196701

196701 196701

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opportunities. Scientific computing, satellil-? IT;i~;kl; '."
real-time data processing, hospital, educational, husin:. :"3
and governmental administrative informmi.'>n :)ystc:
offer a unique opportunity for a varied and fllln~j
To accomplish its highly diversified assig-El
Lockheed maintains a centralized data procl~~:,ill~; :',."
-one of the largest computer centers in lhe eCL.
Scientific computing at Lockheed plays l~~rJny
tant and varied roles in Flight t..,fc.'anics, Trajcc::o)
Thermodynamics, Electronic~
ulsion, ~,~t,·,
Flight Technology, Hydrodyn<
Naviga(
J~, 1
ance and Control, and other ViL,
,ds.
In other areas of activity, LcJl..
:>

. ' ,(Inary process for handling patients' records to
" .~ __ ,uctors and nurses to perform their primary duties.
i )ck heed also leads the way in state-wide information
'-':~,,~c..ms such as the one planned for the State of Alaska.
III addition, the planning and control of all U. S. Air
: 'orce orbiting missions is conducted at the Satellite Test
~ :,?Jlter, which also maintains one of the world's largest
Ilil)st powerful real-time computing facilities with
';.,I,I1C'nts ranging from simple ballistic missile shots
j ligl',:y cornplex, classified satellite missions.
Lr 19i1ieers and scientists are invited to write Profes:-:-ion:\: Placement Manager, Lockheed Missiles &. Space
Cc:: "any, P.O. Box 504, Sunnyvale, California.
,!,:~',(:ed is an equal
LOCKHEED
".··'~unity employer. MISSILES & SPACE COMPANY
A GROUP DIVISION OF' LOCKHEED AIRCRAFT CORPORATION

l.'I·,·.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January,

SerVit'1. Card

"My mother used to tell me
that data processing was good
clean work for a young girl.
She didn't know about the strip.
I'll never forget that first day
... I pointed to a thin sliver of
paper that con nected one
continuous form to another and
someone shouted "Take it off I"
That was just the beginning.
Suddenly I realized that thin
paper stri p ran between every
single business card form in the
place. Thousands of them ...
piled up on the floor, stuffed in
the baskets ... it was a.mess.
I had no choice. I developed my routine: Empty
the trash cans, scoop up
the stri ps, brush off my

clothing ... complain to
our office manager. But it
was all in vain until I
mentioned money ... how
much of it was lost in

(Candid photo, 1964, shows Miss
M
doing her routine.)

shipping, storing and proc;:essing
those skinny little strips.
In the long run my routine was
costing them plenty. They
knew it was time for a change,
and that's when Formscards
entered my life. What a job
they did I And without a single
medial strip to clutter up the
works (My boss said no other
tab cards come clean that way).
Now everybody's happy. My
routine is over for good, and I
can't say that I miss it. Thank
you, Formscards, you sure
got me out of a mess I"
For the complete Formscard
story call or write:
Forms, Inc., Willow Grove, Pa.,
(215) OL 9-4000 III 9-6300.

Designate No. 5 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

The textile designer of the future may be able
to discard her paint brush. The front cover shows
a "textile graphics" technique being demonstrated at IBM's
New York Scientific Center by Mrs. J. R. Lourie,
an amateur weaver herself. For more information see page 58.

JANUARY, 1967 Vol. 16, No. 1

editor and publisher

SPecial Feattlre:
Prospects in the Computer Field -

EDMUND C. BERKELEY

THE COMPUTER FIELD AND THE IBM 360 - A 1966 PROGRESS REPORT

A survey of the computer field now, and expectations for the future, espe-'
cially in view of the impact of decisions by the largest manufacturer
ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH - RETROSPECT AND PROSPECTS

The current state of affairs in research investigating the question lIean
machines think?", and four approaches to answering the question
CREDIT CARDS - STEPPING STONES TO THE CHECKLESS SOCIETY?

associate publisher
PATRICK J. MCGOVERN

assistant editors
MOSES M. BERLIN
LINDA LADD LOVETT

by Dale l. Reistad

THE ART OF LEASING COMPUTERS
by George H. Heilborn

The various methods of obtaining capital equipment, particularly EDP sys-.
terns, through leasing as distinct from rental from the manufacturer

DICK H. BRANDON
NED CHAPIN

by T. B. Steel; Jr.

In This ISsue

JOHN BENNETT
ANDREW D. BOOTHJOHN W. CARR, III

by Patrick J. McGovern

The probable impact of an automated system using credit cards on banks,
businessmen, housewives, and society

NEIL D. MACDONALD

contributing editors

1967

In Every Issue

ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER
PETER KUGEL
ROD E. PACKER

across the editor's desk
47

editorial
7

advisory committee
T. E. CHEATHAM, JR.
JAMES J. CRYAN
RICHARD W. HAMMING
ALSTON S. HOUSEHOLDER

1I ES (Lying Inva lidates Exce lIent Systems)

market 1'eport
14

Computers Find Growing Market in Typesetting;
Number of Systems Quadruples in Two Years

world report -

Great Britain

by Ted Schoeters

HERBERT F. MITCHELL, JR.
VICTOR PASCHKIS

COMPUTING AND DATA PROCESSING NEWSLETTER

capital report
by Senter W. Stuart

art director

WILLIAM J. MCMillAN, 815 Washington st.
Newtonville, Mass. 02160, 617-DEcatur 2-5453

advertising representatives
New York 10018, BERNARD LANE
37 West 39 St., 212-BRyant 9-7281
Chicago 60611, COLE, MASON AND DEMING
737 N. Michigan Ave., 312-SU 7-6558
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300 S. Kenmore Ave., 213-DUnkirk 7-8135
San Francisco 94105, A. S. BABCOCK
605 Market St., 415-YUkon2-3954
Elsewhere, THE PUBLISHER
815 Washington St., 617-DEcatur 2-5453
Newtonville, Mass. 02160

Australia

by W. R. Cooper

RAY W. HASS

fulfilment manager

world report -

multi-access forum
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8
9
9

10
10
10
11

IMPORTA.'JT NOTICE TO SUBSCRIBERS IN
THE UNITED STATES: Please look at your
address label on this copy. IF YOUR
ZIP CODE IS MISSING OR IS INCORRECT.
please (1) attach your label to a reply
card from this magazine,(2) write on the
card your correct zip code. and (3) mail
the postage paid reply card to us at
once. Please note that your zip code
must be for your street address or
your post office box, whichever appears
on your 1 abe 1.

"Language and Machines," by Neil Macdonald
Analytical Peace Game, by L. Mezei
BOOK, by Stephen R. Yarnall, M.D.
Instrumentation and Information, by Arthur L. Kenney
International Exhibition of Computer Art Forms, by Jasia Reichardt
Collection of Material in the Field of Law and Data Processing, by John F. Banzhaf,
III
Fourth Annual Computer Programming Contest for Grades 7 to 12, Announcement
"A Syntax-Oriented Translator," by P. Z. Ingerman - Comments, I. from H. C.
Kerpelman, II. from Neil Macdonald

reference information
29
62
64

1966 Annual Index
Computer Census
New Patents, by Raymond R. Skolnick
Calendar of Coming Events

index of notices
66

Advertising Index

'~" COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION IS PUBLISHED MONTHLY AT 815 WASHINGTON ST., NEWTONVILLE, MASS. 02160, BY BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC. PRINTED IN U.S.A. SUBSCRIPTION RATES: UNITED

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FOR THE CHANGE TO BE MADE.

COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION, FOR JANUARY, 1967

You won't believe
how much software
comes with
Sigma 2.
library of mathematical and utility programs.
And, if you need more horsepower, we'll add
Real-Time Batch Monitor, SDS FORTRAN
IV and an extended
assembler.
Sigma 2 software is ready.
We're delivering software
and hard·

Sigma 2 is small.
But Sigma 2 is
serious. That's
why it has so
much software.
Enough, in fact,
to make one computerdothework
of two.

L.._---_. . .

Sigma 2 is the only computer
of its size that does multiprogramming. It does
general purpose work in the background and, in
less than 6 microseconds, can respond to a realtime foreground interrupt. And with a minimum
amount of core.
A good computer never loafs. So we made
Sigma 2 software powerful and modular enough
to put every last bit of Sigma 2 hardware to work.
Starting software includes Basic Control Monitor, Basic FORTRAN, a basic assembler and a

customers righ(now. You'll
get yours the same way. Together.
Do you need on-line control? Plus general
purpose computation? Maybe you expected to
pay $500,000 to get the whole
job done. Don't~. Sigma 2, software and all, starts at $26,000.
Sigma 2 lets you do very big Scientific Data Systems,
things. In a small way.
Santa Monica, California

Designate No. 6 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

c&a
EDITORIAL

LIES

(Lying Invalidates

"Economic forecasters in the United States are having a
bad year, a New Yark Times business columnist notes. They
have had to make almost constant revisions in their projections during the last five months. . . .
"Now the economic experts have become so confused by
rapid changes in business outlook that few of them can
agree on what to expect next. . . .
"What has gone wrong? In this age of sophisticated economic planning, of electronic brains, and impressive educated
prognosticators, how can experts err so often?
"Perhaps the answer lies in the sophistication itself, in the
growing reliance of businessmen and business observers alike
on machines and punch-cards, data processors and pat
answers.
"In their infatuation with computers, have not the experts
forgotten the human clement? . . . Vke fingerprints, no two
human minds are alike, and this happy fact may be stumping
the machines and the experts who rely on them."
- From "Stumping the Wonderful Machines",
editorial in "The Province",
Vancouver, B.C., May 30, 1966
"There are other factors in our analyses which sometimes
surprise our friends",. General Nguyen van Vinh, assistant
chief of staff, continued. "For example, despite the tremendous weight of material and technical power, which impresses so many western correspondents, we do not consider
the American military machine very efficient. The French
were better. We do not consider very competent either the
generals in the field, the Saigon command, or the overall
direction from the Pentagon. We think they are especially
weak in their overall evaluations of specific situations particularly in relation to Vietnam."
"Despite the computers?" I asked. "They are supposed to
be infallible in their evaluations."
"Despite the computers," he replied, and smiled. "I suppose that computers can only turn up the right answers if
scientific, objective facts are supplied them."
- From Chapter 10, "Hanoi Computers", in "Vietnam North"
by Wilfred G. Burchett, International Publishers,
New York, 1966
People who are in the computer field know well that the
great majority of the applications of computers, where they
are earning their keep, are in problems where the input and
the program are correct. Examples are payroll, order processing, inventory control, engineering analyses, data reduction, etc. In these cases the right information to put in is
quite obvious, and the right sequence of processing steps is
also quite clear.
In borderline cases, computers are being used to assist experts in making decisions, and in choosing between alternatives. In making economic forecasts, evaluating military situations, and similar applications, the answers produced are
no better than the data put in, the program used, and the
expert interpreting the answers. In some cases, wrong answers are undoubtedly being produced.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

Excellent Systems)

It may seem that the purpose of computers and information processing is to produce right answers. But wrong
answers have their lIses too. They can be useful to people
who want to deceive, who want to alter the truth; and they
can be useful to people who want a more comfortable kind
of truth than bitter reality.
Statistics can be prepared to support almost any cause, if
the selection of data is limited to data favorable to the cause.
Computers also can turn out calculations and tables by the
hundreds from a biased selection of facts and figures about a
situation. To the layman, these impressive-looking results
can frequently seem irrefutable. Here is the special danger
of the computer in the hands of those who want or need
biased answers, and who are able to put the computer's
image of infallibility behind their cause.
Abraham Lincoln is reported to have said, "You can fool·
some of the people all of the time, and all of the people
some of the time; but you cannot fool all of the people all
of the time." But how long is "all of the time?" For more
than 15 years, Hitler fooled the people of Germany with
wrong data and wrong answers, until over 7 million Germans
were dead and most of the cities of Germany were bombed
ruins. For more than a thousand years, certain wrong data
and wrong answers have fooled human beings, such as the
data that dead human bodies were unclean ~nd the proposition that they were not to be studied and dissected but
buried or cremated religiously.
And the wrong answers seem to sparkle with magic when
labeled "the computers say"!
It is very hard to get right answers. It is true that no
two human beings are alike; and when putting data about
human beings into computers, we run the risk of error. It is
true that scientific, objective, factual data may not be put
into computers; and when we fail to put in such data, we
run the risk of error. It is also true that a correct program
of correct computer instructions is necessary for right answers.
And there are more requirements besides, for obtaining reliable, correct answers, with or without computers. For some
time I have been putting together a short guide to getting
right answers. If any reader would like a copy of this,
please designate 1 on the Readers Service card.
There is nO substitute for honest, thorough, scientific effort to get correct data (no matter how much it clashes with
preconceived ideas). There is no substitute for actually
reaching a correct chain of reasoning. Poor data and good
reasoning give poor results. Good data and poor reasoning
give poor results. Poor data and poor reasoning give rotten
results. As computer people often say, "Garbage in, garbage
out."

~
EDITOR

c&a
MULTI-ACCESS FORUM

"LANGUAGE AND MACHINES"
Neil Macdonald
Assistant Editor
Computers and Automation
One of the most interesting and important reports to appear
recently affecting the computer field is the report "Language
and Machines: Computers in Translation and Linguistics" by
the Automatic Language Processing Advisory Committee of
the National Research Council. It has just been published as
publication 1416 of the National Academy of Sciences and
the National Research Council, and is available for $4 from
Printing and Publishing Office, NAS-NRC, 2101 Constitution
Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C. 20418.
The committee that made this report consists of John R.
Pierce, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Chairman; J olm B. Carroll, Harvard University; Eric B. Hamp, University of Chicago; David G. Hays, Rand Corporation; Anthony G. Oettinger, Harvard University; and Alan Perlis, Carnegie Inst.
of Technology. The report is in the form of 15 short chapters
covering 34 pages, and 20 appendices filling up the rest of the
124 pages of the report. The chapters are conspicuous for
their directness, and calling spades spades. The chapter headings include such topics as: Is There a Shortage of Translators or Translation? (the answer is no); English as the
Language of Science (which remarks that) :

It is generally true that the English-speaking scientist has

less need to read in a foreign language or to have translations made than does a scientist of any other native tongue.
and The Present Stage of Machine Translation:
There has been no machine translation of general scientific
text, and none is in immediate prospect.
although some projects have continued as long as 8 years.
A very illuminating remark is:
The development of the electronic digital computer quickly
suggested that machine translation might be possible. The
idea captured the imagination of scholars and administrators . . . . Early machine translations of simple or selected
text ... were as deceptively encouraging as "machine translations" of general scientific text have been uniformly discouraging.
The report is like an advancing weather front of cool Canadian air after many days of atmospheric pollution and smog
along the Eastern coast of North America.
We hope we can say more about this report in an early
issue of "Computers and Automation."

ANALYTICAL PEACE GAME
L. Mezei
Associate Professor of Computer Science
University of Toronto
Toronto, Canada
A large portion of Thomas A. Throop's general review of
learning aspects of computer programs in the November issue
of "Computers and Automation" is devoted to war games. I
would like to draw your readers' attention to a more important and newer, potential application of these techniquesthe "peace game."

As an example, I should like to mention the simulation of
the Vietnam situation developed by the Canadian Peace
Research Institute, Clarkson, Ontario. It is a peace-game
played by human participants, using a computer. The computer simulates real-life restraints and evaluates the effects of
the decisions made by the participants.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

BOOK
Stephen R. Yarnall, M.D.
School of Medicine
University of Washington
Seattle, Wash. 98105
I am enclosing a copy of something entitled "Learn with
BOOK," which I think you will enjoy, and possibly consider
for republication in "Computers and Automation":
Learn with BOOK
A new aid to rapid - almost magical learning - has made
its appearance. Indications are that if it catches on, all the
electronic gadgets will be so much junk.
The new device is known as "Built-in Orderly Organized
Knowledge." The makers generally call it by its initials,
BOOK.
Many advantages are claimed over the old-style learning
and teaching aids on which most people are brought up
nowadays. It has no wires, no electric circuit to break down.
No connection is needed to an electricity power plant. It is
made entirely without mechanical parts to go wrong or need
replacement.
Anyone can use BOOK, even children, and it fits comfortably into the hands. It can be conveniently used sitting
in an armchair by the fire.
How does this revolutionary, unbelievably easy invention
work? Basically, BOOK consists only of a large number of
paper sheets. These may run to hundreds where BOOK
covers a lengthy program of information. Each sheet bears a
number in sequence, so that the sheets cannot be used in the
wrong order.
To make it even easier for the user to keep the sheets in
the proper order, they are held firmly in proper place by a
special locking device called a binding.
Each sheet presents the user with an information sequence
in the form of symbols, which he absorbs optically for automatic registration on the brain. When one sheet has been

assimilated, a flick of the finger turns it over, and further
information is found on the other side.
By using both sides of each sheet in this way a great economy is effected, thus reducing both the size and cost of
BOOK. No buttons need to be pressed to mo\'{' from one
sheet to another, to open tOr close BOOK, or to start it
working.
BOOK may be taken up at any time and used by merelv
opening it. Instantly it is ready for use. Nothing has to b~
connected up or switched on. The user may turn it at will to
any sheet, going backwards or forwards as he pleases. A
sheet is provided near the beginning as a location finder for
any required information sequence . . . .
The initial cost varies with the size and subject matter.
Already a vast range of BOOKs is available, covering every
conceivable subject and adjusted to different levels of aptitude. One BOOK, small enough to be held in the hands,
may contain an entire learning schedule.
Once purchased, BOOK requires no further upkeep cost;
no batteries or wires are needed, since the motive power,
thanks to an ingenious device patented by the makers is
supplied by the brain of the user.
'
BOOKs may be stored on handy shelves and for ease of
reference the program schedule is normally indicated on the
back of the binding.
Altogether, the Built-in Orderly Organized Knowl~dge
s~ems to. have great advantages with no drawbacks. We predIct a bIg future for it.

(This article by R. J. Heathorn, originally
appeared in Punch, May 9, 1962)

INSTRUMENTATION AND INFORMATION
Arthur L. Kenney
Advisory Committee on the IIGuide to Scientific Instruments"
Science, November 22, 1966,
(vol. 154A, no. 3751A) p.7
Scientists are coupling advanced instrumentation to computers to produce quantitative and qualitative analyses undreamed of a few years ago. . . .
Today optical scanning devices view slides through a microscope and process the images into digital language, which a
properly prepared computer can restructure to provide accurate measurements of the DNA content of chromosomes.
Computers can also start with measurements in analog or
digital form and present pictorial reconstructions, such as
three dimensional models of protein molecules, on display
devices. New instrumentation applications appear limitless
and are opening research frontiers in all disciplines. Today's
psychology departments uSf more electronic equipment than
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

most physics departments used a decade -or two ago ....
The new instruments, the new companies, and the pace of
events in an increasingly complex world present an information problem. Weighing these events with the fact that scientific information is expanding at an exponential rate, it seems
natural that men should attempt to use machines to organize
and control the data generated. The computational speed of
computers, along with expanding technological capabilities,
makes it possible to handle all kinds of information on a correspondingly larger scale, and to consider the structuring of
automated libraries on subjects such as scientific instrumentation. Computer information utilities are likely to play an
in~reasingly large part in scientific affairs. . . .

INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF COMPUTER ART FORMS
Jasia Reichardt
Institute of Contemporary Arts
17 Dover St.
London, W.I.
England
The Institute of Contemporary Arts in London, England,
is organising, under the title Cybernetic Serendipity, a vast
international exhibition exploring creative forms engendered
by technology.
The exhibition will be held in Carlton House Terrace in
January 1968.
Apart from robots, automata, and various cybernetic devices, the ICA is anxious to collect as much material as
possible in the fields of computer-generated art, music and
poetry. Or more specifically computer graphics, films

utilising computer animation, music composed or played on
computers, and any experiments involving literature and
poetry.
The purpose of the exhibition is to present an area of
creative activity which manifests artists' involvement with
science, and the scientists' involvement with the arts; and to
show the links between the random systems employed by
artists, composers and poets, and those involved in the use
of computers and other cybernetic devices.
The ICA would be happy and grateful to receive results
of any experiments relevant to this general theme.

COLLECTION OF MATERIAL IN THE FIELD OF LAW AND DATA PROCESSING
John F. Banzhaf, III, Pres.
Computer Program Library
509 Fifth Ave.
New York, N.Y. 10017
I am writing this letter in the hope that your readers will
be kind enough to help me help them and the data processing
community.
I am now engaged in a survey study and collection of
material in the broad field of law and data p'rocessing.. The
results of the study and the accompanying bibliography are
expected to have a wide circulation. Unfortunately, published works in this field are scattered among many journals
in different fields and even incomplete bibliographies are difficult to come by. Many works appear to exist in unpublished form. Information about court decisions and actual
experience in this field are not readily available.

I would greatly appreciate hearing from any reader who
has information about unpublished works or publications not
widely known, bibliographies in the field, court decisions,
personal experiences with legal problems concerning data
processing, or any information which might be useful to
the study. Any assistance will be gratefully acknowledged
in the study. I would also like to learn of any legal problems in this area which your readers feel have not been
treated in the available literature and which are nevertheless
important to them.
If their firm's lawyers are not regular readers of COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION, I hope your readers will
bring my request to their attention also,

FOURTH ANNUAL COMPUTER PROGRAMMING CONTEST FOR GRADES 7 TO 12
A contest designed to stimulate inventive interest among
students in the computer programming field is being sponsored for the fourth year by the Association for Educational
Data Systems (AEDS). March 15, 1967, is the deadline for
entries. Students in grades 7 to 12 are eligible. Financial
support for the contest is being provided by the Control
Data Institute, an accredited vocational school which has
training centers in Washington, D. C., Minneapolis, and Los
Angeles.
Entries in the Computer Programming Contest may be
submitted at any time during the school year prior to the
deadline. They will be judged by a panel of nationally
known authorities in the computer sciences as they are received for originality, scope, usefuilless, completeness of
solution, and quality of documentation.
The grand prize winner will receive a $150 cash award
plus an all-expense-paid' trip for the student and his teacher
to the 1967 AEDS Convention to be held in Detroit next
April 30-May 3. In addition, the winning student's school

will receive for its library a collection of educational data
processing publications donated by various publishing firms.
A project may be submitted by an individual student or by
a team of two or more students. In the event the project
winning the grand prize is submitted by a team, the team
must select one of its winners to make the trip to Detroit.
Six second prize awards of $50 eaeh will be given; all
students who submit projects that receive honorable mention are eligible to receive a one-year subscription to a professional publication.
Students wishing more contest details and an application
blank should write to AEDS Programming Contest, Iowa
Educational Information Cf'nter, East Hall Annex, Iowa
City, Iowa 52240.
The 1966 winner was William J. Elliott, a 12th grade
pupil at West High School in Minneapolis. His project,
ELTRAN, is an algorithmic language compiler system for
the UNIVAC 422 Computer. Until the development of
ELTRAN, no compiler existed -for the computer.
COMPUTERS and .AUTOMATION for January, 1967

IIA SYNTAX-ORIENTED TRANSLATOR" BY P. Z. INGERMAN -

COMMENTS

I. From H. C. Kerpelman
Manager, New Language Systems Design
RCA Electronic Data Processing
Camden, N.J. 08101
As manager of a group of programmers currently implementing the translator described in "A Syntax-Oriented
Translator," by P. Z. Ingerman, I feel qualified to take exception to the review of this book which appeared in the October,
1966 issue of "ComjJuters and Automation."
First, your reviewer conjectures that the techniques described . . . "may be hard to apply." As a counter-example
(the best method known for squelching conjectures) I offer
the fact that. my group has now implemented most of the
translator described, using Ingerman's book as our primary
design reference, and what remains to be done is well in
hand. None of the implementation, although mostly nontrivial, was as difficult as the reviewer would imply.
The reviewer next complains that, "There is no glossary to
guide the reader to what the author means by the terms he
uses." Did the reviewer not read pages ix and x of the book?
Perhaps they were missing from his copy, but in mine, page
ix is entitled "Glossary of Definitions" and there follows a list
for quick reference of the less common words, phrases, and
symbols used in the book, each followed by the number of
the page on which it is defined. Incidentally, an entry for
this Glossary itself appears in the Table of Contents on page
vii. Furthermore, the Subject Index appearing at. the end of
of the book contains (as described at the beginning of that
Index) similar information for all words, phrases, and symbols
defined in the text. For almost all other words and phrases
used in the book, may I suggest emphatically that an author
not be critiziced for having a good command of English; such
criticism reflects, rather, on the reviewer.

The final complaint of your reviewer is simply unfathomable. He says, "The 'syntax-oriented translator' . . . is not
described as if it had actually worked on a computer." I
contend that not only is such a remark completely irrelevant,
but it has no apparent basis in fact based upon my own
(may I say careful) reading of the book. By his remark, I
assume the reviewer means that implementation techniques
for a specific computer are not described in the book. I
would say that not only is this true, but it is in fact a virtue.
Indeed the utility of the book (and this is certainly borne
out by our experience) is in the fact that the description it
contains is a machine-independent one. To have done otherwise would have been to perform a disservice to the person
interested in implementing this translator on any other computer. This is not to say, however, that no thought is given
in the book to implementation. On the contrary, rather careful consideration seems to have been given to both implementation techniques and implementation problems.
To conclude, it is my studied opinion, having now been
through almost all of the most difficult implementation problems involved, that the author admirably fulfills the purpose
of the book as stated in his Preface; namely, to present sufficient detail to enable the "jJatient reader" (my emphasis),
to "construct a copy for himself." In addition, the book helps
to fill a previously noticeable gap in the literature (outside of
numerous widely scattered articles in the professional journals) in an ·area of current and active investigation.

II. From Neil Macdonald
Assistant Editor,
Computers and Automation

Thank you for your letter. I am glad that you challenge
the remarks that I made in the review of P. Z. Ingerman's
book "A Syntax-Oriented Translator."
Let me repeat the review here since it is only four sentences
long:
The first chapter is interesting and understandable. The
later chapters seem hard to understand and may be difficult
to apply. There is no glossary to guide the reader to what
the author means by the terms be uses. The "syntaxoriented translator" which the author talks about is not
described as if it had actually worked on a computer.
The reason for my remarks "may be difficult to apply"
and "is not described as if it had worked on a computer" is
that in our reviews of books we try to indicate clearly whether
or not any particular computer, or programming language, or
software device, etc., (a) has actually been used or applied,
or (b) is only a scheme or plan which has not yet met the
acid test of actual application. From the book and from your
letter, it is clear that in February 1966 when Mr. Ingerman
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

dated the preface, his syntax-oriented translator had not been
applied in any instance. In your letter you say you have now
"implemented most of the translator," implying that you
have not yet implemented all of the translator. Furthermore,
I note that you are in the most advantageous of all positions:
your address and Mr. Ingerman's address are the same, and
this makes it seem very likely that you had not only the book
to use as a guide but also Mr. Ingerman to auswer questions
as a consultant.
Second, as to the "glossary." It is perfectly true that there
is something entitled a "glossary" printed in the book on
pages ix and x. But it is only a list of terms giving pages
where the terms are defined. So what is actually on those
pages ix and x is an index. Looking up some of the pages
where terms are defined one sees that the definitions are
embodied in text, and can only be really grasped by reading
and rereading the text. In other words, pages ix and x are
not a glossary of definitions, but simply an index to presentation of definitions in the book.

Programmers:
You know these leaders
in your field.

Left: Kenneth Iverson (A Programming
Language: Wiley, 1962; Automatic Data
Processing: Wiley, 1963, co-author
F. P. Brooks, Jr.; Elementary Functions:
Science Research Associates, Inc., in
press) has used his language in a formal
description of IBM System/360.1t is
now being used to write a formal
description of advanced software.

Center: David Sayre, left, and Robert
Nelson (members of the original
FORTRAN team) use a remote console
of a time-sharing computer now in
operation at IBM. The machine was
designed specifically for programming
research, with a wide variety of timing
and measuring features to permit evaluation of programming performance.

Right: William S. Dorn (Numerical
Methods and FORTRAN Programming:
Wiley, 1964; MathematicsandComputing:
Wiley, 1966) oversees the IBM Research
Computing Center, which will install a
System/360 Model 67 this fall.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

Why not work with them?

You're familiar with some of their
names already: Iverson, Sayre,
Backus, Dorn. Since this group is
spearheading the probe in programming, why not join them? Take an
active part in today's most exciting
research by joining IBM's Programming Research Group!
Research programmers at IBM no
longer are predominantly concerned
with inventing new and better programs. Their energies currently are
devoted to solving other significant
pro blems, such as:
• Determining the value oftoday's
scientific and commercial compilers
when used to write systems programs.
• Investigating what portions of
programming and programming
management can best be helped by
a computer.
• Exploring what can be done to

further the state of programming
theory and its impact on programming practice.
IBM needs creative individuals
with degrees in mathematics, science
or engineering and a strong interest
in computing science to join this
research group. If you qualify, you'll
work side by side with authorities.
And you'll have the superlative
facilities of the Thomas J. Watson
Research Center at your disposal.
If you'd like to further your career
while making a significant contribution to programming, write or call:
R. L. Meyers, Dept. 539A
Thomas J. Watson Research Center
P. O. Box218
Yorktown Heights, N. Y. 10598
Phone: (914) WG 5-1552
IBM is an Equal Opportunity
Employer.

IBM
®

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

MARKET
REPORT
general-purpose computers account for 53% of the systems in use, and 57% of the systems on order. In contrast, only 30% of the typesetting computers used in
other countries are general-purpose.

COMPUTERS FIND GROWING MARKET IN TYPESETTING; NUMBER OF SYSTEMS QUADRUPLE IN
TWO YEARS
The number of computers used in typesetting applications has increased over four times in the last two
years, from 70 to 292, according to a recent survey released by Composition Information Services (CIS), Inc.

All major American digital computer manufacturers
are now active in the typesetting market. As indicated
in Table 1, IBM leads the field with 73 installations,
and 19 1130's and one 360 on order. In second place is
Digital Equipment, with 21 of its PDP-8 systems in use
and 5 on order. RCA has ten 301 systems and two
Newscom 30 systems in use for typesetting. Control
Data has six installations of its 8050 typesetting unit,
which is built around a CDC 160 computer.

CIS reports that computerized typesetting installations are now found in 42 U. S. states and in 18 countries throughout the world. Newspapers represent the
largest user group, with 63% of the installations. Printers and specialized typesetting houses follow'with 23%
and 5% respectively. Applications range from the routine processing of unjustified tape to the creation of
fully formatted control tapes to drive sophisticated
photocomposition machines making up full pages.

A summary of the results of the survey is presented in Table 1. The complete survey results include a
listing of the names and locations of users of each
specific model of equipment, a geographical breakdown
of all graphic arts organizations using computers for
typesetting, and a description of the particular typesetting or photocomposition equipment associated with each
installation. Persons interested in the full results of
the survey and/or in the activities of CIS should write
to Composition Information Services, 1605 N. Cahuenga
Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90028

Although special-purpose computers launched the
commercial development of computer typesetting applications i,n the early part of this decade, generalpurpose systems have been capturing a growing share
of the market due to their decreased cost and the compatibility they can offer with the user's administrative
data processing equipment. In the U. S. and Canada,

CIS SURVEY OF COMPUTERIZED TYPESETTING
u.s. & CANADA

Computer Systems

Users

INTERNATIONAL

Orders

Users

BURROUGHS 220 SYSTEMS
COMPUGRAPHIC DTP
CONTROL DATA SYSTEMS
DELCO JUSTIFIER
DIGITAL EQUIPMENT PDP-8

1
13
5
1
20

1
5

ELLIOTT-AUTOMATION LTD.

6
1

FAIRCHILD COMP;..,R=:T
GENERAL ELECTRIC

GUTTINGER GSA/MONOTRON
HELLCOM SYSTEMS
HONEYWELL H-200 SYSTEMS
HONEYWELL SYSTEMS
IBM 1620 SYSTEMS
IBM 1130 SYSTEMS
IBM 1400 SERIES
IBM 709/7090 SYSTEMS
IBM SYSTEM/360

10
4
28
22
8
4
3

5
1

MERGENTHALER LlNASEC
MERGENTHALER JUSTAPE
NCR 315 SYSTEMS
RCA 301 SYSTEMS
RCA 30 NEWSCOM

15
41
34
1
10
2

RCA SPECTRA 70
RCA SYSTEMS (MISC.)
SCIENTIFIG DATA SYSTEMS

1
1

1
1
1

2
1

13
2

3
3

19
6
1

ICT SYSTEMS
INTERTYPE COMPUTERS

1
27

2
2
2
24

UNIVAC SYSTEMS

Totals

1
2
234

3
1
1

5
1

SIEMENS/HELL 3003
STAR PARTS AUTOCOMP

Users

BULL-GENERAL ELECTRIC

1
13
6
1
21
1
7
1
13
2
10
5
28
22
14
4
5
2
17
65
34
1
10
2

1
1
1
1
3

292

1
66

CLASSIFICATIONS OF USERS*

TOTAL

Orders

Newspapers

Printers

Typesetters Publishers

Centers

Government Educational

1
13

5
2
1
4
3
5
1
19

1
3
2
28

5
1

5
1
22
2
6

2
2
5
4
18
35
5
3
11
48
54
1
4
2
1

1
2
1
1
1
13
3

2
1
2

1
7
3
3
2
3
3
15
5

2
2

1
1
1
1

3
1
1

2
3
4
2

1
2

2
1
1

1
1

2
1

1
1
1

235

63%

23%

3.2%

2.6%

0.8%

2.4%

ks of middle

By the 1970's the industry will be more mature, and the
pace of technical advances will probably slow to a more
leisurely pace. Financial and market considerations will
dominate in the design of new equipment, along with the
restrictions created by widespread standardization.
In fact, we may expect that equipment development will
follow the pattern established in the automobile business.
New computers offered by major manufacturers will be
more or less similar in characteristics, and will offer about
the same performance / cost characteristics. Characteristically,
manufacturers will woo customers by attractive financial arrangements, superior support and servicing of equipment, and
applications-oriented software. As in the automobile industry,
computer systems of various manufacturers will probably be
selected by potential users on the grounds of style, cost, and
reputation, rather than on considerations of hardware reliability, compatibility, and other technical factors.

NEEDED FOR EXPORT
WILL PAY TOP CASH PRICES
FOR USED IBM
DATA PROCESSING MACHINES
Sorters, Collators, Accounting Machines,
Keypunches, Verifiers, Interpreters, Reproducers, Computers, Control Panels, T~b Card
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Any equipment purchased, will be moved at
our expense. Please phone collect, Area Code
(313) 841-5180, and ask for Mr. Bud Marx.

PETROLEUM PRODUCTS CO.
897 Lawndale Avenue
Detroit, Michigan 48209

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

c&a
WORLD REPORT - GREAT BRITAIN
The steady march of the British computer makers into
Eastern Europe continues. After Bulgaria, which has bought
a $400,000 1904 machine from International Computers and
Tabulators as the first of 20, Poland has been negotlatmg
with the same company for a whole range of equipment
worth altogether just over $2m.
Metronex, the Polish State enterprise for foreign trade,
has been the prime mover in the discussions which involve
a machine for the coal mining authority in Katowice, one
for a large electrical equipment manufacturer, a big system
for ship design and research work and a still larger one for
the Central Statistical Office in Warsaw.
If or when placed, these orders would raise the value of
business concluded in Eastern Europe by ICT over the past
few months to $6m with at least the same figure just around
the corner.
Particularly significant is the way in which the Central
Statistical Agencies of several of the countries involved have
ordered the same type of machine, implying that there is an
intention to standardise and speed up the provision of important economic data for such organisations as COMECON.
This steady advance, shared by the other major manufacturer English Electric-Leo-Marconi, must be a matter of some
concern to International Business Machines which has wooed
Eastern Europe through an envoy in the person of A.K.
\Vatson, but with little result so far as can be discovered.
The reason is not hard to find. There is no lack of systems
and programming talent in the area and potential clients
are well aware of all developments in the west. They are
not prepared to accept obsolete machines unless there is a
particularly good software package to go with them. But
IBM still is not near selling System 360 in the East, however
many rumors of sales there may be.
This is hampering Engli3h Electric which would soon like
to begin offering System-4, if it has not already done so. But
if strategic reasons hold back IBM, they must prevail even
more strongly with English Electric since System-4 with its
microcircuitry is one technological step ahead of the 360
and is based on RCA designs for Spectra-70.
At home in Britain an important announcement on multiaccess time-shared computer experiments by the Ministry of
Technology's National Computing Centre has been followed
very closely by an equally important announcement that
C-E-I-R in London - once an offshoot of America's C-E-I-R
but now wholly owned by British Petroleum Company, in
which the Government has a majority shareholding - that
it too was going for system sharing.
The National Computing Centre trials will start about the
middle of next year when the big KDF -9 has been bedded
down. They will involve connecting this machine to one of
equal power over a high-speed link, adding a number of access consoles to each, and writing software which is capable
of shuttling work between the two machines as and when
either is loaded to capacity, so that consoles connected to
one could well be working to the other machine at any
moment.
The idea behind this is to prove that the suggestion of
a nation-wide "computer grid" is feasible in the not too
distant future. Said Professor Gordon Black, the ebullient
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

head of the project, as matters now stand it should be possible to set up a form of grid by 1972. "Of course, we shall
have to push the Post Office into providing adequate data
transmission facilities and bringing down the cost of using
coaxial cable", he declared.
Just a few days after this came the disclosure that C-E-I-R
had opted for an IBM 67 equipped to serve as many as 400
users with simultaneity on 150 consoles. Delivery is for some
time in 1968, hopefully, and while a British manufacturer
was slugging it out right up to the last round, it is understood that delivery promises carried the day. There was
nothing to choose on price.
A C-E-I-R spokesman hinted that bargaining for the 67,
which will be rented, was tough. It "included the ploy on
the side of the C-E-I-R team of refusing to meet any more
salesmen or listen to any more sales talk and demanding to
hold discussions with the systems teams on the 67 and senior
management on the manufacturing side. It was stated without ambiguity during the press conference that C-E-I-R was
"resigned to making a major software effort to support this
machine which would involve doubling its expert teams to
a total of 250 systems men and programmers". The company
has a CDC 3600, IBM 1401, and uses IBM Data Centre time.
On the military minicomputer front, the manufacturers
srem to be winning thr day. It looks now as if the Ministry
of Defence's computrr experts will need to do not a little
redrafting of their IBM 4-Pi type specifications. What has
saved the day is in all probability the decision that the remains of .the Ministry of Aviation shall be taken over by
the Ministry of Trchnology. This would give the latter a
far greater say-so in military computers, and Technology has
been committed since it was formed to "saving the British
computer industry".
What this industry is going to look like in a few years'
time in the context of the Common Market is still anybody's
guess. Officialdom for the time being has passed on the
buck to the companies, commenting that "Government-toGovernment negotiations are too cumbersome and understandings between companies are far more advisable at present".
ICT this year will sell several million dollars worth of
peripherals into the U.S. - to RCA and GE among others and is seeking tie-ups on such ancillaries with a number of
European firms. English Electric is talking about a "big
base" in one of the Common Market countries. Elliott-Automation, with a massive $3m contract for a fully automated
control system for a zinc smelter under its waistcoat, continues to sell through Continental subsidiaries.

Ted Schoeters
Stanmore
Middlesex
England

ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE RESEARCH
RETROSPECT AND PROSPECTS
T. B. Steel~ Jr.
System Development Corporation
Santa Monica~ California

((An answer to the question 'Can machines think?' that would be acceptable to all reasonable men would have as profound an influence on
science, theology, and philosophy as did the demonstration of the
chemical basis for life."

Speculation concerning the potential existence of artificially
constructed devices exhibiting intelligent behavior is probably as old as man's invention of magic. The golem of
Jewish legend, Mary Shelley's Frankenstein, and Karel
Capek's robots are well-known examples that predate electronic computation. It was the physical realization of automatic digital computers that brought such speculative impulses, at least in part, out of the domain of fantasy and
into the laboratory.
.

A. M. Turing's "Can machines think?"
In 1950, when less than a handful of these machines
actually existed, A. M. Turing analyzed the question "Can
machines think?". in a thought-provoking essay. Turing's
paper is, perhaps, the earliest instance of a scientific and
philosophically meaningful effort to deal with the centrai
problem of artificial intelligence. Much subsequent work in
the area is an elaboration and extension of his ideas.
Turing's answer to the question he posed was "yes,"
largely on three grounds: he could refute the then-extant objections to the possibility; he was able to outline a procedure
whose implementation might result in success; and he had
developed an objective criterion for measuring claims of success. In general, if not in particular, these refutations, procedures, and criteria remain valid today.

programmed digital computer. The interrogator would not
know which channel was coupled to the machine and would
be given the task of determining that fact by asking questions
and interpreting the answers. If the machine could not be
identified with statistically significant frequency, then it
would pass the test.
Current workers in the field are not so demanding, however. Rather than insisting on a demonstration of the full
panoply of human intellectual capability and the consequent
indistinguishability between man and computer, students of
the subject are now generally willing to accept success in an
explicit, circumscribed field, such as problem solving.
There are four essentially different approaches to this
problem of creating an intelligent device artificially.

Biochemical Synthesis
of Artificial Intelligence
In the first approach, a potential end product of current
research in molecular biochemistry and life synthesis is the
android. Whether or not an automaton of manlike form
composed of biological materials is a machine is moot;
whether creation of an android is possible will not be answerable for a long time. For these reasons, further consideration of this approach is irrelevant in this article.

Artificial Neural Systems
The Current State of Research
As this article is concerned primarily with the current state
of affairs in artificial intelligence research, there is little to
be gained from detailed examination of most arguments
against the possibility of such research leading to successful
accomplishment. If one is not able to accept Turing's test,
which is discussed below, or some philosophically equivalent
variant of it, the argument becomes metaphysical and beyond
the scope of this discussion. Stipulation of the validity of
Turing's test in no way prejudges the possibility of satisfying
the criterion; it merely ensures that further discussion will
follow scientific rather than theological ground-rules.

In the second approach, an attempt is made to produce
artificial nervous systems electronically, either by direct construction from basic electronic devices or by simulation on a
digital computer. The relevance of this work to artificial intelligence is questionable today because of the limited understanding available concerning the neurophysiology of higher
animals, including man. As a result, most work in artificial
neural networks has concentrated on the simulation of such
creatures as the jellyfish and the construction of abstract
nervous systems of no greater complexity. Creation of an
artificially intelligent device by these techniques seems as
remote as the first android. It may happen, but hardly soon.

Turing's Test

Simulation by Digital Computer

Turing's test was quite simple. An interrogator was to be
provided with a teletype having two channels, one communicating with a human operator and the other with a suitably

In the third approach, advocated by almost everyone who
claims to be doing research in this area, and which will
accordingly be discussed here at greater length than were

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

the first two approaches, a digital computer is used to simulate some psychological model of human intellectual behavior. Superficially this appears sound. There is a plethora
of models to choose among. Limiting the area of human
behavior whose simulation is required allows the use of
simpler models than those necessary to explain fully all
rational human behavior. Indeed, through the use of one
particular model of human problem-solving behavior, certain
limited, yet in some ways remarkable, successes have been
achieved.
Programs have been written that prove theorems in elementary logic and plane geometry, solve algebraic "word
problems," perform indefinite integration symbolically, play
checkers well and chess badly, solve simple puzzles and generalize the solution to more complex ones, balance assembly
lines, compose music, and answer natural language questions
about a limited subject. This list is by no means exhaustive;
many other similar tasks could be performed. Furthermore,
it would be neither a hopeless programming task, nor beyond
the capacity of existing hardware, to package all these programs into a single, self-consistent system. Admittedly, such
a system would be expensive, and it would fall far short of
being able to pass Turing's test; nevertheless, the charitable
critic might then admit that something approaching an intelligent device had been demonstrated.

Programming Strategies for Problem Solving
The common thread running through all these programs
is the viewpoint each program assumes of the structure of its
assigned task. These tasks are looked upon as problems to
be solved, and the problems are structured as if they were
formal games, having rules, legal moves, and, by derivation,
strategies. Successful strategies, of course, are those whose
result is the solution of the problem.
The naive might assume that the procedure to follow is
that of programming the systematic analysis of every possible
strategy to determine its consequences, and then selecting
the best strategy. A moment's reflection shows how futile
this tactic is. Even in the simpler problems the number of
strategies can be enormous. The estimated number in chess
exceeds the number of particles in the observable universe.
In some cases, such as theorem proving, the number of
strategies is literally infinite.

Copying People's Strategies
Since people are known to prove theorems, it is clear that
some procedure other than exhaustive search is involved. Attempts have been made to isolate this alternative problemsolving technique, by studying human behavior in such alternative problem-solving technique, by studying human behavior in such situations. The method of study is to present
a human subject with a specific problem, ask him to solve it
and simultaneously to verbalize (and record) his thinking
as he proceeds. When a sufficient number of recordings,
called "protocols," are accumulated, the investigator attempts
to find general, characteristic principles that are involved.

Rules of Thumb
The main principle that has been identified is that people
employ a variety of approximate rules of thumb. These rules
of thumb, called "heuristics" in the artificial intelligence
community, are of variable utility and do not always yield
useful results, but they drastically reduce the number of
possibilities that are considered. An example of a heuristic
is the technique known as "means-ends analysis." Here an
attempt is made to transform an initial state, such as the
axioms of logic, into a final state, such as a candidate for a
theorem, by successive application of operators, such as the
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

rules of inference, where each application reduces the difference between the existing state and the final one. In some
problems the notion of difference may be objective and
measurable; in others a further heuristic must be applied to
estimate whether a reduction has occurred.
Without demeaning the efficacy of the resultant heuristic
techniques, it should be noted that the procedure by which
they were isolated is questionable, self-limiting, and unnecessary. By forcing an individual to verbalize at the same time
that he is solving a problem, the investigator is really calling
for the solution to a different, dual problem, and there is no
guarantee that the original problem would be solved in the
same way in the absence of verbalization. The limiting factor
is obvious; not all intellectual activity is readily verbalizable,
and, if simultaneity is required, the difficult things to verbalize will either be omitted or distorted. Finally, the heuristics
that have been obtained could have been identified, probably
with less trouble, by inviting some veteran problem solvers to
introspect.

Using Any Available Computer Techniques
Finally, there is a fourth approach to the problem of creating artificially intelligent devices it has oeen used by surprisingly few investigators, excepting only those dealing with
natural language. Here the investigator simply employs any
computer techniques at hand that contribute toward the
goals of the program, without regard to whether people
employ related techniques or not. Such expanding of the
range of permissible techniques should improve the probability of success. The only hypothesis that seems to explain
the general failure to try this approach is that it is often felt
to be cheating: if a task can be accomplished by computer
in some way that is different from the way a person would do
it, it is argued that performing this task does not really demonstrate intelligent behavior after all.
One cause for this feeling is that the problems of creating
artificial intelligence and of studying human behavior by
computational models - in reality quite separable endeavors
- are frequ.ently confused in the same investigation.
Suppose sufficient effort were devoted to designing an
artificially intelligent device using any available computer
techniques - like for example building the analogue of an
airplane rather than the analogue of a mechanical bird. Then
it seems to me it would be possible to develop a device that
would pass Turing's test with fair success, unless the test
were applied over a lengthy period and with some astuteness.
To actually do this however would be expensive and time
consuming, of course - and rather pointless, because Turing's test, ashe posed it, has two flaws.

Communication of Patterns
One of these flaws, easily removed with current hardware,
is the lack of provision for the communication of patterns
other than those present in strings of symbols chosen from a
limited alphabet. Adding graphic input-output devices to
the computer repairs this flaw - and presents enormous difficulties for the designer of a system that would pass Turing's
test. Men are superb at the task of recognizing two-dimensional patterns; at present machines are so bad at it that
any comparison is ludicrous. This remains true despite large
efforts to automate pattern recognition because of its practical importance in such problems as the automatic analysis
of weather satellite photographs.

Learning New Methods of Problem Solving
The second flaw in Turing's test is not fatal, for it can be
overcome by a diligent interrogator. That flaw is that it is
difficult to determine whether a program can learn at any

level above the trivial, and also difficult to determine whether
it can generalize significantly. It is relatively easy to program the ability to file presented facts and retrieve them subsequently upon presentation of suitable cues. It is even
possible in certain areas, such as game playing, to program
the ability to learn from mistakes. But there is little to
suggest that present techniques will produce the ability to
learn new methods of problem solving; indeed, there is the
negative evidence provided by the many investigators who
have tried and failed. Precisely the same remarks can be
made about programs that generalize.

If your
computer systetn
requirement
looks like this

Plateau
Devices that cannot recognize patterns and that cannot
learn and generalize at about the level at which people can
do these things will fail to satisfy even the friends of artificial
intelligence. Today's techniques appear unable to contribute
significantly to the attainment of these abilities; also, with the
possible .exception of pattern recognition, there seem to be
few ideas to explore. At present, research in artificial intelligence has reached a plateau. Heuristic techniques can obviously be extended to more problem areas, and further study
will undoubtedly somewhat improve their applicability and
generality. The extent of early accomplishments, however, is
unlikely to be repeated at the next higher level, however, until some fresh ideas have been found.
Fortunately, recognition of this situation has begun to percolate into the community studying the problems of artificial
intelligence. The public is no longer subjected to such
patently siIIy claims as that of the world chess title going to
a machine in 1967. Enthusiasm for one's own project is commendable, but extravagant claims result in the real accomplishments being drowned in a sea of charges and countercharges. With respect to this problem the artificial intelligence
community seems to be growing up.

Two Groups of Investigators
'Vith some exceptions, the artificial intelligence students
are dividing into two groups: one maintains the original
objective of the eventual creation of a device that will be
regarded as intelligent by all reasonable people; the other
maintains the original purpose for which artificial intelligence
was supported by practical men - to do jobs cheaper or
better than people could do them. The first group is settling
down for a long pull, mainly in university laboratories. The
second group, recognizing that at present optimum performance will come from a division of labor between men and
machines, is turning to investigations of on-line systems. It is
evident that the near-term payoff is much higher when the
human being is left in the loop. As intellectual functions now
performed by men become programmable and attain a
higher cost-effectiveness, they can be turned over to the
machine.
One might well question the sense of continuing study on
the pure artificial intelligence problem. Why not simply wait
and see if the man eventually gets automated out of the
on-line systems? The answer is that the on-line route might
never go all the way without continuing research on the pure
problem, and, furthermore, might be a dead end without
demonstrating the infeasibility of some other route.

then the DATA/620
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The Value of an Answer
An answer to the question "Can machines think?" that
would be acceptable to all reasonable men would have as
profound an influence on science, theology, and philosophy as
did the demonstration of the chemical basis for life. It is
one of life's important questions; the answer should be
pursued until it is either found, or shown to be unfindable.

DATA MACHINES
1590 Monrovia A venue, Newport Beach, California
Telephone (714) 646-9371 TWX (714) 642-1364
Division of DECISION Control, Inc.

Designate

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

More than 1000 hours
from d-c to 1.5 MHz

Now try to get that through your head
You can ... with a CEC Magnetic
Recording Head.
In fact, considering that these
recording heads last up to five times
longer than any others, the 1000 hour
guarantee seems rather conservative.
In virtually every case, a CEC head will
surpass a thousand hours with little or
no indication of wear.
The reason: CEC recording
heads are of a unique material and solid
metal pole-tip design which completely
eliminates the weakness of conventional
lamination and rotary head designs.
This has resulted in superior per-

formance at frequencies to 2 MHz and
a minimum of wear and cleaning.
There is a CEC head for
every analog and digital recorder.
Whatever make or model recorder
you may now be using, CEC has the
head to make the most of it, irrespective of the interface parameters. The
"family" consists of more than 100 different recording heads, all with the same
design advantages. Consequently, it is
now possible to obtain state-of-the-art
recording without replacing the basic
instrument.
How were we able to achieve this

breakthrough in head design? Through
experience. CEC has not only been
making magnetic recording heads longer
than anyone else, but was the first to
produce them on a quantity basis. And
- because CEC uses precision machine
construction where others rely on hand
assembly.
For complete specifications and all
the facts about this complete line of recording heads, call or write your nearest
CEC field office.

CEC/DATATAPE PRODUCTS
Pasadena, California 91109

BELL4HoWELL

Proof of Advertisement #9078-167, Prepared by Hixson & Jorgensen, Inc., Los Angeles, California
for publication in:
DATAMATION - January, 1967 • COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION - January, 1967
COMPUTER DESIGN -January, 1967 • ELECTRONICS-January 23, 1967
CONTROL ENGINEERING - January, 1967 • INSTRUMENTS & CONTROL SYSTEMS - January, 1967
Designate No. 11 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

CRE,DIT CARDS

STEPPING STONES

TO THE CHECKLE,SS SOCIETY?

Dale L. Reistad
Director of Automation
Department of Automation
American Bankers Association
New York, N. Y.10016

Il.

((We have an existing network of bank interrelationships) holding companies) branches) correspondent relationships) etc.) that could form the
base for a data transmission system that would permit all banks to communicate electronically with each other in seconds.))

Credit cards are going to be our keys to a future checklesscashless banking system. This is very much a matter of concern to the Department of Automation at the American Banking Association. Let us consider the subject of credit cards
from the standpoint of automation. What will be their probable impact on an automated credit card system, on consumer
banking, and on a checkless, cashless economy?

Are we going to move from one huge paperwork jungle
- namely, check processing - to another - the processing
of charge account receipts?
Is this the giant step forward now being taken by the industry? Or are we going to use the collective talents of the
banking industry (such as we did with the MICR program)
to develop new processing techniques which take full advantage of the new tools now at our disposal?

Bank Credit Cards
Including the franchises signed by small banks with their
big city correspondents, probably close to 1,000 banks are nO\y
committed to a program of credit cards. That means that
1,000 banks have already taken, or plan to take in the near
future, a giant step forward into the automated future when
a plastic bank identification card will serve to activate a
series of electronic pulses that will slowly but surely lessen the
need for cash and cause fewer and fewer checks to be written.
\Vhat this will lead to eventually we can only guess - but
most certainly the technologies will be available to make a
checkless, cashless society a possibility in some form and size.
There are of course expenses involved when a bank enters
a credit card program: promoting the cards, absorbing the
initial credit losses, advertising massively, providing the budgets required by entirely new departments set up to implement
this program. Also there is the danger of what might occur
if credit cards lead to excesses in consumer purchases as a
result of consumer-buying binges. These are critical problems
worthy of careful consideration, but what I am concerned
with here is the changes taking place in the banking industry
as a result of credit cards.
What is the effect that they, when combined with the other
new technologies, will have on the future mechanism of commercial banking?
What effect will the proliferation of credit cards and the
increased use of charge account purchasing plans have on the
present habits of consumers in paying cash or in writing
checks?
(Based on a talk to the IlJinois Bank Management Conference, November
3, l!JGG, Urbana, Ill.)

Adoption of Bank Credit Cards
Robert K. Wilmouth, vice president of The First National
Bank of Chicago, has predicted that credit cards will be
adopted by banks of all sizes, and has stated that in Illinois
over 200 banks have already signed up for one of the plans now
being offered. Eventually a bank will have several approaches
from which to choose, such as banks today have several alternatives in automation. Wilmouth also pointed out that there
is bound to be a decline of small installment loans as we
know them today, and that automatic individual lines of
credit and merchant check cashing guarantees will become
routine services for banks to offer.

The Future Financial Interchange
What is happening therefore is not that an isolated new.
service is being added to full service banks. The credit card
is more than this. It is a stepping-stone to an entire new era
of banking - the checkless, cashless society. For some banks,
credit cards are the first stepping-stone, for others computers
came first and credit cards second, but whatever the sequence
a bank takes, it must eventually take a number of steps along
an entire new path of banking - the financial interchange of
the future.
What is a financial interchange? It starts with the decision
by a consumer to make a purchase - either cash or chargewhich initiates the credit inquiry process. It continues on
through the use of credit cards as the method both of identification and input to an automated record-keeping and advisory
service and concludes with the loaning function. These processes are not separate; where they interface with each other,
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

entire new industries are starting to develop. For example,
if you interface the credit inquiry process with crcdit cards
you develop the computerized credit bureau which, when tied
in to the credit card, or bettcr yet, the bank identification
card, revolutionizes the credit checking phase of the charge
transaction. The same bank ID card could also be uscd in
the future for cash transfer purposes.

Housewife's Use
Let us consider the use of the credit card or bank identification card in the checkless economy of tomorrow. A housewife, let's call her Mrs. Bates, will be able to charge a
purchase at any store in her area by simply presenting her
card to the store clerk. The card will be inscrted in a slot
and the housewife will push two buttons - her confidential
code - in a small inexpensive input terminal which in turn
is connected through the merchant's telephone to a computcr
system located miles away. In seconds the housewife's record
on the computer is interrogated, her credit rating is mathematically computed, a rating determined, and the merchant
informed as to the results. The store clerk might be informed
by a voice answerback system, or perhaps a light will flash on
the input terminal or on a signal device behind the counter.
This may sound complicatcd, but it really isn't. It may seem
reasonable to expect a long time delay - but it requires only
a few seconds. When the clerk pushcs the "sale approved"
button on the input tcrminal, thc sale has been completed,
records have been updated at the credit bureau and th('
accounting data spun off on an auxiliary magnetic tape unit
for later processing.
But what happens if there is a cash purchase? Let's follow
the housewife into the supermarket. At the cash register Mrs.
Bates presents the same ID card to the check-out girl, where
it is inserted into an input device connected to the cash
register and then in turn to the telephone link to the computer at the bank. This time a simple accounting transaction
takes place in the bank's computer. Our housewife, Mrs.
Bates, has her cash transfer account debited and the supermarket - also a customer of the bank - has its account
credited. No paper need change hand, and the benefits to
both parties as well as to the bank are considerable.
Upon returning home, Mrs. Bates finds that the mailman
has delivered several bills. She decides to pay them since she
is in a cash transferring mood. This time she uses her home
telephone, first to contact the bank's computer and next to
transfer funds from her account to those of her creditors. If
she wishes, she can supply the bank with a future date for
each bill that she wants the bank to delay payment on. Meanwhile, back at the bank, cash transfers are keeping the computer busy 24 hours a day from merchants, housewives, small
businesses.

Bankers' Expectations
Recently we conducted a survey to determine what bankers
thought about some of these new concepts of electronic banking. We first described the concept and then asked, "How
does your bank regard the following developments in banking
automation?" The bank was asked to check: (a) an accepted
fact, (b) for the "Giant" banks only, (c) just a matter of
time, (d) at least ten years away or, (e) not likely to happen.
Here are the results from three concept areas.
1. Bank Credit Cards: Base - 1,845 banks
a. An accepted fact 14%
b. For Giant banks only - 14%
c. Just a matter of time - 32%
d. At least ten ycars away - 21 %
e. Not likely to happen - 19%

At the time this survey was conducted less than 100 banks
had announced their plans. Today the figure, as mentioncd
earlier, is closer to 1,000.
2. Elimination of Check Writing: Base a. An acccptcdJact - 1%
b. For Giant banks only - 4%
c. Just a matter of time - 11 %
d. At least ten years away - 32%
e. Not likely to happen - 52%

Perhaps the wording for this inquiry was too strong. Certainly it's inconceivable that all checks will be eliminated in
the future. The question should have read, "great reduction
of check writing over the next 1O-15-year period due to electronic cash transfcr systcms." Bankers are not nearly so pessimistic about this concept as can be seen from the next
question.
3. Bill Paying Via Telephone: Base a. An accepted fact - 2%
b. For Giant banks only - 8%
c. Just a matter of time - 26%
d. At least ten years away - 39%
e. Not likely to happen - 25%

1,818 banks

Businessman's Use
Let's not forget the breadwinner, Mr. Bates, as we design
our future banking system. His transaction volume may not
be as high as it was before his wife took over the accounting - but he still merits our concern and appreciation. Mr.
Bates, a local businessman, used to conduct his banking at
one of the local branches near his officc - or on occasionat the main office when the transaction was complex or when
he was in that area. With the development of the "On-Line
Banking Station" (introduced for the first time in San Francisco by Diebold, Inc.), all this will change. In the future,
Mr. Bates will be able to do his banking from his office
lobby, or at the train station, or in his customary department
store. Through the simple process of inserting his bank ID
card in a slot on the station he will be on-line immediately
to his bank. With the "banking station" approach the bank
ID card will determine the bank main office at the other end
of the telephone line, so the busy consumer won't have to
wander around looking for the station with the First National
emblem (say) if he wants to contact his bank. Once again
we see the importance of having a bank ID card - or bank
credit card in any future system.

Bank Capabilities
A recent survey of capabilities of banks currently indicates
that approximately 3,000 banks are now involved in some
form of computer processing. Banks are installing thirdgeneration computers and training our second-generation
bankers how tQ use them.
How can a bank possibly handle all those cash transfers we
spoke of earlier - especially during the peak periods? One
answer is that power makes it all possible, that is, the power
of the third generation equipment, some of which is capable
of processing in billionths of seconds. We know too that the
total installment credit needs of banks is going up, and that
the per unit processing cost on computers continues to go
down. In lact, each new gcneration of equipment seems to
be getting smaller, faster, and although slightly more expensive to acquire, is in fact less costly in terms of throughpu.t,
the amount of data that can be processed from start to finish
during a given period of time. As technology keeps going up,
credit use keeps going up, and processing costs continue to go
down.

(Please turn

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

1,844 banks

page 46)

c&a
CAPITAL
REPORT
The possibility of government regulation of electronic data
processing services involving interstate communications ap, peared a few days ago, when the Federal Communications
Commission issued a notice of inquiry to computer users,
common carriers, manufacturers, and the public. The FCC
set December 12 as the deadline for submission of views and
recommendations dealing with how and whether EDP services falling under the Communications Act should be regulated.
Early response to the inquiry notice has been generally
favorable, according to the Commission. The realization
that proliferation of time-sharing networks, cr~s-country
data transmission, and remote computing facilities is a public
matter, seems to be shared by many in the industry.
One of the critical questions to be answered is how to
draw lines between organizations providing purely data processing services, and those who also own and / or lease long. distance communications lines as a part of their data processing activity.
Another question pertinent to the Commission's inquiry is
the quality of service which common carriers now offer to
long-distance communications/computer users. The Commission will investigate the possibility that inferior or inadequate service between remote units and their central processors might slow the development of this segment of the industry. With the prospects of a no-money society, r,emote
consoles in every kitchen, and vest-pocket access devices in
every scientist's coat, some regulation is probably inevitable.
Even now, in some cases beyond a 50-75 mile radius of
the central computer, the cost of lines exceeds the cost of
the computation itself,
The Commission is charged with the responsibility of making sure that the public is served with technically adequate,
reasonably priced lines necessary to the continued development of the industry. Projections for the future of remotely
accessed systems resemble those made in the early days of
the telephone.
The Commission does not state that regulation is needed
or mandatory at this time, but seeks to gather as much information as it can about the important questions surrounding communications/computer public policy.
Aside from these questions, there is another area of concern. What is the policy to be with regard to the large
common carriers themselves providing dual computing/communicating services, where regulation of competition could
become an important factor?
At this early date, the Commission feels that it is too
early to predict the outcome of the inquiry. They will attempt to move rapidly in assessing the views and recommendations submitted by interested groups, and follow up
later with the complex task of gathering factual and pertinent information related to specific questions which need
answering.
The computer industry is in a headlong drive to develop
computer utilities and network-linked service bu'reaus. It
could generate a major regulatory action by a Federal agency
concerned with assuring the computer-using public that their
services are provided at reasonable cost, equitably available
to all, and not monopolized.

Biomedical applications are frequently overlooked in the
current controversy centering around Big Brother and the
invasion of privacy. Scores of little-publicized systems are
being improved and perfected in the capital by dedicated
public servants who often labor for years without sharing
the limelight of their counterparts in the glamour agencies.
The Veterans Administration Research Center for Cardiovascular Data Processing in Washington has worked for nine
years on a system to produce accurate and timely statistical
diagnoses for heart patients, and they are within sight of a
real-time system which may save many lives in the future.
It's not quite real-time yet, but the hardware exists, and the
analytical programs are almost perfected.
A Control Data Corporation 3200 is being used at the
D.C. VA Hospital to analyze electrocardiographic data ,from
patient electrodes which record heart cycle impulses on
analog tape. The analog records are converted to digital,
and calibration records from the analog equipment are also
recorded to standardize the input. The digital tapes are
then processed through the CDC 3200 programs for cycle
analysis. More than 300 different measurements are printed
out, including several complex vector analysis measurements
of the major wave forms which are used to distinguish normal and abnormal heart cycles.
Dr. Hubert V. Pipberger, head of the Research Center, has
been working on automatic analysis of heart data since 1957,
and has progressed through the problems of using straight
analog data, several different· kinds of patient lead systems,
and the difficulties of writing programs to analyze 24-dimensional vectorcardiographic digital input.
He now has a data bank with 40,000 digitized patient records in it. From this bank, and verified cases of abnormalities, he is able to automatically recognize, with 90% accuracy,
several different abnormalities or transient conditions. With
an EDP-experienced viewpoint, he says that his automatic
diagnostic real-time system is still sometime away, but that
the equipment is available, and the necessary mathematical
techniques for the complex programs are in sight.
The result of the many years of ADP research which the
VA staff and the Georgetown Medical School have done,
should be a system which can be used with heart patients
to automatically diagnose their condition within three or
four minutes. It will tell the attending MD what the
patient's condition is, what he probably has wrong with his
heart, and what the indicated emergency treatment should be.
Central processors accessed by remote analog/digital recorders at the patient's bedside will operate over voice-grade
telephone lines. A portable data-cart will record, convert,
and transmit the data, and receive the results of a probabilistic computer diagnosis and the indicated emergency
treatment.

SENTER

STUART

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

ANNUAL

INDEX

for
VOLUME 15,

1966

~ ,

Published by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.
815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160
Copyright @ 1966 by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.

A.:

ABC,"TIT and ABC Directors Approve Contract for Firms' Merger," 15/4 (Apr.), 46
Academi c Press: "J ournal of Comput at ional
Phys ics - Announcement," 15/11 (Nov.),
12
''The Journal: Computers and Biomedical Research," 15/3 (Mar.), 10
Accountant's computer, "PDS Accountant's Computer," 15/8 (Aug.), 39
ACM group, "Los Angeles ACM Group to Publish
a PL/I Bulletin," 15/2 (Feb.), 39
"Across the Editor's Desk:" 15/1 (Jan.), 39;
15/2 (Feb.), 25; 15/3 (Mar.), 27; 15/4
(Apr.), 41; 15/5 (May), 35; 15/7 (July), 41;
15/8 (Aug.), 31; 15/9 (Sept.), 37; 15/10
(Oct.), 41; 15/11 (Nov.), 37; 15/12 (Dec.),
55
"Adage Signs (EM Agreement with EAI," 15/1
(Jan.), 44
Adams, E. N., "Computer Assisted Instruction,"
15/3 (Mar.), 12
"ADAPSO Schedules San Diego Meet ing," 15/2
(Feb.), 39
"Ad Dat a Computer ized by Schenley," 15/2
(Feb.), 27
Addresser, "Push-Button Addresser (PBA)," (in
Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 47
"ADF 5 Tape Formatting 'System," 15/3 (Mar.),
36
ADI, "Information Science Progress Highlights
'66 ADI Conclave," 15/9 (Sept.), 48
"ADR-IOO Digit al Recorder," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 45
"ADP Management Training Center," 15/3 (Mar.),
32
"Advanced Data 'Systems for Personnel Planning
and Placement," by W. J. Pedicord," 15/9
(Sept. ), 20
"Advanced Geophys ical Magnet ic Recording Systern," 15/9 (Sept.), 46
"Advanced Line of 80-Golumn Punched Card Equipment from UNIVAC," 15/8 (Aug.), 42
AdlTanced Societ y, "Sc ience and t he Advanced
Society," by C. p. Snow, 15/4 (Apr.), 14
Aerojet, "Microelectronics Division Announced
by Aeroj et ," 15/7 (J uly), 45
"African St udent s Complete IBM Training in
Nigeria," 15/2 (Feb.), 30
A.I. Ch.E., "Computer Control of Processes to
be Analyzed at A. I.Ch. E. Meet.," 15/9
(Sept. ), 48
"AIM Technical Subcommittee on Computers,"
by Barry Boehm, 15/2 (Feb.), 8
Aiken, John J., and Edward O. Joslin, ''The
Validity of Basing Computer Selections on
Benchmark Results," 15/1 (Jan.), 22

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

"Air Express Inaugurates Computer Tracing in
Boston," 15/11 (Nov.), 38
ALGa.. language compiler, "System/360 ALGa..
Language Compiler," 15/8 (Aug.), 40
Algorithms, "Collected Algorithms -- Service,"
15/12 (Dec.), 13
Alphanumeric cathode ray tube display, "UNIVAC
1551 Alphanumeric Cathode Ray Tube Display,"
(in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.),
45
"Ambilog 200 Computer," (in Annual Pictorial
Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 26
American Management Association, "Some Educat ional Realit ies: A Report on the Second
Internat ional Conference on Educat ional
Technology, New York, August 9-12, 1966,
presented by the American Management Association," by Rod E. Packer, 15/10 (Oct.), 9
"Ampex Model ATM-13 Computer-Gompat ible Transport," 15/1 (Jan.), 51
"Ampex Set s Records," 15/4 (Apr.), 53
"Analog Blending System," (in Annual Pictorial
Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 28
"Analog Computers," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 28
Analog/hybrid computing system, "EAI 8800
Analog/Hybr id Comput ing System," (in Annual
Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 29
"Analog Magnet ic Recording Heads," (in Annual
Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 50
"Analog-to-Digi tal Convers ion System," 15/7
(July),5l
Analysis system, "Informatics Introduces New
Product Analys is System," 15/10 (Oct.), 50
"Announce Results of 'Operation Corral',"
15/1 (Jan.), 41
"The Annual Computer Art Contest 'of 'Computers
and Automation'," 15/8 (Aug.), 8
"Annual Examinat ion for Cert ificate in Dat a
Processing," 15/10 (Oct.), 10
"Annual Index for Volume 14, 1965 of Computers
and Automation," 15/1 (Jan.), 25
"Annual Pictorial Report," 15/12 (Dec.), 22
Ant icrime net work, "FBI Discloses Plans for
National Computerized Anticrime Network,"
15/8 (Aug.), 31
"Applicat ions:" 15/1 (J an.), 39; 15/2 (Feb.),
25; 15/3 (Mar.), 27; 15/4 (Apr.), 41; 15/5
(May), 35; 15/7 (July), 41; 15/8 (Aug.), 31;
15/9 (Sept.), 37; 15/10 (Oct.), 41; 15/11
(Nov.), 37; 15/12 (Dec.), 55
APr, "1108 APr Program," 15/7 (July), 50
Arbuckle, R.A., "Computer Analysis and Thruput
Evaluat ion," 15/1 (Jan.), 12
Argonne National Laboratory, "Computer Applicat ions at Argonne Nat ional Laboratory,"
15/3 (Mar.), 27

Art contest: "Computer Art Contest -- COlIllOOnts,"
by H. I. Grotzinger, 15/10 (Oct,). 11
"The Annual Computer Art Contest of 'Computers and Automation'," 15/8 (Aug.), 8
Artificial intelligence, "Learning and Artificial Intelligence Accomplished by Computer
Programs," by Thomas A. Throop, 15/11 (Nov.),
28
Arts: "The Computer and the Arts," by L.
~zei, 15/5 (May), 8
"The Computer and the Arts," from L. Mezei,
from the Editor, 15/1 (Jan.), 11
ARX, "Automatic Re-Transmission ExChange,"
(in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.),
31
"Assembly Phases of Nike-X Processor," (in
Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 32
Associat ion for Comput ing Machinery, "Nat ional
Science Foundat ion Grant to the Associat ion
for Computing MaChinery," 15/1 (Jan.), 11
"Audio Devices Sales up 40"fo in Quarter," 15/7
(July), 55
Australian Computer Society, "Format ion of the
Australian Computer Society," 15/2 (Feb.), 8
"Australian Computer Society," 15/5 (May), 9
Australian subsidiary, "Leeds & Northrup Form

AU:~~~~~i'~h;~~s ~:!a~frr~~~'3c~~~~~; ~~cumentation Systems," 15/11 (Nov.), 45
"Automated Medical Billing Service," 15/7
(July), 46
"The Automated Processing of People," by Rod
E. Packer, 15/4 (Apr.), 20
"Automat ic Alternate Voice/Data System," 15/7
(July), 51
"Automat ic Computer Program Trans lat ion," 15/
10 (Oct.), 50
"Automat ic Dat a Process ing Management Training
Center," from Joseph W. Lowell, Jr., 15/3
(Mar.), 10
"Automatic Re...;Transmission Exchange," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/2 (Dec.), 31
"Automatic Warehousing and Inventory Control,"
by Renzo Dallimonti, 15/2 (Feb.), 49
"Automatic Warehousing and Inventory Control
- Comment s," from Rauno Lindholm, 15/5
(May), 9
"Automation," 15/3 (Mar.), 38
"Automat ion of Populat ion Register Systems
International Symposium, Jerusalem, Israel,
Sept. 25-28, 1967, Call for Papers," 15/12
(Dec.), 12
"Auxiliary Program Memory Expands Capacity of
Mathatron," 15/4 (Apr'.), 47

Bad checks, "Computer Policeman Decreasing Bad Checks," by Ellis Charles. 15/12
(Dec.), 8
Bank sorter, "N::R 404 Bank Sorter," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 40
Banzhaf, John F., "Copyright Law Revision:
A Recent Amendment Favors Informat ion Storage and Retrieval -- A Report to the Data
Processing Community," 15/12 {Dec.). 10
Bartxcht, Karl G., "December Pictorial Issue
- Use for a Summer Conference," 15/3
(Mar.), 10
"Bas ic Research in Software," by Dr. Ivan
Flores, 15/2 (Feb.), 48
Becker. Hal B., "rime Sharing: The Next
Step," 15/10 (Oct.), 18
Belgium market, "Honeywell Opens EDP Center
in Belgium Market," 15/1 (Jan.), 44
"Bell Telephone Laboratories Aided by Computer in Study of International Direct Dialing," 15/8 (Aug.), 32
Belt conveyor systems, "Computer Engineered
Belt Conveyor Systems," 15/11 (Nov.), 38
Benchmark Problems, "Standardized Benchmark
Problems Measure Computer Performance,"
15/1 (Jan.), 16
"Benchmark Problems -- Some Comment s ," from
Dr. E. A. Racicot, }5/3 (Mar.), 10
Benchloark results, "The Validity of Basing
Computer Selections on Benchmark Results,"
by Edward D. Joslin and John J. Aiken, 15/1
(Jan.),22
"Bendix to Acquire Scully-Jones & Co. ," 15/7
(July),45
Benson, E. G., "Comment s on 'A Dat a Communications Controller'," 15/7 (July), 23
Berge, E., "International Computation Centre
-- Comments," 15/4 (Apr.), 9
Berkeley, Edmund C.: "Bootstrapping a Career
in the Computer Field," 15/9 (Sept.), 7
"Computer Applicat ion Failures," 15/8 (Aug.)
7

"Individual Privacy and Central Computerized
Files," 15/10 (Oct.), 7
"Man/Computer Interface," 15/5 (May), 7
"Perspective," 15/4 (Apr.), 7
"Programming, Software, and Future Development s." 15/2 (Feb.). 7
"Subscription Fulfillment ," 15/11 (Nov.), 7
"The Thirst for Computer Knowledge," 15/7
(July), 7
"Workable Solut ions tot he Techno logical
Revolution," 15/1 (Jan.), 7
"Workable Solutions to the Technological
Revolution -- II," 15/3 (Mar.), 6
Berlin, Moses M., "Books and Other Publicat ions" -- SEE: Books and Other Publicat ions
Berton, Lee, "Zip, Buzz, Whir, Clonk: Computers Botch Up Some of Their Jobs ," 15/8
(Aug.), 28
Biomedical research, "The Journal: Computer s
and Biomedical Research," from Academic
Press, 15/3 (Mar.), 10
Bit capacity, "Magnetic Card Memory Provides
100 Million Bit Capacity," 15/4 (Apr.), 48
Blending system, "Analog Blending System,"
(in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 {Dec.),
28
Blind, "The Role of the Blind in Data Processing," by Theodor D. Sterling, Joseph B.
Landwehr, Char les McLaughlin, and Seymour
V. Pollack, 15/11 (Nov.), 24
Block t ape readers, "New Programmable Block
Tape Readers by Wang Laboratories," 15/9
(Sept.), 45
Blood bank, "Computer-Gont rolled Blood Bank,"
15/1 (Jan.), 41
Boehm, Barry, "AIAA Technical Subcommittee on
Computers," 15/2 (Feb.), 8
Bond bidding, "Opt imum Bond Bidding Program,"
15/9 (Sept.), 44
Bouk catalog, "Computerized Book Catalog,"
15/4 (Apr.), 42
"Books and Other Publications ," by Moses M.
Berlin: 15/5 (May). 55; 15/7 (July), 62
"Books and Other Publicat ions: Reviews," by
Neil Macdonald: 15/10 (Oct.), 54; 15/11
(Nov.), 54; 15/12 (Dec.), 66
"Boot st rapping a Career in the Computer Fie 1d,"
by Edmund C. Berkeley, 15/9 (Sept.), 7
Booz, Allen, and Hamilton, Inc., "The Computer's Role in Manufacturing Industry," 15/12
(Dec.), 14
Boston : "Air Express Inaugurates Computer
Tracing in Boston," 15/11 (Nov.), 38
"Instant Computer Network Serves Savings
Institutions in Boston," 15/9 (Sept.), 41
.10

Boston area, "Control Data Opens Data Center
for Boston Area," 15/7 (July), 46
Buston Globe, "FREE; The Computer Helps you
Find Your New Home Fast ," .15/11 (Nov.), 9
Bowles, Edmund A., "The Humanit ies and the
Computer: Some Current Research Problems,"
15/4 (Apr.), 24
Braille, "She Operates Computer by Braille,"
15/2 (Feb.), 313
"Braille by Computer in USC Project ," 15/5
(May), 36
Braille printer, "Honeywell Braille Printer,"
15/5 (May), 45
Brandon, Dick H.: "Change in the United Kingdom," 15/2 (Feb.), 41
"Completion of Software Promises by Manufacturers," and from the Editor, 15/10
(Oct.), 10
"Jobs and Careers in Data Processing," 15/9
(Sept.), 24
"Programming Languages -- When?", 15/7 (July),
11
"Reliable Industry Sources, Inc. ," 15/8
(Aug.), 30
"Systems Analysis Training," 15/9 (Sept.),
36
"The Tower of Babel ReVisited," 15/4 (Apr.),
30
Brandon, Dick H., and from James C. Komar,
Systems Analysis Training -- Comments ,to
15/11 (Nov.), 9
"Brandom Forms New Division," 15/11 (Nov.), 41
Brett, J. J., "Non-Real-Time Computing," 15/1
(Jan.), 10
Bridge design, "British Town Using Computer
in Bridge Design," 15/4 (Apr.), 42
Bright, Herbert S., "Towards Greater Generality of Software: Executives Systems in the
Sixt ies," 15/2 (Feb.), 44
"British-American Team Forms New Consulting
Firm," 15/1 (Jan.), 44
"British Computer Designs World Fair Center
Piece," 15/9 (Sept.), 38
"British Computer Service Firm Opens Satellite
Center," 15/11 (Nov.), 42
"British Town Using Computer in Bridge Design,"
15/4 (Apr.), 42
"Brochure Offered by DA-PEX," 15/2 (Feb.), 39
BSC, "IBM & BSC Issue Joint Statement ," 15/2
(Feb.), 30
B6500 computer, "Burroughs Third Generat ion
B6500 Computer," 15/8 (Aug.), 38
"B6500 Computer," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 24
Bunker-Ramo Corp., "The Plessey Co. Ltd. and
Bunker-Ramo Corp. Sign Licensing Agreement ,"
15/7 (Ju ly), 45
Bunker-Ramo display devices, "Honeywell EDP
to Market Bunker-Ramo Display Devices ,"
15/4 (Apr.), 45
Bunker-Ramo 3000, "Re-Designed Bunker-Ramo
3000 Uses Integrated Circuits ,It 15/3
(Mar.), 36
"J. H. Bunnell & Co. Announce New Products,"
15/8 (Aug.), 42
Burroughs, "E1400, Burroughs New Business
System," 15/11 (Nov.), 44
"Burroughs E1400," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 26
"Burroughs Electronic System," 15/7 (July),
47
"Burroughs Enters Two in the Third ••• ," 15/4
(Apr.), 10
"Burroughs Has Record Sales, Earnings," 15/9
(Sept.),49
"Burroughs New 6500, a Souped-up Version of
the B5500, Should Get Good Recept ion," 15/7
(July), 9
"Burroughs Third Generat ion B6500 Computer,"
15/8 (Aug.), 38
"Business News": 15/1 (Jan.), 52; 15/2
(Feb.), 39; 15/3 (Mar.), 39; 15/4 (Apr.),
53; 15/5 (May), 47; 15/7 (July), 55; 15/8
(Aug.), 43; 15/9 (Sept.), 49; 15/10 (Oct.),
53; 15/11 (Nov.), 49; 15/12 Dec.), 63
Business system, "E1400, Burroughs New Business System," 15/11 (Nov.), 44
"Ca1comp Earnings Drop," 15/5 (May), 47
"Calcomp Hits New Sales Mark," 15/9 (Sept.),
49
"Calcomp Model 835 Electronic Plotter ," (in
Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 44
"Calcomp Sales up 20"/0 in Quarter", 15/2
(Feb.), 39
Ca1cul ator: "Desk-Top Electronic Calculator
Said to be World's Fastest ," 15/2 (Feb.),
36

" 'T ime Shar ing' Syst em for Electronic Calculators," 15/11 (Nov.), 43
"Calendar of Coming Events": 15/1 (Jan.), 57;
15/2 (Feb.), 62; 15/3 (JIlar.), 42; 15/4
(Apr,), 59; 15/5 (May), 58; 15/7 (July), 30;
15/8 (Aug.), 50; 15/9 (Sept.), 28; 15/10
(Oct.), 29; 15/11 (Nov.), 58; 15/12 (Dec.),
69
Calgani, John AI. and from the editor, "Prograrnrners' Professional Society," 15/11
(Nov.),13
Calif. Dept. of Motor Vehicles, "Computer Complex Inaugurated by California Department
of Mot or Veh icles ," 15/12 (Dec.), 57
Canister, "New-Design Tape Canister ," 15/10
(Oct'>, 52
"Capital Report", by James Titus: 15/1 (Jan.),
37; 15/2 (Feb.), 47; 15/3 (Mar.), 26; 15/4
(Apr.), 35; 15/5 (May), 33; 15/7 (July), 31;
15/8 (Aug.), 15; 15/9 (Sept.), 35
"Carbonless Paper Used in Control Data Corporat ion's Processing Control Form," 15/2
(Feb.), 25
Card file equip,nent, "Random Card File Equipment ," 15/1 (J an.), 51
Card reader: "Datron Systems Illodel 610 Data
Transmission Card Reader," 15/7 (July), 53
"Sealectro Introduces Static Card Reader,"
15/8 (Aug.), 43
Career s: "Dat a Proces sing Careers Demand New
Approaches," by Harold Jarrett, 15/9
(Sept.), 16
"Jobs and Careers in Data Processing," by
Dick H. Brandon, 15/9 (Sept.), 24
Carroll, Harold S., "Reports on Data Processing Centers," 15/7 (July), 23
"CARS", 15/3 (Mar.), 32
CARS, Inc., "McDonnell Company Purchases 25
Per Cent Interest in CARS, Inc.," 15/11
(Nov,>, 41
Cat hode ray tube di spl ay, "UNI VAC 1551 Alphanumeric Cathode Ray Tube Display," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 45
"CDC Has $1.9 Million Loss," 15/10 (Oct.), 53
Cement manufacturing, "Digital Computer Control Applied to Cement Manufacturing," 15/4
(Apr.), 42
Census -- SEE: "Monthly Computer Census"
Cent ra1 comput er ized files, "Individual Pr ivacy and Central Computerized Files ," by
Edmund C. Berkeley, 15/10 (Oct.), 7
"Cent ral ized, Computer ized Credit Report ing
Center," 15/8 (Aug.), 36
Certificate in Data Processing, "REMINDER:
'Certificate in Data Processing' Examinations Set for February 25, 1967, at 100
Test Centers in U. S. and Canada," by R.
Calvin Elliott, 15/11 (Nov.), 13
Chain printer, "Model HSP-3502 Chain Printer ,"
(in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.),
44
"Chain Type Printer Announced by Potter ,"
15/1 (Jan.), 51
Chalco Engineering, "Punched Tape Readers by
Chalco Engineer ing," 15/3 (Mar.), 37
"A Chance to Use a Time-Shared Computer," 15/
10 (Oct.), 55
"Change in the United Kingdom," by Dick H.
Brandon, 15/2 (Feb.), 41
Chapin, Dr. Ned, "Logical Design to Improve
Soft ware Debugging -- A Proposal," 15/2
(Feb.), 22
Charles, Ellis, "Computer Policeman Decreasing Bad Checks," 15/12 (Dec.), 8
Checks, bad, "Computer P.:>liceman Decreas ing
Bad Checks," by Ellis Charles, 15/12 (Dec.),
8
"Chicago Group Forms Rai Idat a Corporat ion,"
15/11 (Nov.), 41
Chrysler Warranty program, "Electronic Network Processes Chrysler Warranty Program,"
15/1 (J an. ), 39
Circuit boards, "Master Negatives of Glass
Produce Circuit Boards," 15/4 (Apr.), 51
Circuit memory system, "Two-Microsecond Integrated Circuit Memory System," 15/12
Feb.), 35
"Circuit Testing in Telephone Switching Equipment Aided by Computer," 15/2 (Feb.), 26
Circuits: "Integrated Circuits ," (in Annual
Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 49
"Miniaturized Integrated Circuits," (in
Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 51
"RCA Integrated Circuits," 15/2 (Feb.), 38
"Tiny Circuits Make Decisions in Five
Billionths of Second," 15/7 (July), 54

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

.~.

Clapp, Lewis C. and T. James Glauthier,
"Time-Sharing System Scorecard," 15/10
(Oct.), 58
"CUl-BGO Railroad Sets up Computerized Communications Network," 15/12 (Dec.), 56
COBOL programmi ng system, "SDS Wi 11 Se 11
COBOL Programming System for Sigma Computers," 15/12 (Dec.), 60
"COBOL Information Bulletin Now Available,"
15/7 (July), 54
Collating device, "Xerox Offers New Collating
Device," 15/9 (Sept.), 45
"Collected Algorithms -- Service," 15/12
(Dec.),13
Collective Bargaining, "The Computer Joins
Colbctive Bargaining," by Neil Macdonald,
15/10 (Oct.), 10
Collier, C. B., "Farewell from a Former Subscriber," 15/7 (July), 8
"Collins Introduces New Computer System,"
15/9 (Sept.), 43
"Collins Radio Earnings Rise 80%," 15/7
(July), 55
"Colloquium on Information Retrieval -- Third
Annual National Colloquium," by A. W. Speakman, 15/5 (May), 8
"Comments On 'A Data Communications Controller "', by E. G. Benson, 15/7 (July), 23
"Comments on the April Issue Special Feature:
'Some Provocative Applications of Computers',
from George A. Connell, 15/7 (July), 8
"Communicat ion-Orient ed Comp'lt ('r Syst ems," by
John F. Macri, 15/5 (May), 14
Communication system: "Prrcollnel Information
Communication System (PICS) ," 15/11 (Nov.),
48
"SIMULCOMT , Teletype Communication System,"
15/8 (Aug.), 41
Communications and computers, "New Partners
in Progress: Communi cat ions and Computer s,"
by Russell W. McFall, 15/10 (Oct.), 30
Communications industry, "New Process Opens
Way to General Application of Integrated
Circuits in all of Communications Industry,"
15/4 (Apr.), 50
Communications network, "CGO-BGO Railroad Sets
Up Computerized Communications Network,"
15/12 (Dec.), 56
"Compatible Data Line Terminal Announced by
UNIVAC," 15/9 (Sept.), 43
" -Comp DDP-516 Computer ," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 26
Compiler, "System/360 ALGOL Language Compiler ,"
15/8 (Aug.), 40
"Completion of Software Promises by Manufacturers," from Dick H. Brandon, I, and from
the Editor, II, 15/10 (Oct.), 10
"Components," (in Annual Pictorial Report),
15/12 (Dec.), 48
Computational physics, "Journal of Computational Physics -- Announcement," by Academic Press, 15/11 (Nov.), 12
"Computer Aids High-Force Test Program on
Missile Structures," 15/12 (Dec.), 57
"The Computer and the Arts ," by L. Mezei, 15/5
(May), 8
"The Computer and the Arts ," from L. Mezei,
from the Editor, 15/1 (Jan.), 11
"The Computer and t he Art s -- Comment s," from
Le S. Packer, 15/3 (Mar.), 8
"Computer Analysis and Thruput Evaluat ion," by
R. A. Arbuckle, 15/1 (Jan.), 12
"Computer Applicat ions at Argonne Nat ional
Laboratory," 15/3 (Mar.), 27
"Computer Application Failures," by EdlllOnd
C. Berkeley, 15/8 (Aug.), 7
"Computer Art Contest -- Comment s," by H. I.
Grotz i nger, 15/10 (Oct.), 11
"Computer Art -- Copyr ight Not ice -- Correction," 15/12 (Dec.), 13
"Computer as a Tool in the Study of Geological Problems," 15/10 (Oct.), 42
"Computer Assisted Instruction," by E. N.
Adams, 15/3 (Mar.), 12
"Computer-Based Credit Aut hor izat ion System,"
15/2 (Feb.), 25
"Computer Being Used as Super Stop Watch,"
15/7 (July), 42
"Computer Coded Output Switches," (in Annual
P ictor ial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 51
"Computer Complex Inaugurated by California
Department of Motor Vehicles," 15/12 (Dec.),
57
Computer conference, "1967 Spring Joint Computer Conference -- Call for Papers," 15/10
(Oct.), 11
"Computer Connects Southeast Asia with Stock

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

Exchanges," lS/12 (Dec.), 56
Computer Control Company, "Honeywell Inc. to
Acquire Computer Control Company," 15/5
(May), 40
"Computer Control of Processes to be Analyzed
at A.1. Ch. E. Meet.," 15/9 (Sept.), 411
"Computer Control System for Petroleum Refin ing," 15/2 (Feb.), 26
"Colilputer-Controlled Blood Bank," 15/1 (Jan.),
41
"Co,nputer-Controlled Hot Sheet Mill," 15/12
(Dec.), 55
"Computer-Controlled Traffic System," 15/1
(Jail.), 40
Computer course, "Informatics Inc. Completes
Computer Course for Law Librar ians," 15/10
(Oct.), 47
"Computer Engineered Belt Conveyor Systems,"
15/11 (Nov.), 38
Computer experts, "Thirteen-Year Old Student
to Address Computer Experts," 15/11 (Nov.),
48
"Computer Helps Detect Unsuspected Diseas~s,"
15/5 (May), 35
"A Comp~ter History," (in Annual Pictorial
Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 22
Computer idle time, "Real-T ime Monitor Reduces Computer Idle Time," 15/5 (May), 44
"The Computer in Musical Composition," by
Prof. Gerald Strang, 15/8 (Aug.), 16
"A Computer in Police Communications," by
Donald Croteau, 15/5 (May), 30
"Computer Installat ion Census ," from George
Sadowsky, from Donald E. Harris, 15/7
(July), 8
"The Computer Joins Collective Bargaining,"
by Neil Macdonald, 15/10 (Oct.), 10
"Computer Keyboard Typesetting System," (in
I\nnual Pictorial Report) 15/12 (Dec.), 22
Computer knowledge: "The Thirst for Computer
Knowledge," by Edmund C. Berkeley, 15/7
(July), 7
" 'The Thirst for Computer Knowledge' -Comments," from H. C. Price and from the
Editor, 15/12 (Dec.), 12
Computer Leasing Company, "University Computing Co. Forms New Subs idiary -- Computer
Leasing Company," 15/7 (July), 46
Computer mainframes, "New Large Capacity
VersaSTORE Memory Systems for Computer
Mainframes," 15/11 (Nov.), 45
"Computer Makes 3-D Movies of Inner Ear ," 15/
9 (Se pt .), 37
"Computer Masterminding Textile Dyeing Process," 15/11 (Nov.), 37
"Computer Memory Systems," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 35
"Computer Personnel Research Group -- Call
for Papers," by Charles D. Lothridge, 15/11
(Nov.), 13
"Com;:mter Personnel Research Group Conference
-- Call for Papers," by Dr. Charles D.
Lothridge, 15/12 (Dec.), 13
Computer personnel, "State-Supported Program
to Train Computer Personnel," 15/9 (Sept.),
42
"Computer Policeman Decreas ing Bad Checks,"
by Ell i sChar les, 15/12 (Dec.), 8
Computer power, "Rand Building Wired for 'Computer Power'," 15/9 (Sept.), 47
Computer-printer, "2B System Permits Plastic
Card Addressing by Computer-Pr inter," 15/3
(Mar.), 37
"Computer Processing of Isotope Scanning Data
by Mayo-IBM in Joint Study," 15/7 (July), 42
Computer programming: "Programmed Instruction
Materials for Computer Programming -Survey, 1966," by Gloria M. Silvern and
LeonardC. Silvern, 15/3 (Mar.), 20
"SBC Offers Courses in Computer Programming,"
15/5 (May), 41
Computer programs: "Free Disseminat ion of
Computer Programs from NASA," by Donald
F. Kennedy, 15/11 (Nov.), 8
"Learning and Artificial Intelligence Accomplished by Computer Programs ," by
Thomas A. Throop, 15/11 (Nov.), 28
Computer-ready tape, "Event Recorder Punches
Selected Information on Computer-Ready Tape,"
15/5 (May), 46
"Co,;Jputer Replaced Fast After Indiana Explosion," 15/11 (Nov.), 41
Computer service bureau activity, "Decision
Systems Inc. Acquires Computer Service
Bureau Activity," 15/1 (Jan.), 44
"Computer Sharing Offers Advantages of Low~~st EDP to Small Companies," 15/11 (Nov.),

"Computer Shipments in '65 Reach $2.3 Billion; '66 Expected to Top $3 Billion," 15/
3 (Mar.), 11
"Computer Tape Announced by 3M," 15/10 (Oct.),
52
Computer tape, "MRX-III Computer Tape," 15/
10 (Oct.), 52
"Computer-Teacher System for Fir st -Grader s
Next Fall in East Palo Alto," 15/4 (Apr.),
46
Computer technology, "Latest Computer Technology Used At Lear Sieglers Achieves
Startling Results," 15/lJ (Oct.), 42
"Computer Tens i Ie Test i ng System," 15/9
(Sept.), 47
Computer Test Corp., "New Test Jig from Computer Test Corp.," 15/4 (Apr.), 51
"Computer to Speed Aid for New Jersey's Unemployed," 15/11 (Nov.), 37
Computer tracing, "Air Express Inaugurates
Computer Tracing in Boston," 15/11 (Nov.),
38
"Computerized Book Catalog," 15/4 (Apr.), 42
Computerized communications network, "CGOBGO Railroad Sets up Computerized Communications Network," 15/12 (Dec.), 56
"Computerized Health Program," 15/3 (Mar.),
28
"Computerized Registration System for Los
Angeles Public Library," 15/8 (Aug.), 33
"Computerized War on Scofflaws in Cook County,"
15/10 (Oct.), 43
"Computers and Educat ion: The IBM Approach
a Report and an Evaluation," by Charles E.
Ransom, Jr., 15/3 (Mar.), 18
"Computers Large or Small? In Which Direction Will They Go?," by Rudy C. Stiefel,
15/11 (Nov.), 18
"Computers: No Longer a Big Bargain fot Uneducated Users ," by Seymour V. Pollack and
Theodore D. Sterling, 15/7 (July), 26
"The Computer's Role in Manufacturing Industry," by Booz, Allen, and Hamilton, Inc.,
15/12 (Dec.), 14
"Computers Talk Cent s," 15/2 (Feb.), 26
"Computing: Archives for Electronic Computing," by Springer-Verlag (publisher), 15/5
(May), 9
"Computing Centers": 15/1 (Jan.), 44; 15/3
alla:c.), 32; 15/5 (May), 41; 15/7 (July), 46;
15/0 (Aug.), 36; 15/9 (Sept.), 41; 15/11
(Nov.), 42; 15/12 (Dec.), 61
Cumputing utility service, "Programming Considerations for a Computing Utility Service," by Hans Jeans, 15/10 (Oct.), 22
"COM-SHARE, INC. Opening Second Center in
Midwest," 15/9 (Sept.), 41
Computron Inc.: "COMPU-PSIT Labels by Computron Inc. ," 15/4 (Apr.), 51
"Short Tape Reels Available from Computron,"
15/9 (Sept.), 46
"COMPU-PSIT Labels by Computron Inc. ," 15/4
(Apr.), 51
Connell, George A., "Comments on the April
Issue Special Feat ure:
'Some Provocat i ve
Applications of Computers' ," 15/7 (July),
8
Construct ion Contro 1, Inc., "ISC Acquires
Assets of Construction Control, Inc. ," 15/
4 (Apr.), 45
"Co;1sult ing Services -- Comment," by Gene
Lundin, 15/10 (Oct.), 11
Consult ing services, "New Firm Specializes in
Digital-Analog-Hybrid Computer Consulting
Services ," 15/5 (May), 40
"Cont inuous Forms Feed Funnel for Paper
Shredder," 15/4 (Apr.), 49
"Continuous Forms," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 41
Control Data: "IBM Had Over 73% of $8.2
Billion U.S. Computer Market at End of
1965; UNIVAC, Control Data Hold Place,
Show Positions," 15/11 (Nov.), 16
"New Librarian Program by Control Data,"
15/5 (May), 43
"Two New T ime-Shar ing Systems Offered by
Control Data," 15/1 (Jan.), 46
"Control Data Acquires Waltek Limited," 15/1
(Jan.), 44
"Control Data Announces $120 Million Loan
Agreement," 15/4 (Apr.), 46
Control Data Corporation, "Carbonless Paper
Used in Control Data Corporation's Processing Control Form," 15/2 (Feb.), 25
"Control Data Earnings Decline," 15/3 (Mar.),
39
"Cont rol Oat a Inst it ute Graduat es First
Class," 15/10 (Oct.), 46

"Control Data Opens Data Center for Boston
Area" 15/7 (July), 46
"Contr~l Data 602 Magnetic Tape Transport ,"
15/2 (Feb.), 36
Control programs, "Telecommunicat ions and
Supervi sory Cont rol Programs," by Robert
S. Dines, 15/5 (May), 22
Control system: "Gerber Series 2000 Control
System," 15/7 (July), 52
"Super-Trol II Control System," 15/10
(Oct.), 50
Controller: "A Data Communications Controller: Some Des irable Feat ures," by Denni s
W. McGee, 15/5 (May), 18
"Comment s on 'A Dat a Communicat ions Controller ... , by E. G. Benson, 15/7 (July),
23
Conversion system, "Analog-to-Digital Conversion System," 15/7 (July), 51
Converters, "Data Transmitters and Converters," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12
(Dec.), 30
Conveyor syst ems, "Computer Engineered Belt
Conveyor Systems," 15/11 (Nov.), 38
Conveyor belt design, "The Use of Computers
in Conveyor Belt Design," by L. S. Kraft,
15/5 (May), 26
"Copyr ight Law Revi s ion: A Recent Amendment
Favors Information Storage and Retrieval
-- A Report to the Data Processing Community," by John F. Banzhaf, 15/12 (Dec.), 10
Copyright not ice, "Computer Art -- Copyright
Notice -- Correction," 15/12 (Dec.), 13
Core handler, "Model CH-IOO Core Handler,"
(in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.),
50
"Core Memory Systems," (in Annual Pictorial
Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 33
Correction, "Computer Art - Copyright Notice -- Correction," 15/12 (Dec.), 13
Correspondence course, "NC Correspondence
Course," 15/11 rld's Fastest," 15/2 (Feb.), 36
"Diagrams Drawn on Screen Read by Computer
System," 15/8 (Aug.), 32
Dial-o-verter, "System 600 Dial-o-Verter,"
15/4 (Apr.), 48
"DI/AN Controls Announces New Computer Typesett ing System," 15/4 (Apr.), 47
Die Tester, "Hughes Offering Die Tester for
Flip-Chip Devices," 15/7 (July), 53
Digital-analog-hybrid, "New Firm Specializes
in Digital-Analog-Hybrid Computer Consulting Services," 15/5 (May), 40
"Digital Computer Control Applied to Cement
Manufacturing," 15/4 (Apr.). 42

Digital computer: "IEC 1010 Digital Computer ,"
15/10 (Oct.), 47
"PDP-9 Digital Computer ," 15/10 (Oct,), 47
"Digital Computers ," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 22
"Digital Data-Trak No. 4070," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 28
Digi tal electronics, "RCA Inst it utes Schedules
Five-Day Seminar on Digital ElectroniCS,"
15/3 (Mar.), 33
Digi tal logic, "Handbooks Available for St udent s, Engineers Us ing Digital Logic," 15/5
(Jllay) , 46
"The Digital Mona Lisa -- Acknowledgement ,"
1~/2 (Feb.), 8
Digital printer, "High-Speed Digital Printer
for Data-Logging Market ," 15/4 (Apr.), 49
Digital recorder: "ADR-IOO Digital Recorder ,"
(in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.),
45
"Portable Digital-Recorder ," 15/4 (Apr.), 49
"Digital Strip Printer," 15/3 (Mar.), 37
"Digital Tape Transport for 21-Track Recording," 15/11 (Nov.), 46
Digit aI, "Two-in-Qne Laboratory Comput ing System Offered by Digital," 15/3 (Mar.), 34
Digitronics, "Magnetic Tape Terminal by Digitronics," 15/9 (Sept,), 45
"Digitronics to Distribute N, V, Philips Data
Products in the United States," 15/1 (Jan.),
44
Dines, Robert S., "Telecommunicat ions and
Supervisory Control Programs," 15/5 (May),
22
Diode matrix, "New 15 x 15 Diode Matrix," 15/
3 (Mar.), 38
Direct dialing, "Bell Telephone Laboratories
Aided by Computer in Study of International
Direct Diali ng," 15/8 (Aug.), 32
"Disc-Drum Memories, Series 7300," 15/3 (Mar.),
35
"Disc File System Stores 3.8 Billion Bits,"
15/5 (May), 43
Disc memory, "Librascope Disc Memory, Model L416," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12
(Dec.), 34
Display/recorder, "Model 1311 Display/Recorder," 15/8 (Aug.), 42
Display system, "IDI's New Display System,
Type CM 10093," 15/10 (Oct.), 52
Document at ion systems, "Three New AUTO FLOW
Computer Document at ion Systems," 15/11
, by H. D. Greif, 15/2 (Feb.), 14
Harr is. Donald E., "Computer Installat ion
Census" 15/7 (July), 8
"Harris EPOCH Service," 15/3 (Mar.). 32
"Harry Goode Memorial Honors to Eckert and
Mauchly." 15/11 (Nov.). 48
"Hawker Siddeley Trident Completes Over 1000
Automat ic Touchdowns," 15/3 (Mar.), 38
Health program," Computerized Health Program,"
15/3 (Mar.), 28
High-force test program, "Computer Aids HighForce Test Program on Missile Structures,"
15/12 (Dec.), 57
High-speed computer circuit. "IBM Engineers
Earn Patent for Basic High-Speed Computer
Circuit." 15/4 (Apr.), 52
"High-Speed Digital Printer for Data-Logging
Market " 15/4 (Apr.), 49
"High-Sp~ed Stroke Writers, Model 401 Series."
15/7 (July), 53
Hillegass John R. "Standardized Benchmark
Problem~ Measure' Computer Performance,"
15/1 (Jan.). 16
Hodi. George, "Training for Blind Computer
Scientists," 15/5 (May), 52
Holt, Anatol W., "The Importance of Not "
Treating a Computer System as a Person,
15/11 (Nov,), 10
Home "FREE! !tIC Computer Helps you Find
Yo~r New Home Fast." by the Boston Globe,
15/11 (Nov,), 9
Honeywell: "IBM, Honeywell Make EDP Price
Changes ," 15/11 (Nov.). 49
"Smith Named to New Executive Post by
Honeywell." 15/11 (Nov.), 48
"Honeywell Braille Printer ," 15/5 (May), 45
"Honeywell, Consulting Firm to Develop System," 15/9 (Sept.), 44
"Honeywell Control Systems Department Moves
to Mass.," 15/10 (Oct.), 46
"Honeywell EDP to Market Bunker-Ramo Display
Devices," 15/4 (Apr.), 45
"Honeywell Forms U.K. Computer Group as Arm
of U.S. Division," 15/11 (Nov,), 41
"Honeywell Inc. to Acquire Computer Control
Co.npany," 15/5 (May), 40
"Honeywell Opens £OP Center in Belgium Market," 15/1 (Jan.), 44
"Honeywell 7600 Magnet ic Tape System," 15/10
(Oct.), 51

"Honeywell Ships Computers Worth Over $175
Million in '65," 15/3 (Mar.), 39
"Honeywell 200 LP Software," 15/7 (July), 50
"Honeywell Will Borrow $20 Million in Europe,"
15/2 (Feb.), 30
"Honeywell Will Market EDP Supplies to Users,"
15/5 (May), 40
"Hospital Informat ion Systems," (in Annual
Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 40
"Hospitals Share Computer to Aid Patient Service," 15/5 (May), 41
Hot -sheet mi 11, "Computer-Controlled Hot Sheet
Mill," 15/12 (Dec.), 55
"Hughes' Computer Schedules Work for It self
and Others," 15/7 (July), 42
"Hughes Electronic Numer ical Control System,"
15/5 (May), 44
"Hughes Offering Die Tester for Flip-Chip Devices," 15/7 (July), 53
"The Humanit ies and the Computer: Some Current Research Problems ," by Edmund A.
Bowles, 15/4 (Apr.), 24
Hybrid computing system: "REAC 600 -- New
Hybrid Computation System," 15/1 (Jan.),
48
"French-German Co-operation for Hybrid Computing Systems," 15/12 (Dec.), 60

IBM: "Computer Processing of Isotope
Scanning Data by Mayo-IBM in Joint Study,"
15/7 (July), 42
"Fiber Optics Technology Employed by IBM,"
15/2 (Feb.), 38
"Industry Informat ion Service Announced by
IBM," 15/7 (July), 45
IBM approach, "Computers and Educat ion: The
IBM Approach A Report and An Evaluat ion,"
by Charles E. Ransom, Jr., 15/3 (Mar.) 18
"IBM & BSC Issue Joint Statement ," 15/2 (Feb.),
30
"IBM Computer Directs Pattern Cutting," 15/11
(Nov.), 45
"IBM Computer Simulators Speed System/360
Service Training and Deliveries," 15/9
(Stlpt.), 42
IBM computer technique, "New IBM Computer
Technique Takes Work out of Paperwork,"
15/7 (July), 50
IBM 1130, "Five New Programs for IBM 1130,"
15/7 (July), 50
"IBM 1130 Now Has Access to Telephone," 15/10
(Oct.), 51
"IBM Engineers Earn Patent for Basic HighSpeed Computer Circuit," 15/4 (Apr.), 52
"IBM Establishes Center to Aid System/360
Model 20 Customers ," 15/3 (Mar.), 32
"IBM 1500 Instructional System," (in Annual
Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 42
"IBM Had Over 73% of $8.2 Billion U.S. Computer Market at End of 1965; UNIVAC, Control
Data Hold Place, Show Positions." 15/11
(Nov.), 16
"IBM, Honeywell Make EDP Price Changes," 15/11
(Nov.), 49
"IBM Laser Color Selector May Pack More Data
in Less Space," 15/9 (Sept.), 48
"IBM Machine Reads Handwritten Numbers Directly into Computer," 15/11 (Nov.), 46
"IBM Net Backlog Put at $3.9 Billion," 15/8
(Aug.), 43
"IBM Offers a New Service for Tapes of all
Makers," 15/11 (Nov.), 47
"IBM Plans New Plant in United Kingdom," 15/
11 (Nov.), 42
"IBM Sales Reach Record High," 15/3 (Mar.), 39
"IBM, Sperry Rand Announce Patent Agreement ,"
15/1 (Jan.), 52
"IBM Space Computer 'Votes' on Signals," 15/4
(Apr.), 47
IBM System/360, "New Storage Memory for Four
Models of. IBM System/360," 15/3 (Mar.), 34
"IBM System/360 Scient ific Subrout ine Package
(SSP/360) ," 15/3 (Mar.), 35
"IBM System/360 'Super Computers' ," 15/3
(Mar.), 33
"IBM 1080 System," 15/10 (Oct.), 49
IBM training, "African Students Complete IBM
Training in Nigeria," 15/2 (Feb.), 30
"IBM 1287 Optical Reader ,It (in Annual Pictorial Report). 15/12 (Dec.), 46
"IBM 2311 Storage Device," 15/10 (Oct.), 48
"IBM's Computer Program Library," 15/1 (Jan.),
49
"IBM's Six ~]gnths Earnings up 8.6%," 15/9
(Sept.), 49
"ICT Computer Peripheral Shipments up 50"~,"
15/11 (Nov.), 49

"IDI Type CMI0058 Computer Controlled Display," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12
(Dec.), 42
"IDI's New Display System, Type CM 10093,"
15/10 (Oct.), 52
"IEC 1010 Digital Computer," 15/10 (Oct.), 47
"The Importance of Not Treating a Computer System as a Person,," by Anatol W. Holt, 15/11
(Nov.), 10
"Increased Growth Seen for Process Control
Market ," 15/11 (Nov.), 49
Incremental plotters, "Models 665 and 663,
Digital Incremental Plotters ," 15/7 (July),
53
Index, "Annual Index for Volume 14, 1965 of
Computers and Automation," 15/1 (Jan.), 25
Indiana explosion, "Computer Replaced Fast
After Indiana Explosion," 15/11 (Nov.), 41
Indigents, "Lawyers for Indigents Assigned
by Computer," 15/7 (July), 41
"Individual Investment Computer ," 15/8 (Aug.),
39
"Individual Privacy and Central Computerized
Files," by Edmund C. Berkeley, 15/10 (Oct.),
7

Industrial counselors. "The Use of Computers
as Industrial Counselors," by Magoroh Maruyama, 15/7 (July), 34
"Industry Informat ion Service Announced by
IBM," 15/7 (July), 45
"Informatics Inc. Completes Computer Course
for Law Librarians," 15/10 (Oct.), 47
"Informatics Introduces New Product Analysis
System," 15/10 (Oct.), 50
"Information: Dilemma or Deliverance?," by
Walter W. Finke, 15/8 (Aug.), 22
Information processing, "International Federation for Information Processing -News," 15/12 (Dec.), 8
Information retrieval: "Colloquim on Information Retrieval -- Third Annual National
Colloquium," by A. l~. Speakman, 15/5
(May), 8
"Third Annual Nat ional Colloquium on Information Retrieval," by Dr. Morris Rubinoff, 15/3 (Mar.), 10
"Information Science Progress Highlights '66
ADI Conclave," 15/9 (Sept.), 48
Informat ion sciences, "Ohio State Beginning
Information Sciences Graduate Program,"
15/7 (July). 46
Informat ion service, "Industry Informat ion
Service Announced by IBM," 15/7 (July), 45
Informat ion storage and retrieval, "Copyright Law Revision: A Recent Amendment
Favors Information Storage and Retrieval -A Report to the Data Processing Community,"
by John F. Banzhaf, 15/12 (Dec.), 10
Informat ion system: "Flight Reservat ions and
Informat ion System," 15/5 (May), 37
"Hospi tal Informat ion Systems," (in Annual
Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 40
"In-Line IC Cambi-Cards," (in Annual Pictorial
Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 51
"Input -Out put Card." (in Annual Pictor ial
Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 49
"Input-Output Equipment ," (in Annual Pictorial
Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 40
"Instant Computer Network Serves Savings In" stitutions in Boston." 15/9 (Sept.), 41
Instant Credit Report Made Possible by Computers," 15/8 (Aug.), 33
Instruction. "Computer Assisted Instruction,"
by E. N. Adams, 15/3 (Mar.), 12
Instructional system, "IBM 1500 Instructional
System," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12
(Dec.>, 42
Insurance field, "Travelers' Installs Largest
Real-Time System in Insurance Field," 15/8
(Aug.), 31
"Integrated Circuit, 2- Sec Core Memory System," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12
(Dec.), 34
"Integrated Circuits," (in Annual Pictorial
Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 49
Integrated circuits, "New Process Opens Way
to General Application of Integrated Circuits in all of Communications Industry"
15/4 (Apr.), 50
'
"The Interact ion of Hardware, Software, and
Fut ure De~elopment s at TRW Systems," by
H. D. Grelf, 15/2 (Feb.), 14
Interface, "Man/Computer Interface," by Edmund C. Berkeley, 15/5 (May), 7
"International Computation Centre -- Comments,"
by C. Berge, 15/4 (Apr.), 9
The International Computation Centre, "Vacancy," 15/12 (Dec.), 9

International direct dialing, "Bell Telephone
Laboratories Aided by Computer in Study of
International Direct Dialing," 15/8 (Aug.),
32
"Internat ional Federat ion for Informat ion Processing -- News," 15/12 (Dec.), 8
International systems, "19th International
Systems Meeting," 15/9 (Sept.), 48
Inventory control: "Automatic Warehousing
and Inventory Control," by Renzo Da11imont i, 15/2 (Feb.), 49
"Automat ic Warehousing and Inventory Control -- Comments ," from Rauno Lindholm,
15/5 (May), 9
Investment, "Sales Executives Learn How Decisions Affect Return on Investment ," 15/
10 (Oct.), 46
Investment computer, "Individual Investment
Computer," 15/8 (Aug.), 39
"ISC Acquires Assets of Construction Control,
Inc. ," 15/4 (Apr.), 45
Isotope scanning data, "Computer Processing
of Isotope Scanning Data by Mayo-IBM in
Joint Study," 15/7 (July), 42
Israe I, Jerusalem, "Automat ion of Populat ion
Register Systems -- International Symposium,
Jerusalem, Israel, Sept. 25-28, 1967 -Call for Papers ," 15/12 (Dec.), 12
"Itek to Acquire Pennsylvania Optical Co. ,"
15/3 (Mar.), 31
"ITT and ABC Directors Approve Contract for
Firms' Merger," 15/4 (Apr.), 46
"ITT and Sams Company Announce Terms of Proposed Merger ," 15/7 (July), 45
"ITT Data Services Downtown Subscriber Center ," 15/5 (May), 41
"ITT Data Services to Open London Computer
Center," 15/7 (July), 46

!!..: Jacoby, K'athe and Armand R. Laliberte,
"Using a Computer to Design a Computer,"
15/4 (Apr.), 36
Japan, "NCR to Establish Institute of Technology in Japan," 15/2 (Feb.), 30
Jarrett, Harold, "Data Processing Careers
Dem:lnd New Approaches," 15/9 (Sept.). 16
Jeans, Hans, "Programmi ng Cons iderat ions for
a Computing Utility Service," 15/10 (Oct.)
22
'
"Jobs and Careers in Data Processing," by
Dick H. Brandon, 15/9 (Sept.), 24
"Jobs & Opportunities," 15/11 (Nov.), 48
Joslin, Edward O. and John J. Aiken, "The
Validity of Basing Computer Selections on
Benchmark Results" 15/1 (Jan.) 22
"The Journal: Comp~ters and Biom~dical ResearCh," from Academic Press, 15/3 (Mar.),
10
"Journal of Computational Physics -- Announcement," by Academic Press, 15/11 (Nov.), 12
"The Journal of Computer and Systems Scien" ces," the Academic Press, 15/2 (Feb.), 8
The June Issue of 'Computers and Automation '
Computer Directory and Buyers' Guide," 15/4
(Apr.), 9

K: Kennedy, Donald F., "Free Di sseminat ion
of Computer Programs from NASA," 15/11
(Nov.), 8
Keyboard, "Computer Keyboard Typesetting
System," (in Annual Pictorial Report) ,
15/12 (Dec.), 22
Keydata service, "Dedication of the Keydata
Service May Mark Beginning of New Growth
Industry ... But When Will Growth Begin?",
15/1 (Jan.), 9
"Kibernetika," by Bakhtiyar Vagabzade, 15/12
(Dec.), 9
"Kiewit Computation Center ," 15/7 (July), 46
Komar, James C. and from Dick H. Brandon,
"Systems Analys is Training -- Comment s,"
15/11 (Nov.), 9
Kraft, L. S., "The Use of Computers in Conveyor Belt Design," 15/5 (May), 26
"The KROME System," 15/3 (Mar.), 35
Kurtz, Dr. Thomas E., "New Demands on Software," 15/2 (Feb.), 12
L: Labels, "Easy-Peel Tape-Reel Labels ,"
15/4 (Apr.), 51
"Labor-Management Re lat ions Get Ass i st from
Comput er ," 15/12 (Dec.), 55
Laliberte, Armand R. and Kathe Jacoby, "Using a Computer to Design a Computer," 15/4
(Apr.), 36
Land, Paul F., "Czechoslovak Computer Report," 15/11 (Nov.), 9
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

Landwehr, Joseph B., Theodor D. Sterling,
Charles McLaughlin, and Seymour V. Pollack,
"The Role of the Blind in Data Processing,"
15/11 (Nov.), 24
Lansche, R. L., "'Perspective' -- Comments,"
and from the Editor, 15/12 (Dec.), 11
"Large Ore Producer Uses Computer to Control
Mine Traffic," 15/10 (Oct.), 43
Laser color selector, "IBM Laser Color Selector May Pack More Data in Less Space,"
15/9 (Sept.), 48
"Latest Computer Technology Used at Lear
Sieglers Achieves Startling Results," 15/10
(Oct.), 42
Law librarians. "Informat ics Inc. Completes
Computer Course for Law Librarians," 15/
10 (Oct.), 47
"Law Research Service, Inc. Uses Western
Union's Computer Center ," l5/S (Aug.), 36
"Lawyers for Indigents Assigned by Computer ,"
15/7 (July), 41
Lear Sieglers, "Latest Computer Technology
Used at Lear Sieglers Achieves Startling
Results," 15/10 (Oct.), 42
"Learning and Art ificial Inte11 igence Accomplished by Computer Programs," by
Thomas A. Throop, 15/11 (Nov.), 28
Lease plan, "Olivetti Announces New Lease
Plan," 15/12 (Dec.), 60
"Leasing of Computer Systems for Educat ional
Purposes," 15/4 (Apr.), 46
Ledley, Robert S., "Optical Proces'ling in
Medical Sciences," 15/7 (July), l4
"Leeds & Northrup Form Australian ;ubsidiary,"
15/3 (Mar.), 31
"Leeds & Northrup Listed on New York Stock
Exchange, It 15/5 (May), 40
"LFE Sales Rise," 15/10 (Oct.), 53
"LIBRAFILE 3800 Mass Memory," 15/1 (Jan.),
49
Librar ian program, "New Librar ian Program by
Control Data," 15/5 (May), 43
Librarians, "Informatics Inc. Completes Computer Course for Law Librarians," 15/10
(Oct.), 47
"Librascope Disc Memory, Model L4l6," (in
Annual Pictorial Report>, 15/12 (Dec.), 34
"Life on Mars?," 15/12 (Dec.), 62
Lindholm, Rau,no, "Automatic Ware~ousing and
Inventory COntrol -- Comments, 15/5 (May),

Line/printers, "128 Character Drum for Line/
Printers," (in Annual Pictorial Report>,
15/12 (Dec.), 48
"Link GP-4 Digital Computer Now Operat ional,"
15/1 (Jan.), 46
"Litton Industries Division $1 Million Expansion Program," 15/11 (Nov.), 42
Lockheed Electronics, "Two New Memr ies from
Lockheed Electronrs," 15/5 (May), 43
"Logical Design to Improve Software Debugging
-- A Proposal," by Dr. Ned Chapin, 15/2
(Feb.), 22
London Computer Center, "ITT Dat a Services
to Open London Computer Center," 15/7
(July), 46
London facility, "Western Geophysical Opens
London Facility," 15/11 (Nov.), 42
"Los Angeles ACM Group to Publish a PL/I
Bulletin," 15/2 (Feb.), 39
Los Ange les public library, "Computer ized
Regi strat ion for Los Angeles Public L ibrary," 15/8 (Aug.), 33
Lothridge Charles D.: "Computer Personnel
Resea;ch Group -- Call for Papers,"
15/11 (Nov.), 13
"Computer Personnel Research Group Conference -- Call for Papers," 15/12
(Dec.), 13
Lowell, Joseph W. Jr., "Automatic Data Processing Management Training Center ," 15/3
(Mar.), 10
Lundin Gene "Consulting Services - Comment:" l5/io (Oct.), 11
Lynch, Josiah M. Jr., "December Pictorial
Issue -- Comments," 15/3 (Mar.), 10
Macdonald, Neil: "Books and Other Publications: Reviews," --SEE: "Books and
Other Publicat ions: Reviews"
"Research on Meaning in Programming Languages," 15/11 (Nov.), 10
"The Computer Joins Collect ive Bargaining,"
15/10 (Oct.), 10
"Machine fot Manufacture of Data Cards," 15/
3 (Mar.), 36
Machine tools, "New System Speeds Programming
of Tape-{;ontrolled Machine Tools," 15/9
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

(Sept.),44
Macri, John F., "Communicat ion-oriented Computer Systems," 15/5 (May), 14
"Magne-Head Introduces Magnetic Memory Discs,"
15/11 (Nov.), 44
"Magnetic Card Memory Provides 100 Million
Bit Capacity," 15/4 (Apr.), 48
Magnet ic memory discs, "Magne-Head Introduces
Magnetic Memory Discs," 15/11 (Nov.), 44
"Magnetic Recording Head," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec,), 48
Magnetic recording system, "Advanced Geophysical Magnetic Recording System," 15/9
(Sept.), 46
Magnetic tape memory system, "MJdel TR26S,
Magnetic Tape Memory System," 15/10 (Oct.),
49
Magnet ic tape ser ies, "DR-3OO00 Digital Magnetic Tape Series," 15/2 (Feb.), 37
Magnetic tape system, "Honeywell 7600 Magnetic Tape System," 15/10 (Oct.), 51
"Magnet ic Tape Termi nal by Digitronics,"
15/9 (Sept.), 45
Magnetic tape transport, "Control Data 602
Magnetic Tape Transport ,It 15/2 (Feb.), 36
"MAl Increases Financing for DP Equipment
Purchases," 15/2 (Feb.), 39
"MAl Invests $61 Million in DP Equipment ,"
15/4 (Apr.), 53
"MAl Report s Record Six Months Sales and
Earnings," 15/7 (July), 55
"Major Organization Change will be Made by
EAI ," 15/12 (Dec.), 60
Management training center: "ADP Management
Training Center ,It 15/3 (Mar.), 32
"Automatic Data Processing Management
Training Center," from Joseph W. Lowell,
Jr., 15/3 (Mar,), 10
Man-computer graphics .. "JlI:G -- Man-{;omputer
Graphics," 15/3 (Mar.), 36
"Man/Computer Interface," by Edmund C. Berkeley t 15/5 (May), 7
Manufacturing industry, "The Computer's Role
in Manufacturing Industry," by Booz, Allen
and Hamilton, Inc., 15/12 (Dec.), 14
"Market Data System Uses Optical Mark Reading," 15/4 (Apr.), 41
"Market Report": 15/2 (Feb,), 10; 15/3
(Mar.), 11; 15/4 (Apr.), 10; 15/7 (July),
9; 15/8 (Aug.), 14; 15/9 (Sept.), 10
Market Report: "Dedication of the Keydata
Service May Mark Beginning of New Growth
Industry ••• But When Will Growth Begin?," 15/1 (Jan.), 9
"IBM Has Over 73% of $8.2 Billion U.S.
Computer Market at End of 1965; UNIVAC,
Control Data Hold Place, Show positions,"
15/11 (Nov.), 16
"Sigma 7 Signals SDS's Expansion Into Market for Multi-Use Systems ,It 15/5 (May),
10
"Uncle Sam Now Has $1.5 Billion in Computers," 15/10 (Oct.), 14
Marketing, "Training Persons for Marketing
Data Processing Equipment and Services ,It
by Paul F. Smith, 15/9 (Sept.), 32
Mars: "Life on Mars?," 15/12 (Dec.), 62
"Searching for and Recognizing Life on
Mar s," based on a report by Roger K.
Field, 15/12 (Dec.), 11
Marshall, "csc Assumes Responsibility for
Mission Support to NASA's Computation Lab
at Marshall," 15/10 (Oct.), 46
Maruyama, Majoroh, "The Use of Computers as
Industrial Counselors," 15/7 (July), 34
Mass., "Honeywell Control Systems Department Moves to Mass. ,It 15/10 (Oct.), 46
Mass memory, "LIBRAFILE 3800 Mass Memory,"
15/1 (Jan.), 49
"Master Negatives of Glass Produce Circuit
Boards," 15/4 (Apr,), 51
Math, "Students Learn Math from Computer
3000 Miles Away," 15/4 (Apr.), 46
Mathatron, "Auxi 1 iary Program Memory Expands
Capacity of Mathatron," 15/4 (Apr.), 47
"Mathatron Mod II ," (in Annual Pictorial
Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 27
Mathematics: "Pilot Project Five in Mathematics," 15/8 (Aug.). 37
"Teaching Mathematics Using a Time-Shared
Computer System," by Jesse O. Richardson,
15/3 (Mar.), 14
Mauchly, "Harry Goode Memorial Honors to
Eckert and Mauchly," 15/11 (Nov.), 48
Mayo-IBM, "Computer Processing of Isotope
Scanning Data by Mayo-IBM in Joint Study,"
15/7 (July), 42

"McDonnell Company Purchases 25 Per Cent Interest in CARS, Inc. ,It 15/11 (Nov.), 41
McFall, Russell W., "New Partners in Progress:
COllununications and Computers ,It 15/10 (Oct.),
30
"MCG -- Man-{;omputer Graphics," 15/3 (Mar.),
36
McGee, Dennis W., "A Data Communications
Controller: Some Desirable Features,"
15/5 (May), 18
McGovern, Patrick J" "Market Report ,It 15/3
(Mar.), 11
McLaughlin, Charles, Theodor D. ·Ster ling,
Joseph B. Landwehr, and Seymour V. Pollack,
"The Role of the Blind in Data Processing,"
15/11 (Nov.), 24
Mechlin, St anley W., "Social Responsibilities
of Computer People -- More Comment s," 15/2
(Feb.), 18
Medical billing service, "Automated Medical
Billing Service," 15/7 (July), 46
Medical school course, "Fir st Computer ized
Medical School Course," 15/11 (Nov.), 43
Medical sciences, "Optical Processing in
Medical Sciences," by Robert S. Ledley,
15/7 (July), 14
"Meet i ng News": 15/2 (Feb.), 39; 15/4
(Apr.), 52; 15/5 (May), 46; 15/9 (Sept.),
48
"Memorex Reports Record Sales and Earnings ,It
15/12 (Dec.), 63
"Jllemorex '65 Earnings, Sales Up," 15/5 (May),
47
"Memories," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/
12 (Dec,), 32
Memory: "Drum Memory System for Time Sharing,"
15/10 (Oct,), 48
"Librascope, Disc Memory, Model L416," (in
Annual Computer Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 34
"SEilS 5 -- Miniature Military Space Memory,"
15/10 (Oct,), 49
"Sylvania 16-Bit Memory," 15/10 (Oct.), 48
"Toko 's High-Speed Plated-Wire Memory,"
15/3 (Mar,), 34
"Woven Plated Wire Memory," (in Annual P ictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 38
Memory computer line, "ROO Memory Computer
Line Expanded by NCR," 15/11 (Nov.), 44
"Memry Control Unit Introduced by Potter ,It
15/9 (Sept.), 46
Memory devices, "Miniaturized Memory Devices,"
15/1 (J an.), 48
Memory di scs, "Magne-Head Introduces Magnet ic
Memory Discs," 15/11 (Nov.), 44
Memory drum, "Fastrand Memory Drum," (in
Annual Pictorial Report>, 15/12 (Dec.), 35
Memory modules, "Glass Memry Modules," 15/10
(Oct.), 48
Memory systems: "Computer JIIemry Systems,"
(in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12
(Dec.), 35
"Core Memory Systems," (in Annual Pictorial
Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 33
"Model TR26S, Magnetic Tape Memory System,"
"Model TR26S, Magnetic Tape Memory System,"
15/10 (Oct.), 49
"Integrated Circuit, 2-....Sec Core JIIemory
System," (in Annual Pictorial Report),
15/12 (Dec.), 34
"p- Store ICM-47 Memory System," 15/12
(Dec.), 33
"NANOMEJlDRY 650 -- Large Scale Memory System by Electronic Memories Inc. ," 15/4
(Apr.), 47
"New Large Capacity VersaSTORE Memory Systems for Computer Mainframes," 15/11
(Nov.), 45
.
Memory unit, "Monolithic Memory Unit Shown at
RCA IEEE Exhibit," 15/5 (May), 43
"Messages Relayed to and From Time-Sharing
Computer by Satellite," 15/4 (Apr.), 43
"Menu-Planning by Computer ," 15/7 (July), 41
"'Metal-Less' Typesetter Links Computer and
Video Capabilities," 15/9 (Sept.), 46
Mezei, L., from the Editor, "The Computer and
the Arts," 15/1 (Jan.), 11
Mezei, L., "The Computer and the Arts," 15/5
(May), 8
Michigan, "State of Michigan Automates Driver
Records," 15/10 (Oct.). 41
Microcircuit s, "Newest JlDS Microcircuit s,"
15/3 (Mar.), 38
"Microelectronics Division Announced by Aerojet ," 15/7 (July), 45
Microfilmed pages, "Pushbutton Random Access
System Stores 67,500 Microfilmed pages,"
15/8 (Aug.), 40

"Micro-Miniature DPlJI' Relays," 15/4 (Apr.),
51
Micronor II, "Ferrant i Micronor II," 15/3
(Mar.), 38
"Microsecond One-Shot Pulse Circuit Offered,"
15/9 (Sept.), 47
Microstrip system, "Recordak Microstrip System," 15/1 (Jan.) 50
Midwest: "COM-SHARE, INC. Opening Second
Center in Midwest," 15/9 (Sept.), 41
"First Computer Utility in Midwest," 15/5
(May), 41
Mi lit ary space memory, "SEMS 5 -- Miniat ure
Military Space Memory," 15/10 (Oct.), 49
Mi ne traffic, "Large Ore Producer Uses Computer to Control Mine Traffic," 15/10
(Oct.), 43
"Miniaturized Integrated Circuits," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 51
"Miniaturized Memory Devices," 15/1 (Jan,),
48
"The 'Minityper'," 15/4 (Apr.), 49
"Miscellany," (in Annual Pictorial Report),
15/12 (Dec.), 52
Missile structures, "Computer Aids HighForce Test Program on Missile Structures,"
15/12 (Dec.), 57
Mission support, "csc Assumes Responsibility
for Mission Support to NASA's Computation
Lab at Mar shall," 15/10 (Oct.), 46
MNS transistors, "Experimental MNS Transistors," 15/3 (Mar.), 38
"Model CH-100 Core Handler ," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 50
"Model DAC-512 Desk Top Computer ," 15/5
(May), 42
"MoJel 835 Electronic Digital Plotting Systern," 15/2 (Feb,), 36
"Model 480 General Purpose Desk-Top Computer ,"
(in Annual Pictorial Report) ,.15/12 (Dec.),
23
"Model HSP-3502 Chain Px:inter ," (in Annual
Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 44
"Model LSI 8000 -- Third Generation Comput er," 15/7 (July), 50
"Model 1311 Display/Recorder," 15/8 (Aug.),
42
"Model 19000 Frequency Standard/Timing Systern," 15/7 (July), 54
"Model PI-1l67 Incremental Recorder," 15/2
(Feb.), 37
"Models 665 and 663, Digital Incremental
Plotters," 15/7 (July) 53
"Model 6650 OMNIGRAPHIC(!) Recorder," (in
Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 43
"Model TR26S, Magnetic Tape tllemory System,"
15/10 (Oct.), 49
"Model 201 Paper Tape Editor (PTE) ," (in
Annual Pictorial Report>, 15/12 (Dec.), 41
Modules, "Glass Memory Modules," 15/10 (Oct.),
48
"Mohawk Registers New Stock Offering," 15/11
(Nov.), 49
"Molecular Structure 'Pictured' by Computer ,"
15/4 (Apr.), 41
Mona Lisa, "The Digital Mona Lisa -- Acknowledgement ," 15/2 (Feb.), 8
Monitor system, "New Monitor System for SEL
800 Series Computers," 15/9 (Sept.), 44
Monitoring system, "Surgical Monitoring System," 15/1 (Jan.), 39
"Monolithic Memory Unit Shown at RCA IEEE
Exhibit," 15/5 (May), 43
"Monsanto Enters Field of Data Acquisition
Systems," 15/3 (Mar.), 31
"Mollthly Computer Census": 15/1 (Jan.), 54;
15/2 (Feb.), 56; IS/3 (Mar.), 46; 15/4
(Apr.), 54; 15/5 (May), 48; 15/7 (July),
56; 15/8 (Aug.), 46; 15/9 (Sept.), 50;
15/10 (Oct.), 56; 15/11 (Nov.), 52; 15/12
(Dec.), 64
Monthly Computer Census, "Suppression of
Informat ion in the Monthly Computer Census,"
from J. F. Sand and from the Editor, 15/11
(Nov,), 8
Moore, "Record Highs Made by Moore Earnings,
Sales ," 15/5 (May), 47
"Moore Corp. Earnings up 18,6% on Increased
Sales for Nine Months," 15/12 (Dec.), 63
"More Computers =More Profits, New Research
Study Indicates," 15/2 (Feb.), 10
"More In-Town Courses for Out-of-Touch Grads,"
15/9 (Sept.), 42
"More Training Programs Needed at All Levels
to Avert Personnel Shortage ,It by Fred R.
Ranch, 15/9 (Sept.), 12
"Mosler Scnn File System," 15/1 (Jan,), 50

3('

Motor vehicles, "Computer Complex Inaugurated
by California Department of Motor Vehicles ,"
15/12 (Dec.), 57
Movies, "Computer Makes 3-D Moview of Inner
Ear," 15/9 (Sept.), 37
"MRX-III Computer Tape," 15/10 (Oct.), 52
"Multi-Access Forum": 15/10 (Oct.), 8; 15/11
.. (Nov.), 8; 15/12 (Dec.), 8
"'Multiprocessing, Parallel Execution, ' Etc.
and the Standard Vocabulary," by Van B.
Thompson, 15/10 (Oct.), 8
Mult i-processor system, "UNIVA&!) 1108 II
Multi-Processor System," 15/.1 (Jan.), 46
"Multiplicity in Computer Systems ,It by Ivan
Flores, 15/7 (July), 19
Multiprogramming, "Workshop in Multiprogrammino," by Joseph A. O'Brien, 15/5 (May), 9
Multi-Use Systems, "Sigma 7 Signals SDS's
Expansion into Market for Mult i -Use Systems,"
15/5 (May), 10
Musical composition, "The Computer in Musical
Composition," by Prof. Gerald Strang, 15/8
(Aug.),16
N: "Name Chanoe Announced," 15/11 (Nov,), 41
""NANOMEMORY 650 -- Large Scale MelOOry System
By Electronic Memor ies Inc.," 15/4 (Apr.),
47
NASA "CSC Assumes Responsibility for Mission
Su~port to NASA's Comput at ion Lab at Marshall," 15/10 (Oct.), 46
NASA "Free Dissemination of Computer Programs
fr~m NASA," by Donald F. Kennedy, 15/11
(Nov.), 8
Nat ional expans ion move, "St aff Builders'
Data-Processing Division in National Expansion Move," 15/12 (Dec.), 60
"Nat ional Science Foundat ion Grant to the
Association for Computing Machinery," 15/1
(Jan.), 11
"NC Correspondence Course," 15/11 (Nov.), 43
NCR, "Rod Memory Computer Line Expanded by
NCR," 15/11 (Nov.), 44
"NCR Bank Transmission System," 15/9 (Sept.),
43
"NCR 404 Bank Sorter ," (in Annual Pictorial
Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 40
"NCR Opens 23rd Overseas Data Center in New
Zealand," 15/7 (July), 45
"NCR Opt ical Scanner 420-2," 15/9 (Sept.), 45
"NCR to Establish Institute of Technology in
Japan," 15/2 (Feb,), 30
"Need for Computer Eliminated by New Phototypesetter," 15/11 (Nov.), 45
Ne il Macdonald "Books and Ot her Publi cat ions:
Reviews" --'SEE: Books and Other Publications; Reviews
Nike-X processor, "Assembly Phases of Nike-X
Processor ," (in Annual Pictorial Report) ,
15/12 (Dec.), 32
"L9th International Systems Meeting," 15/9
(Sept.), 48
"1967 Spring Joint Computer Conference Call for Papers ,It 15/10 (Oct.), 11
"1966 Fall Joint Computer Conference -- Call
for Papers ,It by Dr. William H. Davidow,
15/3 (Mar.), 8
"1966 International Data Processing Conference
and Business Exposition," 15/5 (May), 47
"1966 International Symposium on Mathematical
and Computational Methods in the Social
Sciences," 15/1 (Jan.), 10
"1966 SJCC to be Held This Month," 15/4
(Apr.), 52
"New Booklet Describes Scanning Technology,"
15/7 (July), 54
"New Concept for Calculating State and Federal
Witholding Taxes," 15/3 (Mar.), 35
"New Contract sIt : 15/1 (J an.), 42; 15/2 (Feb.),
28; 15/3 (Mar,), 29; 15/4 (Apr.), 43; 15/5
(May), 38: 15/7 (July), 43; 15/8 (Aug.), 34;
15/9 (Sept.), 39; 15/10 (Oct.), 44; 15/11
(Nov.), 38; 15/12 (Dec.), 58
"New Data Line Terminal for 1004," 15/3
(Mar.), 36
"New Demands on Software," by Dr. Thomas E.
Kurtz, 15/2 (Feb.), 12
"New-Design Tape Canister," 15/10 (Oct.), 52
New England office, "Open New England Office,"
15/11 (Nov.), 41
.
"New 15 x 15 Diode Matr ix," 15/3 (Mar.), 38
"New Firm Specializes in Digital-AnalogHybr id Computer Consult ing Services," 15/5
(May), 40
"New IBM Computer Technique Takes Work out
of Paperwork," 15/7 (July), 50

"New InstallatIons": 15/1 (Jan.), 42; 15/2
(Feb.), 28; 15/3 (Mar.), 29; 15/4 (Apr.),
44: 15/5 (May), 38; 15/7 (July), 43; 15/8
(Aug.), 35; 15/9 (Sept.), 40; 15/10 (Oct.)
45: 15/11 (Nov.), 39; 15/12 (Dec.), 58
"New Jersey, "Computer to Speed Aid for New
Jersey's Unemployed," 15/11 (Nov.), 37
"New Large Capacity VersaSfORE Memory Systems
for Computer Mainframes," 15/11 (Nov.), 45
"New Librarian Program by Control Data," 15/5
(May), 43
"New Literature": 15/2 (Feb.), 39; 15/5
(May), 46; 15/7 (July), 54
"New Method of Splicing and Correcting Paper
Tape," 15/2 (Feb.), 37
"New Monitor System for SEL 800 Series Computers," 15/9 (Sept.), 44
"New 9000 Computer Ser ies Announeced by
UNIVAC," 15/8 (Aug.), 39
"New Opt ical Mark Reader," 15/5 (May), 45
"New Partners in Progress: Communications
and Computers," by Russell 1'1. McFall,
15/10 (Oct.), 30
"New Patent s", by RaYlOOnd R, Skolnick: 15/1
(Jan.), 58; 15/2 (Feb.), 61; 15/4 (Apr.),
61; 15/5 (May), 53; 15/7 (July), 58; 15/8
(Aug.), 48: 15/9 (Sept.), 53; 15/10 (Oct.),
62; 15/11 (Nov.), 50
"New Photoelectric Paper Tape Reader by OmniData," 15/5 (May), 46
"New Print-Punch Marking System," 15/4 (Apr.),
50
"New Process Opens Way to General Application
of Integrated Circuits in all of Communications Industry," 15/4 (Apr.), 50
"New Product s" : 15/1 (J an.), 45; 15/2 (Feb.),
30; 15/3 (Mar.), 33; 15/4 (Apr.), 47; 15/5
(May), 42; 15/7 (July), 47; 15/8 (Aug,),
38; 15/9 (Sept.), 43; 15/10 (Oct.), 47; 15/
11 (Nov.), 43
"New Programmable Block Tape Readers by Wang
Laboratories," 15/9 (Sept.), 45
"New Software Package for PDS 1020 Digital
Computer," 15/8 (Aug,), 40
New York Stock Exchange, "Leeds & Northrup
Li sted on New York Stock Exchange," 15/5
(May), 40
"New Storage MelOOry for Four Models of IBM
System/360," 15/3 (Mar.) ,. 34
"New System Speeds Programming of Tape-Co ntrolled Machine Tools," 15/9 (Sept.), 44
"New Test Jig from Computer Test Corp. ," 15/
4 (Apr.), 51
"New York Traffic Summonses to be Checked by
Computer ," 15/9 (Sept.), 39
New Zealand, "NCR Opens 23rd Overseas Dat a
Center in New Zealand," 15/7 (July), 45
"Newest IDS Microcircuits," 15/3 (Mar.), 38
Nigeria, "African Students Complete IBM
Training in Nigeria," 15/2 (Feb.), 30
"No-Fail Power System," 15/2 (Feb,), 37
"Non-Real-Time Computing," from J. J. Brett,
15/1 (Jan.), 10
"Nort hrop Nortronics 28-Pound Computer ,"
15/7 (July), 47
"Number Lights," (in Annual P ictor ial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 51
Numbers, "IBM Machine Reads Handwritten Numbers Directly Into Computer," 15/11 (Nov.),
46
Numerical control system, "Hughes Electronic
Numerical Control System," 15/5 (May), 44
N. V. Philips data products, "Digitronics to
Distribute N. V. Philips Data Products in
the United States," 15/1 (Jan,), 44
0: O'Brien, Joseph A., "Workshop in Multiprogrammi ng," 15/5 (May), 9
"Odex Computer Control System," (in Annual
Pictorial Report>, 15/12 (Dec.), 29
"Off-Line Printer System Exhibited at SJCC
'66 by Potter Instrument," 15/5 (May), 45
"Ohio State Beginning Information Sciences
Graduate Program," 15/7 (July), 46
"Olivetti Announces New Lease Plan," 15/12
(Dec.), 60
Omni-Data, "New Photoelectric Paper Tape
Reader by Omni-Data," 15/5 (May), A6
OMNIGRAPHIC, "Model 6650 OMNIGRAPHICV Recorder," (in Annual Pictorial Report),
15/12 (Dec.), 43
"128 Character Drum for Line/Printers," (in
Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.),
48
"Op~n New England Office," 15/11 (Nov.), 41
Operation Corral, "Announce Results of
'(}peration Corral' ," 15/1 (Jan,), 41

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

,
:;

Opt ical address reading system, "Philco/Ford
Optical Address Reading System," (in
Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 47
Optical mark reading, "Market Data System
Uses Optical Mark Reading," 15/4 (Apr.), 41
"Opt ical Processing in Medical Sciences ,"
by Rooert S. Ledley, 15/7 (July), 14
Optical reader, "IBM 1287 Optical Reader ,"
(in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.)
46
Optical scanner, "NCR Optical Scanner 420-2,"
15/9 (Sept.), 45
Optical scanning device, "Quarterly Reports
of Employees' Earnings Read by Optical
Scanning Device," 15/10 (Oct.), 42
"Optimum Bond Bidding Program," 15/9 (Sept.),
44
Ore producer, "Large Ore Producer Uses Computer to Control Mine Traffic," 15/10 (Oct.),
43
"Organization News": 15/1 (Jan.), 44; 15/2
(Feb.), 30; 15/3 (Mar.), 31; 15/5 (May), 40;
15/4 (Apr.), 45; 15/7 (July), 45; 15/10
(Oct.), 46; 15/11 (Nov.), 41; 15/12 (Dec.),
60
O'Sullivan, Thomas C., "Shadow Telephone Networks for Time-Sharing Terminals," 15/10
(Oct.), 38
"Outboard Propellers Controlled by Computer in
Drilling Operation," 15/9 (Sept.), 38

t: Packer, Rod E.: "The Automated Processing
of People," 15/4 (Apr.), 20
"Some Educat ional Realit ies: A Report on
the Second International Conference on
Educational Technology, New York, August
9-12, 1966, presented by the American
Mallagemen~ Association," 15/10 (Oct.), 9
Packer, Leo S., "The Computer and t he Art s -Con~nent s," 15/3 (Mar.), 8
Paper shredaer, "Continuous Forms Feed Funnel
for Paper Shredder," 15/4 (Apr.), 49
Paper tape editor, "Model 201 Paper Tape Editor (PTE) ," (in Annual Pictorial Report),
15/12 (Dec.), 41
Paper tape, "New Method of Splicing and Correct i ng Paper Tape," 15/2 (Feb.), 37
Paper tape reader, "New Photoelectric Paper
Tape Reader by Omni-Data," 15/5 (May), 46
Parallel Execution, "'Multiprocessing, Parallel
Execution,' Etc. and the Standard Vocabulary,"
by Van B. Thompson, 15/10 (Oct.), 8
Patent agreement, "IBM, Sperry Rand Announce
Patent Agreement ," 15/1 (Jan.), 52
Patient service, "Hospitals Share Computer
to Aid Patient Service," 15/5 (May), 41
Pattern cutting, "IBM Computer Directs Pattern
Cutting," 15/11 (Nov.), 45
PDP computers, "Solid-State Tape Transport is
Developed for PDP Computers," 15/2 (Feb,),
36
"PDP-8S to be Announced," 15/8 (Aug.), 38
"PDP-9 Digital Computer," 15/10 (Oct.), 47
"PDS Account ant's Computer," 15/8 (Aug.), 39
PDS 1020, "New Software Package for PDS 1020
Digital Computer ," 15/8 (Aug.), 40
Pedicord, W. J., "Advanced Data Systems for
Personnel Planning and Placement ," 15/9
(Sept.), 20
Pennsylvania Optical Co., "Itek to Acquire
Pennsylvania Optical Co. ," 15/3 (Mar.), 31
"Pennsylvania State Police Use ComputerControlled Teletype Network," 15/3 (Mar.),
28
People, "The Automated Processing of People,"
by Rod E. Packer, 15/4 (Apr.), 20
"People of Note": 15/2 (Feb.), 38; 15/4
(Apr. ), 52; 15/11 (Nov.), 48
"Per forated Tape Handler, MOdel 6011," 15/3
(Mar.), 37
Perforator, "P-120 Tape Perforator ," (in
Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 46
"Personnel Informat ion Communicat ion System
(PICS) ," 15/11 (Nov.), 48
Personnel planning and placement, "Advanced
Data Systems for Personnel Planning and
Placement," byW. J. Pedicord, 15/9 (Sept.),
20
Personnel research, "Computer Personnel Research Group Conference -- Call for Papers,"
by Dr. Charles D. Lothridge, 15/12 (Dec,),
43
Personnel shortage, "More Training Programs
Needed at all Levels to Avert Personnel
Shortage," by Fred R. Raach, 15/9 (Sept.),
12
"Perspective," by Edmund C. Berkeley, 15/4
(Apr.), 7

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

"'Perspective' -- Comments," from R. L. Lansche,
and the Editor, 15/12 (Dec.), 11
Petroleum refining, "Computer Control System
for Petroleum Refining," 15/2 (Feb.), 26
Philco, "Pyle-Nat ional Has Sold Subsidiary
to Philco," 15/3 (Mar,), 31
"Philco/Ford Optical Address Reading System,"
(in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.),
47
Photo-electric keyboard, "Telemetrics Model
8096 Photo-Electric Keyboard," 15/4 (Apr.),
49
"Photo Image Retrieval System," 15/7 (July),
51
"Photo logic 100 Series Tape Reader ," 15/11
(Nov.), 46
Phototypesetter, "Need for Computer Eliminated by New Phototypesetter," 15/11 (Nov.),
45
Phys ics, "Journal of Comput at ional Phys ics -Announcement ," by the Academic Press, 15/
11 (Nov.), 12
(PICS) , "Per sonne 1 Informat ion Communicat ion
System (PICS)," 15/11 (Nov.), 48
"Pilot Project Five in Mathematics," 15/8
(Aug,), 37
PL/I bulletin, "Los Angeles ACM Group to
Publish a PL/I Bulletin," 15/2 (Feb.), 39
"The Plessey Co. Ltd. and Bunker-Ramo Corp.
Sign Licensing Agreement ," 15/7 (July), 45
Plotter, "Calcomp Model 835 Electronic Plotter," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12
(Dec.), 44
"Plotter Control Unit Added to Series 200
Line," 15/9 (Sept.), 47
Plotters, "Models 665 and 663, Digital Incremental Plotters," 15/7 (July), 53
Plotting system, "Model 835 Electronic Digital Plotting System," 15/2 (Feb.), 36
Police communicat ions , "A Computer in Police
Comnunications," by Donald Croteau, 15/5
(May), 30
Policeman, "Computer Policeman Decreasing
Bad CheckS," by Ellis Charles, 15/12
(Dec.), 8
Pollack, Seymour V., and Theordore D. Sterling, "Computers: No Longer a Big Bargai n
for Uneducated Users," 15/7 (July), 26
Pollack, Seymour V., Theodore D. Sterling,
Joseph B. Landwehr, and Charles McLaughlin,
"The Role of the Blind in Data Processing,"
15/11 (Nov.), 24
"pony Printer," (in Annual Pictorial Report),
15/12 (Dec.), 47
Population register systems, "Automation of
Population Register Systems -- International
Symposium, Jerusalem, Israel, Sept. 25-28,
1967 -- Call for Papers," 15/12 (Dec.), 12
"Portable Digital-Recorder," 15/4 (Apr.), 49
"Port able Recorder," (in Annual Pictor ial
Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 41
"Port-A-l'Iinder," 15/7 (July), 52
Postdoctoral research fellowships, "SOC to
Award Postdoctoral Research FellOWShips,"
15/12 (Dec.), 61
Potter: "Chain Type Printer Announced by
Potter," 15/1 (Jan.), 51
"Memory Control Unit Introduced by Potter,"
15/9 (Se'pt.), 46
Potter Instrument, "Off-Line Printer System
Exhibited at SJCC '66 by Potter Instrument ," 15/5 (May), 45
"Potter Instrument Signs Marketing Agreement
with Facit of Sweden," 15/7 (July), 45
"Potter Profits Up," 15/10 (Oct.), 53
"Potter System, Model PS-6020," 15/8 (Aug,),
42
Power system, "No-Fail Power System," 15/2
(Feb.), 37
Price changes, "IBM, Honeywell Make EDP Price
Changes," 15/11 (Nov.), 49
Price, H, C" '''The Thirst for Computer Knowledge' -- Comments," and from the Editor,
15/12 (Dec.), 12
'
"Primary Operating System, First of Four for
Spectras," 15/7 (July), 50
Printer: "Model HSP-3502 Chain Printer ," (in
Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 44
"Pony Pr int er," (in Annual Pictor ial Report),
15/12 (Dec.), 47
.
Print-Punch, "New Print-Punch Marking System,"
15/4 (Apr.), 50
Printer system, "Off-line Printer System Exhibi ted at SJCC '66 by Potter Instrument,"
15/5 (May), 45
Process automation, "8th Symposium on Process
Automation," 15/2 (Feb.), 39

Process control computers, "G-E Expands GE/
PAC Line of Process Control Computers,"
15/9 (Sept.), 43
Process control market, "Increased Growth
Seen for Process Control Market ," 15/11
(Nov.), 49
PRODACR, "Third Generation PRODACR," 15/10
(Oct,), 47
Product analysis system, "Informatics Introduces New Product Analysis System," 15/10
(Oct.), 50
Professional society, "Programmers' Professional Society," from John M. Calgani and
from the Editor, 15/11 (Nov.), 13
" 'Pro file 0 f a S yst ems Man t t l , 15/2 (Feb,), 39
Program library, "IBM's Computer Program
Library," 15/1 (Jan.), 49
Program translation, "Automatic Computer Program Translation," 15/10 (Oct.), 50
"Programmed Instruction Materials for Computer Programming -- Survey, 1966," by Gloria
M. Silvern and Leonard C, Silvern, 15/3
(May), 20
Programming, "New System Speeds Programming
of Tape-Gontrolled Machine Tools," 15/9
(Sept.), 44
"Programming Considerations for a Computing
Utility Service," by Hans Jeans, 15/10
(Oct.), 22
Programming languages, "Research on Meaning
in Programming Languages," by Neil Macdonald,
15/11 (Nov.), 10
"Programming Languages -- When?", by Dick H.
Brandon, 15/7 (July), 11
"Programming, Software, and Future Development s," by Edmund C. Berkeley, 15/2 (Feb.),
7
Programming system, "SDS Will Sell COBOL Programming System for Sigma Computers ," 15/12
(Dec.), 60
"Programmers' Professional Society," from
John M. Calgani and from the Editor, 15/11
(NolT.), 13
Progress, "New Partners in Progress: Communications and Computers," by Russell W, McFall, 15/10 (Oct.), 30
"The Project Workbook for Software Documentation," by Dave De Pinto, 15/2 (Feb.), 42
Propellers, "Outboard Propellers Controlled
by Computer in Drilling Operation," 15/9
(Sept.), 38
"P-120 Tape Perforator ," (in Annual Pictorial
Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 46
PS-6020, "Potter System, Model PS-6020," 15/8
(Aug,), 42
Pulse circuit, "Microsecond One-Shot Pulse
Circuit Offered," 15/9 (Sept.), 47
Punched card equipment, "Advanced Line of 80Column Punched Card Equipment from UNIVAC,"
15/8 (Aug.), 42
Punched tape reader, "EECO 3002 Punched Tape
Reader," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12
(Dec,), 43
"Punched Tape Readers by Chalco Engineering,"
15/3 (Mar,), 37
Purchase-leaseback deals, "Federal Government OK' s Use of Purchase-Leaseback Deals,"
15/5 (May), 47
"Push-Button Addresser (PBA)," (in Annual
Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 47
"Pushbutton Random Access System Stores
67,500 Microfilmed Pages," 15/8 (Aug.), 40
"Pyle-National Has Sold Subsidiary to Philco,"
15/3 (Mar.), 31
"Quarterly Report of Employees' Earnings
Read by Optical Scanning Device," 15/10
(Oct,), 42
"QUIKTRANDatacenter," 15/1 (Jan.), 45
Q.:

Raach, Fred R., "More Training Programs
Needed at All Levels to Avert Personnel
Short age," 15/9 (Sept.), 12
Racicot, Dr. E, A.: "Benchmark Problems
Some Comment s," 15/3 (Mar.), 10
"Redundancy," 15/10 (Oct.), 8
"R & 0 Costs in U.S. Expected to be $23 Billion in '66," 15/1 (Jan.), 52
"Rand Building Wired for 'Computer Power' ,"
15/9 tudent to Address
Computer Experts," 15/11 (Nov.), 48
"St udent s Learn Math From Computer 3000 Miles
Away," 15/4 (Apr.), 46
Stephens, James, "Ten-Year Service Award for
Ja'lles Stephens," 15/4 (Apr.), 52
Strang, Prof. Gerald, "The Computer in Musical
Composition," 15/8 (Aug.), 16
Stat ic card reader, "Sealectro Introduces
Static Card Reader ," 15/8 (Aug.), 43
"State-Supported Program to Train Computer
Personnel," 15/9 (Sept.), 42
Offering," 15/11 (Nov.), 49
Storage device, "IBM 2311 Storage Device,"
15/10 (Oct.), 48
"t!-Store ICM-47 llierrory System," (in Annual
Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 33
Strip printer, "Digital Strip Printer ," 15/3
(Mar.), 37
Stock regi strat ion st atement s, "Three Computer Firms File Stock Registration Statements," 15/5 (May), 47
Stony Brook, "Second Stony Brook Comput i ng
Conference," 15/5 (May), 46
"Some Educat ional Realities: A Report on the
Second International Conference on Educat ional Technology, New York, August 9-12,
1966, presented by the American Management
Association," by Rod E. Packer, 15/10 (Oct.),
9

Southeast As ia, "Computer Connect s Sout heast
As ia With Stock Exchanges," 15/12 (Dec.), 56
Space information, "Scientists Rec;lPture
'Lost' Space Information Using New Computer,"
15/10 (Oct,), 41
Spectra 70, "RCA Announces New Memory for Advanced Spectra 70," 15/1 (Jan.), 48
Sperry Rand, "IBM, Sperry Rand Announce Patent
Agreement," 15/1 (J an.), 52
Speakman, A. W., "Colloquium on Informat ion
Retrieval -- Third Annual National Colloquium," 15/5 (May), 8
"The Sport of Ki ngs and Computers," 15/12
(Dec.), 57
Springer-Verlag (Publisher,) "Computing:
Archives for Electronic Computing," 15/5
(May), 9
Sperry Rand, "UNIVAC in the Black: Sperry
Ra.,d Earnings up 45%," 15/7 (July), 55
"Sperry Rand Reports UNIVAC 'In the BlaCk',"
15/9 (Sept,), 49
S~lectras, "Primary Operating System, First
of Four for Spectras," 15/7 (July), 50
"Staff Builders' Data-Processing Division in
Nat ional Expans ion Move," 15/12 (Dec.), 60
"Standardized Benchmark Problems Measure
COlJlputer Performance," by John R. Hillegnss, 15/1 (Jan.), 16
"St ate of Michigan Automates Dr i ver Records,"
15/10 (Oct.), 41

U)~II'LJTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

"State-Wide Computer Network to be Established
by Savings and Loan Bank," 15/1 (Jan.), 44
Sterling, Theodor D., Joseph B. Landwehr,
Charles McLaughlin, and Seymour V. Pollack,
"The Role of the Blind in Data Processing,"
15/11 (Nov.),24
Stiefel, Rudy C" "Computers Large or Small'?
In Which Direction Will They Go?" 15/11
(Nov.), HI
Stock exchanges, "Computer Connects Southeast Asia with Stock EXChanges," 15/12
(Dec.), 56
Stock offering, "Mohawk Registers New Stock
Sterling, Theodor D. and Seymour V. PollaCk,
"Computers: No Longer a Big Bargain for
Uneducated Users," 15/7 (July), 26
Stop watch, "Computer Being Used as Super
Stop WatCh," 15/7 (July), 42
Stroke writers, "High-Speed Stroke Writers,
Model 401 Series," 15/7 (July), 53
"Subscription Fulfillment ," by Edmund C.
Berkeley, 15/11 (Nov.), 7
'Super Computers', "IBM System/360 'Super
Computers' ," 15/3 (Mar.), 33
"Super-Trol II Control System," 15/10 (Oct.),
50
"Suppression of Information in the Monthly
Computer Census," from J. F. Sand and from
the Editor, 15/11 (Nov.), 8
"Surgical Monitoring System," 15/1 (Jan.), 39
Sutscriber center, "ITT Data Services Downtown Subscr iber Center," 15/5 (May), 41
Switches, "Computer Coded Output Switches,"
(in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.)
51
"System 600 Dial-o-verter," 15/4 (Apr.), 48
"System/360 ALGOL Language Compiler ," 15/8
(Aug,), 40
System/360, "IBM Computer Simulators Speed
System/360 Service Training and Daliveries,"
15/9 (Sept.), 42
System/360 Model 20, "IBM establishes Center
to Aid System/360 Mode 1 20 Customer s,"
15/3 (Mar.), 32
Syst em/360, "T ime-Shar i ng Announced for Three
Models of System/360," 15/10 (Oct.), 50
"Systems Analysis Training," by Dick H.
Brandon, 15/9 (Sept.), 36
"Sy.,tems Analysis Training -- Comments,"
from James C. Komar and from Dick H.
Brandon, 15/11 (Nov.), 9
Systems man, "'Profile of a Systems Man '"
15/2 (Feb.), 39
Sylvania, "Reader's Digest and Sylvania Form
Joint Study Program," 15/5 (May), 40
"Sylvania 16-Bit Memory," 15/10 (Oct.), 48

Tally, "Data Communication Receiver Terminal from Tally," 15/8 (Aug.), 41
"Tally Corp, Reports Record 9-Month Revenues,
Earnings," 15/12 (Dec,), 63
"Tally System 311 for Data Transmission,"
15/4 (Apr.), 48
Tape: "Computer Tape Announced by 3M," 15/
10 (Oct.), 52
"IBM Offers a New Service for Tapes of All
Makers," 15/11 (l~OV.), 47
"MRX-III Computer Tape," 15/10 (Oct.), 52
Tape canister, "New-Design Tape Canister ,"
15/10 (Oct.), 52
Tape-controlled machine tools, "New System
Speeds Progranuning of Tape-{;ontrolled Machine Tools," 15/9 (Sept.), 44
Tape converter, "Sixteen Channel Paper Tape
to Il\agnetic Tape Converter," 15/4 (Apr.), 48
Tape formatt i ng system, "ADF 5 Tape Formatting System," 15/3 Ollar.), 36
Tape handler, "Perforated Tape Handler, Model
6011," 15/3 (Mar,), 37
Tape memory system, "Model TR26S. Magnet ic
Tape MeilXlry System," 15/10 (Oct.), 49
Tape reader, "Photologic 100 Series Tape
Reader," 15/11 (Nov.), 46
Tape reels, "Short Tape Reels Available from
Computro n ," 15/9 (Sept.), 46
Tape spooler, "REMEX Model Tape Spooler for
UNIVACR 1004 Processor," 15/3 (Mar.), 37
Tape system, "Honeywell 7600 Magnetic Tape
Syst em," 15/10 (Oct.), 51
Tape transport: "Digital Tape Transport for
2l-Track Recording," 15/11 (Nov.). 46
"Sol id-State TatJe Transport is Developed
for PDP Computers," 15/2 (Feb.), 36
"Teaching Mathematics Using a Time-Shared
Computer Syst em," by Jesse 0, Richardson,
15/3 (Mar.), 14

Technological revolution: "Workable Solutions to the Technological Revolution,"
by Edmund C. Berkeley, 15/1 (Jan.), 7
"Workable Solut ions to t he Techno logical
Revolut ion -- II," by Edmund C. Berkeley,
15/3 (Mar.), 6
"Telecommunicat ions and Supervisory Control
Programs," by Robert S. Dines, 15/5 (May),
22
Telecopier, "Xerox Magnafax Telecopier ," 15/7
(July), 52
"Telecredit-loo," 15/2 (Feb.), 35
Telefunken A. G., Germany, "Simulators, Inc.
Enters Marketing Agreement With Telefunken
A. G" Germany," 15/4 (Apr.), 45
"Telemetrics Model 8096 Photo-Electric Keyboard," 15/4 (Apr.), 49
Telephone, "IBM 1130 Now Has Access to Telephone," 15/10 (Oct.), 51
Telephone networks, "Shadow Telephone Networks for Time-Sharing Terminals," by Thomas
C. O'Sullivan, 15/10 (Oct.), 38
Telephone switching equipment, "Circuit Testing in Telephone Switching Equipment Aided
by COlfiputer," 15/2 (Feb.), 26
"Telephonic Voice Response System," 15/11
(Nov.),47
"Telequote Ticker ," (in Annual Pictorial
Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 46
Teletype conununication system, "SHIDLCOMT,
Teletype Communicat ion System," 15/8 (Aug.),
41
"lO-mc Flip-Flop," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 50
"Ten Year Service Award for James Stephens ,"
15/4 (Apr.), 52
Tensile test ing system, "Computer Tensile
Testing System," 15/9 (Sept,), 47
Terminal: "Dartex Data Terminal," 15/10
(Oct.), 51
"Magnetic Tape Terminal by Digitronics,"
15/9 (Sept.), 45
"So Ider-Lug Termi nals," (in Annual Pictor ial
Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 49
Terrell, James R., from the Editor, "Savings
Banks with Electronic Links From Bank Floor
to Central Computer -- Some History," 15/1
(Jan.), 10
Test jig, "New Test Jig from Computer Test
Corp, ," 15/4 (Apr.), 51
Textile, "Computer Masterminding Textile Dyeing Process," 15/11 (Nov.), 37
"Third Annual National Colloquium on Information Retrieval," by Dr. Morris Rubinoff,
15/3 (Mar.), 10
"Th:rd Generation PRODAC R," 15/10 (Oct.), 47
"The Thirst for Computer Knowledge," by Edmund
C, Berke ley, 15/7 (July), 7
"'The Thirst for Computer Knowledge' -- Comments," from H. C, Price, and the Editor,
15/12 (Dec.), 12
"Thirteen-Year Old Student to Address Computer Experts," 15/11 (Nov.), 48
Thompson, Van B., "'Mult iprocessi ng. Parallel
Execution, ' Etc. and the Standard Vocabulary," 15/10 (Oct.), 8
"Three Computer Firms File Stock Regi strat ion
Statements," 15/5 (May), 47
"3C Sales Ri se, Profit s Drop", 15/2 (Feb.), 39
"353-5 CRAM (Card Random Access Memory) Unit ,"
(in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.),
33
3M, "Computer Tape Announced by 3M," 15/10
(Oct.), 52
"3M Company Course," 15/12 (Dec.), 62
"Three New AUTOFLOW Computer Document at ion
Systems," 15/11 (Nov.), 45
Throop, Thomas A., "Learning and Artificial
Intelligence Accomplished by Computer
Programs," 15/11 (Nov.), 28
Throughput: "Change in the United Kingdom,"
by Dick H. Brandon, 15/2 (Feb.), 41
"Programming Languages -- When?" by Dick
H. Brandon, 15/7 (July), 11
"Reliable Industry Sources, Inc.," by
Dick H. Brandon, 15/8 (Aug.), 30
"Systems Analysis Training," by Dick H.
Brandon, 15/9 (Sept.), 36
"The Tower of Babel Revisited," by Dick
H. Brandon, 15/4 (Apr.), 30
Thruput evaluation, "Computer Analysis and
Thruput Evaluat ion," by R. A. Arbuckle,
15/1 (Jan.), 12
"Time/Data Corporation," 15/10 (Oct.), 46
Time-shared computer, "A Chance to Use a
Time-Shared Computer ," 15/10 (Oct.), 55

Time-shared computer system, "Teaching
Mathematics Using a Time-Shared Computer
System," by Jesse O. Richardson, 15/3
(Mar.), 14
Time sharing, "Drum Memory System for Time
Sharing," 15/10 (Oct.), 48
"T ime-Shar i ng Announced for Three Mode Is of
System/360," 15/10 (Oct.), 50
Time-sharing computer, "Messages Relayed to
and From Time-Sharing Computer by Satellite,"
15/4 (Apr.), 43
"'Time Sharing' System for Electronic Calculators," 15/11 (Nov.), 43
"T ime-Shar ing System Scorecard," by Lewi s C.
Clapp and T. James Glauthier, 15/10 (Oct.),
58
Time-sharing systems, "Two New Time-Sharing
systems Offered by Control Dat a," 15/1
(Jan.). 46
Time-sharing terminals, "Shadow Telephone
Networks for Time-Sharing Terminals," by
Thomas C. O'Sullivan, 15/10 (Oct,), 38
"Time Sharing: The Next Step," by Hal B,
Becker, 15/10 (Oct,), 18
"Tiny Circuits Make Decisions in Five Billionths of Second," 15/7 (July), 54
Titus, James, "Capital Report," --SEE:
"Capital Report"
Toko, Inc., "General Precision Expands License Agreement with Toko, Inc, ," 15/3
(Mar,), 31
"Toko's High-Speed Plated-Wire Memory," 15/3
(Mar.), 34
"Towards Greater Generality of Software:
Executives Systems in the Sixties," by
Herbert S, .Br ight, 15/2 (Feb.), 44
"The Tower of Babel Revisited," by Dick H.
Brandon. 15/4 (Apr.), 30
Traffic summonses, "New York Traffic Summonses
to be Checked by Computer," 15/9 (Sept,). 39
Traffic system, "Computer-Controlled Traffic
System," 15/1 (J an,), 40
Training: "Systems Analysis Training," by
Dick H. Brandon, 15/9 (Sept.), 36
"Systems Analysis Training -- Comments,"
from James C. Komar and from Dick H,
Brandon, 15/11 (Nov,), 9
"Training for Blind Computer Scientists," from
George Hodi, 15/5 (May), 52
"Trai ni ng Per sons for Market i ng Data Process ing Equipment and Services," by Paul F.
Smith, 15/9 (Sept,), 32
"Training Program for Skilled Work -- Not
Labor," 15/5 (May), 42
Training programs, "More Training Programs
Needed at All Levels to Avert Personnel
Short age," by Fred R, Raach, 15/9 (Sept.),
12
Transistors, "RCA Announces Two New 'Overlay'
Transistors ," 15/7 (July), 54
Translation, "Automatic Computer Program
Translation," 15/10 (Oct.), 50
Transmission system, "NCR Bank Transmission
System," 15/9 (Sept.), 43
Transport, "Ampex Model ATM-13 ComputerCompat ible Transport," 15/1 (J an,), 51
"Trave ler s' Inst aIls Largest Real-Time System in Insurance Field," 15/8 (Aug.), 31
Trucking industry, "$4 Million Computer Network Aids Trucking Industry," 15/2 (Feb.),
25
"Tri-Continental Forms New Data Processing
Unit ," 15/12 (Dec.), 60
Trident. "Hawker Siddeley Trident Completes
Over 1000 Automatic TOUChdowns," 15/3
(Mar.), 38
TRW Systems, "The Interaction of Hardware,
Soft ware, and Fut ure Deve lopment s at TRW
Systems," 15/2 (Feb.), 14
"12 Billion EDP Market Forecasted," 15/11
(Nov.), 49
"2B System Permits Plastic Card Addressing by
Computer-Printer," 15/3 (Mar.), 37
"Two-in-One Laboratory Commput i ng System
Offered by Digital," 15/3 (Mar.), 34
"Two-Microsecond Integrated Circuit Memory
System," 15/2 (Feb.), 35
"Two New Memor ies from Lockheed ElectroniCS,"
15/5 (May), 43
"Two New Time-Sharing Systems Offered by Control Data," 15/1 (Jan.), 46
"Type 680 Dat a Communicat ion System," 15/2
(Feb.), 35
Typesetter, "'Metal-Less' Typesetter Links
Computer and Video Capabilities ," 15/9
(Sept.), 46

.j()

Typesetting system: "Computer Keyboard Typesetting System," On Annual Pictorial Ren port), 15/12 (Dec.), 22
DI/AN Controls Announces New Computer Typesetting System," 15/4 (Apr.), 47

!I.:

U.K. Computer group, "Honeywell Forms U.K.
Computer Group as Arm of U.S. Division,"
15/11 (Nov.), 41
"The 'Ultimate' Computer ," 15/12 (Dec,), 52
"Uncle Sam Now Has $1.5 Billion in Computers,"
15/10 (Oct.), 14
Uneducated Users, "Computers: No Longer a
Big Bargain for Uneducated Users," by SeylOOur V. Pollack and Theodore D. Sterling,
15/7 (July), 26
Unemployed, "Computer to Speed Aid for New
Jersey's Unemployed," 15/11 (Nov.), 37
Uni ted Kingdom: "Change in the Uni ted Kingdom," by Dick H. Brandon, 15/2 (Feb.),
41
"IBM Plans New Plant in United Kingdom,"
15/11 (Nov.), 42
"UNIVAC DCT-2000 Data Communications Terminal,"
(in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.),
31
"UNIVAC in the Black; Sperry Rand Earnings
up 45~," 15/7 (July), 55
"UNIVAdE) 1108 II Multi-Processor System,"
15/1 (Jan.), 46
"UNIVAC 1551 Alphanumeric Cathode Ray Tube
Display," (in Annual Pictorial Report),
15/12 (Dec.), 45
"UNIVAC 9000 Series," (in Annual Pictorial
Rep~t), 15/12 (Dec.), 23
UNIVAcu.' 1004, "REMEX Model Tape Spooler for
UNIVAdID 1004 Processor," 15/3 (Mar.), 37
UNIVAC: "Advanced Line of 80-Column Punched
Card Equipment from UNIVAC," 15/8 (Aug.),
42
"Compatible Data Line Terminal Announced
by UNIVAC," 15/9 (Sept.), 43
"IBM Had Over 73% of $8.2 Billion U.S.
Computer Market at End of 1965; UNIVAC,
Control Data Hold Place, Show POSitions,"
15/11 (Nov.), 16
"New 9000 Computer Series Announced by
UNIVAC," 15/8 (Aug.), 39
"Sperry Rand Reports UNIVAC 'In the Black',"
15/9 (Sept.), 49
University Computing, "Recognition Equipment,
University Computing File for Public Offerings," 15/9 (Sept.), 49
"University Computing Co. Forms New Subsidiary
-- Computer Leasing Company," 15/7 (July),
46
"Upgrading and Retraining Center for Seamen,"
15/9 (Sept.), 42
U.S. division, "Honeywell Forms U.K. Computer
Group as Arm of U.S. Division," 15/11 (Nov.),
41
USC project, "Braille by Computer in USC
Project," 15/5 (/,lay), 36
"The Use of Computers as Industrial Counselors," by Magoroh Maruyama, 15/7 (July), 34
"The Use of Computers in Conveyor Belt Des ign,"
by L. S. Kraft, 15/5 (May), 26
"Us ing a Computer to Des ign a Computer," by
Kathe Jacoby and Armand R. Laliberte, 15/4
(Apr.), 36
Utility service, "Prouramming Considerations
for a Computing Utility Service," by Hans
Jeans, 15/10 (Oct.), 22

Volume 14, 1965, "Annual Index for Volume
14, 1965 of Computers and Automation,"
15/1 (Jan.), 25
Waltek Limited, "Control Data Acquires
Waltek Limited," 15/1 (Jan.), 44
Wang Laboratories, "New Programmable Block
Tape Readers by Wang Laborator ies," 15/9
(Sept.),45
"Water Filtration Plant Controlled by Computer," 15/9 (Sept.), 38
"Western Geophys ical Opens London Facil i ty,"
15/11 (Nov.), 42
Western Union's computer center, "Law Research Service, Inc. Uses Western Union's
Computer Center," 15/8 (Aug.), 36
1'1 ire memory, "Woven Plated Wire Memory,"
(in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.),
38
Withholding taxes, "New Concept for Calculating State and Federal Withholding Taxes,"
15/3 (Mar.), 35
"Workable Solutions to the Technological
Revolution," by Edmund C. Berkeley, 15/1
(Jan.), 7
"Workable Solutions to the Technological
Revolution -- II," by Edmund C. Berkeley,
15/3 (Mar.), 6
"Workshop in Multiprogramming," by Joseph A.
O'Brien, 15/5 (May), 9
World Fair center piece, "British Computer
Designs World Fair Center Piece," 15/9
(Sept.), 38
"World Report -- Great Britain," by Ted
Schoeters: 15/10 (Oct.), 40; 15/11 (Nov.),
34; 15/12 (Dec.), 54
"Woven Plated Wire Memory," (in Annual Pictorial Report), 15/12 (Dec.), 38

1'1:

"Xerox Magnafax Telecopier," 15/7 (July),
52
"Xerox Offers New Collating Device," 15/9
(Sept.), 45
"Xerox Sets up New Divisions," 15/3 (Mar.), 31

Zimmerman, George A., "Small Computers
and Their Big Role," 15/11 (Nov.), 22
"Zip, Buzz, Whir, Clonk: Computers Botch
Up Some of Their Jobs," by Lee Berton,
15/8 (Au(l.), 28

"Vacancy" The International Computation
Centre (Rome), 15/12 (Dec.), 9
Vagabzade, Bakhtiyar, "Kibernetika," 15/12
(Dec.), 9
"The Validity of Basing Computer Selections
on Benchmark Results," by Edward O. Joslin
and John J. Aiken, 15/1 (Jan.), 22
VewSTORE, "New Large Capacity VersaSTORE
Memory Systems for Computer Mainframes,"
15/11 (Nov.), 45
Video, "'Metal-Less' Typesetter Links Computer and Video Capabilities," 15/9 (Sept.),
46
~'Videocomp," (in Annual Pictorial Report),
15/12 (Dec.), 42
Vocabulary, "'Multiprocessing, Parallel Execution' , Etc. and the Standard Vocabulary," by Van B. Thompson, 15/10 (Oct.),
8
Voice/Data system, "Automatic Alternate
Voice/Data System," 15/7 (July), 51
Voice response system, "Telephonic Voice
Response System," 15/11 (Nov.), 47

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1'.)(,7

n er In In
o
u er
II
Now you get a high-speed tape or card system with a plated-wire memory.

The Univae9300 is the second unit in a series
of interlinking computers.
(You know: you start with anyone, and simply
build on it as your computer needs grow.)
The Univac 9300 brings you from punched
cards to magnetic tape data processing in one small
the first high-speed tape system the small computer

inexpensive step. It's
user can afford.
It can read, write, and compute at the same time.
It can run one or two peripheral tape programs and the main
program at the same time.
It gives you reliability, efficiency, and a time saving of UR to 50%.
And far faster management control. Plus the opportunity to grow
smoothly, without disturbing your business in the process.
The Univac 9300 is powerful. Operations can start with three
tape drives, and can be expanded to sixteen. Its effective read or write
tape speed is 34,160 characters per second. This can be doubled by
adding another control unit.
But the Univac 9300 does more. It brings you complete Univac software
support: Tape assembler. Sortl merge. Report Program Generator.
FORTRAN. COBOL. Control Stream Operations for unscheduled batch
processing. Et cetera.
How can it do so much? Part of the answer is a remarkable wire memory
that only Univac has-and that you'll find only within the Univac 9000 family.
The Univac 9300 is just a small step away
from the next higher model in the series.
So that when you're ready to grow, your
computer capability will be, too.
Need more information, call us.
Please.

UNIVAC
DIVISION OF SPERRY RAND CORPORATION

Designate No. 16 on Readers Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

THE ART OF LEASING COMPUTERS
George H. H eilborn, President
Information Processing Systems, Inc.
200 West 57 St.
New York, N. Y. 10019

"Corporations with large or multiple computer systems should seriously
consider the various forms of computer leasing as a method of decreasing their costs for electronic data processing."

One of the more curious tribal customs in the computer
field has been the habit of renting equipment from the
manufacturer. Capital equipment - machine tools, aircraft,
ships - is usually purchased outright. In very few cases docs
industry rent equipment from the manufacturer at a level
monthly payment which includes maintenance. In other fields,
when equipment is leased from the manufacturer, it is as a
rule merely a case of the manufacturer obtaining the bank
financing and holding title. The leasing is done merely as a
convenience to the customer. The manufacturer's leasing subsidiary has a separate set of books, and is expected to make a
profit, or at least break even, on the financing alone, while
the manufacturer himself treats delivery of such a leased
piece of equipment as a sale. In some cases, equipment may
be leased from a leasing company, bank, or other financing
source, rather than from a captive leasing company of the
manufacturer.
The purpose of this article is to examine in detail some of
the methods of obtaining capital equipment, with particular
reference to electronic data processing systems, through leasing, that is, by means other than rental from the manufacturer, or outright purchase.

Definitions
To minimize confusion, let us differentiate between "rental"
and "leasing." In this article, we will define "rental" of
equipment as rental from the manufacturer at a fixed monthly
rate basically independent of the time over which the rental
occurs, and during which the user can cancel the rental contract on relatively short notice. The equipment would then
be returned to the manufacturer without obligation and without the renter having achieved any ownership rights in the
equipment. Rental also includes maintenance, personal property taxes, and insurance.
A "lease" will be a contract under which the user pays
someone other than the manufacturer a monthly sum, where

Author's note: This article discusses various facets of computer
leasing. In doing so, it is necessary to go briefly into such areas
as depreciation, investment credits, contractual status of leases,
etc. The discussion here is one of principles, not details; no
claim is made that these highly complex subjects are treated
exhaustively. Qualified legal counsel and/or accountants should
be consulted on the problems of specified leases.

the lessor has purchased the equipment outright from the
manufacturer or previous user, and where at the end of the
lease the equipment belongs either to the lessor or the lessee,
but not to the manufacturer. These definitions are not perfect, but they clearly distinguish between what are ordinarily
called "rental" and "leasing" by the computer and financial
fraternities, respectively. As we shall see later, certain forms
of leasing begin to shade into virtually rental contracts.

Background
Historically, of course, rental of computer equipment has
come about through IBM's insistence, for many years, on only
renting equipment to users. The consent decree of 1956
required IBM to change this policy, but as much of this
equipment, particularly punched card equipment, once installed on rental, tends to remain installed, rental, which IBM
has continued to stress, has been a highly profitable area for
them. Computer users tended to continue to rent equipment
for several reasons;
( 1) out of sheer habit,
(2) because, in the "computer revolution," they did not, for
the most part, know how successful their computer operations would turn out, and wanted to remain flexible in
changing to different or newer equipment,
(3) the peripheral nature of data processing to most companies.
Point (3) should perhaps be explained further. Consider
the shipping or metal-working industry. In a real sense, such
an industry revolves around its particular capital equipment.
With the exception of service bureaus, which are almost all
small firms, this is not true in the EDP field. Thus, a metalworking firm would be inclined to place its capital primarily
into machine tools, and a shipping line, into ships. But EDP
systems, while useful and often necessary, are not central to
the operation of most businesses in this sense, and thus tend
to get less emphasis from the point of view of capital investment. This is particularly true of small firms, where the
problem of capital allocation is most critical. Here one finds
the far majority of EDP systems rented. Large firms, on the
other hand, are much more likely to have purchased or leased
their computer equipment.
In view of the fact that the technology is changing more
slowly than previously, and there is a "new generation" of
computer equipment coming onto the market, it is of interest
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

to investigate alternatives to the traditional rental to see if
there may be advantages to purchase or lease of equipment.

Technical Considerations
From a technical point of view, one of the main advantages
to rental has been the ease of upgrading equipment or changing systems. One piece of equipment is moved out, another
is moved in, and the only thing that changes (in theory) is
the rental bill, usually upward, and the through-put, hope,fully also upward. When relatively small changes are made,
often this is an important advantage. Small changes might
be addition of core storage or replacement of low speed tape
units by faster ones. As changes become more complex, however, the advantages become more illusory. Reprogramming
becomes necessary. A change from tape to disc may mean
completely new systems analyses as well. Operator techniques
change, and retraining is necessary. Much of this occurs
even if moving to a "program-compatible" system, if one
wishes to utilize the extra capacity and capability of the
newer equipment. Thus, once a system is installed, the programs written, the system analysis done, and the operators
trained, it tends to stay installed in relatively the same configuration. Major changes are not made unless absolutely
necessary.
If equipment is purchased, however, no changes are made
lightly, as they will involve either selling or trading-in the
old equipment, and buying new components. Trade-in values
tend to be low, and are generally well below book value
during the early years (2-3 years) after purchase. Until the
last two or three years, no secondary (used equipment) market existed for EDP equipment, and hence there was e~c
tively no open market price which would allow a realistic
estimate to be made of net cost in changing equipment. (In
the used car market, even the average man, with the aid of
the classified ads, can make a reasonably close guess as to what
he will be allowed on his four-year-old Model X on a new
Model Y, because there is a stable market). As leasing is,
from this point of view, the same as purchasing, since the
manufacturer no longer owns the equipment, this objection
on changing systems also applies to the leasing field. There
are now various types of leases, with different advantages and
disadvantages, which attempt to take account of this problem,
as we shall see below.

Leasing-Financial Considerations
There are several types of leases used in the leasing of
capital equipment. Before going into them in detail, however,
we should investigate several areas which have a direct bearing on the merits of each type in a particular situation. These
are depreciation of equipment, the investment credit for purchase of new or used capital equipment, and the residual
values of equipment at the end of the lease term.

Depreciation
In the purchase of capital equipment, a company is allowed
to write off the cost of the equipment against income over a
more-or-less specified number of years. This "depreciation
allowance" is theoretically to recoup the cost of equipment
used up in productive work during its lifetime.
Depreciation guidelines are set by the Internal Revenue
Service for certain classes of equipment, although the guidelines can be modified for particular cases if it is shown the
equipment wears out more rapidly than the guidelines indicate, or that replacement on a more frequent schedule is
actually made.
It is important to note that depreciation is allowed only to
the owner of equipment, not to the lessee. Thus, depreciation
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

for equipment rented from the manufacturer is taken by the
computer manufacturer. Depreciation on leased equipment is
taken by the lessor.
Purchased equipment must be depreciated by the purchaser,
in other words, according to the guidelines, while lease payments are considered a business expense, and can be directly
written off against income.
Depending on company policy, use of the machine, anticipated replacement schedule, and other factors, industrial
corporations which purchase computer equipment generally
depreciate it over periods of four to ten years. (The IRS
guideline for office equipment is ten years.) Computer manufacturers usually use shorter periods, often as little as four
years, probably justified because of the risks necessarily taken
in renting equipment on a month-to-month basis to their customers, where the equipment may be removed at any time.

Depreciation Policies
Depreciation policies varyin type as well as in length. For
example, over a given period, capital equipment can be depreciated on a straight-line, sum of the years-digits, declining
balance, and other bases. A straight-line basis, as the name
implies, means that the same amount is written off every
year; on a five-year schedule, 20% of the cost is charged to
income each year. A double-declining balance method, over
a five-year period, means writing off 40% the first year, 24%
the second, 14.4% the third, and so on. A "fast write-off"
usually means that equipment cost is more heavily charged
off to income in the early years of use, as in the doubledeclining balance method.
The undepreciated (remaining) cost of the equipment at
any time is its "book value" at that time. Therefore, even
two companies writing off the same equipment over the same
number of years may, at any time before the end of the
depreciation period, have quite different book values for
their equipment.
It should be stated generally that to many managers, there
is a certain mystique about "book value," which they feel
must be obtained at all costs if equipment is sold before
being completely depreciated. The author has seen a number
of companies take severe and unnecessary losses by insisting
on selling equipment only at or above "book value," only to
find this impossible, while the equipment sat gradually becoming completely worthless. Very few managers realize how
arbitrary (but consistent by standards of company policy)
such "book value" is, depending as it does on the depreciation period chosen, the way investment" credit is handled,
the salvage value assumed, and the type of depreciation
chosen. For example, suppose two companies each buy a
computer system for $1,000,000. One company depreciates
it over five years by a double-declining balance method;
the other, over ten years by a straight-line method. Both
assume negligible salvage value. (All other effects, being relatively minor, are ignored.) At the end of the fourth year, the
first company's system will have a book value of $129,600;
the second company's, a book value of $600,000. In this
admittedly extreme example, the open market value of both
systems would clearly be the same (but not necessarily either
of these values); so book value obviously does not reflect the
"real value" of equipment.

Discounted Price
It is also important to distinguish between "depreciation"
and "discounted price." Until recently, IBM, particularly,
has had a price schedule whereby the equipment could be
purchased by a renter of the equipment at the original cost
minus 5 % or 10% per year of age, down to a certain minimum. This is a discounted price, and has no relationship to

the status of depreciation of the equipment. Much if not all
the equipment sold at these higher prices has undoubtedly
been depreciated on IBM's books (as the owner) to zero or
to a much lower value than the discounted price. As pointed
out before, there is no relationship between book value and
open market price, and the discounted price is nothing more
than an artificially stabilized "market price."
For used property, some of the faster write-off methods of
depreciating capital equipment cannot be used. This is not
serious, however, as there seems to be more disagreement
among companies as to the length of time over which equipment is written off than on the method to be used (almost
always a straight-line write-off).

usually is responsible for insurance, maintenance, and other
such costs. At the end of the lease term, the equipment will
have been paid for, in essence, by the lessee. He may at that
time renew the lease, usually at a purely nominal charge, or
then or later, abandon the equipment to the lessor. The lessor
then obtains the residual values (if any) by selling or re-Ieasing the used equipment to another company. The lessor often
counts on a certain residual value to make up the total profit
expected from the lease.
The leasing service charge usually depends to some extent
on the cost of the lessor's money, and the credit rating of the
lessee.

Financial Leases
Investment Credit
A purchaser of new capital equipment having a useful life
of at least four years (i.e., depreciated over four years or
longer) has an investment credit which can be directly subtracted from his tax liability (not from pre-tax income, but
from the federal tax liability itself). This credit is 2-1/3% of
its purchase price for equipment with a life of 4 or 5 years,
4%% for equipment with a life of 6 or 7 years, and 7%
for a useful life of 8 years or longer. The investment credit
may offset up to approximately one-fourth of the tax liability
for a corporation with tax liability much greater than $25,000;
for smaller companies, the situation is somewhat more
favorable.
On new equipment, a lessor can elect to pass through the
investment credit to the lessee, or retain it himself. Companies whose expenses are largely made up of depreciation
charges for capital equipment (e.g., airlines, whose biggest
expense is the depreciation charge for jet airliners), sometimes lease equipment because the lessor can then take the
investment credit for amounts exceeding the legal amount
that the user himself can take (approximately one-quarter of
his tax liability). In such cases, the tax savings now taken by
the lessor are reflected in the lower lease cost to the lessee.
Generally, of course, the situation works the other way around
- the lessee is interested in obtaining the investment credit
for his own use.
Used equipment is eligible for the investment credit only
up to the value of $50,000. Also, for used equipment, the
lessor cannot pass on the credit to the lessee.

Residual Value
The residual value of equipment is the value at the end of
the lease or depreciation period. Generally, on a net or financial lease (see below), the lessor will depreciate the equipment over the term of the lease, on the basis that there is no
way to tell in advance whether or not there will be a market
for the equipment at the end of the lease term, particularly
because the equipment has been ordered to the specifications
of a specific user. Residual values may be obtained either by
outright sale of the used equipment or by re-Ieasing it to
another firm.
With these various considerations in mind, we will examine
the different types of leases.

Net Leases
First, let us look at net leases, which might be considered
the "classical" type of lease. In a net lease, the leasing company (lessor) buys a computer according to the specifications
of the lessee. The lessee signs a contract for lease of the
equipment lor a given number of years. During the term of
the lease, the iessee will pay the lessor for the cost of the
equipment, plus a service charge which covers the lessor's cost
of money, administrative costs, and a small profit. The lessee

A financial lease is again a lease whereby the lessor buys
equipment to the specification of the lessee, and the lessee
signs a contract guaranteeing payment for the entire cost of
the equipment over the term of the lease, plus interest and
service charges. In the financial lease, however, the lessee
in effect retains the residual values of the equipment. At the
end of the lease, the lessee can either, as in the net lease,
continue to lease the equipment at a nominal charge, or have
the lessor sell the equipment for the lessee's account. (He
may also abandon the equipment to the lessor, in cases where
the equipment has little or no residual value.) Obviously,
the concept of retaining residual values can also be extended
to equipment sold before the end of the original lease term,
where upgrading or replacement may be desirable. For example, a financial lease may be written for five years, and at
the end of the third year, the lessee decides to install faster
tape units. The old tapes can be sold on the open market,
new ones purchased, the amount obtained for the old ones
credited to the cost of the new ones by the leasing company,
and the remainder of the increased cost is added to the lease.
Of course, if the equipment is sold during the lease term and
fetches less on the market than the undepreciated (unpaid
for) value on the books of the lessor, the lessee is also responsible for making up the difference between the two.
What we have called a net lease, above, is sometimes called
a financial lease by some banks and leasing companies, who
often do not differentiate between the two types. One should
therefore be careful to define the type being discussed.
In a financial lease, the lessor is thus a service organization,
obtaining financing, holding title to the equipment, advising
on sales and purchases, and possibly acting as sales agent for
the lessee in selling older EDP equipment. His profit comes
not from taking the residual values, but from service charges
on the lease and possibly on the sale of equipment. Since the
residual values of newer computer systems now being placed
under lease can be expected to be appreciable, the lessee can
anticipate a reasonable return on his used equipment when it
is finally replaced.
Residual values given to the lessee, and losses on the sale
of equipment replaced during the lease, if applicable, are
usually passed on in the form of rental adjustments.
Because of the relatively small unit profit on financial
leases, they are usually written only for larger amounts than
net or non-payout leases.
The financial lease has not been generally used in the computer field, probably because of the lack of a used equipment
market until quite recently. It has been extensively used in
such fields as auto fleet and truck leasing by major corporations.
In a financial lease, the investment credit is passed on to
the lessee in some form, while in a net lease this mayor may
not be the case. In any event, in net leases, the lessor is concerned mostly with the lease rate he must charge overall, and
the investment credit is part of the "package" and not negotiated separately.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

"Short-Term" and "Non-Payout" Leases
In "short-term" or "non-payout" leases, the lessor mayor
may not buy the equipment to the specifications of the lessee.
In some cases (and this is occasionally true of net leases or
financial leases as well), the equipment to be leased is presently rented by the lessee from the manufacturer. The lessee
then buys the equipment from the manufacturer, generally at
a discounted price, and simultaneously resells it to the lessor.
The lessor then leases the equipment back to the lessee at a
lower price than he was previously paying.
A non-payout lease differs from a net or financial lease in
a number of ways, as we shall point out later. The most
important difference, however, is that the lessee signs a contract agreeing to lease the machine for a period less than that
required to payout the entire cost of the equipment purchased
by the lessor. Thus, the lessor must be able to re-lease or sell
the equipment at the end of the original lease term for
enough to recover the remainder of the equipment cost, plus
interest, expenses, and a profit.
In common usage, the term "non-payout" refers to leases
which are long enough to recover most, but not all, of the
lessor's equipment cost. A "short-term" lease is a non-payout
lease in which only a small portion of the lessor's cost is
covered by a signed lease; in some cases, the contract may be
cancellable on 30 days' notice. Leases this short, however,
are generally restricted to popular types of punched card
equipment and a few computers.
Non-payout leases involve the lessor taking over completely
the rights and responsibilities of ownership. The lessor takes
the investment credit, depreciation, and residual values.
Usually, whether the equipment is bought new, for a particular customer, or used, on a lease-back, the equipment is
depreciated over a period long enough (eight years or more)
to allow the lessor to obtain the full investment credit. Also
included in these lease charges are main'tenance, personal
property taxes, insurance, etc. Thus, these factors, together
with short-term can~ellation clauses, give certain leases characteristics which make them almost indistinguishable from
rental to a user. However, advisory services, instruction, and
programming assistance of the type expected from manufacturers is not currently available from any leasing company.
Non-payout leases are not, on the other hand, without risk
for lessor and lessee. Many of the publicly-owned companies
now engaged in leasing EAM (electric accounting machine)
and EDP equipment (generally through lease-backs of installed equipment) depreciate the machines over ten years
on a straight-line basis. By the very nature of lease-backs,
much of this equipment is already several years old when this
depreciation period starts. It is therefore a point of dispute
whether or not a few of these companies may not be in
serious difficulty if any appreciable amount of this equipment
can no longer be leased for sufficient income to cover depreciation and other costs before the ten-year period is up. The
longer the depreciation period, of course, the better earnings
look in the short run.
Some corporations, on the other hand, have made leaseback arrangements on the theory that they would obtain a
good price for the equipment while it still had appreciable
value, meanwhile shifting the risk of decreases in market price
to the buyer. Unfortunately, this procedure became expensive
when IBM announced major delivery delays on its new 360
series, and the lessees found themselves committed for several
months additional rental to the new owners.

Leases of Computers used on Government Contracts
An apparent anomaly occurs because of the government's
stipulation that interest is not an expense allowable under
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

government contracts. Thus, an aerospace company might
find itself forced to lease equipment on a non-payout basis,
where the leasing company charges a flat monthly fee and
does not break out interest costs, rather than under a net or
financial lease where interest charges are stated or computable, even though the former method might be more expensive to the government over the long run.

IBM 360 Delivery Delays
As of this writing, IBM has slipped delivery dates for some
of its 360 systems as much as six months. Clearly, this is
proving to be a wind-fall for leasing companies, whose systems remain installed in the interim. By the same token,
these delivery delays are keeping. up the prices of older systems, at the same time decreasing the amount of used computer equipment coming onto the market in the short term.
There seem to be indications of sales picked up by IBM's
competitors as a result of the delays, but it remains to be seen
if this failure of IBM's can be turned to good account by
other manufacturers, or whether IBM's sales organization
will allow them to recoup the losses of customers.

Effect of October 1, 1965 Announcement
On Oct. 1, 1965, IBM announced that henceforth there
would be no further decrease in the discounted prices at
which rented equipment could be bought by the current
renter. Thus, except for a credit of rental to purchase price
available for rentals paid during the first year of use, amounting perhaps to 10%-12% of the purchase price, used IBM
equipment would now cost just as much as new equipment.
Probably the major factor in IBM's making this move was
the heavy increase in business on EAM equipment being done
by lease-back companies, and the prospect that this would
spread, as it had slowly started to do, into the computer
field. Such lease-backs not only cut into IBM's profits from
rentals of equipment heavily or completely depreciated on
its books, but also cut IBM salesmen's access to customers
in whose offices IBM equipment was installed. It is perhaps
far-fetched, but not impossible, that IBM also began to realize
that incipient delivery delays on 360 would not only increase
the sales activities of lease-back companies, but that, as the
discounted prices continued to drop, corporations themselves
might start buying older computer equipment if few or no
new 360's were forthcoming.
What about the monopoly and anti-trust aspects of this
action? The consensus appeared to be that what IBM had
done was making pricing changes, and indeed raised certain
prices rather than lowered them. This served to inhibit future
growth of the leasing companies, but did not immediately
hurt them; the effect on other computer manufacturers was
negligible. Thus, while there was much talk about complaining to the Justice Dept., it was clear that legally there was
not even remotely a possible violation of anti-trust laws.
At worst, then, this move might be taken in conjunction
with other possible future moves, if they occurred, in showing
that IBM had acted "unfairly," but in itself was not grounds
for any criminal or civil action by the Justice Dept. or
competitors.
Another interesting result of IBM's Oct. 1st, 1965 announcement is that it is now theoretically possible for a company to
pay more for used equipment than for identical new equipment. This is because of the $50,000 limitation on value of
used equipment eligible for the 7% investment credit, plus
whatever value might be assigned by the purchaser to the use
of money denied him by his ineligibility to use faster depreciation methods on used equipment.

CREDIT CARDS - Reistad
Contractual Status of a Lease
Leases generally are not shown on balance sheets as liabilities. In this sense, they are different from debt (such as a
bank loan to pay for a computer), which is a direct obligation of the corporation for the full amount of the debt. Thus,
they may be considered "junior" to debt obligations. In case
of default, the lessor can, of course, take back his equip'ment
(according to terms of the lease), but would probably have
to show actual damages in order to collect the rest of the lease
moneys due. The credit rating of the lessee is therefore an
important factor in the type and cost of lease which will be'
offered him by a potential lessor in net or financial leases.

Summary
Leasing, then, is a technique whereby computer equipment
can be obtained other than by rental from the manufacturer,
or outright purchase. Advantages to the lessee vary, of course,
with the lessee's situation and the type and size of lease considered. One or more of the following advantages may accrue
to the lessee:
( 1) Financing for capital equipment is obtained without adding to the company's debt;
(2) Leased capital equipment may often be paid for in less
time than would be indicated if depreciated according
to IRS guidelines;
(3) In financial leases, the lessee effectively obtains the residual values;
( 4) In either net or financial leases, the cost of the lease is
basically limited to the equipment cost, plus interest
charges, etc. Unlike rental, the monthly rate does not
remain the same forever. The economic advantages of
such a lease usually increase directly with the length of
time the user expects to utilize the system;
(5) Management sometimes feels less "locked-in" to the existing system when leased than when purchased, and is
more willing to consider modernization during, or at the
end of, the lease term;
(6) In short-term leasing, the equipment can be cancelled on
short notice. This is sometimes a good way to obtain
interim capacity while awaiting new equipment, although,
like rental, may be expensive if continued over a long
period of time.
(7) Through short-term leasing, it may be possible for small
companies to obtain usable, if not new, EAM or EDP
equipment for lower rates than they would have to pay
computer manufacturers. Larger corporations may benefit
by reducing their rental costs for similar equipment.
(8) Leases can usually be worked out which avoid the payment of extra-shift charges common to the EDP equipment rentals.
The main disadvantages of leasing, like purchase, is that it
does not have the flexibility of rental in equipment changes.
The seriousness of this depends on whether any chaqge in
equipment configuration is contemplated, and the ease with
which older equipment can be sold on the open market. With
the development of the latter, and brokers capable of evaluating and selling this equipment, it can be expected that the
preponderant advantage of flexibility through rental will
diminish.
At any rate, corporations with large and/or multiple computer systems should seriously consider the various forms of
computer leasing as a method of decreasing their EDP costs.
Such possibilities should be discussed in detail with a firm
knowledgeable in the areas of EDP systems leasing and
marketing.

(Continued from page 27)
'Vhat other capabilities do we have? We have an existing
network of bank interrelationships - holding companies,
branches, correspondent relationships, etc., that could form
the base for a data transmission system that would permit all
banks to communicate electronically with each other in seconds. Think of the potential of a fund transfer system and
a national clearinghouse for corporate accounts built on this
type of instant communication system.
The advent of third-generation computers and the need for
even the smallest bank to have computer capabilities has
caused some banks to form computer satellites designed to
serve wide areas in the form of a computer utility company.
T.his may be the answer for over 10,000 banks that are still
not automated - but must become automated in order to
survive in the future.

Computer Personnel
The more progressive banks realize that computers and
allied technologies are worthless if people arc not developed
to take advantage of them. These banks are developing new
operations capabilities - hiring staff, determining the management services needs, and digging in to try to solve some
of the myriad problems facing their bank today. With the
computer program there has also been an increased need for
market research - especially in those banks where new automated services have been developed, or where credit card
plans have been under consideration.
The results of the combined efforts of the ne\\" technicians
are finally receiving the treatment they deserve in bank management circles. With new bank buildings come new techniques of informing management of the changing world we
live in. A few banks are building their management information systems around their strategy, or chart, or "war" room.
They hold their senior management meetings in such a room;
there at the touch of a button, management can have graphic
displays of the 1J10st current information on the bank's status.
Some banks are already installing sub-systems of the checkless society. At the installation of the Bank of Delaware, the
telephone is used to charge department store purchases
directly to the customer's account at the bank. A very possible next step for them could be the housewife bill paying
system described earlier.
The banking industry needs its pioneers but not all pioneering is individualized nor aimed at the improvement. of a
single bank's market or profitability. We are fortunate indeed
to have collective action on the part of our member banks in
preparing for what's ahead in the checkless and cashless
society of tomorrow. The A.B.A. is interested through its
various banker committees in a number of automation planning and technology projects. One is the Personal Identification Project - or PIP; the purpose of this project is to determine if a single discrete identification number for individuals
is practical, and if so to assist in its selection and implementation.

A Sleeping Giant
In summary, the announcements by banks of their credit
card arrangements is snowballing, and with each day's releases
the swath gets wider, the banks involved smaller, the implications for the industry more complex and uncertain. Bank
Credit Card Plans, although in their infancy today, could take
on giant proportions in the very near future. The consumer
credit information field has all the potential for s:milar quick
growth. This sleeping giant, when inevitably engaged with its
credit card counterpart, is certain to create extraordinary new
developments for the banking industry - and for all our
society as well.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK
Computing and Data Processing Newsletter

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Applications. . . .
New Contracts
New Installations.
Organization News •
Computing Centers.

50
51
. 52
52

New Products.
Research Frontier
Business News
Computer Census.

53
58
59
. 62

APPLICATIONS

wheat, or some other commodity between ports anywhere in the world.
Costs and conditions change continually. The bidding however must be
done in a short period of time.

TRAMP SHIP OPERATOR PLANS
COMPUTER-AIDED BIDDING

An IBM computer is keeping
tabs on the tramp ship operations
of Transeastern Associates, Inc.
of New York in order to give its
managers more accurate and timely
information upon which they can
base bids for new business. The
management information system is
believed to be the only one of its
kind in the tramp ship charter
field.

"Our ultimate goal," said
Sydney P. Levine, director of research, "is to describe a piece of
business in computer terms and have
the system evaluate its profit potential against a general, predictive model of costs and market behavior •••• We feel that the speed
with which the computer can answer
questions for our chartering staff
can make the difference between
good bidding and exceptional
bidding."

Although this project is not
yet in full operation, a great
deal of preparatory work has been
done which has been found immediately valuable. For more than a
year an IBM 1440 computer has been
processing and storing data on the
worldwide voyages of the company's
fleet of more than thiry tankers
and dry cargo vessels (an IBM System/360 Model 30 is installed now).
A computer library has been built
containing detailed information as
to the costs, itineraries, and
other aspects of several hundred
voyages of the Transeastern fleet.
Traditionally, the operators
of tramp ships have used a kind of
sixth sense based on years of experience to bid successfully for
business that returns a profit.
Hard facts on costs and competitive behavior have been scarce.
The managers must evaluate a variety of conditions -- from the costs
of loading and discharging in obscure foreign ports to the distribution of competitive fleets over
the face of the globe. Every day
there are hundreds of charter offerings, contracts to carry oil,

panels and two antennas of Lunar B
into extended position after departure from Earth.
To provide the reliability required for the mission, memory
functions such as drive current selection and routing are performed
by magnetic techniques rather than
by the usual semi-conductors. The
use of semi-conductors would require more components and result in
a higher failure rate. Weight of
the tiny memory is one and a half
pounds and it measure 1" high,
7-3/4" long and 6-1/4 inches wide.

TINY MEMORY STARTS
LUNAR ORBITER CAMERAS

The command to start the cameras photographing the moon as
Lunar Orbiter B swung into orbit
was given by a memory hardly larger than five packs of cigarettes.
The memory, built by Electronic
Memories, Hawthorne, Calif., is
part of the flight programmer
aboard the vehicle.
The accurate functioning of
this tiny memory is responsible
for these critical functions: controlling the propulsion and attitude control systems which maneuver the spacecraft in midcourse;
inserting the spacecraft into lunar orbit; positioning the vehicle
for photography; activating the
cameras; and beginning the scientific experiments. The memory's
commands also deploy the four solar

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

It uses only 1.25 watts of power-less than the amount used to turn
on a flashlight -- to transfer data
at a rate of 5000 pieces of information a second. All information is
stored in 128 memory words which
are randomly accessed. Each word
is 21 bits long and is read out a
bit at a time.
During spacecraft acceleration,
the memory acts as a speedometer.
It also provides continuous inform-

Newsletter
at ion on the attitude of the vehicle by counting the units of the
angle traversed by the spacecraft
as it pitches or yaws. During the
periods the spacecraft is out of
the line of sight of Earth where
no command can reach it, the programmer memory will control it.
The memory can control the craft
for periods up to 16 hours without
command from Earth.

COMPUTER PRODUCES FINISHED
ENGINEERING DRAWINGS FOR
SANYMETAL PRODUCTS CO.

Finished engineering drawings
are being produced in minutes on
its new computer at The Sanymetal
Products Co., Inc. (Cleveland, 0.)
slashing weeks off the time required to get an order into production. William Daugherty, president of the Cleveland manufacturer of industrial lavatory compartments, said Sanymetal achieved
this application of electronic
technology by linking its new IBM
1130 computer with a 1627 graphic
plotter. "In the three months the
system has been in operation we
have reduced from six to two weeks
the minimum time required to begin
manufacture of an order," Mr.
Daugherty said.

IIIRON BIRDII WILL HELP THE BOEING 737 FLY

Early this year the test pilots of the new Boeing 737 will
lift the twinjet from the runway
for the first time, but the feel
of the controls will be "old hat"
to them, because of a device called
the "Iron Bird". Technically the
Iron Bird is a flight controls systems test rig. It is 94 feet in
length and stands 31 feet high in
its own building at The Boeing
Company's Renton, Washington,
plant.
The Iron Bird was designed to
perfect and prove flight control
systems -- the complex of wires
and devices which move the elevators, ailerons, spoilers and rudder
-- to a point which is highly reliable for flight. At the same
time the hydraulic power systems
which drive the controls also are
evaluated along with the automatic
pilot.

The cockpit looks more like
an airplane than any other part of
the simulator. The pilot's compartment contains most of the normal cockpit equipment except for
the engine instruments and controls.
In addition, there are a television
screen and large rear-view mirror
so test engineers can view the action of the control surfaces.
A pilot will feel as though
he were flying the real 737 when
he handles the controls of the Iron
Bird. "He is literally flying the
plane on the ground," Downing explained. "He will experience control systems loads which duplicate
actual flight." As the pilot
"flies" the Iron Bird, stresses
are applied on the various control
surfaces by mechanical means to
simulate the loads encountered in
flight. A bank of computers simulates the ai rplane' s reaction. "We

"In addi tion, we have: reduced
by more than 50 per cent our cost
per engineering drawing; achieved
a built-in capacity to handle even
our heaviest peak loads; released
our draftsmen from routine jobs to
handle more creative design work;
and cut production waste by assuring that each order is completely
and accurately made up."
When an order is received,
its specifications are converted
into punched cards and fed into
the 1130. The computer, drawing
on product design information already stored in its disk files,
then constructs a mathematical
model of the order. When this is
completed, the computer, through
advanced programming techniques,
directs the pllotter as it makes
an exact engineering drawing of
the order. At the same time, it
punches a deck of cards, later to
be run on a printer, listing the
order's complete bill of materials.
The whole job takes less than 14
minutes. The speed of the system
now makes it possible for Sanymetal to send a drawing to the
customer for approval in the same
letter as the order acknowledgement.

-- Boeing Company engineers "fly" the firm's 737 Iron Bird,
first used in the development of the Boeing 727 trijet and
completely redesigned and rebuilt for the 737. Technicians
in the background check the action of the ailerons.
The Iron Bird is only a skeleton of the 737. "Basically, it
is a steel support structure," says
Robert Downing, Boeing 737 controls
group engineer, who is responsible
for the design, assembly and operation of the simulator. "We simply
hang all of our pumps, motors and
control surfaces on it and run the
control cables through it. The
simulator duplicates the control
systems on the real airplane, but
these systems will never get off
the ground."

know exactly how the aircraft will
feel to the pilot," Downing said,
"because the ffeel' the pilot experiences in the control system
during actual flight is an artificial one. We have to build it in
right here on the ground."
The Iron Bird also is used to
evaluate how well the various control systems interact with each
other. The systems are designed
to operate in harmony because more

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

NewsleHer
than one of the systems comes into
play when the aircraft is maneuvered in flight. The Iron Bird
helps improve - and prove out this relationship.

Hard copy printouts of the returns
were produced by an on-line UNIVAC
1004 and were distributed to the
press every 15 minutes. Final returns were compiled by 8 a.m., although 99% of the total vote had
been counted by 6 a.m.

ELECTION RETURNS PROCESSED BY
UNIVAC-COLEMAN ELECTRONIC
VOTE COUNTING SYSTEM

In addition to speeding the
vote counting, Multnomah County
officials reported that the system
greatly reduced manpower expenses
in an election. More than 4000
fewer election workers were required during the election.

Electronic ballot reading
equipment and general purpose computers were teamed up for the first
time to successfully tabulate the
Multnomah County (Portland, Oregon)
returns in the general election
last November 8. A Sperry Rand
UNIVAC 418 computer and electronic
ballot readers (manufactured by
Coleman Engineering Company) combined to count more than 209,000
ballots from 1,018 precincts in
the county. A special computer
program for use in the vote counting system was written by UNIVAC
Portland systems analysts. In addition to the primary program, special program segments accomodated
the 193 different ballots used in
the various county precincts. The
ballot reader and computer concept
enabled the county to retain the
long-favored traditional paper
ballot for the voters.

roll, enclosed in its special cartridge, is easily slipped into the
reading machine. The speed and
direction of the microfilm is controlled by a single switch. The
system can be operated by anyone
without difficulty after reading
three sentences of instructions.
The library catalog is kep current
by. completely replacing the microfilm sets every three months.

LOCKHEED'S TECHNICAL LIBRARY
AIDED BY COMPUTERS

A library indexing arrangement offering approximately l~
million references to identify its
literature resources has been installed in the technical library
of Lockheed Missiles & Space Co.,
Sunnyvale, Calif. Developed by
Lockheed, this new system discards
the traditional card file system
used for almost 100 years in libraries throughout the world. Instead, the identical information
is arranged and cross-referenced
on computer-produced microfilm
rolls.

The system employs a photoelectric sensing system which
"reads" a fluorescent blue dot
marked by voters to designate their
choices on the ballot. Special
marking pens replaced pencils and
pens in the voting booth. After
the polls closed, election workers
opened the ballots and stacked them
on spindled trays and sealed them
in boxes. The sealed ballot boxes
were delivered to the county election headquarters where three large
ballot readers were located.

Using standard library techniques, each document or book is
identified in six sections: titl~
author, subject, source, contract
number and report or call number.
Thus, the researcher has a variety
of avenues available to find specific information contained in the
library. Each entry is processed
through a computer system which
arranges the data in desired sequence and produces the library
inventory in its various sections
on separate 16 millimeter microfilm rolls.

At election headquarters they
were opened, registered, and placed
on conveyor belts for feeding into
the ballot readers. The ballot
readers, each capable of reading
600 ballots a minute, scanned each
sheet. The readers, linked by
broadband communication data lines,
transmitted the data to the county
418, a few miles away. The 418
computed the data instantaneously.

Stored in automatic, no rewind cartridges, microfilmed information can be magnified and examined on reading equipment located in the library. Three sets of
microfilm and four reading machines
are available in the library itself, while the library staff has
its own microfilm sets and readers
for internal use. The microfilm

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

- Betty Woodall uses a
microfilm reading machine
in Lockheed's technical
library to scan a microfilm r~ll of authorL Information encased in 720
card files like those in
background have been processed by a computer system and compressed into
40 microfilm cartridges.
Dr. William A. Kozumplik, manager of Lockheed's Technical Information Center, estimates that the new
computer-produced microfilm cataloging system saves the library approximately $10,000 annually in
processing costs. In addition, more
free space is provided by eliminating bulky card cabinets. Information formerly contained in 720 card
files has been compressed into 40
microfilm cartridges. From the
user standpoint, reference time has
been cut in half. Dr. Kozumplik
said the significant by-product of
the library microfilm catalog is
the opportunity to make the library
inventory more accessible outside
the library itself. "By installing
microfilm and readers sets in buildings heavily populated by scientists
and engineers, the library's resources can be reviewed with little
if any work interruption," he said.

·\9

Newsletter

NEW CONTRACTS

U. S. Army

The National Cash Register
Company, Dayton, Ohio

U. S. Air Force

ITT Data Services

British Ministry of Social
Security for the General
Post Office

ITT's Creed & Company Ltd.

Sylvania Electric Products Inc.

Sperry Rand Corp., UNIVAC Div.

General Electric, Special Information Products Dept., Syracuse. N.Y.
California State Water Resources

Data Products Corp., Culver
City, Calif.

U. S. Army

URS Corporation, Burlingame,
Calif •
Informatics Inc., Sherman
Oaks. Calif.
Lockheed Missiles & Space
Co., Information Systems

U. S. Air Force Electronic
Systems Command (ESKK)
University of Saskatchewan,
Saskatoon, Saskatchewan,
Canada

Sperry Rand Corporation's
UNIVAC Division

The People's Savings Bank,
Bridgeport, Conn.

The Bunker-Ramo Corp., Stamford, Conn.

General Dynamics/Electronics
Division, Rochester, N.Y.

Control Data Corp., Morristown, Pa.

Kalamazoo Ltd., Northfield,
England

Auerbach Corporation, Philadelphia, Pa.

U. S. Army

Bolt Beranek and Newman Inc.,
Data Equipment Div., Van Nuys,
Calif .'
Burroughs Corporation,
Detroi t, Mich.

Fairchild Semiconductor Div.,
Mountain View, Calif.
United States Steel Corp.

Sylvania Electric Products,
Inc.

Argonne National Laboratory,
Argonne, Ill.

IBM Corporation

Lindsay Rie Olive Company,
Lindsay, Calif.

The National Cash Register
Co., Dayton, Ohio

18 mobile computer systems using Series
500 computers designed to travel with military units and improve the maintenance of
Army equipment -- contract calls for NCR
to install the systems in standard six-ton
Army shop trailers
Development of computer programs and test
routines relating to Strategic Air Command
Communications and Control System (SACCS)
operations at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebr.;
March Air Force Base, Calif.; and Barksdale Air Force Base. La.
Teleprinter transmission equipment to be
used in first stage of projected nationwide network which will link Social Security offices with a number of computer centers; system will be used for processing
of National Insurance benefit claims
Two 1218 computers, four 1532 programming
consoles; two 1394 motor generator sets,
a 1540 magnetic tape uni t, a 1469 highspeed printer, and a 1299 switchboard -for new U.S. Air Force detection and warning system (Prime contract is with Electronics Division of Avco Corp.)
Additional Discfile random access memory
systems for use in time sharing applications
Installation of a computer system (418)
that ultimately will control operation
of the California Aqueduct of the State
Water Pro ject
Study and field test of an automated combat logistics system at Ft. Hood. Texas
Developing a methodology for the evaluation of data management systems
Supervising an evaluation study that may
lead to a system for computer processing
of many of the clinical and administrative data at the university hospital
An on-line electronic system which will
allow every teller at the main office and
13 branches to use a central computer to
process all savings and mortgage transactions instantaneously
Delivery of an additional quantity of Control Data low-speed card punches to be used
in the AUTODIN System (Automatic Digital
Network) -- final delivery by 1968 - over
1250 units totaling over $5.5 million
System design and programming in connection
with implementation of a service bureau offering computerized accounting services for
automobile dealers
An automatic graphic data processing system
Twenty million silicon integrated circuits,
transistors and diodes over the next two
years to be used in the B2500, B3500, B6500
and 88500 computers
Installation of a KarTrak W electronic scanning system to ideritify and record the
weights of railroad cars transporting crude
ore at firm's taconite plant in Mountain
Iron. Minn.
Two IBM System/360's (Model 50 and Model
75) to be installed next June. The computers will be used to facilitate research
on peaceful uses of atomic energy
A National Cash Register 315 computer system,scheduled for installation next spring,
which will control inventories of its products in 70 brokers' warehouses throughout
the U.S.

over $2 million

$779,000

$700,000

$500,000

over $400,000
$325,000

$215,000
$47,400
$21,400

$4.5 million

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

NewsleHer

NEW INSTALLATIONS

University of Denver, Research
Institute, Denver, Colo,
Pensick & Gordon Inc, (toy wholesaler), Commerce, Calif,
AAI Corporation, Cockeysville, Md,
South African Iron and Steel Corp.
(ISCOR), Vanderbijlpark, Union of
South Africa
The Bank and Trust Company, Willow
Grove, Pat
Kondor Plas Limited, Dublin,
Ireland

PDP-5 computer -- donated by
Digi tal Eguipment Corporatio"n
Honeywell 200 computer system
General Electric 415 valued at
$300,000
Control Data 3300 Time Sharing
Computer System valued at about
$2 million
NCR 315 computer system
Honeywell Series 200 computer

The Manila Electric Co., Manila,
Phi lippines
The Drackett Co. (household products),
Cincinnati, Ohio

NCR 315 computer system

Peat, Marwick, Mitchell and Co.
(accountants and consultants),
New York and Chicago
Fluor Products Co., Inc., Santa
Rosa, Calif.

Two GE-115 computer

Prince George's County, Md.

RCA Spectra 70/45 system

The Travelers Insurance Companies,
Hartford, Conn.

Six Burroughs B300 systems,
leased; valued at over $2 million

Rich's Inc. (department store),
Atlanta, Ga.

NCR 315 RMC (Rod Memory Computer)
System

University of California, Berkeley
Campus, Berkeley, Calif.

Control Data Dual 6400 Computer
System costing $2,420,000

City National Bank of Miami, Miami,
Fla.

NCR 315 computer system

The University of Iowa, Computer
Center, Iowa City, Iowa

IBM 360/40 system valued at
$547,000

Rank Xerox Ltd., Denham, England

Four Honeywell Series 200 computers valued at over $1 million

Auditor's Office, Montgomery County,
Dayton, Ohio

NCR Series 500 computer system

Dartmouth College, Hanover, N,H.

GE-625 time-sharing system valued at $2.5 million and comprised
of some 30 pieces of equipment
(replacing GE-265 system installed in 1964)

Clark-O'Neill, Inc. (medical mailing and marketing service), Fairview, N.J,

Spectra 70/45 and 70/35 computers

Hoeganaes Corp, (producer of iron and
alloy powders), Riverton, N,J,

RCA 301 computer

COMPlJTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

IBM System/360 Model 30

IBM 1130 computer

Systems development, engineering design, and
mathematical analysis
Order processing for over 3000 retail stores;
inventory control
Routine business data processing and highly complex scientific and engineering calculations
Use as part of a total integrated industrial
data processing system
Savings, Christmas Club and consumer credit applications in addition to demand deposit accounting
Use in first independent electronic datacenter
in Ireland; will provide comprehensive data processing services for the Irish business community
Processing its half-million customer accounts as
well as a variety of other accounting duties
Inventory maintenance on more than a million
cases of products in a coast-to-coast network
of warehouses
Use in training auditors, for client service,
and internal accounting at both offices
Providing faster, more selective solutions to
water cooling problems (firm designs and builds
cooling towers for refineries, petro-chemical
processing plants and power plants)
Nucleus of a new data processing center that will
handle official record-keeping in the county ranging from tax assessment to library book withdrawals
Handling data processing job which involves nearly
half a billion punched cards, 2300 computer programs and 4000 monthly reports
On-line system that will help solve inventory control prOblems; linked to main store, five branches
and central warehouse by means of 25 remote-inquiry
Teletype units
Examining larger and more extensive scientific
problems, extending present processing services,
providing interactive computing, and enlarging
potential usage to experimenters at remote stations located away from the Computing Center
Producing a total of 14 management reports, plus
daily trial balances and posting journals, for the
City National Bank of Coral Gables, the City National Bank of Miami Beach and the City National
Bank of Miami. Seven teletypes distributed throughout the three banks can inguire into the NCR 315
Use extensively by the Department of Physics and
Astronomy for space research, by faculty and staff
for individual research, and by students for thesis
work
First stage in an international program to integrate its data processing and management control;
systems will allow Rank Xerox to adopt a uniform
approach to programming throughout its international subsidiaries
Appropriation accounting, general ledger, payroll
distribution, credit union reports and accounting
in connection with the Public Employees Retirement
System; later will include tax work and welfare
Serving some 200 people simultaneously at widely
scattered locations -- on the Dartmouth campus,
selected customers of G.E.'s Information Processing Center in the New York City and Boston areas,
and other New England colleges, universities and
secondary schools
Electronically pinpointing markets for new and improved pharmaceutical products; computerized file
will contain profiles of nation's 380,000 physicians, osteopaths and dentists, as well as detailed
data on every major medical facility in the U,S.
Preparation of monthly sales reports for distribution directly to key management personnel; also
routine accounting and administrative procedures

Newsletter

ORGANIZATION NEWS

CONTROL DATA RECEIVES
EXPORT LICENSE TO SHIP
6600 SYSTEM TO FRANCE

William C. Norris, president
of Control Data Corp., Minneapolis,
Minn., has announced that his company has received an export license
to ship a super-scale Control Data
6600 Computer System to the French
Power Bureau of Paris, France.
Norris said that this export license was granted to Control Data
under terms of the agreement recently reached by the United States
and French Governments on computer
exports to France.
He said that the French Power
Bureau (Electricite de France) will
use the 6600 computer system for a
wide range of applications that will
include electrical network power
distribution studies, power plant
engineering, economic studies, as
well as scientific computation.
It is anticipated that the recent clarification of computer exports to France "will be most significant to Control Data, as we
have several other 6600 orders with
firms and organizations located in
that country", Norris added.

UNIVERSITY COMPUTING COMPANY
ACQUIRES MORTGAGE SYSTEMS CO.

Sam Wyly, president of University Computing Company has announced the acquisition of Mortgage
Systems Company of Houston and Dallas which will be operated as a
wholly-owned subsidiary wi thin UCC's
newly-formed Data-Link Division.
Mortgage Systems, which was acquired for an undisclosed amount
of cash and notes, will be operated with the same management and
personnel as at present.
Mortgage Systems is a computer service firm which specializes
in mortgage loan accounting systems
for mortgage loan servicing companies. It uses data processing
equipment to provide a wide range
of reports to mortgage investors
and borrowers for its customer companies. "It has been operating
profitably at its practical capacity offering one of the best such
systems in the country," Mr. Wyly
noted.
UCC plans to upgrade the Mortgage Systems computer programs so
52

that they may be used on largescale communications-oriented computers. This will be completed by
next Mayor June at which time the
service will be offered nation-wide
to mortgage loan service companies
as a part of the operations of University Computing's new Data-Link
Di vi sion.

C-E-I-R ACQUIRES ASSOCIATED
AERO SCIENCE LABORATORIES

C-E-I-R, Inc., Washington,
D.C., has acquired Associated Aero
Science Laboratories, Inc., a Torrance, Calif., engineering and data
processing company, in exchange for
35,000 shares of C-E-I-R Class A
Voting Stock. The acquisition was
announced jointly by Dr. Herbert
W. Robinson, C-E·I-R president, and
John E. Leadbetter, president of
AASL.
AASL, which currently employs
about 200 people at facilities in
Torrance and China Lake, Calif.,
and in five field offices located
at military installations in California and Alabama, is wholly
owned by its officers and key employees. Under the agreement, Dr.
Robinson said, AASL will be operated as a subsidiary of C-E-I-R,
and will continue and even expand
its services for its clients. AASL
specializes in rocket flight data
reduction and analysis, a wide
range of engineering and computer
services, and technical training.

ZEHNTEL, INC.
FORMED TO SERVE ELECTRONIC
MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS MARKET

Zehntel, Inc.,Emeryville,
Calif., is a newcomer to a field
which to date has had very little
penetration -- the area of modestsized instrumentation systems for
measurement and control of manufacturing processes and for data
logging. Zehntel's systems will
be of the company's own design and
manufacture, and will provide digital data handling capability for
measurement and control. Compatability with computers and computer interface media is incorporated.
Zehntel operating executives
include William L. Martin, president; Clarence C. Wright, administrative manager; David N. Lytle,
applications manager; Ronald N.
Borrelli, project manager; and
Thomas E. Castanera, project manager. The Zehntel management are
former Beckman Instruments and SCM

personnel, with many years experience in data processing and instrumentation.
Since most Zehntel installations will be of a specialized nature, organization is on a project
manager basis to provide direct
client liason from problem solution
througll equipment installation.
The company's initial marketing
will be confined largely to the Pacific Coast. Sales contacts will
be made directly and through associated representatives. The privately financed firm has begun
marketing of its products.

COMPUTING CENTERS

COMPUTERIZED BOOKKEEPING
FOR THE SMALL MERCHANT

A new service -- computerized
bookkeeping for the small merchant
who has previously found computer
services far beyond his means -now is available through Automated
Bookkeeping Service, Inc., Van Nuys,
Calif. The firm takes bookkeeping,
accounting, sales tax returns, federal tax returns, payroll (including quarterly federal tax reports),
annual W-2s and sales analysis off
the hands of the small businessman
so that his full time can be devoted to business.
Automated Bookkeeping Service,
Inc. (ABSI) offers electronic data
processing for all types of businesses. The firm is designed to
give computer services to people
operating beauty salons and barber
shops, bar and restaurants, service
and repair shops, all types of general merchants. ABSI also can be
used as a bookkeeping service for
professional offices and other specialized businesses, supplementing
or replacing a bookkeeper.
Full profit and loss statements are available on monthly,
quarterly or any other schedule specified wi th full comparisons to past
business with each statement. P&L
statements are available soon after
the ~ooks close. ABSI, through its
computer memory files, stores each
client's full financial statements
and these can be made available in
a matter of minutes when needed.
(For more information, designate
#41 on the Readers Service Card.)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

Newsletter

NEW PRODUCTS

Digital

LC 1000, LOW COST COMPUTER

Logic Corporation, Palmyra,
N.J., has announced a model LC 1000
digi tal computer -- a powerful, general purpose, low cost machine for
the businessman, educator and scientist. The computer has 29 instructions. The instruction word
is 16 bits and the data word is
32 bits.
Add time, including access to
memory, is 5 milliseconds. There
are 11 registers displayed and each
register may be individually set or
cleared by the operator. Special
features of the machine are:
single-command mode -- allowing
the operator to step through a
single instruction; built-in D/A
converters -- for displaying data
on an oscilloscope; audible and
visual alarm -- can be set under
program control; and Bootstrap
hardware -- a single button loads
the Bootstrap routine.
Effective addressing and indirect addressing are provided.
Multiply and divide hardware is included in the basic machine. Software comprises a Symbolic Assembler
and I/O, Math., and Utility Programs. The computer is available
with paper tape, punched cards,
magnetic disk file, and line
printer.
For Payroll and Billing applications, the company provides all
necessary forms imprinted with the
customer's company name. Complete
software and instructional texts
are provided. For Educational applications, the company provides
lesson plans, programming examples
wi th explanatory text and an i llustrated Instruction Manual.
Prices start at $8990 ($222
per month) including ASR 33 Teletype and 512 word memory. Delivery
is 90 - 120 days A.R.O.
(For more information, designate
~42 on the Readers Service Card.)

LSI 8816 COMPUTER

Lear Siegler, Inc., Data and
Controls Division, Melville, N.Y.,
has announced the second low cost

processor in the Computer System
8000 family. The LSI 8816 is a
small, real time, high speed computer for scientific~ engineering
and process control uses. It is a
16 bit machine complementing the
I/O and byte oriented LSI 8800.
The standard system features hardware multiply and divide of 4.0
I1sec and 5.0 I1sec respecti vely wi th
multi-programming and multi-processing capability.
The minimum LSI 8816 includes
4096 x 16 bit core memory, three
hardware index registers, six priority interrupts with I/O rate of
666K words per second. Memory is
expandable from 4096 to 32,768
I
words directly addressable. Its
modular construction permits a wide
variety of custom configurations
including the addition of a high
speed programmable data channel
allowing connection of up to 254
I/O devices. ASR-33 is standard.

-- LSI 8816 Computer
Software includes FORTRAN,
Real Time Monitor and Subroutine
Library. Options for the machine
include one memory protect bit per
word and one parity bit per word.
When these options are exercised,
the machine is fully IBM 1800
compatible.
(For more information, designate
~43 on the Readers Service Card.)

u-COMP DDP-416 COMPUTER

Reduce costs
10%-15%
or more
with short-term
leases of brand-new
IBM System/360
Computers

Randolph Computer Corporation
(formerly North American Computer) is managed by America's
most experienced computerleaSing team specializing in shortterm leases of new IBM
System /360 computers.
Investigate how your company may
benefit from our no-overtime and
guaranteed savings plans. Send
coupon now for full information or
phone 212-986-4722.
John M. Randolph, John G. Arbour,
Gerald J. Murphy, Cornelius T. Ryan,
Robinson R. Whiteside

r--------------------------RANDOLPH
COMPUTER CORPORATION

A new integrated circuit computer, the second to be announced
in less than a 30 day period, was
displayed by Honeywell, Computer
Control Division, Framingham, Mas~.
at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco. Only two
weeks earlier the Division had announced the I1-COMPT DDP-516, a 16bit on-l~ne real-time computer.
The DDP-416 also is a 16-bit
on-line real-time computer. Memory

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

200 Park Ave., (Pan-Am Bldg.) N.Y., N.Y. 10017
Please send full information.

NAME
TITLE
COMPANY
STREET
:

CITY

STATE

L-------------------------3~
.3

Newsletter
capacity is 4096 words expandable
to 16,384 words; cycle time is 960
nanoseconds. MTBF (Mean Time Between Failure) is 4000 hours or
two years under normal 40-hour week
operation. The software package
for the 416 will contain 50 programs, including a DESECTORIZING
technique which was field proven
with the DDP-116. DDP-4l6 software is directly compatible with
the ~-COMPT DDP-5l6 and DDP-116.
The DDP-4l6 now is being manufactured and first deliveries with
software are scheduled for the second quarter of 1967.
(For more information, designate
#44 on the Readers Service Card.)

920M Microminiature Computer is
fully program-compatible with the
other machines in this Series.
The 920M will be used not only in
space and aviation (both on the
ground and in the air) but also
in scientific and industrial fields.

Memories

The computer is constructed
as a 3/4 short ATR package of 0.42
cu. ft. volume. The device contains three hinged layers: two
layers comprising logic circuitry
and the other holding the 8192
words of core store with its associated circuitry. The 920M, de-

PHOTO-DIGITAL
MASS STORAGE SYSTEM

A direct access computer memory with a capacity of a trillion
bits or more was described by IBM
Corporation at the 1966 Fall Joint
Computer Conference, San Francisco.
The mass storage system, which can
contain up to seven modules of onethird of a trillion bits each, uses
a new combination of technologies,
including: electron beam recording of digital data on photographic
film chips; housing of chips in
small plastic cartridges; pneumatic
transport of cartridges to recording and reading stations; and optical reading of data at a rate of
two-and-a-half million bits per
second.

PDP-10 COMPUTER SYSTEM

PDP-lO, a new, expandable computer system, was introduced by
Digital Equipment Corporation
(Maynard, Mass.) at the opening
session of the 1966 Fall Joint Computer Conference in San Francisco.
The company is offering its new
PDP-lO in five configurations.
The new computer is designed
for on-line and real-time scientific, engineering and process control applications. It has a 1 microsecond cycle time, a 2.1 microsecond add time, I/O bus transfer
rates up to 7,200,000 bits per second and a modular, proven software
package that expands to take full
advantage of all hardware configurations. Memory can be expanded in
8192 word increments to the maximum directly addressable 262,144
words.
The PDP-lO system is the third
new computer system to be introduced by the Maynard, Mass., company within a five month period.
Digital recently introduced the
PDP-8/S (Comput~rs and Automation,
August, 1966, p. 38), the first
full-scale general purpose core
memory digital computer selling
for under $10,000; and the PDP-9
(Computers and Automation, October,
1966, p. 47), the largest general
purpose system in the low cost
field. Now with the PDP-lO, Digital is prepared to service all
levels of computing requirements.
(For more information, designate
#45 on the Readers Service Card.)

ELLIOTT 920M
MICROMINIATURE COMPUTER

Elliott-Automation Ltd.'s
(London, England) latest model in
the Elliott 900 Series, the Elliott

up to 10 g and shock of 25 q without breaking loose from its·
mounting.

signed for quantity production and
easy servicing, is constructed from
inexpensi ve "throw-away" modules
and welded or wire-wrapped joints
are used throughout. There are
two basic forms of non-repairable
"throw-away" 920M modules: one is
used in the logic layers and the
other in the store layer. Altogether the computer holds 447 of
these modules of which there are
only 38 different types so that
the spares complement is kept to
a minimum. The logic modules are
constructed with a built-in heat
sink and are encapsulated to form
a solid block which is not susceptible to damage by vibration. Both
types of module terminate in a
small number of wire-wrap pins for
easy removal and insertion.
Cycle time is 5 microseconds.
The order structure is single address and modifiable, there being
four levels of priority programming
for operation in real-time programs.
Add time is 18 microseconds, subtraction 20 microseconds, multiplication 37 microseconds, and division
38 microseconds. Inter operating
temperature of the computer is between OoC and 70°C and non-derangement temperature is between -40oC
and +IOOoC. It withstands vibration

In their paper, enti tled "A
Photo-Digi tal Mass Sto rage System",
authors Jack D. Kuehler and H. Ray
Kerby describe the basic storage
medium as 35mm x 70mm silver halide
photographic film chips. Data is
recorded on the film in the form of
light or dark spots "pai nted" by an
electron beam at the rate of a halfmillion bits per second. The film
chips are housed in small plastic
cartridges, or cells, containing
32 chips -- l50-million data bits
(information equivalent to that in
three typical encyclopedia volumes).
Cells are retrieved from trays resembling egg crates by a pneumatic
system which delivers them to recording or reading stations.
The data recordi ng mechani sm of
the IBM-developed system includes an
electron beam recorder and film chip
developer. It receives unexposed
chips, records data on the chips
and automatically develops them.
The finished chip then is placed in
a cell for delivery to the reading
station or file. The recording and
development process takes about
three minutes.
When data is to be read, the
selected chip is positioned before
a cathode-ray tube flying spot scanner. Data is read by the scanner
at a rate of approximately 2.5-million bits per second. Electronic
control units built into the photodigital system link it to a computer and regulate operation.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1907

Newsletter
The photo-digital system, developed at IBM's San Jose, Calif.,
facilities, has potential applications where masses of computer data
must be stored in a randomly accessible file, and where information
is too voluminous for storage in
presently available devices.
(For more information, designate
#47 on the Readers Service Card.)

4-uSECOND MEMORY SYSTEM
AVAILABLE AT 8-uSECOND PRICES

A new 4-~second version of
its low-cost, 10-~second, FX-12
coincident-current core memory system has been announced by Ferroxcube Corporation, Saugerties, N.Y.
The new system, called the FX-22 ,
features full cycle times of less
than 4 ~seconds, capacities up to
512 eight-bit words, a full complement of input-output facilities
including data registers and timing and control circuitry in a compact package 5 inches high, 15
inches wide, and 9 inches deep and
weighing less than ten pounds.

Software

CSC BANK PAYROLL SYSTEM

Computer Sciences Corp., El
Segundo, Calif., has developed a
computer payroll system applicable
to more industries than any other
payroll system available, according to William R. Hoover, president of CSC's Computer Sciences
Division. The new system is designed for use by banks as part of
their payroll processing services
for customers, Hoover said.
The Bank Payroll System, developed for use on the new "third
generation" computers, accommodates the various payroll periods
and tax requirements which may apply in a multi-department company
operating in several locations in
separate states. Multiple wage
rates for each employee and additional compensation such as tips,
meals, and room and board also
are provided for.
The Bank Payroll System is
written in COBOL, a computer language commonly used in business
applications. The system is made
up of several independent groups
of related programs which can be
operated separately or together to
suit the bank's convenience in
scheduling its computer operations.
(For more information, designate
#50 on the Readers Service Card.)

The new system, according to
Mr. Edwin Podsiadlo, Product Manager of the Memory System Division
of Ferroxcube, is expected to extend the firm's small memory capabilities into the higher speed
areas. The FX-22 is expected to
open up markets which have been
inaccessible to the slower speed
systems such as display refresh,
data acquisition, small computer
and calculator memory and certain
types of communications buffers.
(For more information, designate
#46 on the Readers Service Card.)

PROGRAM CONVERSION PACKAGE
FOR "THIRD GENERATION"
IBM COMPUTERS

ITT Data Services, a division
of International Telephone and Telegraph Corporation, Paramus, N.J.,
recently announced the development
of a simple, low-cost method of reconstructing most currently-used
scientific computer programs for
processing on the new "third generation" IBM System/360 computers.
Called STAFF, the ITT computer program conversion service makes possible the economical conversion of
all existing programs written in
FORTRAN IV, the most commonly used
scientific computer language in the
nation, to FORTRAN-H, the version
of this programming language required for the solution of scientific problems on IBM's new System/360 series computer.
A computer program in itself,
STAFF analyzes programs currently

COMPlJTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1967

being used with "second generation"
scientific computers and screens
out those instructions or statements which are incompatible or incomprehensible to System/360 computers. It also indicates the
changes required to convert these
statements to a form which is acceptable to these new computers.
Robert A. Leonard, executive
vice-president and general manager
of the ITT division said that although IBM provides instructions
for the writing of original programs in FORTRAN-H, no economical
method of converting existing programs for use on the new "third
generation" IBM computers had been
avai lable to the nation's data processing users until the development of STAFF.
(For more information, designate
#52 on the Readers Service Card.)

THE 40X PACKAGE

Computer Usage Development
Corporation, Mt. Kisco, N.Y., has
announced the availability of a
program called 40X for 360/40 users
who are emulating 1401/1460 programs. The 40X package, whichutilizes disk spooling and multi-programming techniques, speeds up emulator operation by 20 to 75 percent.
Addi t ional fea tures of the 40X
package include: ability to run
some programs that cannot be run
under regular emulation, due to
critical timing problems; ability
to reprint a complete page or part
of a page without reprocessing the
page; and abi Ii ty to pri nt the last
page of a report first to check
controls for accuracy.
The 40X package requires a
360/40 with at least 65K bytes of
memory, one 2311 disk, and the 1052
typewriter. It is available under
a lease arrangement as well as for
purchase.
(For more information, designate
#51 on the Readers Service Card.)

COMPUTER PROGRAM TO SPEED
PROBLEM SOLVING IN
CHEMICAL PLANTS

A simple yet powerful useroreinted computer language that
eliminates tedious computations in
chemical and petroleum plant operations is a key feature of a new
Chemical Engineering Information
Processing System designed by The
Service Bureau Corporation (SBC),
55

Newsletter
New York, N.Y. The system is designed to simulate on a computer
the operations of all or parts of
chemical or petroleum plants to
find operating conditions that lead
to desired ends.

72 images on a tab card size, or
in other sizes and formats.
(For more information, designate
#53 on the Readers Service Card.)

The system, called CHIPS, contai ns a li brary of programs for
most of the important unit operations of chemical engineering as
well as a simple but comprehensive
language for describing chemical
processes and designing solution
procedures. The program performs
logical operations and is designed
to conveniently accept an almost
unlimited number of unit operations.

COGNITRONICS SPEECHMAKERS

CHIPS can be used in the study
of anticipated plant designs, for
equipment alteration, for process
control and optimization studies
through simulation, and for performance evaluation of equipment
in use compared to new or clean
equipment.
(For more information, designate
#49 on the Readers Service Card.)

Data Transmitters
and AID Converters

MICROMATION@ TECHNOLOGY
BY STROMBERG-CARLSON

A high-speed system of converting computer data into readable form, MICROMATIONV Technology,
has been developed by Data Products
Division of Stromberg-Carlson, San
Diego, Calif. The system consists
of an entire family of compatible
equipment (18 different pieces).
that operates at computer speeds
to record output in alphanumeric
or in graphic form, coupled with
necessary ancillary equipment to
provide effective use of the recorded output.
Key elements in the family of
equipment are four new MICROMATION
Recorders from Stromberg-Carlson.
Each recorder, a system-within-asystem, takes digital codes from a
computer or magnetic tape and translates the codes into ordinary language or graphic form at tape
speeds. The information is presented on a special cathode ray
tube where cameras automatically
record it. Data may be recorded
on special computerized microfilm
for l6mm roll cartridges or 35mm
aperture cards. An optional microfiche camera will be available in
the system to automatically produce titled microfiche records with

Information Retrieval

NCR ENTERING MICROFORM
INFORMATION SYSTEMS FIELD

A new audio response system
capable of generating a variety of
words from its 31-word film vocabulary has been announced by Cognitronics Corp., Briarcliff Manor,
N.Y. The new device differs from
most other speech generation equipment in that its vocabulary is
stored on longer life photographic
memory drums rather than magnetic
drums with their inherent points
of wear. The Speechmakers, models
631 and 632, have direct application for banking, credit, manufacturing, telephone, inventory control and any other computer-controlled systems requi ri ng an audio
response.
The Model 631 vocabulary selection is by individual switch
closures for each of the 31 words
while the model 632 contains a binary decoding matrix which performs
the vocabulary selection from a
standard five-bit binary code. The
heart of both models is a 3" photographic film audio memory drum wi th
32 tracks (one track for each word
and one for a timing pulse or silent word time).

A light source or aperture
provides a narrow light beam that
is directed through the rotating
memory drum. This light beam is
modulated by the pre-recorded audio on each track and in turn detected by silicon photocells located within the memory drum (one
cell for each track). The output
of the photocells is then amplified to a level compatible with
the associated equipment's audio
amplifiers or fed directly to telephone lines. Units are available
with optional self-contained power
supplies, cabinets and multiplexing electronics. They are designed
for standard 19" relay rack mounting.
(For more information, designate
#54 on the Readers Service Card.)

The National Cash Register Co.,
Dayton, Ohio, has announced it is
entering a major new market -microform information storage and
retrieval systems. The system is
being marketed initially for applications which require frequent updating of a large volume of inform-'
ation for quantity distribution.
Catalog systems, service manuals,
and reference libraries are examples.
NCR president R. Stanley Laing said
that orders for PCMI® microform
transparency readers already total
26,000 units. (The PCM! trademark
refers to the use of a special NCRdeveloped coating used in the recording process.)
A file of PCMI transparencies
that would fit in the corner of a
desk drawer can store the equivalent of 10,000 books. Each transparency (4 x 6 inches) holds the
images of up to 3200 typical business documents, which are reduced
about 150 times. Any desired page
of information can be accessed in
seconds. The transparencies can
cost as little as approximately $1
each (or about 1 cent for each 30
images) depending upon the quantity
used.
In a typical installation, a
user has a catalog or manual which
needs frequent updating. This usually contains a large volume of information and illustrations and is
generally sent on a regular basis
to hundreds or even thousands of
local points. With the PCMI system, each local station -- a repair
center, retail store, library, or
an individual subscriber -- installs
only an NCR microform reader and a
file of transparencies. For updating, replacement transparencies are
simply mailed to the user from an
NCR processing center, where they
are produced, and the old transparencies destroyed. At the processing center, new pages or other revisions are periodically added to
a master file. A completely new
"edition" can be produced as often
as required.
The PCMI system initially offers two models of microform transparency readers which provide magnifications of either 115 or 150
times. The readers will be rented
for an average of $10 per month.
(For more information, designate
#55 on the Readers Service Card.)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for January, 1907

Newsletter
reading about 10 times faster than
they can print it by hand.

Input.Output

The optical character recognition system reads hand-printed
characters intermixed with typed
or printed characters in a variety
of different, standard type styles
at a rate of 2000 characters per
second and processes documents containing this information at rates
up to 1200 per minute. This capability is available immediately,
at a nominal charge, for installation on the company's Electronic
Retina'/('I,! '"t
once) the PDP-SIS - a full, real-time, on-IIIIE,
4096 word, FORTRAN speaking, general purpose
tal computer can be part of your system. To analyze,
meaSLlt'e, compute, adjust. or control processes.
If you make more than one kind of system, you still may
need only one kind of computer. It's gene; al purpose,
you see. And if your requirements are big, we have big

The PDP-SIS offers security. Security in
change. It is priced lower than many speCial
purpose machines. More than 300 have
been sold in the past three months. And
chances are still good that your competition
hasn't even looked into it. Why don't you. '
540 page Small
Computer Handbook
Free for the asking.

COMPUTERS' MODULES

DIGIT AL EQUIPMENT CORPORATION. Maynard, Massachusetts 01754. Telephone: (617) 897-8821 ., Cambridge, Mass. • New Haven. Washington, D. C. • Parsippany,
N. J,. Rochester, N. Y,. Philadelphia. Huntsville. Pittsburgh. Chicago. Denver- Ann Aib,ir. Houston. Los Angeles. Palo Alto. Seattle. Carleton Place and Toronto,
Ont. • Reading, England. Paris, France. Munich and Cologne, Grrmany • Sydney '\Ilr~ W~~t,Perth, Australia· Modules distributed i1lso through Allied Radio

Designate No. 3 on Readers Service Card

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