196911
196911 196911
User Manual: 196911
Open the PDF directly: View PDF .
Page Count: 72
Download | |
Open PDF In Browser | View PDF |
£11~6 69ZIN* ~01 0 .' S£969£f9 November, 1969 V) 3$ Or NVS IS 13~~VW $ OIT ~n;)j7F 2 ' iz? 1 J3S SlVJI00I~3d /~ Vol. 18, No. 12 • SAN JOSE PU BLIC LIBRARY CDI •• ~uters and automation ... Computer A ffects Football Strategies • '~ If your office isn't ~xactly surrounded by good I(eyboard operators, we can train as many as you need. We specialize in increasing the productivity and accuracy of computer input equipment operators - experienced employees as well as new operators. For example, when the Bookof-the-Month Club moved its offices to Camp Hill, Pa., they discovered there weren't enough keypunch operators available. So they called us in. And we trained the operators they nee?.~e.a. from scratch. In just three ~ weeks. We increase the productivity and accuracy of existing operators, too. We do it by reducing operator errors by 50% to 80%. And by increasing speed from 15% to 40% with corresponding expense savings. . Computerworld concluded, in an independent study, that. the average increase in operator productivity is 22%. So it's no wonder that top Fortune companies like AT&T and Mobil Oil use our services. So do 4 of the top 5 banks listed by Fortune. And 8 of the 10 leading insurance companies. We train for whatever type of keyboard-operated equipment you have. Keypunch, magnetic tape, typewriting, CRT, calculating, etc. How we do it. Where we do it. KTI is unique. We do not operate schools or conduct classes in the usual sense. We work only with employers. KTI trains on-the-job or off-the-job. Our professional instructor will work with your operators on your own equipment and primarily on your own documents. What it costs. The amount varies. But savings in the first year usually exceed five times the investment. So the service pays for itself in 9-13 weeks. Free consultation or appraisal. For a free consultation about KTI, or a brief appraisal of your present operators, write or call us. ·"11 can have as many great uerators as you need. ,here you're located. aining InCOPDOr81edID ke your operators as your eqUipment. I w York, N.Y.10017. (212) 889-2430. 617) 742-3522. Chicago (312) 298-4170. 4431. Detroit (313) 352-1133. 309. Los Angeles (213) 386-5650. IA2-8651.SanFrancisco (415) 883-6631. 12) 638-3890. Toronto (416) 225-2535. I ~ For Interdata Designate No. 40 on R.ad., S... k. c.J I Letters To The Editor Seeks Computer Art We are refurbishing portions of the space in which we have terminals installed. We'd very much like the space to avoid the institutional look that is so distressingly and depressingly prevalent. One decorating idea under consideration is using "computer-generated" art. I am writing to inquire, therefore, how I might obtain enlargements of some of the works submitted as entries in your most recent art contest (featured in the August, 1969 issue). ROBERT M. GORDON Director Interactive Computing Facility Univ. of Cab!, Irvine Irvine, Calif. 92664 Ed. Note-We do not have any reproductions of the computer art features in our August, 1969 issue, and we are not planning to produce any. You may request permission from us to make copies, full size or larger. Or you may want to write directly to the artists themselves to see if they have any works you might obtain. Their addresses are given on page 32 of the August issue. Editor Edmund C. Berkeley Associate Editor Sharry langdale Assistant Editors Moses M. Berlin linda ladd lovett Neil D. Macdonald Software Editor Stewart B. Nelson Right Answers I just finished reading your article entitled "Right Answers-A Short Guide for Obtaining Them" in your September issue (page 20). I was impressed! It appears to me that you have done some excellent thinking. I am glad you are writing a book. I want to get on the I ist of persons to be notified when your book becomes available. I am therefore enclosing two self-addressed post cards which you can put in your files for the big day. (The Dallas card is my parents' address-one can never tell where one is going to be in an industry as dynamic as ours; my specialty is software documentation.) Keep up the good work. BOB PARKINSON 1259 Parkington Sunnyvale, Calif. 94087 Advertising Director Art Directors Contributing Editors Bernard lane Ray W. Hass Daniel T. Langdale John Bennett Andrew D. Booth John W. Carr III Ned Chapin Alston S. Householder Peter Kugel Leslie Mezei Rod E. Packer Ted Schoeters /ldz'iJory Committee T. E. Cheatham, Jr. James J. Cryan Richard W. Hamming Alston S. Householder Victor Paschkis Fulfillment Manager William J. McMillan AdlJertising Representatives BOSTON 02116, Philip E. Nutting Man-Computer Interactive Systems Airlift Center of the World LOCKHEED-GEORGIA A Division of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation Lockheed is continuing to expand its efforts in interactive systems and has immediate openings in its research laboratory. The company is a leader in research, development and implementation of computeraided design, computer graphics and man-computer interactive systems. Positions are available in design and research in interactive computer and data management systems. Six years programming experience with a bachelor's degree or three years' programming experience with an advanced degree is required. Knowledge of digital computer executive systems and interactive computing is desirable. If you are interested in expanding your career in this field and would like to join in some very interesting work, write U. D. McDonald, Employment Manager, Lockheed-Georgia Company, Dept. 8211,2363 Kingston Court S.E:, Marietta, Georgia 30060. Lockheed is an equal opportunity employer. 1127 Statler Office Bldg., 617-542-7720 CHICAGO 60611, Cole, Mason, and Deming 221 N. LaSalle St., Room 856, 312-641-1253 NEW YORK 10018, Bernard Lane 37 West 39 St., 212-279-7281 PASADENA, CALIF. 91105, Douglas C. Lance 562 Bellefontaine St., 213-682-1464 ELSEWHERE, The Publisher Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. 815 Washington St., 617-332-5453 Newtonville, Mass. 02160 Editorial Offices BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC. 815 WASHINGTON STREET, NEWTONVILLE, MASS. 02160 CIRCULATION AUDITED BY AUDIT BUREAU OF CIRCULATIONS Computers and Automation is published 13 times a year (12 monthly issues plus an annual directory issue published in June) at 815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160, by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. Printed in U.S.A. Subscription rates: United States, $18.50 for 1 year, $36.00 for 2 years, including annual di· rectory issue - $9.50 for 1 year, $18.00 for two years without annual directory; Canada, add 50¢ a ye·ar for postage; Foreign, add $3.50 a year for postage. Address all U.S. subscription mail to: Berke· ley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160. Second Class Postage paid at Boston, Mass. Postmaster: Please send all forms 3579 to Berkeley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville Mass. 02160.--A_c.:....n-.A.._~~~i~~~~,_M_I_---:.--A_---"-_)~ B OFF Figure 1 24 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 Besides +, -, x, -;-, (the familiar symbols for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division located on the two right-most keys on the top row) and the symbol * assigned to represent exponentiation (the star over the P as in raising to a power), there are distinct single character notations for the operations of: negation; signum; reciprocal; logarithms (to both natural and arbitrary base); combinations and factorials; base e raised to a power; the residue of a number modulo any divisor. There are characters wh ich represent taking: PI times a number; sines; cosines; tangents; hyperbolic sines, cosines, and tangents; and the inverse functions for the six preceding functions. Available too are: floor (truncating a number to the largest integer less than or equal to the number); ceiling (rounding up to the smallest integer greater than or equal to the number); and maximum or minimum of a pair of numbers. APL also provides the relations which test whether two numbers are: less than; less than or equal to; greater than or equal to; greater than; equal; or not equal. The last two relations are also applicable to characters. These relations check to see, for example, if a relation is true and produce 1 (representing TRUE) or 0 (FALSE); these binary quantities may be operated upon by the logical functions of: OR; AND; NOT; NOR; and NAND. All these are also available as standard functions in APL, and are designated by a single character graphic. These operations are all summarized in Figure 2. Monadic form Defini tion or example Dyadic form fB Name Name AfB Defini tion or example plus t Plus 2-t 3. '2 ........... 5. '2 -B ~~ O-B Negati ve - Minus 2 - 3 • 2 ~~ -1. 2 B ~~ (B > 0 ) - ( B < 0 ) Signum )( Times 2 x 3.2 ........ 6.4 fB .......... itS Reciprocal -+8 .......... OtE x B _3 • 3.14 I Divide 2 t 3.:2 ....... 0.625 rB I LB ceiling r Maximum 3r 7 ~~ 7 3 4 Floor L Minimum 3L 7 ~+ 3 * Power 2 * 3 ........ 8 Natural logari thm _ Logarithm A-B AeB Magnitude I 141_ 4 1_3 *B ~~ (2.71828 •• )*B Exponential 1-3.14 ~+ 3.14 Residue ~+ ~+ Case Log B base A (eB),eA I :IB-( these were done before additions and subtractions. One of the reasons for this choice (of hierarchy of operations) was that normal conventions in algebraic notation provided that the expression 5.6y 3 + 8y2 + 2.84z + 9.06 could be written as 5.6 * y * * 3 + 8 * y * * 2 + 2.84 * y + 9.06 without the use of parentheses. If one wanted to make the compiler work more efficiently when programming in the higher order language, then parens (parentheses) were used and the polynomial was "nested", so that in the above example one coded: ( ( 5.6 * y + 8) * y + 2.84) * y + 9.06 That is to say, one discarded the built-in precedence order. Clearly, in APL having all the functions shown in Figure 2, the establishment of any hierarchy of operators would be arbitrary and open to question at best; and more than likely it would border on the impossible to justify the hierarchy in any reasonable way. Thus in AP L there is only one rule for evaluating all unparenthesized expressions (or within a pair of parens), and that rule is: Every operator takes as its right-hand argument the value of everything to the right of it (up to the closing parenthesis). Now such a rule may seem strange and unfamiliar to someone who is now programming, but it has advantages: (1) Uniformity-it is applied in the same way for all standard or primitive functions provided by the APL system as well as all functions (programs) written in APL by the user; (2) Utility-this approach, for example, allows the nested polynomial to be written without parentheses as: 2 A 18 9.06 + Y x 2.84 + Y x 8 + Y x 5.6 A#O IA )xLB' I A A=O,B>O B A=O,B A Rotate 5 A4>A p ,5 ~ .. , HIS' ~ 1 0 1 0/ P ~ .. 1 0 1/[ 1]E .... .. 2 14 10 ~ ~ .. . ~ ~ ~ .... an ' THIS' 1 9 ~"2 . ~ .. 1 4 3 11 12 empty vector P,E ~ ~ ~ t3 5 3 2 V3 5 3 2 .. ~ . .. 5 1 2 5 3 5 4 5 5 5 5 5 ~ 3 tX 2 - 2 tP 1 O/E 1 0 ABCD EFCH IJKL ~ .. 3 4 1 2 4 14 .. E 1 5 3 2 2 10 PI3 5 2 1 9 10 .. 7 3 11 Take or drop I V[ I J first eV[ IJ~O) or last e V[IJ <0) elements of coordinate I The permutatl.on whlch would order A eascending or descending) I~A 10 3 4p I 12 'ABCDEFCHIJKL' [EJ 4 VtA .. ,0 E[ 1 3; 3 2 1) Least index of A in V, or l+p V Expand 5 .. ~ . Index of 3 Compress 5 P5 ,E .... , 12 First s integers V, A 4 ) (-/pA )pA ~ J pE ,S Index generator 3 Drop Grade up3,5 26 ~ A [A; •• •• ;A J Take The next step forward which APL has taken is to extend the scope of those functions shown in Figure 2, in the following way. I n most languages extant today, if one writes A + B, then one commands the computer to add the number A to the number B. In APL the command still produces the addition of the-single numbers, called scalars, if that is the nature of the variables A and B. If on the other hand, A and B are each names for a collection or string of numbers, called a vector, then the addition takes place on an element by element basis, with the first element of A being added to the first element of B, the second to the second, and so forth: The requirement is that either A or B may be a scalar while the other is a vector, but if they are both vectors, then they must have the same nu mber of elements, that is, they must be of the same size. If A and B are matrices of the same size (having the same number of rows and columns), then A + B in APL adds, on an element by element basis, matrix A to matrix B. To perform equivalent operations in most computer languages requires a DO or a FOR loop when adding vectors, or nested loops when adding matrices. Two comments are relevant here. First, the explicitloops embodied in the DO or FOR loops are required by the language, but they are ancillary to commun icating the process to be performed, say adding two matrices. Second, the utility of providing an extension of this nature, where the system assumes additional responsibility, is borne out, for example, in the MAT commands of BASIC. APL extends such ideas and applies them uniformly to all data structures treated in the language. I n fact, from the programmer's point of view, one does not care in what sequence the operations in the loops implied in such an APL command take place. They could just as well be done all in parallel; the fact that the computer does not process the matrix elements in parallel does not matter. The extension of scope of the notation allows the algorithm to be thought of as acting on the data in parallel. Thinking about the computing process in this way gives new insight into the way the programs manipulate or transform the data. .. ~ . .. . .. ABC EFC 5 7 ~ 4 1 3 2 ~ 2 1 3 4 3 1 7 5 9 11 1 IE 1 0 .... A BCD E FCH I JKL IJKL DCBA 4>[ 1 JX ...... eX ~ .. EFCH 4>X ~ .. HCFE ABCD 7 5 3 2 LKJI 4>P BCDA - 14>P 1 0 - 14>X ~ .. EFCH 7 2 3 5 34>P LIJK AEI 2 l~X ~ .. BFJ Coordinate I of A CCK becomes coordinate V[ I ] of result DHL 1 l~E ~ .. 1 0 11 1 0 1\ I 2 ~ 1 0 1 0 2 ~ ~ V~A Transpose . ~ .. 1 1 1 \X .. ~A Transpose last two coordinates Membership A.A Decode V~ p II< Y .... + oW PE I 4 1 1 0 1 o~ 1 7 7 6 Encode Deal 3 VTS S?S ~ V . ~ 24 60 W? Y .. 60T3723 ~ .. 0 1776 ~ .. 24 1 2 3 ~E ~ .. .. 2 0 1 1 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 60 6011 2 3 EEP ~ ~ 60 60T3723 ~ .. .. l~E 3723 2 3 Random deal of W elements from I Y Notes: 1 Restrictions on argument ranks are indicated by: S for scalar, V for vector, .II for matrix, A for Any. Except as the first argument of S I A or Sl A 1, a scalar may be used instead of a vector. A one-element array may replace any scalar. 2 Arrays used in examples: P~" 2 3 5 7 E~.. 2 3 4 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 X ~ .. ABCD EFCH IJKL 3 Function depends on index origin. 4 Elision of any index selects all along that coordinate. S The function is applied along the last coordinate; the symbols f, '" and e are equivalent to /, \, and ¢>, respecti vely, except that the function is applied along the first coordinate. I f [SJ appears after any of the symbols, the relevant coordinate is determined by thE! scalar S. Figure 3 [1J VAVERAGF.[[l]V V R+A VEflACF: V [?+(+/V)tpV v Figure 4 [1 J VSTATS[DJV V R+STATS X;SD;VAR;MEAN R+MF:AlI. VAR. SD+( VAR+( + / (X -MEAN+A VERACr X) 0.5 * 2 H- -l+p X) * Figure 5 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 ac. Nothing can free your programmers from clerical detail and help them do bigger and better things like Republic's new Cobol program generator. MIRACL/CPG is a powerful programming system that drastically cuts programming time. Up to thirty Cobol statements are replaced by one MIRACL/CPG statement. MIRACL/CPG is fully compatible with Cobol. So your programmers don't even have to learn a new language to use it. In fact, programmers use MIRACL/ CPG after a few hours of instruction. Which means your programmers will be free to think about systems and program logic instead of punctuation and syntax. What it does. What it can do for you. MIRACL/ CPG will ease your manpower scheduling problems while increasing programmer productivity. It reduces turnaround time. And helps you meet management deadlines. A complete system. Republic supplies you with all you need to put MIRACL/ CPG towork in one day. The software, installation, onsite training, and maintenance. In fact, you even get a "hotline" to Republic's Customer Service Department, to help solve any application problem that might arise. Already proven. MIRACL/CPG helps you generate any Cobol program MIRACL was in development and testing for over two faster and more easily. Small programs and large. Simple and years. It was released earlier this year and has since been used by complex. And you can insert Cobol statements at your option to customers to write hundreds of programs. So it's already "demodify the MIRACL/CPG generated programs. bugged." And Republic, one of the major consulting firms in the MIRACL/CPG now makes information systems a reality field, stands behind it. by simplifying file management and the generation of personalized No competition. '~=:;"~i:id:~,::::",-§::::."'--.-... -.. management reports. An additional feature makes' . . MIRACL/CPG offers a combination so easy to write report programs that even nonof important features never before available. programmers are using it. Like our ten-file input/ output capacity, complete automatic documentation, and What it can do for your programmers .. full Cobol compatibility.MIRACL/CPG Basically, it frees them of clerical produces more program with less coding. details. Quickly. It can reduce programFree demonstration. ming time to minutes. And machine time We invite comparison. So we'd be to a minimum. For example, complete delighted to run a free test of MIRACL/ Cobol data divisions are generated with ePG for you. At your location. On your a 70% saving of programmer time. work. Once you see it in action, you'll be MIRACL/CPG also produces autoamazed at its power. matic documentation and error checking while generating an errorless Cobol For a further discussion of the compile the first time. MIRACL/ CPG system, return the coupon below. The MIRACLjCPG System by Republic. It can free your programmers for more creative work. '"I ------------I ..I Depublic A'","""'" ",,",", ,,, 00169 ,:' C' 0072 0096 ac 3A JEI JC .. ..",.,.------cr--' " KOlO ,OR PULL UP I A portion of a television commercial being animated. Although the picture itself is a still, careful attention to animation camera motions can keep the audience from realizing that the scene is static. m - 00216 00244 • REPOSITION CAMERA~~~~~ SET NEW ART +++++ 4 A matched scene from the previous picture by zooming from the truck to the sign, and then moving the camera across the scene quickly, the truck has the appearance of moving offcamera. Actually attempting to take a motion picture "live" under these circumstances would be a lot more hazardous and would have to be perfect in one "take. " By using animation, all the scene elements are under control - and even an audience of professionals would have a hard time spotting that it is animation, given the scene lengths and camera manipulations. COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 CUT CLOSE ~P...r- 00245 _ - - -_ _ A control tape showing instructions. The explanations are in motion picture terminology, and perfectly understandable to an animator who has had no programming experience. 171is particular sequence is to animate a series of still photographs for a television commercial. In both the off-line and on-line systems, computerization has produced a dividend for animation stand operators. Besides increasing the speed of the actual shooti ng markedIy, the animator can have his system go through a "dry run" to see what he is going to obtain before he commits it to film. With the exception of sk ip-frame sequences, he can adjust his stand camera so that he can see the image that 33 BOOK REVIEWS Neil Macdonald Assistant Editor Computers and Automation We publish here citations and brief reviews of books which have a significant relation to computers, data processing, and automation. We shall be glad to consider any book in this category for future reviews if a review copy of the book is sent to us. Withington, Frederic G. I The Real Computer: Its Influence, Uses and Effects I Addison-Wesley Publishing Co., Reading, Mass. I 1969, hardbound, 350 pp., $? This book is an objective study of the effects computers have had on the people and organizations using them. Its purpose is to help concerned managers and individuals control these changes and adapt to them. It is a non-technical book which covers business, academic, scientific and governmental organizations, which computers affect. Included are more than 100 case studies in brief summary form. The book is arranged in 13 chapters, which are sub-headings of the 4 parts of the book. They are (1) "The Computer Unmasked"; (2) "How the Comput- er Ohanges Organizations"; (3) "How the Computer Changes Individuals"; and (4) "The Next Generation". Chapters themselves include, "The Computer's Strengths", "Compens'ating for the Computer's Weaknesses", "Standardization and Centralization" and "Opportunities Offered by the Computer". Salton, Gerard I Automatic Information Organization and Retrieval I McGraw-Hill Book Co., 330 West 42 St., New York, N.Y. 10036 I 1968, hardbound, 514 pp., $14.50 This book deals with the computer processing of large information files, \I"ith special emphasis on automatic text handling m":!thods. Although none of the chapters requires more than an ele- would be put on film. Then he can activate the system to see what will happen. If he does not like what he sees for artistic reasons, or if he discovers actual mistakes, he can correct them instantly before shooting the real thing. (Previously, he had to wait for the film to be developed before he could tell whether a mistake had been made. This process at best took several hours; at worst, several days). Thus computer control allows the animator time to be more ex peri mental-and more creative. On-Line vs. Off-Line Systems Although both on-line and off-line computer systems are in operation, it is difficult to predict whether future systems will favor one approach or the other. Each has its advan tages: • With an on-line system, the animator can formulate long and complex animation sequences that it would be impractical to put on control tapes. Direct control allows the computer to store vast numbers of instructions in storage devices, such as disk memories. Such sequences would be most useful in preparing films for theatrical production. In addition, sensing devices could be installed that would permit direct reading of camera coordinates by the compute:--based system, which could eventually simplify input instructions. • An off-line system, like a numerical control system, uses an intermediate controller to activate the device (in this case, the stand). The tape-reading stand, not being connected to the computer, cannot send any inputs back to assist in program ,modification, if any is needed. However, by using the computer off-line, it can service several animatiQn stands. Even when restricted to one stand, the computer can be generating control tapes wh ile the stand is operating. 34 Each entry below contains: author or editor / title / publisher / date, hardbound or softbound, number of pages, price / comments. If you write to a publisher or author, we would appreciate your mentioning Computers and Automation. mentary knowledge, the book is addressed primarily to readers who may already have some knowledge of computer processing. The ten chapters are: "Automatic Information Systems"; "Information Analysis and Dictionary Construction" ; "Dictionary Operations"; "The Statistical Operations"; "The Syntactic Operations"; "Retrieval Models"; "The Retrieval Process"; "The Evaluation of Computer-based Retrieval Systems" ; ;'Auxiliary Information Services"; "Data Base Retrieval Systems". There are two appendices, a name index, a subject index, and a 14-page topical bibliography. The author is Professor of Computer Seienep at Cornell University. (Please turn to page 74 ) For common animation sequences that will be used in more than one film, instruction storage could be made either by a memory-storage device in the case of the on-line system, or by saving the control tapes in the case of the off-line system. In either case, by using computers, it is possible to duplicate a sequence exactly, something that may be necessary if an accident should ruin the original film, but something that is practically impossible to do using manual animation techniques. The reports of the two operational computerized animation stands are already causing interest and excitement in motion picture studios. With the increasing stringencies in schedule requirements and soaring production costs, computer-controlled animation stands will come into greater use. Perhaps with in a decade, they will be the rule rather than the exception. 0 References 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. Archeology of the Cinema, by C. W. Ceram, Harcourt, Brace & World, 1965. The Technique of Film Animation, by John Halas and Roger Manveil, Foca I Press, 1959. "An Electronic Control for Programming an Animation Table," by Jack Behrend, Journal of the SMPTE vol. 75, no. 11, November 1966. "Computer Animation. A New Scientific and Educational Tool" by E. E. Zajac, Journal of the SMPTE, vol. 74, no. 11, November 1965. "Methods and Procedures for the Production of Fully·Animated Cartoon Films Using New Animascope® Automatic Animation Process," by Leon H. Maurer and Harry Wuest, Journal of the SMPTE, vol. 76, no. 10, October 1967. "A Computer-Controlled Animation Stand . . . the Off-line Approach," by Stephen A. Kallis, Jr., American Cinematographer, September, 1969. "Progress Committee Report for 1968," by Richard E. Putnam, Journal of the SMPTE, vol. 78, no. 5, May 1969. COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 LYaPAS: A PROGRAMING LANGUAGE FOR LOGIC AND CODING ALGORITHMS edited by M. A. GAVRILOV, Corresponding member of Academy of Sciences, USSR. and A. D. ZAKREVSKI, Candidate of Physics and Math Sciences, Academy of Science, USSR. translated by MORTON NADLER, Section Head, R&D, Bull-General Electric, Paris, France. A Volume in the ACM Monograph Series, edited by Robert L. Ashenhurst. Published under the auspices of the Association for Computing Machinery. This book presents a programing language based on set-theoretical considerations oriented towards the programing of synthesis algorithms for finite-state and discrete devices. The power of the language is such that it is self-extending and self-compiling; the only part that must be written in machine language, the translator, is given in LYaPAS notation in the book, and can easily be implemented on any available or system. The major part of the book is devoted to applications. These cover many wellknown and original algorithms in boolean systems, majority logic, sequential machines decomposition, error-detecting and correcting codes, and so forth. 1969, about 450 pp., $24.50. * *"A special price of $17.50 is available to members of the ACM for prepaid orders directed to the ACM. Members are asked to include their membership number." UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN COMPUTING SCIENCE Proceedings of a Conference on Graduate Academic and Related Research Programs in Computing Science, held at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, June 1967. edited by AARON FINERMAN, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York A Volume in the ACM Monograph Series, edited by Robert L. Ashenhurst. Published under the auspices of the Association for Computing Science. The talks and discussions reproduced in this book reflect the informed and experienced opinion from university, industry and government; they will provide much impetus for thought and action among the people responsible for the health of the future programs in this vital field. 1968, 237 pp., $12.00* *"A special price of $9.00 is available to members of the ACM for prepaid orders directed to the ACM. Members are asked to include their membership number." METHODOLOGIES OF PATTERN RECOGNITION edited by SATOSI WATANABE, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii This volume is a collection of papers presented at the International Conference on Methodologies of Pattern Recognition held under the co-sponsorship of the Air Force Office of Scientific Research with program participation by the Systems and Cybernetics Group of the IEEE. 1969, 579 pp., about 150 figures and illustrations, $16.00 COMPUTER-ASSISTED INSTRUCTION: STANFORD'S 1965-66 ARITHMETIC PROGRAM by PATRICK SUPPES, MAX JERMAN, and DOW BRIAN, Institute for mathematical studies in the Social Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California. In collaboration with DIANA AXELSEN, GUY GROEN, LESTER HYMAN, and BRIAN TOLLIVER. This book presents an account of the first substantial operational year in computer assisted instruction at Stanford University. The authors discuss the major aspects of a new technological venture that aims at providing individualized instruction in ordinary school contexts. In considering research elements of the project, the authors clarify how new empirical approaches to the learning of elementary mathematics have become feasible because of the data-analyzing capacities of the computer. The book concludes with a discussion of the programing language developed for the implementation of the curriculum materials in elementary mathematics. 1968, 385 pp., $7.50 ACADEMIC PREss m N E w YORK AND LONDON ~ 111 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. Y. 10003 Designate No. 18 on Reader Service Card AN ADVANCED MANUFACTURING CONTROL SYSTEM STABILIZES INVENTORY AND EMPLOYMENT CO'STS Paul J. Miller, Director of Finance Mixing Equipment Co. Rochester, N. Y. "We have been able to eliminate obsolete parts and identify slowmoving items. We have eliminated the annual physical inventory in favor of a cyclical or continuous inventory count. And we can value inventory at year-end within four weeks, when it used to take three months. Sales up 40 percent, the number of parts in inventory up 50 percent, but-the dollar value of inventory up just 10 percent. These figures, covering a key aspect of manufacturing operations here at Mixing Equipment Company over the past five years, show that the cost of inventory has been stabilized in the face of substantial and consistent growth. Other facts round out the picture: • The ratio of sales to inventory, by dollar, is now lower than ever-we estimate that without the controls which have been instituted, the value of inventory would be $1 million greater; • The number of open shop orders at any given time has been reduced from 2,000 to 800; • Employment has, been stabilized, since we can absorb continued sales iricreases and expansion of parts in stock without disproportionate.increases in personnel. In the Beginning Paralleling these developments of the past five years has been the gradual evolution of a manufacturing control system which is still far from complete, but has already helped produce the advantages listed above. It began in 1964 when a computer was applied to our operations. We had no grandiose plans, no pre-set ideas, just the conviction that a number of profitable uses would be found for the computer. As one use has been added to another, the outline of an effective manufacturing control system has taken shape. Our company is unique in the fact that it devotes itself exclusively to the design and manufacture of fluid mixing equipment. It now has subsidiaries in Australia and England, a licensing agreement with a Canadian Company and is planning further expansion in Latin America and Belgium. Products range from portable mixers to a recently developed float-mounted aerator for water pollution control. Operations were originally my responsibility as Controller and Director of Finance. We designed the early applications so that information which might be desirable later on could readily be obtained. The basic accounts payable ,records, for example, made provision for the capture of cost data on purchased parts and material; the accounts receivable re'cords were designed to include the value of sales dollars by individual job. Inventory Data Base Paul J. Miller, Controller and Director of Finance (left) and Robert C. Berl, Manager of Data Processing at Mixing Equipment Co., discuss details of a new shop floor control program. Equipment in the background includes a high speed printer and three magnetic disk units. The company's entire inven,tory data base is housed on on/ disk pack, which can accommodate more than seven millio'n characters of information. 36 The net result was to begin building the data base needed for an advanced manufacturing control system. In 1966, when a larger computer was ordered to replace the original, smaller one, and Robert C. Berl joined the company as Manager of Data Processing, the groundwork had already been laid for a natural evolution into inventory management, manufacturing scheduling, and shop floor control-the latter just recently implemented. The larger computer was installed in December 1967. The inventory data base consists, essentially, of: item identification; current balance; reorder points; any quantities on order; lead times; economical order quantities (EOOs}-both for purchased items and those produced in-house; historical usage data, for constant re-evaluation of reorder points and EOOs; commitments by month; and COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 ~ dollar value of the item. Also included is where-used information for those parts and assemblies we manufacture. The data base is structured in five levels: 1. Base raw material, whether roll or'bar stock; 2. Semi-finished parts, purchased and manufactured in-house; 3. Finished inventory, which includes spare and replacement parts, whether purchased or manufactured in-house; 4. Sub-assemblies; and 5. Finished mixers (which are smaller, high-volume units). Each item, at each level, is linked to the item or items three levels above and below. We could extend the links to include all five levels, but have found this is not necessary for our purposes. With all this information on a single magnetic disk pack, or file, immediately accessible to the computer for processing, the master file of 12,300 parts and material is readily controlled. Further, the basis is established for other systems such as purchasing, cost control, expediting, and shop floor control. A mixer column used in a pilot plant study of counter current, liquid/liquid reaction. Processing an Order t Orders come in at the rate of 800 per week, or about 40,000 a year. A booking copy of each order is prepared manually, from which cards are punched to run a daily booking report. Copies of the booking order go to purchasing-for an immediate check to determine whether a motor This 600, 000 gallon tank was recently developed for fullscale testing of aerators and mixers manufactured by Mixing Equipment Co. It is believed to be the world's largest facility for testing such equipment. has to be purchased-and to engineering, which prepares the bill of materials. Factory then determines what has to be manufactured to fill the order, and which items have to be purchased. From the factory list, inventory (transaction charge-off) cards are punched-each covering four items and showing part number, raw material, the job for which needed, quantity, and job due date. These cards are fed into the computer to update the data base, allocate parts and r 1 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 37 Xerox Data Systems material to the particular job, accumulate cost data, and spot those items which fall below the reorder point as a result of the day's' activities. As previously noted, we "chase" each item three levels above and below, automatically picking up all related items affected. Every night, a shortage report is printed listing those items-both purchased and made in-house-which have fallen below the reorder point. At one time, ordering was to a three-month supply. Now, it is in terms of economical order quantities. An inexpensive item which we make and use frequently is often iproduced to a full year's supply. On the other hand, an e~pensive item less frequently used may be ordered to a one-month supply. Factored into the reorder point, of course, are the usual considerations such as lead ti meso All purchase orders become part of an open order file, in which each supplier is identified by name. Seven to 14 days before delivery, each order is followed with a return postcard printed on the comRuter; the back half of the postcard I ists the parts or material on order, and asks the vendor to indicate its status. Better than 75 percent of these are returned to purchasing for any appropriate action, then sent to the Data Processing Department to update the files. This helps keep anticipated deliveries on schedule, and avoids many last-minute phone calls. The inventory data base permits regular analysis of parts and classes of parts, and determination of requirements well into the future for all levels. Reports on castings, for example, assist in working out order schedules with foundries; special orders are readily picked up for early followup. Delivery schedules are adhered to far more closely than ever before. Changes in Costs With the cost of every part recorded against each order, and with labor costs added, we get detailed costs of sales. We can analyze the relationship of component costs to assembly costs. When vendor prices change, we can immediately reflect those changes in all items at each level affected. I n the latest step towards complete manufacturing control, we are storing in computer files for each job the sequence or operation number, the work center at which it will be performed, time needed, and operation code. Along with the information available from the inventory file, we create shop packets at order issue time which include the routing card, component card, and one or more labor cards. With the information on hand for order quantity, operations needed, and time, operations can be scheduled for each order. With scheduled operations filed in order by date within work center, shop load reports are easily produced. As the labor cards are completed and fed back to the Data Processing Department, we have information useful in payroll processing and in determining the exact status of a job. Stabilizing Inventory Further, standards can be set far more realistically for each work center, and evaluated regularly. Long range studies can be made to determine potential overtime situations and to help in facilities planning. Gradually, we are "closing the loop" of manufacturing control, assembling, processing, and filing all the information involved from selling an item to shipping it. The results are shown in the stabilization of inventory with all that that implies in terms of savings, and in far better utilization of ex isti ng shop faci I ities. We have long since been able to eliminate obsolete parts and identify slow-moving items. We have eliminated the 40 annual physical inventory in favor of a cyclical or continuous inventory count. We can value inventory at year-end within four weeks, when it used to take three months. And we have the information needed to regularly evaluate stock for obsolescence and rate of usage. • As a new unit undergoes tests at Mixing Equipment Co., the data generated is captured on a control unit (right) and is later analyzed by the company's computer. The Computer System The computer (a System/360 Model 30), which handles this workload plus a number of other scientific/engineering and commercial jobs, is a medium-size system equipped with three magnetic disk units, a high-speed printer, and card units. A paper tape punch is connected to the computer to produce Numerical Control tapes; we have 10 NC machines in the shop, with another on order; and the computer is used to generate tapes for six of these units. About 20 tapes are produced each week; to date, more than 1,000 have been run off on the computer. The system's time is split about 80 percent for so-called commercial work, and 20 percent for scientific/engineering. Since the development, production, and application of mixing equipment has become a science in itself, we conduct intensive research and development activities which generate large amounts of data. Fo'rthe most part, the computer is used on an open shop basis by engineering people, who run their own programs. The system is operated on two shifts. ' There is even a program which handles inquiries directed to our advertisements. They are analyzed to help determine such things as which magazines produce the best resul~s and which individual ads pull the most inquiries. - ,;.,~; All of this comprehensive range of computer applications has stemmed from the familiar data processing jobs of manufacturing-payroll, accounts payable, accounts receivable, sales analyses, and engineering. In a step-by-step, evolutionary manner they have been molded into a management information system whose total value would be difficult to measure. We do know this much: our company could not have grown as rapidly-and as profitably-without this solid data processing base. And what has been gained up to now, should be just a prologue to the future. 0 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 A PRAGMATIC APPROACH TO WORKABLE DATA PROCESSING CONTROLS Troy J. Smith North American Aviation, Inc. 1224 Lakewood Blvd. Downey, Calif. 90241 "If a user does not pick up his data processing report within eight working hours after its scheduled completion time, there is a strong indication that the report is not needed, or that the publication schedule is not important." Financial management, internal auditors, and data processing personnel are all concerned with the challenge of establishing and maintaining effective internal controls over the operations of the data processing function. I f controls are to be effective, it is essential that all parties concerned reach a common ground of understanding. This concept encompasses more than a mere dialog using technical terms. In fact, management must reach its decisions concerning data processing controls only after the fullest consideration of all facets of the situation. The task of relating the facts of a data processing control situation to the needed controls falls on the internal auditor in many instances. The success of the control measures which he may recommend will depend, in large part, upon his ability to convey to management the viewpoint of the data processing personnel involved, as well as his own convictions. Defining the DP Department I n order for the internal auditor to arrive at any' meaningful conclusions concerning the controls needed for a particular data processing department, he must first have a full understanding of the peculiarities of that department. He must know which other departments or functions it serves. He must know its actual position in the corporate organization. I n a recent survey it was found that the position of the data processing function within the corporate structure differed from company to company, although there appeared to be a trend to establish Data Processing as a separate entity with the head of the group reporting to the President of the company. One large data processing organization, headed by a Vice President of Management I nformation Systems, reported to the President. This group had within it the entire data processing function, including systems, programming, hardware operations, and tape library. Another company provided for segregation of duties. One group of high level personnel, reporting to the President, established data processing policy as to systems to be installed and equipment to be used; the systems department, on the other hand, was a part of the procedures function, which reported to the Vice President of Administration; and the operations or hardware section reported to COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 the Controller. Each functional organization within the company had a separate group of programmers. Still another company had two data processing functions: one, Engineering and Scientific, reported to the Vice President of Engineering; the second, Business Operations, reported to the Controller. Each group was entirely independent of the other. Obviously, there must be a different approach to the control problem in a situation where the data processing department is large, independent, serves many other departments, and is high in the organizational structure, than in a case where the data processing function is limited and within the responsibility of the accounting department. Having sized up the particular data processing department involved, the internal auditor should then determine the approach he will use in his analysis of existing controls and in his evaluation of the effectiveness of those controls. This paper will examine the following areas of the typical data processing operation and the control problems confronting the internal auditor in those areas: • I nput controls. • Processing controls. • Bursting, decollating, and binding. • Distribution of reports. Input Controls To the auditor, input controls, established and maintained by Data Processing, are essential internal controls needed to assure the receipt of all data, accuracy of processing, reliability of completed reports, reduction of re-run costs, and efficiency of operations. They describe those records, procedures, and documents employed by Data Processing Operations to monitor the flow of input data within the processing facility and the conversion of the data within a computer program or series of programs. The recipient department shares responsibil ity with Data Processing in determining the reliability of these controls. The Data Control Center is the most vital point in Data Processing because all operating controls over data being moved physically or by machine are centralized in this group. Operating controls should extend over: 1. Receipt of data from source and record of data received; 2. I ssuance of data to operations and record of data issued to operations; 41 3. Return of data from operations and record of data returned from operations; ·4. Return of data to source and record of data returned to source; 5. Receipt of output records and reports from operations and record of output records and reports received from operations; 6. Distribution of output records and reports to users and record of distribution of output records and reports to users. The redundancy in these six listed controls was designed deliberately to highlight two significant control features: a. Physical control over the physical movement of data, and b. Record (paper) control over the movement of data. Typically, controls over the physical and machine movement of data originate outside of the Data Processing Group. Commonly used "input" controls generally accomplish a multiple function: (1) A document count is established to control the physical movement of the data into the Data Control Center; and (2) A control total or group of totals (hours, rates, dollars, units, quantities, etc.) is developed to establish a base for controlling the machine movement of the data in terms of output records. Although the format of source input controls varies with th~ requirements of each company, the purpose is essentially the same: 1. Batch controls - document counts and applicable totals for small groups of documents. This includes some form of Batch Transmittal advice on which applicable processing codes, sequential order number of the batch, document counts and control totals may be recorded. 2. Batch summary controls - summary reports designed to accumu late individual batch transmittals by processing codes (or other applicable system or program identifiers) at the conclusion of the input cycle daily or weekly. The report should list total batches processed, total documents in all batches, and summaries of all other control totals. 3. System summary controls - a daily or weekly summary of the Batch Summary Controls which provides the means of controlling an entire system. Since a computer system can encompass a large number of individual programs, such as a combined payroll/personnel system, this control is needed to summarize all changes affecting the entire system. Processing Controls The movement of data through a computer system involves a number of steps. These include the conversion of data from its original-document state to machine-language on a punched card; transfer to a magnetic tape record in order to achieve a medium for high-speed processing and greater sorting capability; and the additional conversions of the data from tape to tape. At the completion of processing, the tape records of the processed data may be used for transfers to various types of output records such as punched cards, individually printed document records (invoices, checks, notices), or tabulated listings or reports. The auditor is, of course, interested in the mechanical or "built-in" controls in computer equipment which assure the accuracy and reliability of computer operations. But these controls relate primarily to the mechanical functions of the equipment; they furnish little or no visibility or control over the data. Parity checks, double circuitry, double tracks are operations performed within the computer and are not susceptible to outside verification during processing. 42 Program Controls The controls of greater interest to the I nternal Auditor are those program controls written as an integral part of the instructions governing the operation of the computer and the processing of the source data. These offer a variety of means for controlling the data during the transfer processes. The use of programmed controls depends on the controllable aspects of the data being processed. Controls can be programmed to generate console signals or messages for immediate action by the machine operator; they can be programmed to appear separately as output control reports or as an integral part of the data output. The following list represents some of the commonly used types of program controls: Data Output Controls: 1. Columnar totals - totals of numerically recorded data, which are significant in and of themselves. 2. Hash totals - totals of numerically recorded data, which are not significant other than as a means of determining that all data have been included. 3. Record counts - a count of all the records pertaining to a specific transaction or to a specific account balance. Error Controls: 1. Cross footing - a control employed by the computer to assure that columnar totals are in "agreement" or "in balance" condition. 2. Limit check - a computer comparison of the data to programmed limits. The computer generates an exception or rejection listing of any data which exceed the programmed limits. 3. Check points - control total generated at various points during processing to provide a means of locating errors quickly, making unnecessary the complete re-running of a program if an error is discovered during the processing. 4. Zero balance - a control over computer-generated computations which employs a reverse multiplication technique to prove the accuracy of computations. 5. Sequence check - a method whereby each item of information processed is assigned an identification "bit" or mark by the computer, for comparison by the computer to the preceding item of information to determine that the proper sequence of data is being maintained. 6. Audit check - computer audit of input or "new" data being processed against previous recorded data or standards to determine the legitimacy or acceptability of the input. Balancing controls, per se, represents only one aspect of adequate internal control over Data Processing Operations. Control cannot be achieved without cost, and the relationship of cost to benefits derived must always be weighed. Adequate control must be planned, structured, implemented, and enforced in a manner calculated to achieve the desired level of reliability in Data Processing Operations. Bursting, Decollating, and Binding In the Bursting, Decollating, and Binding area, the Auditor is interested in determin ing whether standards which could operate as controls might be established. For example: 1. Paper standards correlated to the number of copies in each computer run. 2. Work standards for separation of carbons, bursting, separation of reports within the run. 3. Work standards for addressing reports for distribution. COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 It should be possible to establish sight check for control of forms or report format to assure more economical completion of reports. Generally, form design is developed by the systems or program representatives in conjunction with the user. This need not be changed; however, a forms control section independent of the Programmer or Systems Section should be established. It might be a part of the Report Control Section. Distribution of Reports Reports may be delivered by Data Processing, by inplant delivery service, in-plant mail, or by recipient department pick-up at a specific place and time or by combination of the above. However, the ultimate responsibility for prompt and accurate delivery of completed data processing reports rests with the Data Processing Department. Control over the distribution of reports can be achieved through a variety of methods, several of which are considered here. A Report Catalog t, A catalog should furnish the information required by Data Processing to process each system, program and report. It should contain, for example, Report Format, Sort Sequence, Total Levels, Input Source, Originator, Bursting and Binding I nstructions, and Distribution Information. The distribution information should disclose: a. The method of distribution b. The date of distribution c. Name of the recipient department A Report Tape Some Data Processing Departments, by maintaining distribution information on the report tapes, print it each time that the program is run. Sometimes, the address labels are also created. Companies which follow this system have a fairly fixed organization and must caution the recipient department(s) to supply any change-of-address information prior to the next report delivery date to assure updating the report tape with the new address information. I n companies where organizational, personnel and facility changes occur often, the catalog system seems more appropriate. Updating a catalog can be done with less chance for error than changing a report tape, which involves the possibil ity of erasing the tape - a potential error in the user's report! Therefore, a catalog of reports is preferred as a source for distribution information. Compliance with Controls How can Data Processing be sure that its basic controlcatalog information is correct? I n several ways: One is to wait for a complaint, and then take corrective action. The preferred way is to use questionnaires. Every month, on a sampling basis, attach a card to each of selected reports, which states: "This report will be stopped (state date) unless this card is completed and returned to Data Processing by (state date)." The card should request distribution information, plus some use information; i.e., how information could be secured without the report and/or specific use of the report information. If several cards are not returned some doubt might be raised as to the value of the program from which the report was derived. Prior to cancelling the reports, as a safety precaution, it might be well to notify the individual listed on the catalog that because he had not returned the information card the report would be discontinued. This precautionary step is necessary because the card may have become detached from the report so that the actual recipient and user of the report had no opportunity to COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 complete it. Without a verification that the individual desires the report, it may be cancelled; a number of cancellations should lead to a questioning of the value of the program, since it is probable that some of the users of the report do not actually need it. The problem of determining the validity or the need for a program provides an opportunity for cooperation between the I nternal Audit and Data Processing Departments. A study may determine that (1) those who are using the remaining copies could secure the needed information from another report, or (2) they don't need the report but did not choose to disclose this fact. Possibly, the Internal Al)ditor can then determine if other programs may be adjusted to provide the information needed by the remaining users, resulting in elimination of the entire program. An additional point of control over report distribution is located at the station where the data processing user picks up the report; this may be the computer center or remote satellite stations of the data processing center. If the user does not pick up his report within eight working hours after its scheduled completion time, there is a strong indication that the report is not needed or the publication schedule is not important. Either fact is important to Data Processing and should be authenticated as quickly as possible. Some companies require that reports not picked up. within 24 hours are to be forwarded to a central area in Data Processing. A departmental representative then attempts to contact the recipient or original requester by phone to determine whether the reports are needed or whether the schedule date may be relaxed. As before, this information can be furnished to Internal Auditing for further study and recommendation. To assure optimum results, the report control function should be located in the accounting, financial, or administrative areas, rather than in Data Processing; for, in the latter section, the responsibility to provide service sometimes overrides good judgment in restricting user desires. Some Test Questions Here are some questions that can be asked to discover whether or not proper controls exist in one's own company: 1. Are external control totals used wherever possible to check the results of the data processed? 2. Is the processed data reviewed by analysis and comparison to determine its reasonableness? 3. Are the catalogs tested to verify that EDP reports produced are listed? 4. Do the report users have knowledge of the method by which the data is processed; and have they reviewed the testing of the program and approved it? 5. Are records maintained of errors occurring in the EDP system? Is the significance of such errors in relation to the operating programs reviewed? 6. Are the pages of reports numbered, so that all recipients know that they have received a complete report? 7. Is confi,dential information on reports prevented from going to unauthorized personnel? 8. Are other reports being prepared wh ich contain similar information, but in different sequence? 9. Are survey sheets sent out periodically to recipients of reports to assure that they are still needed and used? Controls established to guide, efforts through the data processing function depend upon human skill and efficiency. And such efforts are also dependent upon activities which originate and terminate in areas beyond the control of the~data processing function: 0 43 AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMSAlan L. Weiser 12104 Portree Drive Rockville, Md. 20853 The considerations relating to the installation of a large complex of electronic data processing equipment might be familiar to the industrial or manufacturing manager, but it probably presents quite an awesome task to the office manager. This article is intended to familiarize those executives of the business community who are responsible for data processing equipment purchasing and equipment site preparation, with the factors to be considered in planning for the physical environment of the data processing system. The following is an outl ine of elements which should be considered in planning a data processing installation. Data Processing Installation Considerations 1. Installation Scheduling 2. Equipment Requirements a. Space b. Structural Support c. Power Supplies d. Environmental Conditions e. Layout Configuration 3. Site Selection a. Lease b. Build c. Buy d. Alterations 4. Site Preparation a. Flooring, Ceiling and Walls b. Lighting, Arrangement, Communications c. Power Supplies and Cable Layout d. Environment Conditions - Acoustics, Air Conditioning Temperature Control, Filtration, Humidity Control, Vibration e. Safety f. Appearance 5. Equipment Delivery and Installation Installation Scheduling No simple formula exists for creating a schedule that would be applicable to all installations. General guidelines Alan L. Weiser has beef!' a systems engineer and a supervisor of analysis, development, testing, and technical data management for Vitro Laboratories for twelve years. He has a Master of Arts degree in Management Information Systems and Research and Development Management from the American University, and a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineer.ing from the University of Rhode Island. are shown in Table 1. However, there are specific considerations and procedures which should be fitted into a program. It should be noted that the first activity follows the selection of the EDP equipment. The ensuing paragraphs present an elaboration of the phases denoted in Table 1. Number of Months Prior to Delivery of EDP Equipment Activity Start Activity Complete Activity 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 12 11. 5 10.5 9.5 8.0 7.0 6.5 5.0 4.5 10.5 10.5 9.5 8.0 7.0 6.5 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 +1.0 +2.0 Begin Installation Study Select Site Establish Specifications Design Layout Prepare Site Plans Let Contracts for Site Work Start Site Work Deliver Support Systems Install and Approve Support Systems and Site Work 10. Deliver EDP Equipment 11. Install and Checkout EDP Equipment 12. Start System Conversion +2.0 Table 1. GENERAL INSTRUCTION SCHEDULE 1. Begin Study. As noted earl ier, the length of time for preparing for EDP equipment installation varies with the complexity and size of the proposed system. The installation study should commence soon after top management has given its approval to the justification report. 2. Select Site. Selection of the site for the computer equipment will be more fully covered below. Site selection is essentially an evaluation of alternatives related to the economics and the humanities of doing business, in order to choose the best all-around location and building for the installation. Site selection problems can be solved with the aid of such operations research techniques as linear programming. 3. Establish Specifications. The section on equipment requirements below presents an insight into some of the specifications that the Study Group must consider. During this phase, the Study Group ,completes overall building specifications which take into account equipment requirements as well as organization needs . 4. Design Layout. This phase is concerned with developing floor plans, electric and communications cable runs, COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 ,. PHYSICAL INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS "A computer installation site selected solely because it fits the needs of the EDP equipment, may be so poorly suited for the people who will use it, that the overall system will lose its designed effectiveness." to heating and air conditioning duct work and general structural requirements. 5. Site Plans. These are detailed plans which will be provided to contractors to control actual installation and structural work. Contractors will use these plans for estimating their cost bids. 6. Let Contracts. Award contracts for the actual site preparation work. 7. Start Site Work. Commence building erection or alterations. 8. Deliver Support Systems. Support systems generally include: heating, cooling, primary power, lighting, communications and fire protection. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Operating temperature range Humidity range Space and load-support-requirements Air filtration requirements Vibration tolerances The equipment requirements are usually specified on a per unit basis. That is, specifications will be given for each model of Central Processor, Card Reader, Magnetic Tape Unit, etc. Then the sum of the individual unit requirements are used in designing overall system requirements. 9. Install and Approve Support Systems and Site Work. It is imperative that all support equipment be in good working order, especially the subsystems, which will protect the EDP equipment, before the EDP equipment is delivered and installed. All structural and electrical work should be completed at this time. State and local inspectors must approve the structural, mechanical and electrical work, and the Study Group should ensure that all work meets the design objectives prior to installation of the EDP equipment. 10. Deliver EDP Equipment. The sequence of delivery of the equipment is usually the responsibility of the supplier; however, the user must provide storage, uncrating and other related support. Especially important in avoiding delays and damage to the equipment during moving is the planning of the moving routes both outside the site and within the site. 11. Installation and Checkout of the EDP Equipment. The supplier generally will provide the technicians and engineers required to install, adjust and put the equipment into operation. 12. Start Conversion and Operation. The user will generally have started conversion operations prior to the actual installation; however, now he can go full swing by moving in all his personnel, office furniture and supplies. Site Selection There are several approaches management can take in selecting a site. The direct approach would be one of matching site capabilities with equipment requirements. The site which offered maximum utility with minimum modification would be the prime selection. Another direct approach would be to match business requirements and site capabilities. This, of course, uses significantly different characteristics of the site for comparison than would be used in the former case. The usual disadvantages encountered with using the direct approach is the neglect of interacting relationships. A site selected solely because it fits the needs of the EDP equipment may be so poorly suited for the users of the system that the overall system loses its designed effectiveness. Site selection is especially su ited for the use of modern management decision techniques. Following is a list of factors that should be considered in site selection. 1. Land Costs in the different geographic areas under consideration should be compared. 2. Building Costs in the different geographical areas under consideration should be compared. 3. Insurance Costs are affected by the type of Equipment Requirements There are certain specifications submitted by the equipment manufacturer that must be met by the user in order to qualify for the supplier's equipment guarantees and to insure that the equipment will operate efficiently. The equipment installation specifications generally cover the following categories: 1. Voltage and frequency levels and allowable deviation COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 building construction used and by the location of the site in relation to fire hazards and firefighting facilities. 4. Zoning Regulations may affect the planning of an installation and its anticipated future expansion. 5. Existing Facilities may be disrupted temporarily by installation of additional data processing equipment. 6. Accessibility of Site for delivery of equipment and supplies should be considered. 45 7. Adequate Space should be provided for efficient 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. operation, and to allow for anticipated future expansion. Display Area use of the data processing equipment may provide additional benefits. Rated Floor Loading of each site being evaluated should be compared to the floor loading imposed by the data processing equipment. Electric Power of proper quality and reliability is required for data processing equipment. Air Conditioning may be needed to maintain specified environmental conditions. This requires an adequate water supply and a fresh air supply of good qual ity. Communications Facilities are important to proper operation of data processing equipment. The possibil ity of future connection to remotely located sites should be considered. Human Factors relating to easy access by employees to the site, pleasant working environment, and convenience to sundry eating and shopping establishments are important to hiring and retaining personnel. total loads to be imposed upon the floor. Where it appears that expected loads will exceed the floor rating, he, of course, will have to redesign the flooring to support the load. If the building cannot be reinforced to support the expected loads, it may be necessary to relocate the EDP site or make some tradeoffs on equipment used. It has been suggested that elimination of nonsupporting partitions will usually reduce the dead load by 20 to 25 pounds per square foot. Ceilings and Walls Wall and ceiling construction are an important factor in noise reduction, air filtration and humidity control. The mechanical drive units of punches and printers may pro- . duce noise levels that are uncomfortable and distracting to operating personnel. The proper selection of ceil ing tile and wall material can materially cut down this problem. For cleanliness and trouble-free operation of the equipment, ceiling, wall and even floor finishes should be dust and lint-free. Ceiling and wall finishes should resist chipping, chalking and flaking. Lighting Site Preparation In site preparation, as in site selection, three predominant factors need to be considered-equipment, business, and people. Each of these factors will be discussed in detail in the succeeding paragraphs. Flooring When selecting flooring, it is well to become acquainted with some of the terms used in structural design. These include: DEAD LOAD of a building shall include the weight of the walls, permanent partitions, framing, floors, roofs and other permanent stationary construction entering into and becoming part of a building. LIVE LOAD includes all loads except dead and lateral loads. LATE RA L LOADS are those applied to the surfaces of a building (usually wind forces). CONCENTRATED LOAD is a load applied at a point or upon a very small area. DISTR I BUTED LOAD is a load spread over a very large area. RATED FLOOR LOAD is an indication of the maximum uniformly distributed load that may be safely applied to a given area. The most common type of flooring used in a data processing center is a free-access raised floor. Some of the major advantages of this type of floor are: 1. Power and control cables and piping can be run beneath the floor as required between units without obstructing movement within the area. 2. I f the entire false floor can be made a plenum, air can reach the base of each unit for cool ing. 3. A well constructed false floor can dampen vibrations and reduce the ambient noise level. 4. The modular false floor can be quickly removed to get at cabling and other fixtures. 5. The raised, modular floor provides for easier expansion of the system or for changing the equipment layout. Equipment manufacturers will specify the loading characteristics of their equipment; then it will be up to the structural engineer to analyze the floor load rating and the 46 Some terms in common use by lighting engineers will help in understanding the I ighting problem. These terms include: ONE CANDLE POWER is defined as a uniform point source of light of one international candle. ONE FOOT CANDLE equals the light intensity at one foot distance from a uniform point source of I ight of one international candle. ONE LUMEN is the total amount of light on an area of one square foot that is lighted to a uniform intensity of one foot candle. One candle power produces approximately 12.6 lumens of light. LUMENS PER WATT is a measure of the efficiency of a light. For example, a typical 40 watt fluorescent light has an efficiency of 54 lumens per watt. The proper amount of illumination (lumens) required over a specific surface (desk, console, etc.) to enable a person to be able to perform a given task can be obtained from various books and reports put out by the National Bureau of Standards and the Society for Better Vision. For general vision comfort, it is best to have a uniformly lighted area. However, Chapin (" I ntroduction to Automatic Data Processing", 1963) reports that a common problem around the central processor is the difficulty encountered in observing control indicators because of the overall high intensity of light from the overhead fixtures. He suggests two alternatives to reducing the problem: (1) to provide a high level of illumination elsewhere with a dimmer control for lights near the console; and (2) to provide a high level of illumination and a light shield over the console and test equipment. It is important to provide sufficient illumination when maintenance work is to be conducted on equipment. With separately controlled lighting over each major area, illumination can be raised or lowered as required without disturbing other parts of the operating area. In selecting fluorescent or incandescent lights, the following facts should be kept in mind. Fluorescents will give more illumination over a wider area than an incandescent lamp watt for watt, but incandescent lamps are more efficient where spot lighting is preferred; such as for display purposes. Generally incandescent lamps in a data processing center will contribute almost twice as much heat as that produced by fluorescents; consequently, the air cooling system will have to be designed for a bigger load, thus adding some costs for the cooling systems. COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 It isn't every new company that has the people and the product to make it famous right away. But Scan Graphicsdoes. We've gathered together some of the most experienced people in the computer arid microfilm business. People whose combined skills bring a powerful new creative capability to the industry. The result of our effort is our new GraphiCOM.® The GraphiCOM lets you do things on microfilm that never could be done before. Like creating graphs and charts and drawings that, until now, could only be produced by a draftsman. And in a fraction of the time. The reason for the GraphiCOM's capability lies in the quality of its output. In resolution, density and . contrast,nothing can match it. As for speed, the GraphiCOM will produce this quality at more than 10,000 characters per second. Yet for all its speed and quality, the GraphiCOM is priced lower than other so-called high-resolution COMs. Before you invest in COM equipment, find out ;how the new GraphiCOM by Scan Graphics can give you more quality for less money than any other high resolution microfilmer on the market. ·Call us. We'll be happy to give you all the details. Scan Graphics 104 Lincoln Avenue Stamford, Connecticut 06902. (203) 324-5741. t ®GrophiCOM is a trademark of Sean. Graphics Corp. Designgte No. 17 on RegderService Card Communications Environmental Conditions Throughout the E DP department various types of communications systems are employed. (Communications here are related to personal communications between people, and not data communications for computer p.rocessing.) These communications can be divided into three categories: inter-office, general announcing and external. Intercoms and direct dial telephones are most commonly used in inter-office communications. Especially where offices are geographically spread apart or have restricted admittance due to security regulations, an intercom or direct dial phone is an economy measure. External communication facilities may take several different forms, but probably the most popular are telephones and teletype units. Under this general topic, the following elements will be discussed: acoustics, air conditioning and vibration. Reduction of background noise is important to employee efficiency, and EAM equipment, because of its electromechanical construction, is a constant source of noise. There are generally two schemes for reducing the noise level: one is to reduce the noise at the source, and the other is to use sound isolation techn iques. Although the former method is preferable, it is usually harder to accomplish because of the operational restrictions placed on the equipment. In the latter case, there are three approaches to sound isolation. These are: (1) relocate the noise source; (2) use sound-absorbing material for walls, ceilings and floors; and (3) place barriers between noise source and the listener. Air conditioning can be defined as the simultaneous control of temperature, moisture content, movement and quality of the air in enclosed spaces. It is under this broad definition that the elements of air heating, cooling, filtration and humidity control will be discussed. Because air conditioning requirements are so stringent for the equipment and may differ significantly from those for the personnel, dual air conditioning systems are usually used in offices and equipment areas of data processing centers wherever possible. Some terminology that is used in air conditioning design is presented here. BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU) is the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of one pound of water one degree F. Also, 3413 BTU's are equivalent to one kilowatt hour of electrical energy. ION OF REFRIGERATION is the amount of cooling required to freeze one ton of water at 32 degrees F in 24 hours, also equivalent to cooling at the rate of 12,000 BTU's per hour. DRY BU LB TEMPE RATU R E is the temperature of air as measured by an ordinary thermometer. WET BU LB TEMPE RATU R E is the temperature of air as measured by an ordinary thermometer with a moistened sleeve over its bulb. PSYCHROMETR IC CHART shows the relationship bet~een a number of factors that describe the condition of air. It is used by air conditioning engineers to perform calculations in the design of an air conditioning system. Power Requirements The following are some electrical engineering terms which the reader will find useful in understanding equipment power ratings and the design of the electrical system for supplying power for EDP equipment, general office and test equipment, and lighting: ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) is current that fluctuates between a positive value and a negative value at a specific cyclic rate. The common rate for power in the United States is 60 cycles per second. I n a large number of foreign cO[.Jntries 50 cycles per second is more common than 60. DIRECT CURRENT (DC) is current that does not fluctuate but maintains a constant level. DC is seldom transmitted over long distances because of high power losses. CU R RENT is the power supplied to equipment and is measured in amperes. VOLTAGE is the measure of potential to provide a certain amount of current for a specified load. For a fixed impedance raise in voltage will cause a rise in current. KVA is voltage (V) times amperes (A) divided by 1000 and is a measure of total power available at the source. KW is kilo-watts or a measure of the useful portion of the KVA delivered. KW = KVA times PF (Power Factor) PF is power factor or a relationship of current-tovoltage phasing. When the load is resistive, the PF . equals 1. When the load is resistive-reactive like a motor, the PF is less than 1. SI NG LE PHASE VOLTAGE is supplied over two wires and the live voltage is measured between these wires. THREE PHASE VOLTAGE is supplied on three or four wires depending upon the intended use. Generally the basic power system must satisfy the present and future needs of: (1.) the EDP equipment; (2) the general office equipment; and (3) the lighting and support system (heating, air conditioning, etc.). It is also wise to consider an auxiliary power supply system, for in some data processing operations short duration shutdowns may be very costly .. The electrical uti Iity usually can provide power that satisfies the voltage and frequency requirements of the EDP equipment. In areas where this is not true, the user may have to furnish his own primary power soun;:e, motor-generator sets, or special power and frequency regulation equipment. When the user must supply special equipment to generate or regulate power, his installation and maintenance costs usually will rise. 48 Safety I n data processing centers, safety is more than just a matter of personnel safety; it also includes the protection of equipment, data records (forms, tapes and cards) and the site. Hazards to data records can be further broken down into three categories: (1) loss due to fire, (2) loss due to mishandling by personnel, and (3) loss due to theft. Personnel training is one of the best methods for combatting carelessness and for insuring that corrective action is taken when emergencies do arise. Personnel should be trained in: the proper procedures for turning off electrical power; operation of fire fighting equipment; first-aid procedures; evacuation or securing of valuable records; and the quickest method of securing outside help. Fire damage to equipment and data records represent an almost incalculable monetary loss. Not only is the replacement cost high, but the money, time and effort spent to put the equipment into operation, prepare and test programs and acquire data is al most a total loss. Although fire damage presents the greatest threat to data records, loss due to mishandling and theft should not be overlooked. Mishandling of data tapes or cards and even original input forms can cause considerable costly rework, and equally bad mistakes may creep into the reprocessing phase. COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 29-11 PROBLEM CORNER Walter Penney, CDP Problem Editor Computers and Automation PROBLEM 6911: TESTING RESISTANCE TO PI "There's a danger in having easy access to a computer." There was a slight complaining note in Claude Liffey's voice. "What do you mean 7", John Lawthorne asked. "Some of my students do their homework on the Bivac and they end up with no real understanding of the work. Last week, for instance, I gave them the series S = 1/5 + 1/6 + 1/31 + 1/931 + ... to sum. Some of the sharp operators wrote a program and ran it. They got .39999 as the answer and handed in S = A, which was right, but it would have been better if they had applied some of the principles we had been studying. Then they'd be able to handle lots of other cases instead of writing a separate program for each one." "Maybe what you ought to do is make up a problem that has a solution close to an integer, say 2.9999 and let these sharp ones work it out on the computer and jump to the conclusion that the answer is 3. When you mark them wrong they may realize there are more important things than getting a numerical answer." "Great!" Claude was immediately enthusiastic. "Actually the correct answer doesn't have to be close to an integer. Suppose it's 3.1416, correct to four decimal places. I don't think any of them could resist giving 1T as the answer." "Yes, but you might have a job finding a way to get 3.1416 without using one of the series for 1T or someth ing similar." "Well, let's see. I could make up a complicated problem which merely solved a quadratic equation in a very roundabout way. The students who let a computer do their homework would probably not analyze it enough to see this." "0. K.", John said. "Now find the quadratic equation having a root as close as possible to 1T." "You could get as close as you like if you make the coefficients large enough. I think I'll keep the coefficients less than 100." What is the equation 7 The latter situation may increase processing costs. I t may also hurt the center's business by tarnishing its reputation. Loss by theft, although not too common, may occur if the data is of value to competitors or foreign governments. In order to insure maximum safeguarding of the data recordings, the following policies and procedures should be put into effect: 1. Only authorized personnel should handle the data records. 2. An enclosed, guarded area should be provided for filing the data records. 3. For very valuable data or irreplaceable data, duplicate tapes or cards, or tape and card files should be maintained at separate storage areas. service industry also, not only in the appearance of published reports but in the appearance of the actual site. In doing business in today's highly competitive world, image and reputation are very important. Appearance The appearance of the data processing center is important for employee morale and for selling itself to potential customers. Most all computer equipment rooms are provided with "showcase" windows for visitors to observe operations; this also helps to keep visitors from getting underfoot in the operations area. Many data centers that occupy street floors of office buildings make a big show of their data center by arranging special views for the general public passing by. The impact, of packaging is felt in the data processing COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 Solution to Problem 6910: Chronic Computeritis The value of (1 + i)46 could be obtained in only seven operations, for example, by calculating (1 + i)n for n = 1,2, 3, 5, 10, 13,23,46. Readers are invited to submit problems (and their solutions) for publication in this column to: Problem Editor, Computers and Automation, 815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160. Equipment Delivery and Installation It is the buyer's responsibility to obtain all licenses and permits for setting up the data center. He is required to provide facilities for uncrating the equipment and internal movement of the units. Supplier engineers and technicians will be on-site to install and check out the EDP equipment and to assist in putting it into operation. All supporting systems, like air conditioning, electrical power and lighting, should have been approved and in good working order prior to the delivery of the EDP equipment. Some areas that the buyer should plan for during the delivery and installation stage are: 1. Moving routes from supplier to site; 2. Traffic expected around site during delivery; 3. In-house work stoppages during delivery of equipment; 4. Operating status of elevators, loading ramps, etc; 5. Movement routes of equipment through the site, door and ceiling clearances and other obstacles; 6. Safety precautions for personnel and equipment. o 49 WORLDWIDE REPORT FROM GREAT BRITAIN Competition for the Superscale Market To those in Britain who saw I BM's announcement of a System 360/195 as a serious threat to Control Data CO.rporation, the end-September counterblast from CDC In London must have come as a distinct surprise. Long before an equivalent I BM machine is available anywhere, CDC plans to have installed and running in Britain one of its superscale 7600 machines, possibly to be joined by a second before the end of 1971. At the same time, the company will back this extension of its Cybernet service with the setting up of a European support centre and a Control Data I nstitute for the train ing of computer staff able to handle the power of this giant machine. The battle is on in Britain and other European countries for the top end of the market. Many interpret the I nternational Computers decision (which preceded the CDC announcement) to the effect that it had dropped the original design of the 1908A and was altering its architecture, and extending the target date for about half a year to some time in 1972, as one graceful way of bowing out of the top sector of the market. This ICL denies, as it must. But there is no doubt that the two companies are firm allies, that they do a brisk trade in peripherals, and that they are sharing the research and development burden. Political Effect ICL maintains that it is still developing a superscale machine of its own, that it is in close contact with European countries on the design of a still larger mach ine for the 1980's, and that the planning of its next series is on schedule. It is thought that the company has made up its mind on the design of this new equipment and that it will be extensively compatible with the CDC series machines. This is not to sayan even closer marriage than a "marriage de convenance" is in the offing. But an election next spring in Britain cannot be ruled out. Indeed, with the economic climate so much less bleak than it has been for three years, the Labour Government must make the best of a tough position. It could fall, though most pundits think it would just scrape home. We might see a Tory Government. If previous Tory policies with regard to the data processing industry are anything to go by, it would be logical to expect. withdrawal of Government support from the only British computer company, ICL, which then would have to seek a powerful ally in a harsh and hostile world. Who better tha.n CDC? This is the way the reasoning is going, and no one IS blaming ICL for hedging its bets. It is too much to expect a smallish data processing company to stand up to I BM on home ground, while holding off the cut-price attacks of newcomers breaking into the market. It is particularly too much when, at the 50 same time, the company is seeking to establish the ICL brand name overseas - that is not only in the Commonwealth under Imperial Preference, but also in Europe. ICL also is accountable to shareholders and has no other source of income than computing. Only CDC and Digital are in a simi lar position. Private Enterprise vs. a Semi-State Organisation At end-September too, the basis was laid of what could be a really rip-roaring controversy between private enterprise and a semi-state organisation. Readers may remember when the British Post Office (now a Corporation following the first change in status in hundreds of years) put proposals for its National Data Processing Service (NDPS) before Parliament. The private bureaux were up in arms since the Post Office had and still has the monopoly of data transmission lines, which raises a host of interesting possibilities. Recently, this NDPS undertook the big contract, on behalf of the British Airports Authority, to supply a comprehensive data processing service to all international airlines freighting into London with a real-time, on-line information network and close links into Customs and Excise. This should speed freight documentation out of all recogn ition. Now this was a Government organisation scratching the back of a semi-official organisation which had ordered its equipment from a Government-aided organisation - ICL. But still more recently, NDPS has taken a big contract from the Trustee Savings Banks in North West England to provide an on-line teller service in a whole area from North Wales to the Scottish border covered by 170 branches. The rub comes when it is realised that the computer to be used as the central machine is one of the ICL 4-70's originally suppl ied for the Post Office G I R 0, but not used because that system has got off to such a bad start. The bureaux are annoyed because here was a plum contract that could have been handled by one of the larger units among them and won with the expenditure of public money. ICL is annoyed because it could have sold another machine. By and large the only people who come out of the deal with real satisfaction are the 01 ivetti people who are supplying about $4m worth of equipment and have now placed not far from $10m worth of banking teller terminals in Britain in about 18 months, beating Burroughs to a frazzle outside the main clearing banks. And still the question remains unsolved as to how the section of the Post Office which provides data transmission services makes a choice between private industry and NDPS, when there is competition for lines and modems, still a bottleneck in many areas. (Please turn to page 52 ) COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS Nov. 3-7, 1969: GUIDE International, Denver Hilton Hotel, Denver, Colorado; contact Jack Eggleston, GUIDE Secretary, Mgr., Programming R&D, Mutual of Omaha Insurance Co., P.O. Box 1298, Omaha, Nebraska 68101 Nov. 5-7, 1969: IEEE Northeast Electronics Research and Engineering Meeting (NEREM), War Memorial Auditorium and Sheraton Boston Hotel, Boston, Mass.; contact NEREM, 31 Channing St., Newton, Mass. 02158. Nov. 10-11, 1969: Digitronics Users Assoc. (DUA), 4th Annual Conference, Barbizon-Plaza Hotel, New York City; contact Secretary, DUA, Box 113, Albertson, Long Island, New York, 11507 Nov. 13-14, 1969: Conference on the Legal Protection of Computer Programs (sponsored by the Law Group of the British Computer Society), Bedford Hotel, Brighton, England; contact Conference Dept. of The British Computer Society, 21 Lamb's Conduit St., London, W.C.1, England Nov. 13-14, 1969: NCR Century System Users' Group Initial Meeting, Houston, Tex.; contact R. E. Davis, Automated Systems Corp., Houston, Tex. 77002 Nov. 15-16, 1969: ACUTE (Accountants Computer Users Technical Exchange), Jack Tar, San Francisco, Calif.; contact ACUTE, 947 Old York Rd., Abington, Pa. 19001 Nov. 17-19, 1969: IEEE Eighth Symposium on Adaptive Processes, The Pennsylvania State Univ., State College, Pa.; contact Dr. George]. McMurtry, Program Chairman IEEE 1969 (8th) Symposium on Adaptive Processes, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State Univ., University Park, Pa. 16802 Nov. 18-20, 1969: Fall Joint Computer Conference, Convention Hall, Las Vegas, Nev.; contact American Federation for Information Processing (AFIPS), 210 Summit Ave., Montvale, N.]. 07645. Nov. 19-21, 1969: 51st Annual Meeting of the American National Standards Institute, Statler Hilton Hotel, Detroit, Mich.; contact American National Standards Institute, 1430 Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10018 Nov. 20-21, 1969: Conference '69: 1969 Data Processing Conference sponsored by the Empire Div. (13) of the Data Processing Management Association (DPMA), Statler Hilton Hotel, New York, N.Y.; contact Registrar, Conference '69, P.O. Box 1926, Grand Central Station, New York, N.Y. 10017 Nov. 25-27, 1969: Digital Satellite Communication Conference, Savoy Place, London, England; contact lEE Joint Conference Secretariat, Savoy Place, London \VC2, England. Dec. 1-3, 1969: Conference on Image Storage and Transmission for Libraries, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Md.; contact: Madeline M. Henderson, Center for Computer Sciences and Technology, National Bureau of Standards, Room B226-Instr., Washington, D.C. 20234 Dec. 8-10, 1969: Third Conference on Applications of Simulation, International Hotel, Los Angeles, Calif.; contact Arnold Ockene, General Chairman, Simulation Associates, Inc., 600 North Broadway, White Plains, N.V. 1601 Dec. 18-20, 1969: Third International Symposium on Computer and Informational Science (COINS-69), Americana Hotel, Bal Harbour, Fla.; contact Dr. Julius T. Tou, COINS69 Chairman, Graduate Research Professor, University of Florida, Gainesville, Fla. 32601. Dec. 27-28, 1969: Annual Meeting of the Association for Symbolic Logic, Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York, N.V.; contact: Prof. Jon Barwise, Program Chairman, Dept. of Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. 06520 Jan. 14-16, 1970: Third Annual Simulation Symposium, Sheraton-Tampa Motor Hotel, Tampa, Fla.; contact: Annual Simulation Symposium, P.O. Box 1155, Tampa, Fla. 33601, 813-839-5201. Jan. 14-16, 1970: 1970 International Conference on System Sciences (IEEE), Honolulu, Hawaii; contact: Dr. Richard H. Jones (HICSS), Information Sciences Program, 2565 Th~ Mall, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 Jan. 19-21, 1970: Computer Software & Peripherals Show & Conference, Eastern Region, New York Hilton, New York, N.Y.; contact Show World, Inc., 37 West 39th St., New York, N.V. 10018. Feb. 5-6, 1970: The 1970 AIlE (American Institute of Industrial Engineers) Systems Engineering Conference, SheratonDayton Hotel, Dayton, Ohio; contact Technical Services Director AIlE, 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017. Feb. 17-19,1970: Computer Software & Peripherals Show & Conference, Midwest Region, Pick-Congress Hotel, Chicago, Ill.; contact Show World, Inc., 37 West 39th St., New York, N.Y. 10018. Feb. 18-20, 1970: IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference, Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa.; contact: Mr. L. D. Wechsler, Program Committee Secretary, General Electric Co., Electronics Park, Bldg. #3, Syracuse, N.Y. 13201 . March 17-20, 1970: IEEE Management and Economics in the Electronics Industry Symposium, Appleton Tower, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland; contact Conference Secretariat, Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, London, W.C.2, England. March 23-25, 1970: INFO-EXPO-70, technical meeting sponsored by the Information Industry Association, Shoreham Hotel, Washington, D.C.; contact Paul G. Zurkowski, Information Industry Association, 1025 15th St. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005 Apr. 2-3, 1970: First National Symposium on Industrial Robots, lIT Research Institute, Chicago, Ill.; contact Mr. Dennis W. Hanify, lIT Research Institute, 10 West 35 St., Chicago, Ill. 60616 Apr. 7-9, 1970: Computer Software & Peripherals Show & Conference, Western Region, Anaheim Convention Center, Los Angeles, Calif.; contact Show World, Inc., 37 West 39th St., New York, N.Y. 10018. Apr. 13-16, 1970: Computer Graphics International Symposium, Uxbridge, England; contact R. Elliot Green, Cg. 70, Exhibition Organiser, BruneI University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, England Apr. 14-17, 1970: Conference on Automatic Test Systems (IEEE), Birmingham, Warwickshire, England; contact: Conference Registrar, The Institution of Electronic and Radio Engineers, 8-9, Bedford Square, London, WC 1, England. May 5-7, 1970: Spring Joint Computer Conference, Convention Hall, Atlantic City, N.].; contact American Federation for Information Processing (AFIPS), 210 Summit Ave., Montvale, N.]. 07645 May 25-27, 1970: Forum of Control Data Users (FOCUS) Annual Conference, St. Paul Hilton, St. Paul, Minn.; contact: William I. Rabkin, FOCUS Exec. Sec., c/o Itek Corp., 10 Maguire Rd., Lexington, Mass. 02173 June 15-16, 1970: Conference on Solid State in Industry, (IEEE), Statler-Hilton Hotel, Cleveland, Ohio; contact: A. J. Humphrey, Technical Program Chairman, The Reliance Electric & Engrg. Co., 24701 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44117 June 22-26, 1970: 11 th Joint Automatic· Control Conference, Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga.; contact ASME Headquarters, 345 E. 47th St., New York, N.Y. 10017 June 24-26, 1970: Annual Joint Automatic Control Conference (JACC), Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Ga.; contact: Prof. J. B. Lewis, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Penn. State Univ., University Park, Penn. 16802 Aug. 24-28, 1970: IFIP World Conference on Computer Education, Amsterdam, Netherlands; contact: A. A. M. Veenhuis, Secretary-General, IFIP Conference Computer Education 1970, 6, Stadhouderskade Amsterdam 13, Netherlands Aug. 31-Sept. 2, 1970: American Society of Civil Engineers, Fifth Conference on Electronic Computation, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.; contact Robert E. Fulton, Mail Stop 188-C Structures Research Division, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va. 23365 51 Sept. 1-3, 1970: 25th National Conference, Association for Computing Machinery, New York Hilton, New York, N.Y.; contact: Sam Matsa, ACM '70 General Chairman, IBM Corp., 410 E. 62nd St., New York, N.Y. 10021 Sept. 2-4, 1970: The Institution of Electrical Engineers (lEE) Conference on Man-Computer Interaction, UK National Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, England; contact Roger Dence, lEE Press Office, Savoy Place, London WC2, England Oct. 5-9, 1970: Computer 70 - International Comput~r E~ hibition, Olympia, London, England; contact M. F. Webster, Leedex Limited, 100 Whitechapel Road, London, E.1., England Oct. 26-28, 1970: Forum of Control Data Users (FOCUS) Regional Conference, Statler Hilton Hotel, Washington, D.C.; contact: William 1. Rabkin, FOCUS Exec. Sec., c/o Itek Corp., 10 Maguire Rd., Lexington, Mass. 02173 Oct. 26-29, 1970: 25th Annual ISA Conference & Exhibit, Civic Center, Phila., Pa.; contact K. F. Fitch, Meetings Coordinator, Instrument Society of America, 530 William Penn Place, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15219 REPORT FROM GREAT BRITAIN (Continued from page 50 ) Corporate Computer Services - A New Idea We began with a story of the superscale, but there is a small UK company which has only been in operation for six months that has put forward some ideas likely to have far-reaching influence. Corporate Computer Services was set up with backing from the giant Tate & Lyle sugar group. Its pri mary purpose was to provide a service not so far available in Britain to design, advise on, and even build the proper environment for computers. Anyone who has been to as many totally unsuitable premises housing equipment as I have will know there is a real need for such a service. To this form of service, the company has already added proposals for the day-to-day maintenance of environments, general air conditioning, heating and ventilating systems, and maintenance on contract of electronics of all types. The company has captured a Harvard Business School graduate from Canada, Reg Ferguson, and his ideas could make a good few hardware manufacturers and software houses in America sit up and blink. The first one is for a generalised language for the construction of management information systems. It is no small project and will take about 18 months to complete. The company had originally thought of tapping the vast resources of its parent organ isation for leasi ng operations but - and this is despite the fact that leasing did not really start in Britain till the early part of 1968 - it has decided that there are too many big fish in this pond already, all facing starvation once new I BM ranges are launched. With its many homely but nonetheless essential facil ities to back up really advanced work on information systems analysis, manpower management and computing economics advice, it should go far. The company managing director, Roger Tomlin, has already had to refuse business in North America because he cannot recruit fast enough. Ted Schoeters Stanmore, Middlesex England 52 NUMBLES NUMBER PUZZLES FOR NIMBLE MINDS -AND COMPUTERS Neil Macdonald Assistant Editor Computers and Automation A " num ble" is an arithmetical problem in which: digits have been replaced by capital letters; and there are two messages, one which can be read right away and a second one in the digit cipher. The problem is to solve for the digits. Each capital letter in the arithmetical problem stands for just one digit 0 to 9. A digit may be represented by more than one letter. The second message, which is expressed in numerical digits, is to be translated (using the same key) into letters so that it may be read; but the spell ing uses puns or is otherwise irregular, to discourage cryptanalytic methods of deciphering. We invite our readers to send us solutions, together with human programs or computer programs which will produce the solutions. NUMBLE 6911 ONe E X I S F LS F W E E NNW C I = S y E C NIT W + N WC LAS A C = NOT 0 F TEN and 16382 10960 33847 388 Solution to Numble 6910 In Numble 6910 in the October issue, the digits 0 through 9 are represented by letters as follows: H=O S=5 L=1 W=2 T=3 E=4 A=6 1=7 F=8 0=9 The full message is: The least foolish is wise. Our thanks to the following individuals for submitting their solutions to Numble 6910: Chester C. Criswell, Cleveland, Ohio; T. P. Finn, Indianapolis, Ind.; James B. Morris, Jr., Los Alamos, N. Mex.; D. F. Stevens, Berkeley, Calif.; Robert R. Weden, Edina, Minn.; and Ricky Wyner, Port Chester, N. Y. COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 JOBS AND CAREERS IN DATA PROCESSING People and Computers - Part 2 * The Right Honourable Lord Robens Chairman, National Coal Board Woldingham, PC, England The fallacy of the prophets of the problem of leisure is not just that they envisage implausibly swift productivity increases. The real, and most revealing deficiency is that their sociological thinking is extremely shallow. It is now so many years since the end of the First World War: real earnings have a1most trebled, yet hours of work have not dropped. We would, therefore, be totally unjustified in assuming, without any further argument, as they do, that people wish to take a significant proportion of increased wealth in the form of leisure. Rightly or wrongly, in our present society it seems proved that people would rather have a car than increased leisure, indeed a second car than increased leisure. This is what we see in the United States; are we to assume that human nature is going to reverse itself overnight? No doubt at some level of wealth, people will be satisfied, but at what level? Suppose we had been discussing this in Britain in the 1920's, and suppose we had been asked the question: 'A nation has the possibility of working 20 hours a week for three times our present income, or 40 hours for six times our income, which will it choose?' Surely we would have found it incredible that anyone would make the second choice?; yet that is just what the Americans have already done. They work just 40 hours a week, and their average income is about six times the level of income in Britain in the 1920's. The cause is perhaps not far to seek. If we had the needs and desires of our Victorian ancestors, we would already be working a 20 hour week. But we have quite different demands; for cars, television, travel abroad. And there are solid reasons why the same pattern may continue. There are many great and dynamic firms, filled with imaginative and ambitious people, who depend for their success on thinking up new products to bring them in ever-increasing income. Glance through the pages of any American magazine, and you will be convinced of that. Certainly, many of these new products will be so-called 'leisure products', most consumer goods are. But they all require money to buy them, and in the meantime, all our old wants are still with us. If someone wants a colour television, it is not a matter of selling the second car, it is a matter of continuing to work those four hours' overtime that he had intended to stop now the children are growing up. So, summing up my views on limitless abundance and limitless leisure, I would say that while at some date in the future they may come about, and no one welcomes the *This is the second of a two-part article based on the 1969 Dudley Hooper Memorial Lecture given by Lord Robens at London University on January 28, 1969. Part 1 appeared in this column last month. COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 prospect more than I do, it is not a matter that need concern us greatly as yet. Those who threaten us with leisure, as so many computer prophets do, are guilty of distracting us from the really important things. The real problem of leisure is nothing to do with the computer, it is the problem of the retired. Medicine is now giving people more leisure than computers, and this form of leisure poses real problems, not like the problems of what the young and fit will do with two weeks extra holiday. And these problems have another important difference from those of science fiction: they are with us now. The old-age pensioner could do with some of this limitless abundance. But it would still be an error to brush off these prophecies. All of them contain a grain of truth, even though buried under a monstrous accumulation of distortion and publicity seeking. Indeed the tragedy is that these myths are selfdefeating. The exaggeration is too gross: people gasp and nod the head while the TV programme continues; it even becomes part of the conventional wisdom. But such science fiction can never form a basis for action. Its only influence on the real world is to throw a mist of suspicion around the whole idea of technical progress, in which what is potentially a beneficent power for man to use at his choice becomes instead an obscurely threatening spectre. Prediction should direct our line of march; science fiction merely makes people drag their feet. Massive Unemployment Next, we have the second computer prophecy to examine; that computers will lead to massive unemployment. It is more important than the first; because it is more directly Dudley Hooper was a pioneer in the train ing of business users of computers. He was on the staff of the National Coal Board for nearly 20 years. He joined the staff of the Board in 1948, shortly after it was nationalized, as a technical specialist on the application of accounting machines. He was appointed Chief Organ ising Accountant of the Board in 1954, and served in that capacity until 1964 when he joined the I nstitute of Chartered Accountants as Technical Officer. Dudley Hooper was one of the founders and the first chairman of the British Computer Society. He served the Society as a council member and on various committees for several years, and remained a member of the editorial board of the Society's publication, The Computer Journal, until his sudden death in January of 1968. 53 liable to cause resistance to the introduction of new methods. It is a particularly dangerous threat in Britain, because mass unemployment represents the greatest dIsaster that has struCK this country in modern times. We do not have, as do so many Continental nations, memories of runaway inflation, of military defeat and pillage, of famine, of bitter civil strife: it is, however, natural that we should be haunted above all else, by the shadow of the 30's. Then, for every four men in work in Britain, there was one on the dole; and in Scotland and South Wales it was one man on the dole for three in . work. It is this memory that causes governments to totter when we have one man on the dole for every 35 in work. And I should point out that the lack of opposition to the introduction of compute.rs may not last. Up till now, the people whose jobs have ~n changed or eliminated have been clerks, particularly women clerks. They are weakly organised, ana in the case of the women often do not attach very great importance to their jobs. The fun will start when we try to computerise some of Clive Jenkins' members. So we must be very thorough and honest in the way we discuss the threat of technological unemployment. We might start by pointing out that the highest unemployment percentage since the Second World War is still less than one third of the lowest percentage in the 20 years before that war. So if computers cause unemployment, it is a long while showing its head. As the speed of technical change quickens, so skills grow obsolete more rapidly. Technical change demands a continuous re-grouping of the range of skills required. The kaleidoscope is being constantly re-jigged. Clearly as the technological effervescence of our time gathers momentum the need for retraining grows. Technological change can be .;oped with if it is firmly harnessed to an effective retraining programme. But in my judgement we must recognise that technological unemployment does happen. It is clear that, although technology may put men out of work, it is not technology that keeps them there. The fault lies in the field of regional policy and retraining policy: there is no sign at all of unemployment due to technical advance becoming widespread or uncontrollable. New Jobs Created What I have said should not be taken as reason for complacency and inaction, still less for defeatism and Ludditism. I intend it simply as a way of concentrating attention on the real problems. The first point is that it is quite wrong to single out the computer as the danger. Any form of laboursaving in this respect from the railways or the power loom in their day, or the car or the aeroplane in this. But there are then the new jobs being created to service and construct . these machines. All these must be counted too in the total sum. Mentioning these other developments makes a further point; the new technologies will all employ many people themselves. I note that one of the major questions in the matter of the Third London Airport is where to put all the people dependent on it. The Town and Country Planning Association estimate that a new major airport will involve a community of one million people. The computer itself, often thought of as the ultimate in automation, employs tens of thousands already, at a time when we have hardly scratched the surface of its potential. Sixty per cent of the costs of a computer installation are the costs of people, and this percentage is ihcreasing. This excludes the multitudes concerned with producing such things as the special stationery, the a,ir conditioning equipment, the electricity and so on and so forth. Let us then recognise that technological change, in which the application of the computer will play a major part, will make vast numb~rs of people require to change their jobs 54 perhaps two, three or even four times in their working life. This should not worry us one iota. Knowing that this will happen we need to gear our educational system to making adequate provision for this and our social services to ensure that during the period of retraining incomes must not fall below their previous earnings. Trade unions will not have to insist that an apprentice must be from 15 years of age to 21, and that extensive short-term training can equally produce skilled workers. With a continuing affluent society the need for the production of consumer goods and services will continue to grow. More and more machines will be designed to take the physical labour out of working. More and more people will be engaged in designing machines and making them and what we must recognise is that less and less people will be required to man them. We must not say: 'There will be unemployment and change and trouble caused by the computer', but, 'How can we get the computer to work?' Education All this change has important repercussions for our system of education. Before change became built into our society, education could be clearly geared to a fixed order of life. Time did not change things and the teacher knew with some exactitude the sort of role that each pupil would have to play. In a static society ploughman follows ploughman, shepherd follows shepherd. But how much more difficult the teacher's task is today. A teacher trains virtually for the unknown: he has no idea what sort of society his pupils will move into ten, 20 or 40 years after they leave his class. Far less does he know what part they will be called upon to play. The most worthwhile attitude that the teacher can impart into this situation is broadmindedness, the ability to accept and cope with change. This is a priceless commodity indeed in this changing society. But none of this will come overnight. Let us suppose that technical progress continues, but only at a similar rate to that of the past 20 years. Since that includes satellites, civil jet aircraft, containerisation, nuclear power, and the computer itself, this should be rapid enough for most of us. The point on which we should concentrate our minds is that any technical change which comes now, must involve changes in men's skills of a greater degree than previously known. We have now reached a stage when every technological advance increases the skill content of jobs. Mechanisation reduces physical effort and also reduces skill: the computer reduces, first, clerical work, then the more mundane control duties. The computer thus tends to increase the skill required. This means that the average level of skill required would rise even without new inventions. The computer alone probably has potential to occupy us for the next 50 years or so. Even if the proportion of men changing their jobs remains the same, the number needing new skills will increase. A labourer who leaves one building site and goes to another has practically nothing to learn. A craftsman will find a greater number of new things to get to grips with: while a systems analyst or a manager, even though bringing with him much greater skills, also has much more to learn. I have already said that our stale educational system should be so designed that the ability to learn new techniques and accept change, both mental and physical is easily acquired. Training is a specialised function requiring highly intelligent and expert people. Like so much else, it is best done in large establishments enjoying economies of size. While many great firms and public bodies should be prepared to train more than they need, we are not entitled to assume that they can satisfy the whole demand. The Industrial Training Act already recognises this, and the dues which the training boards levy and the premiums they payout are designed to balance this. It is clear that the training boards have an absolutely essential part to play in COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 giving people the skills needed for security, satisfaction and material reward in their work, and in enabling full use to be made of our productive potential. They represent a radical innovation, which must be made to work. But however successfully they do their job, they face certain important obstacles due to unavoidable defects in their structure. In the first place, a single training board covering the whole of an industry, as for example engineering, will have to deal with a tremendous variety of needs. In their labours to provide the bread and butter skills, they may find it difficult to devote attention to the training of certain types of expertise involving small numbers. This might be because the particular skill, though vital, can be spread very thinly, as with very specialised branches of law or engineering consultancy. Or, and most important of all, it might be because only a few firms recognised the need for a certain recently developed skill. Few firms have qualified sociologists on their payroll - yet it might well be that the successful implementation of computer systems would be speeded with their aid. We must look for imaginative and dynamic leadership from the Training Boards to cope with this. In the second place, many skills are not specific to a particular industry. Change as the Norm Computing skills are probably the most conspicuous example, although there are many"others, such as work study, accountancy, statistics, sociology. I would feel happier in my own mind if I knew of positive action being taken to ensure that these skills of general application were being generated in sufficient quantities. We do not need cumbersome and unrealistically detailed manpower planning, but a system whereby the requirements of industry at large are swiftly made known and acted on. Training is too narrow a field to confine ourselves to. Perhaps the most vital single lesson we must try both to learn and to teach is that change is the norm. So often it is the very idea of change, any change that frightens people. So we should be gearing our whole educational system to equipping people to deal with change. This means, quite simply, that everyone must get out of education the sort of thing that only the luckier university graduate got in the past. Educationalists over the years have emphasised that education ought not to be the uncomprehending acquisition of narrow skills, but a free and flexible ability to deal with the challenges of life, whatever they might be. This Call 110 longer be just a UlOpial1 ideal, it is a pressing necessity. Once we have truly educated people, the changing skills in their particular jobs can be added as and when necessary, without difficulty, and without the heartrending tear that a radical change in work now often means. It is worth mentioning, in turn, that computers are almost certain to influence education deeply. Mathematical and logical skills will be revolutionised by it, in much the same way as the printing press led to general literacy. The reference to the common ground shared by computers with other aspects of industry is a healthy reminder. The Uniqueness of the Computer Too often people speak of the electronic computer as if it represented a complete break with other forms of technological advance. This is not true, and it can lead to the dangerous attitude that previous experience has nothing to teach us. Do not misunderstand me: the computer is unique in a number of ways. The most important one is the range of activities to which it can be applied. Information is needed universally, for virtually every field of human action and thought. Information is power or, as Carlyle put it, when a COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 man kens, he can. It is hardly possible to name a single activity which it could not revolutionise, from the housewife planning her shopping to the police waging war on crime. Second, the speed with which computer technology has advanced must surely be unique; and we are assured that we may expect equally stupefying advances in the future. But in the context we are discussing this evening its uniqueness is questionable. Problems of change are broadly the same for the clerk as for the man on the shop floor. The wealth made available by the computer offers similar opportunities and problems to the wealth made available by more conventional mechanisation. Radical change is a very new idea to most of the service industries which the computer can revolutionise; but radical change is also a stranger to many sectors of manufacturing. The computer will not often have such startling effects as those of containerisation on the docks. Rolls Royce are one of the most brilliantly successful users of computers: and they ascribe much of their success to their managing computers in exactly the same way as they manage their engineering. So we may say that while the scale of the changes which the computer brings will be unique, the lessons we have to learn and the action we have to take are probably not. Other fields can learn from us and can teach us. The advance of computer technology is likely to pose some problems for computer people too. They are not immune, and we must give thought to their problems also. For example, the development of programming techniques is likely to make the ordinary programmer much less of a rare and precious being than he is today. We may yet see a strike of programmers against remote terminals, or do-it-yourself programming facilities for engineers, if we do not plan well. And if we are to end up with a computer grid, companies will have to abandon their pride in possession of their very own machines. This is perhaps a little fancifu:, but it does remind us that technical progress happens to us all. As every systems analyst knows, it is fatal to accept traditional barriers if we are to get the best from the computer: and this does not apply only to the organisational boundaries inside companies. The systems analyst will make a grave mistake if he believes that he is concerned only with information systems: he will do well also to analyse social systems, and if necessary to call in the sociologist to help him. The point about people and the computer is not that we must protect ourselves from it, but that we must work through people in order to make the computer serve us. The barriers to communication, between workers and managers, managers and computer stafT, between the professions, must come down, and with them will come down the fear and ignorance that hold us. back. Visions and Common Sense I would conclude by reminding you of the lessons I drew from Dudley Hooper's career: first, that as the Proverbs of Solomol1 puts it, where there is no vision the people perish; but, second, that visions are corrupting if they are not accompanied by the energy and the practical sense which alone can make them real; and, third, that it is the problems of people that we need the machine for, yet it is the problems of people that impede us. The computer is the most astonishingly powerful tool that man has ever created; the task before us is not to argue whether it will redeem us or destroy us, but to go out and take action to ensure it is put to good use, and swiftly, but without hurting people, the people in whose name alone we act. The computer, rightly used, can help in the long struggle to develop the potential in human beings; to reclaim the sunken areas of man's development and create a humane, just and caring society. This must surely be the objective we all of us grasp in our different ways. The computer has its part to play, but let us remember that at the end of the day only people matter. 55 ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK Computing and Data Processing Newsletter Table of Contents APPLICATIONS Locks in St. Lawrence Seaway Watched by Small Compu ter Sick and Injured Animals Receive ComputerAid Ocean Mapping System Uses 27 Computers Kent State University's Computer Wins Place on Kent's Football Team Radiation Effects on the Body Being Analyzed by Computer 59 59 59 59 60 NEW PRODUCTS Digital Mini-Computer, Model 1601 -- Rolm Corp. Sigma 3 Compu ter -- Xerox Da ta Sy stems SYSTEMS 86 and SYSTEMS 88 Computers -Systems Engineering Laboratories META 4 Computer System -- Digital Scientific Corp. ~lINITS II -- Jacobi Systems, Inc. IC-7000 Computer -- Standard Computer Corp. ALPHA Computer Family -- Control Data Corp. 60 60 60 61 61 61 61 Digital-Analog· AD/Five Analog/Hybrid Computing System -Applied Dynamics Inc. Hybrid Computer System -- Hitachi, Ltd. 62 62 Special Purpose Systems DataCentral System -- Computer Machinery Corp. KeyTran Data Entry System -- Systems Engineering Laboratories 62 62 OS/200 System -- Honeywell Electronic Data Processing SCOLDS (Spark Chamber On-Line Data System) -- Digi tal Equipment Corp. SCORE III -- Programming Methods Inc. SPEEDBOL -- Pioneer Data Sciences 64 64 64 64 Peripheral Equipment Low-Cost Optical Document Reader -- Sperry Rand Univac Portable Data Terminal -- Technitrend, Inc. Data Sorter -- Astrodata, Inc. Telewriter -- Electronic Information Sys tems, Inc. Teletype Compatible CRT Computer Display Terminal -- BEl (Beehive Electrotech, Inc.) Data Transfer System -- Data Graphics Corp. Keyboard-to-Magnetic Tape Recording Machines -- Burroughs Corp. Random Data Telecom Transmits Analog Signals by Phone -- Baganoff Associates, Inc. Terminal for Remote Input-Output -- Honeywell EDP Document Reader, MDR-8000 -- Motorola Instrumentation and Control Inc. Adding Machine Data Entry Terminal Applied Peripheral Systems, Inc. 65 65 65 65 65 65 65 66 66 66 66 Data Processing Accessories System 99 Tape Certifier -- Certex Corp. Computer Performance Analyzer -- Computer and Programming Analysis, Inc. ll-High Disc Pack Tes ter -- General Elec tric Magnetic Tape Cleaner -- Computer-Link Corp. 66 66 67 67 COMPUTING/TIME-SHARING CENTERS Memories Monoli thic Memory Systems -- Cogar Corp. NANOMEMORY 2600 Memory System -- Electronic Memories Sequential-Access Memory System -- Cambridge Memories, Inc. 65K Byte Mass Core Memory -- Interdata, Inc. Read-Only Memory System -- Memory Technology Inc. Magnetic Core Memory -- Datacraft Corp. .3 Wire, 3D Memory Stack -- Electronic Memories 62 62 63 63 63 63 63 Time Brokers, Inc. Opens a Time Sharing Demonstration Center in New York Time Share Corporation Announces New Service for Schools and Colleges Total Data Processing Center Opened by Management Services, Inc. UCS VI, New Computer Service System To Be Demonstrated at FJCC "Triplex" Computer Complex Being Operated by Computer Technology Inc. 67 67 67 67 67 COMPUTER-RELATED SERVICES Software ALPS (Automated Library Processing Services) -- System Development Corp. Accounts Receivable System -- Delta Data Systems Inc. Blackgold -- Hub S. Ratliff CHAMP -- Interface Systems, Inc. CULPRIT (Cull and Print) Cullinane Corp. MACROGEN and MACROPRT -- Macrodata, Inc. 56 64 64 EOP Air Travel Firm Opens Operations in Kansas City Computerized Payroll Service for Small Businesses Offered by Data Power, Inc. 68 68 64 64 MISCELLANY 64 64 Florida Firm Designated as "Computer Control Center" for Junior Super Bowl 60 COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 APPLICATIONS LOCKS IN ST. LAWRENCE SEAWAY WATCHED BY SMALL COMPUTER The St. Lawrence Seaway (which just celebrated its 10th anniversary) is a 2300-mile waterway connecting the Atlantic Ocean wi th the Great Lakes, opening ports along the lakes to the ships of all nations. A small,75-pound digital computer is helping discover new ways of improving lock efficiency. The two locks being watched are the third and fourth in the seaway and help overcome the difference between the levels of Lake St. Louis and the Beauharnois Canal. They are operated 24 hours a day, seven days a week, during the navigation season. The small computer, a Digi tal Equipment Corporation PDP-8/S, using information supplied by the traffic control personnel, can keep track of each ship passing through the locks and record its his tory while in the lock complex. The PDP-8/S logs da ta on lock operations and vessel performance, automatically recording times for the lock operating equipment and microwave radar equipment that senses the presence of each ship in the area of the locks. The information is then recorded on a high capacity computer at Cornwall, Ontario, for analysis and storage. SICK AND INJURED ANIMALS RECEIVE COMPUTER-AID The Animal Medical Center (New York), which accepts all breeds and species as patients, is using an IBM 1130 computing system to organize masses of veterinary medical data. The center, an 8-story building on Manhattan's East Side, carries onmost of the activities usually associated with hospitals. These inc lude an in tern program, outpatient clinic, pharmacy, clinical laboratories, and surgery and x-ray facilities. All of this activi ty generates a weal th of scientific data of potential value to administrators, researchers, specialists, and students, which the compu ter is helping to organize and make more accessible. Among the advantages is a better exchange of data with institutions dealing in human medicine. Through a computer coding system based on the International Classification of Diseases, the cen ter can exchange data with numerous human hospitals using the same classification. This facilitates joint studies in the diagnosis and treatment of many ailments, including tumors, cataracts and heart disease. The compu ter staff a t the cen ter also has developed a descriptive coding system which covers 19 species and over 200 breeds of animals - ranging from the Affenpinscher (canine) to the wallaby (marsupial). Data on each animal's sex, age and condi tion is coded in to the computer on the initial visit. Standard coding forms have been designed to record resul ts of laboratory tests for the computer. Dr. Robert Tashj ian, the center's director, foresees the computer as a useful tool for the private veterinarian. "For example," he said, "We might set up a central medical record for a number of veterinarians • With typewriter terminals in their offices, they could query the computer about a particular case or group of cases, and get back a complete medical history." OCEAN MAPPING SYSTEM USES 27 COMPUTERS A new computerized sys tem for chart ing the world's oceans has been developed by the Navy Oceanographic Office. The system, scheduled for completion shortly, employs four classes of ships and two types of compu ters tha t will repl ace manual da ta ga thering and chart preparation. The ships include five diesel-powered and two steam-powered research ships, and a variety of smaller sounding boats. A total of 27 computers will be employed to collec t da ta and produce hydrographic maps. All computers are equipped wi th plotters so tha t charts can be prepared almost as the data for them is acquired. The large mother ships (ranging from slightly more than 200 to almos t 400 feet in length) carry a crew of 44 and up to 30 scientis ts. These vessels will have a dual compu ter sys tem made up of two Digi tal Equipment Corporation PDP-9 mediumscale machines. Each mother ship will operate with several sounding boats (plastic-hulled vessels 36 feet long). The smaller boats will have a small DEC PDP-8/L on board. Using the motherships' electronic navigation aids, the sounding boats operate wi th precise control over shallow uncharted waters, never venturing further than 50 miles from the mother ship. Both the mother ships and the sounding boats wi 11 ga ther da ta. The computers can sample data at the ra te of 2,000 samples a second. The PDP-8/L's will store it on magnetic tape which will be processed on the COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 larger computers on the mother ships. The dual PDP-9's can gather and process simultaneously; one computer gathering data, the second analyzing it. The system also permi ts data to be stored for later or off-line analysis. The systemwill gather information on the sea floor, on the tides, currents and meteorological elements. The ships for the system will be used on a continuing basis to develop new charts and update existing ones. They will be operated by the Navy's Military Sea Transportation Service which has responsibili ty for all waters outside the United States and its possessions. The charts are primarily for the Navy and American mari time in teres ts. Addi tionally, the new system is expected to generate information that will be useful in planning harbor improvemen ts, seaplane anchorages, and in silting, erosion and earth science studies. KENT STATE UNIVERSITY'S COMPUTER WINS PLACE ON KENT'S FOOTBALL TEAM Last year the Kent State University football team (the "Golden Flashes") won only one of 10 games for the wors t record in the school's history. This fall, for the first time, the Kent, Ohio college is using its Burroughs B5500 computer sys tem to determine tendencies of opponents, providing information to help them adj ust defensive strategy and hopefully con trol opposition attacks. While such information has been available in the past, it was not as thorough and took much longer to compile. Using the B5500, the team will be able to devote more time studying the information, practically eliminating the time-consuming paperwork of the past. - Magnetic tapes from a Durroughs 05500 computer add bench strength to Kent State University's foothall team Chief eng ineer of the computer program a t Kent Sta te is Terry 59 Mallett, freshman football coach. Terry takes the statistics of each play and encodes them on magnetic tape. Statistics include the type of play, zone, yards and down, individual playe~ etc. The B5500 analyzes the information and prints out data showing the tendencies of the opposing team and its individual players. With the data, Kent players can get to know their opponents man-for-man. Computer printouts show listings of all formations, total attempts of each, percentage used out of all formations, number of runS and passes, and types of runs and passes. The computer also gives a breakdown by down and distance of each formation for both passing and running plays off of that formation. It is conceivable that the B5500 will be adapted for use during games. Us ing special equipment, plays can be recorded and sent electronically to tape reels of the main computer on campus. Wi thin a few minu tes after the first half, information which now is taken from a film or scouting report, could be available for planning strategy for the second half. . RADIATION EFFECTS ON THE BODY BEING ANALYZED BY COMPUTER Dr. Peter W. Neurath, director of the physics division of the Department of Therapeutic Radiology at New England Medical Center Hospitals (Boston) and assistant professor of Tufts Medical School, is using an IBM System/360 Model 30 to determine how much radiation a person can be exposed to wi thou t damage to the chromosomes. Chromosomes are threadlike bodies in cells and control an individual's heredi ty. Despi te the extensive use of radioactive material by industry, science and the military, comparatively Ii ttle is known about the cumulative effects of very small amounts of radiation on the body's chromosomes. Badges worn by people working with radioactive material do not always reflect the radiation exposure, especially when it is directed at a particular segment of the body. Low levels of radiation, however, will always show up in the chromosomes as a few abnormal chromosomes, maybe one in 100 cells, maybe three, depending on the amount of exposure. Th~ advanced form of bio-medical pattern recogni tion employed by Dr. Neurath uses photomicrographs and an optical scanning device linked to a computer to measure a chromosome, usually isolated from white blood cells. The scanner measures the contour of the chromosome including its length, 60 mass and the ratio of arms to total length. its short Using a 35 mm photograph of a cell magnified 400 times, the scanner can measure the film densi ty of 614,000 different points on each frame in a few seconds. The scanner transfers the most interesting of these poin ts which are 1 ike the dots in a newspaper photo into the computer by measuring the dot's lightness or darkness. A report on the analyzed findings is then printed by the computer for review by the researcher. Dr. Neura th' s work is funded mainly by the Atomic Energy Commission in an effort to develop an inexpensive method of detecting chromosome abnormalities. If an inexpens i ve method can be developed, it may be poss ible to moni tor exposed populations while determining with greater accuracy how much radiation a person can absorb without genetic harm. NEW PRODUCTS Digital MINI.COMPUTER, MODEL 1601 / Rolm Corp. Working models of the new Rolm computer will be shown at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20 in Booths 7413 and 7414. Model 1601, The Model 1601 is a "go anywhere" severe environment computer which will be sold as an "off-the-shelf" item. The computer is packaged in a standard ATR box 7.61 x 10.25 x 12 inches. The box is designed to accommodate 14 rugged printed circui t modules pI us the power supply. Five modules make up the central processing uni t leaving the remaining nine for sys tern options. (The machine also may be rack mounted.) In addi tion to the standard Nova options which may be used with the machine, Rolm has developed numerous additional options. (For more information, circle u41 on the Reader Service Card.) SIGMA 3 COMPUTER / Xerox Data Systems Sigma 3, the fourth mul ti-use computer in the Sigma family, includes two mul ti-use operating systerns, Real-Time Batch Moni tor and Basic Control Monitor, each of which provides concurrent real-time foreground and batch background data processing capabilities; a third operating system, Stand-Alone, is primarily batch-oriented. The XDS Sigma 3 has a mul tiport core memory (expandable from 8,192 to 65,536 words); memory cycle time is 975 nanoseconds. An extensive selec tion of peripheral equipment also' is available. The combined hardware and software capabili ties of the Sigma 3 permi tit to be used for such varied applications as process control, biomedical and nuclear research, simulation, communications processing, and a variety of laboratory environments. Deliveries, wi th a full complement of fieldtes ted software, are scheduled to begin in December. (Xerox Data Systems is the new name for the California-based firm which for eight years has been known as Scientific Data Systems.) (For more information, circle u42 on the Reader Service Card.) SYSTEMS 86 and SYSTEMS 88 COMPUTERS / Systems Engineering Laboratories a 16-bit word general purpose digital mini-computer, is architecturally identical to the Nova manufactured by Data General Corporation, Sou thboro, Mass. All instruc tions, software and elec trical I/O interface are identical to the Nova. However, the machine is smaller, weighs less and consumes less power than the commercial Nova. The Rolm computer is designed to meet the environmental requirements of Mil E-5400, Mil E-16400 and Mil 1-6181. The new family of compu ters SYSTEMS 86 and SYSTEMS 88 - represent a merger of the computing power found in tradi tional medium-scale compu ters and the real- time capabi Ii ties found in data acquisi tion, communication and control computers. The computers were designed specifically for real-time and general purpose scientific applications. SYSTEMS 86 increases the speed of today's fastest medium-sized compu ters from 40 to 80 percen t and COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 at the same time reduces industry pricing level~ for these computers 20 to 40 percent. SYSTEMS 86 is a 32-bit, 606-nanosecond computer. The average execution time is 1.2 microseconds. Real-time capabilities are designed into the input/ output system, the interrupt structure, the tasl<: swi tching features, the control and tes tins truc tion set, and the data acquis i tion, control and communications elements available wi th the system. SYSTEMS 86 wi 11 be demons tra ted for the first time at the Fall Joint Compu ter Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20. SYSTEMS 88, in tended for large system applications, includes the mul ti-programming and mul ti-usage applications of SYSTEMS 86 and extends these to mul ti-processing, us ing from two to four cen tral processing units. SYSTEMS 88 with three central processing units and an input/output processor can execute 2~ million instructions per second. (For more information, circle ~43 on the Reader Service Card.) entry basis. The 1108 can continue to operate in its normal modes under EXEC II and EXEC 8. Engineers and programmers can en ter problems from Teletype terminals at their desks. The 1108 user can do program compil ing and debugging on the small computer at a cost of approximately $2 per terminal hour instead of the considerably higher cost per equivalent hour of 1108 use. ~UNITS II has a core storage of 32,768 (8-bi t) bytes plus a 512,000 head per track disc memory. In addi tion, the mass storage of the UNIVAC 1108 is accessible to all MINITS II time-sharers. MINITS files can be extracted from 1108 storage, upda ted us ing the MINITS EDITOR, returned to storage or submi t ted to the 1108 jobs tream for execution. r,UNITS will be operating in the Jacobi display (Booths 14001 and 2) at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20. (For more information, circle ~45 on the Reader Service Card.) IC-7000 COMPUTER / Standard Computer Corp. META 4 COMPUTER SYSTEM / Digital Scientific Corp. The META 4 is a flexible, logical processor controlled by a random access read-only memory (ROM). Wi th a 90 nanosecond machine cycle instruction execution time, META 4 ROM selects specific operations of the ari thmetic/Boolean and branch functions. ROM modifiers choose META 4 computer operations in addition to those picked by the bas ic instructions. META 4 has been des igned to emulate instruction sets from other compu ters such as the IBM 1130/1800 at several times their speed. It also is capable of serving as communications line controller, buffer, editor and preprocessor. META 4 offers an al terable instruction set that can be tailored to the user's requirements,as well as easy field changeabil i ty permi tting al teration of structure, repetoire or application. META 4 will be shown in Booths 19012-13 at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada),November 18-20. (For more informa~ion, circle ~44 on the Reader Service Card.) MINITS 11/ Jacobi Systems, Inc. A small time-Sharing computer system MINITS II - permits 32 users (24 of them simul taneously) to communicate with the UNIVAC 1108 on a time-sharing and remote- Call-A-Computer (an independent time sharing company) and Standard Compu ter have spent two years developing the IC-7000 hardware and software s imul taneously to assure maximum compatibility. The useroriented fourth generation system is specifically designed for time sharing app lications. With the Standard IC-7000 system's microprogramming capabili ties, the outer functional elements (i.e., accumulators, registers, main memory, I/O devices) associated wi th conventional computers can easily be reformed, or problem adapted. Standard Computer and Call-AComputer designed instruction sets to (1) run the user's problem programs, and (2) regulate and control the time-sharing environment so as to maximize the throughput of the sys tem. An ari thmetic and language processor (ALP) was microprogrammed to handle compilations and program execution. A second instruction set, composed of "Directives", was designed for the Supervisory Processor Unit (SPU). The ALP andSPU operate in parallel and asynchronously out of main memory. Cooperation between Standard and Call-A-Compu ter has an impac t on the options that are available. Those who cannot initially justify an IC-7000 sys tem for themselves can ren t time on one - wi th no la ter software conversion problems - from Call-A-Compu ter. Anyone who can jus tify his own sys tem can purchase the basic 65K(36 bit word) system, COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 Make Profits for Your Company and More Money for Yourself! ... ENROLL in North American's New HOME STUDY COURSE in Systems &Procedu North American Correspon· dence Schools has guided thousands of ambitious men and women to success through its a~crediled ~_I_r.!'J Home· Study Courses in many fields. ..t!Ii!!)~~ !~~ NOW NORTH AMERICAN ANNOUNCES its new 50-lesson Course in Systems & Procedures. Written and edited with the help of acknowledged leaders in the systems and procedures field and sponsored by the Systems & Procedures Association, this is a complete, comprehensive, authentic and up-toFor Training Re·Training date correspondence course. on INDUSTRY PERSONNEL .•• systems and procedures. North American's Course If you would like to "preview" in systems and procedures the Course without obligation, is designed for those now just mail the coupon for FREE in Systems Departments fact-filled CAREER OPPOR; who want to broaden, TUNITY BOOKLET, plus full brush up on or "fill in gaps" in their knowledge details on the North American of the subject ... for comInstitute of Systems and Propanies - both large and cedures. There's no cost or oblismall-who desire to train gation-now or ever. No salestheir own personnel in .man will call. Mail the coupon systems and procedures today .. ... and for beginners who ~\lC" desire a knowledge of ,," 'Q,~~ SPECIAL DISCOUNTS systems and procedures. : . • '-: AVAILABLE for ~:. I/Q I' i!: Multiple Enrollments from the same Company NORTH AMERICAN INSTITUTE OF SYSTEMS & PROCEDURES Dept. 3628,4401 Birch Street, Newport, California 92660 Designate No. 15 on Reader Service Card or expanded sys tems for larger timesharing users. A five year lease plan also is available. (For more information, circle ~46 on the Reader Service Card.) ALPHA COMPUTER FAMILY / Control Data Corp. Mili tary users can tailor the new ALPHA computer family to their specific tactical needs. ALPHA computers feature compact size, integrated circuitry, high performance and modular design. A variety of cen tral processors, des truc ti ve and ALPHA Central Processor wi th circui t card extended. 61 non-destructive readout memories, and input/output devices can be modified or expanded eas i ly, thus enabling ALPHA to serve as a sensor signal processor and in such functions as command and control, communica tions, guidance and weapons delivery. The modular flexibility reduces the turn-around time now required for systems changes. Because of its compact design, ALPHA also can be used for airborne, shipboard or mobile communication systerns. (For more information, circle #47 on the Reader Service Card.) Digital-Analog AD/FIVE ANALOG/HYBRID COMPUTING SYSTEM / Applied Dynamics Inc. The new 10-vol t-reference analogi hybrid computer from Applied Dynamics will be introduced at this month's Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20. The AD/Five can be li terally "married" to any commercially available digi tal computer to form a single hybrid system and, when not serving as a mul tiple-console hybrid, the AD/Five can function as a standalone analog computer. Additionally, the AD/Five is a totally modular system that permi ts ease of expansion at a relatively low cost. Previous analog/hybrid computers have been modularized for certain components only. While fulfilling the requiremen ts of the advanced programmer, the AD/Five's "control - by- exception" technique also permi ts ready mas tery by the relatively inexperienced user. Another feature of the new product is a reversible patchboard that can be rotated 180 degrees, to allow a single board to contain the patching for two distinct problems. (For more information, circle #48 on the Reader Service Card.) HYBRID COMPUTER SYSTEM / Hitachi, Ltd. A hybrid sys tern combining the capabili ties of both analog and digi tal computers has been developed by Hitachi, Ltd.· of Japan. The Hi tachi system, largest of its kind in Japan, permi ts the use of any mix of three of their analog units wi th two digi tal uni ts. Each of the five component computers also can be used independently. This new hybrid system has successfully completed a long sequence of tests at Hitachi's Central Research Laboratory and a similar system developed by Hitachi is in use at Tokyo 62 University's Space and Aeronautics Institute in connection with rocket launchings. (For more information, circle #49 on the Reader Service Card.) and inventory control, payroll, billing, and insurance claims processing~ Systems Engineering will demonstrate the new system at the Fall Joint Compu ter Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20. (For more information, circle #51 on the Reader Service Card.) Special Purpose Systems DA TACENTRAL SYSTEM / Computer Machinery Corp. Memories The low-cos t compu ter communication system, known as the DataCentral System, is designed to collect d.ata transmi t ted s imul taneous ly from more than 50 incoming lines for recording onto a single reel of tape. The sys tern c an trans la te from transmission code to magnetic tape code, check for transmission errors and test for message validi ty before outputting onto tape. MONOLITHIC MEMORY SYSTEMS / Cogar Corp. The new CMC system interfaces with Data-Phone data sets orequivalent modems on ei ther private wire or dial-up network service.- Input is accepted from a variety of remote terminals which may be located across the street, across the country or around the world. The system is compatible wi th 100, 200 and 400 Series Data Sets. The DataCentral System consists of a mul tiplexor, one or two computers, a monitor teletypewriter, a magnetic tape uni t and the. s~s tern's operating programs. InItIal delivery is scheduled for the summer of 1970. (For more information, circle #50 on the Reader Service Card.) Monoli thic memory systems wi th access speeds of 40 nanoseconds and capaci ties to five mill~on bi ~s will be commercially avaIlable In early '70 - with a full five year warrenty against all defects and failure. The memories, produc ts of Cogar Corporation's Technology Division, are complete subsystems - not components. Logic and memory functions are combi~ed on a single semiconductor ChIp. The chips are mounted on standard dimension cards that plug into memory boards or gates. The four inch-square monolithic memory system shown below has. an access speed of 125 ns and a capac I ty of 512 words x 9 bi ts. It offers more than twenty times the density and ten times the performance of the 1.5 microsecond access ferri te memory below it. KEYTRAN DATA ENTRY SYSTEM / Systems Engineering Laboratories KeyTran - a new data entry s~s tern simultaneously enters Informa tion from up to 48 terminals onto a disc while under control of a sub-microsecond computer. The data is analyzed by a modified Systems 810B real-time. ~omp~ter system for either verIfIcatI~n, edi ting, searching or outputtIng onto a master magnetic tape immediately ready for on-line processing by any conventional large-sized computer system. The KeyTran System includes full application software and a supervisor's console. The supervisor can communicate with each of the 48 keyboard terminals - wi thou t interrupting the flow of any information through the system while coordinating the workload. KeyTran is designed for organizations that use eight or more keypunch stations for such appli~a tions as order entry, produc tlon The first members of the company's memory system~ lin.e are th:ee performance classifIcatIons: hIgh performancejmedium performancej and cost performance me~ories. E~ch range includes compatlble read/wrI te and read-only memories. (For more information, circle #52 on the Reader Service Card.) NANOMEMORY 2600 MEMORY SYSTEM / Electronic Memories The NANOMEMORY 2600 is a fas t, compact flexible core memory syst~m. The new sys tern has a full cycle tlme of only 600 nanoseconds, an access time of 300 nanoseconds, and plugin modular IC packaging. Modules of a common type are direc tly in- COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 terchangeable, and no module selection or adj ustments are necessary to ensure reliable performance over the entire operating temperature range. The compact design allows a wide range of storage capacities, 16,384 words by 18 bits or 8,192 words by 36 bi ts, to be accumulated in a single 19-inch rack approximately 7 inches high and 20 inches deep. NANOMEMORY 2600 will be introduced by Electronic Memories at the Fall Joint Computer Conference (Booths 301-304) in Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20. (For more information, circle #53 on the Reader Service Card.) SEQUENTIAL·ACCESS MEMORY SYSTEM / Cambridge Memories, Inc. A semiconductor memory using MOS storage will be shown for the first time at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18. The sequential-access memory system, called the MOS-8S, is completely TTL interfaced, and stores up to 1,600 bi ts on a 5-3/4 by 5-3/4-inch plug-in card. The new READ·ONLY MEMORY SYSTEM / Memory Technology, Inc. The Mul tiple Small Braid System (MSBS), a new family of Braid Transformer Read-Only fllemories, stores up to 200,000 bits in one complete system. Word capacities range from 512 to 8192 words wi th 24 to 48 bits per word. The MUltiple Small Braid System has an access time of 200 nanoseconds wi th a cycle time of 500 nanoseconds. The system is interface compatible with TTL and DTL and has a temperature range of 0 to +65 0 C. A Data Register with up to 66 bits and an Address Distribution Board are available as options. The MSBS system will be shown at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas, Nevada (Booths 4405 and 4406), November 18-20. (For more information, circle #56 on the Reader Service Card.) MAGNETIC CORE MEMORY / Datacraft Corp. A high speed, 3 wire/3D magnetic core memory system, designated Model DC-22, has a full cycle time specification of 900 nanoseconds. Basic memory capacity is 8192 words x 20 bi ts/word or 4096 words x 40 bits/word. The DC-22, for use in computing and data-handling systems, requires no adj ustments in the field. All parameters are permanently set at the fac tory to allow for the entire temperature operating range and for aging of components in the system. The device is enclosed in a 5~ inch by 21 inch rack-moun ted chassis wi th plug-in modular construction throughout including the core stacks and power supply. (For more information, circle #57 on the Reader Service Card.) 3 WIRE, 3D MEMORY STACK / Electronic Memories NANOSTAK NS-020, rugged enough for ground based military applications, yet priced for commercial use, has a 3-wire, 3-dimension organization with 22 mil cores, submicrosecond speeds, and word capaci ties from 4,096 to 16,384 of up to 40 bi ts. The new stack will be dis- , played in Booths 301-304 at the Fall Join t Compu ter Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20. The NS-020 uses 2 diode/line decode, and is available with extended range and very wide range tempera-. ture cores. (For more information, circle #58 on the Reader Service Card.) Payroll Systems go on-line faster with ALLTAXT)r the software package available in basic COBOL for all compilers. memory, designed to operate as a low-cost data formatting uni t or line buffer at any speed up to one microsecond per character, is available in configurations ranging from 50 one-bi t words up to 200 eightbi t words. (For more information, circle #54 on the Reader Service Card.) 65K BYTE MASS CORE MEMORY / Interdata, Inc. The 65K byte mass core memory, which will be introduced at the forthcoming Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas, November 18-20, employs a 16 or 18 bi t 2-wire coincident current 2 1/2D system organized as a 32,768 word. Applications for the new memory will include information retrieval, realtime functions and communication systems. (For more information, circle #55 on the Reader Service Card.) ALL TAX calculates payroll withholding taxes with one standard formula and a table of variables for each state and city. It eliminates programming of individual formulas and substantially reduces program maintenance and memory requirements. ALL TAX is approved by all states. It's easy to install, completely tested and documented. ALLTAX is always up-todate. Automatic program maintenance for existing withholding taxes and new taxes is available at minimal cost. Find out why more than 100 companies from coast-to-coast are using this low-cost package. COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 W ri te today for full informa tjon: r-------------~-I Management Infonnation Service P.O. Box 252, Stony Point, N.Y. 10980 Gentlemen: Please send full details on your ALL TAX software package. Name ______________________ Title Company ______________________ Address City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __ State Zip II I I I I I I I I I I I ----c I L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -' Management Information Service Stony Point, N.Y. 109RO • (914) 942-1R80 ALLTAX is available only from Management Information Service and Pro-Data Computer Services. Designate No. 27 on Reader Service Card 63 IS APL TIME-SHARING COMMERCIALL Y AVAILABLE SEE BACK COVER OF THIS MAGAZINE Software ALPS (Automated Library Processing Services) / System Development Corp., Santa Monica, Calif. / Designed to take over much of the clerical work involved in ordering, processing and cataloging books; sys tern uses Library of Congress' machine readable catalog (MARC) data tapes. ALPS can be operated from libraries anywhere in U.S. using terminals hooked into SDC's Library Service Center. (For more information, circle +t59 on the Reader Service Card,) ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE SYSTEM / Delta Data Systems Inc., College Park, Md, / Designed for both private users and service bureaus, the System, consisting of 22 programs and sorts, is written in COBOL. A key feature is its ability to process both on an "open item" basis and a "balance forward" basis. Originally for the IBM 360/30, ei ther in tape or disc configuration, it is 100 percent upward compatible on larger 360 configurations. (For more information, circle +t60 on the Reader Service Card.) 64 BLACKGOLD / Hub S. Ratliff, Hous ton, Texas / Aids the geophysicist in the interpretation of magnetic or gravity anomalies; designed for the RCA Spec tra 70 series computer and is available in a version for XeroxDataSystems' Sigma series; only slight modifications to the program are necessary for other digi tal computers. This is the first in a series of geophysical programs. (For more information, circle +t61 on the Reader Service Card.) CHAMP / In terface Sy stems, Inc., Ann Arbor, Mich. / Provides Sys tern 360 FORTRAN programmers with an efficient character manipulation capability. Functions performed by CHAMP include character to integer or floating point conversion, character comparison, and character movement - all wi thout the usual word boundary limi tations imposed by FORTRAN. Wri tten in Assembly language, it is compatible with DOS FORTRAN, OS FORTRAN E, G, andH levels. Package consists of three control sections that load into 552 bytes of core memory. Obj ec t decks and user wri teups of CHAMP and a demonstration program are available for $150. (For more information, circle +t62 on the Reader Service Card.) CULPRIT (Cull and Print) / Cullinane Corp., Boston, Mass. / System retrieves and manipulates data and produces reports from existing data files i it features calculating and mul ti-line output capabilities. CULPRIT is written in BAL for the IB~~ Sys tem/360, DOS or OS, 0 r the RCA Spec tra 70. Output may be printer, punched cards, tape, or disk. (For more information, circle +t63 on the Reader Service Card.) MACROGEN and MACROPRT / Macrodata, Inc., Union, N.J. / Two utility programs designed to assist the IBM 360/DOS user. MACROGEN provides the DOS user wi th a tool for modification of tape and disc files and for the creation of files of test data. MACROPRT provides the abili ty to call out and print any portion of a tape or disc file and is designed as a useful tool for the debugging of new programs. Both programs will operate on 2400 series Tape Dri ves, 23ll or 2314 Disc Drives and 2321 Data Cells. MACROGEN sells for $350.00, and MACROPRT for $250.00, including all necessary documentation and instruction manuals. (For more information, circle +t64 on the Reader Service Card.) OS/200 SYSTEM / Honeywell Electronic Data Processing, Wellesley Hills, Mass. / A modular disk-oriented system designed to maXImIze performance through mul tiprogramming on medium-to-large Honeywell Series 200 computer systems; first version will be available later this year at no cos t to Honeywell computer customers who have a Model 1200 or larger central processor with the required features and perIpheral equipment. (For more information, circle +t65 on the Reader Service Card.) SCOLDS (Spark Chamber On-Line Data System) / Digi tal Equipment Corp. , Maynard, Mass. / Designed to increase the efficiency of physics experiments i system allows a user to add software modules for his specific information requi remen ts. SCOLDS can control experiments and provide as much information during experiments as available memory wi II permi t. It can be used with any PDP-IS or PDP-9 wi th a minimum configuration of 8,192 words of core memory, an oscilliscope, two magnetic tape transports and a tape control. (For more information, circle +t66 on the Reader Service Card.) SCORE III / Programming Methods Inc., New York, N.Y. / Latest version of SCORE (§.elec t, SJPy, or B..9>ort) System. SCORE III expands the capabil i ties of SCORE II by permi t ting the COBOL source program created by the System to accept, and extract selected information from two input files in preparing reports, reformatting files, or in the many other uses of SCORE. SCORE is operational on IBM System/360 under DOS and OS, RCA Spectra 7~ Honeywell 200, Univac 1108, and Burroughs B5500. The SCORE III System is available at a cost of $9,500 including installation, training, and first year's maintenance. (For more information, circle +t67 on the Reader Service Card.) SPEEDBOL / Pioneer Data Sciences, Wilbraham, Mass. / A shorthand notation system for COBOL programmers which provides mnemonic abbreviations for the most frequen tly used COBOL reserved \Vords. The system also permits the user the opportuni ty to abbreviate his own data and procedure names and to use and remember only those SPEEDBOL abbreviations he chooses. The complete system, including full documentation, consists of the abbreviated language and a processor to convert SPEEDBOL to COBOL. Total cost is $300. A demonstration deck (for an, IBM System/360 under DO$ a 2540 card read punch and 1403 printer), which wi II analyze'!!!!y COBOL source program, and a brochure, are avai 1able at no cos t. (For more informa tion, ci rcle +t68 on the Reader Service Card.) COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 Peripheral Equipment LOW-COST OPTICAL DOCUMENT READER / Sperry Rand Univac A new low-cost optical document reader, known as the UNIVAC 2703, reads numbers, symbols, and marks on "turn-around" (return stub) documents which are widely used in such applications as utility bills, insurance premium notices, and retail customer billing. It functions as an on-line input device to a UNIVAC 9000 Series Computer which controls its operation and processes and stores the data derived from the documents. Basic speed of the UNIVAC 2703 is 300 six-inch OCR (optical character recognition) documents per minute. Character reading speed is 1500 charac ters per second. The reader will scan documents from 3 to 8.75 inches long, and from 2.75 to 4.75 inches high. It recognizes numeric characters from zero to nine, plus special symbols, hand-printed vertical marks, or holes in punched cards. The ma- is heard speaker. through the terminals' Optional hard copy capabili ties, specialized keyboards, packaging and other mOdifications are available to tailor the terminal to customer requirements. (For more information, circle #70 on the Reader Service Card.) DATA SORTER / Astrodata, Inc. The new Electronic Data Sorter, designed to free digital computers (such as the IBM Sys tem/360) from the time consuming task of sorting, will be displayed for the first time at Booth 2600 at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20. The patented Data Sorter is an on-line device which stores data internally, sorts, and returns it on command to the computer. The Sorter requires no computer time other than that needed to place the data in the Sorter and remove it after the sort is completed. Capaci ty of the special purpose peripheral device is 65,536 words of approximately 40 bytes each. Da ta records up to 5,437 bytes in length may be stored. (For more information, circle #71 on the Reader Service Card.) TELEWRITER / Electronic Information Systems, Inc. chine is designed in a compact "L" shape, for easy access to machine input and output stations. (For more information, circle #69 on the Reader Service Card.) I' PORTABLE DATA TERMINAL / Technitrend, Inc. This new terminal, to be shown for the first time at the Fall Joint Compu ter Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20 (Booth 18003), operates on six ordinary bat teries and weighs only 7~ pounds - including its attache carrying case. Desgined for use with computer-controlled voice response systems, the Portable Data Terminal converts an ordinary dial telephone into a remote input/output terminal. TO operate, the user places the telephone handset in the terminal's cradle, dials the computer, waits for an audible tone response, and depres ses push-button keys to inpu t messages to the computer. The spoken response from the computer The Telewri ter, a low cost input/ output device for computers, is directly interchangeable with the Model KSR 33 Teletype. The use of solid state circuits results in a very low operating noise level; the only mechanics used in the Telewri ter is that part of a typewri ter necessary for key striking. The printer input and the keyboard output is serial 8 bit ASCII code. The keyboard produces an even pari ty bi t for error detection. The Telewriter operates at a speed of 10 opera ti ons/ second (100 wpm). The pri n ter provides 72 characters/line with 12 characters/inch in classic eli te type. Telewri ter uses standard~" typewri ter revers ible ribbon with au tomatic ribbon reverse. (For more information, circle #72 on the Reader Service Card.) Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20, Booth 22015. ALPHA, a stand-alone, single-unit package, measures just 12-inches wide, 14-inches high and 20 inches deep. It weighs only 30 pounds. ALPHA 101, a plug-for-plug replacemen t for a Teletype, has an adj us table internal clock, making it possible to transmit data at any synchronous rate up to 2400 baud. The ll-inch CRT can display 20 lines of 40 charac ters each. The standard terminal has a 64 character ASCII set, formed by an easy-to-read 5x7 matrix, plus functional controls for transmi t, clear, 4-way curser direction, carriage return, repeat and print. A ten key numeric keyboard is optional. (For more information, circle #73 on the Reader Service Card.) DATA TRANSFER SYSTEM / Data Graphics Corp. The DGC-300 Data Transfer System serves the needs of the data acquisi tion and data logging industries. The system has complete programming capabili ty and contains all the controls necessary to record data, numbers, identification, and to activate the special features of various recording devices. Data is accepted in parallel from various digi tal output devices, stored in memory, decoded, and presented sequentially to the recorder. (For more information, circle #74 on the Reader Service Card.) KEYBOARD-TO-MAGNETIC TAPE RECORDING MACHINES / Burroughs Corp. Burroughs Series N keyboard-tomagnetic tape machines permi t recording of data directly from an alphanumeric keyboard to magnetic tape for entry into a computer. TELETYPE COMPATIBLE CRT COMPUTER DISPLAY TERMINAL / BEl (Beehive Electrotech, Inc.) ALPHA 101 an 800 charac ter, Teletype compatible CRT computer display terminal - will be shown for the firs t time at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 Series N machines can be used with a variety of peripheral devices for collec tion of information on tape or for output of information from tape. 65 Three Series N models offering tape packing densities of 200, 556 or 800 bi ts per inch are available. Each operates wi th a continuous tape drive producing one-half-inch magnetic tape in the code sets required by Burroughs and other maj or computer manufacturers. Among the several options: seven or nine channel tape formats, record lengths up to 160 characters; check digit verification. (For more information, circle ~75 on the Reader Service Card.) RANDOM DATA TELECOM TRANSMITS ANALOG SIGNALS BY PHONE / Baganoff Associates, Inc. Transmission of analog signals, from source directly to computer, now can be accompl ished over a conventional telephone wi th the new "Random Data Telecom" transmitter. The transmi t ter accommodates from 1 to 80 analog signals s imul taneously with complexities from D.Z. to 20,000 Hz bandwidth -- enabling analog da ta to be digi tized, transmitted, analyzed by a computer and answers returned virtually immediately. The portable device acous tically couples with any telephone at no, addi tional cost over normal phone rates. Transmission errors are less than .05% for input levels from millivolts to 100 volts. System output is in the form of tabula tion, plot, or digi tal tape according to the needs of the user. Among its many applications are noise and environment pollution, production control, bio-medical testing and remote seismic stations. (For more information, circle ~6 on the Reader Service Card.) DOCUMENT READER, MDR·8000 / Motorola Instrumentation and Control Inc. Data Processing Accessories The latest reader in the Motorola series of Mark-Sense document readers, the MDR-8000, is now available. MDR data entry devices, besides reading punched data, read cards or page-size forms of varying sizes and shapes which are marked wi th an ordinary lead pencil. What separates the MDR-8000 from the other readers in the series is its ability to transmit information in parallel, in hard-wired applications. Documents can be read directly to magnetic or paper tape for subsequent entry into a computer at high speed. Or the information can be transmi tted directly to a data processor. 66 The Certex Certifier performs 9 or 7 track noise certification, 9 track, 3200 FCI certifica tion, 9 track, 800 BIT certification and 7 track, 800 BIT certification, all simultaneously. Stop time and operator fatigue are reduced by an automatic error removal technique. The MDR-8000 reads the Hollerith input code. The 8-bit output code can be selected by the user from among USASCII alphanumeric, PTTC/BCD, and EBCDIC; the l2-bit output code is Hollerith. (For more information, circle ~78 on the Reader Service Card.) ADDING MACHINE DATA ENTRY TERMINAL / Applied Periph. eral Systems, Inc. The new, low-cost DG 4 Adding Machine Data Entry Terminal utilizes a 10-key adding machine to enter data and produce hard copy. It is designed for entering , collecting and transmi t ting informa tion for any appl ication where numbers are the primary data. As entered,numbers are stored in memory, then recorded on a ~-inch magnetic tape cassette. Data is transmitted using a self-contained acoustic coupler. ASCII-coded characters TERMINAL FOR REMOTE INPUT· OUTPUT / Honeywell EDP The Series 2440 Remote Transmission Terminal is specifically designed for computer users that transmi t large volumes of punched card data from a remote site to a centrally located computer and require as output, either printed reports or addi tional punched cards. The new terminal reads punched cards a t the ra te of 400 cards per minu te, transmi ts da ta over standard communications lines at 250-300 charac ters per second, punches cards at the rate of 100-400 per minute and prints reports at the rate of 300 lines per minute. The Series 2440 terminal is available in four models that provide flexible input/output capabili ties to meet a variety' of user requirements in business, education and industry. (For more information, circle ~7 on the Reader Service Card.) SYSTEM 99 TAPE CERTIFIER / Certex Corp. are transmi tted in teletype format, at teletype speeds, using a standard telephone. The DG 4 Terminal is designed to fill the needs of accounting, inventory control or other areas of business where data is gathered from remote locations. The new DG 4 will be shown in Booth 6422 at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20. (For more information, circle ~9 on the Reader Service Card.) Surface errors are removed by an elec tronically controlled scraper which func tions only over the defective area. The Certex Certifier opera tes at a speed of 200 inches per second. This Certifier will be shown at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20 in Booths 6428 & 6429. (For more information, circle ~O on the Reader Service Card.) COMPUTER PERFORMANCE ANALYZER / Computer and Programming Analysis, Inc. A low-cost, solid state computer performance analyzer, developed by CPA, gives any user of computers (large or small) the means to analyze the operation of their system accurately and economically, increasing its efficiency and reducing operating cos ts. The CPA Series 7700 Analyzer consists of modular uni ts capable of moni toring up to 18 different computer functions without interfering with normal computer operations. The diagnosis consists of counting, checking, measuring the time spent doing specific functions, time spent between func tions and the number of times a function is done. Readouts are in digital form. Results obtained by the CPA Series 7700 Analyzer enable the computer user to increase the throughput of !'lis system, reduce overhead costs, and evaluate system configurations. (For more information, circle ~8l on the Reader Service Card.) COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 l1·HIGH DISC PACK TESTER / General Electric General Elec tric's PT 1110 Disc Pack Tester enables verification of the acceptabili ty of recording surfaces of IBM 2316 or comparable disc packs. The ll-high disc pack tester consists of a controller and one spindle. An optional dual spindle configuration (PT 1120) also is available in which each spindle may be used independently to double the throughput. The system operates as a simulator furnishing signal inputs and the logic which provides a program capable of detecting marginal or error-defect tracks. The result is a test program and circui t design providing precise correlation to the flagged tract data currently used by industry. By critically qualifying the recording medium the product helps assure error-free performance from disc packs. A General Electric Disc Pack Tester will be displayed at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20. (For more information, circle #82 on the Reader Service Card.) MAGNETIC TAPE CLEANER / on a regular production basis. It has agreements with computer timesharing companies throughout the Uni ted States allowing the use of their computers, and has a number of terminals, including Teletype and Datel, installed. No reservations are required, thus explaining the name, "Walk-in Democenter". No contract is required, and usage can be charged or paid for in cash. Customers will be charged for each minute of terminal usage at prices ranging from twenty-five to fifty cents per minu te, depending on the power of the individual time-sharing service used. The Democenter provides the terminals, pays for computer time, and supplies an instructor/consul tant. The new service plans also to operate in the evenings when students and programmers can use the terminals to learn new programming languages through interactive conversations with the time-sharing computers. (For more information, circle #84 on the Reader Service Card.) TIME SHARE CORPORATION ANNOUNCES NEW SERVICE FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES Computer.Link Corp. The C-LC Magnetic Tape Cleaner has been specifically designed to remove small dropout causing particles from both front and rear of the tape. Dual capstan construction completely isolates winding tension from the cleaning function, inboth forward and reverse directions. The C-LC tape cleaner is a part of a complete tape maintenance program designed for 3rd and 4th generation magnetic tape. (For more information, circle #83 on the Reader Service Card.) COMPUTING/TIME·SHARING CENTERS TIME BROKERS, INC. OPENS A TIME SHARING DEMONSTRATION CENTE.R IN NEW YORK The recently opened "Walk-in Time-Sharing Democenter", first of a series, provides "retail" usage of a number of time-sharing terminal s loca ted a t the Mid-Manha t tan office of Time Brokers, Inc. The terminals are hooked up to a broad range of computer time-sharing services offering a mul ti tude of programs and conversational computer languages. The company expects to attract large time-sharing users on an overload basis, _and small users Schools and colleges now will have 24-hour a day access to computer facili ties for a complete range of academic purposes. Richard T. Bueschel, president of Time Share Corp., Hanover, N.H., has announced a time sharing service specifically tailored to the needs of the academic market. The new service uses BASIC, the official academic language. grams, as well as proprietary software packages for broad industry application; an equipment sales division for marketing unit record equipment,peripheral equipment for full scale sys terns and even tual distribution of new computer equipment; and a division specializing in the recondi tioning and main tenance of computers for marketing. The company plans to have "satelli te" centers each housing a service bureau,computer school and equipment sales division in cities surrounding its master centers. The smaller units will also utilize the personnel, capabili ties and fac il i ti es of the larger cen ters . The new Los Angeles center is the first of 12 Master and/or satelli te centers scheduled to be opened wi thin the next year. A total of 50 such centers is scheduled to begin operations in key ci ties across the Uni ted States in the next three years. (For more information, circle #86 on the Reader Service Card.) UCS VI, NEW COMPUTER SERVICE SYSTEM TO BE I)EMONSTRATED AT FJCC United Computing Systems, Inc. is demonstrating its new computer service system, UCS VI, for the first time at the 1969 Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20. Mul tifunctional UCS VI is marked by two maj or elements: the vas t central processor/storage capabili ty of a CDC 6000 series computer and online availabili ty in maj or ci ties for mul tiplexed time-sharing (tollfree) and remote batch processing. The company is planning to conduct regional seminars in its educational centers for teachers and administrators so they may make maximum utilization of the service. Time Share's new academic service will be made available first to schools and colleges in the Northeastern United States. (For more information, circle #85 on the Reader Service Card.) The UCS National Datacenter, located in Kansas City, Mo., offers users a simul taneous National Database from Philadelphia to San Francisco, San Antonio to Chicago. Adjunct services include National Database applications, on-si te batch processing, business and science applications programming, software development and systems design. (For more information, circle #87 on the Reader Service Card.) TOTAL DATA PROCESSING CENTER OPENED BY GRANITE MANAGEMENT SERVICES, INC. "TRIPLEX" COMPUTER COMPLEX BEING OPERATED BY COMPUTER TECHNOLOGY INC. A totally-integrated Master Compu ter Cen ter has been opened in Los Angeles, Calif., by Granite Management Services, Inc., and is operated by Grani te Data Services Corp., a subsidiary. The new center contains a computer time-sharing bureau; a computer school to train programmers and systems engineers; a software division to develop customized pro- The $l5-million "triplex" computer complex, being operated by Computer Technology Inc.' s Dallas, division, integrates, into a single sys tern, three large-scale central computers, five smaller remote compu ters and more than 225 remote terminal units. Each week, the system can process some 4,000 remoteentry jobs while simultaneously COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 67 handling more than 500 major business applications in a mul ti-programming time-sharing mode. The "triplex" system's threeprocessor central complex combines two IBM Model 360/65 computers and a 360/75; they are linked on-line to four 360/20's and a 360/30. Its remote-access devices include more than 150 data collection terminals, 50 "conversational" programming terminals and 25 administrative terminals. CT is curren tly using the "triplex" to provide computer management services for Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc., and all of its Dallas-based subsidiaries, and also providing data processing services for more than 60 non-LTV-affiliated customers in the southwest. (For more information, circle mB9 on the Reader Service Card.) COMPUTER-RELATED SERVICES EDP AIR TRAVEL FIRM OPENS OPERATIONS IN KANSAS CITY Perhaps the first air reservation and scheduling firm to include commuter airlines and air taxi services has opened its doors for business. Compute Air-Tran Systems, Inc. (CATS) inaugura ted its program October 1 in 15 states in the Central-Midwestern part of the United States, using more than 1,000 airports. The firm's system will encompass 10,000 American cities and communi ties and 500 commu ter and air-taxi carriers and within two years expects to be serving more than 4,000 airports across the entire nation. CATS president,Charles E. Long, (shown in picture wi th one of the firm's contracted "air-taxis") explained the "simple yet complicated business he and his associates are setting up: "We are not an airline and not a travel agency. We do not own any airplanes and have no plans to buy an~ Our business is to bring together travelers and airplanes -- anywhere, anytime. No rna t ter where you are, no matter where you want to go, we 68 will guarantee you within two hours." an airplane CATS would not be possible wi thout computer technology and the firm's EDP installation. The computers' memory bank contains an infini te number of airline routes, schedules, fares, aircraft inventory and ins tan taneous ly searches thi s data and processes each reservation reques t. CATS' clients are furnished wi th the firm's "U-Write-N-Fly" tickets which are styled for computer operation and contain each traveler's account number. To schedule a flight -- and receive confirmation -- the traveler places a toll-free call to the Kansas Ci ty CATS computer-facili ty and states his travel requiremen ts. The CATS reservationist processes the request, receives computer confirmation, relays to the traveler the air itinerary, times and da tes -- and the traveler fills in his own ticket before hanging up the telephone. The traveler presents his CATS "U-Wri te-N-Fly" ticket at the boarding gate without anywaiting. Necessary reservations, with all participating airlines, trunk carriers, or air-tran carriers, are placed by CATS. The traveler is billed later. The CATS system of air reservations and scheduling has evolved after two years of planning. CATS "all-the-waY-by-air" method provides effective and efficient utilization of privately-owned unscheduled aircraft. Mr. Long emphasized that CATS will book flights only on approved Air-Tran carriers (air-taxis, charter flights,commuter airlines) and only on federally inspected multi-engine aircraft. All Air-Tran carriers mus t be seasoned professionals rated for passenger transport. (For more information, circle ~90 on the Reader Service Card.) checks. (If pressed for time, he can have same-day service.) Da ta Power also supplements computerized payroll service wi th hardcopy reports that back up management requirements. Data Power's price is $10.00 per payroll period for up to nineteen employees. The firm plans to establish five more Centers in: Hartford, Conn.; Philadelphia, Pa.; Union, N.J.; Boston, Mass.; and Valley Stream, N.Y. From these first sixCenters, Data Power District Managers will place addi tional, franchised Centers and expand services to include inventory and accounts receiyable. (For more information, circle ~91 on the Reader Service Card.) MISCELLANY FLORIDA FIRM DESIGNATED AS "COMPUTER CONTROL CENTER" FOR JUNIOR SUPER BOWL The Junior Super Bowl Committee (Miami, Florida), organized to present an annual football game for the "National High School Championship", has des igna ted Digi tal Produc ts Corporation of Ft. Lauderdale, Fla., the Bowl's "Computer Control Center." Funds generated by Bowl commi t tee activities, will go to develop nation-wide educational programs which will be used to help teenagers suffering from drug abuse. President of the non-profi t Bowl corporation, Ray Smi th, said the elec tronics manufac turing company will "playa series of games on computers to establish a Junior Super COMPUTERIZED PAYROLL SERVICE FOR SMALL BUSINESSES OFFERED BY DATA POWER, INC. Small and medium size companies (up to 500 employees) that have difficul ty competing with larger computerized businesses, now are provided with computerized payroll services by Data Power, Inc., whose Manhattan Information Processing Cen ter opened in mid-Apri 1. In offering computerized payroll, Data Power assumes the respons ibili ty of a company's payroll, keeps records, and prepares fi Ie copies. Information is furnished by the employer on pre-printed forms supplied by Data Power. Two working days later the employer has his Bowl ranking of the top 20 high school football teams in the country. It planned to release the rankings bi-weekly throughout the 1969 season. The ~l and ~2 teams will be invi ted to play for the "National Championship" in a real Junior Super Bowl in South Florida at endof-season. Should circumstances prevent an actual meeting of the two top finishers, the play-off for the 1969 Junior Super Bowl Championship will be computerized. COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 NEW CONTRACTS FOR Mycalex Corporation of America, Clifton, N.J. Western Electric Co., Inc. Bull General Electric, Paris, France l'Union des Assurances de Paris, France Univac Division of Sperry Rand Corp., Philadelphia, Pa. U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office, Suitland, Md. Librascope. Singer-General Precision, Inc., Glendale, Calif • Auerbach Associates, Philadelphia, Pa. Maxson Electronics Corp. (a Riker-Maxson subsidiary), Great River, N.Y. Department of the Navy TRW Inc., Software and Information Systems Division, Redondo Beach, Calif. U.S. Air Force Univac Division of Sperry Rand Corp., St. Paul, Minn. U.S. Air Force, Rome Air Development Ctr., Griffiss AFB, Rome. N.Y. Ampex Corporation, Culver City, Calif. Hewlett-Packard Company COMNET (Computer Network Corp.), Washington. D.C. ITC International Travel Corporation of Washington Bucknell University, Lewisburg, Pa. National Science Foundation Computer Usage Co., Inc., Los Angeles, Calif. Jet Propulsion Laboratories, Pasadena, Calif. P. G. Foret Inc., Sudbury, Mass. General Services Administration, Washington, D.C. Informatics Inc., Sherman Oaks, Calif. Sanders Associates, Inc., Nashua, N.H. Jet Propulsion Laboratories, Pasadena. Calif. Defense Documentation Center (DDC) , Washington, D.C. Ampex Corporation, Culver City. Calif. Tel-Tech Corporation. Silver Spring, ivJd. Data Products Corporation, Woodland Hills. Calif. Westinghouse Information Systems Laboroatory, Pittsburg, Pa. U.S. Army. Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for Personnel National Institutes of Health System Automation Corp •• Silver Spring, Md. Information and Communication Applications, Inc. (ICA) , Silver Spring, Md. U.S. Department of Labor U.S. Navy Computer Data Systems, Inc., Silver Spring, Md. U.S. Post Office Department Computer Sciences Corp.t Los Angeles, Calif. U.S. Geological Survey, Water Resource5 Division California Blue Shield E.D.S. Federal Corporation COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 Memory planes to be used as a base to mount the logic circuitry for the Bell System's electronic switching system, designated ~l ESS Two GE-600 computers and related equipment the insurance industries' information processing system; nearly 10 million policies will be administered A UNIVAC 1108 computer system for data retrieval of information concerning contours of ocean floors, water temperature, pressure, and salinity of the world's oceans Automatic data recording equipment (the Librascope Data Gathering System - LDGS) to be used in weapon system accuracy trials A three-year contract to evaluate the impact of the Work Incentive Program (WIN) The design and construction of electronic warfare trainers which provide intensive operator and team training in using and identifying typical radar and ECM signals Support of the Advanced Ballistic Reentry Systems Program (ABRES); calls for development and provision of a real-time guidance program, guidance equations, range and safety data, and flight support documentation Design, development and fabrication of a prototype solid state, random access massmemory module; miniaturized memory unit will have a 72-bit word, and a capacity of 131,072 words; c cle time less than 10 ms Magnetic core stacks which will be incorporated in main-frame core memories of Model 2116 B computers used in time-sharing systems An on-line computer reservations and invoicing system, including its development and operation over a three-year period Improvement of computing services; grant will be used primarily to purhcase "hardware" for the computer center Designing, coding and implementing new business and management information applications EDP magnetic tape cleaners, which will be used for magnetic tape maintenance in government EDP installations worldwide Continuing computer software support for the space program A Microfiche Reproduction and Handling System to automate the annual distribution of over 2.3 million microfiche copies of technical and scientific documents Model TM2 digital tape memories for use in off-line systems Installation of over 30 of Tel-Tech's data communications multiplexers for Westinghouse's nationwide time-sharing network Design, development and installation of a management information system for manpower planning Assisting the Program Analysis Branch, Chemotherapy, National Cancer Institute, in extending its clinical data processing system to include collection, storage and retrieval of additional items of data on patients under the care of the Leukemia Service of NCI Assistance consisting of computer programming and technical documentation in support of the National Air and Surface Schemes Systems (NASS), a computerized scheduling and mail routing system Developing improved techniques for modeling and simulating groundwater flow systems to enable better conservation of underground water resources Operating all of Blue Shield's computer functions -- terms were not disclosed $9.7 mi llion $8 mi llion $3.4 milUon $3 million (approximate) $1,150,3?8 $1,313,000 $1.1 million $934,580 900.000 $400,000 $ 395.000 $357,000 (approximate) $356,212 $338,000 $265.530 $250.000 (approximate) $150.000+ $130,000 $70.000 $20,000 69 NEW INSTALLATIONS Burroughs B3500 system Argonaut Insurance Co •• Menlo Park. Calif. Hillcrest State Bank. Dallas. Texas Control Data 6400 system Fluor Corp •• Los Angeles. Calif. Control Data 6600 system Multiple Access General Computer Corp. (GCC) , Toronto, Canada Digital Equipment PDP-8 L National Research Council, Applied Chemistry Div •• Ottawa, Canada Dataline Systems Ltd •• Toronto, Ontario. Canada Digital Equipment PDP-IO GE-115 system District Grocery Stores, Inc., Washington. D.C. GE-415 system International Telephone and Telegraph, Semiconductor Div., West Palm Beach. Fla. Republic National Bank, Dallas, Texas Defense Intelligence Agency, Washington, D.C. GE-635 system Honeywell Model 110 system City of Waltham, Mass. Harmony Dairy. Pittsburgh. Pa. Honeywell Model 120 system Honeywell Model 200 system IBM System/360 Model 20 Frank A. Serio & Sons. Inc., Baltimore, Md. Confederation College of Applied Arts and Technology. Fort William, Ontario. Canada South Texas Junior College. Houston. Texas Yosemite Park and Curry Co., Yosemite National Park IBM 1130 system Wheeler Opera House. Aspen Chamber and Visitors Bureau. Aspen, Colo. IBM 1800 system University of Colorado Medical Center. Denver. Colo. Fukui Vinyl Kogyo Co., Ltd., Fukui. Japan Hothman's Tobacco Co., Ltd., Napier. New Zealand Ocean Products, I~c., Dover, Fla. NCR Century 100 system RCA Spectra 70/45 system Tijuana City Government. Tijuana, Mexico Banco Irguijo. Madrid, Spain Guardian Building Society, London, England Owens-Illinois, Inc •• Toledo, Ohio UNIVAC 1108 system Det Norske Veritas. Oslo. Norway UNIVAC 9200 system Interstate Milk Producers Cooperative Inc •• Philadelphia. Pa. Lombard Street. Inc., New York, N.Y. NCR Century 200 system 70 Handling the increasing accounting functions in~erent with business growth (system valued at over $550.000) Savings. demand deposit. installment loan and other accounting operations for 7 Dallas-area banks (system valued at over $583,000) Engineering and scientific data processing, as well as generation of reports for management control Marketing of data processing services on a timesharing and remote terminal basis: equipment includes CDC 6600 computer system with CDC 200 User Terminals. a CDC 3500 system with MATS/MASTER software and a variety of peripheral equipment (s stem valued at over 9 million) On-line data acquisition in the study of nuclear magnetic moments Commercial time-sharing for scientific and design problem solving, accounting and accounting analysis, computer assisted instruction, and data banks for storing statistical and financial data Replacing tabulating equipment: applications include accounts receivable and payable, inventory, payroll, management reports, and stock status reports A variety of finance. marketing and manufacturing applications including extensive research and development work Traditional major banking applications: is sixth GE-400 medium-scale system in bank's computer center Local batch processing, remote batch processing and user-interactive time-sharing (system valued at almost $3 million) Grade reporting, student accounting and scheduling in the school department: also city payroll, real estate tax billing, and water billing Accounts receivable, sales analysis, accounts payable, general ledger, production planning and route accounting Daily invoicing. accounts receivable and inventory reporting A teaching tool, primarily; courses include an introduction to programming, and to data processing: Will also be used for some administrative tasks Instruction, primarily: some administrative use also Generating financial reports and dividend paychecks for its stockholders; also prepares weekly paychecks for its employees Computerized lodging-availability of about 15.000 sleeping accomodations in nearly 100 lodges and motels in the Aspen-Snowmass area Directing and processing of blood tests Cost accounting, inventory and production control, payroll and other business and manufacturing tasks Inventory of leaf stocks, costing, invoicing and other applications Labor distribution, order billing, accounts receivable and payroll for about 700 employees A full range of data processing tasks Handling some 17,000 accounts of various types Mortgage and investment accounts Order entry and payroll, production scheduling, stock records, and inventory control; also for engineering and research projects Processing advanced scientific calculations involved in the Society's ship classification program, promotion of safety at sea, and in technical control and safety of materials and machinery used in ship construction: also a portion of computer's time will be made available for service bureau work to customers throughout Scandinavia (system valued at $2.3 million) Milk accounting, producer payroll, truck dispatching, label printing, producer patronage refunding General accounting. sales analysis and processing paperwork involved in sale and purchase of stock options COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 MONTHLY COMPUTER CENSUS Neil Macdonald Survey Editor CONPUTERS AND AUTOMATION The following is a summary made by COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION of reports and estimates of the number of general purpose electronic digital computers manufactured and installed, or to be manufactured and on order. These figures are mailed to individual computer manufacturers from time to time for their information and review, and for any updating or comments they may care to provide. Please note the variation in dates and reliability of the information. Several important manufacturers refuse to give out, confirm, or comment on any figures. Our census seeks to include all digital computers manufactured anywhere. We invite all manufacturers located anywhere to submit information for this census. We invite all our readers to submit information that would help make these figures as accurate and complete as possible. The following abbreviations apply: (A) -- authoritative figures, derived essentially from information sent by the manufacturer directly to CO}WUTERS AND AUTOMATION C figure is combined in a total (D) acknowledgment is given to DP Focus, Narlboro, Mass., for their help in estimating many of these figures E figure estimated by COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION (N) manufacturer refuses to give any figures on number of installations or of orders, and refuses to comment in any way on those numbers stated here (R) figures derived all or in part from information released indirectly by the manufacturer, or from reports by other sources likely to be informed (S) sale only, and sale (not rental) price is stated X no longer in production information not obtained at press time Part I of the Monthly Computer Census contains reports for United States manufacturers. Part II contains reports for manufacturers outside of the United States. The two parts are published in alternate months. SUWARY AS OF OCTOBER 15, 1969 NAME OF MAi'WFACTURER Part 1. United States Manufacturers Autonetics Anaheim, Calif. (R) (1/69) Bailey Meter Co. Wickliffe, Ohio (R) (1/69) Bunker-Ramo Corp. Canoga Park, Calif. (A) (10/69) Burroughs Detroit, Mich. (N) (1/69-5/69) Control Data Corp. Minneapolis, Minn. (N) (2/69-4/69) Data General Corp. Boston, Mass. (A) (8/69) Datacraft Corp. Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. (A) (10/69) Digiac Corp. Plainview, N.Y. (A) (10/69) Digital Equipment Corp. Maynard, Mass. (A) (9/69) NA}1E OF COllPUTER RECOMP II RECONP III Bailey 756 Bailey 855 BR-l30 BR-l33 BR-230 BR-300 BR-330 BR-340 205 220 BIOO B200 B300 B500 B2500 B3500 B5500 B6500 B7500 B8500 G15 G20 LGP-2l LGP-30 RPC4000 636/l36/046 Series 160/8090 Series 924/924A l604/A/B 1700 3100/3150 3200 3300 3400 3500 3600 3800 6400/6500 6600 6800 7600 DATE OF FIRST INSTALLATION AVERAGE OR RANGE OF MONTHLY RENTAL $(000) 11/58 6/61 2/65 4/68 10/61 5/64 8/63 3/59 12/60 12/63 1/54 10/58 8/64 11/61 7/65 10/68 2/67 5/67 3/63 2/68 4/69 8/67 7/55 4/61 12/62 9/56 1/61 2.5 1.5 60-400 (S) (S) 100.0 2.0 2.4 2.7 3.0 4.0 7.0 4.6 14.0 2.8 5.4 9.0 3.8 5.0 14.0 23.5 33.0 44.0 200.0 1.6 15.5 0.7 1.3 1.9 5/60 8/61 1/60 5/66 5/64 5/64 9/65 11/64 8/68 6/23 2/66 8/64 8/64 6/67 12/68 2.1-14.0 11.0 45.0 3.8 10-16 l3.0 20-28 18.0 25.0 52.0 53.0 58.0 115.0 l30.0 235.0 NOVA 2/69 8.0 DC6024 5/69 Digiac 3080 Digiac 3080C PDP-l PDP-4 PDP-5 PDP-6 PDP-7 PDP-8 PDP-8/1 PDP-8/S PDP-8/L PDP-9 PDP-9/L 12/64 10/67 11/60 8/62 9/63 10/64 11/64 4/65 3/68 9/66 ll/68 12/66 11/68 NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS Outside In In U.S.A. World U.S.A. 30 6 17 0 160 79 15 18 19 19 25-38 28-31 90 370-800 180-370 0 52-57 44 65-74 4 0 1 65-l30 68-90 40-45 38-100 12 1 30 18 23-50 32-40 1 1 (S) 71 30-200 (S) 19.5 25.0 3.4 1.7 0.9 10.0 1.3 0.5 0.4 0.3 1.1 (S) (S) 12 4 50 40 90 18 124 945 940 575 561 262 6 0 0 30 6 NUMBER OF UNFILLED ORDERS X X 3 15 2 2 l3 70 40 0 12 18 7 0 0 0 X X X X X X X X X 0 0 27-40 30-33 103 440-870 220-4l0 0 64-69 62 72-81 4 0 1 295 20 165 322 75 29 610 29 59 106-180 83-110 55-60 55-125 16 1 39 20 37-67 43-51 1 1 6 77 0 2 5 2 5 10 3 36 378 293 269 204 ll5 8 52 45 100 21 160 l323 1233 844 765 377 14 X X X X X 4l-50 15-20 15 17-25 4 0 9 2 14-17 II 31 150 70 117 190 8 31 l3 5 X X X X X X X X C C C C C C C C C C C C Total: 160 E 800 2 1 C C C C C C 71 NAME OF MANUFACTURER Digital Equipment Corp. (cont'd) Electronic Associates Inc. Long Branch! N.J. (A) (10/69) EMR Computer Minneapolis, Minn. (N) (10/69) NAME OF COMPUTER PDP-10 PDP-12 LINC-8 640 8400 ADVANCE 6020 ADVANCE 6040 ADVANCE 6050 ADVANCE 6070 EMR 6130 EMR 6135 DATE OF FIRST INSTALLATION 12/67 6/69 9/66 AVERAGE OR RANGE OF MONTHLY RENTAL $(000) 8.0 4/67 7/65 4/65 7/65 2/66 10/66 8/67 1.2 12.0 5.4 6.6 9.0 15.0 5.0 2.6 NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS Outside In In U.S.A. U.S.A. World 21 76 97 20 4 24 108 40 148 60 19 C C C C C 17 6 77 25 Total: 90 E General Electric Phoenix, Ariz. (N) (2/69-4/69) Process Control Computers: (A) (10/69) Hewlett Packard Cupertino, Calif. (A) (10/69) Honeywell Computer Control Div. Framingham, Nass. (R) (10/69) Honeywell EDP Div. Wellesley Hills, Mass. (N) (1/69-4/69) IBN White Plains, N.Y. (N) (D) (1/69-5/69) 72 105A 105B 105RTS 115 120 130 205 210 215 225 235 245 255 T/S 265 T/S 275 T/S 405 410 T/S 415 420 T/S 425 430 T/S 435 440 T/S 615 625 635 645 4020 4040 4050 4060 2114A 2115A 2116A 2116B DDP-24 DDP-116 DDP-124 DDP-224 DDP-316 DDP-516 H632 H1648 H-110 H-120 H-125 H-200 H-400 H-800 H-1200 H-1250 H-1400 H-1800 H-2200 H-3200 H-4200 H-8200 System 3 305 650 1130 1401 1401-G 1401-H 1410 1440 1460 1620 I, II 1800 7010 7030 704 7040 7044 705 7070, 7074 7080 7090 7094-1 7094-II 6/69 6/69 7/69 4/66 12/68 6/64 7/60 9/63 4/61 4/64 11/68 10/67 10/65 11/68 2/68 11/69 5/64 6/67 6/64 6/69 9/65 7/69 3/68 4/65 5/65 7/66 2/67 8/64 12/66 6/65 10/68 11/67 11/66 9/68 5/63 4/65 3/66 3/65 1.3 1.4 1.2 2.2 2.9 4.5 2.9 16.0 6.0 8.0 12.0 13.0 17.0 20.0 23.0 6.8 11.0 7.3 23.0 9.6 17.0 14.0 25.0 30.0 41.0 45.0 90.0 5.0 3.0 7.0 8.5 0.25 0.41 0.6 0.65 2.65 0.9 2.2 3.5 9/66 0.8 3.2 8/68 1/66 12/67 3/64 12/61 12/60 2/66 7/68 1/64 1/64 1/66 2/70 8/68 12/68 2.5 4.0 5.0 8.5 6.2 28.0 10.0 12.0 14.0 50.0 16.0-26.0 18.0 21.0-26.0 50.0 1.1 3.6 4.8 1.5 5.4 2.3 1.3 17.0 4.1 10.0 4.1 5.1 26.0 160.0 32.0 25.0 36.5 38.0 27.0 35.0 60.0 63.5 75.0 83.0 12/57 10/67 2/66 9/60 5/64 6/67 11/61 4/63 10/63 9/60 1/66 10/63 5/61 12/55 6/63 6/63 11/55 3/60 3/60 8/61 11/59 9/62 4/64 Total: 30 E 200-400 420-680 620-1080 11 35 15 145 60-100 0 0 1 15 17 11 35 16 160 77-117 10-40 15-45 170-300 70-100 50-100 20-30 20 23 20-40 4 113 45 22 18 NUNBER OF UNFILLED ORDERS C C C Total: 1200 E 10 2 C C C C C 240-400 70-130 26 3 3 0 38 20 1 2 26 23-43 4 151 65 23 20 360 580 359 730 90 250 90 60 53 X 320 2 10-20 260-600 20-90 450-800 32-40 42-50 65-190 2-15 6 8-12 32-100 0 1-2 1 0 40 50 2580 2210 420 180 156 1690 194 285 415 67 4 12 35 28 18 10 44 13 4 10 6 2-5 140-180 10-15 210-300 14-30 10-12 31-50 2-5 1-2 3 21-25 0 0 0 0 15 18 1227 1836 450 140 116 1174 63 186 148 14 1 1 27 13 3 3 26 2 2 4 4 12-25 400-780 30-105 660-1100 46-70 52-62 76-240 4-20 7-8 11-15 53-125 0 1-2 1 0 55 68 3807 4046 870 320 272 2864 257 471 563 81 5 13 2 41 21 13 70 15 6 14 10 0 X A X X NAME OF MANUFACTURER IBM (cont I d) Interdata Oceanport, N.J. (A) (10/69) NCR Dayton, Ohio (R) (9/69) Pacific Data Systems Inc. Santa Ana! Calif. (N) (1/69) Philco Willow Grove, Pa. (N) (1/69) Potter Instrument Co., Inc. Plainview! N.Y. (A) (10/69) RCA Che rry Hill, N.J. (N) (5/69) Raytheon Santa Ana, Calif. (A) (10/69) Scientific Control Corp. Dallas, Tex. (A) (10/69) Scientific Data Sys terns (see Xerox Data Systems) Standard Computer Corp. Los Angeles, Calif. (N) (8/69) Systems Engineering Laboratories Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. (A) (6/69) UNIVAC (Div. of Sperry Rand) New York, N.Y. (R) (1/69-5/69) Varian Data Machines Newport Beach, Calif. (A) (10/69) Xerox Data Systems E1 Segundo, Calif. (N) (2/69-4/69) NAME OF COMPUTER 360/20 360/25 360/30 360/40 360/44 360/50 360/65 360/67 360/75 360/85 360/90 360/195 Model 2 Model 3 Hodel 4 304 310 315 315 RMC 390 500 Century 100 Century 200 PDS 1020 DATE OF FIRST INSTALLATION 12/65 1/68 5/65 4/65 7/66 8/65 11/65 10/66 2/66 11/67 7/68 3/67 8/68 1/60 5/61 5/62 9/65 5/61 10/65 9/68 6/69 2/64 1000 2000-210, 211 2000-212 PC-9600 6/63 10/58 1/63 301 501 601 3301 Spectra Spectra Spectra Spectra Spectra SEectra 250 440 520 703 706 650 655 660 670 4700 6700 DCT-132 DCT-32 2/61 6/59 11/62 7/64 9/65 9/65 1/67 11/65 IC 4000 IC 6000 IC 7000 810 810A 810B 840 840A 70/15 70/25 70/35 70/45 70/46 70/55 11/66 12/60 3/64 10/65 10/67 5/69 5/66 10/66 10/65 5/66 4/69 2/70 5/69 11/69 12/68 5/67 6/69 9/65 8/66 9/68 11/65 8/66 840~!P 1/68 I & II 3/51 & 11/57 III 8/62 File Computers 8/56 Solid-State 80 I, II, 90,1,11, & Step 8/58 418 6/63 490 Series 12/61 1004 2/63 1005 4/66 1050 9/63 1100 Series (except 1107, 1108) 12/50 1107 10/62 1108 9/65 9200 6/67 9300 9/67 9400 5/69 LARC 5/60 620 11/65 620i 6/67 520i 10/6R SDS-92 4/65 SDS-910 8/62 SDS-920 9/62 SDS-925 12/64 SDS-930 6/64 SDS-940 4/66 SDS-9300 11/64 Sigma 2 12/66 Sigma 5 8/67 Sigma 7 12/66 AVERAGE OR RANGE OF MONTHLY RENTAL $(000) 2.7 5.1 10.3 19.0 11.8 29.1 57.2 133.8 66.9 150.3 (S) 232.0 0.25 0.4 0.6 14.0 2.5 8.7 12.0 1.9 1.5 2.7 7.5 0.7 7.0 40.0 52.0 16.0 7.0 14.0-18.0 14.0-35.0 17.0-35.0 4.3 6.6 9.2 22.5 33.5 34.0 1.2 3.6 3.2 (S) (S) 0.5 2.1 2.1 2.7 1.8 90.0 0.7 0.3 NUMBER In U.S.A. 4690 0 5075 1260 65 480 175 9 14 0 5 15 8 460 125 240 1700 200 10 145 2 0 400 45 500 950 30 0 16 163 80 17 8 860 170 740 2650 230 10 NUHBER OF UNFILLED ORDERS 2 52 57 X X 10 16 16 12 X X X (S) 140-290 22-50 2 24-60 90-110 68-70 65-100 84-180 1 11 155 20 26 118 8 23 111 27 1 13 0 23 0 9.0 16.0 17.0 1.1 0.9 1.2 1.5 1.5 2.0 25.0 21.0 15.0 6 9 3 24 135 34 4 33 20 23 25 13 8.0 11.0 30.0 1.9 2.4 8.5 210 76 75 1502 637 138 35.0 57.0 68.0 1.5 3.4 7.0 135.0 0.9 0.5 9 8 3R 127 106 3 1.5 2.0 2.9 3.0 3.4 14.0 8.5 1.8 6.0 12.0 OF INSTALLATIONS Outside In U.S.A. World 3276 7966 4 4 3144 8219 498 1758 13 78 109 589 31 206 4 13 3 17 0 0 0 5 10-60 150-170 93-120 20 159 28-35 21-25 60-110 15-40 24-35 100-130 1 0 1-5 35-60 18-25 20-50 21-55 0 1 20 240-420 23-51 2 25-65 125-170 86-95 85-150 105-235 1 12 175 1 20 2 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 27 138 10 23 111 27 1 13 0 23 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 6 9 3 24 137 34 4 33 20 31 36 11 628 299 .62 0 3 18 48 38 0 0 2 7-10 5-12 1 14 0 1 10-15 6-18 5-9 112 86 2130 936 200 9 11 56 175 144 3 2 75 750 60 12-62 157-180 98-132 21 173 28-35 22-26 70-125 21-58 29-44 X X X 7 25 0 25 12 0 79 1 509 3 8 E 10 E X 30 26 X 4 11 X X X X 20 35 20 90 10 E E E E E X X 75 850 550 60 E E E E 0 350 230 73 Books (Continued from page 34 ) Lazzaro, Victor, Editor, and 23 authors / Systems and Procedures: A Handbook for Business and Industry, 2nd edition / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 07632 / 1968, hardbound, 528 pp., $14.60 (student's edition, $10.95) This book is a handbook to bring together information on various systems and procedures techniques . . . into a single, comprehensive volume that can be used as a ready reference by readers desiring a general knowledge of the subject. The book is designed for students and staff personnel involved in the use of systems and procedures. The eighteen chapters include: "The Systems and Procedures Department", "Systems Charting", "W ork Measurement", "Forms Design and Control", CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS FACULTY OPENINGS IN COMPUTER SCIENCE T he Hartford Graduate Center of the Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute is in the midst of a rapidly expanding graduate program in Computer Science for which faculty at all levels are needed. Candidates for these positions must hold the doctorate and should have a specialty in any of the following areas: Computer Oriented Techniques in Operations Research and Statistics Computer Graphics Process Control Computer Simulation Techniques (GPSS, SIMSCRIPT and others) Computer Software Development Candidates with other specialties will also be considered. Interested persons should send their resumes to: Dr. Harry C. Kraus Associate Dean Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute Hartford Graduate Center East Windsor Hill, Conn. 06028 8K BANK DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM FOR SALE OR LEASE 1401 E4, 1402-1, 1403-2, 1406-1, 1412-1. Net lease, $2200 per month. System also available for sale. Summit Computer Corporation 785 Springfield Avenue Summit, New Jersey 07901 (201) 273-6900 74 "Budgets and Cost Control", "Electronics in Business" and "The Network System - PERT/CPM". There are two appendices; one is 'a case study; one is an outline for conducting and implementing a systems study. Iliffe, J. K. / Basic Machine Principles / American Elsevier Publishing Co., Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017 / 1968, hardcover, 86 pp. $5.25 Nolan, R. L. / Introduction to Computing Through the Basic Language / Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 383 Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017 / 1969, paperback, 262 pp., $5.95 This short book is concerned with "the definition of a computer system from the programming point of view". "Its primary interest will be to logical designers and programmers who occupy themselves with the boundary between the "hard" and "soft" parts of a computer". The author created his own symbolic language called "Basic Language". . Its chapters are: "General Principles; Some Related Systems; Basic Machine; Basic Language; and Techniques." The book has one page of references; an appendix and tables, explaining Basic Language; and a two-page index. The author is a member of the Advance Research and Development Division of International Computers and Tabulation Limited, Steven age, Herts, England. The purpose of this book is to acquaint the potential user with the capabilities of computing in BASIC, for solving many different problems. The BASIC language is explained for ordinary interested persons, 'not programmers. The ten chapters include "Introduction to BASIC", "BASIC Definitions", "Concept of a Computer: Computer Simulation Model", and "Computer Software" . There are five appendices including "Techniques of Flowcharting" and "Introduction to Matrices and Mat Commands". There are also answers and solutions to problems, a bibliography, a glossary and an index. ADVERTISING INDEX Following is the index of advertisements. Each item contains: Name and address of the advertiser / page number where the advertisement appears / name of agency, if any Allison Coupon Co., 206 S. Capitol Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46225 / Page 29 / Waldie and Briggs Inc. APL-Manhattan, 254-6 West 31st St., New York, NY 10001 / Pages 64 and 76 / Academic Press, Inc., 111 Fifth Ave., New York, NY 10003 / Page 35 / Flamm Advertising California Computer Products, Inc., 305 N. Muller St., Anaheim, CA 92803 / Page 23 / Carson/Roberts/ Inc. COMPSO - Regional Computer Software and Peripherals Show, 37 W. 39th St., New York, NY 10018 / Page 12 DI/ AN Controls, 944 Dorchester Ave., Boston, MA 02125 / Page 11 / Larc om - Randall Houston Instrument, Div. of Bausch and Lomb, Inc., 4950 Terminal Ave., Bellaire, TX 77401 / Page 9 / Ray Cooley & Associates, Inc. Interdata Inc., 2 Crescent Place, Oceanport, NJ 07757 / Page 2 / Thomas Leggett Associates Keyboard Training, Inc., 292 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10017 / Page 3 / Nachman & Shaffran, Inc. Lockheed-Georgia Co., Dept. 8211, 2363 Kingston Court S. E., Marietta, GA 30060 / Page 4 / McCannErickson, Inc. Management Information Service, P. O. Box 252, Stony Point, NY 10980 / Page 63 / Nachman & Shaffran, Inc. Metroprocessing Corporation of America, 64 Prospect St., White Plains, NY 10606 / Page 10 / Elmer L. Cline, Inc. National Systems Corp., North American Institute of Systems & Procedures, 4401 Birch St., Newport Beach, CA 92660 / Page 61 / France, Free and Laub, Inc. Path Computer Equipment, 20 Beckley Ave., Stamford, CT 06901 / Pages 6 and 7 / Nachman & Shaffran Raytheon Computer Corp., 2700 S. Fairview St., Santa Ana, CA 92704 / Page 1.7 / Martin Wolfson RCA, Information Systems Div. , Cherry Hill, NJ 08034 / Page 75 / J. Walter Thompson Co. Republic Software Products Inc. , 715 Park Ave., East Orange, NJ 07017 / Page 27 / Nachman & Shaffran Scan Graphics, 104 Lincoln Ave. , Stamford, CT 06902 / Page 47 / Nachman & Shaffran, Inc. Sycor Inc., 117 North First St., Ann Arbor, MI 48108 / Page 21 / R. W. Ferguson Advertising Agency Xerox Data Systems, 701 S. Aviation Blvd., El Segundo, CA 90245 / Pages 38 and 39 / Doyle, Dane, Bernbach Inc. COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969 RClX.s Videolerminal. Our TV experience puts you eye to eye with Octoputer Its your best view of remote computing. Remote computing is working with your computer from wherever you are to wherever it is. It can be yards or miles away. And hundrerls of people can share it. For those people, user terminals are hooked up to the remote computer. There are all kinds of terminals, in all sizes and shapes. But none of them sizes up to the terminal you see on the Octopu ter's arms. It's RCi\s Video Terminal.The Octopeeper. There's no better way to find facts, feed in facts, or solve problems. It's like a combination TV and typewriter.You see what you type. You see what the Octopu ter says. Instantly. Clearly. In bright letters on the screen. The Octoputer's peeper is the best Video Terminal on the market. It shou ld be. RCA pioneered television. We've put 44 years of research and experience in to TV. And 50 years into general communications and electronics. The popularity of video terminals is growing faster than that of any other terminal, because they're the best links to remote computing. Designate No. 37 on Reader Service Card Remote compu ting is the coming thing in this business. That's why RCA is concentrating on it. We got there first because it's based on communications. The Octopu ter pu ts us a whole generation ahead of our major competitor. It can put you ahead of yours. And the Octopeeper is the best way to get to it. For more Octopeeper information, call RCA Computers at 609-424-2385. nell Nothing comes close to our remote computers ·... 1 \ , 1 TIME-SHARING IBM'S NEW LANGUAGE c::::::::=:=--=-.:~. ______..__.________________________ .______ .1 \ i TEN TIMES MORE POWERFUL THAN FORTRAN WHY? THREE WEEKS WORK can be done in one productive day. HOW? Continuoushands-on-time programming; over 400 turn-arounds possible per day. \ ~ I"~ l WHAT IS IT? It's a newly-discovered computational shorthand, a fully-general computer lan- guage for all types of programming. Every Engineer should learn it. (APL became . an IBM PRODUCT in September, 1969; not to be confused with PL/1, an older IBM language) . BEl'" EFITS PROBLEM-SOLVING at your desk. INTERACTIVE; hands-on-time for fast turn-around. MANY HIGH-POWERED PROGRAMS available for immediate use or easily incorporated into your own programming. COST: You pay only $12 per hour because others "time share" the same machine. SCHEDULES: Immediate diagnostics and faster. programming; therefore, schedules can be met and beaten, with APL. ALWAYS AVAILABLE, 24 hours per day, 7 days a we.ek, including holidays. LOCATIONS: Call the location nearest you and ask for the sales department. APL-IVIANHATTAN B 0 A P L - A P L -P H .is,JYiEST3lSTREET,NEWYORK, N.Y. 10001 • (212) 947-7813 WASHINCf(W~-STREET, NEWTONVILLE, MASS. 02160 • (617) 244-0210 I LAD E LPH lA' .181~~jF~:'~~ULEVAHD, PHILADELPHIA,PA. 19103.· (215) 564-1788 STO APL-WASHI N",815 NGTON 1025VER'~ONTAV[ N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005· (202) 638-5344 CHECK THA T WE'RE ON-LINE! D/~i::{212) 554 - 9011 ' A,PL-J Not for sale for unethical or destructive purposes . I 'Industrial Computer Systems, Inc. Designate No. 8 on Reader Service Card TM 'f
Source Exif Data:
File Type : PDF File Type Extension : pdf MIME Type : application/pdf PDF Version : 1.3 Linearized : No XMP Toolkit : Adobe XMP Core 4.2.1-c043 52.372728, 2009/01/18-15:56:37 Producer : Adobe Acrobat 9.1 Paper Capture Plug-in Modify Date : 2009:03:20 22:17:59-07:00 Create Date : 2009:03:20 22:17:59-07:00 Metadata Date : 2009:03:20 22:17:59-07:00 Format : application/pdf Document ID : uuid:d8851158-26c2-4efd-8ab6-990539993bf1 Instance ID : uuid:35f879e8-4b56-4554-ba9c-1b68dca71ad9 Page Layout : SinglePage Page Mode : UseNone Page Count : 72EXIF Metadata provided by EXIF.tools