196812

196812 196812

User Manual: 196812

Open the PDF directly: View PDF .
Page Count: 72

Download
Open PDF In Browser	View PDF

December, 1968

CD
City

0/ the Future?

95113

<> T.M. Edutronics, Inc.

ACE<> stands for Animated Computer Education¢. It is a
powerful new teaching technique. It teaches complex
subject matter with simpleness, ease and rapidity. That's
why we call it the Super Teacher.
ACE¢ uses animation to depict computer system functions
in proper time relationship, even when they happen
simultaneously. Relationships are therefore quickly
grasped. Concepts are fully understood. And the addition of
color and sound to animation reinforces its teaching power.
ACE¢ is the heart of the EdutronicsO Education System,
which consists of a daylight rear-projection viewer, hi-fi
earphones, workbook materials and Guidelines for
Professional Developmento . With this system an employee
learns at his desk on a one-to-one basis in a structured
learning environment.
Authorized representative:
Edutronics of California. Inc.
2790 Harbor Boulevard. Costa
Mesa. California 92626
(714) 546-1144
Copyright © Edutronics, Inc. 1968

'«"'.

~•.

"i~;

!,.'~,~.,'"-.."' '
:::~4iiI

Our training sequence "File Organization, Design and
Processing" is available to you and your department now.
We'd like to demonstrate its teaching power in your office
or send you our new brochure. Write or call.
Designate No. lOon Reader Service Card

••

"~~,,

?~l~~
~'ft..;

CO; 1F U T ;: :~; J D :' U 'i' (-; '1 -1"

DEC

[~:', £.; ::~ n

1 ~', C

T .. : :

- "". . • ~-. t

Perry Publi4

iSh1aking h
The system was designe
Fforidanewpapers couldu!
ter in West Palm Beach.
Every day the Perry papE
advertising and editorial rri
be prepared for typesetting
Since speed isessential,
mittfng-receiving center,
copy is' puton papertape;j
TYP~20ataspeed* Servici
minUte) to West Palm Beaq
At the center, tapes al
puters at 10'00 characters,

!stem
)uters have a 50,0'00
~d into them. SO that

;newspa per col urrih []~:~t~:ls~~';;ce
:ed. where neceS$a ry.
Juter is a new tape p>o15 •Computer
peed service and fed
ichines.
ia hurry will help you
,your computer insta f!munications . . COTlSUI_

~ '1IhelpY9g~l~n a

Ito beatany.deadline.
lark of the Bell'System

G5@[JuuCdJM~®[F§)
and aut;ornation

Letters To The Editor

Vol. 17, No. 12 -

December, 1968
Edmund C. Berkeley

Editor

JOSS
Mr. Norman Doelling, in his article
in the October 1968 issue of Computers
and Automation, comments on generalpurpose time-sharing systems as follows:
"Access to machine and assembly languages means that a user can design a
language of his own if he desires. In
addition, standard languages such as
FORTRAN, BASIC, JOSS and COBOL are usually available."
We are writing in reference to possible implications of the use of the name
"JOSS" in this context. JOSS is a
non-commercial interactive time-sharing
system developed at the RAND Corporation, and presently available only to
members of the RAND staff and selected Air Force sites.
Several derivatives of JOSS exist, including some commercial languages referred to as "JOSS-like". However, by
Trademark and Service Mark, the name
"JOSS" is applied at present only to
RAND's system.
We hope that this letter will clear up
any misunderstanding on the part of
readers who may expect to find JOSS
available commercially.
SHIRLEY MARKS
R. LAWRENCE CLARK
Computer Sciences Dept.
The RAND CORP.
1700 Main St.
Santa Monica, Calif. 90406

Industrial Education
The article, "Innovation in Teaching
- Why Industry Leads the Way," by
Mr. Newkirk in your October, 1968, issue was very well written. To us in
public education, what he said stimu. lated much thought.
The favorable factors of industrial education programs over public education
were certainly well presented. However,
there is a distinct difference between the
two programs, as he points out, that
seems insurmountable. For instance, industry offers programs for a specific
business or company while we in public
education are given the task of preparing individuals for many different jobs
in industry.
4

Some of his statements raised a question in my mind. The assumption that
teachers are smarter than most people
seems to be debatable. Because of the
nature of the student we have in public
education, the learner controlled instruction method may not always be adaptable to the situation.
Other than these points, his article
brought out salient points that every educator should read.

Associate Editor

Sharry Langdale

Assistant Editors

Moses M. Berlin
Linda Ladd Lovett
Neil D. Macdonald

Contributing Editors

DR. WILLARD KORN
Wisconsin State Univ.
Eau Claire, Wisc. 54701
Advisory Committee

Numbles
I enjoyed solving the "Numble" in
your September issue, I was considering
what programming techniques to employ for a mechanical solution to this
problem, which would operate in an efficient manner. If others have submitted
some ideas in that regard, I would appreciate your publishing them in one of
your forthcoming issues.
ROBERT A. LIST, Pres.
Robert A. List Corp.
555 Kappock St.
Riverdale, N.Y. 10463

Art Directors
Fulfillment Manager

John Bennett
Andrew D. Booth
Dick H. Brandon
John W. Carr III
Ned Chapin
Alston S. Householder
Peter Kugel
Leslie Mezei
Rod E. Packer
Ted Schoeters
T. E. Cheatham, Jr.
James J. Cryan
Richard W. Hamming
Alston S. Householder
Victor Paschkis
Ray W. Hass
Daniel T. Langdale
William J. McMillan

Advertising Representatives
NEW YORK 10018, Bernard Lane
37 West 39 St., 212-279·7281
CHICAGO 60611, Cole, Mason, and Deming
737 N. Michigan Ave., 312-787-6558
PASADENA, CALIF. 91105, Douglas C. Lance
562 Bellefontaine St., 213-682-1464

(Ed. Note - We hope to receive some
"mechanical" solutions to some of our
Numbles that we can publish. In the
meantime, you might be interested in
the letter below.)
I enclose my solution to Numble
6810 (page 14, October 1968 issue of
C&A). I was planning to put together
a whiz-bang time-sharing solution (in
the tradition of the G E Mark II), and
started to determine a few basic relationships to simplify the programming.
As you can see, I decided that human
resourcefulness was superior to machine
speed. The exercise took a little over a
half hour.
JOHN A. BOWEN
General Electric Co.
Information Service Dept.
7735 Old Georgetown Rd.
Bethesda, Md. 20014

(Please turn to page 14)

SAN FRANCISCO 94123, Richard C. Alcorn
2152 Union St., 415-922-3006
ELSEWHERE, The Publisher
Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.
815 Washington St., 617-332-5453
Newtonville, Mass. 02160

Editorial Offices
BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC.

815 WASHINGTON STREET,
NEWTONVILLE, MASS. 02160
CIRCULATION AUDITED BY
AUDIT BUREAU OF CIRCULATIONS
COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION IS PUBLISHED MONTHLY AT 815
WASHINGTON ST., NEWTONVILLE, MASS. 02160, BY BERKelEY ENTER.
PRISES, INC. PRINTED IN U.S.A. SUBSCRIPTION RATES, UNITED
STATES, $15.00 FOR 1 YEAR, $29.00 FOR 2 YEARS, INCLUDING THE
JUNE DIRECTORY ISSUE; CANADA, ADD 504 A YEAR FOR POSTAGE;
FOREIGN, ADD $3.50 A YEAR FOR POSTAGE. ADDRESS All EDITORIAL
AND SUBSCRIPTION MAIL TO BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC., 815
WASHINGTON ST., NEWTONVillE, MASS., 02160. SECOND CLASS
POSTAGE PAID AT BOSTON, MASS.
POSTMASTER, PLEASE SEND ALL FORMS 3579 TO BERKelEY ENTER·
PRISES, INC., 815 WASHINGTON ST .• NEWTONVILLE, MASS, 02160.
'C' COPYRIGHT, 1968, BY BERKelEY ENTERPRISES, INC. CHANGE OF
ADDRESS, IF YOUR ADDRESS CHANGES, PLEASE SEND US 80TH YOUR
NEW ADDRESS AND YOUR OLD ADDRESS (AS IT APPEARS ON THE
MAGAZINE ADDRESS IMPRINT), AND AllOW THREE WEEKS FOR THE
CHANGE TO BE MADE.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

©© [fLfl) C~ ~Q[~~ L(~.~
m~u~a t!J~ ~@[tuulEJ 10DG3[tl1

December, 1968, Vol. 17, No. 12

The magazine of the design, applications, and implications of information processing systems.

Special Feature:
Annual Pictorial Report
30

DIGITAL COMPUTERS

MEMORIES

COMPONENTS

PERIPHERAL EQUIPMENT

DATA PROCESSING ACCESSORIES

MISCELLANY

HANDLING SMALL-AREA DATA WITH COMPUTERS
by Richard S. Hanel
Eight important computer capabilities which are available now for handling
small-area data .•• some examples of practical applications of these capabilities
••. and some words of caution.

AN INTER.CITY, MULTI-ACCESS, TIME·SHARING COMPUTER SYSTEM
by Grant N. Boyd
How the computing capabilities of one company grew over a period of ten
years, during which the number of its research and development employees increased from 100 to over 1700.

The picture on the front
cover might be showing a city
of the future - but it actually shows several stacks of
magnetic disks for recording
information~ awaiting assembly at Honeywell Electronic
Data Processing Division in
Newton~ Mass. For more information~ see page 49.

AUTOMATED RETRIEVAL OF LEGAL INFORMATION: STATE OF THE ART
by Stephen E. Furth
How computerized legal or statutory search systems are proving to be reliable,
time-saving, and money-saving.

Regular Features
Editorial
6

Access to a Computer for Every Computer Person C. Berkeley

Are We There?,

by Edmund

Departments

C&A Worldwide
55

Report from Great Britain, by Tea Schoeters
56

Fifteen Years Ago in Computers and Automation
52

The Flood of Automatic Computers, by Neil Macdonald

Across the Editor"s Desk Computing and Data Processing Newsletter

Advertising Index

Ideas : Spotlight

Calendar of Coming Events

Financial and Business News

IBM Technician Has $75,000 Idea

Jobs and Careers in Data Processing
50

Needed: Peopleware, by Swen A. Larsen

Letters to the Editor
Monthly Computer Census

New Contracts

New Installations

"How to Spoil One's Mind - As Well As One's Computer" -:- Some Comments, by
C. W. Chamberlain, S. G. Topham, Robert F. Utter, Robert W. Trenn, and the Editor

New Patents

Evaluating EDP Service Bureaus -

Numbles

Are Computer People the Tools of Their Tools?, by James R. Gigone

Detecting Proofreading Errors Without a Computer, by John H. Reddersen

Problem Corner

Calls for Papers: International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, May 1969;
Sixth Annual Design Automation Workshop, June 1969; and Seventh Annual Conference of the Special Interest Group on Computer Personnel Research, of the
Association for Computing Machinery, June 1969

Multi-Access Forum
8

and Consulting Firms, by Dennis D. Sheaks

Who's Who in the Computer Field, 1968-69 -

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

by Raymond R. Skolnick
by Neil Macdonald
by Walter Penney, COP

Proof Goofs
by Neil Macdonald

Entries

EDITORIAL

Access to a Computer for Every Computer Person
- Are We There?
Sometimes it is hard to realize the extent to which some
condition is changing. A few years ago, most people in the
computer field did not have access to a computer. Yes, they
talked about computers, they studied computers and the jobs
that computers could do, they wrote about computers, their
applications, their construction, and design, they published
magazines and even books about computers, etc. But they
themselves did not have access to a computer.
It has become clear that this situation is entirely changing.
One of the questions on the entry form for our Who's Who
in the Computer Field (which we have recently mailed to
40,000 addresses and to which we have received several thousand replies) is the following one:
Do you have access to a computer? () Yes () No
a.) If yes, what kind of a computer?
Manufacturer? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Model?
b. ) Where is it installed:
Organization? _______________
Address?
c.) Is your access: Batch? () Time-shared? ( )
Other? () Please explain _ _ _ _ _ _ __
d. ) Any remarks?
To get a peep at the eventual results, we examined a
sample of 200 replies, and tabulated some of the answers.
Although these figures must be taken with salt, yet it seems
reasonable with this evidence to believe that, for a population
of persons who consider themselves to be computer people
(to the extent to be included in Who's Who in the Computer
Field) :
• Almost all computer people now have access to a
computer;
• Approximately one third of them have time-shared
access to a computer;
• The average number of computers to which they have
access is closer to 2 than to 1.
Of course, there is a little ambiguity to the question "Do
you have access to a computer?"; different people will have
different meanings in mind. But if the respondee says, "Yes,
I have access to a computer", then he essentially means: (1)
there exists a computer or a computer console in his neighborhood; (2) for a business or professional problem that he
wants to give to that computer, he can do so, and get solutions to his problem. It may well be that he is restricted to
certain kinds of problems - that if, for example, he should
want to playa game with a computer, he may not have access
to a computer that will play a game with him. But at least
for the class of problems that he is essentially concerned with,
he himself is satisfied that he can get competent problemsolving service from the computer.
Increased access to computers is all to the good. For understanding a machine or a system, there is no satisfactory substitute for actual access to it, whether it's a car or a printing
press - or the most remarkable new system of the 20th
century, the automatic computer. Having access to a computer, working with it, learning a kind of language which
it will listen to, is an experience of great value.
6

'Table 1
ACCESS TO A COMPUTER

Persons with access

196

98%

Persons without access

---±

_2_

200

100%

Total in sample

Table 2
COMPUTERS TO WHICH PERSONS HAVE ACCESS

Total Number
Computers accessible

Average Number
per person
with access

325

1. 66

Table 3
TYPES OF ACCESS

Persons reporting batch access

162

83%

Persons reporting time-shared access

Persons reporting other kinds of access
(such as "remote batch, real-time,
direct access, full-time, hands-on
depending on time of day, multiprocessing", etc.)

Computers provide a lesson in accuracy for human beings.
If the machine is instructed inaccurately, it will usually continue to do the wrong thing many millions of times, until
someone notices the wrong or impossible answer.
Computers also provide a lesson in completeness, another
lesson that human beings find hard to learn. If you happen to
leave out something that you want the computer to do, then
it won't guess what you mean and do that. Only human
beings, it seems, have this desirable attribute.
Computers provide instruction in logical thinking. It is
hard for a human being to be logical. It is the essence of a
computer to be logical.
And finally, computers provide an incentive to use one's
imagination. Imagination is needed to analyze and to program. Imagination is needed to design small model versions
of problems, small systems, for testing the program - so
that the program becomes more and more likely to operate
correctly on large, full-size, real-life systems.

e-~c~~
Editor

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

Are disk p'ack
rentals t eng
a big
bite
out
LEASE TH EM FROM CPU.
Computer Packs Unlimited can reduce your disk pack
renta I expend itu res by buyi ng you r exi sti ng packs
and leasing them back to you. Write for our brochure
Computer Packs Unlimited has Agents in the following cities:
New York, Boston, Cleveland, Memphis, South Bend, Cincinnati, Minneapolis, Milwaukee, Los Angeles, Chicago.

Computer Packs Unlimited

a subsidiary of Computer Processing Unlimited/232 East Ohio Street/Chicago, Illinois 60611
Designate No. 18 on Reader Service Card

MULTI-ACCESS FORUM

"HOW TO SPOIL ONE'S MIND - AS WELL AS ONE'S COMPUTER" - SOME COMMENTS
The August issue of "Computers and Automation" contained an editorial with the above title. It discussed the
problem of "garbage in" to computers and "garbage in" to
human minds, and the problem of "big and important lies",
told by various groups such as the cigarette industry and even
on occasions by the United States Government since 1960.
A list of a dozen big and important lies told by the United
States Government was mentioned; some readers asked for it;
some. of their letters follow.

I. From C. W. Chamberlain, M.D.
Richmond, Va. 23221
In your editorial in the August 1968 issue of "Computers
and Automation" you stated that a list of "at least a dozen
big and important lies" told by the United States Government
from 1960 to the present, would be furnished by you on request. I am requesting this list.
I wonder if you also have lists of "big and important lies"
told by governments other than the United States? It would
be interesting to compile lists like this for some or all of the
leading governments. Why confine yourself when making up
lists to only the U.S., or is this the way you are programmed?

II. From S. G. Topham
Salt Lake City, Utah 84103
May I compliment you on the exceptional editorial appearing in the August, 1968 issue of "Computers and Automation"?
It was well written and extremely thought provoking.
Would it be possible for you to send me a copy of the
editorial?
Also, in the editorial you referred to President Johnson's
"credibility gap" and stated that a list of his untruths would
"be furnished by the editor on request". Would you please
send me a copy of that list by return mail? Enclosed you will
find a self-addressed, stamped envelope. If there is any additional cost for either the editorial or "credibility gap" list,
please bill me.

III. From Robert F. Utter
Albuquerque, New Mexico 87110
I especially enjoyed your lead editorial in the August issue
of "Computers and Automation". I would appreciate receiving your list of government lies.
With you, I think that a drastic loss of public confidence
in official statements can only lead to a progressive decay in
the ethics of our system.
8

IV. From Robert W. Trenn
New York, N.Y. 10005
Re : Your August editorial
Congratulations. Please send me the list of lies.

From the Editor

The more that we consider the great power of computers
and the inclination of people to put trust in the results produced by computers, the more we need to become concerned
with the truthfulness of the output. It seems to me important
that any person who looks upon himself as a computer professional should consider his responsibility for producing the
truth, - or contributing to its production.
As the editorial said, "even if there is often some question
about what is the precise truth, there is usually no doubt
whatever about what is a big lie".
The memorandum that was sent out to those persons asking
for the list contained the following introduction:
This is a preliminary compilation of over a dozen big and
important lies told by a government. Essentially such a lie
told by a government requires these elements:
1) The government giving out the information knows
that the information is false or materially misrepresents the facts;
2) The government issues the false information in order
to seek to produce a result which that government
desires;
3) The government issuing the information believes that
the people it governs would seriously disapprove if
the truth were told;
4) The government intends to keep the truth secret, but
if and when the truth comes out, the government
relies on confronting its people with a fait accompli,
excuses, or more lies, and so on.
In the case of governments which are dictatorships by
either one person or by a small group, sensible men do not
expect the truth to be told. For example, Egypt announced
to its people, after its defeat by Israel in the 1967 six-day
war, that American and British planes had joined with Israeli
planes to destroy the Egyptian air force. This was a colossal
lie - but not really to be unexpected since Egypt is a
dictatorship.
In the case of the United States, officially the government
is a democracy, and is supposed to be elected by the people
as the people's servant and not its tyrant. So here in the
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

PSSST HEY BUDDY!
You say you're looking for a good
deal on a 24 bit computer for less than 17k.
SCC's got it ... just tell 'em Max sent you.
With over 70 systems installed, the word is getting around.
SCC's 24-bit machines are compatible with the programs
you've been using.
For $16,800 you can own the 660 CPU with 59 instructions
including a set of microinstructions. For $35,500, SCC offers
the 670 with 71 instructions that also include a comprehensive set of microinstructions for performing data transfers
and logical and arithmetic operations. These fully parallel
machines provide either single or multiple as well as simultaneous access to memory.
If you're looking for a computer system, SCC can give you 30-day delivery on a 660 CPU, a
1.75 usec memory with parity, memory adapter, character buffer I/O, 300 cps P.T. reader,
50 cps P.T. punch and Selectric typewriter with 8" platen.
Now that you have the word ... you'll know where to come.
Whatever Your Computer Application -

Be Sure You Talk With SCC Before You Buy

Scientific Control Corporation
P.O. Box 34529 • Dallas, Texas 75234 • 214 - 241-2111 • TWX 910-860-5509
WESTERN REGION: Palo Alto, Calif.
CENTRAL REGION: Dallas, Tex.
EASTERN REGION: College Park, Md.
EI Monte, Calif.
Denver, Col.
Huntsville, Ala.
Des Plaines, III.
Parsippany, N. J.
West Springfield, Mass.
Hazelwood, Mo.
Houston, Tex.

Designate No. lIon Reader Service Card

United States, it is officially reasonable to expect the government to tell the truth because only in that way can a democratic government really serve its people. When the important
truth is systematically concealed, and lies are systematically
told instead, sensible people must change their way of thinking, and plan and act accordingly.
One of the most undesirable results of systematic lying by
a government is that the government, which originally began
to ·tell lies to its people, winds up by believing a great many
of the lies itself. So its actions become more and more unrelated to reality, the decisions taken become more and more
absurd, the money wasted becomes more and more huge, the
mistakes made become more and more gigantic, and finally
a day of reckoning arrives which is disastrous beyond words.
This was the fate of the Hitler government of Nazi Germany
in 1945. An ancient maxim declares, "Those whom the gods
would destroy they first make mad".
If the American people continue to allow themselves to be
told lies systematically, day in and day out, from the government and many other sources, a most evil day of reckoning
lies ahead. One of the possible results is the nuclear holocaust, in which hundreds of millions of human beings are
killed in a large-scale nuclear war.
People who want to see the United States really prosper
and really become great should do their best to reestablish
standards of telling the truth and not lying, in the United
States, in all fields of government, industry, business, etc.
The memorandum had for Table of Contents:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

The U2 Flight over the Soviet Union
The Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba
Adlai Stevenson on the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba
Arthur M. Schlesinger, Jr., on the Bay of Pigs Invasion of Cuba
"1500 Murders" in the Dominican Revolt
U.S. Support of the Junta in the Dominican Revolt
A Bribe to the Prime Minister of Singapore
"Aggression" in Vietnam and "Going Home"
Willingness by the United States to Negotiate Peace
in Vietnam

10. The Cost of the Vietnam War
11. The Nature of Targets Bombed in North Vietnam
12. Extent of the Use of Roads in South Vietnam as a
measure of American Military Success
13. The 1967 Elections in South Vietnam
14. Stopping of the U.S. Bombing of North Vietnam
15. Arthur Sylvester on the Government's Right to Lie
Appendix 1. Bibliography
Appendix 2. "Some Stumbling Blocks in Following LBJ
Logic", by James Doyle of the Boston :Globe
Appendix 3. Editorial from the August issue of Computers and Automation, "How to Spoil One's Mind
as Well as One's Computer"

One of the major problems confronted by the peoples of
the United States and other countries is the telling of big and
important lies, colossal lies, by groups of persons including
governments, businesses, political parties, vested interests, etc.,
of many kinds here and there all over the world. One of the
lies that sticks in my mind is the lie told by the Soviet Union
in 1940 that the Germans and not the Russians had put to
death 12,000 Polish army officers and men in the Katyn
Forest in May of that year; but the evidence is clear that the
Soviet secret police shot them there under Stalin's orders.
However, sensible men would not expect unflattering truth
to be told voluntarily by the Stalin dictatorship.
People who live in small countries like Denmark or Switzerland are regularly much better off for news and information than people who live in big countries like the United
States or the Soviet Union. Perhaps one of the best ways to
escape from the all-pervasive distorted atmosphere of news
reported and beliefs held in a large country is to travel for a
while in other countries, especially smaller ones. And the
more powerful and pervasive computers become, the more
necessary it is for computer professionals to take on added
responsibility to seek to produce truthful computer output.

•

EVALUATING EDP SERVICE BUREAUS -.AND CONSULTING FIRMS
Dennis D. Sheaks
Marketing Manager
Computer Usage Development Corp.
200 S. Mich. Ave.
C.hicago, III. 60604
In the August issue of Computers & Automation Mr. 1. J.
Kusel from Walter E. Heller & Company had written to you
asking for advice on procedures for evaluating consulting
firms. Your response was to use some observations from a
previous issue of C&A on "How to Choose and Use an EDP
Service Bureau". I feel that if you are categorizing the consulting firms that Mr. Kusel was referring to with EDP Service Bureaus, you are not being fair to either type organization. Advice and consultation cannot be sectioned off and
measured in the same. way as a block of computer time.
Your advice dwelled on three parts.
1. One-man service bureaus
2. One-machine operation
3. The free survey
I would like to discuss these· in ·order. I agree the one-man
service bureau is risky if the man in fact does control the job
on a continuous basis. However, depending on the type of
application, y~)U might not be interested in long-term service
10

for that particular area of assistance. If, for instance, you
contracted with a "one-man shop" to perform an evaluation
of your computer department and its objectives, your end
product after several months of endeavor would· probably be
a logically organized master plan in the form of a typewritten
report. At this point the consultant's services end. The report is self-contained, such that it is understandable and solutions are well identified with suggestions as to the procedure
to follow. If the job is one that will require continuous control, the benefit of using a larger firm is to have back-up and
assurance that the job will eventually be done at no additional cost due to changes in personnel, i.e., the man quit. However, if you have a schedule problem, this is of little consultation. Therefore, my suggestion to your first point is that in
any case you must have confidence in the people with whom
you are dealing.
The second point that you presented has no bearing on
most "pure" consulting jobs. However, because .most consulting firms do a large portion of programming and analysis,
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

Who said

acompnter
shouldn't ~et
promoted from
within?

All day long you
manage a computer installation, and what happens? Management
thinks the computer's a
genius and you're its assistant.
This situation
could go on indefinitely
unless you do something
a computer couldn't possibly do. Like promote a
better deal on computers
to your management.
For example, you
can buy "used" computers for as little as 25% of
new cost, perhaps saving
your company hundreds
of thousands of dollars.
Machines are
available with known
technical abilitythat have
huge, easily accessible libraries of programs. And
with hundreds of people
already trained in their
operation and programming.
I BM recently announced a new policy that
bri ngs ha rd secu rity to
machines as they move
from user to user. It pro-

vides subsequent owners
of IBM machines with the
same maintenance, education, Programming
Systems Maintenance
and site planning as the
original buyer. Other
manufacturers aren't far
behind.
Certainly, there
are jobs that require the
unique capabilities of
Third Generation equipment. We can even help
there. But, if you're to get
everything out of these
new machines that they
have to offer, using a lowcost Second Generation
satellite system represents an important economy-for example, excess
printing load and/or periodic management reports.
If what you need
is more capacity and/or
capability for your present Second Generation
system, there's no more
efficient way to get it than
through The Computer
Exchange.
Even those contemplating their first
computer should examine this new alternative.
Talktous, andthe
only problem you'll have
is how to spend the extra

money you'll be saving to
build your department.
What about surplus equipment? That's
no problem either. Because The Computer Exchange operates like any
other exchange, commodity or stock. If it has
value, we'll buy it.
So if you'd like to
know what you should
buy or what you should
sell, or what the right
market price is for equipment, or howto lower cost
and increase performance, or what's available,
or anything and everything about "used" computers, you can't find a
better informed group of
computer peoplewhotalk
your language.
Give us a call. Or
stop in. Or let us stop by
to see you. We'll help you
promote a computer and
outsmart it at the same
time.

THE CDMPUTER EXCHANGE INC.
30 East 42nd Street. New York. N. Y. 10017
(212) 661-5870
Designate No. 12 on Reader Service Card

it is true that they must have computers for program development. The way you presented your point indicates you are
only talking about servicing or processing a production program. Most consulting firms generally do not provide a service bureau type operation. Those that do usually have them
operate on a completely independent basis. Therefore, I believe point two has no reflection or contribution to the evaluation of a consulting firm.
In point three you suggest that a free survey is a gimmick;
this I will most certainly agree to. But who says gimmicks are
bad? You suggest that adequate surveys require the services
of expensive specialists; indeed they do. However, nobody
realizes the expense of these specialists as much as the consulting firm when there are no jobs contracted for which you
can use his specific talent. Therefore, you begin to eat the
cost. It is only good business to use this man's knowledge in
the promotion of more business if he is not already billable.
Many times a client is hard to convince of an existing prob-

lem and he certainly is not willing to pay for an analysis of
a non-existent problem (at least in his eyes). Therefore, if
we see the possibility of aiding this man by merely identifying
the problem for him, we are more than happy to provide the
services of a specialist to work with him (and eventually
generate more business).
My suggestion for selecting a consulting firm is reliance.
If this has to be established from a non-existent base, then
you can only go by proven history or by proven records.
Naturally, the first requirement is that they can do the job.
This should be established from experience that can be verified. Once you have used satisfactory services or know of
others who have used services that are quite reliable, the best
procedure is to continue using that service (but keep them on
their toes with some keen competition occasionally!). Until
standards are established by which all consulting firms must
abide, this will remain your only method of operation.
•

ARE COMPUTER PEOPLE THE TOOLS OF THEIR TOOLS?
James R. Gigone
Four Mile Canyon
Boulder, Colo.
"Men have become the tools of their tools" (from "The
Thoughts of Thoreau" by Edwin Way Teale).
Data processing professionals spend a good deal of time
contradicting this philosophy.
One of the first facts we point out to those unfamiliar with
the data processing field is that computers only do what they
are told to do by the programmers and operators. In practice, however, organizations can become dependent upon data
processing programs and systems which sometimes produce
strange and unpredictable results.
In these cases the data processing personnel are kept busy
and tense with stop-gap measures to get the job out. Those
using the output also may have fears concerning accuracy of
data and the ability to meet important deadlines. In this
case, as Thoreau warned more than a century ago, the computer system does to some extent run the people.

This unfortunate circumstance can be brought about in
several different ways. A few of the causes are: ( 1) inadequate education prior to the development of a system; (2) a
myriad of changes since the development of the system; (3)
"quick and dirty" conversions; (4) poor documentation and
weak backup; and (5) an employee who likes the feeling of
"security" resulting from non-communication.
Most people in the data processing field have at some time
or another been in the situation where they did not feel fully
in command of their area of responsibility. However, our
ethics should demand that when faced with this situation we
take steps to remedy it - that we force ourselves to document; that we strive to obtain adequate education; or, if
necessary, we request management to slow down the conversion. To provide good service we must run, rather than be
run by, our data processing tools.
•

DETECTING PROOFREADING ERRORS WITHOUT A COMPUTER
John H. Reddersen
The Mutual Life Insurance Co. of New York
Broadway at 55th St.
New York, N.Y. 10019
As an assistant director for insurance policy forms, I have
a natural abhorrence of any kind of errors which, in our end
of the business, just can't be afforded. Knowing of my interest in this field, one of my colleagues passed along to me
your September 1968 issue containing your editorial on errors.
I suspect that your primary interest is in the possibly farout project of a computer programmed to detect errors. A
woeful lack of knowledge on my part of computers and programming leaves me completely in the dark in that respect.
In the general area of detecting errors in typewritten or
printed material, however, you may find the following comments of interest:
1. We employ a "for sense" reading by a responsible
person after all proofreading has been completed. This may
be the same thing as the inspection you speak of but a
more extensive review is connoted: It helps show up such
sentences or facts not hanging together properly, ;absence or

overuse of punctuation, omission of closing parentheses and
quotation marks, etc., as well as the ever-present "typos".
2. Many people read printed or typed material for what
they want or expect it to say, rather than for what it does
say, especially in these days when emphasis is on speed
reading. Thus, "reuntied" is misread as "reunited" because
the latter is intended and expected (your Proof Goof 6891).
It takes real concentration to avoid this pitfall.
3. People who read printed or typed material must be
good spellers or at least know when to check with the dictionary. This is what I had to do on the misspelling of
"terrestrial" (Proof Goof 6892).
4. Headings have a tendency to be missed or skimmed
over, especially when they are added at the last ,minute to
break up lengthy text. The result is that they contain typographical errors or inaccurately describe the text which
follows.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

5. The best way to avoid printing errors to begin with,
and the chance of their not being caught, is to be sure that
the printer or typesetter gets ~lcar copy with complete instructions as to type font, size of type, bold face and light
face, etc., and with any corrections clearly written or typed.
Give a printer a tiny opportunity to use his judgment and,
not being familiar with the subject generally, he will pro•
ceed to "go to town".

CALLS FOR PAPERS
I.

International Joint Conference on Artificial Intelligence, May 1969

The subject areas for this conference, to be held May 7-9,
1969 in Washington, D.C., have been selected. Papers are requested in the following areas: Theoretical Foundations of
Artificial Intelligence; Theorem Proving; Heuristic Problem
Solving; Question-Answering Systems and Computer Understanding; Man-Machine Symbiosis in Problem Solving; Psychological Modeling; Linguistic Research Relevant to Artificial Intelligence; Integrated Artificial Intelligence Systems;
Self-Organizing Systems; Pattern Recognition - Signal Processing; Pictorial Pattern Recognition; Linguistic and Contextual Methods in Pattern Recognition; Physiological Modeling; and Applications of Artificial Intelligence Work.
Manuscripts are due January 15, 1969. Manuscripts and
inquiries about the program should be sent to: Dr. Donald
E. Walker, IJCAI Program Chairman, The MITRE Corp.,
Bedford, Mass. 01730.

II.

Sixth Annual Design Automation Workshop, June
1969

This workshop, jointly sponsored by SHARE, ACM and
IEEE, is scheduled for June 8-12, 1969, in Miami Beach, Florida. Authors are invited to submit papers of interest in the general area of Design Automation, which includes the use of
computers in design, analysis and synthesis. Topics would include: electronic design; computer techniques for design;
simulation; man-machine interaction; process automation;
mechanical design; and management information and control.
Interested authors should submit three copies of a 1,000
word abstract prior to January 2, 1969 to the Program Chairman: Dr. H. Frietag, IBM Watson Research Center, P.O.
Box 218, Yorktown Heights, N.Y. 10598.

III.

add Ihe ,ealures
and YOU won'l
believe Ihe lOw
price Ihe
new series MDM-X
digilal compuler
memories

Seventh Annual Conference of the Special Interest Group on Computer Personnel Research, of
the Association for Computing Machinery, June
1969

This conference will be held in Chicago, Ill., June 19 and
20, 1969. Papers are solicited describing relevant research in
the general areas of: (1) Selection criteria and training programs for the disadvantaged for entry level jobs in the computer profession; (2) Programmer performance evaluation
techniques and approaches; (3) Description of job content
and selection procedures for systems analysts positions; (4)
Approaches to the supervision of programming personnel and
the management of computer installations; (5) Governmental
guidelines for all jobs in the computer profession; (6) Mobility and turnover of computer personnel; and (7) Any
specialized proficiency tests for programmers and systems
analysts.
Authors should submit three copies of a 300-word summary of their research by February 1, 1969 to: Dr. Charles
D. Lothridge, General Electric Co., 570 Lexington Ave., New
York, N.Y. 10022.
•
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

Featuring:

**
*
*
*
*
*

Processing both surfaces simultaneously
Random access positioners
25 million bit on-line storage capacity
25 milliseconds maximum mechanical access time
Interchangeable magnetic disc cassettes
Modular construction
Fast, fool-proof leading; remove and replace
cassettes in less than la-seconds

For complete information, consultation, and
quotations contact:

INFOTECHNICS, INC.
15730 Stagg Street, Van Nuys, California 91406
phone: (213) 787-0401 or 780-3615
13

WHO'S WHO IN THE COMPUTER FIELD, 1968-1969 - ENTRIES

Who's Who in the Computer Field 1968-1969 (the
Fifth Edition of our Who's Who), will be published by
Computers and Automation during 1969. The Fourth
Edition, 253 pages, with about 5000 capsule biographies
was published in 1963. The Third Edition, 199 pages,
was published in 1957.
In the Fifth Edition we hope to include upwards of
10,000 capsule biographies including as many persons as
possible who have distinguished themselves in the field
of computers and data processing.
If you wish to be considered for inclusion in the
Who's Who, please complete the following form or provide us wi th the equivalent information. (If you have already sent us a form some time during the past eight
months, it is not necessary to send us another one unless
there is a change in information. )

1.
2.
3.

q.
6.

WHO'S WHO ENTRY FORM
(may be copied on any piece of paper) Name? (Please print) _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Home Address (with Zip) ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Organization? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Its Address (with Zip) ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Your Title ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Your Main Interests?
Applications
Mathematics
Programming
Business
Construction
Sales
Systems
Design
Logic
Other
(Please specify)
Management

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

Year of Birth? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Education and Degrees ?_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Year Entered Computer Field ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Occupation? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Publications, Honors, Memberships, and other
Distinctions ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

(attach paper if needed)
)Yes ( )No
12. Do you have access to a computer?
a. If yes, what kind of computer?
Manufacturer _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Model _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Where is it installed:
Manufacturer ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Address?
c. Is your access: Batch? (
Time-shared? (
other? ( ) Please explain: _ _ _ _ _ _ __
d. Any remarks ?_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

-----------------

13. Associates or friends who should be sent Who's Who
entry forms?
Name and Address

(attach paper if needed)
When completed, please send to:
Who's Who Editor, Computers and Automation,
815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160

Letters to the Editor
(Continued from page 4)

Proof Goofs
Computers and Automation has long
been a favorite of mine among ADP
journals. I read your September editorial with considerable interest as I
have always been aware of "proof
goofs" and have been constantly amazed
at how some of them slip by.
Frequently I am reminded of an experience in my eighth grade history class
when a female classmate stood up to
give an oral report on the McCormick
rapeing machine - absolutely straightfaced and innocent of her utterances.
In addition to the goofs in your
"Proof Goof" column in September, I
also found an error in the IFIP Congress report on page 10, column 2,
in the quote of Alexander Douglas:
"Tryanny is tolerable . . ." should be
"Tyranny is tolerable . . . ".
'Vas this done purposely, just to see
how sharp your readers are?
I realize this leter may be received
14

latter than most, but I'm just a pore
buoy surfing as a com putter programmer for Uncle u-no-hoo. (I get my copy
of your magazine through the SSA library on a circulation basis and, needless to say, I'm not # 1 on their list.)
Maybe some day I'll be able to afford
your subscription rates.
Keep up the good editorials.
PHILIP L. SIBERT
3602 Forest Grove Ave.
Baltimore, Md. 21207

MER . . . 2. A component umt In a
computing machine or accounting machine that stores the program and controls the sequence of operations."
Or should we consider this a prediction of future technological unemployment for members of our profession?
T.D.C. KUCH
4242 East West Highway
Chevy Chase, Md. 20015
"Proof Goofs" is irresistible, but the

20 lines before and after which you re-

(Ed. Note -- The error in "tyranny" was
not intentional.)
Another kind of error is an error in
research, where the innocent factgatherer is solemnly assured of something which turns out to be completely
wrong. For example, I found the following on page 1813 of Webster's Third
New International Dictionary (Merriam-Webster, 1961): "PROGRAM-

quire makes the error rather easy to
spot, besides using up space that could
better be used to accommodate more
"goofs". I would suggest limiting the
context to lSD-odd words and not specifying the thickness of the insulation
on either side.
ROLAND MANN
20th Floor
245 Park Ave.
New York, N.Y. 10017

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

PROOF GOOFS
Neil Macdonald
Assistant Editor
We print here actual proofreading errors in context as
found in actual books; we print them concealed, as puzzles
or problems. The correction that we think should have been
made will be published in our next issue.
If you wish, send us a postcard stating what you think the
correction should be.
We invite our readers to send in actual proofreading errors
they find in books (not newspapers or magazines). Please
send us: (1) the context for at least twenty lines before the
error, then the error itself, then the context for at least twenty
lines after the error; (2) the full citation of the book including edition and page of the error (for verification); and (3)
on a separate sheet the correction that you propose.
We also invite discussion from our readers of how catching
of proofreading errors could be practically programmed on a
computer.
For more comment on this subject, see the editorial in the
September 1968 issue of Computers and Automation.

ANNOUNCEMENT
Beginning January 1, 1969 Computers and
Automation will be published 13 times a year instead of 12 times. The new June issue will have
the same kind of editorial content as the other
monthly issues; and "The Annual Computer Directory and Buyers' Guide" issue will become a special 13th issue published additionally in June.
Effective February 1, 1969, the annual subscription rate for Computers and Automation wit h
the "Computer Directory and Buyers' Guide" will
become $18. 50 a year, and wit h 0 u t the Directory
issue will become $9. 50 a year, for United States
subscriptions.
Since 1960 our subscriptionrates have been
unchanged. But because of the additional issue we
will publish and because of continually increasing
costs of prod:ucing and publishing the magazine,
this price increase has become necessary.

Proof Goof 6812
Find one proofreading error:

Comparable sets are also composed of different components
in different cultures. We think of a set of china as being primarily the dishes, cups, and saucers made from the same material and bearing the same pattern or in the same style. In
Japan this does not hold. One of the many sets which I saw
in the modem department stores in the Ginza was a "coffee
set" in a box. It included five cups, five saucers, five spoons
(all china), one aluminum percolator (kitchen variety), one
cut-glass cream pitcher, and one plain sugar bowl with a
plastic top. In the United States, no stretch of the imagination could put these diverse items in the same set.
Another important point is that the same sets are classified
differently as one moves about the globe. This provides us
with some additional stumbling blocks and gives us the illusion that we are really learning something different. In
English, nouns are not classified as to sex. In Arabic, they
are. You have to know the sex of the noun if you are to use
it properly. We, on the ,other hand, classify everything into
animate and inanimate, which would mean that a Trobriand
Islander who does not make these distinctions would have to
remember every time he referred to something whether we
thought it was alive or not. He would also experience some
difficulty with our animal and vegetable classifications, because he conceives of vegetables as being like animals and
able to migrate from one garden to the next. (A good gardener to him is like a shepherd who is able to keep his own vegetables home and possibly even to entice f. few, but not too
many, of his neighbor's vegetables to enter his garden.)
English also has mass and non-mass mouns. Mass nouns
comprise such things as sand, snow, flour, and grass. They
are indicated by the phrase, "Give me some -." Non-mass
nouns include such objects as man, dog, thimble, and leaf.
The phrase, "Give me - " is the linguistic clue to their existence. The foreigner always has to learn, pretty mucl~ by

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

rote, which nouns are mass and which are not. Grass is, leaf
isn't; there is no known consistent logic as to why a noun
exists in one category and not another. In fact, it is true of
sets generally that there is a good deal of plain old repetitious
learning involved in their use. Vocabulary, wherever and
however you find it, always has to be memorized.
Vve also distinguish between the various states of things
- that is, whether they are active or passive. How the person speaking relates to natural events also varies. We say,
"I'll see you in an hour." The Arab says, "What do you
mean, 'in an hour'? Is the hour like a room, that you can go
in and out of it?" To him his own system makes sense: "I'll
see you before one hour," or "I'll see you after one week."
We go out in the rain. The Arab goes under the rain.
Not only are sets classified, but they are broken· down into
further categories. An analysis of the number of sets in. a
given category can sometimes tell you the relative importance
of an item in the over-all culture. The first person to speak
scientifically about this trait was Franz Boas in his discussion
of such things as the Eskimo's use of several different "nouns"
for the many states of snow. In our culture one can get some
idea of the importance of women by examining the tremendous proliferation of synonyms for females, particularly the
young ones - cupcake, doll, flame, skirt, tomato, queen,
broad, bag, dish, twist, to mention only a few. Each indicates a different variety or a subtle distinction in the ranking scale.
- From The Silent Language, pp 101-103, by Edwaro
T. Hall, Fawcett World Library, 67 West 44th St., New
York, N. Y., 1961, 192 pp.

Solution to Proof Goof 6811:
Verse 4, line 1: Replace "lamps" with "lambs".

•

HANDLING SMALL AREA DATA WITH COMPUTERS
Richard S. Hanel
Vice President and Manager
Urban Statistical Div.
R. L. Polk & Co.
551 5th Ave.
New York) N.Y. 10009

((It's no trick at all for the computer to generate a million or so statistics for one block in a medium-sized city. The big job is. to figure out
what to do with a million numbers - how to work wzth them and
what to conclude from them."

This article deals with today's capabilities for handling
small area data with computers.
We will be dealing with three main points. First, a summary of eight important computer capabilities which are
ready to be put to work right now. Second, some examples
of practical, results-producing applications of those capabilities. And third, a few words of caution.
Our emphasis is on what can be done right now - today
- in terms of what we consider to be an exciting new dimension in statistics - the dimension of space - which includes
physical location and geographic relationship.

Credentials
First, though, just a few words to position the Polk Company and give our credentials for discussing computers and
small area data. Our company is the "official s'corekeeper"
for the automotive industry. Each year, we process nearly
100 million car and truck registrations, in order to give the
auto companies the detailed small-area statistics they need to
keep track of all the cars and trucks which are sold and are
an the road. Our experience in using computers to code and
summarize vehicle registrations by small-area - such as census tract and dealer trading zones - goes back to the early
1960's.
Another important part of our business is the publication
of City Directories. Each year, Polk interviewers go door-todoor in some 7,000 communities across the United States to
gather the information which is printed in our City Directories. All told, we knock on the doors of some 24 million
households and 3 Yz million businesses each and every year,
as we take our annual City Directory Census of well over
half the urban population of the U. S.
. In the very early stages of programming our computers to
sort and print the Directory information, we found that it
would also be possible to tum the interviews into statistics.
Based on a talk at the Federal Statistics Users Conference, New York,
N.Y., September 12, 1968.

So it is that for the last 5 years or so, we have been deep in
the business of preparing address coding guides, coding and
summarizing data for areas as small as a block, and designing the kinds of computer output with which the numbers
could best be put to work.

20,000 Miles of Computer Tape
Company-wide, we're using close to $10 million worth of
third-generation computers - and some 20,000 miles of computer tape - to store and process just the current information in our files. And wherever you look in the Company,
an important part of our computer activity is devoted to sorting and summarizing data by some kind of small area - be
it street, block, tract, planning area or zip zone.
Now then, what have we learned in the last 5 years that
might be of interest and use? In general, three things:
- First, there exists right today, plenty of computer
capability for dealing very effectively and at very low
cost with small-area data. We have all the equipment
we need right now to plow the small-area fields
thoroughly and efficiently.
- Our second main observation is that the people who
are starting to put small-area capability to work, in
even the simplest and most straightforward ways, are
discovering that the computer is adding a whole new
dimension to the meaning and use of statistics - the
tremendously important dimension which includes
physical location, density and geographic relationship.
We now have the ability to track statistical change
through space just as effectively as we've learned to
track change through time.
- Third, we find that the computer is turning out to be
a stern and demanding taskmaster which is setting a
fast and tough pace for those who are pioneering in
the use of small-area data. For example, it's no trick at
all for the computer to generate a million or so block
statistics for a medium-sized city. The big job is to
figure out what to do with a million numbers, how to
work with them and what to conclude from them,
who's going to use them and how.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

These are our three general conclusions. Now let's get specific - first, in terms of a look at some of the computer capabilities that exist right today for dealing with small-area data.

Computer Capabilities
Our starting point is the job of translating tens of thousands
- or even millions - of street addresses into their equivalent
small-area identifiers, such as block, tract, planning area or
Zip Zone number. This job of geo-coding can be done by
computer at the rate of 5,000 to 6,000 addresses a minuteroughly 100 per second - using a sorting table known as an
address coding guide. The U.S. Census is preparing coding
guides for many cities for use with the 1970 data. The main
point here is that for many purposes there's no need to wait
for the work that's being done for the '70 census - it's simple
and inexpensive to set up your own customized, computerized
coding guide which can go to work on your own data right
away.
Once your records are geo-coded, the ability of the computer to store, select and summarize huge masses of data at
blinding speed takes over. This capability for fast, low cost
mass-processing is the foundation on which the whole smallarea data business is starting to be developed. When you stop
to think of it, it's only in the last few years, with computers,
that we've learned to deal effectively with the reams of block
data that have been available ever since the 1960 Census.

Flexibility
A third capability - and an outstanding characteristic of
the computer information systems which are being developed
and used these days - is the almost incredible flexibility with
which computers can select and retrieve and manipulate the
data in the files. A number of readily-available programs are
making the design and production of statistical tables, summarizing data by small-area, a relatively uncomplicated and
routine matter.
Another important capability of computers in dealing with
small-area data is their tremendous power for developing
valuable by-products as they perform their basic sorting and
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

counting operations. For example, as we summarize our automobile registration counts by small-area, we are simultaneously calculating and summarizing the probable number of miles
those cars will travel in the next year, and how much gas
they'll burn up in the process. In order to do this, the computer bounces each registration against a probability table
which takes into account the make and age of the car, the
number of cylinders, whether it's registered in the name of a
male or female driver, and how many cars in total are registered at that particular household.
Another capability that we're learning to work with is the
way the computer can use address or small-area designations
- such as block or tract number - as a common denominator for merging information from any number of diverse
sources, both internal and external.
An automobile insurance company, for example, can take
an internal count of its policyholders by ZIP area and compare those figures with an external count of the number of
car-owning households by ZIP. By calculating the percentage
of poliCies to households for each of the 35,000 ZIP areas in
the country, you have the beginnings of a very effective,
small-area sales management and control tool. Incidentally,
one of our computers is capable of performing the 35,000
percentage calculations in a little under 5 seconds. Printing
out the 35,000 answers, including ZIP number and a six or
eight digit percentage for each, takes a little longer - about
5 minutes.
With 35,000 numbers to deal with, we come now to another - and one of the most intriguing - new computer
capabilities. At one stage of the game, we thought that welldesigned statistical tables, itemizing small-area counts and
subtotals, and complete with a wide variety of summaries,
comparisons, percentages and ratios, would be just what the
data users and decision-makers were waiting for.
As you might guess, it didn't turn out that way. For one
thing, in most cases, there were - by definition - just too
many numbers. 35,000 percentages, for example, are a bit
much for easy review and decision-making. And more importantly, it's difficult for a statistical table to do any kind of
justice to the discovery and display of geographic relationships in the data.
17

Graphics
We're beginning to find some answers to this kind of probletll in the technique of com/JUter graphics, which represents
one of the tIlost important new computer capabilities in dealing with large volumes of small-area data.
Quite possibly you have seen examples of maps which have
been printed on computers. At one end of the line are the
relatively simple profile maps in which specific areas - such
as blocks or tracts - are clearly outlined and shaded in with
a regular computer printer to indicate various levels of value
in the data. At the far end of the range are the very precise
and elaborate line tracings which are done on complex and
expensive special equipment involving rotating drums, photoelectric cells, highly sensitive film and all manner of weird
and wonderful devices.
One of the most interesting and advanced techniques is one
which summarizes geographic data by calculating and printing the equivalent of contour or isotherm lines, and has the
further ability to rotate the contours and look at them in
three dimensions from the top or the side, or any angle in
between.
It used to be that maps found their greatest use as the end
product or display piece with which decisions already arrived
at were justified or explained. After all, it used to take hours
or even days to prepare outlines, locate and plot data, stick in
colored pins and fill in the shadings for a map dealing with a
hundred or so small areas. The computer has changed all
that. Now it's a matter of less than one minute on the printer
to turn out a map, 30 by 40 inches in size, complete with the
data and shadings for 100 different areas. This kind of capability means that maps have moved out of the category' of
window-dressing and into the position of every-day working
tools for spotting and interpreting the geography in the
statistics.
In the urban statistical packages which we have designed
for use by city planners and administrators, we routinely produce 100 o_r so different maps displaying selected tract-level
data on population, housing, labor force, business activity and
land use. And if anybody should want another 100 maps to
be produced from other data in the file, it's only a matter of
a few instructions to the computer.

Another new way to use computers for dealing with the
geographic relationships in small area data is beginning to
emerge. Somebody said to us not long ago: "Why don't you
put all your maps on transparencies so that you could pile
them on top of each other and get a cross-section look at
what's going on?"
We thought about that one and reasoned that no matter
how thin you printed them, you could only pile the maps so
high. Then it occurred to us that the same computer programs that sorted out the tracts in order to set up the shadings on the maps could just as well assign a rating or rank
number to each tract. Then if you had a rank number for
each tract for a whole series of factors - such as the percentage of female headed household with children - you
could add them up and get a composite rating by tract which
would be the equivalent of trying to see through a bunch of
transparencies.
One of the beauties of this approach is its tremendous
flexibility. Rankings can be assigned, combined, regrouped
and weighted with very little effort, and the composite ratings can in turn be summarized and displayed on maps. This
is a good example of the kind of multidimensional processing
that typifies the new and growing- use of the computer as a
working, analytical tool.

"Mathematical Models"
The last in this particular list of small-area computer capabilities is the new and fast-growing field which includes prediction, simulation and that all-encompassing term, "mathematical models". Our first-hand knowledge and experience in
this field are so limited that we're going to pass up this one
except for a single comment: while computer capability
makes many of these models possible, it doesn't necessarily
make them good. There's even one school of thought which
says that every model builder should be required to demonstrate the assumptions and prejudices in his handiwork on a
scratchpad and a desk calculator before he's even allowed to
get near a computer.
To sum up, then, our first general observation is that there
exists right today plenty of computer capability to deal very
effectively and very imaginatively with small-area data.

A Shorthand Technique
Another kind of computer graphics is proving to be very
useful in working with data for very small areas such as
blocks. Here, we've developed a sort of shorthand technique
whereby the computer prints an index number or a symbol
at the position which corresponds to the geographic center of
each of the blocks on a map. When you overlay this print-out
with a transparency which shows the outlines of blocks, tracts
or planning areas, you have a very effective way of looking at
the geography of block data. It's also very fast - a standard
high-speed printer can rattle off such a map, completely plotted
with the data for 2,500 blocks, in a matter of 5 or 6 seconds.
This Model-T form of grid coordinate plotting is also an
excellent device for spotting concentrations or exceptions in
the data. All you do is select and print just those blocks
which have values over a certain level. We used this approach in dealing with a good deal of our data for the 655block West Side Detroit area which was struck by last summer's riots. In all, we printed over 100 maps showing concentrations of such items as total population by block, the
number of .housing units, the number of new movers, the
number of female-headed households with children, etc. When
we read the block printouts through overlays indicating those
blocks where the greatest riot activity had taken place, it
became pretty easy to spot some important relationships
between data and damage.
18

Comparing Data From Many Sources
Our second major point is that these capabilities are adding
whole new dimensions to the practical use of statistical data.
Some kind of geographic identifier - be it individual address,
or the designation of an area with its block, tract, or ZIP
zone number - is turning out to be the common denominator
with whi,\h great masses of data from many sources - up to
this point unmanageable and unmergeable - can now be related and compared and summarized in a most useful and
practical fashion.
Here are a few quick examples of how the computer is
taking data from several sources and putting it together in
ways such that one plus one equals a lot more than two.

Example: The Car Business
Our first example is from the car business. In one computer file, we have an address-by-address listing of all the
new cars that are purchased, month-by-month. In a second
file, we have a listing of all car owners. And thirdly, in our
City Directory tapes, we have a detailed demographic profile
of all the families involved.
Step 1 is to relate car purchase by make with car ownership by make - for an area such as a dealer trading zone or
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

a census tract. The rule of thumb is that car purchase closely
follows car ownership - the odds are very good that the
owner of Make A will buy another Make A, at an almost
predictable rate.
As soon as the computer starts calculating purchase rates
as a percentage of ownership, it's on its way to smoking out
the geographic areas where sales attention is due - the beginnings of broad-scale, small-area exception analysis. Incidentally, this kind of analysis led to the discovery that 'there
are more car buyers in just the non-metropolitan areas of the
state of Ohio than there are in 85 of the traditional top 100
car markets across the country.
Then when you add in the economic and the demographic
profiles of the families in each area, you have a powerful new
index of the kinds of people who are in or out of the car
market, what they are or are not buying, and at what rate.
Facts of this kind up to now have been available only through
samples, which for reasons of both expense and administration are usually so thin as to be of limited value in smallarea analysis.
And finally, if you want to go way behind all the numbers
and get into such things as opinion and motivation, you have
in these merged and multi-dimensional computer files a wellstructured and broadly based statistical universe from which
you can make very precise selections for your sample.

Example: A Shopping Center
Let's take another example of new dimensions for statistics
in space. Suppose that you are investing in a shopping center
and that decisions on alternate sites are being made. The
critical, money-making questions go something like this: How
much business will the supermarket do, and how big should
it be; how much floor space should w~ plan for a shoe store,
and what grade of merchandise should it carry; and is there
enough potential business to support a jewelry store? The
problem is too much space and you lose money; not enough
space and you lose business.
Studies are available which 'relate family expenditures for
hundreds of different products and services to family-typenumber in the group, occupation of the head, whether they
o\vn or rent their home, whether or· not they have children,
etc. Step 1 is to put the computer to work assigning and
aggregating dollar expenditures by product, by family and by
small-area - even down to the block. Next, set up the configuration and the weighting factors for the trading zones
which surround each of the possible sites, and use the computer to make the thousands - or maybe even millions of
calculations - that are required to estimate potential dollar
sales by product line.
Finally, boil the whole thing doWn into as few as possible
decision-type numbers and you have the exciting new pattern
of geographic analysis that's beginning to emerge in practice
as a result of computer capability in dealing with small-area
data.
.

Example: Housing
A final example, this time from the public sector, is the
critical problem of housing. Routine step one is to. take an
inventory of existing housing in the area involved - how
much, what kind, what condition and where. Routine
step two is to take a count and prepare a profile of the people
involved - type and size of family, economic condition, etc.
Then, with step three, we get into that new element of geography and computer capability. How does the inventory of
housing and people - by location - relate to the needs for
housing, present and future - by type and by location?
Where are - and where will be - the smokestacks and the
jobs versus where are the workers? What is - and what will
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

be - the journey to work, and the need for transportatfon
facilities? How about schools, bussing, integration?
By putting together computers, small area data, and some
proven, accepted analytical techniques and models, it's possible to come up with practical answers to questions like these
- answers that would never have been possible just a few
short years ago.

A Difficult Taskmaster
Our third and last point, you may remember, is that the
computer is turning out to be a stem and difficult taskmaster
for those who are pioneering in the use of small-area data.
One of the biggest jobs, we find, is defining the job. What
are the questions that need to be answered with small-area
data? What data are needed to get answers that are useful
and not just interesting? What is the best way to process and
summarize the information? Who is going to take on the job
of doing the analysis and drawing the conclusions?
Over the last three or four years, we've seen some rather
negative reactions to the availability of small-area dataranging all the way from complete disinterest, to skepticism,
to informed detachment. The kinds of facts we're talking
about are something new, and to some potential users, they're
disturbing - resulting almost literally in an attitude of "Let's
not rock the boat by confusing ideas with the facts."
It's heartening to see that recently quite a different climate
is developing. Without question, there's a rapidly growing
awareness of the need and opportunity for the use of smallarea data. Coupk this with the computer and technical capability that already exists, and you have the makings of a
quantum leap forward in our skills in dealing with urban data.
At the same time, we must remain aware that there are
hazards in moving too fast, and especially in accepting computer output at face value simply because all the answers
come out in neat columns, complete to 8 or 10 decimal
points. As someone recently put it, "G-I-G-O used to stand
for 'Garbage In - Garbage out,' but nowadays, it's starting
to mean 'Garbage In - Gospel Out'!"

The Need for Vigilance
We must also be alert to the fact that the computer is' an
avid and voracious collector of information. It is an indiscriminate eclectic, that makes it very easy and tempting to
add just one more item to the file on the chance that somebody, someday might want it. Unless there's another somebody who is continually vigilant in restricting the file to
what's truly useful- not merely interesting - you run the
very real risk that your data bank will turn into a prohibitively expensive and unwieldy data dump.
And finally, in this. kind of climate there's a need for constant vigilance - amounting almost to suspicion - in reviewing and appraising the computer's output, particularly when
it is performing forecasting or quasi-analytical operations.
It's well to remind ourselves that the output's only as good
as the raw data and the instructions that make up the input,
and that sometimes the question is not so much the computer's capabilities as the capabilities of the people who are
telling it what to do.
Somewhere near center, there's the good solid position of
careful appraisal mixed with well-founded optimism in applying today's computer capabilities to today's data requirements.
Without question, today's capabilities for handling smallarea data with computers are adequate and are pointed in
the right direction. Our skills and speed are picking up. And
tomorrow's potentials for powerful, low-cost and innovative
uses of the computer are becoming increasingly morc varied,
challenging, and exciting.
•
19

lNSPIRALATION

PLEXUS

HUMMINGBIRD

IDEALIZED BRUSH STROKES

L - -_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _~

SPICIAl OfflR!

lUll COlor reproductions 01 computer-generated artwork
Here is a unique opportunity to own a distinctive and unusual set of four prints from the 1968 Computer Art
contest. Each print is 12" x 16" and is reproduced in magnificent full color on heavy weight quality paper suitable
for framing. Symbolic of the computer industry, these attractive and interesting prints are ideal for decorating
your office, den or home. Packaged in a handsome folio, they make distinctive gifts for friends or business associates. Each is imprinted on the back with a description of the programming technique, computer and plotting
equipment employed to produce the art. Everybody in the computer field will want a set of these beautiful and
impressive prints. Send for yours now. Supply is limited.

ORDER FORM
Gentlemen: please sen~ your folio of computer art prints.
Enclosed is my 0 check 0 money order for $10.00.

NAME. ______________________________________
COM PAN Y___________________________________

ADDRESS ____________________________________
CITY _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ STATE. _ _ _ _ _ ZIP _ __

For orders of more than 10 sets, write for quantity price list

CODIOPO
1060 KINGS HIGHWAY NORTH
CHERRY HILL. N.J. 08034

609-667 -4 709

AN INTER-CITY, MULTI-ACCESS, TIME-SHARING

COMPUTER SYSTEM
((The expressed needs of all groups involved with computers proved
to be remarkably similar. What they all wanted was computer service via remote terminals catering to either individuals, or, at most,
to small groups of individuals, and computation in the full conversational mode."

Grant N. Boyd, Manager
Computation Center, Dept. 8620
Northern Electric Co. Ltd.
P.O. Box 3511, Station C .
Ottawa, Ontario, Canada

To evaluate the information reported in this article, let us
first describe the nature and purpose of the Northern Electric
Company and in particular, its Research and Development
activities.
The Northern Electric Company is the largest manufacturer of telecommunications equipment, wires, and cables in
Canada. It employs well over 20,000 people at its eight major manufacturing plants, its 31 sales locations across the
country and at its Research and Development Laboratories.
The company's purpose is to supply the telephone industry
domestically and also increasingly in recent years in the international field as well. In Canada our major customer is the
Bell Telephone Company, but we also supply the independe'nt
telephone companies in the various provinces.
Until about ten years ago we had no Research and Development division. We simply produced Bell Telephone Laboratories' designed equipment under a licensing agreement
with Western Electric. The decision of the company'about a
decade ago to have its own .R & D opened large new areas of
activity.
In our central laboratories there are some 800 employees
involved in a wide variety of projects in the telecommunications field. Some of the areas of interest are shown in Figure 1.
Work in all these areas but particularly in the field of electronic switching requires massive amounts of commercial
computer time and facilities far more powerful and sophisticated than anything required before.
Some idea of dynamic rate of growth of the R&D Labs
can be gained from Figure 2. From its beginning some 10
years ago the work force has grown drastically, as can be
seen. In addition to the growth at the Central Laboratories
here, Branch Labs have sprung up at most of our manufacturing locations starting in 1965. Here again we have several
hundred people engaged in intense scientific' activity.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION' for December, 1968

Computerization Begins
What of computer service for all these people? Let us go
back to the beginning. The earliest computer users of any
consequence in the Labs were the Filter Design Section of the
Transmission Systems Group. To look after their computational needs as well as those of others in the Labs, an IBM
1620 Model I 'was installed in 1961. It was a card and paper
AREAS OF INTEREST

1. SOLID STATE
2.

TRANSMISSION

COMPONENTS

GOVERNMENT PROJECTS

PHYSICAL SCIENCES RESEARCH

SWITC HING

STATION APPARATUS

WIRE AND CABLE

OUTSIDE PLANT AND MECHANICAL SYSTEMS

10.

SYSTEMS ENGINEERING

11.

LABORATORY SERVICES
Figure 1.
21

2000

R&D EMPLOYEES
GROWTH CHART

1900

IBOO

1100

1600

!
I
1

1500

TOTAL R&D
1400
1300

1200

1100

I
II

LIJ
LIJ

0
....J

1000

a..

::I:

LIJ

900

LIJ
L!:l

<
c::

800

LIJ

<
100
600

OTTAWA LABS
500

£V
V

...

100

..,~

MONTREAL
I

400

200

TORONTO

300

-=-

II
LO~DON I

YEARS

Figure 2.
tape oriented system run on an open shop basis. Neophytes
were assisted in the use of the machine by some of the more
knowledgeable personnel in Filter Design.
By 1964 it became necessary to replace the 1620 Model I
with a disk-oriented Model II. The Model II had twice the
speed of its predecessor and the disks and its own printer
further added to the installation capability.
By 1964 the volume of computation had increased to the
point where hands-on use of the machine was becoming impossible. The Computation Center was created, staffed originally by five people. Over the counter batch processing was
the order of the day.
.
During 1965 the Computation Center was hit by explosively increased demands on several fronts simultaneously. The
software group of the SP-l Electronic Switching System was
beginning to build up rapidly. With this build-up came the
corresponding build-up of the volume and complexity of .the
load they imposed on the Computation Center. In mid-year
a group of scientific staff who had been studying and learning
the software of the # 1 Electronic Switching System at the
Bell Telephone Laboratories returned to our own Labs and
almost immediately began to impose a computational load.
Simultaneous with this, a group of Systems Applications Engineers who had been studying and learning another aspect of the .
# 1 ESS software at Bell Labs returned to Montreal. It was
soon evident that their computational needs could not be met
by any of the Northern Electric- computer facilities available
or planned in Montreal. Finally as we have seen, towards the
end of 1965 Branch Labs were established at locations in
Toronto, Montreal, London, and Belleville. Some form of
22

computer service for these groups was almost immediately
required as well.

Remote Terminals Needed
The expressed needs of all groups involved in electronic
switching whether SP-l or # 1 ESS and even including the
Systems Applications Engineers in Montreal proved to be remarkably similar. What they all wanted was computer service via remote terminals catering to ~ither individuals or at
most, small groups of individuals, and computation in the full
conversational mode. With tight software schedules and very
limited numbers of qualified programmers, it was imperative
for these groups to achieve the maximum daily throughput
per programmer. Conservatively estimated, terminal service
with the conversational mode increases throughput over conventional batch mode by a factor of two. If terminal service
is to be provided for some users, it may as well be provided
to all users who need it; and of course, the Branch Labs fall
into this category perfectly. The alternative to a powerful
central computer servicing the Branch Labs via remote terminals is a collection of small low power machines one at
each location possibly shared with non R&D users.
The Computation Center was constrained budgetwise to
consideration of medium-scale systems as replacement for the
1620. After a thorough investigation of all systems within the
budget range, it appeared that the Control Data 3200 came
closest to fulfilling the requirements. The main reason it did
was the availability of an experimental version of the MATS
(Multiple Access Time Sharing) package. Also there was the
ability to readily modify the Control Data FORTRAN to
provide extended precision (now known as FORTEX). Extended precision was already in extensive use on the 1620 and
was therefore, considered a must.
In February 1966 a Control Data 3200 was !nstalled in the
R&D central laboratories in Ottawa. Initially the 3200 was
equipped with five IBM disks and three tape drives. We
were limited to 32K of memory by hardware restrictions. On
this system we ran alternate sessions of MATS· and batch.
The operating system was DISK SCOPE which was basically
a simulation permitting us to use TAP SCOPE with disks.
When MATS was on the air, limited file management but no
execution was possible. Execution' took place in a linear
batch. mode in the session following the MATS run.
In April 1966 the 3200 was replaced with a 3300. With
this machine there was memory protection and the capability
of extending core memory up to 256K words .. Type 852 disks
were added in June 1966 to the 1311's already in use.

File Space Requirements
In October 1966, faced with a rapidly increasing load, a second CDC3300 was added. About this time too all disks were
replaced with the I?-ewer faster 854's, the capacity of whose
packs was approximately 8 million characters vs. roughly 2
million for the 852's. With six' disk drives per system we
were up to roughly 100 million characters of disk capacity.
We were finding that remote terminal users' requirements for
file space were enormous. The requirements for tape drives
also had increased and at this point we were up to ten 604
drives. Tape was the main means of communications between
the systems which accounted in part for the large number of
tape drives.
Also in late 1966 we converted to MSOS. (Mass Storage
Operating System). It proved to be quite a satisfactory system but did not provide multiprogramming.
The version of MATS in use under MSOS provided:--

I. Limited file management
2. Ability. to request linear batch
3. Spooled output to remote terminal printers.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

3300 BATCH

3300 I/O SYSTEM

SYSTEM
4-604
TAPE DRIVES

4-604
TAPE DRIVES

READER

PUNCH

L----,r--,J-"--,5O}:J

PRINTER

'------; N.J.
Beckman Instruments,
Inc., Fullerton,
Calif.

PERIOD

Year ended
June 30.1968

SALES
Current Period
Previous Period
$6,464,000
$3.653.000

NET INCOME
(%)
(+70%)

Current Period
Previous Period
~178, 186
$55.571

NOTES
(%)
(+300%)

Year ended
July 31, 1968

$1,718,883
$1,350,901

(+27%)

Year ended
June 30, 1968

$130,316
$129,854

(+3%)

$4,156
$6,088

(-32%)

California Computer
Products, Inc.,
Anaheim, Calif.

Year ended
June 30, 1968

~16,648,OOO

(+47%)

~1, 210 ,000
$'1,156,000

(+5%)

$11.318.000

Datat ron, Inc.,
Santa Ana. Calif.

Year ended
June 30, 1968

$736.370

$29,133

Datronic Rental Corporation, Chicago.

Year ended
June 30. 1968

Year ended
April 30, 1968

~197,219

(+85%)

$106,497
Reduced earnings reflect
cutbacks in governmentsupported research programs
Sales for fiscal 1968
below initial goals due
in part to government
s~ending ~olicies

.425.589
$388.363

(+265%)

,657,433
$1.700,746

(-3%)

~53,600.000

(+94%)

~173,656

After only 13S months of
operations, company "anticipates, at the minimum.
to double sales in 1969"
(+149%)

$70,155

Ill.
Information International, Inc ••
CamlJridIJe. Mass.
Mohawk Data Sciences Corp.,
Herkimer, N.Y.
Northrop Corp ••
Beverly Hi 11s ,
Cali f.
Sanders Associates,
Inc., Nashua.

Year ended
July 31, 1968
Year ended
July 31, 1968

~193,300,000

Year ended
June 28, 1968

~12,032,000

~3,050,000

(+123%)

$1.370,000
(+3.4%)

$470,706,838

Year ended
July 31, 1968

(+94%)

$94,164

$27,600.000
~486.838.213

~183i498

~15,740,235

(+25.2%)

$12.567,646
(+39%)

$6,180,000
$4.710 ,000

(+31%)

(+50%)

$1,002,000
$304,000

(+230%)

$139,300.000

N.II.

Systems Engineering
Laboratories, Ft.
Lauderdale, Fla.

$8,027,000

Computer products accounted for 72% of sales,
compared with 65% in 1967
and zero percent in 1965.

AS WE GO TO PRESS
REPEATEU ,WARNINGS THAT SOMETHING MUST BE DONE TO
CURB IMPROPER USES OF THE POWER OF THE COMPUTER were
heard at the 1968 MIT alumni seminar on "Computers
in the Service of Society" held recently at MIT.
Prof. Carroll L. Wilson of MIT's Sloan School called
for the creation of a university-based computer development board to provide guidance for government
policy and to act as a check against the "threat of
premature, unwise, and technologically blind government control of the use of computers".
Dr. Robert M. Fano. Ford professor of engineering at MIT and the first director of Project MAC,
cited a danger in people delegating to the computer
responsibilities which should be theirs. "The invasion of privacy by computers has gone very far. and
we must pay attention to finding ways to protect
pri vacy," he said. "We can always pull the plug on
the computer. but we may reach the point where society could collapse if we did."
Ur. Jerome Wiesner, provost of MIT and former
science advisor to President Kennedy. pointed to the
critical problem of who will control the vast powers
of the computer. "The only thing I'm sure of " he
said~, "is it shouldn't be left in the hands of the
politicians. Some way must be found to diffuse the
centralization of the vast amounts of information
being collected."
The seminar was held in conjunction with the
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

dedication of a new $3 1/2 million Information Processing Center at MIT.
GREYHOUND COMPUTER CORP. HAS SIGNED A MAJOR CONTRACT
WITH GENERAL ELECTRIC CO. for the manufacture. to
Greyhound specifications, of a new disc drive. The
new product is designed for use on third generation
computers, including the IBM System/360. The unit
will have a storage capacity of 7~25 million bytes
of information on 10 disc surfaces. and will provide users with high speed access to data in random
or sequential mode. The new disk drive will be
available to customers in January. 1969.
A FLAW IN PROGRAMMING CAUSED THE ERRORS IN COMPUTING
ELECTION RETURNS last month, according to J. Richard
Eimers. the executive director of News Election Service, the cooperative organization formed by major
news media to insure a single set of accurate vote
totals from the national election Nov. 5. Although
more than 10.000 man-hours were said to have been consumed in programming the system, problems began to
show up around 10 p.m. At one point, the computer
reported that 177 percent of the vote had been cast
in the South. Dakota senatorial race. The computers
were later removed from service, and a slower back-up
system of tallying votes had to be used. It will
probably be some time before the specific programming errors are pinpointed.
63

NEW INSYALLAYIONS

Technical Information Services
Co. (TISCO), a subsidiary of
Informatics Inc., Sherman Oaks,
Calif .
UNIVAC Federal Systems Div.,
Sperry Rand Corp., Philadelphia, Pa.
Link Group of Singer-General
Precision, Inc., Binghamton,
N.Y.
Burroughs Corp., Detroit,
Mich.
Ampex Corp., Redwood
Calif.

City~

LTV Electrosystems, Inc.,
Dallas, Texas
International Computers, Ltd.
Great Britain
Honeywell Inc.

Control Data Corp., Minneapolis, Minn.
Computer Sciences Corp.,
Los Angeles, Calif.
Wyle Laboratories Western
Test Division, El Segundo,
Calif .
System Development Corp.,
Santa Monica, Calif.

Brogan Associates, Inc., Westbury, N.Y.
Computer Usage Co., Inc.,
Washington, D.C.

Lockheed Missiles ~ Space Co.,
a division of Lockheed Aircraft Corp •• Sunnyvale. Calif.
Standard Memories Inc., Santa
Ana, Calif. (a subsidiary of
Applied Magnetics Corp., Goleta, Calif.)
Computer Usage Co., Inc.,
Washington, D.C.
Scientific Data Systems,
El Segundo, Calif.

National Aeronautics and Space
Administration

Operation of NASA's Scientific and Techniover $4 million
cal Information Facility at College Park,
Md., through November 1969, with an option
for extensions for two succeeding one-year
periods
National Aeronautics and Space
Operational engineering support for the
about $2.7 million
Administration, Washington, D.C. UNIVAC 494 computers in the Communications
Command and Telemetry System (CCATS), a key
part of the Apollo lunar landing mission
Scandinavian Airlines
A Link DC-9 flight simulator; the Link
about $2 million
VAM?D (Visual anamorphic Motion Picture)
visual system enables pilots to practice
approaches, landin9s and takeoffs in all
types of weather conditions
Four B3500 computer systems to be used in
$1.7 million
Don Clark ~ Associates, Inc.,
Charlotte, N.C. and Omaha,
a network of service centers to serve the
hospital industry; the first of these will
Nebr.
be located in Columbia, S.C.
Magnetic tape transports for use in new
over $1.5 million
Western Electric Co.
automatic Electronic Switching Systems
(ESS) centers being installed for the
Bell Telephone System in the United
States and Canada
A pilot's longitudinal feel system includabout $1.5 million
Lockheed-California Company
ing a force unit and computer for the
flight control system
British American Insurance
A 1902A computer system which will store a
$1.2 million
Co •• Kingston, Jamaica
fi)e of over 800,000 British American policies providing a higher level of service for
the company's 600 agents in the Caribbean
American Airlines
20 Honeywell computers to concentrate and
over $1 million
transmit data for its passenger res~rvation
system; first installations are planned for
nine major cities from coast-to-coast
A CDC 3300 computer system to be used in
$922,000
U.S. Army Sentinel System Comconnection with Missile Test and Evaluamand, Redstone Arsenal, Ala.
tion programs at the Army's Kwajalein
Missile Range in the Pacific Ocean
Development of computer programs which will $600,000
Naval Command Systems Support
process information on operations, logistics,
Act i vity
communications and personnel for the U.S.
Military Assislance Command in Vietnam
Rocke~dyne Division of North
Testing the liquid-fueled rocket propul$500,000
American Rockwell Corp., Calif. sion system for the Navy's Condor air-toground missile
Assisting the Royal Thailand Government in
$430,000
Advanced Research Projects
improvement of its data processing capabilAgency of the Department of
ities; a primary task will be to help solve
Defense
computer programming problems due to the intricate Thai language (most words have no
one-to-one corresponding English equivalent)
The development and manufacture of a speover $275,000
MAl Equipment Corp.
cial processor for use with present MAl
accounting machines
National Institute of Health
Analysis and programming support to the
$203,000
Division of Computer Research and Technology of the NIH in the areas of business data processing, statistical analysis and simulation
Health Care Services~ State of
Performing a total management systems study $195,000
California
for the Medi-Cal Program, which provides
services to over l~ million medically needy
persons in California
MAl Equipment Corp., New York,
Development and manufacture of Expansion
about $150,000
N.Y.
Memory Modules designed with third generation circuits for use with certain IBM
second generation computer systems; the
equipment will be for sale or lease by
MAlon an exclusive marketing basis
Consulting services to five states in the
$118,175
Office of Economic Opportunity
development of Management Information Systems for reporting and controlling.funds
supporting the war on poverty
Johnson Service Co., Milwaukee, Seven SDS Sigma 2 computers which will be
used to monitor and control the air condiWis.
tioning, heating, lighting, and other facilities services for a variety of new multistory bank buildings, medical buildings.
educational institutions. and government
offices presently under construction or rejuvenation throughout the United States and Canada

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

NEW CONTRACTS
FOR

Burroughs B340 system

Proof and transit, demand deposit accounting, mortgage loans, installment loans, Christmas club accounting, and payroll.
(system valued at over $180,000)
Handling the association's 65,000 savings and
Tucson Federal Savings and Loan
12,000 loan accounts; also will offer data proAssociation, Tucson, Ariz.
cessing services, to other commercial and financial'
institutions
(system valued at nearly $600,000)
On-line servicing for financial and commercial
National American Bank of New
firms
Orleans, La.
(system valued at over $400.000)
Use with a CDC 6400 (already installed) in a realBonneville Power Administration,
time data processing installation to perform power
Portland, Ore.
s stem data mana ement and s stem control com utation
Engineering and scientific computations in simu
Babcock G Wilcox, Lynchburg, Va.
lating nuclear steam systems designed and built
by the firm
Raytheon Co., Missile Systems Div., Integration with a large-scale analog computer; system will be capable of running multiple hybrid missBedford, Mass.
ile simulations, as well as digital scientific computations, on a concurrent basis
A central computer service to all areas of the Uni
University of London, London,
versity for use in research and teaching
England
Phoenix Steel Corp., Calymont, Del. Monitoring such items as electrical load and temperature for two new electrIC furnaces
Board of Education, Borough of York, Use as a laboratory tool for students taking data
processing classes; some administrative tasks
Toronto, Canada
Customer billing, accounting, payroll and sales
Gould's Inc., Louisville, Ky.
analysis functions for the firm
In-patient and out-patient accounts, payroll and,
Green Cross General Hospital,
later, statistical data and research
Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio
Kawecki Chemical Co., Boyertown, Pa. Replacing tabulating system to control several aspects of financial accounting, inventory sales and
project scheduling
Scottish G Newcastle Breweries Ltd., Accounting, sales analysis, credit control, stock
control and sales forecasting
Edinburgh, Scotland
(system valued at $600,000)
Expansion of its service in managing over 120,000
Peterson, Howell G Heather Inc.,
automobiles, trucks and airplanes; firm offers
Ba It imore, Md.
specialized management or leasing services for na(twin H-1200 systems)
tional corporations that operate large fleets of
vehicles for sales and service personnel
(system valued at $1.3 million)
Forming the basis of a proposed production control
Rubery Owen, Darlston, England
and management information system. This diversified
engineering group pioneered computer use by British
industr in the late 1950s
Missouri Power G Light Co., Jeffer- Handling growing volume of customer and company accounting tasks; later other functions will be added
son City. Mo.
Speeding information on checking accounts, savings
The Fairfield County Trust Co.,
Stamford, Conn.
accounts and installment loans via an audio response
unit connected to the Model 30
An electronic customer service program
Wisconsin Electric Power Company,
Milwaukee, Wis.
Firestone Tire G Rubber Co., Akron, Nerve center of firm's centralized computer-based
Ohio
communications network, an inventory management
system which serves 110 Firestone plants, warehouses
and district offices nationwide
Boston Latin School, Boston, Mass.
Teaching programming to 300 juniors and seniors;
also used in "open shop" sessions in which students
undertake projects of their own choosing
Sherwin-Williams Co., Cleveland,
Helping select prope'r pigments and concentrations to
Ohio
match color samples submitted by customers, and in
developing new paint formulas
Steiger's Department Store, Spring- Sales analysis and payroll; accounts payable and
field, Mass.
inventory control will be added later
First National Bank, Hobbs, N.M.
Use as the control center for savings, demand deposit and installment accounting
Emory University Computing Center,
General administrative data processing as well as
Atlanta, Ga.
time sharing via RCA's Basic Time Sharing System
(BTSS) software package
Analyzing electrocardiograms, infrared spectra, seisCompuscan, Leonia, N.J.
mic record sections, weather maps, and other graphically recorded data for a variety of subscribers
Iberia Airlines, Madrid, Spain
An automatic seat reservation system
(two systems)
(systems valued at over $3 million)
Security Federal Savings & Loan
Loan, fixed asset and general ledger accounting
Association, East Chicago, Ill.

Burroughs B500 system

Burroughs B500 system
Control Data 1700 system
Control Data 6600 1700 system
Control Data 6600 system

GE-4020 system
Honeywell Model 120 system

Honeywell Model 1200 system

Honeywell Model 2200 system

IBM System 360 Model 25
IBM System/360 Model 30
Iml System/360 Model 40
I!3~1

System/360 Model 50

I!3~1

1130 system

NCI! Celitury-IOO system
NCI!-3IS system
RCA Spectra 70/55 system
SDS Sigma 2 system
UNIVAC 494 system
UNIVAC 9200 system

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

First National Bank, Massillon,
Ohio

MONTHLY COMPUTER CENSUS
The following is a summary made by "Computers and Automation" of
reports and estimates of the number of general purpose electronic digital computers manufac tured and ins taIled, or to be manufac tured and
on order. These· fi gures are mai led to i ndi vidual computer manufac turers
from time to time for their information and review, and for any updati ng or comments they may care to provide.
Our census has begun to include computers manufactured by organizations outside the Uni ted States. We invite all manufacturers located
anywhere to submit information for this census.
We also invi te our
readers to submit information that would help make these figures as
accurate and complete as pos sible.

The fo 110wi ng abbreviations apply:
(R) - figures derived all or in part from information released directly or indirectly by the manufacturer, or from reports by
other sources likely to be informed
(N) - manufacturer refuses to give any figures on number of installations or of orders, and refuses to comment in any way on
those numbers stated here
(S) - sale only
.
X - no longer in production
C - figure is combined in a total (see column to the right)
E - figures estimated by Computers and Automation
? - information not received at press time

AS OF NOVEMBER 15, 1968
NAME OF
MANUFACTURER
I.

NAME OF
COMPUTER

DATE OF
FIRST
INSTALLATION

NUMBER OF
INSTALLATIONS

11/58
6/61
2/65
4/68
10/61
5/64
8/63
3/59
12/60
12/63
1/54
10/58
11/61
7/65 .
10/68
2/67
5/67
3/63
2/68
4/69
8/67
7/55
4/61
12/62
9/56
1/61

30
6
17

MFR'S TOTAL
I NSTALLATIONS

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED
ORDERS

MFR'S TOTAL
UNFILLED
ORDERS

Uni ted States Manufacturers

Autonetics (R)
Anaheim, Calif.
Bailey Meter Co.
Wickliffe. Ohio
Bunker-Ramo Corp. (R)
Canoga Park, Calif.

Burroughs (R)
Detroi t, Mich.

Control Data Corp. (R)
MinneapOlis, Minn.

RECOMP II
RECOMP III
Bailey 756
Bai ley 855
BR-130
BR-133
BR-230
BR-300
BR-330
BR-340
205
220
B200 Series, BI00
B300 Series
B500
B2500
B3500
B5500
B6500
B7500
B8500
G-15
G-20
LGP-21
LGP-30
RPC-4000
636/136/046 Series
160* /8090 Series
924/924A

Datacraft Corp.
Ft. Lauderdale. Fla.
Data General Corp.
Hudson, Mas s.
Digi tal Electronics Inc. (R)
Plainview. N.Y.
Digi tal Equipment Corp. (R)
Maynard, Mass.

Electronic Assoc" Inc, (R)
Long Branch, N.J.
EMR Computer Div. (R)
MinneapOlis, Minn.

General E1ectri c (N)
Phoenix, Ariz.

AVERAGE OR RANGE
OF MONTHLY RENTAL

1604/A/B
1700
3100/3200/3300
3400/3600/3800
6400/6500/6600
6800
7600
DC6024
NOVA
DIGIAC 3080
DIGIAC 3080C
PDP-1
PDP-4
'PDP-5
PDP-6
PDP-7
PDP-8
PDP-8/S
PDP-8/I
PDP-8/L
PDP-9
PDP-9/L
PDP-lO
LINC-8
640
8400
ASI 210
ASI 2100
ADVANCE 6020
ADVANCE 6040
ADVANCE ,6050
ADVANCE 6070
ADVANCE 6130
115
130
205
210
215
225
235
255 T/S
265 T/S
405
415
420 T/S
425

$2495
$1495
$60,000-$400,000 (S)
$100.000 (S)
$2000
$2400
$2680
$3000
$4000
$7000
$4600
$14,000
$5400
$9000
$3800
$5000
$14,000
$22,000
$33,000
$44,000
$200,000'"
$1600
$15,500
$725
$1300
$1875
?
$2100-$14,000
$11,000
$45,000
$3500
$10,000-$16,250
$18,000-$48,750
$52,000-$117,000
$130,000
$150,000
$1300

5/60
8/61
1/60
5/66
5/64
6/63
8/64
6/67
12/68
1/69

29,7

57
44
74

o
1430 E

1
295
20
165
322
75
29
610
29
59
100
311
79
77

$19,500 (S)
$25,000 (S)

12/64
10/67
11/60
8/62
9/63
10/64
11/64
4/65
9/66
3/68
11/68
12/66

11
1
48
32
100
21
99
1372
872
473
4
300

o
18

550 E

X
X
X
C
C
C
C
C

X
X
'3
15
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
31
150
70
117
190
8
31
13
5
X
X
X
X

o
o

1/68

$1700
$900
$10,000
$1300
$525
$300
$425
?
$1000
?
$7500
?
$1200
$12,000
$3850
$4200
$4400
$5600
$9000
$15,000
$1550
$1370-$5000
$4350-$15,000
$2500-$10,000
$16,000-$22,000
$ 2500- $10 , 000
$ 2500-$16 , 000
$6000-$18,000
$15,000-$19,000
$17,000-$20,000
$5120':$10,000
$4800-$13,500
$17,000-$20,000
$6000-$20,000

160
62
15
18
23
19
38
31
800
370

$7950 (S)

$3400

1900 E

300 E
3

12
X
X
X
X
X

3483

C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

18
4

'2/67
9/66
4/67
7 /65
4/62
12/63
4/65
7/65
2/66
10/66
8/67
4/66

27
135
42
21
C
C
C
C
C
C
23
720 E

6/64
7/60
9/63
4/61
4/64
10/67
10/65
2/68
5/64
6/67
6/64

C
C
C
200
130
C
C
C
380
C
130

450 E
22

X
C
C
C
C

C
600 E
C
X

E
E

X
X
C
C
C
C

70 E
C

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

. NAME OF
MANUFACTURER
General Electric (cont'd)

Hewlett-Packard (R)
Palo Alto, Calif.
Honeywe 11 (Il)
Computer Control Div.
Framingham, Mass.

Honeywe 11 (II)
EDP Division
Wellesley Hills, Mass.

IBM (N)
White Plains, N.Y.

IntenJata (Il)
Oceanport, N.J.
National Cnsh Register Co. (R)
Dayton, Ohio

Pacific Data Systems Inc. (R)
Santn Ann, Calif.
Phil co (II)
Willow Grove, Pa.
Potter Instrument Co., Inc.
P 1 n I nv I ('W IN. Y•
Radio Corp. of America (R)
Cherry lIi11, N.J.

Raytheon (R)
Santa Ana, Calif.
Scientific Control Corp. (R)
Dallas, Tex.

NAME OF
COMPUTER
430 T/S
435
440 T/S
625 T/S
635 T/S
645
211M
2115A
2116B
2114A
DDP-24
DDP-116
DDP-124
DDP-224
DDP-516
H632
H-110
H-120
H-125
H-200
H-400
H-800
H-1200
H-1250
H-1400
H-1800
H-2200
H-4200
H-8200
305
360/20
360/25
360/30
360/40
360/44
360/50
360/65
360/67
360/75
360/85
360/90 Series
650
1130
1401
1401-G
1401-H
1410
1440
1460
1620 I, II
1800
701
7010
702
7030
704
7040
7044
705
7070, 2: 4
7080
709
7090
7094
7094 II
Model 2
Model 3
Model 4
NCR-304
NCR-31O
NCR-315
NCR-315-RMC·
NCR-390
NCR-500
NCR-Cen t ury-100
NCR-Century-200
PDS 1020

AVERAGE OR RANGE
OF MONTHLY RENTAL

DATE OF
FIRST
INSTALLATION

$15,500-$19,000
$8000-$ 25,000
$22,200-$27,000
$31,000-$125,000
$35,000-$167,000
~40 I 000-~250 ,000
$600
$412
$650

4/65
5/65
7/66
11/66
11/67
5/68

~250

5L68

$2500
$900
$2050
$3300
$700

5/63
4/65
3/66
3/65
9/66

1000
2000-210, 211
200-212
PC-9600
RCA 301
RCA 3301
RCA 501
RCA 601
Spectra 70/15
Spectra 70/25
Spectra 70/35
Spectra 70/45
Spectra 70/46
Sl2ectra 70L55
250
440
520
703
650
655

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

NUMBER OF
I NSTALLATIONS

$200-$300
$300-$500

10/67
11/54
2/66
9/60
5/64
6/67
11/61
4/63
10/63
9/60
1/66
4/53
10/63
2/55
5/61
12/55
6/63
6/63
11/55
3/60
8/61
8/58
1l/59
9/62
4/64
7/68
3/67

~400-~800

8L68

$14,000
$2500
$8500
$12,000
$1850
$1500
$2645
F500
$550-$900

1/60
5/61
5/62
9/65
5/61
10/65

0
C
0
C
C
C
106
140
34
55
93
200
64
52
155
0
0
650
22
800
52
59
175
0
7
16
88
0
0
C
7700 E
C
7400 E
:?500 E
C
C
C
C
C
0
C
C
4000 E
6300 E
1460 E
C
C
3360 E
1140 E
1500 E
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
3
105
6
24
10
700
105
1200
2000

2/64

145

$7010
$40,000

6/63
10/58
1[63

16
16
12

2/61
7/64
6/59
11/62
9/65
9/65
1/67
1l/65

635
75
96
3
190
102
60
110
0
7
175
20
27
70
23
63

9/65

~2700

$2500
$4000
$5000
$8500
$11 ,000
$28,000
$9500
$12,000
$14,000
$50,000
$26,000
$26,000

8/68
1/66
·12/67
3/64
12/61
12/60
2/66
7/68
1/64
1/64
1/66
8/68

~50,000

12L68

$3600
$3000
$5330
$9340
$19,550
$15,000
$32,960
$69,850
$138,000
$81,400
$1l5,095

12/57
12/65
1/68
5/65
4/65
7/66
8/65
11/65
10/66
2/66

$4800
$1545
$6480
$2300
$1300
$17 ,000
$4300
$10,925
$4000
$4800
$5000
$26,000
$6900
$160,000
$32,000
$25,000
$36,500
$38,000
$27,000
$60,000
$40,000
$63,500
$75,500
~82,500

~52,000

MFR'S TOTAL
INSTALLATIONS

1900 E

335

564

1869 E

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED
ORDERS
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
X
30
30
8
150
?

90
240
75
87
X
X
130
20
X
X
71
20
5
X·
4200 E
1800 E
2300 E
1100 E
C
C
C
C
C

MFR'S TOTAL
UNFILLED
ORDERS

900 E

50 E

218

700 E

42 , 100 E
114

4039
145

C
X
4300 E
X
X
C
C
C
X
C
C
X
C
X
X
X
C
C
X
X
X
X
X
X
C
1
35
22
X
X
150
50
6
580
C
C
10
X
X
X

16 , 000 E
58

1050 E
10

$12,000 (S)
$7000
$17 ,000
$14,000
$35,000
$4500
$6500
$10,400
$22,000
$34,400
~34,300

llL66

$1200
$3500
$3200
(S)
$500
$1800

12/60
3/64
10/65
10/67
5/66
10/66

1270 E

292

C
C
X
X
120
57
135
85
C
14
X
X
0
20
0
15

420 E

NAME OF
MANUFACTURER
Scientific Control Corp.
(cont'd)

Scientific Data Syst., Inc. (N)
Santa Monica, Calif.

Standard Computer Corp. (N)
Los Angeles, Calif.
Systems Engineering Labs (R)
Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.

IJNIVAC, Di v. of Sperry Rand (R)
New York, N.Y.

Varian Data Machines (R)
Newport Beach, Cali f.

NAME OF
COMPUTER

AVERAGE OR RANGE
OF MONTHLY RENTAL

660
$2000
670
$2600
$30,000
6700
4700
$500
6700
~30,000
SDS-92
$1500
SDS-91O
$2000
SDS-920
$2900
SDS-925
$3000
SDS-930
$3400
SDS-940
$10,000
SDS-9300
$7000
Sigma 2
$1000
$6000 .
Sigma 5
Sigma 7
~12, 000
IC 4000
$9000
IC 6000
~lO, 000-~22, 000
SEL 810
$1000
SEL 810A
$900
SEL 810B
$1200
SEL 840
$1400
SEL 840A
$1400
SEL 840 MP
~2000
I & II
$25,000
III
$20,000
File Computers
$15,000
Solid-State 80 I, II,
90, I, II & Step
$8000
418
$11,000
490 Series
$35,000
1044
$1900
1005
$2400
1050
$8000
1100 Series (except 1107 &
1108)
$35,000
1107
$55,000
1108
$65,000
9200
$1500
9300
$3400
9400
$7000
LARC
~135,OOO
620
$900
620i
$500
520i

1.
II.

NUMBER OF
I NSTALLATIONS

10/65
5/66
10/67
2/69
10t:67
4/65
8/62
9/62
12/64
6/64
4/66
11/64
12/66
8/67
12t:66
7/68
5t:67
9/65
8/66
9/68
11/65
8/66
It:68
3/51 & 11/57
8/62
8/56

9
1
0
0
0
120
225
200
C
235
C
C
95
C
C
0
7
24
91
4
4
33
7
23
77
13

8/58
6/63
12/61
2/63
4/66
9/63

210
135
200
3000 E
1150
280

9
12/50
10/62
33
105
9/65
6/67
230
125
7/67
0
5/69
5/60
2
75
11/65
255
6/67
8
10 t: 68
U.S. Manufacturers, TOTAL -

MFR'S TOTAL
I NSTALLATIONS

96
E
E
E
E
E
1045 E
7

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED
ORDERS
6
0
1
14
2
lOE
25 E .
20
C
30
C
C
160
50
C
2 E
12 E

MFR'S TOTAL
UNFILLED
ORDERS

320 E
14 E

34
18
X
X

163

X
X
X
X

20
35
20
90
10
X

X
75
850
550
60

5592 E

1670 E

0
430
338
67,200 E

430
23,300 E

Non-Un i ted States Manufacturers

A/S Norsk Data-Elektronikk
Oslo, Norway
A/S Regnecentralen (R)
Co[!enhagen, Denmark
Elbi t Computers Ltd. (R)
Haifa, Israel
English Electric Computers
Ltd. (R)
London, England

GEC-AEI Automation Ltd. (R)
New Parks, Leicester, England

International Computers
Limi ted (R)
London, England

DATE OF
FIRST
INSTALLATION

NORD 1
NORD 2
GIER
RC 4000
Elbi t-100
LEO I
LEO II
LEO III
LEO 360
LEO 326
DEUCE
KDF 6
KDF 8-10
KDF 9
KDN 2
KDF 7
SYSTEM 4-30
SYSTEM 4-40
SYSTEM 4-50
SYSTEM 4-70
SYSTEM 4-75
ELLIOTT 903
ELLIOTT 4120
ELLIOTT 4130
Series 90-2/10/20/25/
30/40/300
S-i'wo
130
330
959
1010
1040
CON/PAC 4020
CON/PAC 4040
CON/PAC 4060
1200/1/2
1300
1301
1500
1100
2400
Atlas 1 & 2
Orion 1 & 2
Sirius
Mercury
Pegasus 1 & 2
1901
1902
1903

$1000
~200

$2300-$7500
~3000-~20, 000
$4900 (S)

$9600-$24,000
$9600-$28,800
$14,400-$36,000

$9600-$36,000
$1920-$12,000
$3600-$14,400
$7200-$24,000
$8400-$28,800
$9600-$36,000
$9600-$40,800
$640-$1570
$1600-$4400
~2200-~9000

8i68
8t:69
12/60
6t:67
10/67

5
0
37
1
35

-/53
6/57
4/62
2/65
5/65
4/55
12/63
9/61
4/63
4/63
5/66
10/67
5/69
5/67
1/68
9/68
1/66
10/65
6/66

3
11
39
8
11
'32
17
12
28
8
8
3

1/66
3/68
12/64
3/64
-/65
12/61
7/63

$900
$3000
$5000
$6000
$5000
$23,000
$65,000
$20,000

$4000
$4800
$6500

5/66
12/66
-/55
-/63
-/61
-/62
-/60
-/61
-/63
-/61
-/56
9/66
7/65
7/65

5
38
35

13
1
2
9
1
8
1
0
9
5
62
79
127
125
23
4
6
17
22
19
33
328
189
99

3
2
15

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

9
2
52
82
23

3
0
1
1
15

348

C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

110

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

C
C
C

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

112
24
20

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATf6r't for December, 1968

C- a PROBLEM CORNER
Walter Penney, cOP
Problem Editor
C.omputers and Automation
PROBLEM 6812: AN ARABIC GRAY CODE
"What in the world is an Ashhab Code?" Joe asked, reading over AI's shoulder.
Al looked up from the sheet he had been working on. "According to the boss, Ashhab is the Arabic word for 'gray'.
This is a little joke of his, calling an Arabic Gray Code an
Ashhab Code."
"But isn't a Gray Code a binary code with only one bit
changing at each step? Those numbers don't look like binary
to me - or octal either since I see some 8's and 9's there."
"You're right. These are ordinary Arabic decimal numbers. But they're so arranged that only one digit changes at
each step. Hence the name - Arabic Gray Code, or Ashha,b
Code."
Joe studied the list. "A lot of them seem to be the same.
The numbers 1 to 9 are the same, then 10 is 19, 11 is 18,
and so on, until 19 is 10. But all the 20's are the same;
in fact every even set of ten seems to be unchanged."
"It's not that simple." Al pointed to a block of numbers
on his sheet. "99 is 90 in Ashhab, but 100 is 190, 101 is 191,

NAME OF
MANUFACTURER

NAME OF
COMPUTER

1904
1905
1909
1906
1907
1904E
1905E
1904F
1905F
1906E
1907E
1906F
1907F
1901A
1902A
1903A
1904A
1906A
Ja~anese mfrs.
Various models
Myriad I
The Marconi Co., Ltd.
Myriad II
Chelmsford, Essex, England
N.V.Philips' Computer IndustrieP1000
A~eldoorn, Netherlands
Saab Aktiebolag (R)
DATASAAB D21
DATASAAB D22
Linko~ing, Sweden
Siemens Aktiengesellschaft
2002
Munich, Germany
3003
4004/15/16
4004/25/26
4004/35
4004/45
4004/55
301
302
303
304
305
BESM 4
Union of Soviet Socialist
BESM 6
Republi cs
MINSK 2
MINSK 22
MIR
NAIRI
ONEGA 1
. ONEGA 2
URAL 11/14/16
and others

and so on, until 199 is 100. Thus every number in the range
100 to 199 is different."
"Well, at least all the leading digits are the same," Joe
said a little defensively.
"Yes, and since so many numbers are the same I thought
I'd make provision only for those that are different. I'm trying to figure out now how many of these there are."
"How many numbers do you have to consider altogether?"
"Well, I'm going to assume our numbers never have more
than five digits. We'll have to consider then every number
from 1 to 99,999 inclusive."
How many numbers will be the same in both systems?

Solution to Problem 6811: Saving Computer Time
The program would compute

)z5

Q=
+ 8) 27 + 9 /29 + •.• ,
the value of which is 11.

AVERAGE OR RANGE
OF MONTHLY RENTAL
$12,200
$13,000
$5500
$28,000
$29,000
$16,000
$16,500
$17,000
$17,500
$29,300
$30,300
$31,200
$32,500
$3700
$3600
$10,600
$18,600

International Computers
Limi ted (cont'd)

DATE OF
FIRST
INSTALLATION
5/65
12/64
8/65
12/66
12/66
1/68
1/68

NUMBER OF
INSTALLATIONS

t36,OOO-1:66,OOO
t22, 000-1:42, 500
?
$5000-$14,000
~8000-~60, 000
54,000 (Deutsche
Marks)
52,000
19,000
32,000
46,000
75,000
103,000
2000
4000
10,000
12,000
14,000

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

MFR'S TOTAL
I NSTALLATIONS

58
31
17
4
9
8
4

3/68

3/68
9/67

~54,000

3/66
10/67
6/68
12/62
5L68
6/59
12/63
10/65
1/66
2/67
7/66
12/66
9/67
4/65
llL67

C
26
8
0
32
1
42
34
70
31
69
59
4
1
13
67
14
21
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

1268
2074 E
34
0
33

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED
ORDERS
5
3
1
1
0
34
15
9
12
2
1
2
2
102
72
7
1
1
C
19
10
5 E
2
11

MFR'S TOTAL
UNFILLED
ORDERS

426
500 E
29
5 E
13

1
15

425

61
40
2
14
8
8
20
26
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

203

Non-U.S. Manufacturers, TOTAL -

WOO E

700 E
2000 E

Combined, TOTAL -

74.000 E

2:',300 E

2500 E
II.

•

Readers are invited to submit problems (and their solutions)
for publication in this column to: Problem Editor, Computers
and Automation, 815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160.

NEW PATENTS
Raymond R. Skolnick
Patent Manager
Ford Instrument Co.
Div. of Sperry Rand Corp.
Long Island City, N.Y. 11101
The following is a compilation of
patents pertaining to computers and associated equipment from the "Official
Gazette of the U. S. Patent Office,"
dates of issue as indicated. Each entry
consists of: patent number / inventor(s)
/ assignee / invention. Printed copies
of patents may be obtained from the
U.S. Commissioner of Patents, Washington, D.C. 20231, at a cost of 50 cents
each.

October 1, 1968
3,404,375 / Richard L. Snyder, Fullerton, Calif. / Hughes Aircraft Company, Culver City, Calif., a corporation of Delaware / Combination random access and mass store memory.
3,404,377 / Stanley P. Frankel, 411 N.
Martel, Los Angeles, Calif. 90036 /
- - - / General purpose digital computer.
3,404,382 / Albert D. Rosenheck, Orange, and Douglas R. Maure, South
Pasadena, Calif. / by mesne assignments, to Lear Siegler, Inc., Santa
Monica, Calif., a corporation of Delaware / Capacitive semi-permanent
memory.
3,404,384 / Richard L. Snyder, Fullex:ton, Calif. / Hughes Aircraft Company, Culver City, Calif., a corporation of Delaware / Wire memory storage system.
3,404,386 / Donald H. Montgomery,
Mantua, and Stuart T. Jolly, Collingswood, N.J. / Radio Corporation of
America, a corporation of Delaware /
Fixed read-only memory.
3,404,389 / Jean Henri Cocquart, Boulogne-Billancourt, France / Societe Industrielle Bull-General Electric (Societe Anonyme), Paris, France / Matrix
memory assembly.
3,404,390 / Yves-Jean Francois Brette,
Sevres, and Michel Carbonel, Fontenay-sous-Bois, France / Societe Industrielle Bull-General Electric (Societe Anonyme), Paris, France / Magnetic core shift register.
October 8, 1968
3,405,396 / Myron J. Mendelson, Encino,
and Alfred W. England, Reseda, Calif.
/ Scientific Data Systems, Inc., Santa
Monica, Calif., a corporation of Delaware / Digital data processing systems.
3,405,398 / William B. Johnson, Richfield, Minn. / Sperry Rand Corp., New
York, N.Y., a corporation of Delaware
/ Thin film detector.
3,405,399 / Carlos F. Chong and Charles
A. Nelson, Philadelphia, Pa. / Sperry
Rand Corporation, New York, N.Y., a

corporation of Delaware / Matrix Selection circuit.
3,405,400 / Hemmige Venkata Rangachar, Collingswood, and Luke Dillon,
Jr., Burlington, N. J. / Radio Corporation of America, a corporation of
Delaware / Nondestructive readout
memory.
October 15, 1968
3,406,379 / Max Palevsky and Leon Levine, Los Angeles, and Ralph T.
Dames, Redondo Beach, Calif. / Scientific Data Systems, Inc., Santa Monica, Calif., a corporation of Delaware
/ Digital data processing system.
October 22, 1968
3,407,392 / Takashi Ishidate, Minatoku,
Tokyo, Japan / Nippon Electric Company Ltd., Minatoku, Tokyo, Japan, a
corporation of Japan / Storage element
location compensation in matrix memories by a delay means.
3,407,393 / Ralph W. Haas, Chatsworth,
and Wilfried· H. Hell, Woodland Hills,
Calif. / The Marquardt Corporation,
Van Nuys, Calif., a corporation of
California / Electro-optical associative
memory.
October 29, 1968
3,408,.634 / Walter W. Lee, Allendale,
N. J., Arthur S. Robinson, South
Huntington, N. Y., David H. Blauvelt,
Ridgewood, and Israel L. Fischer,

Harrington Park, N. J. / The Bendix
Corporation, Teterboro, N. J., a corporation of Delaware / Optical memory system.
3,408,635 / Edwin S. Lee III, Altadena,
Calif. / Burroughs Corporation, Detroit, Mich., a corporation of Michigan / Twistor associative memory
system.
3,408,636 / Reginald Hugh Allmark and
Warwick Reginald Abbott, Kidsgrove,
Stoke-on-Trent, England / The English Electric Company Ltd., London,
England, a British company / Electric
data' shift register.
3,408,637 / Robert G. Gibson, Binghamton, Richard A. Steigerwald, Vestal,
N. Y., and Richard A. Ide, Sweet Valley, Pa. / International Business Machines Corporation,. New York, N. Y.,
a corporation of New York / Address
modification control arrangement for
storage matrix.
3,408,638 / Lester M. Spandorfer, Cheltenham, Pa. / Sperry Rand Corporation, N. Y., N. Y., a corporation of
Delaware / Read-write network for
content addressable memory.
3,408,639 / Katsuro Nakamura, Tokyoto, Japan / Toko Kabushiki Kaisha,
Tokyo-to, Japan, a joint-stock company of Japan / Magnetic memory device.
3,408,640 / Claude Marie Edmond Masson, Asnieres, France / Societe d'Electronique et d' Automatisme, Courbevoie, Hauts-de-Seine, France / Readout circuitry for high density dynamic
magnetic stores.
•

ADVERTISING INDEX
Following is the index of advertisements. Each item contains: Name and address of the advertiser / page number
where the advertisement appears / name of agency if any.

American Telephone & Telegraph Co. ,
195 Broadway, New York, N. Y.
10017 / Page 3 / N. W. Ayer & Son
Compro, 1060 North Kings Highway,
Cherry Hill: N. J. 08034 / Page
20/Computer Packs Unlimited, 232 East
Ohio St., Chicago, Ill. 60611 / Page
7 / Persuasion Systems, Inc.
Computer Exchange, 30 East 42 St. ,
New York, N. Y. 10017 / Page 11 /
Howard Marks Advertising/Norman,
Craig & Kummel Inc.
Digital Equipment Corp., 146 Main
st., Maynard, Mass. 01754/ Pages
36 and 37 / Kalb & Schneider Inc.
Edutronics, Inc., 2790 Harbor Blvd. ,
Costa Mesa,Calif. 92626 / Page 2
/ Durel Advertising
Information International, Inc., 545
Technology Square, Cambridge,

Mass. 02139 / Page 29 / Kalb &
Schneider Inc.
Infotechnics, Inc., 15730 Stagg st. ,
Van Nuys, Calif. 91406 / Page 13 /
Burress Advertising
Miller-Stephenson Chemical Co. Inc.,
Rt. 7, Danbury, Conn. 06813 / Page
24 / Michel-Cather, Inc.
Randolph Computer Corp., 200 Park
Ave., New York, N. Y. 10017 /
Page 61 / Albert A. Kohler Co. ,Inc.
Scientific Control Corp., 14008 Distribution Way, Dallas, Tex. 75234 /
Page 9/ The Hal Mayer Co.
Univac, Div. of Sperry Rand, 1290
Ave. of the Americas, New York,
N. Y. 10019/ Page 71 / Daniel and
Charles, Inc.
Varian Data Machines, 2722 Michelson Dr., Irvine, Calif. 92664 /
Page 72 / Durel Advertising

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for December, 1968

An aircraft carrier may be f.
very big ship but it's also a very small
airport.
Over the past few years the
Navy's planes have grown more and
more complex. A lot more maintenance
checks had to be made-and a lot more
men and equipment were needed
to make them.
All of which took more time
and more space. The trouble is on an
aircraft carrier you never have enough
of either.
The advantage of UNIVAC@
computer systems is they save on both.

The Navy worked with Univac
engineers to develop a computer system
that would check and troubleshoot
equipment by zipping impulses through
a plane's electronic package.
The system is called VASTfor Versatile Avionic Shop Test.
VAST will do routine aircraft
main tenance in a fraction of the time
taken by the equipment it replaces.
I t will also take less than half
the space.
It will cut down on the men
needed by twenty-five percent.
VAST is easier to useso it will

be easier to train men to use it.
And it can be shared by six
different repair crews at the same time.
.Univac systems are at work
in many fields. In industry, science,
education and government.
On five continents.
And the seven seas.

UNIVAC
Univac is saving a lot of people a lot of time.
....JL

-'rsr=e~y

RAf\O

Designate No. 17 on Reader Service Card

.'.

When it comes to expanding facilities,
some airports are at a disadvantage.
So the Navy uses computer systems to keep its planes shipshape.

, Whether you buy, lease or sell computer time:

If the Varian Data I m@l~®
can't cut your
turnaround. time and
deliver a better.·
price/performance ratio ...

you must be using one of these.

Data-mate is Varian Data Machines' new Central +
Remote Batch Terminal concept-a complete turnkey
system that relieves large central processing computers

of nonproductive housekeeping duties ... boosts th!3 efficiency of a major computer installation by 40% or more
... enlarges computer capability without added computer
, investment.
Remote Batch Terminal: A Varian Data 520/i formats and
compres.ses data, increasing line effici,ency and trar:1smission over duplex voice-grade telephone lines to the ...
Central. Batch Terminal: A Varian Data 620/i receives
compressed':data frorn remote terminals (up to 8 simultaneously), tempoiarjly stores it, then feeds itto the
C.P.U. in the optimum format and .sequence. It's a" done
without major reprogramming' of your present computer ..
Learn the whole bi~about the Data-mate 9onceptwrite for your brochure.

va'ria'n data
,

machines~

a varian ,subsidiary
2722 Michelson Drive/Irvine/California 92664
(714) 833-2400
'.
Designate No. 16 on Reader Service Card

~;AU:S OFFICES: U,S. Santa Monica and San Francisco. California; Vernon and Westport. Connecticut; Chicago. Olinois; Houston, Texas'; Fort Washington, Pennsylvania; Wash·
IIlqloll,

DC; Willtham, Massachusetts; Fort Lauderdale, Florida, INTERNATIONAL: Australia, ~rance, Germany, Sweden, SwitzerJand" United Kingdom, Ireland and Belgium,

Source Exif Data:

File Type                       : PDF
File Type Extension             : pdf
MIME Type                       : application/pdf
PDF Version                     : 1.3
Linearized                      : No
XMP Toolkit                     : Adobe XMP Core 4.2.1-c043 52.372728, 2009/01/18-15:56:37
Producer                        : Adobe Acrobat 9.1 Paper Capture Plug-in
Modify Date                     : 2009:03:20 20:28:45-07:00
Create Date                     : 2009:03:20 20:28:45-07:00
Metadata Date                   : 2009:03:20 20:28:45-07:00
Format                          : application/pdf
Document ID                     : uuid:758e77dc-41a0-490f-8f55-4924044989ca
Instance ID                     : uuid:1e53b9a0-f1e6-4578-b855-d7e82811f3c8
Page Layout                     : SinglePage
Page Mode                       : UseNone
Page Count                      : 72

EXIF Metadata provided by EXIF.tools

196812

196812 196812

Navigation menu

Versions of this User Manual:

Views

Navigation