196909

196909 196909

User Manual: 196909

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SCfENCE & TECHNOlOCV

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September, 1969

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I!d automation

lobs and Careers in Data Processing:
Three Men Program New Lives for Themselves

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Sometimes our
first name makes
liars of us.
A lot of SDS systems aren't scientjf'
People keep thinking our COlT
good for science. But they're not Ii
Here's a selection of applications.
just those in your area.

A university in Canada uses an S
run the library circulation depar
students select books. At other E8
model computer handles student 1
scheduling, grade reporting, teachcomputers and runs research projt

In industry you'll find standard
numerical control, of course. A s,
pany monitors over a hundred oil \\'
SDS computer, while many others
lyze seismic data and blend gasoli
the midwest are coping with the C( !llplex .
in designing large structures with the h
computers. And there are a multitude ot
terns designed for specific industries, l;tre cr
ling a rolling mill.

Biomedical uses include running an \
tal, from preparing payrolls to monitori
ill patients. In some hospitals they're 1
mathematical models predicting patient ~ 'i,
alyzing ECG's and clinical laboratory (.xnerl1

J1' ainten :wce

and retrieval systems, payroll, acCO'lnt' nayabh.: ; :
':jj;, spares provision, parts
ill em!! :~.
~ntrol, material control,
:.mmill;:
and manufactured parts
. r-y contr(
n an automatic motor
r2.:;d.~ ~;;.
system.
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commercial time-sharing instalL·
large cities, on-line general acc'-

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Designate No. 40 on Reader Servl\;

luisition you'll find SDS

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lcre. A federal agency
rol studies. Many of the
~s use them for simula~ystems, and testing airIputers also help control
'" pace boosters and train
the world-wide spacer system, in making sure
he moon are sharp and
her applications.

;ystems are a relatively
. in the industry. Except us.
message concentration sysmajor New York bank,
,;tem and classified gov:;ystems.
only a selection. If you'd
out
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'ex Company, EI Segundo, Calif.
'!ader Service Card

Letters To The Editor
Vol. 18. No.1 0 -

Computer Applications for Language
Teachers Sought
Compared to the wealth of computer applications available to teachers
of science or math, the teaching of
English literature and languClge is done
in relative computer poverty. We are
consequently engaged in a project to
acquaint secondary school teachers of
possible computer application in the
instruction and administration of
classes in Engl ish I iterature and composition.

We would be very grateful to any of
your readers who might provide us
with some practical applications that
could be used as examples in a computer orientation program. Any contribution will, of course, be fully
acknowledged, and the information
will be shared freely.

MARTIN J. BIRNBAUM
Teaching Research
Monmouth~ Ore. 97361

September. 1969
Edmund C. Berkeley

Editor
Associate Editor

Sharry Langdale

Assistant Editors

Moses M. Berlin
Linda Ladd Lovett
Neil D. Macdonald

Software Editor

Stewart B. Nelson
Bernard Lane

Advertising Director

Ray W. Hass
Daniel T. Langdale

Art Directors

(Please turn to page 7)
Contributing Editors

John Bennett
Andrew D. Booth
John W. Carr III
Ned Chapin
Alston S. Householder
Peter Kugel
Leslie Mezei
Rod E. Packer
Ted Schoeters

Advisory Committee

T. E. Cheatham, Jr.
James J. Cryan
Richard W. Hamming
Alston S. Householder
Victor Paschkis

Fulfillment Manager

William J. McMillan

Advertising Representatives
NEW YORK 10018, Bernard Lane

Memories
make
tomorrow's
automati(:s

VTOL's open up the cities with
direct center to center capability.
Traffic pattern separation, altitude
control and landing sequence are
all automatic, controlled by comparing real-time sense input to memory.
That's the key - Memory. Flight control and vertical take off are realities
right now. So are UTE Memories.
Put them together for tomorrow's
designs - tomorrow's automatics.
UTE core memories are working in
many exotic places already. They
have the speed, the reliability and
ruggedness for wayout applications. They also have the flexibility
of size and price that makes
them useful in computing systems
and industrial applications.
For comprehensive
information on today's
memories that may
assist your present
design, write:

UNITED
TELECONTROL
ELECTRONICS
INC.
3500 Sunset Ave., Asbury Park, N. J.,07712

201-988-0400

Designate No. 13 on Reader Service Card
I',

37 West 39 St., 212-279-7281

CHICAGO 60611, Cole, Mason, and Deming
221 N. LaSalle St., Room 856, 312-641-1253

PASADENA, CALIF. 91105, Douglas C. Lance
562 Bellefontaine St., 213-682-1464

ELSEWHERE, The Publisher
Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.
815 Washington St., 617-332-5453
Newtonville, Mass. 02160

Editorial Offices
BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC.
815 WASHINGTON STREET,
NEWTONVILLE, MASS. 02160
CIRCULATION AUDITED BY
AUDIT BUREAU OF CIRCULATIONS

Computers and Automation is published 13 times a
year (12 monthly issues plus an annual directory issue
published in June) at 815 Washington St., Newtonville,
Mass. 02160, by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. Printed in
U.S.A. Subscription rates: Un ited States, $18.50 for
1 year, $36.00 for 2 years, including annual directory issue - $9.50 for 1 year,$18.00 for two
years without annual directory; Canada, add 50¢
a year for postage; Foreign, add $3.50 a year for
postage. Address all U.S. subscription mail to: Berkeley Enterprises, Inc:, 815 Washington St., Newtonville,
Mass. 02160. Second Class Postage paid at Boston,
Mass.
Postmaster: Please send all forms 3579 to Berkeley
Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville,
Mass. 02160. 5/.'" IIL.I: ;e:
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Haruki Tsuchiya
Computer Technique Group
403 Shiba-Mansion
25 Shiba-Nishikubo-Hachimancho
Minato-Ku, Tokyo, Japan

We can say that we have seen almost all the experiments
in computer art that have recently been tried. So let us
think about computer art for a moment.
First, what is computer art?
I t is not easy to answer that question.
Artists who are not computer professionals are suspicious of computer art. Usually an engineer wh~ produces
computer art has no desire to know what art IS .. But he
insists that a computer can be a good tool for artists, and
that many kinds of works can be made utilizing a
computer. I think, the engineer is right, insofar that he
remains an engineer.
But it is not enough only to say that the computer is a
good tool for an artist-we must discuss what computer art
is.
There are several important points which I found while
producing computer art.
I. Computer art requires the clarification of the process
of producing works. We must describe the process in th.e
completely logical statement of a computer program. ThiS
is necessary so that the artistic process of producing wo.rks,
wh ich artists have ever cherished, can be transformed Into
mathematical language. The work is finally decoded into
unit information in terms of 1 or 0; thus computer art
describes our physical world in those terms.
2. Computer art has shown us that we can call out
pattern, system, symbol, line, point and curve, etc., only by
symbol. And we can transform these symbols only ?y logic.
So we can see that our artistic works can be deSCribed and
composed only by symbol and logic on paper. We must
recognize the important relationship between the symbollogic system and the semantic system used in the contemporary arts.
3. Computer art gives us the ability to have system and
randomness at the same time. Many computer artists use
random numbers to give a sense of freedom to their works.
This is a reflection of the combination of system and
randomness they have in themselves as human beings. In
the area of information aesthetics, system means negaentropy, and randomness means entropy. We can find the
secrets of wonderful works in the balance of system and
randomness that computer art provides.
These are only some thoughts relative to computer art.
The question for the future is: Can the computer art
that is a hobby of engineers and automatically-made art
become a new world of aesthetics?
0

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

WATCHING
- James S. Lipscomb
26 Woodfall Rd.
Belmont, Mass.
This entry in C&A's 1969
Computer Art Contest was
programmed in Fortran
on an IBM 1620 computer
and drawn on-line by a
CalComp 565 plotter.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

RIGHT ANSWERS - A SHORT GUIDE FOR OBTAINING THEM

Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor
Computers and Automation
In the edi torial "The Cult of the Expert", in
the May 1969 issue, in the discussion of expertness
and common sense, I said:
But how does one learn common sense?
particularly "enlightened common sense"?
Some would say "in the school of hard
knocks". A good textbook on common sense
would be helpful in getting through this
school. I have often searched for such a
book but never found one, and so I have
begun to put one together; it is tentati vely enti tled: "Common Sense: Elementary and Advanced". (The effort so far
has produced some 90 pages of manuscript
and a two-page publication "Right Answers
- a Short Guide to Obtaining Them".)
And we offered to send a copy of this to any reader
who circled a certain number on May Readers' Service
Card.
Over 600 requests have so far been received; so,
it seems desirable' to reprint this "Short Guide" in
the magazine, to satisfy these requests, and possible interest from other readers.
The following is a summary (to be expanded in a
forthcoming book) of remarks, maxims, questions,
proverbs, etc., that relate to getting answers that
are correct and reliable. Some readers of this will
not understand some of the allusions; but that is
not necessary at this time.
1.

The World

The world is more complicated than most of our theories make it out to be.
(Story of the Six Blind Men and the Elephant)
Cultivate an objective viewpoint: try to see the
world as it really is.
Ignorance is no excuse.
What you want to be true and what is actually true
may be very different. (The wish is father to
the thought.)
Often there is a wide difference between truth and
believability. (Story of the Iron Barrels and
the Pittsburgh Manufacturer)
Never decide to buy something while listening to
the salesman. (Timeo Danaos et dona ferentes.)
Think over an argument from the opposite point of
view as well as your own.
Your views can never attain correctness unless you
can change your mind.
An educated man is prepared to change his mind on
good evidence.
2.

Lies

Try not to take false or misleading information into your mind: it clogs the channels of correct
thinking.
Lots of people bring you false information.
"A government has a right to lie to save itself" Sylvester, former Assistant Secretary of Defense.
(It can be shown that this statement is false.)
You can classify most sources of information into
three kinds:
- those who will tell the important truth
even if painful;
- those who will tell only so much of the
truth as fits with their interests; and
20

- those who will tell most of the truth from
time to time but forget about correcting
past errors or lies.
Information which is true meets a great many different tests very well.
3.

Answers

Most problems have either many answers or no answer. Only a few problems have a single answer.
An answer may be wrong, right, both, or neither.
Most answers are partly right and partly wrong.
A chain of reasoning is no stronger than its weakest link.
True conclusions can be deduced logically from
false premises. ("A false proposi tion implies
any proposi tion." - Bertrand Russell)
A statement may be true independently of illogical
reasoning.
There are general statements, universal statements,
and particular statements. The chance of a particular statement being true is much higher ,than
the chances of the other two kinds of statements
being true.
A single counter-example disproves a universal rule.
A flock of counter-examples makes a general rule
unreliable.
Most general statements are false, including this
one.
An exception TESTS a rule; it NEVER PROVES it.
There is no substitute for honest, thorough, scientific effort to get correct data (no matter how
much it clashes with preconceived ideas). There
is no substitute for actually reaching a correct
chain of reasoning. Poor data and good reasoning give poor results. Good data and poor reasoning give poor results. Poor data and poor
reasoning give rotten results. As computer people often say, "Garbage in, garbage out".
4.

Mi stakes

The moment you have worked out an answer, start
checking it - it probably isn't right.
If there is an opportunity to make a mistake, sooner or later the mistake will be made.
Being sure mistakes will occur is a good frame of
mind for catching them.
Your personal attitude about all your mistakes
drawn to your attention MUST BE '~hank youl
1'11 try to fix tha t."
Learn from your mistakes. Every mistake is a lesson in disguise. (Story of the Oldsmobile Fuel
Line. )
Do not copy mistakes. If in doubt, inquire.
Always use your head -- never do something stupid
-- and if a superior instructs you to do something that seems stupid, inquire or protest or
balk.
Check the answer you have worked out once more, before you tell it to anybody.
5.

Checking Work

Is it accurate? or appropriately accurate?
Is it complete? or sufficiently complete?
Has anything been left out which should be in?
Has anything been put in which should be left out?
Is it right? Is it correct?
Does it make sense? Is it reasonable?
Is anything obscure? Can anything be misunderstood?
Have I read it over once more to catch errors?
Has it been considered from the other person's
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

poi nt of v·iew?
Have I made any assumptions? If so, have I called
attention to the assumptions?
6. Checking Figures
Are the figures arithmetically correct?
Are any digits written obscurely?
Have the figures been inspected?
Are the figures reasonable?
Are the figures consistent? Do they change from
one value to another by reasonable differences?
Has the right starting data or source information
been used?
How do the figures compare with prior figures?
the figures for last year? the figures the last
time the calculation was made?
Has anything been left out that should go in?
Has anything been put in that should be left out?
Does the description of the figures specify precisely what they are?
Has the calculation been made precisely in accordance with the proper instructions?
7.

Estimating

The habit of estimating the range in which a figure
should lie is really valuable.
Estimating ahead of time what a figure should be,
and then comparing the estimate with the figure
when it becomes known, catches many mistakes.
Estimating a figure may be enough to catch an error.
For estimating answers it is helpful to know a number of scales on which to locate figures reasonably: distances, times, weights, values, prices,
populations, dates, etc.
Figures calculated in a rush are very hot; they
should be allowed to cool off a little before
being used; thus we will have a reasonable time
to think about the figures and catch mistakes.
Every figure should be taken with a spoonful of caution until confirmed by an independent estimate.
A great many problems do not have accurate answers,
but do have approximate answers, from which sensible decisions can be made.
The cultivated habit of applying principles of estimating in order to be right and not wrong, can
become a keystone to success in many fields.
8.

Avoiding Common Fallacies in Thinking

(Based on a contribution from Munson B. Hinman, Jr.,
Nov. 20,1961)
Over-generalizing: Jumping to conclusions from one
or two cases.
"Thin enteripg wedge": A special type of overgeneralizing involving prediction. If this is
done, then that - usually dire - will follow.
Getting personal (Argumentum ad hominem): Forsaking the issue to attack the character of its
defender.
"You're another." My point .may be bad but yours is
just as bad, so that makes it quits.
Cause and effect (Post hoc ergo propter hoc): If
event B comes after event A, then B is assumed
to be the result of A.
False analogies. This situation, it is argued, is
exactly like that situation - when it isn't.
Wise men can't be wrong (Argument from authority):
Trying to clinch an argument by an appeal to
authority.
"Figures prove," "statistics show," "the computers
say": A subclass of the above.
Appeal to the crowd. Distorting an issue with mass
prej udices.
Arguing in circles. Trying to use a conclusion to
prove itself.
"Self-evident truths." Trying to win an argument
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

by saying "everybody knows" it must be true.
Black or white. Trying to force an issue with
many aSDects into just two sides, and so neolecting important shades of gray.
Argument of the Beard. Trying to force an issue
with just two sides into many aspects, where
there are so many shades of gray that no conclusion can be drawn. Examples: (1) The jalopy that can carry "just one more" passenger.
(2) Do 350 whiskers make a beard? Do 349? Do
348? .... Do 2? Does I? Even though one cannot
specify a number of whiskers where the change
takes place, there is such a thing as "having a
beard" and such a thing as "not having a beard".
Guilt by· association. Making a spurious identification between two dissimilar persons.
Appeal to pity.
Appeal to fear.
Appeal to ignorance.
9.

Murphy's Laws

If something can go wrong, it will.
If left to themselves, things always go from bad
to worse.
Nature always sides with the hidden flaw.
(quoted in "The Scientific America~' magazine,
April, 1956.)

WARNING 5 . . 4 . . 3 . . 2 .. 1 ..
America is a land of numbers,
From the cradle to the grave,
Think how efficient this all makes us,
Think of all the time we save.
The neighbor's voice is seven digits,
The old friend's address ends in five,
While the nine of social security,
Make us glad to stay alive.
College students all are numbers,
So are classes; tests, and grades,
As are men in corporations,
In a thousand different trades.
Eating, too, is a game of numbers,
So is working by the hour,
And however could a guy describe a girl,
Without the use of number power?
And when the computers do take over,
They'll be all lit up to find,
That each American has a number,
And most of them are self·assigned.
Miss Carolyn Kluball
3007 Loch Laurel Road
Valdosta, Georgia 31601

WHO'S WHO IN THE COMPUTER FIELD - ENTRIES

Who's Who in the Computer Field will be published by Computers and Automation starting in the
fall of 1969. The Fifth Edition 1969-70 (the first
annual edition) will include three separate hardcover volumes, containing upwards of 7000 capsule
biographies of computer people; publication is
scheduled as follows:
Vol. 1
Vol. 2
Vol. 3

If you wish to be considered for inclusion in
the Who's Who, please complete the following form
or provide us with the equivalent information. The
deadline for receipt of entries in our office for
Vol. 2 is Fri., Oct. 31, 1969. (If you have already
sent us a form some time during the past eighteen
months, it is not necessary to send us another form
unless there is a change of information.)

Systems Analysts and Programmers -Oct. 1969
Data Processing Managers and Directors -- Dec. 1969
Other Computer People -- Feb. 1970

Following are sample capsule biographies which
we shall publish in the 5th edition of Who's Who in
the Computer Field.
Special Abbreviations
~M~a~i_n~In~t~e~r~e~s~t~A~b~b~re~v~l~'a~t~i~o~n~s
b: born
A Applications
ed: education
B Business
ent: entered computer
C Construction
field
D Design
m-i: main interests
L Logic
t: title
Mg Management
org: organization
Ma Mathematics
pb-h: publications, honP Programming
ors, memberships,
Sa Sales
and other distincSy Systems
tions
h: home address

SEND US YOUR ENTRY TODAY 1
WHO'S WHO ENTRY FORM
(may be copied on any piece of paper)
1.
2.

Name? (Please print)
Home Address (with Z - i p - ) - ? - - - - - - - - - - - -

3.
4.
5.

Organization ?-:-:-:~-------------Its Address (with Zip)?
Your Title?
-------------

Your Main Interests?
Applications
Business
Construc ti on
Design
Logic
Management

Mathematics
(
Programming
(
Sales
(
Systems
(
Other
(
)
(Please specify)

PAGEN, Dr. John / director - CAl project / b: 1926
/ ed: BS; MEd; EdD / ent: 1967 / m-i: A P Sy; computer assisted instruction / t: director - INDICOM
/ org: Waterford Township School District, 3101 W
Walton, Pontiac, MI 48055 / pb-h: AERA; Phi Delta
Kappa; MASA; AASA; reports on CAl / h: 463 Berrypatch, Pontiac, MI 48054
.

7.
8.
9.
10.
11.

PALM, John N. / EDP management / b: 1938 / ed: BA,
math / ent: 1957, part time; 1960, full time /
m-i: P Sy; management of systems, programming,
operations, etc. as applied in solving retail problems / t: vice P!esident, information systems /
org: Target Stores, Inc., 8700 W 36 St, Minneapolis, MN 55426 / pb-h: CDP, SPA / h: Route 1, Box
27, Wayzata, MN 55391

(attach paper if needed)
12. Do you have access to a computer? ( )Yes ( )No
a. If yes, what kind of computer?
Manufacturer? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ____

PALMER, Dennis W. / EDP mgr / b: 1937 / ed: 2 yrs
college / ent: 1959 / m-i: Mg P Sy / T: EDP mgr /
org: Protected Home Mutual Life Ins Co, 30 EState
St, Sharon, PA 16146 / pb-h: DPMA, SPA, CDP / h:
Rt 3, Box 700, Corland, OH 44410
PALMER, Fred E. / systems & programming / b: 1935 /
ed: 3 years college / ent: 1960 / m-i: A B P Sy /
t: manager of programming / org: Western Farmers
Association, 201 Elliott Ave W, Seattle, WA 98119
/ pb-h: CDP, DPMA / h: 19611 62nd NE, Seattle, WA
98155
PAN, George S. / senior technical management / b:
1939 / ed: BSEE, Illinois, MSEE, Syracuse / ent:
1960 / m-i: A Mg Ma P Sy; simulation / t: director,
management sciences division / org: Interactive
Sciences Corp., 170 Forbes Rd, Braintree, MA 02184
/ pb-h: "Weighted File System Design Method", 1965
IBM National Systems Symposium, "Generalized File
Structure and Optimum Design Considerations", 5th
Nat'l Computer Conference of Canada / h: 5146 N
11th Ave, Phoenix, AZ 85013
22

Year of Birth?
~------------------------Education and Degrees?
Year Entered Computer-F-i-e-ld-?-.- - - - - - - - Occupation ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Publications, Honors, Memberships, and other
Distinctions?

------------------------

c.
d.

Model
Where-l-'s-it-l-'n-s-t-al-l-e-d-:- - - - - - - - - - - Manufacturer? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___
Address? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___
Is your access: Batch? ( ) Time-shared? (
Other? ( ) Please explain: ________________
Any remarks ? _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ___

13. Associates or friends who should be sent Who's Who
entry forms?
Name and Address

(attach paper if needed)
When completed, please send to:
Who's Who Editor, Computers and Automation,
815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION ANNOUNCES THE ANNUAL PUBLICATION OF

WHO'S WHO IN
THE COMPUTER FIELD
containing upwards of 7000 capsule biographies of people in computers and data processing
to provide access to what is the most valuable resource in the computer field -

CAPABLE COM PUTER PROFESSIONALS
The value of a capable computer professional has begun to exceed the value of a computing machine. The cost of a good
computer professional for a 5-year period is now exceeding the cost of ten million million computing operations.
The regular annual publication of
WHO'S WHO IN THE COMPUTER FIELD
commences with the 5th Edition and is
scheduledasfullows: .......••......•..

Volume 1 _ SYSTEMS ANALYSTS AND PROGRAMMERS - Oct. 1969
Volume 2 _ DATA PROCESSING MANAGERS AND DIRECTORS - Dec. 1969
Volume 3 _ OTHER COMPUTER PEOPLE - Feb. 1970
~.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

Each will be in a durable, hard-cover binding for maximum convenience. The 6th edition will be published a year later;
subsequent editions will be published annually thereafter.
(Computers and Automation published 1953 to 1964 the four prior editions of "Who's Who in the Computer Field".)

SAMPLE CAPSULE BIOORAPHY
(many abbreviations expanded)

CONTENTS INCLUDES:
•

•

Capsule biographies of professionals, executives,
etc., in computers and data processing, in alphabetic sequence
Supplements, special rosters, cross-reference
lists, (including biographical information), such
as: Lecturers in the Computer Field. . .. Heads
of Computer Science Departments .... Authors of
Books in the Computer Field. . .. Authorities in
Computer-Assisted Instruction ....

An
IN DISPENSABLE
REFERENCE for ...

{ -

CHAPIN, Ned / consultant / born: 1927 / educ: PhD,
I I T; MBA, Univ of Chicago / entered computer field:
1954 / main interests: applications, business, logic,
management, programming, systems, data structures /
title: data processing consultant / organization: InfoSci
Inc, Box 464, Menlo Park, CA 94025 / publications,
honors: 3 books, over 50 papers; member, over 12 assoc;
CDP; lecturer for ACM / home address: 1190 Bellair
Way, Menlo Park, CA 94025

personnel managers
{ - reference libraries
executive search organizations
- conference planners, and
directors of computer installations
- all other people dealing with
employers
PEOPLE in the field of computers
recruiting organizations
and data processing

- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - (may be copied on any piece of paper) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - To: WHO'S WHO Editor, Computers and Automation, 815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160
YES! I would like to have access to the most valuable resource in the computer field: please enter our order for
WHO'S WHO IN THE COMPUTER FIELD (beginning with Vol. 1 of the 5th Edition) for:
) Standing order until canceled

) One Year . . . $63.00 per year (Regular price)

RETURNABLE in 7 days for full refund if not satisfactory (if in good condition)
Special Offer: (

Prepublication price, first year only, Sept. 5, 1969 to Oct. 31, 1969 • . . $56.70 (10% saving)

) Payment enclosed

) Please bill us

Name
Organization

Title_~

___________________________

Street Address _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

City _ _ _ _ _ _- - - - - - - - - - - - - -

State _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

Zip _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __

MANPOWER STATISTICS
IN THE INF,ORMATION PROCESSING FliELD
Bruce Gilchrist
Executive Director
American Federation of Information Processing Societies
210 Summit Ave.
Montvale, N.J. 07645

"Unlike hardware, which nowadays is almost available off the shelf,
good people take years to train and educate. It will be a national disgrace if we train them for the wrong jobs."

Employment in the information processing field is
increasing rapidly and it is generally accepted that good
people are in great demand. At the same time, the
educational system, from proprietary programming school
to top rank university, is rapidly expanding its programs to
produce trained people. These two qualitative sentences
will find few challengers, but what can be offered if a
demand is made for quantitative data to support these
contentions, or for information on when a balance will be
achieved between supply and demand for trained personnel? The purpose of this article is to outline some of the
difficulties in getting such quantitative data, review what
data is available, and suggest some things for the future.

Relevant Data
First, we should examine the type of data which might
be usefu I. On a national level, projections of employment
and salary levels for various categories of jobs are essential
for career guidance purposes. For example, a widely used
government publication is the Occupational Outlook Handbookl which gives advice as to the future of almost every
imaginable occupation, including three in the information
processing field. Again on a national level, governmental
support of education can only proceed in an orderly
fashion if requirements are reasonably well known so that
logical priorities can be established.
Bruce Gilchrist received his Ph.D. from the University of
London in 1952 and subsequently was a staff member at
the Electronic Computer Project at the Institute for Advanced Study, Princeton, New Jersey from 1952 to 1956.
He then became Director at the Syracuse University Computing Center for three years and from 1959 to 1968 was
employed by I BM in various technical management positions. He served on the Council of the ACM for ten years,
being Secretary from 1960 to 1962 and Vice President
from 1962 to 1964. He served as President of AFIPS from
1966 until 1968. In October of 1968, Dr. Gilchrist became
the first full time Executive Director of AFIPS.

On a smaller scale, data on manpower availability and
salary level by geographical area and/or industry can be
very important inputs to corporate planning. This is true,
both for planning internal employment, and for determining whether or not potential buyers will have the trained
manpower to utilize the proposed product or service.
Whether the data is for national or local use, it must be
specific enough for decision making. The degree of specificity will, of course, vary. The Bureau of Labor Statistics
finds the general categories of programmer, systems analyst,
and computer operator sufficient, but the individual company planning to establish a computing center will probably
want information on salary ranges for programmers by level
of experience.

Job Classification
As soon as data by employment category is required, the
problem starts to become difficult. The Dictionary of
Titles, published by the U.S. Department of Labor 2
provides a good start, but is only applicable if the
individuals who are to be counted or surveyed are classified
according to those titles. For example, an employee with an
engineering degree may well be classified by his employer as
an engineer, even though he is spending all his time
programming. Similarly, the trained accountant may be
functioning as a systems analyst while still preferring to be
called an accountant because he feels that his long term
career opportunities are in accounting rather than systems
analysis.
Closely related to the classification problem is that of
the individual who spends a portion of his time programming. The engineer, scientist, or accountant who programs
part of his time is quite common in the batch-mode
computing center. With the rapid growth of terminaloriented systems, such people are becoming very numerous.
How should they be counted? They cannot be ignored since
their requirement for education in information processing,
while perhaps only one or two courses per individual, may
exceed in total that for individuals preparing to be full-time
programmers. (A report to the President's Scientific AdCOMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

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visory Committee 3 estimates that 75% of stuc;lents should
receive some computer training while in college.) ,
Existing data falls into three broad classifications - total
employment, results of samples from general groups, and
samples from specialized groups; Data has been Icollected
and/or published by the government, professional societies,
and private industry. The examples given below are
representative and do not necessarily include all available
'sources. (The author would welcome correspondence from
individuals knowing of additional reliable sources:)

Figure 2
OCCUPATIONAL TITLES USED BY BUREAU OF LABOR
STATISTICS
A.

1. Applications Engineer
2. Engineering Analyst I
3. Systems Analysts, Business Electronic Data
Processing
4. Systems Engineers, Electronic Data Processing
5. Operation Research Analyst

Estimates of Total Employment

The best estimates of total employment appear to be
those of the Bur~au of Labor Statistics. Their published
data from recent years is summarized in Figure 1 in which
the occupational titles included are those of Figure 2. These
figures are apparently derived ,by applying staffing ratios to
the number of computers installed. While the number of
installations is known reasonably well, considerable doubt
can be cast on the reliability of average staffing ratios.
From the figures of current and past employment, the
Bureau of Labor Statistics estimates future needs in the
light of national growth, expected growth of the computer
industry, and possible productivity improvements. Numerical projections are not given, but are used in deriving the
published prediction that employment outlook will be
excellent in all three categories.
For career planning purposes, the Bureau of Labor
Statistics' data is probably sufficient. It is questionable,
however; whether it is accurate enough to form a base on
which detailed governmental planning, such as for the
financing of educational facilities, can be built. The 1970
Census may provide the required base provided that the
census returns are accurately coded as to occupation. At
the present ti me, AF I PS and other professional societies, as
well as government departments are exchanging ideas on
possible classification schemes.
Salary Data

Although the Occupational Outlook Handbook includes
some general salary data, the most extensive published
salary data appears to be that given annually in Business
Automation 4 . Ranges of actual salaries for 22 different job
classifications are included. Sample sizes and details of the

Figure 1
'Summary of employment statistics included in recent
issues of the Occupational Outlook Handbook.

Programmers
1955
1956
1957
1958
1959
1960
1961
1962
1963
1964
1965
1966
1967
1968

Systems
Analysts

Operators

several thousand

over

40,000
50,000

a few thousand

80,000
over 100,000

over 60,000

50,000
100,000

175,000

150,000

175,000

Systems Analysts

Programmer
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Programmer Business
Programmer Chief Business
Programmer Engineering and Scientific
Programmer Detail
Coding Clerk

Electronic Computer Operating Personnel
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.

Digital-Computer Operator
Computer-Peripheral Equipment Operator
Card-Tape Converter Operator
High Speed Printer Operator
Sorting Machine Operator
Verifier Operator
Tape Librarian
Data Typist
Key Punch Operator
Supervisor, Computing Operator

survey and analysis techniques used are not given and thus
the statistical reliability of the data is unknown.
Data resulting from sampling specialized groups are
published frequently. Problems common to most of the
reports are the lack of standardized occupational classifications, imprecise sampling techniques and lack of a clear
definition of the sampled population. These problems make
it very difficult to compare surveys to corroborate findings.
For example, 7.0% of degree holders listed as computer
scientists in the latest report of the National Register of
Scientific and Technical Personnels hold Ph.D.'s, whereas
10.6% of degree 'holders surveyed by AF I PS6 , were found
to have Ph.D.'s. A superficial examination of the samples
used in the two reports leads one to conclude that the
National Register should include a higher percentage of
Ph.D.'s. A detailed examination of the results is virtually
impossible due to the imprecise and inhomogeneous way in
wh ich both samples were chosen.
The National Register of Scientific Technical Personnel
includes 6,972 individuals using criteria which tend to
exclude the non-mathematically-oriented computer scientist. The data covers types of employer, salary levels and
'age distribution. The AF I PS sponsored Information Processing Personnel Survey, 1968 is based on 29,826 (out of a
possible 70,000) questionnaires completed by members of
eight professional societies in the information processing
field. The three largest societies included were The Data
Processing Management Association, The Association for
Computing Mach inery and the Computer Group of the
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers. The
published data includes age, sex, employment, professional
activities, as well as extensive salary breakdowns. While the
AF I PS survey is probably one of the most extensive ever
conducted in the industry, it was limited to members of
professional societies. What is not known is the relationship
between those people who join professional societies and
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

those who do not; 70,000 is clearly only a minority of the
professional level people employed in the industry.
Specialized Surveys
Specialized salary surveys are frequently conducted
within industry groups, but seldom receive wide circulation.
Among unpublished surveys, the annual National Salary
Survey 7 is probably the most extensive. The coverage is of
approximately 20,000 full time programmers employed by
150 organizations. Unfortunately, the results of this detailed survey are restricted to the participating employers.
Recently, recruiting firms have used salary surveys to
assist or encourage cl ients. In the case of such su rveys, it is
important to remember that they may be including in the
sample, only people who have moved to new jobs. This can
give an inflated view of salary levels.
In a rapidly growing and changing field, we must always
be careful not to concentrate on outmoded or irrelevant
statistics. It is wrong just to count how many programmers
exist today, find how many additional one's _employer
would like to hire, and then tell our eQucatioriai system to
get to work to produce toe required people. Rather, we
must repeatedly ask questions such as, "00 we need more
people, or do we really want better or differently trained
people?" Unlike hardware, which nowadays is almost
available off the shelf, good people take years to train and
educate. It will be a national disgrace if we train them for
the wrong jobs.
Projections
Collecting manpower statIstIcs is too big a job and has
too many aspects to be left to one agency or organization.
However, this does not mean that there should be multiple
unrelated and possibly overlapping efforts. AF IPS, representing ten professional societies in the information processing field, believes that it has a legitimate role to play in
trying to coordinate the many activities in the area while,
of course, continuing to contribute by surveys of its own,
etc. There seems to be ample room for everyone who wants
to work in the manpower field. By exchanging ideas, plans
and resu Its, everyone's progress may be accelerated. As a
first item on a cooperative agenda, I would suggest that all
interested groups assure themselves that the best possible
use is made of the 1970 Census. It is a once-in-ten-year
opportunity to establish a firm base for future projections
and it should not be missed because of faulty classifications
or imprecise instructions to the enumerator and coder.
0

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References Cited
1. Occupational Outlook Handbook, U. S. Dept. of labor, Washington, D.C. 20212. See particularly, subsection published separately
on Employment Outlook for Electronic Computer Operating Personnel, Programmer, Systems Analyst.
2. Dictionary of Titles, U. S. Department of labor, Washington, D.C.
20212.
3. Computers in Higher Education, Report of the President's Science
Advisory Committee, 1967, U. S. Govt. Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 20402.
4. Business Automation, 288 Park Avenue West, Elmhurst, Illinois.
5. Reviews of Data on Scientific Resources, No. 16, December 1968,
National Science Foundation, Washington, D.C. 20550.
6. Information Processing Personnel Survey, 1968, AFI PS Press,
210 Summit Avenue, Montvale, N.J. 07645.
7. National Salary Survey - Computer Programming, conducted by
Organization Resources Counselors, Inc., 1270 Avenue of the
Americas, New York, N.Y. 10020.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

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1969, S.I.C.

Designate No. 11 on Reader Service Card
27

HOW CAN WE "PRODUCE" MORE PEOPLE F,OR THE

J. A. McMurrer and J. R. Parish

Honeywell EDP
60 Walnut St.
Wellesley Hills, Mass. 02181

((We buy or lease computers for sums which total hundreds of thousands
or millions of dollars. Isn't it paradoxical that we won't invest the final
few thousands necessary to truly educate our computer people to the
required level for reaping dividends from these computer dollars?"

The greatest challenge faced by the computer industry
today originates from within its own structure. It has failed
to propagate its own kind. Our industry is underpopulated.
The magnitude of the current manpower shortage demands
that we recogn ize our collective errors and take action.
Perhaps our most serious failure has been our inability to
communicate effectively with the academic community.
For the first time perhaps in modern history, a profession
has been forced to develop with little participation from
the universities.
I n the past, when industry,.. has needed engineers,
accountants, or geologists, the need was made known and
the colleges responded. Within a reasonable period of time,
adequate numbers of trained personnel became available.
But we, the computer industry, have never adequately
voiced our growing personnel requirements to the academic
community. We have never clearly indicated what it is we
need. As a result of our inaction, few universities have
initiated meaningful degree programs leading to career
positions in data processing. Unfortunately those schools
frequently give the curriculum too much of a scientific
orientation. In so doing, they misrepresent to the student
body at large the type of skills which are in tremendous
demand throughout industry.
We therefore conclude that only token assistance will
come from the universities in the next decade or so. We
review this limited response by the academic world to
demonstrate that it provides no panacea, and that the
solution must be generated by concerned management
within industry.
In our search for this solution, we must become aware of
existing practices which work to the detriment of our
overall personnel objectives.

in the industry of hiring experienced personnel only.
Rather than "produce" the programmer or specialist
needed to meet a predictable requirement, the E DP
manager too often turns to the open market. He "buys", at
the going price, an individual whose resume ind icates the
desired qualifications. As a group, EDP managers have
become "buyers" to such a degree that fifty thousand
technical positions remain unfilled today in the industry.
Why this swing to "buying" rather than "producing" the
programmers and other computer-knowledgeable people
who are needed?
The typical reasons set forth are:

Hiring Experienced Personnel Only

Creating a "Good" Employee

One of the most obvious problems is the common policy
28

• We inherited rather than created the current
manpower dilemma. We are so fiercely engaged in
solving today's problems (and sometimes yesterday's)
that we have no time to find and train new people.
• We are reluctant to invest in more than prel iminary
training of our people. Experience has taught us that
wh en they reach a respectable level of EDP
knowledge, they will be "purchased" by a "buyer" in
the marketplace.
• It is difficult to schedule a comprehensive training
curriculum from the list of available courses offered
by computer manufacturers.
• The dollar cost involved in thoroughly training our
computer people often causes a luxury tag to be
placed on our efforts.
Each of these philosophies of management requires close
examination, lest they be allowed to excuse our "buyer"
club membership. Taking them in order, let us challenge the
validity of each.

1. The philosophy which allows us to "Iive it one day at
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

COMPUTER INDUSTRY?

Mr. McMurrer (left) is currently directing the Postgraduate
Education Program at Honeywell EDP. Prior to this he was
Manager of Systems and Education for Honeywell in Cincinnati. He has a B.S. degree in Economics from Boston
College.
Mr. Parish (right) is Manager of Education Services within
Honeywell's EDP Division. Prior to this he was the division's
East Central Region Education Manager. He holds a B.S.
degree in mathematics from Michigan State University.

a time" has no more justification in computer work than in
any other professional business activity. A manager must
always look to the future, for the good of his company, his
staff, and more personally, in the interest of his own career.
Of the many resources which he must manage, his
people become his primary concern. If he has a personnel
shortage or an inadequately trained staff, he must recognize
this deficiency and take steps to correct it.
Many managers overlook the most practical answer in
favor of a short-range solution of their programmer
shortage. New, inexperienced personnel can be made
productive in a realistic time frame. An efficient training
program can be designed to meet the requirements of any
data processing environment. The training may be a
program 6 to 12 weeks in length. The cost will vary
depending on the approach taken in designing the programs: the site chosen, internal education strength, degree
to which standard manufacturer courses apply, contractual
services required, amount of computer time utilized, etc.
The important fact is that good professional people can
be created in a short period with the proper initiative and
investment through training. Honeywell regularly conducts
such programs for its own entry level personnel, and over
the years has found them as productive as individuals
"bought" in the marketplace with up to two years of
experience.

Keeping Employees
2. The philosophy which asks "Why propel a man, via
good training, into an ex-employee status?" speaks of weak
management. It darkly hints of resume updating and
weekly screening of newspaper employment sections. Yet,
industrial psychologists assert that the appeal of money
runs far behind achievement, responsibility, recognition,
and growth as dominating factors in employee motivation.
The EDP manager faced with "buying" an employee to
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

stay in the organization after the employee has atained
advanced EDP training is indeed in an unfortunate position.
The manager without this problem is the one who wisely
helps his people grow professionally through training and
other means. Satisfied employees seldom can be "bought"
away by another company solely by the standard 10 to 15
percent increase in salary.

Education from Manufacturers
3. The philosophy which cries "The manufacturer is to
blame for my education problems because his schedules
won't allow comprehensive training in a reaonsable length
of time" is invalid today. While not all manufacturers can
plead total innocence of th is charge, we have seldom seen a
bona fide case of a well motivated manager being foiled in
his attempt to send an employee to school because a
manufacturer's schedule wouldn't allow it. When a reasonable effort is put forth by management in terms of
flexibility in schedule and in travel policies, it is certain that
his education request will be met.

Costs
4. The philosphy of 'My gosh, do you realize what it
costs me to send one man to a two-week course in ...... "
is a short sighted one. The real expense here, unfortunately,
is the cost involved in "not" sending the man to the given
course, assuming that he needs the training.
The computer, we assert, is a tool like no other tool. Its
potential has yet to be measured. Its ability to simulate the
marketplace, control inventory, load the factory, forecast
sales, and generally help move the company ahead is widely
acclaimed. We buy it or lease it for sums which total
hundreds of thousands or millions of dollars. Isn't it
29

paradoxical that we won't invest the final few thousands
necessary to truly educate our computer people to the
required level for reaping dividends from computer dollars?
The dilemma of modern management is that sufficient
numbers of computer-knowledgeable people are unavailable
"anywhere" to help harness the total potential of management's greatest tool.

computers have diverse areas of application. The misconception of mathematical wizardry being required for
computer-related work is debunked.
The Honeywell "Postgraduate Education Program" is
one example of what a computer manufacturer can do
toward helping to solve the people problem in the EDP
industry. More effort from computer manufacturers is
needed.

Constructive Action

Various philosophies effectively impede proper use of
and proper return from computer systems today. We will
have matured as an industry when we are able to face the
problem collectively, in full awareness of the causes, and in
full resolve to effect a successful solution. These manpower
philosophies must be eliminated. But this will not be
enough. They have already done tremendous damage.
Constructive action is called for. It must be positive; it must
be massive; and it must be effective.
We must start now. Our industry needs a massive influx
of new people if it is to grow at predicted rates. We need to
put forth a unified campaign to attract qualified people to
our industry. We must start now by selling our industry to
qualified people seeking a career. I n so doing, we must tear
away the mysticism which shrouds computers and the EDP
industry in the eyes of the public in general.
In this regard, we must eliminate the ignorance which
caused a college senior last fall to give us this evaluation of
our industry: "1 wish I understood where there is any room
for personal creativity in the field of data processing."
Another senior started his evaluation in these words: "This
era has been called the Age of Computers, and I'm afraid it
is so ....... ".
The public does not recognize, as we would like to
think, that computers are ingenious "tools" which require
high imagination and intelligence on the part of the people
who program and otherwise direct them. The young people
who might enter the field are discouraged by the seemingly
cold, structured, and passive role played by the people in
our EDP industry.
Too many of the highly motivated and idealistic people
our industry needs are rejecting EDP as a career. We never
get the chance to reveal the opportunities in computerrelated work.
We must change this situation. Computer involvement
represents unexcelled career satisfaction. I t is a further
paradox of our industry that, having so much to offer, we
attract so few people.

Training College Graduates

Honeywell· EDP has addressed itself to this overall
problem. It has instituted a tuition-based "Postgraduate
Education Program." College graudates attend the program
for twelve weeks. They participate in an intense curriculum
which is designed to equip them as systems programmers
with an understanding of the primary management role of
computers. The program stresses a high ratio of computer
interaction with lecture, workshop, and case study modes
of learning. Upon graduation, students may assume technjcal positions throughout the industry.
Over 200,000 college students have had the career
potential of computer-related work revealed to them
through Honeywell's efforts to recruit students for this
course. Results have been significant. The campaign has
rooted out misconceptions and apprehensions concerning
computers and related career positions. Students who might
otherwise have eliminated EDP because of their liberal arts
or business administration backgrounds are learning that
30

Responsibilities of Computer Users

But computer users also have a duty to perform in this
industry campaign. They must act now and with determination. "Buying" must give way to "producing". The
employee merry-go-round must be stopped. EDP managers
must discard the manpower philosophies discussed above
and start applying good management techniques to their
personnel problems.
Every opportunity must be taken to train existing
employees. This will produce several values. It will guarantee a productive employee, whose knowledge will exceed
the actual requirements of the job. It will provide a
challenge, which may be the missing ingredient in an
otherwise satisfactory position. It will insure continual flow
of ideas which is the lifeblood of an effective computer
operation.

Professional Growth

Hand in hand with formal training should be a program
designed to provide professional growth. Allow each staff
member to represent your company to a professional
society. Encourage him to use and contribute to your
manufacturer's user group resources. Provide a I ibrary and
applicable textbooks or at the very least, pay the cost for a
periodical of his choice.
Develop career paths and goals for individual employees
and assist each along the path towards meeting his
particular objective. A useful step toward management
responsibilities might be the assignment of a junior man for
counseling and professional guidance. In any environment,
an individual's self-esteem can be enhanced by having him
teach his fellow employees in a subject in which he has an
outstanding capability.
Look ahead to future personnel needs. Your present
employees will do so, and if they sense inaction on your
part, their resume will soon appear in the marketplace.
Be determined to have one or more trainees in your
department at all times. Look inside your company for
these people. Take the individual who may be going stale in
. his present occupation, yet exhibits aptitude for EDP. After
a three-month coordinated training effort, you will often
have an employee who is "turned on" by the challenge of
EDP. Incidentally, he will display a degree of loyalty to you
and your company unparalleled by the experienced fellow
you may be tempted to "buy" from external sources.

Greater Stability

These recommendations sound expensive, but they are
aimed at establishing greater stability within your operation
and within the overall industry. A reduction of a modest 25
percent in your employee procurement costs would provide
sufficient funding to cover these recommendations.
Our industry is being challenged from within. Only
through concerted effort by the manufacturer and user
segments of the industry can the challenge be answered.
Together, they must address themselves to the single
imperative: "produce".
0
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

A SUGGESTED UNIVERSITY -LEVEL CURRICULUM FOR
BUSINESS-COMPUTER SYSTEMS
~D

John A. Guerrieri, Jr., COP
Data Processing Management Association
505 Busse Highway
Park Ridge, III. 60068

"We must openly challenge the attitude that the kind of expertise
needed by the business-computer systems analyst is an art that has
developed only through extensive experience and on-the-job training
by working analysts."

Traditionally, business management has concentrated on
automating those areas which had been well defined and
systematized for manual handling. It has been only recently
that management has begun to expand the use of computers into unique, sophisticated, and unstructured areas of
business operation. The application of computers to these
previously ill-defined areas has created a need for a particular type of computer professional.

The Role of the Business Systems Analyst
He must be knowledgeable in the traditional business
disciplines, systems and procedures techniques, and computer technology, for he will be responsible for analyzing the
requirements of new areas of concern and formalizing new
systems and procedures required by each application so
that it can be efficiently and economically handled by a
computer. This business-computer systems analyst, as he
will be called here, is not now generally available. Prior to
the new expansion in scope of computer application, the
trend had been toward separation of the business systems
analyst and the computer systems analyst. However, business management is now in need of individuals with
expertise in both areas to provide the crucial link between
the existing "traditional" business organization and the
world of computer technology.
The prevalent attitude in industry today is that the kind
of expertise needed by the business-computer systems
analyst is an art that is developed only through extensive

Mr. Guerrieri currently holds the position of Assistant
Education Director with the Data Processing Management
Association. In this position he is concerned with the methods of educating members of the Association and others in
the latest tools and techniques of information processing and
computer technology within a business framework. Mr.
Guerrieri has previously held positions in the areas of programming, systems analysis and consulting with both manufacturers and users of computer equipment. He holds a B. A.
in Mathematics from Northwestern University and an M.B.A.
from Loyola University of Chicago. He was awarded the
Certificate in Data Processing by DPMA in 1968.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

experience and on-the-job training by working analysts.
This attitude has been subject to challenge for years but at
this point in time, must be openly challenged!
The traditional method of developing competent systems analysts, experience and on-the-job training, requires
too much time to be able to meet the increasing demand
for competent business-computer systems analysts. The
only reasonable alternative available is to train these individuals in college and university programs. Unfortunately,
industry has given too little attention and support to this
alternative over the years. Very few educational programs
of this type exist.
There has been little concern to date over the lack of an
adequate university level curriculum in the business computer systems, for primarily two reasons:
1. Unti I recently, industry has been generally able to
meet its requirements through internal training
programs.
2. Industry, on the whole, does not believe that a
formal educational program can adequately prepare an individual to perform the businesscomputer systems function.
It is generally recognized that the first point is no longer
true. The demand for business-computer systems analysts is
now significantly in excess of the available supply of
prospects. As for the second point, I think an industry
view point is growing that formal academic training in
business-computer systems is not only possible, but will
produce a competent and knowledgeable supply of analysts. On this basis the following suggestions for a university
level curriculum in business-computer systems analysis and
design are presented. The suggestions are made subject to
the assumptions that the curriculum will be conducted
under the quarter-system and will lead to a Bachelor's
degree.

A Five-Year Program
First, it should be noted that the suggested curriculum
will span five years as opposed to the normal four years.
This is the result of structuring this curriculum proposal as
a cooperative program of study. In this type of program the
31

first two years are devoted to full-time academic study. The
last three years consist of alternating quarters of full-time
study and full-time employment. In this way the student
will gain one year of actual jobrexperience in addition to his
formal training. Although the tools and techniques of
business-computer systems analysis and design are teachable
in an academic surrounding, yet actual and valuable experience in a business environment develops the facility for
applying the tools and techniques. Note, also, in Figure 1
that work assignments are suggested for each quarter of
full-time employment, since competency is most easily
developed in a logical, building-block manner consistent
with accepted patterns in the business community.
This is a suggested curriculum in businesscomputer-systems analysis and design. Therefore the course
work should include instruction in the traditional business
disciplines, computer technology, systems analysis, and
design techniques. It is expected the curriculum would
provide the student with the ability to recognize the degree
of applicability of computer technology in any given
business situation.

I ntr~ducing Computer Concepts
To accomplish this, the influence of computer technology should be felt in each of the required courses. In
order to insure this, the student should become familiar
with basic computer concepts as early as possible in the
curriculum. The first course should cover basic computer
concepts and, in addition, an introduction to programming
through a high-level language, such as COBOL or PL/l. All
succeeding business-computer-systems courses should attempt to contrast traditional methods with computeroriented methods to give the student greater insight into
both environments.
The first two years of study should attempt to give the
student a working knowledge of the basic concepts and
terminology of the various "established" or more traditional business disciplines. The entire business sequence
should be given in the first two years, to insure that the
student will enter his first quarter of employment with
sufficient knowledge to be an asset to his employer in
whatever area of the business he may be assigned. Also,
since the first suggested work assignment calls for the first
quarter of employment to be spent in a computer programming environment, it would be advisable to include, in the
first two years, a course in assembly language programming
and operating systems. Therefore, it is suggested that the
following courses be considered mandatory in the first two
years of academic study:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
1O.
11.
12.

Basic Computer Concepts
Elementary Accounting
Cost Accounting
Economics
Financial Management
Production Management
Personnel Management
Marketing Management
Managerial Psychology
Business Law
Business Organization and Policies
Assembly-Language Programming and Operating
Systems

It should be emphasized that the recommended business
sequence has not been designed to make the student
proficient in anyone area: but to give him an understanding
of the concepts and the vocabulary of the entire business
organization.
32

Figure 1
Suggested Sequence of Courses for a Curriculum in Business-Computer Systems Analysis and Design (Required
Courses Only)

Quarter 1
Basic Computer Concepts
Elementary Accounting
Quarter 2
Cost Accounting
Economics
Quarter 3
Financial Management
Production Management
Quarter 4
Personnel Management
Marketing Management
Quarter 5
Managerial Psychology
Business Law
Quarter 6
Business Organization and Policies
Assembly Language Programming and Operating
Systems
Employment Assignment -- Computer programming
environment
Quarter 7
Introduction to Systems Organization and Management
a. Needs, objectives. and goals of the systems
function
b. MIS
c. The Feasibility study
d. Organization and Staffing of a Study Team
e. Tools and Techniques of Systems Analysis
and Design
Techniques of Information Gathering
a. Preliminary Survey
b. Sources of Needed Information
c. Sequence of Interviewing
d. Effective Interviewing Techniques
e. Types of Questionnaires
f. Organization of the Information Gathering
Function
Employment Assignment - Member of study team engaged
in the information gathering phase of a study.
Quarter 8
Techniques of Information Recording
a. Methods of Charting
b. Preparation of Job Breakdowns and Correlations
c. Preparation of Activity and Task lists.
Techniques of Information Analysis
a. Reducing, Combining. and Evaluating of Data
b. Methods of Resolving Conflict of Data
c. Preparation of Manual of Procedure
Employment Assignment - Member of study team engaged
fn the information analysis phase of a study.
Quarter 9
Standards and Documentation Techniques
a. Representation of Raw Information
b. Documentation of Analysis Methodology
c. Presentation of Conclusions
d. Documentation of Bases for Conclusions
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

No computer stamps out program bugs like RCiXs Octoputer.
It boosts programming efficiency up to 40%.
Programming is already one-third
of computer costs, and going up
faster than any other cost in
the industry.
A lot of that money is eaten up
by bugs-mistakes in programs.
Wi th usual methods, programmers
don't know of mistakes until
long after a program is wri tten.
They may have to wait days for a
test run.
RCA's Spectra 70/46, the
Octopu ter, takes a whole new
approach based on time
·sharing.
It substitutes a computer
terminal for pencil and paper
and talks to the programmer
as he writes the program,
pointing out mistakes as they
are made.
The Octopu ter is the only
compu ter available today that
has this capabili ty. It's as
much as 40% faster. And it
works on IBM 360 and other
computer programs as well as
our own.
Costs go down. Programs get
done faster. And you need fewer
programmers-who are scarce
and getting scarcer.
Of course, Octopu ter does
more than just slay bugs.
It's a completely new kind of
creature that does time
sharing and regular computing
together.
Designate No. 17 on Reader Service Card

The Octoputer concentrates
on remote compu ting because
that's where the industry is going.
We got there first, because
communications is what RCA

is famous for. It pu ts Octopu ter
a generation ahead of its major
competitor. It
can put you
ahead of yours. COMPUTERS

nell

Systems Design
a. Clerical
b. Computer
c. MIS Data

I
Systems - Forms Design and Control
File Organization and Design
Base

Employment Assignment -- Member of design team engaged in file organization and design.
Quarter 10
Systems Design II
a. Methods and Techniques of Computer Procedure Design
b. Comparisons of Manual and Automated Procedures
c. Economy and Efficiency as criteria
Operations Research I
a. Probability and Statistics
b. Mathematical Models
c. Queuing Theory
d. Decision Theory
e. Game Theory
f. Sampling methods
g. Mathematical Programming
h. Simulation
Employment Assignment -- Member of design team engaged in procedures phase of design project.
Quarter 11
Preparation and Presentation of Project Reports
a. Content of Reports
b. Exhibits to be Included
c. Form of Reports
d. Methods of Presentation
e. Visual-aids
Operations Research II
a. Mathematical Programming Development
b. Simulation Developments
c. Survey of other New Developments
d. Discussion of Future of OR
Employment Assignment -- Member of team engaged in
preparation and presentation of project report
Quarter 12
Project Implementation and Follow-up, Management
Audits
a. Preparation for Implementation
b. Implementing the system
c. Evaluation of system after Implementation
d. Audits
Management of Systems Personnel
a. Selection and Training of Personnel
b. Managing the Personnel

Systems and Management Science Courses

The coursework in the three remaining years of the
curriculum should be devoted to the techniques of systems
analysis and design, and to developments in the field of
management science. I n this way, the student should be
able to relate his new knowledge to his understanding of
the business world. Systems and management science
courses should be logically sequenced so that each succeeding quarter of study builds on the previous quarter; and
fosters the orderly development of the student's ability to
do systems work, as practiced in a business environment, in
succeeding quarters of employment. Therefore, courses in
this area will be discussed in the sequence bel ieved to be
most beneficial to the student's ultimate development as a
business-computer-systems analyst. There are twelve
courses in the suggested systems and management science
(SMS) sequence.
34

The SMS sequence should begin with a general introduction to systems organization and management. This course
should cover the basic framework of the systems function.
It should cover topics such as: the needs, objectives, and
goals of the systems function; Management Information
Systems; Feasibility studies; organization and staffing of a
systems study; and, the basic tools and techniques of
systems analysis and design. This course should be considered a foundation course and should be a prerequisite for
all others in the SMS sequence.
Next in the sequence should be a course on the techniques of problem identification and information gathering.
Though often neglected, these are highly important subjects; the results of the system study depend wholly on the
quality of the information available for evaluation. Topics
in this course should include: problem definition; conducting a preliminary survey; determining sources of needed
information; the sequence in which various levels of personnel should be interviewed; conducting an effective interview; types and use of questionnaires-their advantages and
disadvantages; and organization of the information gathering function. The background acquired in this course
should be reinforced by a subsequent quarter of employment in which the student is assigned to a study team
engaged in the information gathering phase of a study.

Recording and Organizing Information

The next course in the SMS sequence should concentrate
on various methods of recording and organizing information. The topics covered should include: process charts,
operations charts, man-machine charts, flow charts and
distribution charts; preparation of job breakdowns and
correlations; and preparation of activity and task lists. It is
important to record information in a meaningful fashion so
that it wi II be avai lable for later steps in the study.
In conjunction with the course on recording of information there should be a course on Techniques of Information
Analysis. This course should cover, in detail, the methods
of reducing, combining, and evaluating raw data for a
Manual of Procedure which applies to the operation under
analysis. Methods of resolving conflicts in the information
gathered during the study should be especially stressed. The
Manual of Procedure should be discussed as to form and
content; and, it should be observed that it is the end
document of the analysis function. The next employment
assignment should give the student an opportunity to
exercise the techniques of information analysis.
The next course in the SMS sequence should concentrate
on the standards that should be maintained in a systems
study and the types and detail of the documentation to be
prepared. This course is important to insure that a system
study has been subject to a minimum of personal distortion
and that the results are able to be interpreted by management. Topics to be covered should include: representation
of the raw information; documentation of the analysis
methodology; presentation of conclusions; and documentation of the bases for the conclusions. This course should
stress that all systems studies for a given organization
should be conducted within the same general framework to
insure consistency and uniformity.

Systems Design

In the same quarter the student should be exposed to
the first course in systems design. This course should begin
with a brief discussion of the design of clerical systems and
then move into the area of computer systems design. This
first course should concentrate heavily on file organization
and design. The data base concept for management inforCOMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

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mation systems should also be considered. The student
should be given an opportunity to participate in the area of
file design and organization during his next employment
assignment.
A continuation of systems design should be the subject
of the next course. In this course the student should be
presented with methods and techniques of desigl!ing various
business procedures to take maximum advantage of computer characteristics. Comparisons of manual and automated
procedures should be presented to illustrate the differences
involved. It should be stressed that the systems design
selected should be the most economic and efficient one
consistent with the objectives of the organization.

Operations Research
In this quarter, the student should have his first introduction to the field of management science through an
introductory course in Operations Reserach. The major
topics of Operations Reserach (for example, queuing
theory, mathematical models) should be presented in such a
way that the student will realize the more mathematical
orientation of modern management. The student should
work on a detailed systems design project, preferably with
OR overtones, during the next work assignment.
A course on project report preparation and presentation
should be included in the next quarter of study. The topics
included might be: content and length of the report;
exhibits that should be included in the report; form of
reports; methods of presentation; and types of visual-aids
available. This course is extremely important, because the
presentation of the results of a systems investigation is
often what determines whether a project will be accepted
or rejected by management.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

A more advanced course in Operations Research should
be presented in the next quarter. In th is course new
developments and future developments in the operations
research field should be surveyed to give the student some
insight into the future of his field. It is suggested that topics
be kept in the general concept stage only. Following this
quarter, the student should receive a work assignment
involving the preparation and presentation of a project
report.
The final quarter of study should include a course
covering, in general terms, project implementation, project
follow-up, and management audits. This course should
include topics such as: preparation for implementation;
implementing the system; evaluation of the system after
implementation; and, methods of periodically auditing the
system to determine its effectiveness.

Personnel
The last course in the SMS series should be a course on
the Management of Systems Personnel, with emphasis on
how management techniques vary with the individual being
managed. However, the course should attempt to present a
general picture of systems personnel, how they might react
to various situations, and their typical motivations. This
course should be designed to acquaint the student with the
type of environment he will be entering.
The preceding discussion has attempted to present one
view of what the potential business-computer-systems analyst should receive in the way of formal education and
training. It is hoped that the views presented will serve to
provoke additional thought and consideration with respect
to a formal curriculum in business-computer systems.
0
35

Honeywell Keytape
can feed a computer
a thousand miles away.

It phones data directly to the
computer site.
From magnetic tape to magnetic
tape.
, So you can link all your branch
offices to one computer in the
home office.

When you're not transmitting,
your Key tape Communicator can
be recording all your source data
onto magnetic tape.
With 52 Key tape models that
print, add, list, pool, validate check
digits and take care of other data

preparation jobs, you don't have to
worry about getting one that fits
your operation.
And we'll deliver your Key tape
unit anywhere you can put a
branch office.
• Trademark of Honeywell. Inc.

The Other Computer Company:
Honeywell
Designate No. 16 on Reader Service Card

INTERNAL RECRUITMENT AND 'TRAINING OF DATA
PROC'ESSING PE,RSONNEL

Sidney Davis
Electronic Computer Programming Institute
350 5th Ave.
New York, N. Y. 10001

((Companies with large data processing departments must consider
imaginative solutions to their data processing personnel needs."

It is surprising in today's personnel-hungry market that
so many companies seem to ignore an available and
potentially fruitful manpower pool from which to fill their
data processing department vacancies-their present admi n istrative and clerical personnel.
These people know the company's operations, have
proven employment histories, have evidenced a degree of
loyalty, but lack one thing-data processing and computer
programming knowledge and training, a factor that can be
remedied.
If these people have the aptitude, and this can be
determi ned by testing, they may, with proper education
and training, be upgraded to data processing personnel. This
is not theory. This has been done successfully at a number
of far-sighted com pan ies.
Widespread training and upgrading and transferring of
personnel from other departments into DP will probably
become more frequent in the next few years.
Available Manpower

Mr. Davis is president of Electronic Computer Programming Institute. He has been a pioneer in the application of
data processing to business needs for over 20 years.
In 1956, aware of the growing shortage of trained
programmers, he co-founded ECPI. which has since grown to
be one of the largest computer school networks in the
country.

All available information indicates that the gap between
trained computer data processing personnel and job openings will continue to widen for at least the next few years.
The widening gap between personnel needs and available
manpower is basic to the rapid pace of computer installations. Computer production and installation is simply
outstripping DP personnel training.
Where are these people going to come from? Present
training falls far short of the constantly expanding need.
Just consider promoting 30,000 experienced programmers
to fill the demand for analysts and managers.
Obviously, companies with large DP departments must
consider imaginative solutions to their data processing
personnel needs.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

, I

•

Advantages of Internal Recruitment
One answer is an internal recruitment and training
program. There are several factors in its favor:
1. Retraining in computer programming usually means
upgrading and promotion from within-a policy that builds
employee morale and helps attract new employees.
2. Recruiting and training from among present company
personnel also can be an effective method of reversing the
high rate of turnover that is common in many DP
departments.
As pointed out earlier, by promoting people with several
years experience in the company, DP employees are
selected who have demonstrated a tendency to stay with
the company-they evidence loyalty and have seniority.
3. If the company has a pension or retirement plan, or a
profit-sharing program, the employee with several years'
experience would hesitate to leave for a small or moderate
increase in salary and risk loss of other benefits.
4. Training these people can be done in the evening,
during non-working hours through a recognized responsible
programming training school. Thus, the employees would
remain productive in their present positions, and could be
transferred into entry-level DP positions at the appropriate
time in their training.

MANAGEMENT INFORMATION SYSTEMS
EDP SYSTEMS· MANAGEMENT
OPERATIONS RESEARCH· MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
ALL LEVELS TO $75,000
As the country's first and leading recruitment and placement
specialists in these fields, we represent the outstanding employers throughout the United States. These include not only many
of the giants of industry, finance, consulting and cpmmerce, but
also the smaller and medium sized firms, including many of the
newly established.
We are particularly active in assisting many companies which
seek to establish these functions for the first time, thus pre·
senting exceptional opportunities to entrepreneurial professionals.
Our other specialty areas include:

• MATHEMATICS/STATISTICS. PUBLIC SCIENCES/CIVIL
SYSTEMS • ECONOMICS/ECONOMETRICS • WEAPON
SYSTEMS ANALYSTS • PROGRAMMERS/ANALYSTS
• ELECTRONIC ENGINEERING MANAGEMENT
Company clients assume all charges

HALBRECHT ASSOCIATES, INC.
7315 Wisconsin Ave.

Turnover
As any DP department manager knows, keeping trained
personnel is as difficult as finding them. Turnover continues
at a frightening rate. The pressure of supply and demand
tends to cause salaries to rise rapidly after only a year's
experience-and usually at a faster pace than in other areas
in the company. The allure of higher salaries elsewherecombined with the possibility of working with highly
advanced and more soph isticated mach ines and appl ications-are principal reasons for high turnover of DP
personnel. The influence of these factors can be lessened by
training and promotion from with in.
There has been, traditionally, one other brake appl ied to
the attraction of computer programmers, the demand for a
college degree. Happily, this arbitrary requirement is no
longer as widespread, and we find more and more noncollege graduates being hired for business applications
programming.
The non-college graduate can do the job. For over a
dozen years, high school graduates have been trained in
computer programming, and successfully placed in thousands of companies across the nation.

Qualifications
What are the general qualifications that a programmer
must have? It is generally accepted that the ingredients
necessary for programming are aptitude and motivation.
Computer programming does not require a heavy background in advanced mathematics. Rather, it calls for an
orderly, logical mind that can analyze business information
and instruct the computer to process it. It requires a grasp
of basic numbers, of arithmetic, and an aptitude for
working with these figures.
Aptitude tests to be used for screening company
personnel are available from several sources. Electronic
Computer Programming Institute (ECPI), for example, has
administered such tests to company personnel, and has
assisted in screening potential programmers for computer
training.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

•

Washington, D.C. 20014

(301) 656·9170
Detailed Lists of Employment Opportunities
Available Upon Request

Designate No. lOon Reader Service Card

It is interesting to note that many DP departments
recruited their programming staffs from within the organization when computers were first being introduced. A
principal yardstick used to measure an employee's potential
was his past history and record with the company.
"Had he performed well? Yes! Does he have the
aptitude? Let's test him and find out! Let's send him to
programming school and see how he performs." And the
system worked.
Yet, these same companies, when replacements or
expansion required them to hire additional programmers,
sought men with past experience and often with college
degrees. They forgot or ignored, their earlier successful
recruitment techniques.

Getting the Job Done
The existence of functioning, qualified computer training schools means that companies interested in recruiting
and training data processing personnel from their present
employee group, need not set up self-administered screening, training and computer education programs ... with the
operational and manpower investment it would entail.
The entire training program could be accomplished with
the cooperation of anyone of a number of outside
D
organizations.
39

A PERSONNEL DIRECTOR EXAMINES THE NEED FOR
EDP PERSONNEL SYSTEMS
Leroy F. Reiser
CPC International Corp.
International Plaza
Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 07632

"Because people are the product) the essence of personnel reporting does
not lie in regular reports; it lies in the ability to respond to different
requisitions as the need arises."
The computer is rapidly becoming an invaluable tool in
the efficient and rapid control of a company's most
important assets-its people. An industry-wide move toward
computerized personnel data systems has put the personnel
manager in the spotl ight of corporate activity.

Changing Role of the Personnel Manager
Years ago, personnel managers took a rather pragmatic
approach to their duties. It was sufficient in order to meet
manpower requirements to toss a few names around or dig
into stacks of personnel files searching for pertinent information.
Nowadays, the functional and geographical diversity of
many cOrllPanies, coupled with the often desperate hunt for
talent in a world where the skilled labor force has lagged
behind business's demands, have pushed the personnel
manager into the role of decision-maker. The decisions that
personnel managers must now make can often affect the
organization as a whole. To make these decisions, he must
have available a large, consistent and up-to-date personnel
data base. Yesterday's methods of personnel management
have become impractical, and in some cases, unfeasible.

College Recruitment
One area of personnel management is college recruitment. When a company is out on the campus making a lot
of promises to members of the graduating class, it becomes
paramount for that company to have a system that will
allow it to keep those promises. As the rate of hiring
increases, faster and more effective means of keeping track
of the young people coming into the organization must be
developed.

Overseas Personnel
Overseas personnel are a real concern. Mobile individuals
within a company are often the fastest growing; to make
sure that a man in the Far East has a chance at a
Leroy F. Reiser joined CPC International in May 1947 as a
trainee in the junior engineering program at that company's
"Argo, Illinois plant. In 1956 he was named Assistant Personnel Manager at Argo, a post he held until 1960, when he was
transferred to CPC's New York headquarters. In February of
1967 he was named Director of Corporate Personnel and
Industrial Relations, with responsibilities involving CPC International's 41,600 employees throughout the world.
Mr. Reiser is a member of the New York Personnel
Management Association, the American Management Association, the National Association of Manufacturers, the National
I ndustrial Conference Board, and the Naval Institute.

management job in Europe, a personnel system must be
able to integrate information on all individuals into a single,
reliable central source.
The labor force in our presentday world is continually
changing. Longer schooling and improved pension schemes
have put business in the unenviable position of having a
smaller block of the population from which to draw
manpower. Experts have predicted that by 1972, business
demands for management talent in the United States will
exceed supply by 14 percent. This shortage in current and
future manpower can have a marked adverse effect on
companies with definite growth potential. A personnel
management system is needed that will insure the maximum development of current organizational manpower, as
well as provide a base for the development of future
employees.
How can a computerized personnel data system help
solve these problems? Let us look at the basic principles
underlying such a system. Although it is difficult to
generalize, for each system is unique to the company it
serves, the principles apply to almost all companies.

Establishing a Data Base
The first principle is to establish a data base that
incorporates each piece of personnel information you
should know about your employees. This means identifying
all personnel data meaningful to an organization and excluding data that can cause costly duplication. The process
is more than a simple matter of transferring information
from the old records onto punch cards.
Now that a company has electronic processing at its
fingertips, consideration should be given to profiles never
before possible. At CPC International, with over 41,000
employees throughout the world, our personnel data system
calls for input of two unusual items: management experience; and employee preference in work assignments. Not
only do we know what our people are capable of doing, but
we also know what they want to do. This has helped us
convince our employees that the company at last has a
technique to effectively watch over them and their futures.
Once pertinent data has been thus determined, it must
then be incorporated into a single, reliable file of personnel
information, to eliminate redundancies of multiple handling
and storage. This implies the firm establishment of responsibil ity for the accuracy and the currency of data.

Updating
To the personnel manager, this is his control of the man
in the Far East. Accurate and timely reports on the
activities, salary record, benefits participation, education
and training, and development of every individual in the
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

IDEAS: SPOTLIGHT

A Laboratory in a Computer
Dr. J. M. M. Pinkerton
Computing Research Division
ICl's Research and Advanced Development Organization
london, England
(Based on a report in the "New Scientist", published by
IPC Magazines ltd., 128 long Acre, london, WC2, England, March 13, 1969)
To recognize the scope for the computer as a form of
laboratory we must first remember that laboratories are,
obviously, to do experiments in. Properly planned experiments call' for exact control of the environment so that
only the few parameters being measured can vary, and then
only when and how we wish. Such control may demand the
conditions of a laboratory. In biological experiments, for
instance, elaborate steps are taken to discount the effects of
uncontrollable variations in environment or experimental
subjects. I n a computer what happens is entirely determined by the program and all happenings can, in principle,
be recorded automatically. Thus any ex peri ment repl icated
by the execution of a program is under complete control;
only those parameters we choose may vary. Furthermore,

entire organizational structure can be kept under continual
scrutiny. Valuable manpower will never be left waiting on
the ladder.
With identification and storage of information decided,
all data must be integrated into a useful composite record
with provisions made for simplified methods of updating.
This is especially important in companies with a steady
growth in numbers of employees, departments and facilities. When decisions on employees are made, the data
available must be current, to insure that these decisions are
based on the best possible information.
The most important principle is the establishment of a
retrieval system that will allow complete accessibility to the
information record. Identification, storage, and maintenance are useless if the data cannot be rapidly and
efficiently retrieved. In other words, a system must be able
to translate any and all "report" requirements into reliable
"search" instructions. Because people are the product, the
essence of personnel reporting does not lie in regular
reports; it lies in the ability to respond to different
requisitions as the need arises.

Morale
Finally, and this principle is the basis for a company's
use of the personnel data system, an approach must be
adopted that will convince employees that the organization's personnel policies are being consistently applied. The
company must prove by action that "it cares." When the
employee knows that the company has the ability to place
the right man in the right job at the right times, the
important factor of morale zooms.
I think it is now clear that a successful computerized
personnel data system is the hub of manpower development
in business today. It provides an excellent tobl for companies wanting to broaden the individual responsibility of
the capable people coming from college campuses. This
takes on an aura of being "vital", especially as the use of
electronic data processing and other equir?ment within a
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

the results may be worked out and recorded automatically,
which can save a great deal of work and time.
It might be imagined that because a computer only does
what it is told to do there is no point in using it as a
laboratory. This would be true if the outcome of any
prescribable computation or logical procedure could be
foreseen. But of course we cannot do this even in everyday
life. The processes which can now be prescribed in advance
for a computer to follow through with all the variations and
changes resulting from decision criteria in the program are
in practice quite unpredictable, often even in outline.
Needless to say, if they were the computer would not be
the powerful tool that it is.
How then can a computer really be used as a laboratory?
I n practice by creating some model, some working hypothesis about the nature of the physical world, and having the
computer work out the consequences. The closer the model
is to reality and the more exact and detailed the information that can be fed in, the more likely is it that the results
will conform to observation. Exactly the same criteria that
apply to results of ordinary experiments must apply to
those of computed experiments. If the results do not fit the
0
observed facts so much the worse for the model.

company shrinks the organizational structure from top to
bottom.
Of course, the more efficient a company's personnel
management function becomes, the more apparent become
the direct cost savings from reduction of paperwork and the
manual handling and storage of employee information. This
is the road most companies start down-to do a better job
with fewer people.

Computer Service Centers
But most personnel managers are not computer experts.
There are many pitfalls between a feasibility study and a
completely operational system. Many companies simply do
not have the personnel to spare or the know-how to cope
with technical roadblocks they may encounter. To serve the
personnel manager, specialized companies have been
formed that offer their services in the complete design,
development, installation and operation of a computerized
personnel data system.
These companies have become as essential as the systems
themselves. One of the pioneers in the field is Information
Science I ncorporated of New York City, New York, wh ich
suppl ied a system for CPC International.
Small organizations can reap the rewards of an electronic
personnel system as effectively as large organizations. In
fact, many larger companies have time-sharing programs
thar allow for mUlti-company input to their computers.
This provides the smaller firm with a convenient, adequate,
and totally independent system of computerized personnel
data control, at substantial monetary savings.
Continued manpower development within businesses
today cannot be overestimated. These are times when
companies cannot rest with "stepping into the future", but
must often hurtle into it, and this "discontinuous change"
needs control. To the personnel manager, the computerized
personnel data system is the key to this control both now
and in the future.
0
41

COMPUTERS IN USE, ANALYZE'D BY STANDARD
Ed Burnett, President
Ed Burnett Inc.
176 Madison Ave.
New York, N. Y.

The vast proliferation and penetration of computers into
the fabric of modern life marks the true beginning of a
second industrial revolution. Knowledge, provided by this
revolution, not electrical and mechanical power as provided
by the first industrial revolution, is nowadays the true
measure of effective force for the future.
An analysis of computers in use is reported in this
article. The data were derived from a mailing list including
over 20,000 records of computer installations; the list
belongs to Computers and Automation and is maintained
by Ed Burnett Inc. This list is now on magnetic tape and
the SI C (Standard I ndustrial Classification) numbers have
now been determined and entered for over 95% of the
records.
The Major Thrust
From a penetration point of view, the major thrust of
computers has been into manufacturing, services, and
finance. Over 80% of all computers are found in these three
classifications.
One third of all computers are found in manufacturing.
When the penetration ratio (number of computers per X
employers in the given universe) is arrayed in descending
order (see table I V) virtually every classification of 1 in 10
or higher is in manufacturing.
It is perhaps worthy of note that 2 out of every 3
computers installed are in some non-manufacturing entity
... a ratio possibly higher than might have first been
imagined.
About half of the computers in use in manufacturing are
in metalworking plants or companies. This is somewhat
higher than the proportion (35%) that metalworking is to
all manufacturers. Of those SIC's with penetration of 1 in
10 or better, metalworking is again just about 50%. There is
fair indication here that computers are affecting every form
of manufacturing. But there are some laggards - as might
be expected.
Arraying the Penetration Ratios by 2-digit SI C in
manufacturing (see table V) the penetration drops from a
high of 1 in 6 (in Ordnance and Petroleum) to 1 in 200 or
300 in Furniture and Wood Production.
If computers are destined to double, as seems rational,
by 1972 and double again by 1980, it is likely the average
in manufacturing will move from 1 in 40 to 1 in 20 and
then to 1 in 10. By that ti me, every other fi rm in the higher
penetration quartile (about 1 in 2 plants in manufacturing
42

now have 10 or less employees) can be expected to have its
own computer ... in house.

Social Services
The tremendous social impact of computers is clearly
evident from the data. Better than one in five computers in
use is now to be found in one of the social services.
The actual number of computers in use in social services
(SIC 8000-9300) is greater than the total number found in
finance ... and is, remarkably enough, two thirds as many
as all of those found in manufacturing.
Of the total for social services, almost one half are found
in governmental services (SIC 9100-9300) '" and the
majority of these (1203 of 1910) are locations in the
federal government. (It should be noted that this study
deals with locations of computers, not computers per se. In
the federal government the proliferation of computers per
location (about 4 to each address) exceeds the ratio in
private business.) It is significant that of the 1203 locations
in the federal government, 830, or over two-thirds, are for
the exclusive use of the armed services. This ratio happens
to be an absolute, coming as it does from a published
government inventory of computers entitled "1 nventory of
Automatic Data Processing Equipment in the Federal
Government."
The high figure for education is inflated by the thorough
data available on college computer operations. The number
of computers found in colleges and education in general is
equal to all governmental installations, including the Armed
Forces.
Hospitals and Associations and to some extent social
service organizations (primarily, it might be inferred, to
control recency, frequency, and dollars of donations) are
the ch ief other social service functions so far penetrated.
Church groups, labor, medical services other than hospitals,
show little penetration, so far.
If some 300,000 trained minds are now working on,
with, and for computers, some 65,000 are now likely to be
working in some form of social service (non-profit) applications. It is possible, in fact even likely, that this important
minority will produce greater changes in the coming years
than all the 240,000 or so computer specialists working in
the profit sector of our economy.
Overall, these data indicate computers have invaded
about 1 in 100 establishments in the United States. Over
the next few years this penetration will probably move to 1
in 50, and then 1 in 25.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

INDUSTRIAL CLASSIFICATIO'N
"The tremendous social impact of computers is clearly evident from the
data. The actual number of computers in use in social services is greater
than the total number found in finance) and is) remarkably enough)
two-thirds as 1llany as all of those found in manufacturing.))

It is likely, at least for the short term, that increased
penetration will parallel that which we find in 1968. (The
incidence of computers in the federal government and
colleges and computer services will not show as much
growth as the rest of employers mainly because we start
with a thorough record of their present penetration.)
A quite thorough 1968 enumeration of all listings of
Computer and Data Processing Services in every classified
phone directory for every city of 10,000 or above in the
United States (sorted out by phone number to eliminate
duplication) disclose some 7,000 firms offering computer
based schooling, services, computer letters, tabulating,
programming, analysis, systems, computer and peripheral
equipment rental, sales and service. (As late as 1965, a
similar enumeration disclosed no more than 1,000.)
From an SI C standpoint such services are mainly
pigeon-holed in code 7399, "Business Services Not Elsewhere Classified." Dun and Bradstreet, in its large credit
reporting service, lists just 9,000 in this SIC. A fair guess of
the universe is 50,000. Were it not for the burying of
computer services in this classification, a penetration like
unto other business services (1 per 2,000 or less) could
safely be predicted. It is evident, thus, that the penetration
of 1/25 in business services really conceals a penetration of
about 1/4 in the computer services portion of 7399.

The Financial Field

Approximately 1 in 7 computers in use is found in the
financial field.
Penetration here is somewhat deceptive. Insurance,
overall, shows up as 1/80 - but when home offices of
insurance companies are divorced from the insurance world
(adjusters, agents, agencies, brokers, special agents, branch
offices, general agents) it is seen that the penetration in this
small segment of just 1,800 companies is extremely high.
When banking is combined to include commercial banks,
savings and loan institutions, and branch operations, there
are some 35,000 establishments in this business universe to
consider. On this basis, banking shows a 1 for 25
penetration.
If the number of computers found in banking in this
study (1,200) is projected against the 14,000 home offices
of commercial banks (which is where virtually all can be
found), the penetration ratio drops to 1 in 10. And, in the
same 5,000 banks rated $500,000 and over in net worth,
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

this ratio already approaches 1 in 4 or 5. (Since financial
institutions are less likely than most business entities to
seek publicity, the penetration here is probably somewhat
understated. )
The overall penetration of the offices of stockbrokers is
about equal to that shown for all banks. It is probable, if
the some 1,100 broker members of the New York and
American Exchanges were segregated out, the penetration
would, as in major banks, approach 1 in 4 or 5.
For loan and credit offices, where branch operations
outweigh home offices by some 4 or 5 to 1, the penetration
shown (1/100) is obviously nearer 1 in 25 when home
offices only are checked. And if most, which is likely, are in
the 500 or so firms in this field with some 15,000 branches,
then the penetration ratio approaches 1 in 2 or 3.
The proliferation of small entities in real estate is
emphasized by the extremely low (1 in 1,500) penetration
by computers in this field. Interestingly enough, insurance
agencies, which are often equated with real estate so far as
size and market for business services are concerned, show
far greater penetration.
I n retail ing (4% of computers), only department stores
show greater penetration than business as a whole. Large
department stores, those rated $20,000 and over, show a
penetration of 1 in 6. While department stores are roughly
1% of all rated and/or listed retai I, they account for 30% of
those computers found in retailing. This might be considered surprisingly high until it is recalled that all chain
operators in the country with 3 or more outlets do not
total over 10,000 - and it is likely a goodly proportion of
that other 70% of computers in retailing will be found in
chain operations.
Wholesale Trade (6% of computers) shows a penetration
ratio approximately 10 times as great as retail, and about
one fifth as great as manufacturing. Only drugs, chemicals
and allied wholesalers with 1 in 80, and electrical goods
wholesalers (1 in 100) are equal to or higher than business
penetration as a whole. The range of penetration, which
might have been anticipated, is much smaller for various
classes of wholesaling than for other business segments spreading from 1/80 to 1/400 (a range of some 5 to 1).
Manufacturing, for example, utilizing 2-digit SIC's, shows a
range of 50 to 1 (from 1 in 6 to 1 in 300). Higher ranges
can be found in retail, finance, services. It is instructive to
note that the pressure of the workload, not the kind of
wholesaler is the key to penetration. As manufacturers and
software producers bring to bear computerized thinking
into the handling, picking, stocking, storing, shipping and
43

recording of wholesale inventories, the infiltration of"
computers is likely to increase even more rapidly than in
some of the other easier-to-penetrate business classifications.

However, transportation includes "local transportation"
(40% of the transportation universe) where the penetration
is something like 1 in 1,500. Other transportation is much
higher - the range being as follows:
Classification

The "I ndustrial Complex"

Some business analysts expand manufacturing into what
they term an "industrial complex" ranging in SIC terms
from Mining through Contracting, Manufacturing and
Transportation, Communication and Utilities.
From the point of view of computer penetration, there
is something to be said for this grouping.
Transportation, Communications, and Utilities (SIC
4000-4999) with 6% of computers, shows a 1 in 80
penetration - or about 1/2 of manufacturing.
Mining (1% of computers) is next in line with a ratio of
1 to 100.
The theory breaks down, however, when one turns to
Contracting (1/2 of 1% of computers) - where the
penetration ratio is only one in 2,500. There are as many
Research Laboratories (96) and Management Consultants
(80) and Engineering and Architectural Firms (76) with
computers as all Contracting Firms (98) with computers.
Breaking down the major business classification, "Transportation, Communication, and Utilities", into its three
major components provides the following penetration
ratios:
Classifications
Total
Transportation
Communication
Utilities

Computers

Universe

1,172
583
294
295

90,000
75,000
9,000
6,000

Quantity

Universe

Penetration

128
114
10
42
37
49
148
36
20

1,000
1,200
180
1,300
2,200
6,000
15,000
10,000
30,000

1/8
1/10
1/20
1/30
1/60
1/100
1/100
1/300
1/1,000

Railroads
Air Transportation
Pipeline Transportation
Transportation, Misc.
Water Transportation
Storage
Over-the-road Trucking
Bus Transportation
Local Trucking

Only one classification of contractors (Heavy Duty
Construction - SIC 1621) shows any appreciable penetration - and even here, the ratio is one computer for every
200 entities. This does compare most favorably, however,
with Plumbing, Heating, and Air Conditioning where 1
computer per 10,000 firms has been reported. For General
Contractors, less than 1 computer per 1,000 firms shows
up.
Penetration of extractive industries (Mining, including
Petroleum) shows a rather narrow range from 1 in 40 to 1
in 200. In line with the extremely high penetration shown
in Petroleum Manufacturing, the highest penetration here is
found in Crude Petroleum operations.
The ninth and last major classification is "Agriculture,
Forestry, and Fisheries" (SIC codes 01 through 09). This
classification represents about 1/4 of 1%of computers
located ... and computer penetration as yet is very modest.

Penetratioli

1/80
1/100
1/30
1/20

TABLE I
PERCENTAGE OF COMPUTER INSTALLATIONS BY MAJOR SIC CLASSIFICATIONS WITH PENETRATION RATIOS

SIC

Classification

Computer
Count

All

U. S. Total
Agriculture, Forestr~, & Fisheries
Mining Industries
Contracting

19,357
56
170
98

01-09
10-14
1511-1799
19-3999
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40-49
50
52-59
60-65
70-79
7399
80-93
82
91-93

= Not

Manufacturing Industries
Ordnance
Food
Tobacco
Textile Mill Products
Apparel
Lumber & Wood Products
Furniture & Fixtures
Paper & Allied
Printing & Publishing
Chemical & Allied
Petroleum Refining & Allied
Rubber & Plastics
Leather & Leather Products
Stone, Clay, and Glass
Primary Metal Industries
Fabricated Metal Industry
Machinery Except Electrical
Machinery, Electrical
Transportation Equipment
Prof. & Scien. & Control Instru.
Misc. Manufacturing Industries
Trans~ortation, Comm. & Utilities
Wholesale Trade
Retailers
Finance
Services, Business (non-computer)
Services, Business (computer, mainly)
Services, Social
Services, Educational
Services, Governmental
Services, Other

6,498

of
U. S.
Total)
000.00)

-----r:29T
( .88)
(.5I)

(33.56)

----:32

639
35
201
249
64
68
187
521
524
227
141
72
144
354
301
977
948
432
244
138
1,172
1,232
792
2,967
398
1,768
4,206
1,830
1,910
466

(3.30)
(.180)
(1.03)
0.28)
(.330)
(.351)
(.966)
(2.69)
(2.70)
0.17)
(.728)
( .372)
(.744)
0.83)
0.55)
(5.05)
(4.90)
(2.23)
0.26)
(.713)
(6.05)
(6.36)
(4.09)
(15.33)
(2.05)
(9.11)
(21.77)
(9.53)
(9.84)
(2.40)

Firms
Rated

Universe
(all rating)

Penetration
of
Universe

$20,000

Penetration
Of Upper
Net Worth

Net Worth

Grou~

3,600,000
21,000
17,000
250,000

1/200
1/400
1/100
1/2,500

855,000
11 ,200
9,000
63,000

1/40
l7200
1/50
1/700

1/40

125.000
50
15,100
100
4,400
8,300
8,100
4,400
4,300
12,000
8,900
1,000
2,400
1,000
6,800
4,800
11,100
17,100
6,800
4,800
2,400
4,900
26,600
100,000
328,000
100,000

ill.Q

246,000
180
25,000
350
6,500
16,700
16,700
11,400
5,800
32,400
12,800
1,900
4,300
3,700
12,900
6,500
22,700
32,900
8,900
5,900
4,800
13,800
90,000
230,000
1,300,000
300,000
250,000
7,000
430,000
110,000
40,000
280,000

176
1/40
1/10
1/30
1/70
1/300
1/200
1/30
1/60
1/25
1/6
1/30
1/50
1/100
1/20
1/80
1/30
1/10
1/10
'1/20
1/100
1/80
1/200
1/2000
1/100
1/600
1/4
1/100

56,000
NA

1/2
1/20
1/3
1/20
1/30
1/100
1/60
1/25
1/20
1/15
1/4
1/20
1/15
1/50
1/10
1/40
1/20
1/5
1/10
1/10
1/30
1/20
1/100
1/400
1/30
1/150

Available
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

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COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 19691

TABLE II

TABLE III

PERCENTAGE OF COMPUTERS BY MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS
ARRAYED IN DESCENDING ORDER (WITH PENETRATION RATIOS)
Penetration
Rated
Manufacturing
Services
Social
Business (non-compu ter)
Business (computer)
Finance

Percent

No.

100.00
33.56

19,357
6,498

$20,000

Universe

1/20

6,372
4,206
398
1,768
2,967

1/100
1/100
1/60

1/100

1/30

Wholesale
Transportation, Communicati on & Uti li ties

6.36
6.05

1,232
1,172

1/200
1/40

1/100
1/20

Retail
Mining
Contracting
Agriculture, Forestry &
Fisheries

4.09

792
170

1/2,000
1/100
1/2,500
1/400

1/400
1/50
1/700
1/200

= Not

9a
~

1/25

No. of Computers

SIC

Classification

206
209

Sugars
Miscellaneous
Foods
Confectionery
Prepared
Food Products
Meat Products
Beverage Industries
Dairy Products
Grain Mill Products
Bakery Products

Universe Penetration

150

1/10

106
47

1,700
1,300

1/20
1/25

80
88
104
96
63
32

2,700
3,200
4,000
4,000
3,400
3,300

1/30
1/40
1/40
1/40
1/60
1/100

Detailed figures indicate that a brewer or a distiller is
some 50 times more likely to have a computer than a soft
drink bottler.
In Apparel (SIC 2300) while the actual number of
computers found for Men's and Boys', and Women's is
equal (89/91), the penetration in Men's wear is considerably higher (1 in 35 for men vs. 1 in 55 for women).
One small segment in Furniture and Fixtures (SIC 2500)
namely Metal Office Furniture, shows a penetration ratio of
1 in 20 while the classification as a whole is in the 1 in 200
range.
In Paper and Allied Products (SIC 2600) over half of the
computers located are in Paper Mills. The mill operator is
five to eight times as likely to install a computer as is a
converter of paper.
In like manner, in Printing and Publishing (SIC 2700) a
magazine publisher, or a book publisher or a producer of
business forms is 20 times as likely to install a computer as
a conventional printer. (It is likely that Daily Newspapers
more closely approximate specialty publishing than printers
in general, on a penetration basis. But the SI C system uses
code 2711 for all newspapers, daily and weekly alike ...
with the likelihood of computers for country weeklies, as
yet, being pretty close to nil.)
46

= not

Penetra ti on
of Universe

Penetration of Upper
Net Worth Group
(,20,000 and over)

1/40
1/40

1 20
1/20

1/100
1/100
1/100
1/100
1/200
1/400

1/25
1/30
1/50

1/1,000
1/2,500

1/400
1/700

NA
1/100
1/200

available

Available

As noted in Table IV, almost all of the current
penetration ratios of 1 -in 1'0 or better are in selected 4-digit
classes in manufacturing.
Food manufacture splits rather neatly into eight distinct
3-digit groupings. When these are arrayed by penetration
they spread as follows:

201
208
202
204
205

Manufacturing
Transportation, Communications & Utili tes
Services - Business
Finance
Mining
Services - Social
Wholesaling
Agriculture, Forestry &
Fisheries
Retailing
Contracting
NA

Special Notes on Manufacturing

207
203

Of the 10 major classes of employers reported here, the penetration
ratio (of the universe) runs from 1/40 to 1/2,500 •.. as follows:

net worth +

32.93
21. 77
2.05
9.11
15.33

---:88
.51

PENETRATION RATIOS IN MAJOR CLASSIFICATIONS
(1 Computer Per X in Universe)
ARRAYED IN DESCENDING ORDER

The entire field of Chemicals and Allied Products (SIC
2800) shows a remarkable similarity in penetration, with
Industrial Chemicals at 1 in 10 the highest ratio, followed
by Pharmaceuticals (1/15) and Perfumes and Cosmetics
(1/20). Agricultural Chemicals, with the lowest ratio, is a
respectable 1 to 60.
Rubber and Plastics (SIC 3000) averages out at one
computer per 35 plants. This average is, however, a bit like
the one-to-one relationship in an animal stew made of one
cow and one rabbit. For part of rubber and rubber products
are obviously among the most computerized segments of
manufacturing (average ratio 1 in 10) while production of
articles from plastic materials indicates a ratio of 1 in 200.
(Production of plastic materials is found primarily in SIC's
2821 through 2824 - where the average penetration is
roughly 1 in 35.)
In the major metalworking l classifications the penetration ratios are as follows:
SIC

Classifications

No. of
Computers

3300 Primary Metal
Industry
3400 Fabricated Metal
Industry
3500 Mach i nery , except
electrical
3600 Machinery, Electrical
3700 Transportation
Equipment
3800 Prof. Scien., &
Control I nstru.

Universe

Penetration

854

6,500

1/20

301

22,700

1/80

977
948

32,900
8,700

1/30
1/10

432

5,900

1/10

244

4,800

1/20

In the Primary Metal Industry (SIC 3300), actual
primary production of steel and aluminum (Blast Furnaces,
Primary Aluminum) show penetration ratios 10 to 20 times
that indicated for such secondary operations as Casting and
Forging. Primary Copper, Lead, Zinc show a computer
penetration well behind that of the two basic production
metals of our economy.
Metal Cans, produced almost exclusively in huge factories, shows the highest penetration ratio in the Fabricated
Metal Industry (SIC 3400).
Machinery, except Electrical (SIC 3500) is a peculiar
IThere are minor segments of Metalworking found in classification
2700 (Electrotyping), 2500 (Metal Furniture) and 3900 (Silver,
Jewelry, Caskets, Musical Instruments, Pens). However, the great
bulk of all firms classified as Metalworking are in codes 3300
through 3800.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

TABLE IV

TABLE V

Penetration by 2-digit and 4-digit SIC - (1 in 10 or better)
Descending Array - from 1 computer per 1 in universe to
1 computer in 10 in universe

PENETRATION RATIOS
By 2-digi t SIC in Manufacturing
Arrayed in Descending Order (average 1/40)

(Top 70 or so Computer Penetrated Classifications out of some 600)
Ratio
Against
Universe

No. of
Computers
Located

SIC

Classification

1/1

3573-4
3572
3579

Compo & Acc't Machines
Typewriters
Office Machines

193
38
187

1/2

3021
3661
3711
3721

Rubber Footwear
Tel. & Tel. Apparatus
Motor Vehicles
Aircraft

22
93
132
63

1/3

3011
3334
3673

Tires & Tubes
Aluminum Prim. Production
Special Transmission Tubes

1/4

3519
*7399

Internal Combustion Engines
Computer Services

1/5

2082
2911
3312

Malt Liquors (Mfg.)
Petroleum Refi ning
Blast Furnaces

36
123
123

1/6

19
29
2085
3562
3632&5
3662

Ordnance
Petroleum
Distilled Liquors
Ball & Roller Bearings
Household Refrig. & Vacuum
Radio & TV Apparatus

32
227
160
25
12
185

2025
3611
3621
3639
3671-2

Special Dairy
Electric Measuring & Testing Equip.
Motors & Generators
Household Appliances, other
Radio & TV Tubes

1/7

1/8
1/10

2044
3651
*4011
21
36
37
2043
2061-3
2072-3
2095
2611-31
2731-41
2761
2818-19
2951-99
3211-29
3411
3613
3694
3811
3822
3861
3871
3955
*4511-83
~'4911

50
20
13
32
1,768

21
85
46
18
20

Rice Milling
Radio & TV Receivers
Railroads (Transport)
Tobacco
Machinery, Electrical
Transportation Equipment
Cereal Preparations
Sugars
Cocoa
Animal Fats & Oils
Paper Mills
Books & publishing
Business Forms
Chemicals, Indl. (Mfg.)
Petroleum, other than refining (Mfg.)
Glass Products
Metal Cans
Swi tchgear & Boards
Elec. Equip. for Gas Engines
Eng. Lab & Scientifi c Equipment
Automatic Temperature Controls
Photographic Equipment
Wa tches, Clocks & Parts
Carbon Paper & Inked Ribbons
Air Transportation (Trans.)
Utilities, Electric (Trans.)

13
40
128
35
948
432
6
13

18
7
88
89
89
379
51

6
107
184
47
113
104
55
20
38
19
43
21
53
18
11

144
150

1/15

2031
2032
2099
2834
3331-57
3612-99
3722-29

Canned Sea Food (Mfg.)
Canned Specialties (Mfg.)
Food, Not elsewhere classified (Mfg.)
Pharmaceuticals
Non Ferrous Metals
Machinery, Electrical,Other
Aircraft Parts

1/20

33
38
2026
2087
2522
2831-33
2844
3261-64
3443
3712-15
3731
3951

Primary Metals (Mfg.)
354
Prof. & Scien. & Control Instru.(Mfg.) 244
Fluid Milk (Mfg.)
51
Flavorings (Mfg.)
21
Metal Office Furni ture (Mfg.)
11
Medicinals & Biologicals (Mfg.)
20
Perfumes & Cosmetics
41
Fired Cermaics
10
Fabricated Plate Work
47
Automotives, Other than vehicles
138
Shi P Buildi ng & Repa i r
21
Pens, Pencils, Art Materials
6

.:' All but marked classes come from Manufacturing.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

Column (1) - Quanti ty
Column (2) - Penetration of Universe
Column (3) - Penetration of Firms Rated $20,000 and over
SIC

Classification

19
29
21
36
37
33
38
28
22
26
35
30
20
31
27
23
34
32
39
25
24

Ordnance
Petroleum Refining & Allied
Tobacco
Machinery, Electrical
Transport. Equip.
Primary Metal Industries
Prof. & Scien. & Control Instru.
Chemicals & Allied
Textile Mill Products
Paper & Allied
Machinery, Except Elect.
Rubber & Plastics
Food
Lea ther & Lea ther Produc ts
Printing & Publishing
Apparel
Fabricated Metal Ind.
Stone, Clay, & Glass
Misc. Mfg. Industries
Furniture & Fixtures
Lumber & Wood Products

ill
32
227
35
948
432
354
244
524
201
187
977
141
639
72
521
249
301
144
138
68
64

ill
1/6
1/6
1/10
1/10
1/10
1/20
1/20
1/25
1/30
1/30
1/30
1/35
1/40
1/50
1/60
1/70
1/80
1/100
1/100
1/200
1/300

ill
1/3
1/4
1/3
1/5
1/10
1/15
1/10
1/15
1/20
1/25
1/20
1/20
1/20
1/15
1/20
1/30
1/40
1/50
1/30
1/60
1/100

TABLE VI
THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN NET WORTH RATING AND COMPUTER
INSTALLATIONS
Establishments
All Establishments
Less non-rated Services
Establishments rated
$20,000 net worth and
over
Establishments rated
under $20,000 net worth
including Listed But Not
Rated

Computers
3,600,000
430,000
3,170,000

100%

855,000

27%

2,315,000

73%

19,357
4,206
15,151

100%

form of metal stew. One exceptionally large classification
(3591 - Machine Shops) over one third of all plants here shows up without one computer ... while production of all
forms of office machines show at least one computer for
every plant. Engines and ball bearings, as might be
expected, also show a high penetration.
Machinery, Electrical (SIC 3600) while equal in overall
penetration to Transportation (1 computer per 10 plants)
shows a much more even spread of computers. Of the 17
4-digit classes noted in SIC 3600, 10 show virtually the
same penetration factor (1 in 6, to 1 in 10).
Transportation Equipment (SIC 3700) includes two of
the highest penetration classifications - Motor Vehicles,
and Aircraft. It is interesting to note that Motor Vehicle
Parts and Aircraft Parts falloff to 1 in 20 and 1 in 15,
respectively.
Professional, Scientific, and Control I nstruments (SIC
3800) splits into two segments so far as penetration is
concerned. Scientific equipment, automatic controls, photo
equipment, and watches and clocks all show 1 in 10; all
medical classes (medical, dental, ortho, ophthalmic) and
surprisingly, optical, show 1/3 to 1/5 th is penetration.
Miscellaneous Manufacturers (SIC 3900) show a penetration of about 1 in 100 ... with two modest exceptions,
Pens and Pencils (1 in 20) and Carbon Paper and Inked
Ribbons (1 in 10). Of the 27 4-digit classes in code 3900,
computers are found in 17.
Those with "none", include Jewelers Findings, Diamond
Polishing, Feathers and Plumes, Buttons, Candles, Lampshades, Morticians Goods, Umbrellas, and Miscellany.
47

EVALUATION OF THIS ANALYSIS

Universes

These data were derived from an analysis of the file of
"Companies and Institutions with Computers" compiled
for and with the help of Computers and Automation. In
compiling this mailing list, every effort has been' made to
keep only one record per address. Thus, these data
understate the number of computers accounted for. These
addresses probably account for 27,000 to 28,000 of the
nation's current inventory of 40,000 (plus) computers in
operation.

The concept of "Penetration of a given Universe" is not
utilized conventionally in management science ... primarily because so little is known (usually) about the actual
parameters of the un iverses under study.
I~ the business world three companies now publish a
considerable volume of data on companies (and institutions) which function as employers. These three are Dun
and Bradstreet, National Business Lists, and Computer List
Marketing, a subsidiary of Ed Burnett, Inc. The data here
on the employing universe as a whole come from all three with some subjective decisions by the author. (For example, Dun and Bradstreet rated and/or I ists about
1,400,000 retailers, the figure selected here. By merging
this list w.ith classified listings, a number approaching
1,800,000 IS probable, and the U.S. Census of Business
shows even more. The penetration in retail using the more
modest 1,400,000 is less than, 1 computer per 2,000 stores.
Little would be gained by including every unrated "mom
and pop" store.)
The figures for business companies rated $20,000 net
worth and over come from a 1968 analysis of names
(without addresses) published by net worth rating by Dun
and Bradstreet. At the time this analysis was made Dun and
Bradstreet itself could not furnish such data. Dun and
Bradstreet shortly will be able to corroborate a fair amount
of the data given here from their own record count
programs. At the time this was produced, this was
considered the best approximation, based on statistical
counts, then available. The data is reasonably adequate for
the rough penetration proportions published here.
As noted in the text, there are a number of "universes"
to consider.
From a size point of view they range as follows:

Bias
For two classifications Federal Government (SIC's 9100
and 9155) and Colleges (SIC 8220 within 8200-8299) ...
data was obtained covering every installation.
To the best of our knowledge, no other bias is involved
in the collection, compiling, analysis, coding, converting,
and machine handling of this file. However, it is clear that
Data Processing Services, with an outlet for publicity
through the magazines such as Computers and Automation
have been much more likely than any other classification to
send in data about their new computer installations.
These data are indicative, however, «t best. The entire
SIC coding structure commercially available 2 has an error
factor estimated by major uSers in the 10% to 15% range.
All codes for rated business come from some 2,000
enumerators working for the primary credit reporting
service in the United States. Codes for the last few years
have been established by a central coding office ... which
provides a measure of control. However, most codes in this
service still reflect field created codes. About 30,000
entities, primarily plants in manufacturing, report multiple
SIC's. For reasons of simplicity and cost, only the primary
reported SIC has been utilized in this analysis. A third
avenue for error has been on the conventional "read-posttag." operation of coding what is essentially a mail ing list.
This has been done by experts in both list compilation and
in list conversion, and unique identification numbers used
for every record touched - but a small number of human
errors naturally have intruded.
In this light, data between one major class and another
are reasonably significant. The breakdowns of penetration
~ithin 2-digit manufacturing are obviously meaningful. But
differences, unless considerable, between 4-digit groupings
must be considered highly tentative.
. !he data, by size (net worth), are valid only as gross
Indicators. They understate, by a considerable proportion,
t~e correlation of penetration of computers to company
size (as measured by net worth rating assessed by the credit
reporting company). This is so for a number of technical
reasons. In the first place, the ratings are estimates - and
based, pri r:nari Iy, except at the upper 1% of the range, on
data proVided to the credit service by each reporting
company. Secondly, branch operations which should bear
the same rating as the home office are, for all practical
purpose~, reported as "listed but not rated." Thirdly, many
companies refuse to volunteer any data. Fourthly, the
credit service, while listing all manufacturers and most
wholesalers, covers only the top portion of such classes as
retail and services.
. Data is now available in manufacturing to relate penetration and. use of .computers by number of employees per
plant. T~ls data IS now in preparation. Data by employee
strength IS a far more reliable indicator of business size than
is net worth rating.

2The chief publisher of SIC information in the' United States is Dun

& Bradstreet which includes such data in its credit reporting service.

a. Companies (Home offices only) rated $1,000,000
and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 36,000
b. Companies (Home offices primarily) rated $20,000
and over . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 855,000
c. Establishments (employers) rated and non-rated
considered as potential business and institutional
market for computers . . . . . . . . . . . . 3,500,000
d. Census .reported employers (non-farm) ... including
profeSSionals and one-man businesses .. 6,600,000
The penetration data presented here - one computer for
basically is applied to "c" and
b above.
I n credit reporting, non-buying branches (as branch units
o.f a chain) ar~ omitted. Branch plants in manufacturing are
virtually all Included as each plant is a buying entity.
Overall, branch plants represent about 10% of all plants
reported. But this proportion can be very misleading insofar
as concentration of production is concerned. For example,
about half of all such branch and subsid iary operations
(some 14,000) are controlled by the 1,000 largest manufacturers - the so-termed "Fortune 1,000." These 1 ,000
companies (with their branches and subsidiaries) account
for over 70% of all employment in manufacturing and over
75% of all value added to manufacture.
~? ,;nany establishments -

SIC
For those who wish to complete information on this
valuable classification system, the purchase of the "Standard I ndustrial Classification Manual" publ ished by the
United States Department of Commerce ($2.50) is strongly
recommended.
For a brief review of the way SIC works and some of the
pitfalls involved, see the article "OF SIC" by Ed Burnett,
published in the March 1968 issue of Reporter of Direct
Mail (now Direct Marketing) Garden City, New York.
0
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

REPORT FROM GREAT BRITAIN
LEASCQ'S Time Sharing
LEASCO is launching a major time-sharing action in
Europe to take place this autumn in Britain, Holland,
Sweden and West Germany.
A total of 12 systems will be set up, two each in the
first three countries and four in the latter, with two to be
held in reserve. Of the 12, eight are intended to be built
around Modular I compact machines from Computer
Technology Company, a venture closely connected with
the Pergamon publishing group which Leasco is in process
of acquiring. The small Modular I machines will not be
immediately available and the first four time-share centres
- in London, Birmingham, Munich and Stockholm - will
rely on Hewlett-Packard 2000A units.
This is only the first stage of a three-phase expansion,
or rather "sophistication" plan. Leasco is well aware that
what it can offer on an HP 2000A or a Modular I is just
not comparable with the variety of options IBM, UCC,
GElS (the General Electric time-sharing service based on
265's), I CS L and several other large bureaux are already
selling heavily in Britain and Europe. Therefore, either it
intends to give the service virtually for free - which
would not be in keeping - or it will shorten Phase 1 very
considerably.
This would present no problems since HP 2000A was
the basis for a similar operation in the U.S. and all the
spade-work presumably has been carried out. Leasco also
already has the expertise of I nbucon, a British software
house which it took over about a year ago for a purchase
price of £4m.
It is doubtful whether, in Europe, the next step can be
the same as in the U.S., where Sigma-5 centres with 70
terminals are to replace the 16-terminal HP set-ups, to be
superseded in 1975 by very large-scale networks to be
based on I BM 85's or 65's, or possibly on CDC 6600's or
Univac 1108's if these prove better for the time-sharing
job than the I BM equipment. It is likely that outside the
U.S. there will be a direct jump from Phase 1 to the
large-scale centres of Phase 3, about 1972, giving the
Leasco time-sharing operation a handicap of two years at
best and four to five years by comparison with market
leaders here.
Computer Technology Will Benefit
Co~p~ter Technology stands to make something out
of this Job over and above the eight relatively small
systems (say about $100,000 each) it will be building. It
will make known its product, which has so far been an
unknown quantity even on the UK market. One of the
reasons for this lack of fame is the cold-shouldering the
company ·got from the Ministry of Technology when it
was seeking money to start building its hardware almost
two years ago.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

The Ministry attitude was understandable since Computer Technology began to be active just at a time when
~he main plan for rationalisation of the small computer
Industry in Britain was taking shape. Obviously company
enthusiastics were not going to take kindly to the Ministry attitude that "one small computer is very like another
and what counts is a market large enough to warrant the
economies of mass production by one or two manufacturers rather than the six now operating". Yet the Ministry reasoning was based on a close look at that most
successful operation - Digital Equipment Corporation
which serves a good part of the market at which Modular
I is aimed.
Equipment
Modular I as it will be used by Leasco will have a large
memory, ability to handle 32 terminals, universal disc
capability and be three times as fast on retrieval at half
the price of competing equipment. But, and it is no small
"but", the mach ine is not a proven system and it has no
software. Leasco's software house acquisition, called
"Leasco Systems and Research", is given that task and
not much time to complete it in. Should the machine fall
down on the job, Leasco would have its Hewlett-Packard
experience to draw on.
Leasco is to use peripherals built by other European
~Jrganizations in which it has acquired an interest. They
Include Detloff low-speed terminals built in Germany by
the company of the same name, in which Leasco has a 25
percent holding.
Market Projections
We have all learned to disregard market projections,
particularly those brandished by salesmen. However, for
what it is worth, the current time-sharing bureau turnover
in the U.S. is put at $180m rising to $1,500m in 1973 according to Leasco. The pattern in Europe should follow
the same curve some two to four years behind the U.S.
What the current European figure could be is a matter for
conjecture. I would estimate that for 1968 Europe's computer bureau turnover was about $300m, of which per.
haps $10m to $18m went on time-share jobs.
It will interest U.S. readers to hear that while most if
not all, American computer companies accept the d~c
trine that they have only one competitor to beat - IBM
- the Europeans would contest this even as a theory and
are much further from acting on it than their U.S. count~rpar~s. Britain's I nternational Computers, by and large,
finds It easier to collaborate with U.S. companies, other
than I BM, than with what remains of the European com-

{Please turn to page 67}
49

CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS
Sept. 8-12, 1969: International Symposium on Man-Machine
Systems, St. John's College, Cambridge, England; contact
Robert C. McLane, G-MMS Meetings Chairman, Honeywell
Inc., 2345 Walnut St., St. Paul, Minn. 55113

Oct. 22-24, 1969: IEEE 1969 Systems Science and Cybernetics
Conference, Philadelphia, Pa.; contact C. Nelson Dorny,
Moore School of Electrical Engineering, Univ. of Pa., Philadelphia, Pa. 19104.

Sept. 15-17, 1969: First International Conference on Programming Languages for Numerically Controlled Machine Tools,
IFIP-IF AC, Rome, Italy; contact Dr. E. L. Harder, R&D
Center, Westinghouse Electric Corp., Beulah Rd., Pittsburgh,
Pa. 15235

Oct. 24, 1969: Fourth Annual Symposium on the Application
of Computers to the Problems of Urban Society, sponsored
by the Assoc. for Computing Machinery, Metropolitan N.Y.
Chapters, New York Hilton Hotel, New York, N.Y.; contact
Mrs. Jessica Hellwig, Computer Center, Columbia Univ.,
New York, N.Y. 10027

Sept. 28-0ct. 1, 1969: Association for Systems Management
International (formerly Systems and Procedures Association)
International Systems Meeting, New York Hilton Hotel, New
York City, N.V.; contact Richard L. Irwin, Association for
Systems Management, 24587 Bagley Rd., Cleveland, Ohio
44138.

Oct. 26-30, 1969: ACM/SIAM/IEEE Joint Conference on
Mathematics and Computer Aided Design, Disneyland Hotel,
Anaheim, Calif.; contact]. F. Traub, Program Chairman,
Computing Science Research Center, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Murray Hill, N.]. 07974.

Sept. 30-0ct. 2, 1969: Computers and Communications Conference (sponsored by the Mohawk Valley Section of the
IEEE), The Beeches, Rome, N.Y.; contact John M. Harrington, Conference Chairman, 304 E. Chestnut St., Rome,
N.Y. 13440

Oct. 27-29, 1969: Electronics and Aerospace Systems Convention and Exposition (EASCON '69), Sheraton Park Hotel,
Washington, D.C.; contact Howard P. Gates, Jr., EASCON
'69 Technical Program Chairman, P.O. Box 2347, Falls
Church, Va. 22042.

Oct. 1-5, 1969: American Society for Information Science,
32nd Annual Meeting, San Francisco Hilton Hotel, San
Francisco, Calif.; contact Charles P. Bourne, Programming
Services, Inc., 999 Commercial St., Palo Alto, Calif. 94303.

Oct. 27-29, 1969: Data Processing Supplies Assoc. Fall General Meeting, New York, N.Y.; contact Data Processing Supplies Assoc., 1116 Summer St., P.O. Box 1333, Stamford,
Conn. 06904

Oct. 6-10, 1969: Second International Congress on Project
Planning by Network Analysis, INTERNET 1969, International Congress Centre RAI, Amsterdam, the Netherlands;
contact Local Secretariat, c/o Holland Organizing Centre,
16 Lange Voorhout, The Hague, the Netherlands

Oct. 27-30, 1969: 24th Annual ISA Conference & Exhibit,
Astrohall, Houston, Texas; contact H. Buntzel, Jr., Program
Chairman, Bonner & Moore Assocs., Inc., Suite 1124, 500
Jefferson Bldg., Houston, Texas 77002.

Oct. 9-11, 1969: DPMA Div. 3 Conference, Lafayette Hotel,
Little Rock, Ark.; contact Robert Redus, 6901 Murray St.,
Little Rock, Ark.
Oct. 13-16, 1969: Association for Computing Machinery
(ACM) Symposium on Data Communications, Calloway
Gardens, Pine Mountain, Ga.; contact Edward Fuchs, Room
2C-518, Bell Telephone Laboratories, Inc., Holmdel, N. J.
07735; Walter J. Kosinski, Interactive Computing Corp.,
P.O. Box 447, Santa Ana, Calif. 92702
Oct. 13-16, 1969: 1969 International Visual Communications
Congress, International Amphitheatre, Chicago, Ill.; contact
Internat'l Assoc. of Visual Communications Management,
Suite 610, 305 S. Andrews Ave., Fort Lauderdale, Fla. 33301
Oct. 14-15, 1969: Symposium on Optical Character Recognition, sponsored by the National Archives and Records Service of the General Services Admn. and the National Bureau
of Standards, at Dept. of State West Auditorium, Washington, D.C.; contact Mr. John DeMasi, International Business
Forms Industries, 5223 River Rd., Washington, D.C. 20016
Oct. 14-16, 1969: American Society for Cybernetics, Third Annual Symposium, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg,
Md.; contact Dr. Carl Hammer, UNIVAC Div., Sperry
Rand Corp., 2121 Wisconsin Ave., N.W., Washington, D.C.
20007
Oct. 15-17, 1969: IEEE Tenth Annual Symposium on Switching and Automata Theory, University of Waterloo, Waterloo,
Ontario, Canada; contact Prof. J. A. Brzozowski, Dept. of
Applied Analysis and Computer Science, University of
Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario, Canada
Oct. 16-17, 1969: American Institute of Industrial Engineers
(AIlE), Huntsville Chapter, 7th Annual Conference, Huntsville, Alabama; contact R. Trenkle, 2226 Matthews St., S.E.,
Huntsville, Alabama 35801
Oct. 17-18, 1969: Northeastern Regional Conference of the
Association for Computing Machinery, State Univ. of New
York, Albany; contact Dr. E. D. Reilly, Jr., Computer Science Dept., State Univ. of New York at Albany, Albany,
N.Y. 12203
50

Oct. 27-31, 1969: Business Equipment Manufacturers Assoc.
(BEMA) Annual Business Equipment Exposition and Management Conference, New York Coliseum, Columbus Circle,
New York, N.Y. 10023; contact Laurance C. Messick, Business Equipment Manufacturers Assoc., 235 East 42nd St.,
New York, N.Y. 10017
Oct. 30-31, 1969: Assoc. of Data Processing Service Organizations Management Conference, Regency Hyatt Hotel, Atlanta, Ga.; contact Jerome L. Dreyer, Assoc. of Data Processing Service Organizations, Inc., 420 Lexington Ave., New
York, N.Y. 10017.
Nov. 3-5, 1969: 5th Annual IEEE Symposium on Automatic
Support Systems for Advanced Maintainability, Chase-Park
Plaza Hotel, St. Louis, Mo.; contact Matthew F. Mayer,
Program Chairman, P.O. Box 4124 Jennings Station, St.
Louis, Mo. 63136
Nov. 3-7, 1969: GUIDE International, Denver Hilton Hotel,
Denver, Colorado; contact Jack Eggleston, GUIDE Secretary, Mgr., Programming R&D, Mutual of Omaha Insurance
Co., P.O. Box 1298, Omaha, Nebraska 68101
Nov. 5-7, 1969: IEEE Northeast Electronics Research and Engineering Meeting (NEREM), War Memorial Auditorium
and Sheraton Boston Hotel, Boston, Mass.; contact NEREM,
31 Channing St., Newton, Mass. 02158.
Nov. 6-7, 1969: First National Symposium on Industrial Robots, lIT Research Institute, Chicago, Ill.; contact Mr.
Dennis W. Hanify, lIT Research Institute, 10 West 35 St.,
Chicago, Ill. 60616
Nov. 10-11, 1969: Digitronics Users Assoc. (DUA), 4th Annual Conference, Barbizon-Plaza Hotel, New York City;
contact Secretary, DUA, Box 113, Albertson, Long Island,
New York, 11507
Nov. 13-14, 1969: Conference on the Legal Protection of
Computer Programs (sponsored by the Law Group of the
British Computer Society), Bedford Hotel, Brighton, England; contact Conference Dept. of The British Computer
Society, 21 Lamb's Conduit St., London, W.C.I, England

(Please turn to page 67)
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

C·a
NUMBLES

PROBLEM CORNER

Number Puzzles for Nimble Minds
- and Computers

Walter Penney, CDP
Problem Editor
Computers and Automation

Neil Macdonald
Assistant Editor
PROBLEM 699: UNCHANGING TIME

(Contributed by Carl M. Wright)
I n a statistical program, the subroutine shown in flowchart no. 1 is used. To shorten the running time, the
subroutine shown in flowchart no. 2 is substituted. However, the average running time is unchanged.
What do the subroutines compute?
What is the average value of N?
(Note: All variables are integers. Disregard call and link
times. All instructions require eight microseconds execution time except multiiJly and divide, each of which
requires 64 microseconds. All steps are performed in the
order shown.)

A "numble" is an arithmetical problem in which: digits
have been replaced by capital letters; and there are two
messages, one which can be read right away and a second
one in the digit cipher. The problem is to solve for the
digits.
Each capital letter in the arithmetical problem stands for
just one digit 0 to 9. A digit may be represented by more
than one letter. The second message, which is expressed in
numerical digits, is to be translated (using the same key)
into letters so that it may be read; but the spelling uses
puns or is otherwise irregular, to discourage cryptanalytic
methods of deciphering.
We invite our readers to send us solutions, together with
human programs or computer programs which will produce
the solutions.
NUMBLE 699
A MAN

X~'X

S=X+X+1
T

0 F

UF GCU

URN M 0
=UAMAMU

+ C 0 U RAG E

M=N-1

= C N F A CAR
PST=MON

N - 1

P=M+N

Q=N~.Q

+ S

=T +

= Q / 6

=M+

= M .:.

M = M .:. N
R

S = S + 2

FLOWCHART NO. 1

FLOWCHART NO. 2

79291

24775

=v=W

29435

Solution to Numble 698
In Numble 698 in the August issue, the digits 0
through 9 are represented by letters as follows:
K,X = 0

D,N,O = 5

S= 1

E = 6

L,P = 2

A=7

T,U = 3

H=8

I =4

W = 9

The full message is: People with wax heads should not
walk in the sun.

Solution to Problem 698: From Binary to BCD

N=n -

65~J- 60G~6J- 600@O~6J- 6000~5~3~'

where n is the number with the bits interpreted as binary
and N is the equivalent in BCD.
Readers are invited to submit problems (and their solutions)
for jJUblication in this column to: Problem Editor, Computers
and Automation, 815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

Our thanks to the following individuals for submitting
their solutions to Numble 697:
A. Sanford Brown, Dallas, Tex.; Jack Byk, Dresher, Pa.;
T. P. Finn, I ndianapolis, Ind.; R. D. Gee, Victoria, British
Columbia; Nathan Krumholz, New York, N.Y.; D. F.
Stevens, Berkeley, Calif.; A. O. Varma, New York, N.Y.;
and Robert R. Weden, Edina, Minn. - and to Carroll
Johnson, Walpole, N.H., and Thomas M. Kaeji, Toronto,
Ontario, Can., for their solutions to Numble 696.
51

ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK

Computing and Data Processing Newsletter
Table of Contents

APPLICATIONS

Lunar Sample Experiments To Be Controlled By
PDP-8/L
Securities Brokerage Firm Automates Backoffice Handling of Stock Certificates
New England Seafood Processor Forecasts Demand for Fish with Aid of IBM Computer
Ship Models Made by Computer
Hebrew University Geographers Use Computer
to Map Development of Jerusalem Area

l28-Bit Read/Write Random Access Memory -Electronic Arrays, Inc.
53
Software

53
53
54

EDUCATION NEWS

University Project Uses CAl Techniques for
"Short Cut" to Adult Education
Computer Training Program for Inner-City
Youths in Southern California

Accounts Payable System -- Computer Processing Corp.
EZPERT -- Systonetics, Inc.
HELP - Highly Extendable Languages Processor
(Bailey's Processor) -- Advanced Computer
Techniques Corporation
Inquiry & Reporting System -- Sigma Computing
Corp.
Real Estate Risk Analysis Program (RERA) -Software Services, Inc.
System 6403 -- Data Systems Analysts, Inc.

57
57
58
58
58
58

54
Peripheral Equipment

NEW PRODUCTS

Self-Scan Panel Display -- Burroughs Corporation
2000 Series Printer -- Digitron Corporation
MERITAG Data System -- Dennison Mfg. Co.
OCT Typewriter -- Microdyne, Inc.
Graphic Recorder -- Valtec Corporation

58
58
58
58
58

Digital

IBM System/3 -- IBM Corporation
Model 208 Control Computer
Computer Automation, Inc.
Model 216 Control Computer
Computer Automation, Inc.
GE-I05 RTS Computer -- General Electric Co.
IBM System/360 Model 195 -- IBM Corporation

55
55

55
55
56
56

59
59

COMPUTING/TIME-SHARING CENTERS

ITT Data Services St. Louis Center to Serve
12-State Area
Second AL/COM Time-Sharing System Now
Operational

59
59

COMPUTER-RELATED SERVICES

Teaching Devices

COMPUT-A-TUTOR -- Worldwide Computer Services, Inc.

Computer Tape Cleaner -- Wright Line
Magnetic Tape Analyzer -- Controltex, Inc.

Special Purpose Systems

DPI-500 Data Processing System -- DPI, Inc.
ALTAPE (Automatic Line Tracing and Programming Equipment) -- Tridea Electronics

Data Processing Accessories

56
"Truth-In-Lending" Service Now Offered by
Firm in California

Memories

ExpandaCore-18 Memory System -- Cambridge
Memorie.s, Inc.
Model C0600 LINC Tape System -- Computer
Operations, Inc.

56
NEW LITERATURE

57
Operational Analysis Reports

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

APPLICATIONS

lUNAR SAMPLE EXPERIMENTS
TO BE CONTROLLED BY PDP-ail
A sui tcase-sized PDP-S/L computer,
manufactured by Digital
Equipment Corporation, controlling
a mass spectrometer,will determine,
in part, -the age and history of
1 unar samples brought back by the
Apollo astronau ts. The spec trometer,
con trolled by the PDP-S/L, makes two
types of tes ts:
one to find the
total amoun t of a particul a r element in the lunar sample, and the
other to determine how often an
element occurs compared to other
elements.
The latter test yields
the ratios that help determine the
age and history of the samples. The
s p e c t rome t e r was b u i 1 t by the Na tional Bureau of Standards in Gaithersburg, Md., to specifications
set by the National Aeronautics and
Space Administration.
The computer will do two things:
it will control the instrument, and
it will do the calculations needed
to analyze the resul ts of the tes ts.
If there was no compu ter, an investigator would have to si t at the
spec trometer to con trol the tes ts
while they were being run.
The
resu 1 ts would be plo t ted on graph
paper, and the scientist would have
to measure and record the readings
manually.
The computer takes the
readings automatically and records
them ins tan tly on magnetic tape.
The data is statistically analyzed
and the computations punched out
on paper tape and a teletypewri ter.
The informa t ion on the paper tape
will be analyzed in detail on a
larger computer, while investigators can do preliminary work from
the printed figures.
SECURITIES BROKERAGE FIRM
AUTOMATES BACKOFFICE HANDLING
OF STOCK CERTIFICATES
The "Cage," a maj or Wall Stree t
backoffice operation, has at las t
yielded to the computer. Goodbody
& Co. (New York), one of the nation's largest securi ties brokerage firms, has developed a unique
program for automating the "Cage,"
the area where large numbers of
stock certificates are received and
dispatched.
Goodbody expects the
new automated system, called AutoCage, to go far toward reducing
the problem of "fails" - the inabili ty to deliver certificates on
time.
The system at Goodbody utilizes
a battery of 50 Bunker-Ramo Series
2200 video terminals manned by
specially-trained operators.
Information about each incoming cer-

tificate is transmitted via the
terminals to the firm's RCA third
generation central computer.
The
computer immediately types out detailed instructions as to what
must be done.
The computer then
watches every step of the certificate's movement through the firm's
"cage", making all necessary bookkeeping entries along the way. If
a certificate is improperly routed
or if an error is made, the computer gives an immediate alar.nsignal to a supervisor, who can then
take corrective action.
Another important benefit of
"AutoCage", according to the sponsors, is that it greatly lessens
chances for misplacement or theft
of securi ties. The system is compatible wi th the various forms of
stock certificates now being proposed within the industry.
So great is the potential seen
in the development that the decision
has been made to offer Au toCage, on
a commercial basis, to other brokerage firms.
A new firm, Goodbody
Systems, Inc., was established on
the premise that other securi ties
firms, even small ones, can utilize AutoCage in conjunction with
their own computers or through the
shared-compu ter concept.
The new
computer service organization for
the securi ties indus try is owned
jointly by Goodbody & Co. and a
New York based computer consultant
company which has worked wi th Goodbody for two years in the creation
of AutoCage.
(For more information, circle ~41
on the Reader Service Card.)
NEW ENGLAND SEAFOOD PROCESSOR
FORECASTS DEMAND FOR FISH
WITH AID OF IBM COMPUTER
The Gorton Corpora t i on (Gl oucester, Mass.), one of the major producers in the seafood industry, is
using an IBM System/360 Model 30
computer to help solve the logistics
of shipping fish from allover the
world to processing plants, warehouses and retail outlets throughout the Uni ted States. The 130 year
old firm is using the computer in
several ways novel to an American
industry that predates the Pilgrims.
A maj or problem for the indus try
is that fish processors never can
be certain how much fish they can
expect from anyone source. A lot
depends on how the fish are running.
Gorton is using its computer to
arrange for the purchase of fish
from a variety of sources ranging
from the rice paddies of India to
the frozen seas off Iceland.
If
South African lobsters aren't available, Gorton's occasionally are supplied from Australia.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

The IBM 'computer also is used to
forecas t demand and to plan processing of nearly 125 million tons of
seafood the company cans or "freshlock" freezes each year. ~larketing
nearly 500 separate items to both
retail and insti tutional outlets,
Gorton nevertheless is able to keep
electronic track of its clams from
New Jerse~ shrimp from Miami, crabs
from ~lob i Ie and salmon from Wes tport,
Wash., so that the company's "frozen
assets" are not piled high in warehouses wai ting for seasonal or sectional demands. Jonathan 3ayliss,
director of management services,
said, "By forecasting sales a year,
or a month ahead, we can be reasonably sure of a predic table demand
for a particular frozen seafood in
a trading area."
The computer also
helps the firm distribute available
produc ts to the right markets at
the right time.
The Gorton Corpora t i on, which
operates processing plants in Alabama, Alaska, California, Connecticut, Florida and Washington, pro-:
duces such well-known fish products
as Blue Water, 4-Fisherlllen and Red L.
SHIP MODELS MADE BY COMPUTER
Researcher Or. D.Gospodnetic at
the Ship Section of the Division of
Mechanical Engineering at the National Research Council in Ottawa,
Ontario, Canada, uses a Digi tal
Equipment Corporation PDP-S/l computer to build test models of ships
that may someday ply the waterways
oft hew 0 rId. Th e s e boa t s, un 1 ike
the small plastic models familiar
to children, arewooden test models
up to 25 feet long used for studying such things as hull design, propulsion, maneuvering, and motion
simulation.
Or. Gospodnetic is shown in the
picture checking the keel of a boat
model which has been milled from a

large block of wood. Once the model
is properly shaped, it is sanded
smooth and coated wi th shellac ready for test runs in the tank to
acqui re the necessary des ign da ta
for later analysis.

The small PDP-8/1 computer is
equipped with a disk, an extended
ari thmetic element, a real-time
clock, 8192 words of core memory,
an X-Y plot ter and a tape recorder.
The compu ter takes da ta stored on
magnetic tape and feeds it in to the
numerical control system that oversees the milling operation bywhich
the models are made.
"The job of
cutting away the blocks of wood is
thus totally automated," said Dr.
Gospodnetic.
HEBREW UNIVERSITY GEOGRAPHERS
USE COMPUTER TO MAP DEVELOPMENT OF JERUSALEM AREA

A survey, by Hebrew University
geographers, of Eas t and West J erusalem has recently been completed
using the University's CDC 6400
compu ter as a new means for preparing an urban atlas.
Dr. Arie
Shahar, specialist in urban geography, said that hebelieves this to
be one of the first times thecomputer
technique has been adapted to map a
city.
The computer mapping technique,originally begun in the Uni ted
States but now adapted to an urban
geographical surve~ means that the
physical characteristics found during the field survey are no longer
drawn on maps but written on cards
which are punched and computerized.
Dr. Shahar lists the following
objectives in making the new maps:
1. Th eat 1 ass ~10 u 1d poi n t 0 u t
patterns of activities in a city
with a long history of development.
2. It should compare the urban
structure of a ci ty which has an
old part reflecting a Middle
Eas tern way of 1 ife and a modern
section built on a planning
.p r inc i pIe ..
3. It should show what happens
to a divided city without any
connection between its two parts
- how each enli ty develops a
nucleus comprising business distric t, public buildings, serv ice
facilities, etc.
4. It should allow surveyors
to see the effec ts of the reunification of the ci ty and how the
two populations maintain contact
wi th each other economically and
phys ically.

Dr. Shahar, toge ther with Professor David Amiran, He~d of the University's Geography Department,who
initiated the project, conducted a
12 months study of the formerly divided city, assisted by a team of
30 s tuden ts who made the ac tual
field survey.
The survey started
in September 1967, a few mon ths
af ter the Six-Day War, and las ted
until October 1968. The geograph-

ers now are processing the material
which in six months will be published as urban maps by the National Survey of Israel, with text and
legend in English as well as Hebrew.
When the new atlas is published,
the whole material obtained during
the survey will be handed to the
Master Planning Team of the Municipality of Jerusalem for use in
the developmen t proj ec ts of the
city.

EDUCATION NEWS
UNIVERSITY PROJECT USES
CAl TECHNIQUES FOR "SHORT
CUT" TO ADULT EDUCATION

Some 30 insti tutions through the
country have been granted U.S. Office
of Education funds to develop new
education techniques, each in a
different specialty.
North Carolina State Universi ty is believed
to be the only USOE-sponsored proj ec t exploring the use of compu terassisted instruction (CAI) and programmed ins truc tion for adul ts wi th
little or no prior schooling. The
NCSU pilot group will test the effectiveness of course materials developed by the Adul t Learning Resources Project. According to Dr.
J. B. Adair, director of the i~CSU
Learning Resources Project, under
ideal condi tions, four to six months
of study might enable a student to
gain the equivalent of three school
years in reading comprehension,
wr i tin g and ma the ma tic a 1 a b iIi tie s .
A key elemen t of the federally
funded research and developmen t project is an IBM 1500 instruction system, which controls a network of 10
TV-like terminals.
This special
computer sys tem is leased or sold
on a 1 imi ted bas is by IB~I to organizations conducting experimental
programs in computer assisted instruction.
Because there has never been a
concerted effort in this country to
create materials for under-educated
adul ts, some of the course material
has been adapted from existing
primary-grade math tables and materials originally prepared to teach
English to the foreign born. Based
on evaluation of the learning experiences in the pilot program, future
emphasis will be on developing original materials.
Reading lessons
deal with subjects of interest to
adul ts, e. g., the home and fami 1)'
living, child care, civic participation and consumer eiucation. Each
lesson has been prepared at several
levels of difficulty. to match the
backgrounds and capabilities of
the s t uden t.

The computer-based instructional
sy stem can be used even by a completely ill i tera te person, by means
of an audio attachment. Using earphones, the student is given an
onl ~esson which describes Ie tters
and numbers that appear on a terminal or an adj acent slide screen.
After the student advances to the
point where he recognizes numbers.
letters and simple words, he is
phased into more advanced reading.
writing and arithmetic.
~Iany of the s tuden ts are being
recruited with the aid of federal,
state and local social service
organizations in the Raleigh area.
Others are being drawn from the
maintenance staff of the universi ty.
The initial "class" of about 75
s t uden ts is expec ted to be expanded
this month to about 150 adults,
some wi th no previous formal education, others wi th minimal schooling - up through the eighth grade.
Students spend U2 hours a day, five
days a week at the center.
Their
progress is logged, by the computer
and observed and analyzed by researchers.
The ul tima te goal of
the program is to take an uneducated
adul t to the point where he can
pass a
high-school
equivalency
examination.

COMPUTER TRAINING PROGRAM
FOR INNER-CITY YOUTHS IN
SOUTHERN CALIFORNIA

The University of Southern California, under a grant from the
National Science Foundation, is
training 100 inner-city youths in
computer science in an effort to
help close the competition gap that
may confront them in the future.
Students in the program receive a
$25 per week stipend, range in age
from 15 to 18, and are representatives of 17 Southern California
area high schools.
Participants in the program are
in two maj or categories:
(1) GO
s tuden ts who have some background
in mathematics and science, and who
will most likely get into college;
(2) 20 s tuden ts who have no background in mathematics and science,
most of whom will be looking for
jobs when they leave high school;
or ina few cases, may be po tential high school dropouts.
The 80 participants who are college-bound are divided into two
Vroups of 40 students each. Both
group receives intensive training
in FORTRAN IV programming based on
the Iml Sys tem 360, and its usefulness. The remaining 20 of the total
group of 100 are getting a less
technical but extremely prnctical
course in data processing.
These
students will have sufficient back-

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

ground to apply for trainee posit ions in the many compu ter-a 11 ied
fields such as computer operators,
data processors, and keypunch operators.
The man who created the program
a year ago, Dr. Richard E. Bellman,
USC professor of mathematics, medicine, and electrical engineering,
said he hopes other colleges and
universi ties across the nation will
adopt the same kind of program. He
feels that, i f placed on a national
scale, such a program might help
sol ve the maj or problems faced by
unskilled high school dropouts and
potential dropouts.

NEW PRODUCTS

Digital

IBM SYSTEM/3 /
IBM Corporation

113M's newest compu ter, called
IBM System/3, is a low-cost system
desi~Jned especially for small business. It is also expected to find
appl ication in large firms that wish
to decentralize data processing
capabilities.
System/3 uses a
new (lunched card that is about 1/3
the size. of a tradi tional 80-column
card, yet holds 20 percent more
information; the new card accommodates up to four lines of printing,
with 32 characters per line.

Main core storage for both card
and disk versions can be expanded to
32,768 characters. Printer speeds
can be increased to 200 1 ines per
minu teo Sys te,n/3's programming language, RPG II, is an English-like
language based on the IBM Sys tem/360
RPG. RPG II contains many improvements and addi tions to the currently available version.
A number of rela ted produc ts
and services, including data processing education, program products
and systems engineering assistance
also are being offered to System/3
users as options by IBM.
(For more information, circle 11:42
on the Reader Service Card.)

MODEL 208 CONTROL COMPUTER /
Computer Automation, Inc.

The new addi tion to Compu ter
Automation's family of compatible
mini-computers, Model 208, is an
8-bi t,
s tared-program,
parallel
computer. It has a new high speed
memory with 2.6 micro-seconds full

'1\\'0 models of the Sys tem/3 are
available:
a punched card system
or one with direct access disk
storaue.
The card version starts
with an 8192 character (byte) main
core memor~ a 100 Ipm printer, and
a mul ti-function card uni t (combininU five card-handling operations
- sorting, collating, punching,
printing and reading
in the
single, automatic device).
The
disk system starts with a 12,288
character main memor~ 2.45 million
charncter disk andalOO Ipm printer •
Th e b u {I t - i n dis k f i 1 e has
stornue capacity up to 9.80 million
c harac ters.

The high speed ~lodel 216 computer
has a large repertoire of 122 basic
instructions as well as extensive
micro-programming ins truc tions such
as memory scan, three way compare,
memory load and dump, and automatic
input/output.
For control applications the
Model 216 (like its slower companion, the MOdel 816 control computer) has sich I/O features as
block I/O, direct memory access,
hardware priori ty in terrupt, and
core memory field expandable from
4096 to 16,384 words.
(For more information, circle 11:44
on the Reader Service Card.)
GE-105 RTS COMPUTER /
General Electric Company

GE's new remote terminal system
the GE-I05 RTS - can communicate with all computers in the GE100, GE-400, and GE-600 lines as
well as wi th computers of other
manufacturers.
The system allows
low-cos t
local
da ta proces sing
while providing remote use of a
large central computer when needed.
cycle time. Memory is byte-organized,
requiring only one word to execute
Shifts, Register Change, Control
and Skips. Two words are used for
Memory and I/O instructions.
Standard I/O features of the 208
include three hardware priori ty interrupts expandable in groups of
eight, as well as high speed block
transfer into and out of memory.
The parallel I/O bus simul taneously
presents data, peripheral address,
control codes and function codes,
which simplifies system integration
and interface wi th other equipment.

System/3 uses the new small
(lunched cards shown above

interchangeable
peripherals
and
system interface modules. The 216
is a 2.6microsecond, 16-bit machine,
designed for process moni toring and
control, automatic test and inspection systems, numeric control systems and on-line data acquisition.

In addi tion to its usefulness
as a communications controller, the
208 is also expected to find wide
application indata acquisition and
process control systems where high
speed, reliability, I/O flexibility
and programming convenience are importan t.
(For more information, circle 11:43
on the Reader Service Card.)
MODEL 216 CONTROL COMPUTER /
Computer Automation, Inc.

The ~lodel 216 increases Computer Automation's family of economical mini-computers to four compatible units with a full line of

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

Serving as a free standing system, da ta to be transmi t ted to a
larger central computer can first
be reduced, validated and edited
by the GE-I05 RTS, prior to transmission.
Data transmission rate
is 2000-bi ts per second over public
telephone 1 ines; 2400-bi ts per second over leased common carrier
voice-grade lines.
A basic GE-I05 RTS system includes a 4,096-byte-memory, a 300card-per-minute reade~ a 250-lineper-minute printer with 120 print
posi tions and a· half-duplex synchronous single-line communication controller. Options include an additional 4,096-byte-memory, 16 additional print posi tions, and a 60-200
card-per-minute card punch.
(For more information, circle 11:45
on the Reader Service Card.)

IBM SYSTEM/360 MODEL 195/
IBM Corporation
The most powerful computer ever
developed by IBM, called System/360
:vIodel 195, is designed to help solve
the most complex commercial and
scientific problems, from nationwide airline reservations handling
to global weather forecasting. The
Model 195 has an internal process55

ing speed about twice as fast as
IBM's next mos t powerful Sys tem/360
- the Model 85.
It is so fast
that it can process an instruction
in just 54-billionths of a second.
Light - which travels 186,281 miles
in a second
can move only 53
feet in that time.
Model 195 uses monolithic integrated circuits for the arithmetic
and logic operations in the central
proces sor, and as the storage medium
in the 32, 768-byte buffer memory.
In the picture below there are 64
complete electronic memory circui ts
on the chip of silicon. shown for

tion is compi led and stored on magnetic tapes.
The secretary keeps
the informa tion curren t s imply by
feeding new data through the familiar typewri ter.
The system includes a Oigi tal
Electronics Corp. computer processor, an IBM Selectric typewri ter
for input and output, complete programming, and a library of program
tapes wi th easy to unders tand instructions for the operator.
OPI will prov ide programs for
sales ord'er entry; invoicing; sales
analysis; accounts receivable; accounts payable; payroll, job costs
and related reports; inventory;
production control; and mailing
lists.
(For more information, circle u46
on the Reader Service Card.)
ALTAPE (AUTOMATIC LINE TRACING
AND PROGRAMMING EQUIPMENT) /
Tridea Electronics

size comparison on the nib of a pen.
The monoli thic circui ts can transmi t
signals il!/three to five nanoseconds.
Within the Model 195 CPU, there
are fi ve func tionally separate uni ts:
proces sor storage; storage bus control; instruction processor; fixedpoint processor and floating-point
processor. This internal organization allows the computer to overlap and process up to seven different operations at the same time.
Sys tem/360 Model 195 can run
mos t programs from other large models of System/360 wi thout modification. In addition,most input/output devices used with other System/360 models may be attached to
the new computer.
(For more information, circle u48
on the Reader Service Card.)

Special Purpose Systems
DPI·500 DATA PROCESSING
SYSTEM / DPI, Inc.

A low-cos t compu ter sys tern is now
available fromOPI, Inc., that automates the complete accounting and
record keeping operations of any
small business.
The,OPI-500 data
processing system operates in a convers a tiona 1 manner th rough a s tandard typ,ewriter keyboard. No prior
experience is required; any secretary can opera te the OPI-500 with
minimum training.
Basic informa-

The cos ts of preparing numerical
con trol tapes to program the operation of N/C machine tools may be
reduced by more than 50% wi th the
ALTAPE (Automatic Line TrJcing and
Programming Equipment) System, according to Tridea Electronics, (a
subsidiary of Conductron Corp.), El
Monte, Calif. Tridea's new ALTAPE
system comprises a tracing table

(5 ft. wide by as long as 24 ft.)
with a vacuum hold-down surface, a
moving tracer head including a TV
camera, a two-axis 1 inear measuring
system, a Varian Data 620/i digi tal
compute~ and an operator's console
wi th TV moni tor and all essential
controls.
The Varian Data 620/i, wi th 8K
memory, is programmed to produce a
complete N/C control tape embodying
measured part-description information and including other functional
tool commands such as accelera t ion,
deceleration, coolant, feed rate,
etc., for both two-dimensional and
three-dimensional machining. Tridea
has prepared basic programming software compatible wi th any standard
N/C control system specified by the
customer.
The 620/i computer processes all
the data "on-line", while tracing
is under way, and eliminates the
mul tiple processing and post-pro-

cessing steps required in other programming sys tems. The compu ter may
be given supplementary instructions
by the operator, who need not have
any specialized computer programming
or parts programming skills. Tracing accuracy is towithin ±.00l inch,
and automatic tracing speed is 50
inches per minute.
(For more information, circle n47
on the Reader Service Card.)

Teaching Devices
COMPUT·A·TUTOR / Worldwide
Computer Services, Inc.

Programmers spend a large proportion of their time in preparing
flow charts. COMPUT-A-TUTORCf) is a
two-game kit designed to introduce
novices to the fundamentals of computer flow charting. As players of
COMPUT-A-TUTORCf) learn to win against
opponents, important concepts and
good flow chart habi ts are developed
automatically.

The first game, an introductory
version, can be taught to an average- to-brigh t 10 year old in 15
minutes.
This version also is a
very good screening device for programmer trainee applicants.
The
advanced game is more competitive
in a way tha t accelera tes the learning process. It is aimed at teenagers and adults. COMPUT-A-TUTORCf)
(which sells for $5.99 including
pos tage and handling) provides a
painless and entertaining introduction to programming.
(For more information. circle u49
on the Reader Service Card.)

Memories
EXPANDACORE·18 MEMORY SYS·
TEM / Cambridge Memories, Inc.

The field-expandable memory system, called ExpandaCore-18, available in a basic 4096 18-bi t version
packaged on two plug-in circui t
boards, may be expanded in 4096-word
increments by plugging in an additional storage board containing n

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

core stack and associated drive
and sense circuitry. The low-cost
core memory provides up to 16,384
18-bi t words in only three inches
of rack space.

second or less over the temperature
range of -55 0 ( to +85 0 C.

The new memory has full cycle
time of one microsecond.
Access
time is 350 nanoseconds over a 0 0
to 50 0 C. temperature range. Operating modes include read/restore,
clear/write, read/modify/write and
byte control (which allows the system to perform as an eight- or
nine-bi t memory wi th no increase in
access or cycle time).
The system is designed primarily
for use as main memory in mInIcomputers. Other applications are
expected in data terminals, digi tal controllers, numerical controllers, and digi tal communications buffers.
ExpandaCore-18 is
also ava i lable in 12- and 16-bi t
capacities.
(For more information, circle ~5u
on the Reader Service Card.)

MODEL C0600 LlNC TAPE
SYSTEM / Computer Operations, Inc.
lbe C0600 LINC Tape System is a
random address, mass storage device
for the Varian Data 620/i computer.
In the basic system, two identical
tape transports are individually
addressable from the computer. Up
to eight transports may be addressed
in a fully implemented system.
A
complete software package also is
provided.
Each C0600 tape stores .102,400
16- or 18-bit words. Thus,without
changing reels, 204,800 words are
available.
Data transfer rate is
4.2 KHz.
Data is addressable in
256 word blocks.
Since the reels
are easily removable, there is no
1 imi t to the amoun t of da ta tha t
can be stored.
The LINC Tape Systems are available on special order for other
small and medium scale digital
computers.
(For more information, circle ~51
on the Reader Service Card.)

128-BIT READ/WRITE
RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY /
Electronic Arrays, Inc.
The 128-bit memory, designated
EA 1,100, is an off-the-shelf MOS
Head/Wri te Random Access Memory.
It is organized as 64 words, 2 bits
per word, and is primarily for applications in digital computer and
compu ter rela ted equipmen ts.
The
EA HOO has nondestructive readout,
bipolar output drive capabili ty and
low power (135 mW typical @ 1 MHz
read rate). Access time is 1 micro-

All decoding ci rcui try is included on the monoli thic chip to
simplify its use and to keep the
number of package leads to a minimum. A chip disable feature on the
output permits coupling together of
a number of dev ices to form expanded memories.
(For more information, circle ~52
on the Reader Service Card.)

. Software
ACCOUNTS PAYABLE SYSTE~I / Computer
Processing Corp. / For use wi th
IB~I System/360 Model 25 (32K) and
up. System is applicable to manufacturing, distributing and retail concerns. It is designed to
be run on a weekly basis, generating both weekly and monthly
reports. Weekly reports include
an Edit Report, Invoice Register,
Payment Checks, Cash Requirements
Report and a Cash Disbursement
Report. Monthly reports include
a Monthly Purchase Journal and an
Expense Distribution Report. Cost
of the system (marketed by National Software Exchange) is $16,000
and includes a full guarantee and
4 consecu ti ve days of on-s i te
training and support.
(For more information, circle ~53
on the Reader Service Card.)
EZPERT / Systonetics, Inc. / Automatically produces plots of PERT
TIME networks by means of computer
driven digi tal plot terse The software package was des igned to be
opera ted through the simple addition of 2 control cards to the
basic PERT deck setup.
The new
program con tains no manual phases
and interfaces directly wi th IB~I.

Payroll Systems go on-line
faster with ALLTAX
the software package
available in basic COBOL
for all compilers.
nl

ALLTAX calculates payroll
withholding taxes with one
standard formula and a table of
variables for each state and city.
It eliminates programming of
individual formulas and substantially reduces program maintenance and memory requirements.
ALL TAX is approved by all
states. It's easy to install, completely tested and documented.
ALLTAX is always up-todate. Automatic program maintenance for existing withholding
taxes and new taxes is available
at minimal cost.
Find out why more than 100
companies from coast-to-coast
are using this low-cost package.

Write today for full information:

r---------------Management Infonnation Service
P.O. Box 252, Stony Point, N.Y. 10980
Gentlemen:
Please send full details on your
ALL TAX software package.
Name _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Title _ _ _ .
Company _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
Address
City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
State

Zip

----c

----------------

Management Information Service
Stony Point, N. Y. 109RO • (914) 942-1R80
ALLTAX is available only from Management Information Service
and Pro-Data Computer Services.
Designate No. 27 on Reader Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

Control Data, Univac or any PERT
TDIE sy stems, to au toma t ic ally
generate PERT networks.
(For more information, circle tt54
on the Reader Service Card.)

Peripheral Equipment
SELF-SCAN PANEL DISPLAY /
Burroughs Corporation

HELP0 - Highly"Extendable Languages
Processor (Bailey's Processor) /
Advanced Computer Techniques Corporation / A natural language general purpose macrogenerator; HELP
simplifies the specification, implementation, maintenance and documentation of programs.
It can
be used to extend and/or al ter
conventional computer languages,
create application-oriented procedural languages, or implemen t
generative software packages of
all kinds.
(For more information, circle tt55
on the Reader Service Card.)
INQUIRY & REPORTING SYSTEM / Sigma
Data Computing Corp. / A general
purpose information manage~ent
sys tem for extrac ting information from computer files, perform~ng basic data processing oper~tIons,
and producing card,
pnnter, tape and disk output.
Both programmers and nonprogrammers can quickly learn the easyto-use sys tem. INQUIRY & REPORTING SYSTEM opera tes on IBM/360
equipmen t under Disk Operating
System (DOS) or Operating System
(OS) (minimum configurationModel 25 with 32K bytes memory);
and RCA Spectra 70 Series under
TDOS or DOS (minimum configuration - ~lodel 35 with 32K bytes
memory.
(For more information, circle tt56
on the Reader Service Card.)
Real Es ta te Ri sk Analys i s Program
(RERA) / Software Services, Inc. /
Uses probability uncertainty techniques developed at the Harvard
Business School. The user inputs
all relevant variables for a real
estate development analysis; condi tions of uncertainty are allowed
for in the input; and the output
reflects the range and probabili ty of cash requi remen ts and discounted return on investment.
(For more information, circle tt57
on the Reader Service Card.)
SYSTEM 6403/ Da ta Sy stems Analys ts,
Inc., Pennsauken, N.J. / Proprietary software sys tem for the anal. ysisand optimization of computer
programs. Sys tem 6403 predic ts a
program's performance by determining mean value and standard deviation of running time and core or
channel utilization of programs.
It is available in batch mode on
any computer with a minimal FORTRAN IV; also as an inter-active
t~me-sharing program·- equipped
WIth a completeeditingfacility.
(For more information,circle tt58
on the Reader Service Card.)
58

A technical breakthrough has been
in Burrough's new display
deVIce. The Self-Scan Panel Display
is an adaptation of the dot matrix
technique, and embodies a scanning
technique which eliminates up to
90 perc en t of the elec tron ic gear
tradi tionally required to operate
dot matrix display devices.
The
new panel, only Xl" in depth, offers
wide design possibili ties not available with the bulkiness of cathode
ray tube type displays.
ach~eved

Production is scheduled for early
1970. Initiall~ there will be two
configurations available:. the· first
is a 16-digi t numerical and special
symbol display for use in electronic
calculators; the second, a 16-digi t
disylay wi th associated memory, will
have application in cash registers,
data communications terminals and
terminal computers, and scientific
instruments.
(For more information, circle tt59
on the Reader Service Card.)

2000 SERIES PRINTER /
Digitron Corporation

The new low-cost, solid-state,
digital printer, designated as the
2000 series, has been designed especially for low speed print-out
sys terns. The new prin Ler can prin t
from 4 up to 20 columns at 60 lines
per minute. Input may be from -30
to +30 vdc wiLh 100 K ohms input
impedance and is BCD parallel entry
8421, 4221, or 2421. Options available include internal clock printout; log index; decimal point or
colon; and special print fonts.
(For more information, circle tt60
on the Reader Service Card.)
MERITAG DATA SYSTEM /
Dennison Mfg. Co.

The keystone in Dennison' s ~lERI
TAG(!) Data System is the MERITAG
(magnetic encoded retail information
tag ) ticket. The MERITAG looks and
functions like a merchandise ticket.
The ticket, about one-eighth the size
of a punched card, has the capac i ty
for 48 characters of printed information on one side; the same data is
magnetically encoded on two circular tracks at the center of the
ticket's other side.
The MERITAG
Data System currently includes the
MERITAG ticket, ticket coder and
batch reader.

Al though the MERITAG Data Sys tem
has a number of potential applications, its initial use is within a
computerized
retail
information
system; it; is currently in use at
50 J. C. Penney stores in the Los
Angeles area.
The building-block
capabilities of the system permit
a user to es tabl i sh a free-s tanding batch system and expand to a
completely computeri zed poin t-ofsale system.
The MERITAG Ticket
Reader serves as an alternate data
collection device to point-of-sale
terminals, providing the means to
batch-process ticket data on-line
or off-line to magnetic tape for
later processing.
(For more information, circle tt61
on the Reader Service Card.)
DCT TYPEWRITER /
Microdyne, Inc.

The Microdyne OCT typewriter is
a low-cost input/output defice for
use as a remote message transmi t ter
and/or receiver, an automatic data
collector and distributor, or as a
general office typewri ter. Data is
transmi t ted and received in coded
form.
All standard codes can be
furnished through electronic interfacing.to meet any requirements.
The OCT has a readou t speed of
approximately 13 characters per
second, a IS" and 11" paper capac i ty,
upper and lower case charac ters, and
6-bit IBM correspondence code circuit operation.
The device is
available in desk top, console and
portable terminal models. Options
include electronic parity checking,
code conversion compatibility, and
a low cost incremental tapedeck.
(For more information, circle tt62
on the Reader Service Card.)
GRAPHIC RECORDER /
Valtec Corporation

The Val tec Model 1024 graphic recorder, a hard-copy display device,
is designed specifically to inter~ace with computers, computer perIpherals, data terminals, and a
variety of other digital and analog
data sources. Plug-in signal candi tioning modules adapt the recorder to the type of signal to be
processed.
Separate modules are
used for the horizontal and vertical
axes, so any combination of BCD,
binary, and analog signals can be
combined into a single graphic record.
Data is recorded on a 10.24-inch
square plot, printed on standard
Z-fold compu ter pri n tou t paper. A
magazine within the recorder holds
a 100-sheet pack of paper which is
advanced by mechanical 1 inkage thn t
can be ac tua ted by pushbu t ton or by

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

remote program signals. Manual paper
changing has been completely eliminated. The finished record is in a
form familiar to data-processing
personnel.
(For more information, circle ~63
on the Reader Service Card.)

Data Processing Accessories

to a chart recorder. The instrument
weighs 12 pounds and is enclosed
in a compac t a t tache- type case.
~10dels are available to handle other
standard tape widths.
(For more information, circle #65
on the Reader Service Card.)

COMPUTING/TIME-SHARING
CENTERS

COMPUTER TAPE CLEANER /
Wright Line

This new computer tape cleaner
uses a pulsing 60 cycle per second
vacuum to shake loose oxide, dust
and other contaminants from the tape
surface.
The loosened particles
are then sucked away through collec tor ports in the cleaning head
by the vacuum source and trapped in
a glass fil ter bowl. The principle
of vibration and vacuum eliminates
the need for scrapers and wipers,
thereby reducing operating costs.
Speed is an important feature
of the new equipment.
An entire
2400 ft. reel goes through its dual
pass cleaning cycle in less than
four minutes.
(For more information, circle #64
on the Reader Service Card.)

ITT DATA SERVICES
ST. LOUIS CENTER TO
SERVE 12-STATE AREA

ITT Data Services,a division of
International Telephone and Telegraph Corp., has opened a largescale compu ter cen ter in St. Loui s,
Mo., to supp ly the fu 11 range of
data processing services to business, educational, government and
scientific organizations in a. 12s ta te area. The new cen ter is headquarters for ITT's Central Region
and the hub of its computer timesharing service. It also will prov ide programming and sys tems design services, and handle batch
data processing for other organizations throughout the region. The
cen ter is geared to around the clock
operations.
(For more information, circle #66
on the Reader Service Card.)

MAGNETIC TAPE ANALYZER /

COMPUTER-RELATED SERVICES

"TRUTH-IN-LENDING" SERVICE
NOW OFFERED BY FIRM
IN CALIFORNIA

A simple way to make the compl icated calculations required under
the new "Truth-in-Lending" Act is
available from Credi t Data Corp.
(Anaheim). CDC has programmed the
Federal Reserve System's formula
for computing Irregular Payment
contracts as required by Regulation
"Z" .
The program (run On an 1m!
System/360, ~lodel 50) is oll-line 12
hours a day, 7 days a week.
Subscribers call in through a toll
free telephone network.
A credi t grantor dials his assigned
CDC telephone number and
gives the operator the information
necessary to calculate the Annual
Percentage Rate.
The operator,
equipped wi th a 2260 video terminal,
en ters the inpu t and, in seconds,
retrieves the Annual Percentage
Rate, along with an authorization
number.
Every evening hard copy
verification of the complete transaction is sent to subscribers. Six
states, including California, are
now part of the network; others will
be added as demand increases.
(For more information, circle #68
on the Reader Service Card.)

Controltex, Inc.

lbe Model 156 Magnetic Tape Analyzer, suitable for research, developmental or quality assurance
operatIons,
indicates
pOSItlOn,
amplitude, shape and flux polarization of magnetic bi ts on half-inch
tape. The Analyzer also enables detection of phenomena contributing
to signal errors in high-densi ty
recording.

lJrovisions are included forwri ting as well as reading tape in moving and stationary mOdes.
Output
terminals are provided for singleended or differential connection

SECOND AL/COM TIME-SHARING
SYSTEM NOW OPERATIONAL

Users of the AL/COM Time Sharing
Service have direct access to the
"Dual AL-IO Computer System" of Applied Logic Corporation located at
Princeton, N.J., through telephone
lines and AL/COM terminal equipment.
Applied Logic recently announced
that the second "Dual AL-IO System"
of the coast-to-coast network is
now in operation. Each Dual AL-lO
System is comprised of two DEC
PDP-IO Central Processors and massive core memory plus drum, disk
and tape un i ts, augmen ted by several satellite computers and special Applied Logic in terface equipmen t. Each user has a t his command
core capaci ty totaling 32,000 words
(36 bit) and disk files of 1,250,000
characters.
The new system includes provis ion for IBM 2741 terminal equipment and equivalent devices wi th
upper/lower case printing, as well
as improved file protection.
A
third system will be operational
soon.
(For more information, circle #67
on the Reader Service Card.)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

NEW LITERATURE

OPERATIONAL ANALYSIS REPORTS

The scope and coverage offered
by SOFTWARE PACKAGES: AN ENCYCLOPEDIC GUIDE (see Compu ters and Au tomation, December, 1968, page 62)
has been increased wi th the announcemen t by Sy stem In terac tion
Corp. (New York, ,\J.Y.) of the availability of Operational Analysis
Reports.
A complete service may
now include the ENCYCLOPEDIC GUIDE
and Operational Analysis Reports in three volumes. Individual Operational Analysis Reports are available to subscribers of SOFTWARE
PACKAGES: AN ENCYCLOPEDIC SUIDE.
Operational Analysis Reports will
enable Da ta Process ing Management
to evaluate al ternatives offered by
the "unbundled" marke t.
Software
packages marketed by main-frame manufacturers and independent vendors
are now described in thorough systems
summaries, in addition to machineoriented specification sheets. Update services are available on an
annual basis.
(For more information, circle #69
on the Reader Service Card.)

NEW CONTRACTS
General Electric Co.

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Installation of GE information systems at
$10.1 million
42 sites in 37 cities throughout the U. S.;
it is intended to establish on-line communications between the nine Corp of Engineers' centers, creating a nationwide ADP
network; a combination of business and
civil engineering programs will be per~~__~__~~~~______________~____~________________________~f~o~rm~ed~b~YL-t~h~e~s~y~s~t~e~m~s__~~~______________~~~~~______
Varian Data Machines,
Burroughs Corp.
Modified Varian 520/i digital computers and $8 million
Palo Alto, Calif.
related equipment for use as controllers
(approximate)
for remote peripherals and in data concentrators in communications networks to
providt remote access to large Burroughs
computers
Burroughs Defense, Space
Nine medium-scale 83500 computer systems
U.S. Army Electronics Com$6.1 million
and Special Systems Group,
mand, Fort Monmouth, N.J.
for installation in various locations
Paoli, Calif.
throughout the Continental Armies and Major
Overseas Commands (CARMOC) to provide increased capabilities in major command information systems
Martin Marietta Corp., Orlan$5.2 million
Thirty-five additional 084 computer sysdo, Fla.
tems used with the U.S. Army's PERSHING
lA missile
Burroughs Corp., Detroit,
U.S. Post Office Department,
Continuing production and installation of
$4.9 million
Mich.
Bureau of Facilities, Washletter sorting machines as part of the
ington, DC.
Department's program of mechanization of
mail handling; contract calls for 39 sorters
Cpntrol Data Corporation
Iben Data Systems, Los
A CDC 6500 computer system; Iben Data Sys$4.5 million
Angeles, Calif.
is an independent computer services facility and software house
Scientific Resources Corp.,
Sonatrach, Algiers, Algeria
Establishment of a major computer center
$4.5 mi Ilion
Montgomeryville, Pa.
complex in Algiers, Algeria
Federal Electric Corp.,
National Aeronautics and Space
$4.1 million
Engineering and technical specialists to
Paramus, N.J.
Administration (NASA)
aid NASA in documenting the results of the
agency's continuing R&D program in space
technolo
4.1 million
Ampex Corp., Redwood
U.S. Government
Designing, building and delivering an onCity, Calif.
line random access bulk computer memory
with a storage capacity of two trillion
bits of information
Sperry Rand Corporation,
The Bunker-Ramo Corporation
$4 million
A dual UNIVAC 1108 computer system which
Univac Div., Philadelphia, Pa.
will form the central processing facility of a nationwide third generation
network at new financial data center
Comcet Inc., Rockville, Md.
Information'Network Corp.,
$2,642,000
Ten Comcet 40 systems, ten Comcet 20
Phoenix, Ariz.
systems, and twenty Comcet 10 systems to
serve as the communications systems for
IBM 360 computers
Electronic Laboratories, Inc.,
Federal Aviation Administra$2,535,779
The manufacture of 21 maintenance moniHouston, Texas
tion
tors for the computerized air traffic
control system now being installed by FAA
Compunet Ltd., Sydney,
Sperry Rand Corporation,
A UNIVAC 1108 computer system which will be $2.3 mi Ilion
Australia
Univac Div., Philadelphia, Pa.
used to process scientific, engineering and
business data for firm's clients
$2.27 million
Computer Knowledge Corp.,
One hundred DCT-132 remote data communica
Scientific Control Corp"
San Antonio, Texas
CaroIlton, Texas
tions terminals to be used to expand firm's
remote batch processing network of service
bureaus throu hout southern Texas
1. 7 million
The Bunker-Hamo Corp.,BusiPan American World Airways
190 desk-top console data display systems
ness & Industry Div., Stamfor use in extending computerized checkford, Conn.
in to seven major terminals
RYDACUM, Miami, Fla.
$1.5+ million
Micro 811 computer systems to be used as
Micro Systems Inc., Santa
Ana, Calif.
part of a RYDACOM Data Processing Network
for on-line inventory control and order
processing for a network of warehouses located throughout the United States
Ampex Corp., Redwood
Pima College, Tucson, Ariz.
The design and installation of a complete
$1.5 million
City, Calif.
random access aUdio/video instructional
system for the college
Gerber Scientific Instrument
Compusize, Inc., Leonia, N.J.
Automatic pattern grading systems which
$1.1 million
Co., So. Windsor, Conn.
will be used 10 size and produce graded
patterns for the garment industry and individual customers
Data Disc, Inc., Palo Alto,
$1 mi Ilion
General Computer Systems,
Data-memory systems comprising 7200-Series
Calif .
Inc., Dallas, Texas
Disc Memories and Model 1210 Disc Memory
Controllers to be incorporated in General
Computer's DATA/TAPE 2100 Computer Data
Input Systems
Leasco Systems & Research
$1/2+ million
Grumman Aerospace Corp.
Redesign of the aircraft company's autoCorp (LS&R) , Bethesda, Md.
mated business system
60

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

NEW INSTALLATIONS

Student instruction in computer science as well as
in independent study projects; the systems are a
gift to the University from the Allstate Foundation, a non-profit organization sponsored by the
Allstate Insurance Companies
Accounting and payroll operations and the preparaSuqardale Foods, Inc., Canton, Ohio
Burroughs B300 system
tion of management reports
(system valued at over $200,000)
General Medical Corp., Richmond, Va. Facilitating accounting procedures; system will be
Burroughs B500 system
linked with 25 Burroughs L2000 desk-size billing
computers
(system valued at over $200,000)
Demand deposit, savings and time accounting operaNacogdoches Computer Service, Inc.,
tions to the two banks which founded the center,
Nacogdoches, Texas
as well as to other area banks
(system valued at over $180,000)
Increasing its processing capabilities for charge
Security National Bank of Battle
card operations as well as for savings, demand deCreek, Battle Creek, Mich.
posit, payroll, proof and transit operations; also
will handle data processing for other area banks
Expanded time-sharing and remote computing servComputer Network Corp., WashingBurroughs B5500 system
ton, D. C.
ices to its customers in a six-state area
(system valued at $1,590,000)
Control Data 6600 system
Research and development of nuclear steam supply
Combustion Engineering, Inc.,
systems, components and fuels, as well as for
Windsor, Conn.
design and engineering of chemical process plants
and petroleum refineries
Digital Equipment PDP-8/L
~ITS Systems Corp., Minneapolis,
Automating procedures in MTS Systems Corp. equipment
~~__~=-~____~~~~____________~M~i~nn. ~______~__~____~~__~______t~h~a7t~p~r~e~v~i~0~u~s~l~y-7r~e~g~u~i~r~e7d~s~u~b~i~ec~t71~'v~e~1~'n~t~e~r~p~r~e~t~a~t~i~o~n~
Digital Equipment PDP-12
Massachusetts Institute of TechAuditory research experiments, for on-line control
nology, Communications Biophysics
of stimuli and analysis of responses
Group, Cambridge, Mass.
EMR ADVANCE 6070 system
Gulf Oil Canada Ltd., Calgary
Seismic applications
Alberta, Canada
GE-105 system
Metropolitan College, Milwaukee,
Computer operations, programming and systems study
classes conducted by the business and technical
Wi s.
college; system is used strictly for classroom ~ork
Merchandise National Bank,
Further increasing bank's automated services
GE-1l5 system
Chi cago, Ill.
GE-265 system
Graphic Controls Corp., Buffalo,
Increasing capacity of computer time-sharing
N. Y.
services; this second system almost doubles firm's
capacity
A variety of applications including processing textSilver Burdett Co., a division of
GE-415 system
book
orders, inventory of textbooks stored in wareGeneral Learning Corp., Morrishouses and depositories in several different states,
town, N. J.
sales analysis, sales estimating and general ledger
and payroll applications
Centralizing
data processing work and standardizing
General
Electric
Aerospace
ElecGE-635 system
programming efforts
tronics Dept., Utica, N.Y.
(system valued at $2.5 million)
Honeywell Model 120 system
Doyle Dane Bernbach, Inc., New
Replaceing a card-oriented system; the H-120 will
York, N. Y.
be used for media client billing and payments, production payments, job cost accounting, partial media
estimating, insertion writing and specialized media
accountin
IBM System 360 Model 40
State of New Jersey, Division of
Expansion of computer operations to stem the flood
Motor Vehicles, Trenton, N. J.
of paper work and improve servicE to the public
NCR Century 100 system
Filter Dynamics International,
Processing, payroll, payables and inventory
Inc., Cleveland, Ohio
J. George Fisher and Sons, Flint,
Inventory control and invoicing
Mich.
Pioneer Corn Company, Tipton, Ind.
Keeping track of about 80 varieties of grain in many
different kernal sizes; also producing sales analysis and shipping orders
SDS Sigma 5 system
Miami Heart Institute, Miami, Fla.
Development of a total hospital management system
(2 systems, one scheduled for later
dedicated to the diagnosis and treatment of heart
delivery in October 1970)
disease and research into its causes
Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry
Aiding in an experiment that will attempt to get a
Dock Co.
100,000-ton tanker through the polar ice cap and
establish a Northwest passage for transporting
Alaskan oil to east coast refineries
UNIVAC 494 system
Beamtenheimstaettenwerk GmbH., (BHW) Administering various projects under the organizaHemeln, North Germany
tions's authority: BHW is a building and loan association for employees of the W. German Government
(system valued at $1.8 million)
UNIVAC 9200 system
General accounting operations for small businesses
Computek Corp., Tulsa, Okla.
Kitt Peak National Observatory,
Payroll processing, accounts payable and budget
Tucson, Ariz.
preparation
UNIVAC 9400 system
Inter-Community Hospital, Covina,
A pilot project for a complete medical information
Calif.
system at the community hospital level in the U.S.

Burroughs Model 220 system

University of California, Santa
Cruz, Ca li f.
(2 systems)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

MONTHLY COMPUTER CENSUS
Neil Macdonald
Survey Editor
Computers and Automation
The following is a summary made by Computers and Automation of reports and estimates of the number of general purpose electronic digi tal
computers manufactured and installed, or to be manufactured and on
order. These figures are mailed to individual computer manufacturers
from time to time for their information and review, and for any updating or comments they may care to provide.
Please note the variation
in dates and reliability of the information. Several important manufacturers refuse to give out, confirm, or comment on any figures.
Our census seeks to include all digital computers manufactured anywhere. We invite all manufacturers located anywhere to submi t information for this census.
We invite all our readers to submit information that would help make these figures as accurate and complete as
possible.
Part I of the Monthly Computer Census contains reports for United
States manufacturers.
Part II contains reports for manufacturers
outside of the United States.
The two parts are published in alternate months.

The following abbreviations apply:
(A)

C
(D)
E
(N)
(R)
(S)
X

authori tative figures, derived essentially from information sent by the manufacturer directly to Computers and
Automation
figure is combined in a total
acknowledgment is given to DP Focus, Marlboro, Mass., for
their help in estimating many of these figures
figure estimated by Computers and Automation
manufacturer refuses to give any figures on number of installations or of orders, and refuses to comment in any
way on those numbers stated here
figures derived all or in part from information released
indirectly by the manufacturer, or from reports by other
sources likely to be informed
sale only, and sale (not rental) price is stated
no longer in production
information not obtained at press time

SUMMARY AS OF AUGUST 15, 1969
NAME OF
MANUFACTURER
Part I.

NAME OF
COMPUTER

AVERAGE OR RANGE
OF MONTIlLY RENTAL
$(000)

NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS
In
Outside
In
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
World

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED
ORDERS

Un i ted Sta tes Manufac turers

Autonetics
Anaheim, Calif.
(R) (Jan. 1969)
Bailey Meter Co.
Wickliffe, Ohio
(R) (Jan. 1969)
Bunker-Ramo Corp.
Canoga Park, Calif.
(R)
(Aug. 1969)
Burroughs
Detroi t, Mich.
(N)
(Jan.-May 1969)

>Control Data Corp.
Minneapolis, Minn.
(N)
(Feb.-Apr. 1969)

RECOMP II
RECOMP III

11/58
6/61

2.5
1.5

Bailey 756
Bailey 855

2/65
4/68

60-400
100

BR-130
BR-133
BR-230
BR-300
BR-330
BR-340
205
220
B100
B200
B300
B500
B2500
B3500
B5500
B6500
B7500
B8500
G15
G20
LGP-21
LGP-30
RPC4000
636/136/046 Series
160/8090 Series

924/924A
1604/A/B
1700
3100/3150
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3800
6400/6500
6600
6800
7600
Data General Corp.
Boston, Mass.
(A) (Aug. 1969)
Datacraft Corp.
Ft. Lauderdal e, Fla.
CA) (Aug. 1969)
Digital Equipment Corp.
Maynard, Mass.

(A)
(July 1969)

DATE OF
FIRST
INSTALLATION

10/61
5/64
8/63
3/59
12/60

7/55
4/61
12/62
9/56
1/61

2.0
2.4
2.7
3.0
4.0
7.0
4.6
14.0
2.8
5.4
9.0
3.8
5.0
14.0
23.5
33.0
44.0
200.0
1.6
15.5
0.7
1.3
1.9

5/60
8/61
1/60
5/66
5/64
5/64
9/65
11/64
8/68
6/63
2/66
8/64
8/64
6/67
12/68

2.1-14.0
11.0
45.0
3.8
10-16
13.0
20-28
18.0
25.0
52.0
53.0
58.0
115.0
130.0
235.0

12i63
1/54
10/58
8/64
11/61
7/65
10/68
2/67
5/67
3/63
2/68
4/69

8i67

NOVA

2/69

DC6024

5/69

PDP-1
PDP-4
PUP-5
PUP-6
PDP-7
PDP-8
PUP-8/I
PDP-8/S
PUP-8/L
I'UI'-9
PUP-9/L
I'UP-IO

11/60
8/62
9/63
10/64
11/64
4/65
3/68
9/66
11/68
12/66
11/68
12/67

8.0

30
6
(S)
(S)

1.1
?

8.0

X
X

3
15

160
79
15
18
29
19
25-38
28-31
90
370-800
180-370
0
52-57
44
65-74
4
0
1

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
31
150
70
117
190
8
31
13
5
X
X
X
X
X

30-200 (S)
3.4
1.7
0.9
10.0
1.3
0.5
0.4
0.3

30
6

17
0

65-130
68-90
40-45
38-100
12
1
30
18
23-50
32-40
1
1
(S)

0
0

2
2
13
70
40
0
12
18
7
0
0
0

41-50
15-20
15
17-25
4
0
9
2
14-17
11
0
0
6

27-40
30-33
103
440-870
220-410
0
64-69
62
72-81
4
0
1
295
20
165
3')')
75
29
610
29
59
106-180
83-110
55-60
55-125
16
1
39
20
37-67
43-51
1
1
77

0
53
25
76
14
59
945
802
575
463
214
6
72

1
3
17
5
27
378
243
269
159
114
8
19

X
X
X
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
To tal:
160 E
8UO

54
28
93
19
86
1323
1045
844
622
328
14
91

X
X

X
X
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

NAME OF
MANUFACTURER
Digital Equipment Corp. (cont.)

NAME OF
COMPUTER
PDP-12
LINC-8

Digiac Corp. (formerly Digital
Digiac 3080
Electronics Inc.), Plainview, N.Y. Digiac 3080C
(A) (May 1969)
Electronic Associates Inc.
640
Long Branch, N.J.
8400
(A) (May 1969)
EMR Computer Div.
ADVANCE 6020
Minneapol is, Minn.
ADV ANCE 6040
(N)
ADVANCE 6050
(May 1969)
ADVANCE 6070
ADVANCE 6130
ADVANCE 6135
ASI 210
ASI 2100
General Elec tric
Phoenix, Ariz.
(N)
(Feb.-Apr. 1969)

Process Control Computers:
(A)
(Aug 1969)
Hewlett Packard
Cupertino, Calif.
(A)

(Aug. 1969)
Honeywell
Computer Control Div.
Framingham, Mass.
(N)
(Jan.-Apr. 1969)
Honeywell
EDP Division
Wellesley Hills, Mass.
(N)
(Jan.-Apr. 1969)

IBM
White Plains, N.Y.
(N) (0)
(Jan.-May 1969)

105A
105B
105RTS
115
120
130
205
210
215
225
235
245
255 T/S
265 T/S
275 T/S
405
410 T/S
415
420 T/S
425
430 T/S
435
440 T/S
615
625
635
645
4020
4040
4050
4060
2114A
2115A
211M
2116B
DDP-24
DDP-1l6
DDP-124
DDP-224
DDP-516
H632
H-ll0
H-120
H-125
H-200
H-400
H-800
H-1200
H-1250
H-1400
H-1800
H-2200
H-3200
H-4200
H-8200
System/3
305
650
1130
1401
1401-G
1401-H
1410
1440
1460
1620 I, II
1800
7010
7030
704
7040
7044
705

DATE OF
FIRST
INSTALLATION
6/69
9/66

AVERAGE OR RANGE
OF MONTIlLY RENTAL
$(000)
?
?

NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS
In
Outside
In
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
World
10
2
12
108
40
148

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED
ORDERS

19.5 (S)
25.0 (S)

12
4

C
Total:
1200 E
1
1

4/67
7/65

1.2
12.0

50
21

20 E
5 E

4/65
7/65
2/66
10/66
8/67

5.4
6.6
9.0
15.0
5.0
2.6
3.9
4.2

C
C
C
C
C

12/64
10/67

4/62
12/63
6/69
6/69
7/69
4/66
12/68
6/64
7/60
9/63
4/61
4/64
11/68
10/67
10/65
11/68
2/68
11/69
5/64
6/67
6/64
6/69
9/65
7/69
3/68
4/65
5/65
7/66
2/67
8/64
12/66
61.65
10/68
11/67
11/66
9/68
5/63
4/65
3/66
3/65
9/66
8/68
1/66
12/67
3/64
12/61
12/60
2/66
7/68
1/64
1/64
1/66
2/70
8/68
121.68
12/57
10/67
2/66
9/60
5/64
6/67
11/61
4/63
10/63
9/60
1/66
10/63
5/61
12/55
6/63
6/63
11/55

1.3
1.4
1.2
2.2
2.9
4.5
2.9
16.0
6.0
8.0
12.0
13.0
17.0
20.0
23.0
6.8
11.0
7.3
23.0
9.6
17.0
14.0
25.0
30.0
41.0
45.0
90.0
5.0
3.0
7.0
8.5
0.25
0.41
0.6
0.65
2.65
0.9
2.2
3.5
0.8
3.2
2.5
4.0
5.0
8.5
6.2
28.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
50.0
16.0-26.0
18.0
21.0-26.0
50.0
1.1
3.6
4.8
1.7
5.4
2.3
1.3
17.0
4.1
10.0
4.1
5.0
26.0
160.0
32.0
25.0
36.5
38.0

C
C
C
C
C
X
X

C
C
Total:
90 E

Total:
30 E
0

200-400

420-680

620-1080

0
11
35
15
145
60-100

0
0
0
1
15
17

0
11
35
16
160
77-117

10-40

15-45

170-300

70-100

240-400

50-100

20-30

70-130

23
20-40
4
112
45
22
18

3
3
0
35
20
1
2

26
23-43
4
147
65
23
20
251
530
357
628
Total:
1766
90
230
70
50
280
2
12-25
400-780
30-105
660-1100
46-70
52-62
76-240
4-20
7-8
11-15
53-125
0
1-2
1
0
55
68
3807
4046
870
320
272
2864
257
471
563
81
5
13
2
41
21

10-20
260-600
20-90
450-800
32-40
42-50
65-190
2-15
6
8-12
32-100
0
1-2
1
0
40
50
2580
2210
420
180
156
1690
194
285
415
67
4
12
35
28
18

2-5
140-180
10-15
210-300
14-30
10-12
31-50
2-5
1-2
3
21-25
0
0
0
0
15
18
1227
1836
450
140
116
1174
63
186
148
14
1
1
27
13
3

X
X

NAME OF
MANUFACTURER
IBM (conL)

In terda ta
Oceanport, N.J.
(A) (June 1969)
NCR
Dayton, Ohio
(R)
(May 1969)

Pacific Data Systems Inc.
San ta Ana, Calif.
(N) (Jan. 1969)
Philco
Willow Grove, Pa.
(N) (Jan. 1969)
Potter Instrument Co., Inc.
Plainview, N. Y.
(A) (May 1969)
RCA
Cherry Hill, N.J.
(N)

Raytheon
Santa Ana, Calif.
(A)
(Auq. 1969)
Scientific Control Corp.
Dallas, Texas
(A)

(May 1969)

NAME OF
COMPUTER

DATE OF
FIRST
INSTALLATION

AVERAGE OR RANGE
OF MONTHLY RENTAL
$(000)
27.0
35.0
60.0
63.5
75.0
83.0
2.8
5.3
9.3
19.0
15.0
33.0
70.0
138.0
81.5
115.0
150.0
0.25
0.4
0.6
14.0
2.5
8.7
12.0
1.9
1.5
2.7
7.5
0.7

In
U.S.A.

NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS
Outside
In
U.S.A.
World

10
44
13
4
10
6
4690
0
5075
1260
65
480
175
9
14
0
5

7070, 2
7074
7080
7090
7094-1
7094-11
360/20
360/25
360/30
360/40
360/44
360/50
360/65
360/67
360/75
360/85
360[90
Model 2
Model 3
Model 4
304
310
315
315 RMC
390
500
Century 100
Century 200
PDS 1020

3/60
3/60
8/61
11/59
9/62
4/64
12/65
1/68
5/65
4/65
7/66
8/65
11/65
10/66
2/66

1000
2000-210, 211
2000-212
PC-9600

6/63
10/58
1[63

7.0
40.0
52.0
16.0

2/61
6/59
11/62
7/64
9/65
9/65
1/67
11/65

7.0
14.0-18.0
14.0-35.0
17.0-35.0
4.3
6.6
9.2
22.5
33.5
34.0
1.2
3.6
3.2
(S)
(S)
0.5
1.9
2.0
2.7
2.0
30.0

140-290
22-50
2
24-60
90-110
68-70
65-100
84-180
1
11
155
20
26
109

4/65
8/62
9/62
12/64
6/64
4/66
11/64
12/66
8/67
12[66
12/68
5/67
6[69
9/65
8/66
9/68
11/65
8/66
1[68
3/51 + 11/57
8/62
8/56

1.5
2.0
2.9
3.0
3.4
14.0
8.5
1.8
6.0
12.0
9.0
16.0
17 1 0
1.1
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.5
2.0
25.0
21.0
15.0

10-60
150-170
93-120
20
159
28-35
21-25
60-110
15-40
24-35
6
9
3
24
131
20
4
33
15
23
25
13

8/58
6/63
12/61
2/63
4/66
9/63

8.0
11.0
30.0
1.9
2.4
8.5

12/50
10/62
9/65
6/67
9/67

35.0
57.0
68.0
1.5
3.4

301
501
601
3301
Spectra
Spectra
Spec tra
Spectra
Spectra
SQectra
250
440
520
703
'706
650
655
660
670
4700
6700

70/15
70/25
70/35
70/45
70/46
70[55

11[67
7/68
3/67
8[68
1/60
5/61
5/62
9/65
5/61
10/65
9/68
2/64

11[66
12/60
3/64
10/65
10/67
5/..69
5/66
10/66
10/65
5/66
4/69

15
8
460
110
240
1800
110
0
145

3
26
2
2
4
4
3276
4
3144
498
13
109
31
4
3
0
0

2
0
400
35
500
950
12
0

13
70
15
6
14
10
7966
4
8219
1758
78
589
206
13
17
0
5
13
150
55
17
8
860
145
740
2750
122
0

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED
ORDERS

1
23
36
X
X

10
X
X
X

16
16
12
(S)

100-130
1
0
1-5
35-60
18-25
20-50
21-55
0
1
20
1
20
1

240-420
23-51
2
25-65
125-170
86-95
85-150
105-235
1
12
175
27
129
5

X
X
X

8
23

23
84
40
1
1
0
Total:
70 E

Scientific Data Systems, Inc.
El Segundo, Calif.
(N)
(Feb.-Apr. 1969)

Standard Compu ter Corp.
Los Anqeles, Calif.
(N) (Aug. 1969)
Systems Engineering Laboratories
Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.
(A)

(May 1969)
UNIVAC (Div. of Sperry Rand)
New York, N.Y.
(R)
(Jan.-May 1969)

SDS-92
SDS-91O
SDS-920
SDS-925
SDS-930
SDS-940
SDS-9300
Sigma 2
Sigma 5
Sigma 7
IC 4000
IC 6000
IC 7000
810
810A

810B
840
840A
840MP
I & II
III
File Computers
Solid-State 80 I, II,
90, I, II, & Step
418
490 Series
1004
1005
1050
1100 Series (except
1107, 1108)
1107
1108
9200
9300

2
7-10
5-12
1
14
0
1
10-15
6-18
5-9

12-62
157-180
98-132
21
173
28-35
22-26
70-125
21-58
29-44
6
9
1

RE
lOE
X

34 E
WE
X
X
20 E
X
X
X

210
76
75
1502
637
138

36
11
628
299
62

112
86
2130
936
200

20
35
20
90
10

9
8
38
127
106

0
3
18
48
38

9
11
56
175
144

X
X

75
850
550

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

NAME OF
MANUF ACTURER
UNIVAC (cont.)
Varian Data Machines
Newport Beach, Calif.
(A)

NAME OF
COMPUTER
9400
LARC
620
620i
520i

DATE OF
FIRST
INSTALLATION
5/69
5/60
11/65
6/67
10/68

AVERAGE OR RANGE
OF MONTHLY RENTAL
$(000)
7.0
135.0
0.9
0.5

In
U.S.A.

NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS
Outside
In
U.S.A.
World

3 E
2

0
0

3 E
2
75
480
20

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED
ORDERS
60
0
300
175

(Mav 1969)

REPORT FROM GREAT BRITAIN
(Continued from page 49)
puter industry following the disastrous post-war policies
of short-sighted non-technical European governments.
But there is no salvation for Europe in the formation
of a giant "supranational" computer company with feet
of clay and run by committees. Far better and probably
the only way out now would be to allocate manufacture
on a regional basis to groups which have proved themselves particularly good at electro-mechanical work, magnetic technology, processor assembly, software compiling
and the like.
Unfortunately, every small group set up with government blessing anywhere in Europe sees itself as the
saviour of national data processing honor and wants to go
for the whole market, from desk-top to. super-scale, taking
in time-sharing and a full range of peripherals on the side.
Yet how many of the U.S. computer companies make all
their own peripherals and how many peripheral projects
have fallen by the wayside in America?
It is amazing to me that any European businessman,

looking for instance at what NCR has had to spend its
$150m of "launching money" on to get two machines
from the New Century range into production and on to
the market, can contemplate trying to do a much bigger
range of equipment on a tiny budget. No one seems to
realize that the years of wild spending in America on
computer project launches have gone for good and that
NCR cost figures are about the most valid one could take
to apply to any European projection.

Ted Sclweters
Stanmore, Middlesex
England

CALENDAR
(Continued from page 50)

Nov. 15-16, 1969: ACUTE (Accountants Computer Users
Technical Exchange), Jack Tar, San Francisco, Calif.; contact ACUTE, 947 Old York Rd., Abington, Pa. 19001
Nov. 17-19, 1969: IEEE Eighth Symposium on Adaptive
Processes, The Pennsylvania State Univ., State College, Pa.;
contact Dr. George]. McMurtry, Program Chairman IEEE
1969 (8th) Symposium on Adaptive Processes, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State Univ., University
Park, Pa. 1,6802
" Nov. 18-20, 1969: Fall Joint Computer Conference, Convention Hall, Las Vegas, Nev.; contact American Federation for
Information Processing (AFIPS), 210 Summit Ave., Montvale, N.]. 07645.
Nov. 20-21, 1969: Conference '69: 1969 Data Processing Conference sponsored by the Empire Div. ( 13) of the Data
Processing Management Association (DPMA), Statler Hilton Hotel, New York, N.Y.; contact Registrar, Conference
'69, P.O. Box 1926, Grand Central Station, New York,
N.Y. 10017
Nov. 25-27, 1969: Digital Satellite Communication Conference,
Savoy Place, London, England; contact lEE Joint Conference Secretariat, Savoy Place, London WC2, England.
Dec. 8-10, 1969: Third Conference on Applications of Simulation, International Hotel, Los Angeles, Calif.; contact Philip
]. Kiviat, Program Chairman, Simulation Associates, Inc.,
1263 Westwood Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90024
Dec. 18-20, 1969: Third International Symposium on Computer and Informational Science (COINS-69), Americana
Hotel, Bal Harbour, Fla.; contact"Dr. Julius T. Tou, COINS69 Chairman, Graduate Research Professor, University of
Florida, Gainesville, Fla. 32601.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

Jan. 19-21, 1970: Computer Software & Peripherals Show &
Conference, Eastern Region, New York Hilton, New York,
N.Y.; contact Show World, Inc., 37 West 39th St., New
York, N.Y. 10018.
Feb. 17-19, 1970: Computer Software & Peripherals Show &
Conference, Midwest Region, Pick-Congress Hotel, Chicago,
Ill.; contact Show World, Inc., 37 West 39th St., New York,
N.Y. 10018.
March 17-20, 1970: IEEE Management and Economics in the
Eleotronics Industry Symposium, Appleton Tower, University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland; contact Conference Secretariat, Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, London, W.C.2, England.
Apr. 7-9, 1970: Computer Software & Peripherals Show &
Conference, Western Region, Anaheim Convention Center,
Los Angeles, Calif.; contact Show World, Inc., 37 West 39th
St., New York, N.Y. 10018.
Apr. 14-16, 1970: Computer Graphics 70, Second Interna'l
Symposium, Brunel Univ., Uxbridge, Middlesex, England;
contact Prof. M. L. V. Pitteway, Computer Science Dept.,
Brunel Univ., Uxbridge, Middlesex, England.
"
May 5-7, 1970: Spring Joint Computer Conference, Convention Hall, Atlantic City, N.].; contact American Federation for Information Processing (AFIPS), 210 Summit Ave.,
Montvale, N.]. 07645
Aug. 31-Sept. 2, 1970: American Society of Civil Engineers,
Fifth Conference on Electronic Computation, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.; contact Robert E. Fulton, Mail Stop
188-C Structures Research Division, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va. 23365
67

BOOK REVIEWS
Neil Macdonald
Assistant Editor
Computers and Automation
We publish here citations and brief
reviews of books and other publications
which have a significant relation to computers, data processing, and automation,
and which have come to our attention.
We shall be glad to report other information in future lists if a review copy is
sent to us. The plan of each entry is:
author or editor I title I publisher or
issuer I date, hardbound or softbound,
number of pages, price or its equivalent
I comments. If you write to a publisher
or issuer, we would appreciate your mentioning Computers and Automation.
Wilkes, M. V. I Time-Sharing Computer
Systems I American Elsevier Publishing Company, Inc., 52 Vanderbilt
Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017 I 1968,
hardbound, 102 pp., $4.95
"This book is concerned with a development that is revolutionizing our idea
of what a computer system should be.
'Time Sharing' came about not as the
result of a discovery of an entirely new
principle, but more by the realization
that the technical means existed to make

1969·70 COMPUTER

INDUSTRY GUIDE
For computer science executives and
'ca reer see kers, this com prehensive
reference volume provides wide-ranging information on computer industry
trends and developments. This 164page fact-filled Guide includes:
• Report on state of software industry

a big advance possible." Time sharing
makes possible remote simultaneous use
of a big computer by many individuals
each acting as if he had the computer to
himself. This book gives a user's view
of time sharing systems, and describes
how such systems are designed. The
seven chapters are: Introduction; A
User's View of Time Sharing; Early
Systems and General Principles; Design
of a System; Satellite Computers and
Graphical Displays; Filing Systems; Operational and Managerial Aspects of
Time Sharing. References cover pp. 9799, and an index, pp. 101-102.
The author is director of the mathematical laboratory at the University of
Cambridge, Cambridge, England. He is
a distinguished computer scientist.
Minsky, Marvin, Editor, and 7 Authors I Semantic Information Processing I The M.I. T. Press, 50 Ames St.,
Cambridge, Mass. 02142 I 1968, hardbound, 438 pp., $?
This book is composed of an introduction and eight more chapters. Chapters
include: "SIR: A Computer Program
for Semantic Information Retrieval" by
Bertram Raphael;- "Semantic Memory"
by M. Ross Quillian; "A Deductive
Question-Answering System" by Fischer
Black; and "Programs with Common
Sense" by John McCarthy.
Each chapter in the book represents
an experiment involving computer programs which solve different kinds of
"artificial intelligence" problems. These
problems concern semantics. The methods used in these experiments are original, and each is a first trial of a previously untested idea. The editor likens
the ability of these programs to solve
problems to the potential of a certain
school age level. Much of the material
in the book is a slightly modified version
of important and interesting Ph.D. theses
at M.LT.
Stein, Seymour, and J. Jay Jones I Modern Communication Principles I McGraw-Hill Book Co., 330 West 42 St.,
New York, N. Y. 10036 I 1967, hardbound, 382 pp., $?

• Descriptions of computer services
• Details on software products
• Career guidance information
164 pages

8'12 x II"
Hardcover $9.95
Pa perback $6.95
Paid
orders
mailed at our expense. Billed orders add 50¢ handling chg.

10-DAY TRIAL
Order now: Dept. 9C

Resource Publications Inc.
Box 381 Princeton, N.J. 08540
A Gulf & Western Company

This book is a comprehensive introduction to modern communication principles,
with special attention to digital radio
communications. The book presents advanced theoretical models involved in
radio communication. The authors present the subject as a "systems engineering" approach to modern communication
systems and their design. The 17 chapters include: "Frequency Spectra and
Fourier Theory"; "Correlation of Deterministic Signals"; "Amplitude (Linear) Modulation"; "Binary On-Off Keying"; "Matched-Filters and Correlation
Detection"; "Channel Capacity and Error-Control Coding", "Diversity Techniques" . There is an index.
The book is an outgrowth of a "concise review of modern radio communications" prepared within Sylvania for Sylvania's use. The authors are (1) the
Director of the Communication Systems

Laboratories of Sylvania Electronic Systems and (2) a Senior Engineering Specialist in the Communication Sciences
Department of Phi1co Western Development Laboratories. The level of the book
assumes advanced calculus and its applications in Fourier series; etc.
Hsu, Jay C., and A. U. Meyer I Modern Control Principles and Applications I McGraw-Hill Book Co., 330
West 42 St., New York, N. Y. 10036 I
1968, hardbound, 769 pp., $24.50
This book provides a reasonably detailed working knowledge of the pertinent modern theories of control without
wading through the myriad of publications in the field. It is also intended for
those who wish to apply these theories to
concrete problems. It is aimed at firstyear graduate students and qualified undergraduates, as well as working engineers who wish to keep abreast of the
development in modern control theory.
The three parts, including 17 chapters,
are: Introduction and Basic Techniques;
System Stability Analysis; and Optimum
System Performance Analysis. There are
three appendices, a bibliography, and an
index. The book is typed and then photooffset. It is full of high-level mathematics.
HoescheIe, David F. Jr. I Analog-to-DigitaI!Digital-to-Analog Conversion Techniques I John Wiley & Son, Inc.,
Publishers, One Wiley Dr., Somerset,
N. J. 08873 I 1968, hardbound, 455
pp., $15.95
The purpose of this book is to help
engineers, scientists and technicians to
design and use Analog-to-Digital and
Digital-to-Analog conversion equipment,
and to promote the use of such equipment and techniques. The author has
spent over 12 years designing and developing new circuit techniques for AID
and DI A conversion equipment at Burroughs and General Electric. At present
Mr. Hoeschele is an electronic consultant
in the missile and space division of G.E.
Contents include: "Conversion Systems" ,
"Error
Allocationl Analysis" ,
"Conversion Logic", "Switching Analog
Voltages" , "Reference Voltages", "Analog Voltage Comparators", "Shaft-Position-to-Digital Encoding", etc. There are
4 appendices, a glossary and an index.
Kuhn, Thomas S. I The Structure of
Scientific Revolutions I The University of Chicago Press I 11030 S.
Langley Ave., Chicago, Ill. 60628 I
1962, hardbound, 172 pp., $6.00
This book analyzes the nature, causes,
and consequences of revolutions in basic
scientific concepts. The author holds
that every large revolution in science is
complemented by several smaller revolutions and that the revolutionary process
is fundamental to scientific advance the normal framework within which
"normal science" works must be broken
down in order to explore the unknown.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

PICTURE PROCESSING
BY COMPUTER
by AZREIL ROSENFELD
University of Maryland, Computer Science Center, College Park, Maryland
A Volume in Computer Science and Applied Mathematics
A series of monographs, and textbooks

for the
reference
library

This book covers the concepts and techniques used in processing pictorial information by computer. Topics treated include
encoding and approximation of pictures, image enhancement
and restoration, and pictorial pattern recognition. This treatise,
the first in its field, will be welcomed by graduate students, engineers, and mathematicians in computer sciences. CONTENTS:
Pictures and Picture Processing. Picture Coding. Approximation
of Pictures. Position-invariant Operations on Pictures, A: Theory. Position-invariant Operations on Pictures, B: Implementations. Position-invariant Operations on Pictures, C: Applications. Picture Properties and Pictorial Pattern Recognition. Figure Extraction. Properties of Figures. Picture Description and
"Picture Languages." Author Index. Subject Index.
1969, 196 pp., $11.50

FUNDAMENTALS OF
TEMPERATURE CONTROL
by WILLIAM K. ROOTS
Head of Electrical Engineering, University of Windsor, Windsor, Ontario.
Formerly Professor of Electrical Engineering Polytechnic Institute
of Brooklyn, New York

This book provides an introduction to the basic theory and
practical applications of thermal system analysis and temperature control. No knowledge of control theory is assumed, and
the reader is gradually introduced to the fundamentals of temperature control in widespread applications. The mathematics
involved has been kept as simple as possible without sacrificing
the analytical approach. Emphasis is placed on discontinuous
and nonlinear temperature control systems because of their
widespread use in industry.
1969, 221 pp., $12.50

STATISTICAL COMPUTATION
PROCEEDINGS OF A CONFERENCE
edited by ROY C. MILTON
Computing Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin

Well-known contributors from U.S., England, and Australia
present and evaluate the current status of some basic aspects
of the organization of statistical data processing and computing,
and suggest directions for future research and development.
They provide papers in five major areas: statistical data screening with computers, specifications for statistical data structures,
statistical systems and languages, teaching of statistics with
computers, current techniques in numerical analysis related to
statistical computation. This will be a valuable guide to those
actively using the computer for statistical processing and
computation.
in preparation

ACADEMIC PRESS (ill

NEW YORK AND LONDON

~ 111 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. Y. 10003

Designate No. 12 on Reader Service Card
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for September, 1969

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