expensively than by program.
Occasionally the graphic output must take the form of motion pictures and a premium is placed on concise graphicoutput programs in these instances. It is possible to utilize
multiple film frames for each output frame and generate
color film, adding a dimension to graphic capability. It is
also possible to generate offset views for stereographic viewing. Color and stereo output each require programming
capabilities not widely available at present.

Feasibility
Three relatively recent developments make the solution
of graphic problems economically feasible. The first is timesharing: the utilization of a single computer by a number
of users virtually simultaneously.
The second is the development of remote data terminals,
whi~h permit installations to enjoy many of the advantages
of an in-house computer through joint usage.
Finally, the cost of the smallest computers has been reduced while their speed has increased to match that of far
larger computers. These small computers can solve many
graphic problems entirely. They can be used off-line to
control graphic I/O devices of very high speed. They can
also be used as terminals in a time-sharing environment or
as remote graphic data terminals. Although the smallest
computers are fast and reliable, they require compact programs. Fortunately, graphic data processing lends itself to
modularly constructed programs using quite small elements.

bqu
BRANDON
APPLIED" SYSTEMS, INC.
and

CDrne.!rIa~~!'
are pleased to announce the fourth series (Fall,
1965) of five

TECHNICAL COURSES
IN DATA PROCESSING
-

conducted by Brandon Applied Systems, Inc.
sponsored by Computers and Automation

"Management Standards for Data Processing"
a 2-day course for managers and senior personnel on management control and standards. This course is based in part on the
book of the same name, by Dick H. Brandon. (D. Yan Nostrand
Campa ny, Inc., Princeton, N.J. 1963.)

New York, N.Y. - November 3, 4
London - December 6, 1
"Operations Control"
a 1-day course t~ provide operations managers and supervisors with a body of techniques and discipline for operations
control.

New York, N.Y. - November 9
"Computer Systems Analysis Techniques"
3

a 2.day technical course on the techniques of systems analysis
and computer feasibility study. This course is designed for experienced analysts and supervisory personnel.

FIIEQUENCY Of ISSUE

Monthly
up ,,,d.!

LOCATION Of KNOWN OffICE Of PUBLICATION (."rut.

CO~~'~ONW:, ~~ i"~:O~~'~H;,tO', 'G,~,~:;~s~N:sis ~~'~iO;-;s::~;-l-:c-;'T~,;-;:d,:=~:oc,!~o;:;,:sc'-:-'( c-,~_;a._pc~_,_~,_:,,_,0__ry__l__6_0_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _-----1

,fl~. ''''''1/\", 'loJlt

Washington, D.C. - November 11, 18
New York, N.Y. - December 1, 2

815 washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160
--------1

NAMES AND ADDRESSES OF PUBLISHER, ED~ITO_~,,__
AN_D__
MA
__
N~AG_'N~G'=D'__
TO
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~~m.u"d,,"dr.")

"Computer Selection"

Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160
EDITOR (.'"''''

.",d "tld"."1

Edmund C. Berkeley, 815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160
1~~~N~'G~'NG~EO~'W~'~(~~"m~."="d~"d~W~"'~--~---~---~----------------
Edmund C. Berkeley, 815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160

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"ddN!\ses oflhe IIIdiridlwl QU·fit.'rs III/til be gI/"tfi.
wdl ot IIld'.\"Idu&1s \~h~ are Hockholders 01 a (OrpurHlon
whl(h nself IS a stockholder or holder of bund~. mortg&ges or other sel'url(les 01 rhe pubh~hlnK corpural/on have been IIlduded
in par&graphs , and 8 when (hl" intereHS of 5u ..:h lndi",du&h are "qui"d"IH '0 I peflcn( or ,:lore of the (o(al amoUllt ot the
s(ockor 5e('urities of the publishing corporation.

For the Fall, 1965 course catalog write or
phone or mail coupon:

BRANDON APPLIED SYSTEMS, INC.

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DIGI-DATA

••
CORPORATION ••••••••••••••••••••
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DIGITAL DATA HANDLING EQUIPMENT

4315 Baltimore Avenue • Bladensburg, Maryland 20710 • Telephone (301) 277-9378

WESTERN REGIONAL OFFICE:
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Fullerton, California 92633
Telephone (213) 941-3182

Designate No. 14 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

"ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK"
Computing and Data Processing NewsleHer
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Applications •
New Contracts
New Installations .
Organization News

• 39
• 43
43

Education News
New Products.
Computer Census •

• 47
• 47
• 54

• 45

APPLICATIONS

NEW YORK STATE'S
INTERNATIONAL TRADE PROGRAM
AIDED BY COMPUTER

New York State's International
trade program now is using a computer to help match overseas buyers
with Empire State sellers. New
York's "where-to-buy-it" service,
which is free, uses an IBM 1410
computer to match buyers to
sellers.
State Commerce Commissioner
Keith S. McHugh said the four-year
program - the only one of its ki nd
in the nation - has generated $125
million in new business for New
York State companies. In 1964
alone, the sales produced by the
program resulted in 7900 jobs.
Since the start of the program in
1961, an estimated 20,000 manyears of work has been generated.

Inquiries from abroad pour
into the State's Division of International Commerce in New York
City at the rate of some 60 a day.
Most of them result from "whereto-buy-it" advertisements that the
Division places in 70 newspapers
in 40 countries. Most are channeled through New York State's
permanent European trade office in
Brussels, Belgium, which serves as
a direct link between buyers in
Europe and New York sellers. (New
York is the only State which maintains a permanent commerce office
in Europe.)
All inquiries are translated
where necessary, then classified.
Ten international trade experts,
each a specialist in several areas
of commerce, interpret and code
each inquiry for processing to
selling firms. After being sorted,
the coded inquiries are sent to the
computer, which sorts them by category, lists them on 21 different

bulletins, and addresses them for
mailing. "It used to take us
several weeks," said Howard D.
MacPherson, director of the department's Division of International Commerce. "Now it's down
to days."
The Foreign Trade Opportunities bulletins, issued every week,
contain the prospective buyers'
name, address, bank reference and
products desired. During an average month, from 50 to 60 thousand
bulletins are sent to selected
New York State firms that have indicated an interest in exporting
thei r products.
"Without the help of IBM's
computer, this program would be
completely impractical at the
rate we are now going," said Mr.
MacPherson. "Speed of service to
prospective foreign buyers is very
important and pinpointing the New
York firms that might be interested in any given inquiry from abroad
is equally important. Obviously,
if we had to handle these thousands of inquiries manually, it
would be a slow, tedious business
and overseas buyers would be apt
to look elsewhere for the products
they require."

EKG ANALYSIS BY
CONTROL DATA SYSTEM

The use of a Control Data
160-A compute~ system to aid physicians in scr&ening community
populations for the presence of
heart disease was demonstrated at
the Meeting of the County Officers
Association of New York State held
in New York City in mid-September.
Electrocardiograms (EKGs)
taken from participants and guests

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

attending the annual meeting were
transmitted via telephone lines to
the Instrumentation Field Station
in Washington, D.C. There, the
EKGs were analyzed on a Control
Data 160-A computer. Wi thout human
intervention the results were relayed back to New York and printed
on a line printer in less than a
minute after the electrocardiogram
had been taken.
The electrocardiogram records
the biological electrical voltages
which cause normal contraction of
the heart muscle. The impulses
produce characteristic waveforms
which can be analyzed to determine
heart abnormalities.
The demonstration at the meeting showed the type .of computing
and data processing equipment used,
the number of subjects (or patients)
that can be screened, and the rapidity with which results can be
returned to physicians using computer techniques.
In effect, the Control Data
160-A computer system is an electrocardiographic reader that rapidly and consistently interprets
recordings continuously, day and
night. Because the EKG may be
transmitted by telephone to the
computer, interpretations can be
made accessible to virtually all
physicians, no matter how remotely
located they are from the computer
system. The resultant information
can be returned directly over the
same telephone lines.
Through the use of the electronic computer system, the physician may obtain measurements of the
waveforms of electrocardiograms, as
well as an interpretation suggesting the abnormality, if any.

Newsletter
According to Public Health
Service officials, provisions for
automating the means of obtaining
such information could relieve the
physician of routine aspects of
screening for heart disease. "Use
of computer techniques", they said,
"can also sharpen the physician's
diagnostic capabilities, provide
more time for personal attention
and interpretation to patients, and
thus lead to improved medical care
for an ever-growing population".

CRIMINAL INVESTIGATION.
IDENTIFICATION NETWORK
BEING SET UP BY
CALIFORNIA

The California Department of
Justice, in a program to build a
state-wide criminal data gathering
network, has ordered an RCA 301
computer system including two mass
storage and retrieval units. The
system, to be delivered by the
Radio Corporation of America, will
be one of the first such electronic
data processing installations in
the country for centralized storage and retrieval of criminal
information.
Initial application of the
system will be to take over the
record-keeping of criminal activities, storing information, and
making it immediately available to
authorized inquiry. The equipment
will be located in Sacramento with
California's Bureau of Criminal
Identification and Investigation
(CI&I), which has the over-all responsibility for coordinating police information in California,
and the Bureau of Criminal
Statistics.
To be stored in the system
for immediate recall will be data
on all registered firearms; miscellaneous lost, stolen or pawned
property; assorted statistics on
narcotics and other criminal activities, and information concerning
modus operandi of criminals.
Eventually it is planned to
centralize all information in the
CI&I files in this data bank, including fingerprint files, the alphabetical listing and identification of all known criminals and
their aliases in the State, and
selected statistical information.
According to Dr. John P.
Kenney, Deputy Director, Department
of Justice, CI&I is the largest
state bureau of its kind in the
nation, its files being second in
size only to the Federal Bureau of
Investigation in Washington, D.C.
40

HOT STRIP MILL
TO BE UNDER COMPLETE
COMPUTER CONTROL

General Electric has begun
shipment of components for a computer-controlled electrical system
to drive the new 84-inch hot strip
mill at United States Steel Corporation's Gary Sheet and Tin
Works, Gary, Indiana.
Under complete computer control from the reheat furnace to
the coilers, the new mill will deliver strip at high speeds, possibly the fastest in the world.
It also will mark the first application of computer control to the
reheat furnace, where slabs are
brought to 2300 degrees before
entering the rolling mill.
A single 40-foot slab entering the new 84-inch mill will be
reduced to a weld-free coil with
enough steel to produce more than
30 automobiles.
Electrical equipment for the
mill will include drive motors
totaling 181,000 horsepower; automatic gage control on all seven
finishing stands; automatic crop
shear; silicon-controlled-rectifier (SCR) power supplies on all
main and auxiliary motors, and a
process computer.

COMPUTER TAILORING

A computer-created garment
recently was demonstrated at a
press conference held in New York
City. Participants were a machine
called a Curve Follower-Plotter
developed by California Computer
Products, Inc. of Anaheim, Calif.,
and the new Miss Universe, Miss
Apsara Hongsakula of Thailand.
Miss Universe modelled a swim
suit specifically custom proportioned for her by the CalComp
equipment. The computer-originated swim suit is part of a joint
CalComp-Catalina, Inc. project
initiated this year.
The CalComp Curve FollowerPlotter traces the designer's
original pattern electronically
and records it in computer language on magnetic tape. When processed by computer, the recorded
data automatically commands the
plotter to draw the original pattern in all required sizes of a
particular style in an apparel
line.
Lester L. Kilpatrick, president of CalComp, said that among

the advantages of computer tailoring were more direct control of
style features from design through
finished production; significant
reduction in "reject" garments;
speed-up of the production cycle
bringing actual production closer
in time to actual orders, and important reduction in fabric wastes.

EXTENDED COMPUTER
APPLICATIONS FOR THE
MISSOURI PACIFIC RAILROAD

A far-reaching development of
quality control in railroading,
built around a large complex of
computers scheduled for completion
in mid-1966, has been announced by
the Missouri Pacific System, St.
Louis, Mo.
The program represents "a
concentrated effort to establish
a new level of performance and cost
control".
It is based on three new IBM
System/360s. A Model 50 and two
Model 40 computers will give the
railroad additional speed and flexibility to expand its current computer operations into all areas of
the business.
The major extensions of the
new computer-center system will
be: traffic and marketing analyses, equipment control, accounting and inventory control, and
car and consignment tracing. In
less than one hour after a car
move on the Missouri Pacific is
reported. the computer facility
will be able to locate a shipment
anywhere on the l2,000-mile railroad system.

RETAIL PHARMACISTS
RECEIVING COMPUTERIZED
ASSISTANCE

Computer assistance to retail
pharmacies is being introduced by
the Louis Zahn Drug Co., Melrose
Park, Ill., a large wholesale drug
firm in the Chicago area. The company services 1300 drugstores and
has annual sales of $18 million.
Zahn is making its IBM 1401
computer available to the corner
drugstore to take over some of the
druggists' most tedious chores such
as inventory control, accounting,
bookkeeping and billing for charge
customers.
Zahn's computer also will provide druggists with up-to-date

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

NewsleHer

OVER
records of tax deductible pharmacy
purohases for the druggist to give
his customers.

More than 10,000 drug items
are deductible for income tax purposes. By April 15, 1966, the next
deadline for income tax returns,
Zahn expects to be handling more
than 200,000 consumer charge accounts for pharmacists who subscribe to the new plan, called TipTop. Tip stands for tax information plan and Top for totally owed
purchases.
The automated assistance program being introduced by Zahn Data
Service Corp. will be enlarged to
provide customers of retail druggists with proof of purchase of
Medicare prescriptions, which may
double after July 1, 1966.

UPI USING RCA 301 ' 5 FOR
DELIVERY OF NEWS REPORTS
United Press International
has placed an RCA electronic data
processing system in operation for
the computerized delivery of its
news report for newspapers. The.
system is a new concept in production of news in type, using a dual
system of on-line computers.
An operator punches news dispatches on a teletypesettermachine,
without justifying the lines. The
signal from the machine is picke~
up by an RCA 301 computer which
automatically justifies for column
width and performs the other typesetting functions. The computer
signal is transmitted on a teletypesetter circuit and reproduces
the dispatch on a monitor in the
newspaper office. It also produces a perforated tape which
operates the linecaster.
This on-line, direct signal
input and output with the computer
does away with any handling of
paper tape or manual work at the
computer.
, Mims Thqmason, UPI President
and General Manager, said the system has been under development for
more than two years by the company's communications specialists
working with C-E-I-R, a Washington
consulting firm, and RCA. The system is engineered to eventually
handle as many as forty input and
forty- ~utput lines, simultaneously,
operatIng at various speeds and
capable of producing justified tape
for a variety of column widths and
type sizes.

UPI uses two RCA 301 computer
arrays, located in its world headquarters. The second machine provides backup in the event of trouble
and is used under normal conditions
for accounting and business office
work. Future plans call for the
computer to store and maintain
morgue material for rapid access
and for the system to handle typesetting of local copy for individual newspapers.

COMPLETELY COMPUTERIZED
AIRCRAFT PART PRODUCTION
SEEN BY LATE 60 ' s
Completely computerized aircraft part production -- from design to manufacture -- is a distinct possibility in the late
1960's, Boeing engineer A. L.
Pickrell told the national meeting of the Society of Automotive
Engineers in Los Angeles last
month. Mr. Pickrell machining
and numerical control developmental supervisor for Boeing, said he
envisions a system where numericalcontrol machine tapes would be produced by a team of manufacturing
and design engineers communicating
directly with a computer. The
tapes then would be fed to a machine, as they are at present, to
manufacture the final part.
Boeing now has many numerical
definitions which enable a computer to translate a surface design
to numerical-control machine tape.
However, not all engineering drawing details can be described with
the present library of such definitions. Some new numerical drawing definitions, particularly of
inner structures, still must be
worked out manually.
"Boeing is now developing a
computer-aided design technique to
simplify and speed up the programming operation," Mr. Pickreil said.
The first phase of this technique
is for two-dimensional parts.
After that, a three-dimensional
system may be considered.
To reach the lowest numericalcontrol tape programming cost and
avoid all duplication of definition, complete computerization of
N/C part manufacture is almost
inevitable, he said.

500
COMPUTER
OWNERS USE MAGNETIC TAPE REHABILIT A TION AND
CHANNEL CONVERSION EQUIPMENT.
That's a fact. Today over 500
computer users are receiving
the benefits of Cybetronics'
tape rehabilitation and 7 to 9
Channel convl!rsion programs. These programs make
for less computer downtime,
fewer errors, greater savings
and flexibility. Who are these
organizations? Actually they
represent a complete crosssection of commercial, industrial and governmental installations ... small, medium and
large computer operations.

GET THE FACTS
Cybetronics has prepared a
great deal of information on
tape rehabilitation and conversion programs everything from costs, operations,
techniques, laundry services,
and program scheduling is discussed. Write for the informative "Guidelines" - Dial
617 / 899-0012 for demonstration. Remember, over 500
computer installations have
magnetic tape rehabilitation
programs ...

SHOULD YOU?

mil
CYBETRONICS ino.
132 Calvary St., Waltham, Mass.
617 / 899-0012
Designate No. 15 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

Newsletter
HONOLULU KEEPS
VOTER REGISTRATIONS ON
PUNCH CARDS AND
MAGNETIC TAPE

In Honolulu a punch card, instead of handwriting. serves as the
record for each registered voter
-- at a considerable saving of time
and money. The city is among the
first to systematize the ponderous
and costly voting record job by
using data processing.
In January 1965 it became
apparent that manual voter registration techniques were wholly inadequate. They were slow, cumbersom~, and subject to the errors of
hand posting and hand processing.
Something had to be done.
The first step was to punch
all existing voter registrations
into cards. With overtime and
extra help the conversion was completed at a cost of $20,000 -about equal to the cost of preparing one set of voter lists under
the old system.
The most important advantages
of the new system are speed and
accuracy. As an example, purging
the lists of those who failed to
vote, or of preparing re-registration notices used to take six
months or more to accomplish.
Handling transfers and name changes
was also a slow process. No longer.
Once the new voter registration cards are punched, the next
step is to feed them into an IBM
1401 computer located at a nearby
state facility and create a master
tape record of all registrations.
This information, once on tape, is
easily kept up to date by feeding
in cards for ~ew registrations and
changes as they occur.

TWA COMPUTER IIFLIESI I
ATlANTIC 10,000 TIMES
BEFORE EACH JET TRIP

Trans World Airlines, New York,
plans and tests two million flights
a week across the Atlantic to assure maximum schedule dependability
and the smoothest ride for passengers.
Applying the advances of computers to flight planning, TWA
" fl i e s" the Atl ant i c 2, 100, 000
times a week by computer preparatory to dispatching its Boeing 707
jets on 210 weekly transatlantjc
flights.

The computer's jJb is to plot
the fastest fairest-weather route
in advance of each flight departure. It flies the Atlantic 10,000
times in the process.

of tests, and files them into one
of 14 bins at the rate of 4,000
devices per hour.

TWA in late August will apply
computerized flight planning to
its nonstop polar operations between the West Coast U.S.A. and
Europe.
'Y

The computer (an IBM 1620)
analyzes every mile of weather,
radio aids, air traffic control
procedures, aircraft performance,
payload and a host of other factors. Several minutes later, it
prints a detailed flight plan
which assures the speediest trip
in the greatest comfort for
passengers.
Here's how it works: The
computer is continually "informed"
by TWA's Meteorological Winds Analysis Group of present and forecast weather across North America,
the North Atlantic, and Europe.
Dispatchers feed into the computer
operational data, such as aircraft
weight, fuel capacity, payload,
and Air Traffic Control instructions. After analyzing all its
data through as many as 10,000
electronic trials across the Atlantic, the computer determines
the optimum weather track for a
specific scheduled flight, avoids
turbulent areas, and prints a detailed flight plan.
It shows how much fuel should
be on board; it indicates route
and altitudes leg by leg, rate of
fuel consumption, flight time and
distance between radio check points,
and temperatures aloft. It even
tells the crew how many ground and
air miles they will have flown,
the weight of their aircraft, the
amount of fuel and the time upon
arrival at destination -- all this
before take-off.

-- Digital Equipment Corporation's new general
purpose, integrated circuit PDP-8 computer is
compact, fast, easy to
use and versatile; it has
simplified programming
systems -- all at the
price of $18,000, with
4096 words of 12-bit
core memory.
The PDP-8, with its store of
complex classification programs,
controls the Teradyne Test Instrument for each individual test -and on the basis of the test result -- reprograms the instrument
for the next test. In this way,
a minimum path for the entire testing and classification sequence is
established, and former testing
times can be cut by a factor of
three.
Without interrupting the testing sequence, the PDP-8 prints out
a complete analysis of the performance of the product line being
tested.

COMPUTER TESTS AND
CLASSIFIES TRANSISTORS

At the Western Electric Show
and Conference, San Francisco,
Calif., in August, a PDP-8 computer of Digital Equipment Corporation, Maynard, Mass., was in
control of Teradyne, Inc.'s automatic system for testing and classifying electronic components being
exhibited there.
The Teradyne system logs the
data for each parameter. An automatic handler bowl-feeds transistors, positions them for a sequence
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

Newsletter
NEW CONTRACTS

United States Department of
State

International Telephone and
Telegraph Corp., Data and Information Systems Division,
Paramus, N.J.

Northern Indiana Public Service Company (NIPSCO), Michigan
City, Ind.

Leeds & Northrup Company,
Philadelphia, Pa.

National Science Foundation

System Development Corporation, Santa Monica, Calif.

Town of Niskayuna,
Niskayuna, N.Y.

General Electric Information
Processing Center, Schenectady. N.Y.
IBM Corporation, White Plains,
N.Y.

National Institutes of Health,
Bethesda, Md.

Holly Stores (a division of
S.S. Kresge & Company)
Burroughs Corporation, Detroit,
Mich.

Electronic Business Services
Corporation (EBS), New York
City, N.Y.
Stromberg-Carlson Corp., San
Diego, Calif.

Sperry Rand Corp. UNIVAC
Division, St. Paul, Minn.

Potter Instrument Co., Plainview, N.Y.

Pan American

General Precision, Link
Group, Binghamton, N.Y.

Naval Command Systems Activities (NAVCOSSACT)

C-E-I-R, Inc., Arlington, Va.

$3 million
A computer-based terminal system to handle
State Department record communications.
The Automated Terminal Station will replace equipment which currently terminates State Department telegraph and communications lines in Washin ton D.C.
Over $1,250,000
Two LN4000 digital computer systems, boiler control using the Direct-Energy Balance
(D-E-B) concept, and associated instrumentation and panels. One computer system is
for existing Unit 7 of NIPSCO's Bailly
station; the second one and the boiler control system will be installed in the new
400,000 kw. Unit S, now under construction.
$90,980 two-year
Development of a computer-based system
grant, suppledesigned to improve the teaching of stamented by an
tistics and the training of future readditional
search workers. The system will employ
$47,487, funded
computer time-sharing, natural language
by SOC
communication be~ween user and computer,
and programmed instruction.
$2080 annually
Tax bill processing
$1.8 million
First of a planned three-phase installation of a time-sharing computer system on
the 48-building, 350 acre NIH "campus".
System/360 Model 40 scheduled to be installed January, 1966; Model 65 as a
second-step replacement in August, 1966;
ultimate expansion to an IBM System/360
Model 67 time-sharing system.
Over $750,000
Data processing service contract to process all sales information from Holly's
during next
more than 150 outlets across the nation.
two years
15 S-C 3070 Electronic Printers for use
$287,000
with five data processing systems Burroughs is manufacturing for the U. S. Navy
Bureau of Ships.
Potter M906II digital magnetic tape transOver $1.2
ports to be integrated into computer equip- million
ment being produced by UNIVAC for the Dept.
of the Navy's Mobile Management Program.
They will be part of a shipboard logistics
complex.
Two more dual-cockpit flight simulators
Over $4 million
-- one to simulate Pan Am's Boeing
707-321B (advanced) aircraft while the
other set will duplicate the Boeing
727-21 aircraft.
Programming and analytical services relating to construction of a mathematical model
on the Navy's readiness posture. Model
will be used for war gaming.

NEW INSTALLATIONS

AMOUNT
Ohio State University,
Columbus, Ohio

Two GE-636 computers, 8
GE-115 computers; a number of GE Datanet 760
data display terminals

Swedish State Power
Board, Stockholm, Sweden

Control DataW3200 computer system

The Ouisburg Copper
Works, Duisburg, Germany

Control DataW 3100 computer system

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

Generalized time-sharing
and remote-access computing for each of the univprsity's 40,000 students,
faculty and researchers
Data processing applications now being performed
on an IBM 1401. Also will
be used to solve engineering and scientific problems
and different kinds of economic management sciences
Commercial applications in
accounting, payroll, production processing and
control

General Electric Co.,
Phoenix, Ariz.

About $5.5
mi Ilion

Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minn.

Newsletter

Department of Public
Works, New York, N.Y.

Swedish Postal Bank,
Stockholm, Sweden
General Dynamics,
Pomona, Calif.

Carnegie Institute of
Technology Computation
Center, Pittsburgh, Par
Coalite and Chemical
Products Ltd., Bolsover,
Derbyshire, England
California Department
of Motor Vehicles,
Sacramento, Calif.

Pacific First Federal
Savings & Loan Assoc.,
Tacoma, Wash.
United States Savings
Bank, Newark, N.J.

The Dow Chemical Co.,
Midland, Mich.

Marshall Space Flight
Center, Huntsville,
Ala.
Veterans Administration
Data Processing Centers
in St. Paul, Minn.;
Hines, Ill.; and Philadelphia. Pa.
Chemstrand Company,
Div. of Monsanto Co.
Mass. Institute of
Technology, Civil Engrg.
Systems Lab, Cambridge,
Mass.

Munitype, Inc., New
York, N.Y.

Varo Optical, Chicago,
Ill.

United Air Lines

Engineering design, management
B5500 computer system incontrol and highway planning
cluding standard processresea'rch
or, input/output components and random access
disk files providing a
record storage memory of
19,200,000 alphanumeric
characters
Electronic Retina WComput- Automatic processing of part of
ing Reader System
daily banking transactions for
500.000 account holders
Use in conjunction with an exDDP-116 computer
isting analog computing facility for a wide spectrum of engineering studies in the area
of aerospace science
Programming and program debugComputer-driven visual
ging; problem solving in engidisplay system consisting
neering, mathematics and sciof a controller and three
display consoles and based ence; and classroom instruction
on Philco's READ system
Processing of orders (solid
NCR 315 system including
smokeless fuel) and shipping
5 magnetic tape handlers
labels, employers documentaand a high-speed printer
tion and material control
-- input will be by
punched paper tape
First step in long-range plan
Spectra 70/45 and 70/55
for extensive computer-communplus 20 RCA Mass Random
ications network. By 1970 it
Access Storage devices
is expected that a complex of
RCA Spectra 70's will process
paperwork for 15 million vehicles and be connected with
computers in other State and
Federal agencies
System will enable all tellers
25 electronic Teller
in the Association's eight
Machines and associated
offices to use a central Univac
transmission equipment
490 computer on a time-sharing
basis
Two NCR 315 CRAM (Card
Use in a new "on-line" computer
Random Access Memory)
network serving six savings incomputers; 51 NCR window
stitutions in five New Jersey
machines
cities -- each will remain entirely independent under the
on-line system
SDS 925 computer system
Directing programs and data
and special communicatransmission between the Midtions hardware
land headquarters and the research laboratories and operating departments both in Midland and throughout the country
SEL Model 810
Use as part of a system for
simulating space vehicle instrumentation
Four off-line media-conSpeeding the processing of
version systems: 2 Ampex
veterans' pension payments,
Card-to-Tape Systems and
insurance records and re2 Paper Tape-to-Magnetic
lated data
Tape Systems
Advance Series 6020 comTechnical and scientific
puter system
computation associated with
fiber development
IBM System/360, Model 40
Use in the ICES (for Integrated
Civil Engineering System) program of R&D, which is concerned
with systems research on command-structured and problemoriented languages for manmachine communications, remote
computing and time-sharing,
graphical input-output, and advanced systems programming
teChniques
GE-215 computer and a
On-line time-sharing municipal
Datanet-30 communications
bond data-processing services
processor
offered initially to municipal
bond underwriters, dealers and
dealer banks
SDS 910 computer system
Designing high quality lenses
and optical systems
W
Electronic Retina ComExpansion of its automatic
puting Reader
accounting operation

Burroughs Corporation,
Detroit, Mich.

Almost $1.5
million

Recognition Equipment
Inc., Dallas, Texas

Leased for about
$15,000/month

Computer Control Co.,
Inc' •• Framingham, Mass.

Philco Corp., Willow
Grove, Pa.

National Cash Register
Co., Dayton, Ohio

Radio Corporation of
America, New York, N.Y.

The Bunker-Ramo Corp.,
New York, N.Y.

National Cash Register
Co., Dayton, Ohio

$1 mi Ilion

Scientific Data Systems,
Santa Monica, Calif.

Systems Engineering
Laboratories, Inc.,
Fort Lauderdale, Fla,
Ampex Corporation,
Redwood City, Calif.

$80,000

Advanced Scientific
Instruments, Mi.nneapolis. Minn.
IBM Corporation, White
Plains, N.Y.

About $175,000

General Electric Co.,
Phoenix, Ariz.

$350,000

Scientific Data Systems,
Santa Monica. Calif.
Recognition Equipment
Inc., Dallas, Texas
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for October, 1965

Newsletter

ORGANIZATION NEWS

ANNOUNCE FORMATION OF
PROGRAMMING SERVICES, INC.

Two employees of what once was
the Bunker-Ramo process computer
business have announced the formation of a new company to provide a
full range of programming services
to computer manufacturers and users.
The company is Programming
Services, Inc.; Donald F. Ford is
president and Paul A. Quantz vice
president. Ford had been manager
of programming at Bunker-Ramo's
Industrial Control Systems and
Quantz manager of product development.
The company is now performing
work for 10 companies in seven
states, covering process control,
engineering, scientific, business
and special application areas of
data processing. Mr. Ford said
that the new firm emphasizes basic
programming services that are
vital to EDP efficiency, but too
often have been slighted.
Programming Services, Inc.
has headquarters offices in Tarzana, Calif.
(For more information, designate
~41 on the Readers Service Card.)

DIGITRONICS ESTABLISHES
FACTORY SERVICE CENTER
FOR PAPER TAPE READERS
AND SPOOLERS

Richard W. Sonnenfeldt, President bf the Digitronics Corporation, has announced the establishment of a factory service center
for the company's photoelectric
paper tape readers and spoolers
customers.
"There are many thousands of
Digitronics paper tape readers and
spoolers operating in the field
today, with unmatched performance~
Mr. Sonnenfeldt stated. "The fact
is that less than 1% of these are
returned annually for overhaul
and maintenance. To offer its
customers guaranteed completion
of repairs in a minimum time, we
have set up this new factory service center ••• the first in the
industry."
The new factory service center, located in one of the three
separate plants of the company in
Albertson, L.I., New York, is
staffed by a team of service experts, under the direction of the
Manager of Factory Services.
Units will be completely processed
in five working days. Rigid incoming inspection and quality control standards ensure that equipment, regardless of age, will be
restored to original performance
standards.
(For more information, designate
~42 on the Readers Service Card.)

COMPUTER USAGE COMPANY
ENTERS EDUCATION FIELD

Elmer C. Kubie, President of
CUC, has announced the formation
of a new subsidiary, Computer Usage Education, Inc. (CUE). CUE
will conduct classes on timely
subjects, offer advanced seminars
to the computing profession, and
engage in a broad range of activities in the field of computer education. Other activities will be
announced later.
CUE will be a wholly owned
subsidiary of CUC. Mr. Kubie will
serve as President of the new organization and Ascher Opler, will
be Executive Director.
On-site classes at a basic
and advanced training level will
be offered to industry and government. A series of advanced seminars to be given in principal
cities of the U. S. will be announced shortly.

CORNING GLASS WORKS FORMS
FLUIDIC PRODUCTS DEPARTMENT

Corning Glass Works has elevated the status of its fluid amplifier effort by forming a Fluidic
Products Department. The action
contributes to what Corning believes is the world's most mature
marketing operation in the stillyoung technology of fluid amplification.
Corning made its first fluid
amplifiers in 1960. The firm now
makes integrated fluid devices and
systems to customer specifications
and also manufactures a line of 15
standard products.
Fluid devices utilize the
flow of fluids -- usually air -to recognize and act upon instruction signals for counting and
switching. Chief uses are logic
and industrial control applications.

COMPIJTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

NEW FIRM IN
COMPUTER LEASING FIELD

A new company, North American
Computer Corporation, has entered
the computer leasing field. According to John M. Randolph, the company's president, NAC has an initial capital and debt structure
that will permit it to acquire up
to $40 million of computer equipment. "The company will concentrate on the newest computing
equipment as typified by IBM's
System/360", Randolph said.
North American intends to capitalize on the industry-accepted
habit of computer rental. A major
innovation developed by the management of NAC is the short-term lease
under which the computer is rented
only for a period tailored to suit
the customer's requirements.
Although rental of computers
is the basis of the company's major activity, NAC expects to build
a future consulting service related
to the computer field. The new
company is located in New York City
and is prepared to service all corporate and government computer
users throughout the country.
(For more information, designate
~43 on the Readers Service Card.)

URS CORPORATION OPENS
NEW SYSTEMS CENTER

URS Corporation has established the California Systems Center, Burlingame, Calif., to perform electronic data processing,
operations research and related
computer services for URS clients
on the Pacific Coast.
The new systems center supplies private industry and the
Government with such services as
computer simulation, management
information development, programmed
instruction, scientific and engineering computation, logistics research and computer systems consultation.
URS Corporation, in addition
to systems centers in Burlingame
and Sierra Vista, operates a data
processing center in Tucson, Ariz.
The corporation was founded in
1951 and also has physical science
research facilities in Burlingame
and San Carlos, Calif.

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Investigate these lower- cost, superreliable IBM interchangeables.

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Interchangeable with IBM 7330

Newsletter
CONTROL DATA TO ACQUIRE
HOWARD RESEARCH CORPORATION

William C. Norris, president
of Control Data Corporation, and
James H. Howard, president of Howard Research Corporation, have announced that an agreement has been
reached, subject to approval of
Howard Research Corporation's
stockholders, whereby Control Data
Corporation will acquire the
assets and business of Howard Research Corporation. The acquisition would be in exchange for
shares of Control Data common
stock.
Howard Research, located in
Arlington, Va., is an electronic
systems engineering company which
specializes in underwater systems,
missile systems, fire control systems, facilities engineering, and
information systems. The company
provides a variety of engineering
support services and numerous management services. Howard Research
is serving as system engineer for
the U. S. Navy's Polaris Fleet
Ballistic Missile Training
Faci Ii ties.
Control Data's reason for acquiring Howard Research, M~ Norris
said, is to expand Control Data's
total systems capabilities in electronic military and weapons systems programs. The newly acquired
organization would continue to be
known as Howard Research.

MONSANTO DONATES
3700 TRANSLATIONS TO
SLA TRANSLATIONS CENTER

Datamec 0 3029 Tape Unit
Interchangeable with IBM
729-JI and 729-V
Write Tom Tracy at Datamec, 345
Middlefield Road, Mountain View,
California 94041.

@~l?~WJ@rs.
A DIVISION OF

HEWLETT-PACKARD~

leadership in low-cost/high reliability
. digital magnetic tape handling
DesIgnate No. 16 on Readers Service Card

The Information Center of
Monsanto Company, St. Louis, recently has centralized the company's 3700 in-house translations
and has arranged to have microfilm copies of the entire collection sent to the SLA Translations
Center at The John Crerar Library
in Chicago. This is the largest
and most impressive single donation ever made to the Center by
private industry.
The SLA Translations Center
is a cooperative, non-profit depository and information source
for unpublished translations from
all languages into English. Its
collection now totals over one
million items, but it is anxious
to continue expanding its holdings by receiving a continual flow
of contributions from industrial,
business, research, and scientific
organizations. Copies of unpub-

lished translations should be sent
to Mrs. Ildiko Nowak, Chief, SLA
Translations Center, The John
Crerar Library, 35 West 33rd St.,
Chicago, Ill. 60616.

NEW COMMERCIAL SERVICE
OFFERED BY
DESIGN AUTOMATION, INC.

Design Automation, Inc., Lexington, Mass., offers computer analysis of electronic circuit performance as a new commercial service. Any circuit topology can be
accepted, with any set of component values. Computed results are
normally ready within one day of
receipt of the problem.
With computer analysis, the
usually difficult and time-consuming worst-case analyses for design
reviews are accomplished quickly
and easily. Computed results have
been accepted by Government agencies for design reviews.
In most cases, computer analysis is less expensive than building and testing breadboards; in
all cases it is faster. Data ob~
tained are far more extensive, and
are free of instrumentation difficulties and human errors in recording instrument readings.
To use this new service, the
customer submits his circuit schematic, specifying component values,
supply voltages and signals. Free
pickup and delivery at the customer's office are provided in the
Boston area. Outside of the Boston area, communication is via Air
Mail Special Delivery, telephone,
or TWX. Application engineering
service is available.
(For more information, designate
#44 on the Readers Service Card.)

ITT SUBSIDIARY ANNOUNCES
U.S. - RUSSIA TELEX LINK

Another "curtain" in RussianAmerican relations recently was
lifted with the opening of telex
communication between the two countries. ITT World Communications
Inc., a subsidiary of International
Telephone and Telegraph Corporation,
inaugurated the service in midSeptember, thus permitting telex
subscribers in the United States
and USSR to "talk" to each other
by teleprinter for the first time.
Opening of the new service
marks the successful culmination

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

Newsletter

of repeated efforts to establish
this new channel of communication.
Until now, the only telex service
with Russia has been confined to
European countries. The cost to
communicate by teleprinter is $3.00
a minute for a 3-minute minimum.

Students will use the NCR system for homework and research problems. In addition to learning NCR
programming languages, they will
be instructed in COBOL and FORTRAN.

Government, press and business
agencies are expected'to be the
principal users initially, although
the service can be employed by any
subscriber of the international
telex network.

AMERICAN CAN CONDUCTS
SPECIAL COMPUTER COURSE
FOR HIGH SCHOOL SENIORS

In the United States, subscribers to both domestic telex
systems (Western Union Telegraph
and the Bell System's TWX) will
have ;access to the new service via
ITT Worldcom's international cable
circuits.

EDUCATION NEWS

NEW TECHNICAL HIGH SCHOOL
STRESSES COMPUTER TRAINING

The first self-contained technical high school in Pennsylvania,
which opened in late September, is
placing heavy emphasis on training
in el ectronic data processi ng. The
school, called Lenape Vocational
Technical School, is serving ,students from throughout Armstrdng
County.
A National Cash Register 315100 computer plus various types of
NCR peripheral equipment has been
installed in the school. Ninety
per cent of the computer time is
used for training purposes, with
the remainder reserved for school
administrative work. All 31 school
districts in Armstrong County are
contributing toward the purchase
of the 315 system.
Students totaled approximately 350 at the outset. Although the
school is specializing in vocational training, officials stress that
those receiving EDP training will
receive a college preparatory
course. "The idea is not to turn
out professional programmers," said
Robert Kifer, di rector of the school.
"Rather, it is to provide general
programming background and the kind
of basic training in electronic
data processing that will enable
our students to take advanced EDP
wo rk after graduation." Many are
expected to continue their EDP and
business studies at the college
level.

NEW PRODUCTS

Digital

The American Can Company has
offered its Systems Development &
Programming Section equipment and
personnel to the Woodbridge, New
Jersey, high schools for the cre~
at ion of a special course for
qualified seniors.
American Can's Finance Department has made 23 programmers and
analysts available to conduct a
course in systems and computer
programming twice a week during
the school year.
Seniors enrolled in the 72hour course will learn how the
machines are programmed to react
to different conditions and direct
calculations in fractions of a
second. At the conclusion of the
course, students should be capable
of developing their own computer
programs.
Class material, developed in
cooperation with the IBM Education
Center, will involve the use of
the IBM 1401 and 1460.
According to Vincent W. Renz,
Manager of Systems Development &
Programming, American Can Company
made the course available to encourage potential drop-outs to continue their education and become
eligible for this course in their
h!gh school senior year. Also,
Also, recognizing there are more
college applicants than available
openings each year, American Can
hopes this course will afford
those students not going to colle~e
an opportunity to learn useful and
productive skills.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

CONTROL DATA ANNOUNCES
HIGH-SPEED INDUSTRIAL
& REAL-TIME COMPUTER

Control Data Corporation has
announced its fast and versatile
1700 small-scale computer system.
The Control Datam 1700 is a low
cost, small-scale computer featuring a 1.1 microsecond memory and
an average execution rate of over
400,000 instructions per second.
The 1700 computer system has
been designed for four main classes
of applications. These include online, closed-loop industrial control; high-speed data acquisition;
stand-alone engineering/scientific
computing; and communications systems. It is the only computer to
provide such high speed, computing
power, reliability and system versatility for less than $30,000.
The 1700 uses the same allsilicon circuit modules found in
Control Data's 6600 computer. "With
these high-speed, field-proven circuits, the 1700 is the fastest computer available for real-time operating systems and on-line industrial control, with arithmetic execution times and data transfer
rates comparable to, if not faster
than, many recently announced ,lar~e
scale computers," said William R.
Keye, vice president of Control
Data's Industrial Group.

Packaging and environmental
characteristics of the 1700 have
been derived from the requirements
of the industrial system user. For
example, the 1700 takes up a mlnlmum of floor space: size of the

Newsletter
main frame is only 74" long, 28"
deep, and 41" high. The mainframe
and peripheral control elements operate at ambient temperatures ranging from 400 to 1200 F, and thus do
not require special air conditioning, which is a significant cost
factor in factory and remot~ environments.

of options or input-output signal
levels permit tailoring the
DPS-2402 to specific applications.

The SDS 940 is compatible with
all SDS 900 series computers. It
was designed in conjunction with
researchers at the University of
California at Berkeley and is based
on the SDS 930 computer.

Program support for the 1700
system includes a large array of
programming systems: basic assembly and utility programs, A.S.A.
Fortran compiler, macro assembler
control operating system, and modular process control package. The
Fortran system for the 1700 is specifically designed for real-time,
time-sharing, and on-line applications.

The new SDS 940 computer can
provide up to 32 simultaneous users
with response times of two to three
seconds each. For up to six simultaneous conversational users, ~he
response time is less than one
second. Users may be individuals,
machines, or a combination of the
two, but each is able to obtain
access to the computer without affecting the others. Memory protection is provided to prevent one
user from accidentally destroying
or gaining access to the programs
or data of another user.

A program protect system built
into the 1700 protects the execution of the continuous real-time
programs, while allowing the operator to perform other functions,
such as debugging new programs.
A wide variety of standard
peripheral devices, all designed
and manufactured by Control Data,
are available in the 1700 system.
Customer shipments of 1700
systems are scheduled to begin in
the second quarter of 1966.
(For more information, designate
~45 on the Readers Service Card.)

MILITARY DATA PROCESSOR BY
WESTINGHOUSE SURFACE DIVISION

A general purpose digital data
processor, the DPS-2402, has been
developed by the Surface Division
of the Westinghouse Defense and
Space Center. The device was specifically designed to meet military requirements.
The DPS-2402 has a response
time of two microseconds. It uses
24-bit words and a stored program.
Unlike commercial models three
times its size, usually operated
under closely controlled environmental conditions, it is capable
of withstanding unusual shock, vibration, temperature extremes, salt
spray and humidity.
Molecular electronic circuits
are used in the new data processor
to achieve high speed, high reliability, low power consumption and
small size. The unit is a parallel,
24-bit-per-word, binary, singleaddress, stored-program machine
capable of retaining from 4000 to
32,000 words of memory. Modular
design features and a wide variety
48

remote data processing; and simultaneous access by several users of
the central computer.

A complete software package
is available including FORTRAN,
NELIAC, a symbolic assembler and
a comprehensive library of routines. Field maintenance service
is available anywhere.
The DPS-2402 is designed for
real-time applications such as
tactical control, communications
switching, weapon control and
guidance, navigation and air
traffic control and display.
The first DPS-2402 data processor will be installed aboard
the Royal Canadian Navy's new highspeed antisubmarine hydrofoil, the
FHE-400. It will provide splitsecond processing of information
for the complex electronic equipment which controls the ship's
weapon system.
(For more information, designate
~46 on the Readers Service Card.)

Another important feature of
the computer is its ability to continuously load programs in any
available portion of core memory
so that users do not have to wait
for a specific memory location. In
effect, the 940 provides each user
with his own central processor containing up to 16,384 words of core
memory, selected as random blocks
from an available core memory pool
which may cor.tain as many as 65,536
words.
The flexibility of the 940
system allows it to be used either
by untrained operators in a conversational mode or by highly
skilled programmers. The system
is delivered with a complete set
of programming languages. All of
the languages are under control of
a special time sharing executive
program that allows users to call
for the language that best suits
their problem and ability to
operate the machine.
(For more information, designate
~47 on the Readers Service Card.)

PCp-ss
MULTIPLE COMPUTER SYSTEM
SDS ANNOUNCES
940 TIME SHARING COMPUTER

Scientific Data Systems, Santa
Monica, Calif., has announced the
SDS 940, the computer industry's
first low cost, high performance
computer designed specifically for
time sharing. All aspects of time
sharing are featured In the SDS
940 including multi-programming;
real time processing; on line,

Multiple-computers for direct
digital control -- a new concept in
industrial computer applications -have been introduced by The Foxboro
Company, Foxboro, Mass.
The system features two significant breakthroughs in computer control: reliability approaches 30
years' mean time between failures
(MTBF); and the system allows a

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

Newsletter

plant programmer to change supervisory programs without any possibility of accidentally erasing
or affecting the direct digital
program.
The system, called PCP-88,
employs Parallel Cascade Processing which organizes the computers
in a master-slave arrangement. The
master computer performs total process supervision, while the slave
computer, operating simultaneously,
provides direct digital process
control. Should the slave computer
temporarily fail, the master computer assumes direct digital control of the process without interruption.
PCP-88 provides separation
between supervisory and direct digital:control programs for chemical
and petro-chemical applications.
This separation permits proprietary, "do-i t-yourself" programmi ng
in FORTRAN language without the
r~s~ of accidentally changing direct
dIgItal control programs.
In the steel, non-ferrous and
power industries, the PCP-88 supervisory computer can be programmed
to manage inventory accounting,
production scheduling and load dispatching, while the slave-like,
direct digital computers adjust
process conditions.

•

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PRESTCSEAL
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37-12 10BST/CORONA. N.Y. 1136B/OEPT Cl

Computer facilities available
with PCP-88 include teletype networks, logging typewriters and operator consoles which enable a process supervisor to exert finger tip
control over an entire plant.
Data Phone Communication Links
can be provided to make PCP-88 compatible with a variety of business
management computers where multiple
plants need to be co-ordinated by
a single headquarters.
(For more information, designate
#40 on the Readers Service Card.)

.....

.•...

~''''

,,,,.rt#

Designate No. 17 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

Newsletter

Analog

FOUR-FUNCTION
ANALOG COMPUTER

The Foxboro Company, Foxboro,
Mass., has developed a pneumatic
analog computer called the Model
556. The computer can be converted in the field to perform any of
four computing functions: multiplication, division, square root
extraction and squaring.
The M/556 has an accuracy of
±D.25 percent of span for the multiplier and squarer. Square root
extractor accuracy is ±D.25 percent of span from 1 to 100 percent
of input. Divider accuracy is
~0.5 percent of span from 10 to
100 percent of denominator input.
Sensitivity and repeatability are
0.1 percent of span.

NEW PROGRAMS FOR
IBM SYSTEM/360

Software

COMPUTER PROGRAM FOR
POLITICAL REAPPORTIONMENTS
FROM C-E-I-R

Problems concerning reapportionment of state legislative and
congressional districts can now
be resolved rapidly and inexpensively through the use of a new
computer program for "redistricting". The program is being made
available by C-E-I-R, Inc., Washington, D.C. computer services
and research firm.
The program was developed by
Stuart S. Nagel, professor of political science at the University
of Illinois, to aid in resolving
the political deadlock over reapportionment in the State of Illinois. Besides its political application, it can also be modified
for use in related fields such as
school redistricting and territorial assignments for salesmen.
A principal advantage of the
program is its ability to produce
districting patterns which accurately reflect whatever political
judgments are "fed" into the computer and at the same time meet
court imposed criteria of "one
man, one vote" and compact, contiguous districts.
The program, written for a
large-scale computer, is capable
of accepting eight distinct conditions of redistricting, including the number of current districts, number of districts to be
formed, and the percentage by
which a district may be permitted
to deviate from the average district population.

-- Four-function, pneumatic analog computer.
All four computing functions
are built into the M/556. Conversion from one function to another
may be performed in the field by
simply rotating a switch plate.
Because of this feature, one standby unit can back up many computers
in the field.
(For more information, designate
~49 on the Readers Service Card.)

By adjusting these eight conditions, program users can adjust
the relative weight given to three
prime political considerations:
I} the equality of population between districts, 2) the territorial
contiguity and compactness of the
districts, and 3) the influence of
any proposed redistricting on the
political balance of power. The
ease with which weights can be
varied and new redistricting plans
produced, lends itself to the giveand-take of political negotiation.
(For more information, designate
~50 on the Readers Service Card.)

Eleven computer programs which
enable System/360 to handle such
diverse jobs as blending foods and
milling machine parts have been announced by IBM Corporation, White
Plains, N.Y. These programs provide System/360 with detailed instructions and give it the ability
to solve problems in fields ranging
from medicine to banking.
The programs in the group are
termed applications programs, and
bear such titles as the "Scientific
Subroutine Package" and "Advanced
Life Information System". They are
oriented to specific jobs in specific industries or to problemsolving techniques that cut across
many fields.
For example, System/360's
"demand-deposit accounting program"
is industry-oriented. It enables
the computer to handle accounting
procedures basic to all commercial
banks -- but stays within the banking fjeld.
On the other hand, the "mathematical programming system" is oriented to linear programming: a
technique using the computer to
determine how best to allocate resources. This program can be used
for blending gasoline or investing
money.
The common element within this
group of programs is that they all
are problem-solving -- they save
the computer user from having to
write programs that are generally
common to his industry. These programs can be (and often are) modified, but at a fractional investment of the time and effort that
would be required to write them
from scratch.
System/360 applications programs are considered by IBM to be
part of the complex product that
is tOday's computer, and are provided without cost.
(For more information, designate
~51 on the Readers Service Card.)

SBC COMPUTER PROGRAM
AIDS IN VEHICLE SCHEDULING

A computer program designed
for the businessman who maintains
a fleet of vehicles for delivery of
his products has been announced by
The Service Bureau Corporation of
New York.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

Newsletter

The new service, called "Vehicle Scheduling", is aimed at
minimizing fleet mileage and determining optimum loads. The program can be used either as an aid
in pl~nning new distribution networks, evaluating existing ones, or
in determining day-to-day or weekly delivery schedules.
In solving a typical problem,
where a businessman wants to make
deliveries within a 25-mile radius
from his warehouse, SBC's IBM computers produce a list of suggested
vehicle routes, showing vehicle capacity required, time and mileage
of each journey, and incorporating
unusual, out-of-sequence drop-off
times when requested by customers.
The Vehicle Scheduling system
can process 5,000 deliveries per
schedule and a maximum of 1,000
zones. True road distances are
used throughout, with time allowances made for traffic congestion
on certain road sections. Up to
15 different types of vehicles with
varying capacities may be processed.
Total number of vehicles is unlimited and vehicle journeys may be
restricted to a maximum time or a
maximum number of deliveries, as
specified by the user. Allowances
also can be made for loading and
unloading times and parking
restrictions.
(For more information, designate
#52 on the Readers Service :Card.)

Memories

MORE COMPACT
COMPUTER MEMORY
DEVELOPED BY IBM ENGINEERS

•

A computer memory about the
size of a baseball has been developed by engineers at IBM Corporation for aerospace computers. It
is seven times smaller but holds
four times more information than
existing memories of its kind.
It is designed to store and
then give information to computers
that guide missiles, rockets or
aircraft to their targets. The
~ pound device also is highly reliable because it has only one
moving part -- a small cylinder on
which data is stored magnetically.
Several experimental models of
the memory have been built at IBM's
Space Guidance Center in Owego New
York. Engineers thera have su~-

jected the compact unit to vibration, temperature and other conditions that it would experience on
aircraft and mis~ile flights.
The memory is the next step
beyond the larger memory built by
IBM for the Titan II ICBM, Titan
III and Saturn I launch vehicles.
To date, this earlier model has
guided successfully over 50 rocket
flights.

capacity (more than 168 million
characters of 6-bit length): transfer rate is 1,680,000 characters
per second; minimum access time is
34 milliseconds: maximum access
time is 100 milliseconds. Over
5,250,000 characters are available
at one actuator position. The two
actuators operate independently to
provide simultaneous seeking and
read/write operations. Thus, the
software operating systems can
overlap access time to further increase system throughput.
The 6607 Disk File System has
a single-actuator 36-disk file uni t
with a capacity of 84 million characters. There are over 2,625,000
characters available at one actuator posi tiona

-- Baseball size experimental computer memory
Unlike its predecessors, which
have several hundred moving parts,
the spinning drum is the only moving part in the new miniature memory. The drum is a hollow 1-7/8
inch diameter cylind~r, on which
guidance data is recorded magnetically. It can spin as fast as
12,000 revolutions per minute.
"Because there is just this
one moving part and fewer components and devices associated with
the memory, it promises very high
reliability", said Donald L. Carter,
the IBM engineer who led development of the drum.
(For more information, designate
#53 on the Readers Service Card.)

CONTROL DATA ANNOUNCES
OWN DISK MEMORIES

Control Data Corporation, Minneapolis, Minn., has announced five
new disk memory systems -- two large
capaci ty Di sk File Systems and three
versatile Disk Storage Drive Systems. These have been designated
the CONTROL DATA® 6607 and 6608
Disk File Systems, for use with
CONTROL DATA 6400, 6600, and 6800
computing systems; and the CONTROL
DATA 852, 853, and 854 Disk Storage Drives, for use with CONTROL
DATA 3000 and 6000 Series computing systems.
The 6608 Disk File System contains a double-actuator 72-disk
unit with over one billion bits

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

The 854 Disk Storage Drive
contains a removable/storable disk
pack consisting of six disks and
ten recording surfaces with one
dual-gap head per surface. Storage
capacity is 9,666,000 characters of
6-bit length: transfer rate is
208,333 characters per second: and
maximum access time is 145 milliseconds.
The 853 has a storage capacity
of 4,833,000 characters: otherwise
it is the same as the 854.
The 852 Di sk Storage Dri ve has
a storage capacity of 2,980,000
seven-bit characters in the fulltrack mode and 2,000,000 seven-bit
characters in the sector mode. The
transfer rate is 77,730 characters
per second. Maximum access time is
l45.milliseconds.
Deliveries of the new Disk
Memories will begin in mid-1966.
(For more information, designate
#54 on the Readers Service Card.)

Data TransmiHers
and AID Converters

DIGITIZER - CONVERTS DATA
FROM GRAPHIC TO DIGITAL FORM

A new instrument which quickly
and easily converts data from
graphic to digital form and can be
used for data storage and retrieval has been developed by Electronic
Associates, Inc., West Long Branch,

N.J.
This device, called the model
1.092 Digitizer, is designed to
digitize and x-y coordinate point
51

Newsletter
over a 30" x 30" surface as depicted by photographs, maps, graphs and
strip- charts.

Components

The device consists of two
primary components: the input coordinatograph and a control unit.
The coordinatograph, shown below
in a close-up view, is a portable

MAC's 3200 FCI TAPE
NOW AVAILABLE

plished by one machine in one pass
these certifiers offer both econ- '
omy in use and ease of operation.
Control Data's magnetic tape
certifiers detect tape flaws which
may otherwise cause loss of data
program reruns, and Jost time du~
to needless error subroutines.
The operational capabilities of
the Control Data 680,685, and 690
Certifiers include automatic error
detection and tape cleaning. Several optional features are also
offered.
(For more information, designate
#58 on the Readers Service Card.)

MAC Panel Company, High Point,
N.C., has announced the availability of high-density 3200 Fcr magnetic tape. This new, heavy-duty
computer tape is compatible with
the new IBM 2400 Series magnetic
tape units, which record and read
data at 1600 bits per inch. Itis
also compatible with present halfinch tape drives.
According to George L. Athanas

preside~t, special manufacturing

device which is clamped onto a
drawing board and easily movable.
It instructs the control unit to
measure, digitize and transfer the
point coordinate data to the output unit. The control unit contains a digitizer, which converts
the analog voltages received from
the input coordinatograph to digital form and transfers it to an
output card punch or tape unit.
The digital data, together with 20
different labels or headings, are
recorded automatically on 80 column punched cards or 5 to 8 channel punched paper tape.
,
The ?ccuracy of the Digitizer
IS ±.015-Inch. Repeatability is
held to within ±3 counts at a scaling of 400 counts per inch and is
directly proportional to the scale
used. Scales are continuously
variable from 40~counts to 1000counts per inch. Speed of the device is 10 millisecond without sign
change and 35 millisecond with sign
change. Punched card output is 13
columns per ~econd, and paper tape
output is 15 characters per second.
, T~e instrument has broad applIcatIon for such diversified
a:eas as,o~l and mineral explorat~ons, CIVIl engineering computatIons! cartography, photogrammetry,
numerIcal control and bio-medical
research.
(For more information, designate
#55 on the Readers Service Card.)

and testing equipment and procedures have been designed for the
production of this new tape. The
d~velopment of a new testing technIque was the primary requirement
before marketing this tape, Mr.
Athanas said, since the phase encoding method of recording at 3200
flux changes per inch calls for a
more critical test covering the
complete surface of the tape. Increased character densities and
accelerated processing speeds demand more accurate and -reliable
magnetic tape. The physical and
magnetic properties of MAC's new
3200 FCI tape more than meet
these requirements, he added.
(For more information, designate
#57 on the Readers Service Card.)

CONTROL DATA ANNOUNCES
EXPANDED LINE OF
MAGNETIC TAPE CERTIFIERS

Control Data Corporation
Minneapolis, Minn., has introduced
the,CONTROL DAT~~ 680 and 685 MagnetIc Tape CertIfiers. With the
addition of full-width ~-inch and
I-inch certifiers, complementing
the widely used Control Data 690
Certifier, Control Data now offers
a family of versatile off-line
tape testing, inspection and cleaning devices. These units are designed specifically to serve the
n~eds of data processing installatIons and magnetic tape manufacturers.
The versatile 680 provides
7-track, 9-tract or full-width
testing of ~-inch tape. It can
retest 7-track tape for use on both
7-track and 9-track tape transports. The 685 model is a 16-track
I-inch unit; the 690 is a 7-track '
~-inch unit. Since a complete re:
habilitation of tape can be accom-

MICRONETIC 404
COMPUTER TAPE

Robert H. Twyford, president
of Micronetic Corporation, Alexandria, Va., has announced that the
same scientists who developed high
resolution ferro magnetic oxide
for computer tapes have now introduced a superior binder system
which will eliminate most of the
magnetic recording errors which
can still frustrate a multi-million
dollar computer system.
According to Twyford, the ferro
magnetic oxide particles in almost
all computer tapes now on the market are bonded together by a thermoPLASTIC system which expands when
heated, permitting particles to drop
out or to become rearranged. The
new Micronetic 404 thermoSETTING
binder system has optimum flexibility yet does not stretch or
soften with heat thus holding the
magnetic particles firmly in place
despite changes in temperature or
extended use.
Micronetic sales manager
Michael Cetta, added that the'superiori ty of the new Micronetic 404
tape could introduce new guarantees
to the computer tape field with the
possibility of certifying tapes to
be completely free of errors for a
period of ten years or more -of continuous use. The half-inch wide
computer tapes have a recording
capacity of 800 bits per inch
sto:ed on seven separate tracks.
A nIne track, full width tested
tape required for the new IBM 360
system also is available.
(For more information, designate
#59 on the Readers Service Card.)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

Would you have invested your talents
and energy and resources in his epic voyage?
A small band did. And when Columbus
returned triumphant, each knew he had had
a hand in the greatest adventure of that
time and age.
Another great adventure beckons today.
The manned exploration of the moon. And,
as in Columbus' time, a relatively small band
is privileged to share in it. IBM programers
are in the forefront of th"at band.
At NASA's Manned Spacecraft Center
in Houston, IBM programers help steer men
through space. They chart the course of each
Gemini/Apollo flight-in real-time. They sit at
the consoles in the Real..Time Computer
Complex and monitor the computer perform..
ance of hundreds of thousands of pro ..
gramed instructions. They do every kind of
programing job there is to do. They often
work in real.. time themselves, since their
knowledge of programing detail may be
called upon to support the system during
its period of critical operation.
Tomorrow, programers will write control
programs for post..lunar launches. They'll
develop time..shared systems for overlapping
missions. They'll work on multiprocessors,
dynamic storage allocation, and adaptive,
self..organizing systems. The manuals they
write will be the textbooks for real..time
systems of the future. Think what you would
learn working with them! You would gain
experience that cannot be equalled anywhere.
And this experience will be even more
useful to you in fulfilling the programing
needs in the decade to come.
So why not join us? We'll teach you real..time
applications of the fundamentals you now
know. To start, you need at least one year's
experience, preferably two or three, in pro ..
graming large..scale computers. Experience
in simulation, operations research, linear
programing or systems analysis is also
desirable. Relocation expenses and personal
benefit programs are all company..paid.

Programers:
would you
have sailed with
Columbus?

Write us a short letter, in longhand if you
like. Tell us briefly about your education and
experience. We'll get back to you fast-hope ..
fully with an invitation to visit us in Houston.
Write to Mr. W. J. Baier, Dept. 539L, IBM
Corporation, 16915 EI Camino Rea:!,
Houston, Texas 77058. IBM is an Equal
Opportunity Employer.

IBM

Designate No. 18 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

MONTHLY CO M1P'1UTER CEN§1U§
The number of electronic computers installed or in production at anyone time has been increasing at a bewildering pace
in the past several years. New vendors have come into the computer market, and familiar machines have gone out of production.
Some new machines have been received with open arms by users -others have been given the cold shoulder.
To aid our readers in keeping up wi th this mushrooming activity, the editors of COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION present this
monthly report on the number of general purpose electronic computers of American-based companies which are installed or on
order as of the pre~e ing month. These figures included installations and orders 0 tside the United States. We update this
computer census mon hly, so that it wi 11 serve as a "box-score"

of progress for readers interested in following the growth of
the American computer industry, and of the computing power it
builds.
In general, manufacturers in the computer field do not
officially release installation and on order figures. The figures in this census are developed through a continuing market
survey conducted by associates of our magazine. This market
research program develops a documented data file which now covers over 85% of the computer installations in the United States.
A similar program is conducted fo~ overseas installations.
Any additions, or corrections, from informed readers will
be welcomed.

AS OF OCTOBER 10, 1965
NAME OF
MANUFACTURER
Advanced Scientific Instruments

Autonetics
Bunker-Ramo Corp.

Burroughs

C1ar
Computer Control Co.

Control Data Corporation

Digital Equipment Corp.

El-tronics Inc.
Electronic Associates
Friden
General Electric

Inc.

General Precision
Honeywell Electronic Data Processing

NAME OF
COMPUTER
ASI 210
ASI 2100
ADVANCE 6020
ADVANCE 6040
ADVANCE 6050
ADVANCE 6070
ADVANCE 6080
RECOMP II
RECOMP III
BR-130
BR-133
BR-230
BR-300
BR-330
BR-340
BR-530
205
220
E101-103
BIOO
B250
B260
B270
B280
B300
B5000 B5500
DE-60 DE-60M
DDP-19
DDP-24
DDP-116
DDP-124
DDP-224
G-15
G-20
160·/160A/160G
924/924A
1604/1604A
3100
3200
3300
3400
3600
3800
6400
6600
6800
PDP-1
PDP-4
PDP-5
PDP-6
PDP-7
PDP-8
ALWAC IIIE
8400
6010
115
205
210
215
225
235
415
425
435
625
635
LGP-21
LGP-30
RPC-4000
H-120
H-200
H-400
H-800
H-12oo

SOLID
STATE?
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
N
N

Y
Y
Y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
N
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

semi
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y
Y

NUMBER OF
DATE OF FIRST
AVERAGE MONTHLY
INSTALLATIONS
INSTALLATION
RENTAL
24
4/62
$2850
6
12/63
$3000
4
4/65
$2200
1
7/65
$2800
o
10/65
$5000
o
10/65
$10,500
o
1/66
$7000
51
11/58
$2495
12
6/61
$1495
160
10/61
$2000
8
5/65
$2400
14
8/63
$2680
39
3/59
$3000
35
12/60
$4000
19
12/63
$7000
14
8/61
$6000
54
1/54
$4600
44
10/58
$14,000
160
1/56
$875
80
$2800
8/64
105
11/61
$4200
220
11/62
$3750
152
7/62
$7000
92
7/62
$6500
$8400
7/65
7
42
3 63
20 000
330
525
7 60
3
$2800
6/61
66
5/63
$2500
12
4/65
$900
o
2/66
$2050
12
3/65
$3300
328
7/55
$1000
26
$15,500
4/61
438
$1750/$3400/$12,000 5/60;7/61 ;3/64
28
8/61
$11,000
60
1/60
$38,000
33
12/64
$7350
$12,000
84
5/64
2
9/65
$15,000
16
$25,000
11/64
44
$58,000
6/63
o
$60,000
11/65
o
,$40,000
1/66
$110,000
8/64
6
o
$140.000
4/67
60
11/60
$3400
55
$1700
8/62
112
9/63
$900
$10,000
10/64
8
28
$1300
11/64
$525
4/65
53
1820
2 54
22
7000
6 65
2
600
6 63
210
o
12/65
$1375
6/64
$2900
35
55
$16,000
7/59
52
9/63
$6000
$8000
141
4/61
$10,900
55
4/64
5/64
75
$7300
6/64
38
$9600
10/64
14
$14,000
$41,000
12/64
8
12/64
$45.000
9
$725
100
12/62
$1300
9/56
310
1 61
1875
65
12 65
$2600
o
$5700
3/64
630
124
12/61
$8500
$22,000
12/60
86
$6500
2/66
o

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED ORDERS
1
1
5
5

2
7

o
X
X

6
7
1

X
X
1
X
X
X
X

30
5

40
16
20
70
11
3

x
8

45
2

17
X
X

2
1
X

38
32
34

20
11
23
8
9
3
2

2
3
6

44
302
X
6

180
140
12
X
3
2

70
55

22
35
38
X
X
X

180
250
6
5

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

NAME OF
MANUFACTURER
Honeywell (cont'd)

IBM

ITT
Monroe Calculating Machine Co.
National Cash Register Co.

Philco

Radio Corporation of America

Raytheon
Scientific Data Systems Inc.

Systems Engineering Labs
UNIVAC

=no

AVERAGE MONTHLY
SOLID
NAME OF
RENTAL
STATE?
COMPUTER
$14,000
Y
H-1400
$30,000
Y
H-1800
$11,000
Y
H-2200
$16,800
Y
H-4200
$35,000
Y
H-8200
OATAmatic 1000
N
~40.000
$3600
N
305
$1800
Y
360/20
$7500
Y
360/30
$16,000
Y
360/40
$12,000
Y
360/44
$30,000
360/50
Y
$48,000
Y
360/60
$55,000
Y
360/62
$49,000
Y
360/65
$49,000
360/67
Y
Y
$78 LOOO
360/75
$4800
650
N
$850
1130
Y
$4500
Y
1401
$2000
Y
1401-G
$14,200
Y
1410
1440_
$3500
Y
$9000
1460
Y
$2500
Y
1620 I, II
Y
$3700
1800
$5000
N
701
y
$22,600
7010
$6900
702
N
y
$160,000
7030
$32,000
704
N
y
$18,000
7040
y
$35,200
7044
$30,000
N
705
$27,000
Y
7070, 2, 4
$55,000
7080
Y
$40,000
709
N
y
7090
$9 3,500
y
$72,500
7094
7094 II
Y
F8.500
7300 AOX
Y
~18,000
Sold only - $5800
Monrobot IX
N
y
700
Monrobot XI
y
$14,000
NCR - 304
$2000
Y
NCR - 310
y
$8500
NCR - 315
$12,000
Y
NCR - 315-RM;
y
$1850
NCR - 390
NCR - 500
Y
~1500
y
1000
$7010
y
$40,000
2000-210, 211
y
2000-212
$52,000
y
68 000
2000-213
Bizmac
$100,000
N
y
RCA 301
$6000
y
RCA 3301
$11,500
y
RCA 501
$14,000
y
RCA 601
$35,000
y
$2600
Spectra 70/15
y
$5000
Spectra 70/25
y
Spectra 70/35
$7000
y
Spectra 70/45
$9000
y
Sllectra 7OL55
~14,000
y
250
$1200
y
440
$3500
y
520
P200
y
SOS-92
$900
y
$2000
S05-91O
y
$2700
SOS-920
y
SOS-925
$2500
y
SOS-930
$4000
y
7000
SOS-9300
y
SEL-81O
$750
y
SEL-840
~4oo0
I&II
N
$25,000
y
III
$20,000
File Computers
$15,000
N
Solid-State 80 I,
II, 90 I, II &
Step
Y
$8000
y
418
$11,000
y
490 Series
$26,000
1004
Y
$1900
1050
Y
$8000
1100 Series (except 1107)
N
$35,000
1107
Y
$45,000
1108
Y
$50,000
y
LARC
~135.000

NUMBER OF
INSTALLATIONS
12
13
0
0
0
4
175
0
240
200
0
5
0
0
0
0
0
260
0
6800
HOO
750
2350
2100
1720
0
1
148
8
7
42
110
64
61
345
75
11
51
138
82
9
150
570
26
46
360
3
1030
0
20
18
9
0
3
620
40
99
5
0
0
0
0
0
170
13
0
21
147
94
9
70
1164
15
2
9 65
0
loL65
29
3/51 & II/57
8/62
88
19
8/56

DATE OF FI RST
INSTALLATION
1/64
1/64
10/65
2/66
3/67
12L57
12/57
12/65
5/65
4/65
9/66
8/65
10/65
10/65
1/66
9/66
11/65
11/54
11/65
9/6C
5/64
11/61
4/63
10/63
9/60
12/65
4/5310/63
2/55
5/61
12/55
6/63
6/63
11/55
3/60
8/61
8/58
11/59
9/62
4L64
9L61
3/58
12 60
1 60
5/61
5/62
9/65
5/61
10~65
6 63
10/58
1/63
9 66
- 56
2/61
7/64
6/59
11/62
11/65
11/65
4/66
3/66
5L66
12/60
3/64
iOL65
4/65
8/62
9/62
12/64
6/64

8/58
6/63
12/61
2/63
9/63
12/50
10/62
9/65
5L60
TOTALS

300
37
64
3100
220
12
29
2
2
29,501

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED ORDERS
2
7
45
8
1
X
X
3600
3100
800
250
350
13
5
105
1875
X
1400
240
100
40
350
275
20
105
X
50
X
X
X
12
12
X
7
X
X
2
10
28
6
X
120
X
1
50
50
45
510
0
1
1
1
X
8
20
2
X
70
65
12
75
20
7
5
10
40
18
13
28
30
8
12
3
X
2
X
X

25
48
250
135
X

1
16
X

14,629

longer in production.

• To avoid double counting, note that the Control Data 160 serves as the central processor of the
NCR 310. Also, many of the orders for the IBM 7044, 7074, and 7094 I and II's are not for new
machines but for conversions from existing 7040, 7070 and 7090 computers respectively.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

NEW PATENTS
RAYMOND R. SKOLNICK
Reg. Patent Agent
Ford Inst. Co., Diu. of Sperry Rand
Corp., Long Island City 1, New York
The following is a compilation of
patents pertaining to computer and associated equipment from the "Official
Gazette of the U. S. Patent Office,"
dates of issue as indicated. Each entry consists of patent number / inventor(s) / assignee / invention. Printed
copies of patents may be obtained from
the U.S. Commissioner of Patents,
Washington 25, D.C., at a cost of 25
cents each.
July 6, 1965

3,193,672 / Victor Azgapetian, Santa
Barbara, Calif. / Servomechanisms,
Inc., Hawthorne, Calif. / Solid State
Computer.
3,193,799 / Arthur W. Holt, Silver
Spring, Md., / by mesne assignments
to Control Data Corp., Minneapolis,
Minn. / Reading Machine With TimeSpatial Data Extraction.
3,193,800 / Donald P. Shoultes, Owego,
N. Y. / International Business Machines Corp., New York, N. Y. /
Method And Apparatus For Verifying
Location And Controls In Magnetic
Storage Devices.

••

The line now includes:
CYCLE UNIVERSAL and
STANDARD TAPE MINDERS.
Model SOD Series DRIVE UNIT
providing up to 160 variations
to wind or feed tape.

•

NAB REEl MOUNT to receive any
manufacturer's conventional NAB
reels to 1" width.
UNIVERSAL REELS in all sizes,
with or without NAB HUB.
UNWINDERS adaptable to any
positioning.
PANEl TAPE MINDERS and TAPE
TRANSPORTS for any relay rack
panel.
PLUS many other innovations.
Write today for descriptive litera·
ture, #CA·11.
DEALER INQUIRIES INVITED

Designate No. 19 on Readers Service Card

3,193,802 / Alan J. Deerfield, Franklin,
Mass. / Honeywell Inc. / Data Handling Apparatus.
3,193,806 / Arthur V. Pohm, Ames, Iowa
and Richard M. Sanders, St. Paul,
Minn. / Sperry Rand Corp. I Search
Memory Array.
3,193,808/ Richard M. Sanders, St. Paul,
Minn. I Sperry Rand Corp. / Digital
Shift Circuit.
July 13, 1965
3,194,974 I Eugene J. Rymaszewski,
Poughkeepsie, N. Y. / International
Business Machines Corp. / High Speed
Logic Circuits.
3,194,981 / Jack Saul Cubert, Haddonfield, N. J. / Sperry Rand Corp. /
Tunnel Diode Logic Circuit For Performing The Nor Function.
3,194,983 / Brian Elliott Sear, Oreland,
Pa, I Sperry Rand Corp. / Logic Circuit Employing Current Selectively
Controlled For Switching Tunnel
Diode.
3,195,053 I Terry A. Jeeves, Penn Hills
Township, Allegheny County, Pa, /
Westinghouse Electric Corp. / Nor
Shift Register.
3,195,108 / Abraham Franck, Richfield,
Minn. / Sperry Rand Corp. / Comparing Stored And External Binary
Digits.
3,195,113 I Ames F. Giordano, Newark,
N. J. / International Telephone and
Telegraph Corp. / High Density Data
Storage System.
3,195,114 / Robert O. Gunderson, Torrance, Edmund F. Klein, San Pedro,
and Paul Higashi, Los Angeles, Calif.
/ The National Cash Register Co. /
Data-Storage System.
3,195,115 I Edward Michael Bradley,
Stevenage, England / International
Computers and Tabulators Ltd. I Magnetic Data Storage Devices.
3,195,116 / Robert S. Weisz, Pacific Palisades, Los Angeles, Salvadore J. Zuccaro, Santa Monica, and Mario
Semeraro, Sherman Oaks, Calif. I Ampex Corp. / Nondestructive Readout
Memory .
3,195,117 I Douglas C. Engelbart, Palo
Alto, Calif. / AMP Incorporated /
Bipolar Magnetic Core Circuit .

July 20, 1965

3,196,260 / John M. Pugmire, Poughkeepsie, N. Y. / International Business
Machines Corp. / Adder.
3,196,261 / David H. Schaefer, Oxon
Hill, Md. / USA Administrator of
the National Aeronautics and Space
Administration / Full Binary Adder.
3,196,402 / Arthur J. Gehring, Jr., Haddonfield, N. J., and LIoyd W. Stowe,
Broomall, Pa, / Sperry Rand Corp. /
Magnetic Computer.
3,196,410 / Paul M. Davies, Manhattan
Beach, Calif. / by mesne assignments,
to Thompson Ramo Wooldridge Inc.,
Cleveland, Ohio / Self-Searching Memory Utilizing Improved Memory Elements.
3,196,413 / Michael Teig, Yonkers,

HIGH PRICES PAID
FOR

USED I.B.M.
DATA PROCESSING MACHINES
Machines

Model No.

SORTERS •••••• 082,083,084.
VERIFIERS •••••• 056.
COLLATORS •••• 077, 085, 087, 088.
COMPUTERS •••• 1401, 1410, 1620,7070.
TAPE DRIVES ••• 727, 729, 7330.
KEY PUNCHES •• 024, 026, ALPHA.
REPRODUCERS •• 514,519.
INTERPRETERS •• 552, 54e, 557.
ACCTG. MACH. .403, 407, 602A.

Advise exact model number and serial numbers and
we will quote prices by return mail. If our prices are
acceptable, we would send
payment in advance, and
arrange pick up of machines, as is, uncrated, by
our freight carrier.

L. A. PEARL CO.
801 SECOND AVE.
NEW YORK, N.Y. 10017
PHONE 212 OREGON 9-6535
Designate No. 20 on Readers Service Card

DISTRIBUTORSHIPS
AVAILABLE
For PENGUIN Liquid Plastic Coatings. For all Surfaces Inside or Out.
Wax no More. PENGUIN makes
floors gleam and sparkle with a
hard, glossy, durable, stain-resistant, crystal-clear finish which is
wholly different from any product
being used today. Quickly applied
by anyone no skilled labor is
required. It goes on smoothly
whether applied with cloth or
brush, dries rapidly, leaving a brilliant transparent film that lasts indefinitely under heavy traffic. Completely eliminates waxing, scrubbing and polishing. Dealer and jobber inquiries also invited. Users
may order for $13.95 per gallon
delivered prepaid. Also for boats
and autos.
Minimum Investment

$500.00

Maximum Investment

$12,000

For complete details write or call:
Area Code 314-AX-1-1500
Merchandising Division
P.O. Box 66
St. Ann, Missouri 63074
Designate No. 21 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

N. Y. I International Business Machines Corp. / Non-Destructive Magnetic Memory.
3,196,414 I Edward P. Stabler, North
Syracuse, N. Y. I General Electric Co.
I Magnetic Core Logic Circuits Employing Coupled Single Path Core
Structures.
3,196,415 I Alfred E. Brain, Menlo
Park, Calif. / Stanford Research Institute, Palo Alto, Calif. I Ma~netic-Core
Logic And Storage Device.
3,196,416 / Michael Williams, Watford,
England I The General Electric Co.,
Ltd., London, England I Data Stores.
3,196,417 / John T. Franks, Jr., Akron,
Ohio I Goodyear Aerospace Corp. I
Magnetic Circuits.
3,196,419 / Andrew Gabor, Port Washington, N. Y. I Potter Instrument Co.,
Inc. I Parallel Data Skew Correction
System.
July 27, 1965
3,197,737 I Joseph Patrick Conklin, Fairfield, Conn. I Pitney-Bowes, Inc., Stamford, Conn. I Electronic Memory Device.
3,197,738 I Edward J. Raser, Rhinebeck,
and Walker H. Thomas, Poughkeepsie,
N. Y. I International Business Machines Corp. / Data Processing System.
3,197,740 I Joseph M. Terlato, Bronx,
and Bruce M. Updike, Endwell, N. Y.
I International Business Machines
Corp. I Data Storage And Processing
Machine.
3,197,741 I Charles F. Kohler, Parma,
M~ch. I by mesne assignments, to Hancock Telecontrol Corp., Jackson, Mich.
I Means For Recording Registered
Data.
3,197,745 / Joseph P. Sweeney, Harrisburg, Pa. I AMP Incorporated, Harrisburg, Pa. / Magnetic Core Circuit.
3,197,760 I Marius Cohn and Richard
Lindaman, Minneapolis, Minn. / Sperry Rand Corp. / Data Processing System.

August 3, 1965
3,198,939 I Walter A. Helbig, Woodland
Hills, and Ronald J. Woldrich, Northridge, Calif. I Radio Corporation of
America I High Speed Binary AdderSubtractor With Carry Ripple.
3,198,955 I David H. Schaefer, Oxon
Hill, Md. I USA as represented by the
Administrator of the National Aeronautics and Space Administration I
13inary Magnetic Memory Device.
3,198,957 / Kazuo Husimi and Tsuneori
. Koshiba, Tokyo, Japan I Nippon Telegraph and Telephone Public Corp.,
Tokyo, Japan I High Speed Memory
Bistable Dynatron Circuit.
3,198,959 I Brian Elliott Sear,. Oreland,
Pa. I Sperry Rand Corp. I Logic Syste~ Employing Tunnel Diode That Is
Both D.C. And Clock-Pulsed Biased.
3,19?,960 I Joseph F. Kruy, West Newton, Mass. I Honeywell Inc. I Shift
Register Utilizing A Holding Pulse To
Obviate Interstage Signal Storage
Means.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

Designate No. 22 on Readers Service Card

C&A CLASSIFIED COLUMN
Use economical C&A Classified Ads
to buy or sell your computer and data
processing equipment, to offer services to the industry, to offer new
business opportunities, to seek new
positions or to fill job vacancies, etc.
Rates for Classified Ads: 90¢ per
word - minimum, 20 words. First
line all capitals - no charge.
Blind Ads: Box Numbers acceptable
at $4. 00 additional to c?ver costs of
handling and pos tage.
Send copy to: Computers and Automation, 815 Washington Street, Newtonville, Mass. 02160. Telephone:
617 -332-5453.
Deadline for Classified Ads is the
10th of the month preceding issue.

DA -PEX COMPUTER BROKERS
offer: 1401's; LGP-30; 402-3; Computer Leases. WANTED: 7080 System, 1401 4k G-13; 407's; KP's;
056's. Buy or sell through DA-PEX
Co., 366 Francis Bldg., Louisville,
Ky. 451-7457; 585-5454.

WE BUY IBM TABULA TING EQUIP.:.
ment and Solid State Computers. If
you -have any of the above equipment
available for current delivery, write
or call collect: Nationwide Office
Machines, Inc., 31 East 32 Street,
New York. N. Y., 212-LE 2-9230

OPPORTUNITY FOR A FUTURE WITH
a well known Midwest Manufacturing
Firm. We are now offering exclusive
distributorships for a patented product.
No competition. Factory trained personnel will assist you in setting up a
tried and proven advertising and merchandising program. 100% mark up.
Investment guaranteed. Minimum investment $1, 000. Maximum $14,000.
All replies confidential. For information write Director of Marketing, P. O.
Box 14049, St. Louis, Missouri 63178.

ADVJEJR1fJ[SJING INDEX
Following is the index of advertisements. Each item contains: Name and address of the advertiser / page number
where the advertisement appears / name of agency if any.

American Telephone & Telegraph
Co., 195 Broadway, New York 17,
N. Y. / Page 2/ N. W. Ayer &
~on, Inc.
Auerbach Corporation, 55 No. 17th
St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103 /
Page 16 / Ringold/Kalish & Co.
Benson-Lehner Corp., 14761 Califa
St., Van Nuys, Calif. / Page 3
/ Leonard Daniels AdvertiSing
Brandon.Applied Systems, Inc.,
30 E. 42 st., New York, N. Y.
10017 / Page 19/ California Computer Products, 305
Muller Ave., Anaheim, Calif. /
Page 36 / Advertisers Production
Agency
CALMA Company, 346 Mathew St. ,
Santa Clara, Calif. / Page 35 /
Saratoga Advertising
Career Center, 770 Lexington Ave.,
New York, N. Y. 10021 / Page
60 / Mohr & Co., Inc.
Computron Inc., 122 Calvary St. ,
Waltham, Mass. 02154 / Page 4
/ Tech/Reps
Cybetronics, Inc.,. 132 Calvary st. ,
Waltham, Mass. 02154 / Page 41
/ Stan Radler
Cycle Equipment Co., 17480 Shelburne Way, Los Gatos, Calif.
95030 / Page 56 / Benet Hanau
& Associates
Datamec Div., Hewlett-Packard Co.,
345 Middlefield Rd., Mountain
View, Calif. / Page 46 / Ellis
Walker
Digi-Data Corporation, 4315 Baltimore Ave., Bladensburg, Md.
20710 / Page 38 / Forms, Inc., Willow Grove, Pa. /
Page 59 / Elkman Advertising
Co., Inc.
Grumman Aircraft Engineering
Corp., Bethpage, L. I. , N. Y. /
Page 8 / Newman, Posner and
Mitchell, Inc.

Informatics Inc., 15300 Ventura
Blvd;, Sherman Oaks, Calif. /
Page 13 / Faust/Day Inc.
Information Displays, Inc., 102 E.
Sandford Blvd., Mt. Vernon,
N. Y. 10550 / Page 23 / George
Taubert
International Business Machines
Corp., Houston, Texas /Page
53 / Benton & Bowles
Lockheed-California Co., 2419 No.
Hollywood Way, Burbank, Calif.
/ Page 31 / McCann-Erickson,
Inc.
Lockheed Missiles & Space Co. ,
P. O. Box 504, Sunnyvale, Calif.
/ Page 6 / McCann-Erickson, Inc.
Memorex Corporation, 1180 Shulman Ave., Santa Clara, Calif. /
Page 2A / Hal Lawrence Inc.
Mesa Scientific Corp., 2930 W. Imperial Highway, Inglewood, Calif.
/ Page 2B / Martin Klitten Co. ,
Inc.
Midwestern Instruments, Inc., Div.
of the Telex Corp., Box'1526,
TUJ.sa, Okla. 74101 / Page 57 /
Ferguson, Miller, Inc.
National Cash Register Co., Main
& K Sts., Dayton, Ohio 45409 /
Page 10 / McCann-Erickson, Inc.
National Cash Register Co., Electronics Div., 2816 W. EI Segundo
Blvd., Hawthorne, Calif. / Page~
34, 35 / Allen, Dorsey & Hatfield,
Inc.
L. A. Pearl Co., 801 Second Ave.,
New York, N. Y. 10017 / Page
56/Penguin Plastics and Paint Corp. ,
3411 North Lindbergh Blvd., St.
Ann, Mo. 63074 / Page 56 / Prestoseal Mfg. Corp., 37'-12
108 St., Corona, N. Y. 11368 /
Page' 49/ Spiegel & Laddin,
Inc.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

.
•

fI
i
j

~ ,~
~

·"iIt~ .........

Formscards@ ke.ijlt.Br~~~~~~~~
business
:~ ::U-~h
flowin
like wa ere

Vooa D'UY,ru"AMO Rnu ••.

What's the secret behind Great Bear
Spring Company's fast flowing operation? No secret. It's FORMSCARD,
the continuous tabulating card
, system that speeds up delivery and
service ... keeps billing and bookkeeping efficient and orderly.
FORMSCARD means business!
And it takes care of business
smoothly, without wasting time, motion
or money. Take medial waste strips for
example, those annoying little strips you
find between so many tab cards. FORMSCARD will have no part of them. They're
a waste! And they cost you plenty when
you've got thousands of cards to be shipped, stored and burst apart.
Take a tip from Great Bear and your
business operations will flow like water,
with the fast, waste-free FORMSCARD .
For the full story on how a FORMSCARD system can save you time, trouble
and money, drop us a line and we'll send
you a copy of our bro- .:t
:4
. .•
chure. Or, even better, : fOrmS IOC:
call us at OLdfield 9-4000 WILLOW GROVE, PENNA.
(Area Code 215).
We love to talk about FORMSCARD.

,
I

-.1

.J,

Designato No. 23 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1965

COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS
engineers, scientists, programmers & systems analysts with B.S., M.S. or Ph.D. degrees

Attending FJCC in Las Vegas! Call 735-8315 to register for
interviews at the Career Center. Then take the stagecoach-shuttle
to Career Center Headquarters at the Fabulous Flamingo.
Las Vegas is a place for action! Employers from all over
the country are sending their top technical staffs to town
during FJCC, November 30-0ecember 2. They're sponsoring another big Career Center Interview Session at the
Fabulous Flamingo.
Register your qualifications by phone or in person at the
Center. Every employer looks them over (minus your name
and address). Then we'll call you at your Las Vegas address and arr.ange interv.iews with those you want to see. on-the-spot. In a day or two, you can get a national picture
of opportunity which would otherwise take you weeks of
travel - if you could afford the time and expense. Of
cour.se, there are no fees asthis is an employer-sponsored
service.
One word about the market: it has never ~CA
been better. In fact, our employers say to _ --=--

a man that their needs now exceed anything they've seen
since 1963 ... and many of them have a much better com. mercial base to their business than they had then. Hop
. aboard that stagecoach!
.
You can register by mail before going to Las Vegas •••
or even if you aren't going.
If you read this advertisement betore going to Las Vegas,
register in advance by sending your name and address
to Career Center-Headquarters, 770 Lexington Ave., New
York 10021. We'll then process you for advance consideration by all employers. If there's no time, then call us as
soon as you arrive, any time day or night. If you're not
attending FJCC, register anyway and we'll show your qualifications just as if you were in Las Vegas. Interested em~Ioyers will contact you by mail or phone
__
~through us after FJCC closes.

RjiE:ERI,

IJII~

lped

Designate No. 24 on Readers Service Card

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