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November, 1969

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Vol. 18, No. 12
•

SAN JOSE
PU BLIC LIBRARY

CDI •• ~uters
and automation
...

Computer A ffects Football Strategies

•

'~

If your office isn't ~xactly surrounded
by good I(eyboard operators,
we can train as many as you need.
We specialize in increasing the
productivity and accuracy of
computer input equipment
operators - experienced employees
as well as new operators.
For example, when the Bookof-the-Month Club moved its offices
to Camp Hill, Pa., they discovered
there weren't enough keypunch
operators available. So they called
us in. And we trained the operators
they nee?.~e.a. from scratch. In just
three ~ weeks.

We increase the productivity
and accuracy of existing operators,
too. We do it by reducing operator
errors by 50% to 80%. And by
increasing speed from 15% to
40% with corresponding expense
savings.
.
Computerworld concluded, in
an independent study, that. the
average increase in operator
productivity is 22%.
So it's no wonder that top
Fortune companies like
AT&T and Mobil Oil use
our services. So do 4 of the top 5
banks listed by Fortune. And 8 of
the 10 leading insurance companies.
We train for whatever type of
keyboard-operated equipment you
have. Keypunch, magnetic tape,
typewriting, CRT, calculating, etc.
How we do it.

Where we do it.
KTI is unique. We do not
operate schools or conduct classes
in the usual sense. We work only
with employers.
KTI trains on-the-job or
off-the-job. Our professional
instructor will work with your
operators on your own equipment
and primarily on your own
documents.

What it costs.
The amount varies. But
savings in the first year usually
exceed five times the investment.
So the service pays for itself in
9-13 weeks.

Free consultation or appraisal.
For a free consultation about
KTI, or a brief appraisal of your
present operators, write or call us.
·"11 can have as many great
uerators as you need.
,here you're located.

aining InCOPDOr81edID
ke your operators
as your eqUipment.

I

w York, N.Y.10017. (212) 889-2430.
617) 742-3522. Chicago (312) 298-4170.
4431. Detroit (313) 352-1133.
309. Los Angeles (213) 386-5650.
IA2-8651.SanFrancisco (415) 883-6631.
12) 638-3890. Toronto (416) 225-2535.

I

~ For Interdata Designate No. 40 on R.ad., S... k.

c.J
I

Letters To The Editor
Seeks Computer Art
We are refurbishing portions of the
space in which we have terminals installed. We'd very much like the space
to avoid the institutional look that is
so distressingly and depressingly prevalent. One decorating idea under consideration is using "computer-generated" art. I am writing to inquire,
therefore, how I might obtain enlargements of some of the works submitted
as entries in your most recent art
contest (featured in the August, 1969
issue).

ROBERT M. GORDON
Director
Interactive Computing Facility
Univ. of Cab!, Irvine
Irvine, Calif. 92664
Ed. Note-We do not have any reproductions of the computer art features in our
August, 1969 issue, and we are not planning
to produce any. You may request permission from us to make copies, full size or
larger. Or you may want to write directly to
the artists themselves to see if they have any

works you might obtain. Their addresses are
given on page 32 of the August issue.

Editor

Edmund C. Berkeley

Associate Editor

Sharry langdale

Assistant Editors

Moses M. Berlin
linda ladd lovett
Neil D. Macdonald

Software Editor

Stewart B. Nelson

Right Answers
I just finished reading your article
entitled "Right Answers-A Short
Guide for Obtaining Them" in your
September issue (page 20). I was impressed! It appears to me that you
have done some excellent thinking. I
am glad you are writing a book. I want
to get on the I ist of persons to be
notified when your book becomes
available. I am therefore enclosing two
self-addressed post cards which you
can put in your files for the big day.
(The Dallas card is my parents' address-one can never tell where one is
going to be in an industry as dynamic
as ours; my specialty is software documentation.)
Keep up the good work.

BOB PARKINSON
1259 Parkington
Sunnyvale, Calif. 94087

Advertising Director
Art Directors
Contributing Editors

Bernard lane
Ray W. Hass
Daniel T. Langdale
John Bennett
Andrew D. Booth
John W. Carr III
Ned Chapin
Alston S. Householder
Peter Kugel
Leslie Mezei
Rod E. Packer
Ted Schoeters

/ldz'iJory Committee

T. E. Cheatham, Jr.
James J. Cryan
Richard W. Hamming
Alston S. Householder
Victor Paschkis

Fulfillment Manager

William J. McMillan

AdlJertising Representatives
BOSTON 02116, Philip E. Nutting

Man-Computer
Interactive
Systems

Airlift Center of the World
LOCKHEED-GEORGIA
A Division of Lockheed Aircraft Corporation

Lockheed is continuing to
expand its efforts in interactive
systems and has immediate
openings in its research
laboratory.
The company is a leader in
research, development and
implementation of computeraided design, computer
graphics and man-computer
interactive systems.
Positions are available in
design and research in interactive computer and data
management systems. Six
years programming experience
with a bachelor's degree or
three years' programming
experience with an advanced
degree is required. Knowledge
of digital computer executive
systems and interactive
computing is desirable.
If you are interested in
expanding your career in this
field and would like to join
in some very interesting work,
write U. D. McDonald,
Employment Manager,
Lockheed-Georgia Company,
Dept. 8211,2363 Kingston
Court S.E:, Marietta, Georgia
30060. Lockheed is an equal
opportunity employer.

1127 Statler Office Bldg., 617-542-7720

CHICAGO 60611, Cole, Mason, and Deming
221 N. LaSalle St., Room 856, 312-641-1253

NEW YORK 10018, Bernard Lane
37 West 39 St., 212-279-7281
PASADENA, CALIF. 91105, Douglas C. Lance
562 Bellefontaine St., 213-682-1464
ELSEWHERE, The Publisher
Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.
815 Washington St., 617-332-5453
Newtonville, Mass. 02160

Editorial Offices
BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC.
815 WASHINGTON STREET,
NEWTONVILLE, MASS. 02160
CIRCULATION AUDITED BY
AUDIT BUREAU OF CIRCULATIONS

Computers and Automation is published 13 times a
year (12 monthly issues plus an annual directory issue
published in June) at 815 Washington St., Newtonville,
Mass. 02160, by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc. Printed in
U.S.A. Subscription rates: United States, $18.50 for
1 year, $36.00 for 2 years, including annual di·
rectory issue - $9.50 for 1 year, $18.00 for two
years without annual directory; Canada, add 50¢
a ye·ar for postage; Foreign, add $3.50 a year for
postage. Address all U.S. subscription mail to: Berke·
ley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville,
Mass. 02160. Second Class Postage paid at Boston,
Mass.
Postmaster: Please send all forms 3579 to Berkeley
Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville
Mass. 02160. --A_c.:....n-.A.._~~~i~~~~,_M_I_---:.--A_---"-_)~

B

OFF

Figure 1
24

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

Besides +, -, x, -;-, (the familiar symbols for addition,
subtraction, multiplication, and division located on the two
right-most keys on the top row) and the symbol * assigned
to represent exponentiation (the star over the P as in raising
to a power), there are distinct single character notations for
the operations of: negation; signum; reciprocal; logarithms
(to both natural and arbitrary base); combinations and
factorials; base e raised to a power; the residue of a number
modulo any divisor. There are characters wh ich represent
taking: PI times a number; sines; cosines; tangents; hyperbolic sines, cosines, and tangents; and the inverse functions
for the six preceding functions. Available too are: floor
(truncating a number to the largest integer less than or
equal to the number); ceiling (rounding up to the smallest
integer greater than or equal to the number); and maximum
or minimum of a pair of numbers.
APL also provides the relations which test whether two
numbers are: less than; less than or equal to; greater than or
equal to; greater than; equal; or not equal. The last two
relations are also applicable to characters. These relations
check to see, for example, if a relation is true and produce
1 (representing TRUE) or 0 (FALSE); these binary quantities may be operated upon by the logical functions of: OR;
AND; NOT; NOR; and NAND. All these are also available
as standard functions in APL, and are designated by a single
character graphic. These operations are all summarized in
Figure 2.

Monadic form
Defini tion
or example

Dyadic form

fB

Name

Name

AfB

Defini tion
or example

plus

t

Plus

2-t 3. '2 ........... 5. '2

-B

~~

O-B

Negati ve

-

Minus

2 - 3 • 2 ~~ -1. 2

B

~~

(B > 0 ) - ( B < 0 )

Signum

)(

Times

2 x 3.2 ........ 6.4

fB

..........

itS

Reciprocal

-+8 .......... OtE

x

B
_3 •
3.14

I

Divide

2

t

3.:2 ....... 0.625

rB I

LB

ceiling

r

Maximum

3r 7

~~

7

3

4

Floor

L

Minimum

3L 7

~+

3

*

Power

2 * 3 ........ 8

Natural
logari thm

_

Logarithm

A-B
AeB

Magnitude

I

141_ 4 1_3

*B ~~ (2.71828 •• )*B Exponential

1-3.14 ~+ 3.14

Residue

~+
~+

Case

Log B base A
(eB),eA

I

:IB-(

these were done before additions and subtractions. One of
the reasons for this choice (of hierarchy of operations) was
that normal conventions in algebraic notation provided that
the expression

5.6y 3 + 8y2 + 2.84z + 9.06
could be written as

5.6 * y * * 3 + 8 * y * * 2 + 2.84 * y + 9.06
without the use of parentheses.
If one wanted to make the compiler work more efficiently when programming in the higher order language,
then parens (parentheses) were used and the polynomial
was "nested", so that in the above example one coded:

( ( 5.6 * y + 8) * y + 2.84) * y + 9.06
That is to say, one discarded the built-in precedence order.
Clearly, in APL having all the functions shown in Figure
2, the establishment of any hierarchy of operators would be
arbitrary and open to question at best; and more than likely
it would border on the impossible to justify the hierarchy
in any reasonable way.
Thus in AP L there is only one rule for evaluating all
unparenthesized expressions (or within a pair of parens),
and that rule is:
Every operator takes as its right-hand argument the
value of everything to the right of it (up to the
closing parenthesis).
Now such a rule may seem strange and unfamiliar to
someone who is now programming, but it has advantages:
(1) Uniformity-it is applied in the same way for all
standard or primitive functions provided by the
APL system as well as all functions (programs)
written in APL by the user;
(2) Utility-this approach, for example, allows the
nested polynomial to be written without parentheses as: 2

A 18

9.06 + Y x 2.84 + Y x 8 + Y x 5.6

A#O
IA )xLB' I A
A=O,B>O B
A=O,BA

Rotate 5

A4>A

p ,5

~

..

, HIS'
~

1 0

1 0/ P

~ ..

1 0

1/[ 1]E

....

..

2

14
10

~

~

..

.

~

~

~

.... an

' THIS'

1
9

~"2

.

~

..

1

4
3
11 12

empty vector
P,E

~

~

~

t3 5 3 2
V3

5 3 2

..

~

.

..

5 1 2 5
3 5 4 5
5 5 5 5
~

3 tX

2

- 2 tP

1 O/E

1 0

ABCD
EFCH
IJKL

~ ..

3 4

1 2

4 14

.. E

1

5 3 2

2
10

PI3

5
2
1
9 10

.. 7

3
11

Take or drop I V[ I J first
eV[ IJ~O) or last e V[IJ <0)
elements of coordinate I
The permutatl.on whlch
would order A eascending or descending)

I~A

10
3 4p I 12

'ABCDEFCHIJKL' [EJ

4

VtA

..

,0

E[ 1 3; 3 2 1)

Least index of A
in V, or l+p V

Expand 5

..

~

.

Index of 3

Compress 5

P5

,E .... , 12

First s integers

V, A

4

)

(-/pA )pA
~

J

pE

,S
Index
generator 3

Drop
Grade up3,5

26

~

A [A; ••
•• ;A J

Take

The next step forward which APL has taken is to extend
the scope of those functions shown in Figure 2, in the
following way. I n most languages extant today, if one
writes A + B, then one commands the computer to add the
number A to the number B. In APL the command still
produces the addition of the-single numbers, called scalars,
if that is the nature of the variables A and B. If on the other
hand, A and B are each names for a collection or string of
numbers, called a vector, then the addition takes place on
an element by element basis, with the first element of A
being added to the first element of B, the second to the
second, and so forth: The requirement is that either A or B
may be a scalar while the other is a vector, but if they are
both vectors, then they must have the same nu mber of elements, that is, they must be of the same size.
If A and B are matrices of the same size (having the same
number of rows and columns), then A + B in APL adds, on
an element by element basis, matrix A to matrix B. To
perform equivalent operations in most computer languages
requires a DO or a FOR loop when adding vectors, or
nested loops when adding matrices.
Two comments are relevant here. First, the explicitloops embodied in the DO or FOR loops are required by
the language, but they are ancillary to commun icating the
process to be performed, say adding two matrices. Second,
the utility of providing an extension of this nature, where
the system assumes additional responsibility, is borne out,
for example, in the MAT commands of BASIC. APL
extends such ideas and applies them uniformly to all data
structures treated in the language. I n fact, from the programmer's point of view, one does not care in what
sequence the operations in the loops implied in such an
APL command take place. They could just as well be done
all in parallel; the fact that the computer does not process
the matrix elements in parallel does not matter. The
extension of scope of the notation allows the algorithm to
be thought of as acting on the data in parallel. Thinking
about the computing process in this way gives new insight
into the way the programs manipulate or transform the
data.

..

~

. ..
.

.. ABC
EFC

5 7

~

4

1

3 2

~

2

1

3 4

3
1
7
5
9 11

1 IE

1 0

....

A BCD
E FCH
I JKL
IJKL
DCBA
4>[ 1 JX ...... eX ~ .. EFCH
4>X ~ .. HCFE
ABCD
7 5 3 2
LKJI
4>P
BCDA
- 14>P
1 0 - 14>X ~ .. EFCH
7 2 3 5
34>P
LIJK
AEI
2 l~X ~ .. BFJ
Coordinate I of A
CCK
becomes coordinate
V[ I ] of result
DHL
1 l~E ~ .. 1 0 11
1 0

1\ I 2

~

1 0

1 0 2

~

~

V~A

Transpose

.

~

..

1 1 1 \X

..

~A

Transpose last two coordinates

Membership

A.A

Decode

V~

p II< Y .... + oW
PE I 4
1 1 0
1 o~ 1 7 7 6

Encode
Deal 3

VTS
S?S

~

V

.

~

24

60

W? Y

..

60T3723

~ ..

0
1776
~

..

24

1 2

3

~E

~

..

.. 2

0 1 1 0
1 0 1 0
0 0 0 0
60 6011 2 3

EEP

~

~

60

60T3723

~

..
..

l~E

3723
2

3

Random deal of W elements from I Y

Notes:
1

Restrictions on argument ranks are indicated by: S for
scalar, V for vector, .II for matrix, A for Any.
Except as
the first argument of S I A or Sl A 1, a
scalar may be used
instead of a vector.
A one-element array may replace any
scalar.

2

Arrays used
in examples:

P~"

2 3 5 7

E~..

2
3
4
6
7
8
9 10 11 12

X

~ ..

ABCD
EFCH
IJKL

3

Function depends on index origin.

4

Elision of any index selects all along that coordinate.

S

The function is applied along the last coordinate;
the
symbols f,
'"
and e are equivalent to
/,
\, and ¢>,
respecti vely, except that the function is applied along the
first coordinate.
I f [SJ
appears after any of the symbols,
the relevant coordinate is determined by thE! scalar S.

Figure 3

[1J

VAVERAGF.[[l]V
V R+A VEflACF: V
[?+(+/V)tpV

v

Figure 4

[1

J

VSTATS[DJV
V R+STATS X;SD;VAR;MEAN
R+MF:AlI. VAR. SD+( VAR+( + / (X -MEAN+A VERACr X)
0.5

* 2 H- -l+p X) *

Figure 5
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

ac.

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clerical detail and help them do bigger and better things
like Republic's new Cobol program generator.
MIRACL/CPG is a powerful programming system that
drastically cuts programming time. Up to thirty Cobol statements
are replaced by one MIRACL/CPG statement.
MIRACL/CPG is fully compatible with Cobol. So your
programmers don't even have to learn a new language to use it.
In fact, programmers use MIRACL/ CPG after a few hours of
instruction.
Which means your programmers will be free to think about
systems and program logic instead of punctuation and syntax.

What it does.

What it can do for you.
MIRACL/ CPG will ease your manpower scheduling problems while increasing programmer productivity. It reduces turnaround time. And helps you meet management deadlines.

A complete system.
Republic supplies you with all you need to put MIRACL/
CPG towork in one day. The software, installation, onsite training,
and maintenance. In fact, you even get a "hotline" to Republic's
Customer Service Department, to help solve any application problem that might arise.

Already proven.

MIRACL/CPG helps you generate any Cobol program
MIRACL was in development and testing for over two
faster and more easily. Small programs and large. Simple and
years. It was released earlier this year and has since been used by
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customers to write hundreds of programs. So it's already "demodify the MIRACL/CPG generated programs.
bugged." And Republic, one of the major consulting firms in the
MIRACL/CPG now makes information systems a reality
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by simplifying file management and the generation of personalized
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MIRACL/CPG offers a combination
so easy to write report programs that even nonof important features never before available.
programmers are using it.
Like our ten-file input/ output capacity,
complete automatic documentation, and
What it can do for your programmers ..
full Cobol compatibility.MIRACL/CPG
Basically, it frees them of clerical
produces more program with less coding.
details. Quickly. It can reduce programFree demonstration.
ming time to minutes. And machine time
We invite comparison. So we'd be
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Cobol data divisions are generated with
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MIRACL/CPG also produces autoamazed at its power.
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For a further discussion of the
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MIRACL/ CPG system, return the
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..",.,.------cr--' "

KOlO ,OR PULL UP

I

A portion of a television commercial being animated. Although the
picture itself is a still, careful attention to animation camera
motions can keep the audience from realizing that the scene is
static.

m

-

00216
00244 •

REPOSITION CAMERA~~~~~
SET NEW ART +++++

4

A matched scene from the previous picture by zooming from the
truck to the sign, and then moving the camera across the scene
quickly, the truck has the appearance of moving offcamera.
Actually attempting to take a motion picture "live" under these
circumstances would be a lot more hazardous and would have to be
perfect in one "take. " By using animation, all the scene elements are
under control - and even an audience of professionals would have a
hard time spotting that it is animation, given the scene lengths and
camera manipulations.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

CUT CLOSE

~P...r-

00245 _ - - -_ _

A control tape showing instructions. The explanations are in motion
picture terminology, and perfectly understandable to an animator
who has had no programming experience. 171is particular sequence is
to animate a series of still photographs for a television commercial.
In both the off-line and on-line systems, computerization has produced a dividend for animation stand operators.
Besides increasing the speed of the actual shooti ng markedIy, the animator can have his system go through a "dry
run" to see what he is going to obtain before he commits it
to film. With the exception of sk ip-frame sequences, he can
adjust his stand camera so that he can see the image that

33

BOOK REVIEWS
Neil Macdonald
Assistant Editor
Computers and Automation
We publish here citations and brief reviews of books
which have a significant relation to computers, data processing, and automation. We shall be glad to consider any
book in this category for future reviews if a review copy of
the book is sent to us.
Withington, Frederic G. I The Real
Computer: Its Influence, Uses and Effects I Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.,
Reading, Mass. I 1969, hardbound,
350 pp., $?
This book is an objective study of the
effects computers have had on the people
and organizations using them. Its purpose is to help concerned managers and
individuals control these changes and
adapt to them. It is a non-technical book
which covers business, academic, scientific and governmental organizations, which
computers affect. Included are more than
100 case studies in brief summary form.
The book is arranged in 13 chapters,
which are sub-headings of the 4 parts
of the book. They are (1) "The Computer Unmasked"; (2) "How the Comput-

er Ohanges Organizations"; (3) "How
the Computer Changes Individuals";
and (4) "The Next Generation". Chapters themselves include, "The Computer's
Strengths", "Compens'ating for the Computer's Weaknesses", "Standardization
and Centralization" and "Opportunities
Offered by the Computer".
Salton, Gerard I Automatic Information
Organization and Retrieval I McGraw-Hill Book Co., 330 West 42 St.,
New York, N.Y. 10036 I 1968, hardbound, 514 pp., $14.50
This book deals with the computer
processing of large information files,
\I"ith special emphasis on automatic text
handling m":!thods. Although none of
the chapters requires more than an ele-

would be put on film. Then he can activate the system to
see what will happen. If he does not like what he sees for
artistic reasons, or if he discovers actual mistakes, he can
correct them instantly before shooting the real thing.
(Previously, he had to wait for the film to be developed
before he could tell whether a mistake had been made. This
process at best took several hours; at worst, several days).
Thus computer control allows the animator time to be
more ex peri mental-and more creative.

On-Line vs. Off-Line Systems
Although both on-line and off-line computer systems are
in operation, it is difficult to predict whether future
systems will favor one approach or the other. Each has its
advan tages:
• With an on-line system, the animator can formulate long and complex animation sequences that it
would be impractical to put on control tapes.
Direct control allows the computer to store vast
numbers of instructions in storage devices, such as
disk memories. Such sequences would be most
useful in preparing films for theatrical production.
In addition, sensing devices could be installed that
would permit direct reading of camera coordinates
by the compute:--based system, which could eventually simplify input instructions.
• An off-line system, like a numerical control system, uses an intermediate controller to activate the
device (in this case, the stand). The tape-reading
stand, not being connected to the computer,
cannot send any inputs back to assist in program
,modification, if any is needed. However, by using
the computer off-line, it can service several animatiQn stands. Even when restricted to one stand, the
computer can be generating control tapes wh ile
the stand is operating.
34

Each entry below contains: author or editor / title / publisher / date, hardbound or softbound, number of pages,
price / comments.
If you write to a publisher or author, we would appreciate your mentioning Computers and Automation.
mentary knowledge, the book is addressed primarily to readers who may already
have some knowledge of computer processing.
The ten chapters are: "Automatic Information Systems"; "Information Analysis and
Dictionary Construction" ;
"Dictionary Operations"; "The Statistical Operations"; "The Syntactic Operations"; "Retrieval Models"; "The Retrieval Process"; "The Evaluation of
Computer-based
Retrieval
Systems" ;
;'Auxiliary Information Services"; "Data
Base Retrieval Systems". There are two
appendices, a name index, a subject index, and a 14-page topical bibliography.
The author is Professor of Computer
Seienep at Cornell University.

(Please turn to page

74 )

For common animation sequences that will be used in
more than one film, instruction storage could be made
either by a memory-storage device in the case of the on-line
system, or by saving the control tapes in the case of the
off-line system. In either case, by using computers, it is
possible to duplicate a sequence exactly, something that
may be necessary if an accident should ruin the original
film, but something that is practically impossible to do
using manual animation techniques.
The reports of the two operational computerized animation stands are already causing interest and excitement in
motion picture studios. With the increasing stringencies in
schedule requirements and soaring production costs,
computer-controlled animation stands will come into
greater use. Perhaps with in a decade, they will be the rule
rather than the exception.
0

References
1.
2.
3.

4.
5.

6.

7.

Archeology of the Cinema, by C. W. Ceram, Harcourt, Brace &
World, 1965.
The Technique of Film Animation, by John Halas and Roger Manveil, Foca I Press, 1959.
"An Electronic Control for Programming an Animation Table," by
Jack Behrend, Journal of the SMPTE vol. 75, no. 11, November
1966.
"Computer Animation. A New Scientific and Educational Tool" by
E. E. Zajac, Journal of the SMPTE, vol. 74, no. 11, November 1965.
"Methods and Procedures for the Production of Fully·Animated
Cartoon Films Using New Animascope® Automatic Animation Process," by Leon H. Maurer and Harry Wuest, Journal of the SMPTE,
vol. 76, no. 10, October 1967.
"A Computer-Controlled Animation Stand . . . the Off-line Approach," by Stephen A. Kallis, Jr., American Cinematographer,
September, 1969.
"Progress Committee Report for 1968," by Richard E. Putnam,
Journal of the SMPTE, vol. 78, no. 5, May 1969.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

LYaPAS:
A PROGRAMING LANGUAGE FOR LOGIC AND CODING ALGORITHMS
edited by M. A. GAVRILOV, Corresponding member of Academy of Sciences, USSR.
and A. D. ZAKREVSKI, Candidate of Physics and Math Sciences, Academy of Science, USSR.
translated by MORTON NADLER, Section Head, R&D, Bull-General Electric, Paris, France.
A Volume in the ACM Monograph Series, edited by Robert L. Ashenhurst. Published under
the auspices of the Association for Computing Machinery.
This book presents a programing language based on set-theoretical considerations
oriented towards the programing of synthesis algorithms for finite-state and discrete
devices. The power of the language is such that it is self-extending and self-compiling;
the only part that must be written in machine language, the translator, is given in
LYaPAS notation in the book, and can easily be implemented on any available or
system. The major part of the book is devoted to applications. These cover many wellknown and original algorithms in boolean systems, majority logic, sequential machines
decomposition, error-detecting and correcting codes, and so forth.
1969, about 450 pp., $24.50. *
*"A special price of $17.50 is available to members of the ACM for prepaid orders directed to
the ACM. Members are asked to include their membership number."

UNIVERSITY EDUCATION IN
COMPUTING SCIENCE
Proceedings of a Conference on Graduate Academic and Related Research Programs in Computing
Science, held at the State University of New York at Stony Brook, June 1967.

edited by AARON FINERMAN, State University of New York, Stony Brook, New York
A Volume in the ACM Monograph Series, edited by Robert L. Ashenhurst. Published under the
auspices of the Association for Computing Science.
The talks and discussions reproduced in this book reflect the informed and experienced
opinion from university, industry and government; they will provide much impetus for
thought and action among the people responsible for the health of the future programs
in this vital field.
1968, 237 pp., $12.00*

*"A special price of $9.00 is available to members of the ACM for prepaid orders directed to
the ACM. Members are asked to include their membership number."

METHODOLOGIES OF
PATTERN RECOGNITION
edited by SATOSI WATANABE, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii
This volume is a collection of papers presented at the International Conference on
Methodologies of Pattern Recognition held under the co-sponsorship of the Air Force
Office of Scientific Research with program participation by the Systems and Cybernetics Group of the IEEE.
1969, 579 pp., about 150 figures and illustrations, $16.00

COMPUTER-ASSISTED INSTRUCTION:
STANFORD'S 1965-66 ARITHMETIC PROGRAM
by PATRICK SUPPES, MAX JERMAN, and DOW BRIAN, Institute for mathematical studies in
the Social Sciences, Stanford University, Stanford, California.

In collaboration with DIANA AXELSEN, GUY GROEN, LESTER HYMAN, and BRIAN
TOLLIVER.
This book presents an account of the first substantial operational year in computer
assisted instruction at Stanford University. The authors discuss the major aspects of
a new technological venture that aims at providing individualized instruction in
ordinary school contexts. In considering research elements of the project, the authors
clarify how new empirical approaches to the learning of elementary mathematics have
become feasible because of the data-analyzing capacities of the computer. The book
concludes with a discussion of the programing language developed for the implementation of the curriculum materials in elementary mathematics.
1968, 385 pp., $7.50

ACADEMIC PREss

m N E w YORK AND LONDON
~ 111 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. Y. 10003

Designate No. 18 on Reader Service Card

AN ADVANCED MANUFACTURING CONTROL SYSTEM
STABILIZES INVENTORY AND EMPLOYMENT CO'STS
Paul J. Miller, Director of Finance
Mixing Equipment Co.
Rochester, N. Y.

"We have been able to eliminate obsolete parts and identify slowmoving items. We have eliminated the annual physical inventory in
favor of a cyclical or continuous inventory count. And we can value
inventory at year-end within four weeks, when it used to take three
months.
Sales up 40 percent, the number of parts in inventory up
50 percent, but-the dollar value of inventory up just 10
percent.
These figures, covering a key aspect of manufacturing
operations here at Mixing Equipment Company over the
past five years, show that the cost of inventory has been
stabilized in the face of substantial and consistent growth.
Other facts round out the picture:
• The ratio of sales to inventory, by dollar, is now
lower than ever-we estimate that without the controls
which have been instituted, the value of inventory would
be $1 million greater;
• The number of open shop orders at any given time
has been reduced from 2,000 to 800;
• Employment has, been stabilized, since we can
absorb continued sales iricreases and expansion of parts
in stock without disproportionate.increases in personnel.

In the Beginning
Paralleling these developments of the past five years has
been the gradual evolution of a manufacturing control
system which is still far from complete, but has already
helped produce the advantages listed above. It began in
1964 when a computer was applied to our operations. We
had no grandiose plans, no pre-set ideas, just the conviction
that a number of profitable uses would be found for the
computer. As one use has been added to another, the
outline of an effective manufacturing control system has
taken shape.
Our company is unique in the fact that it devotes itself
exclusively to the design and manufacture of fluid mixing
equipment. It now has subsidiaries in Australia and
England, a licensing agreement with a Canadian Company
and is planning further expansion in Latin America and
Belgium. Products range from portable mixers to a recently
developed float-mounted aerator for water pollution control.
Operations were originally my responsibility as Controller and Director of Finance. We designed the early applications so that information which might be desirable later on
could readily be obtained. The basic accounts payable
,records, for example, made provision for the capture of
cost data on purchased parts and material; the accounts
receivable re'cords were designed to include the value of
sales dollars by individual job.

Inventory Data Base

Paul J. Miller, Controller and Director of Finance (left) and
Robert C. Berl, Manager of Data Processing at Mixing
Equipment Co., discuss details of a new shop floor control
program. Equipment in the background includes a high
speed printer and three magnetic disk units. The company's
entire inven,tory data base is housed on on/ disk pack,
which can accommodate more than seven millio'n characters
of information.
36

The net result was to begin building the data base
needed for an advanced manufacturing control system. In
1966, when a larger computer was ordered to replace the
original, smaller one, and Robert C. Berl joined the company as Manager of Data Processing, the groundwork had
already been laid for a natural evolution into inventory
management, manufacturing scheduling, and shop floor
control-the latter just recently implemented. The larger
computer was installed in December 1967.
The inventory data base consists, essentially, of: item
identification; current balance; reorder points; any quantities on order; lead times; economical order quantities
(EOOs}-both for purchased items and those produced
in-house; historical usage data, for constant re-evaluation of
reorder points and EOOs; commitments by month; and
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

~

dollar value of the item.
Also included is where-used information for those parts
and assemblies we manufacture. The data base is structured
in five levels:
1. Base raw material, whether roll or'bar stock;
2. Semi-finished parts, purchased and manufactured
in-house;
3. Finished inventory, which includes spare and replacement parts, whether purchased or manufactured in-house;
4. Sub-assemblies; and
5. Finished mixers (which are smaller, high-volume
units).
Each item, at each level, is linked to the item or items
three levels above and below. We could extend the links to
include all five levels, but have found this is not necessary
for our purposes.
With all this information on a single magnetic disk pack,
or file, immediately accessible to the computer for processing, the master file of 12,300 parts and material is readily
controlled. Further, the basis is established for other systems such as purchasing, cost control, expediting, and shop
floor control.

A mixer column used in a pilot plant study of counter
current, liquid/liquid reaction.

Processing an Order
t

Orders come in at the rate of 800 per week, or about
40,000 a year. A booking copy of each order is prepared
manually, from which cards are punched to run a daily
booking report. Copies of the booking order go to purchasing-for an immediate check to determine whether a motor

This 600, 000 gallon tank was recently developed for fullscale testing of aerators and mixers manufactured by
Mixing Equipment Co. It is believed to be the world's
largest facility for testing such equipment.

has to be purchased-and to engineering, which prepares the
bill of materials. Factory then determines what has to be
manufactured to fill the order, and which items have to be
purchased.
From the factory list, inventory (transaction charge-off)
cards are punched-each covering four items and showing
part number, raw material, the job for which needed,
quantity, and job due date. These cards are fed into the
computer to update the data base, allocate parts and

r

1

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

37

Xerox Data Systems

material to the particular job, accumulate cost data, and
spot those items which fall below the reorder point as a
result of the day's' activities. As previously noted, we
"chase" each item three levels above and below, automatically picking up all related items affected.
Every night, a shortage report is printed listing those
items-both purchased and made in-house-which have
fallen below the reorder point. At one time, ordering was to
a three-month supply. Now, it is in terms of economical
order quantities. An inexpensive item which we make and
use frequently is often iproduced to a full year's supply. On
the other hand, an e~pensive item less frequently used may
be ordered to a one-month supply. Factored into the
reorder point, of course, are the usual considerations such
as lead ti meso
All purchase orders become part of an open order file, in
which each supplier is identified by name. Seven to 14 days
before delivery, each order is followed with a return
postcard printed on the comRuter; the back half of the
postcard I ists the parts or material on order, and asks the
vendor to indicate its status. Better than 75 percent of
these are returned to purchasing for any appropriate action,
then sent to the Data Processing Department to update the
files. This helps keep anticipated deliveries on schedule, and
avoids many last-minute phone calls.
The inventory data base permits regular analysis of parts
and classes of parts, and determination of requirements well
into the future for all levels. Reports on castings, for
example, assist in working out order schedules with foundries; special orders are readily picked up for early followup.
Delivery schedules are adhered to far more closely than ever
before.

Changes in Costs

With the cost of every part recorded against each order,
and with labor costs added, we get detailed costs of sales.
We can analyze the relationship of component costs to
assembly costs. When vendor prices change, we can immediately reflect those changes in all items at each level
affected.
I n the latest step towards complete manufacturing control, we are storing in computer files for each job the
sequence or operation number, the work center at which it
will be performed, time needed, and operation code. Along
with the information available from the inventory file, we
create shop packets at order issue time which include the
routing card, component card, and one or more labor cards.
With the information on hand for order quantity,
operations needed, and time, operations can be scheduled
for each order. With scheduled operations filed in order by
date within work center, shop load reports are easily
produced. As the labor cards are completed and fed back to
the Data Processing Department, we have information
useful in payroll processing and in determining the exact
status of a job.
Stabilizing Inventory

Further, standards can be set far more realistically for
each work center, and evaluated regularly. Long range
studies can be made to determine potential overtime situations and to help in facilities planning.
Gradually, we are "closing the loop" of manufacturing
control, assembling, processing, and filing all the information involved from selling an item to shipping it. The results
are shown in the stabilization of inventory with all that that
implies in terms of savings, and in far better utilization of
ex isti ng shop faci I ities.
We have long since been able to eliminate obsolete parts
and identify slow-moving items. We have eliminated the
40

annual physical inventory in favor of a cyclical or continuous inventory count. We can value inventory at year-end
within four weeks, when it used to take three months. And
we have the information needed to regularly evaluate stock
for obsolescence and rate of usage.

•

As a new unit undergoes tests at Mixing Equipment Co., the
data generated is captured on a control unit (right) and is
later analyzed by the company's computer.
The Computer System

The computer (a System/360 Model 30), which handles
this workload plus a number of other scientific/engineering
and commercial jobs, is a medium-size system equipped
with three magnetic disk units, a high-speed printer, and
card units. A paper tape punch is connected to the
computer to produce Numerical Control tapes; we have 10
NC machines in the shop, with another on order; and the
computer is used to generate tapes for six of these units.
About 20 tapes are produced each week; to date, more than
1,000 have been run off on the computer.
The system's time is split about 80 percent for so-called
commercial work, and 20 percent for scientific/engineering.
Since the development, production, and application of
mixing equipment has become a science in itself, we
conduct intensive research and development activities
which generate large amounts of data. Fo'rthe most part,
the computer is used on an open shop basis by engineering
people, who run their own programs. The system is operated on two shifts.
' There is even a program which handles inquiries directed
to our advertisements. They are analyzed to help determine
such things as which magazines produce the best resul~s and
which individual ads pull the most inquiries.
- ,;.,~;
All of this comprehensive range of computer applications has stemmed from the familiar data processing jobs of
manufacturing-payroll, accounts payable, accounts receivable, sales analyses, and engineering. In a step-by-step,
evolutionary manner they have been molded into a management information system whose total value would be
difficult to measure.
We do know this much: our company could not have
grown as rapidly-and as profitably-without this solid data
processing base. And what has been gained up to now,
should be just a prologue to the future.
0
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

A PRAGMATIC APPROACH TO WORKABLE
DATA PROCESSING CONTROLS
Troy J. Smith
North American Aviation, Inc.
1224 Lakewood Blvd.
Downey, Calif. 90241

"If a user does not pick up his data processing report within eight
working hours after its scheduled completion time, there is a strong
indication that the report is not needed, or that the publication schedule
is not important."
Financial management, internal auditors, and data processing personnel are all concerned with the challenge of
establishing and maintaining effective internal controls over
the operations of the data processing function.
I f controls are to be effective, it is essential that all
parties concerned reach a common ground of understanding. This concept encompasses more than a mere
dialog using technical terms. In fact, management must
reach its decisions concerning data processing controls only
after the fullest consideration of all facets of the situation.
The task of relating the facts of a data processing control
situation to the needed controls falls on the internal auditor
in many instances. The success of the control measures
which he may recommend will depend, in large part, upon
his ability to convey to management the viewpoint of the
data processing personnel involved, as well as his own
convictions.
Defining the DP Department

I n order for the internal auditor to arrive at any'
meaningful conclusions concerning the controls needed for
a particular data processing department, he must first have
a full understanding of the peculiarities of that department.
He must know which other departments or functions it
serves. He must know its actual position in the corporate
organization.
I n a recent survey it was found that the position of the
data processing function within the corporate structure
differed from company to company, although there appeared to be a trend to establish Data Processing as a
separate entity with the head of the group reporting to the
President of the company. One large data processing organization, headed by a Vice President of Management I nformation Systems, reported to the President. This group had
within it the entire data processing function, including
systems, programming, hardware operations, and tape library.
Another company provided for segregation of duties.
One group of high level personnel, reporting to the President, established data processing policy as to systems to be
installed and equipment to be used; the systems department, on the other hand, was a part of the procedures
function, which reported to the Vice President of Administration; and the operations or hardware section reported to
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

the Controller. Each functional organization within the
company had a separate group of programmers.
Still another company had two data processing functions: one, Engineering and Scientific, reported to the Vice
President of Engineering; the second, Business Operations,
reported to the Controller. Each group was entirely independent of the other.
Obviously, there must be a different approach to the
control problem in a situation where the data processing
department is large, independent, serves many other departments, and is high in the organizational structure, than in a
case where the data processing function is limited and
within the responsibility of the accounting department.
Having sized up the particular data processing department involved, the internal auditor should then determine
the approach he will use in his analysis of existing controls
and in his evaluation of the effectiveness of those controls.
This paper will examine the following areas of the
typical data processing operation and the control problems
confronting the internal auditor in those areas:
• I nput controls.
• Processing controls.
• Bursting, decollating, and binding.
• Distribution of reports.
Input Controls
To the auditor, input controls, established and maintained by Data Processing, are essential internal controls
needed to assure the receipt of all data, accuracy of
processing, reliability of completed reports, reduction of
re-run costs, and efficiency of operations. They describe
those records, procedures, and documents employed by
Data Processing Operations to monitor the flow of input
data within the processing facility and the conversion of the
data within a computer program or series of programs. The
recipient department shares responsibil ity with Data Processing in determining the reliability of these controls.
The Data Control Center is the most vital point in Data
Processing because all operating controls over data being
moved physically or by machine are centralized in this
group. Operating controls should extend over:
1. Receipt of data from source and record of data
received;
2. I ssuance of data to operations and record of data
issued to operations;
41

3. Return of data from operations and record of data
returned from operations;
·4. Return of data to source and record of data
returned to source;
5. Receipt of output records and reports from operations and record of output records and reports
received from operations;
6. Distribution of output records and reports to users
and record of distribution of output records and
reports to users.
The redundancy in these six listed controls was designed
deliberately to highlight two significant control features:
a. Physical control over the physical movement of
data, and
b. Record (paper) control over the movement of
data.
Typically, controls over the physical and machine movement of data originate outside of the Data Processing
Group. Commonly used "input" controls generally accomplish a multiple function: (1) A document count is established to control the physical movement of the data into
the Data Control Center; and (2) A control total or group
of totals (hours, rates, dollars, units, quantities, etc.) is
developed to establish a base for controlling the machine
movement of the data in terms of output records.
Although the format of source input controls varies with
th~ requirements of each company, the purpose is essentially the same:
1. Batch controls - document counts and applicable
totals for small groups of documents. This includes
some form of Batch Transmittal advice on which
applicable processing codes, sequential order number of the batch, document counts and control
totals may be recorded.
2. Batch summary controls - summary reports designed to accumu late individual batch transmittals
by processing codes (or other applicable system or
program identifiers) at the conclusion of the input
cycle daily or weekly. The report should list total
batches processed, total documents in all batches,
and summaries of all other control totals.
3. System summary controls - a daily or weekly
summary of the Batch Summary Controls which
provides the means of controlling an entire system.
Since a computer system can encompass a large
number of individual programs, such as a combined
payroll/personnel system, this control is needed to
summarize all changes affecting the entire system.

Processing Controls

The movement of data through a computer system
involves a number of steps. These include the conversion of
data from its original-document state to machine-language
on a punched card; transfer to a magnetic tape record in
order to achieve a medium for high-speed processing and
greater sorting capability; and the additional conversions of
the data from tape to tape. At the completion of processing, the tape records of the processed data may be used for
transfers to various types of output records such as
punched cards, individually printed document records (invoices, checks, notices), or tabulated listings or reports.
The auditor is, of course, interested in the mechanical or
"built-in" controls in computer equipment which assure the
accuracy and reliability of computer operations. But these
controls relate primarily to the mechanical functions of the
equipment; they furnish little or no visibility or control
over the data. Parity checks, double circuitry, double tracks
are operations performed within the computer and are not
susceptible to outside verification during processing.
42

Program Controls

The controls of greater interest to the I nternal Auditor
are those program controls written as an integral part of the
instructions governing the operation of the computer and
the processing of the source data. These offer a variety of
means for controlling the data during the transfer processes.
The use of programmed controls depends on the controllable aspects of the data being processed. Controls can
be programmed to generate console signals or messages for
immediate action by the machine operator; they can be
programmed to appear separately as output control reports
or as an integral part of the data output. The following list
represents some of the commonly used types of program
controls:
Data Output Controls:

1. Columnar totals - totals of numerically recorded
data, which are significant in and of themselves.
2. Hash totals - totals of numerically recorded data,
which are not significant other than as a means of
determining that all data have been included.
3. Record counts - a count of all the records
pertaining to a specific transaction or to a specific
account balance.
Error Controls:

1. Cross footing - a control employed by the computer to assure that columnar totals are in "agreement" or "in balance" condition.
2. Limit check - a computer comparison of the data
to programmed limits. The computer generates an
exception or rejection listing of any data which
exceed the programmed limits.
3. Check points - control total generated at various
points during processing to provide a means of
locating errors quickly, making unnecessary the
complete re-running of a program if an error is
discovered during the processing.
4. Zero balance - a control over computer-generated
computations which employs a reverse multiplication technique to prove the accuracy of
computations.
5. Sequence check - a method whereby each item of
information processed is assigned an identification
"bit" or mark by the computer, for comparison by
the computer to the preceding item of information
to determine that the proper sequence of data is
being maintained.
6. Audit check - computer audit of input or "new"
data being processed against previous recorded
data or standards to determine the legitimacy or
acceptability of the input.
Balancing controls, per se, represents only one aspect of
adequate internal control over Data Processing Operations.
Control cannot be achieved without cost, and the relationship of cost to benefits derived must always be weighed.
Adequate control must be planned, structured, implemented, and enforced in a manner calculated to achieve the
desired level of reliability in Data Processing Operations.
Bursting, Decollating, and Binding

In the Bursting, Decollating, and Binding area, the
Auditor is interested in determin ing whether standards
which could operate as controls might be established. For
example:
1. Paper standards correlated to the number of copies
in each computer run.
2. Work standards for separation of carbons, bursting, separation of reports within the run.
3. Work standards for addressing reports for distribution.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

It should be possible to establish sight check for control of
forms or report format to assure more economical completion of reports.
Generally, form design is developed by the systems or
program representatives in conjunction with the user. This
need not be changed; however, a forms control section
independent of the Programmer or Systems Section should
be established. It might be a part of the Report Control
Section.
Distribution of Reports

Reports may be delivered by Data Processing, by inplant delivery service, in-plant mail, or by recipient department pick-up at a specific place and time or by combination of the above. However, the ultimate responsibility for
prompt and accurate delivery of completed data processing
reports rests with the Data Processing Department.
Control over the distribution of reports can be achieved
through a variety of methods, several of which are considered here.
A Report Catalog

t,

A catalog should furnish the information required by
Data Processing to process each system, program and
report. It should contain, for example, Report Format, Sort
Sequence, Total Levels, Input Source, Originator, Bursting
and Binding I nstructions, and Distribution Information.
The distribution information should disclose:
a. The method of distribution
b. The date of distribution
c. Name of the recipient department
A Report Tape

Some Data Processing Departments, by maintaining distribution information on the report tapes, print it each time
that the program is run. Sometimes, the address labels are
also created. Companies which follow this system have a
fairly fixed organization and must caution the recipient
department(s) to supply any change-of-address information
prior to the next report delivery date to assure updating the
report tape with the new address information.
I n companies where organizational, personnel and facility changes occur often, the catalog system seems more
appropriate. Updating a catalog can be done with less
chance for error than changing a report tape, which involves
the possibil ity of erasing the tape - a potential error in the
user's report! Therefore, a catalog of reports is preferred as
a source for distribution information.
Compliance with Controls

How can Data Processing be sure that its basic controlcatalog information is correct? I n several ways: One is to
wait for a complaint, and then take corrective action. The
preferred way is to use questionnaires. Every month, on a
sampling basis, attach a card to each of selected reports,
which states: "This report will be stopped (state date)
unless this card is completed and returned to Data Processing by (state date)." The card should request distribution information, plus some use information; i.e., how
information could be secured without the report and/or
specific use of the report information.
If several cards are not returned some doubt might be
raised as to the value of the program from which the report
was derived. Prior to cancelling the reports, as a safety
precaution, it might be well to notify the individual listed
on the catalog that because he had not returned the
information card the report would be discontinued. This
precautionary step is necessary because the card may have
become detached from the report so that the actual
recipient and user of the report had no opportunity to
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

complete it. Without a verification that the individual
desires the report, it may be cancelled; a number of
cancellations should lead to a questioning of the value of
the program, since it is probable that some of the users of
the report do not actually need it.
The problem of determining the validity or the need for
a program provides an opportunity for cooperation between the I nternal Audit and Data Processing Departments.
A study may determine that (1) those who are using the
remaining copies could secure the needed information from
another report, or (2) they don't need the report but did
not choose to disclose this fact. Possibly, the Internal
Al)ditor can then determine if other programs may be
adjusted to provide the information needed by the remaining users, resulting in elimination of the entire program.
An additional point of control over report distribution is
located at the station where the data processing user picks
up the report; this may be the computer center or remote
satellite stations of the data processing center. If the user
does not pick up his report within eight working hours after
its scheduled completion time, there is a strong indication
that the report is not needed or the publication schedule is
not important. Either fact is important to Data Processing
and should be authenticated as quickly as possible.
Some companies require that reports not picked up.
within 24 hours are to be forwarded to a central area in
Data Processing. A departmental representative then attempts to contact the recipient or original requester by
phone to determine whether the reports are needed or
whether the schedule date may be relaxed. As before, this
information can be furnished to Internal Auditing for
further study and recommendation.
To assure optimum results, the report control function
should be located in the accounting, financial, or administrative areas, rather than in Data Processing; for, in the
latter section, the responsibility to provide service sometimes overrides good judgment in restricting user desires.
Some Test Questions

Here are some questions that can be asked to discover
whether or not proper controls exist in one's own
company:
1. Are external control totals used wherever possible
to check the results of the data processed?
2. Is the processed data reviewed by analysis and
comparison to determine its reasonableness?
3. Are the catalogs tested to verify that EDP reports
produced are listed?
4. Do the report users have knowledge of the method
by which the data is processed; and have they
reviewed the testing of the program and approved
it?
5. Are records maintained of errors occurring in the
EDP system? Is the significance of such errors in
relation to the operating programs reviewed?
6. Are the pages of reports numbered, so that all
recipients know that they have received a complete report?
7. Is confi,dential information on reports prevented
from going to unauthorized personnel?
8. Are other reports being prepared wh ich contain
similar information, but in different sequence?
9. Are survey sheets sent out periodically to recipients of reports to assure that they are still needed
and used?
Controls established to guide, efforts through the data
processing function depend upon human skill and efficiency. And such efforts are also dependent upon activities
which originate and terminate in areas beyond the control
of the~data processing function:
0
43

AUTOMATIC DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMSAlan L. Weiser
12104 Portree Drive
Rockville, Md. 20853

The considerations relating to the installation of a large
complex of electronic data processing equipment might be
familiar to the industrial or manufacturing manager, but it
probably presents quite an awesome task to the office
manager. This article is intended to familiarize those executives of the business community who are responsible for
data processing equipment purchasing and equipment site
preparation, with the factors to be considered in planning
for the physical environment of the data processing system.
The following is an outl ine of elements which should be
considered in planning a data processing installation.

Data Processing Installation Considerations
1. Installation Scheduling
2. Equipment Requirements
a. Space
b. Structural Support
c. Power Supplies
d. Environmental Conditions
e. Layout Configuration
3. Site Selection
a. Lease
b. Build
c. Buy
d. Alterations
4. Site Preparation
a. Flooring, Ceiling and Walls
b. Lighting, Arrangement, Communications
c. Power Supplies and Cable Layout
d. Environment Conditions - Acoustics,
Air Conditioning Temperature Control, Filtration,
Humidity Control, Vibration
e. Safety
f. Appearance
5. Equipment Delivery and Installation

Installation Scheduling
No simple formula exists for creating a schedule that
would be applicable to all installations. General guidelines

Alan L. Weiser has beef!' a systems engineer and a supervisor
of analysis, development, testing, and technical data management for Vitro Laboratories for twelve years. He has a Master
of Arts degree in Management Information Systems and
Research and Development Management from the American
University, and a Bachelor of Science in Electrical Engineer.ing from the University of Rhode Island.

are shown in Table 1. However, there are specific considerations and procedures which should be fitted into a program.
It should be noted that the first activity follows the
selection of the EDP equipment. The ensuing paragraphs
present an elaboration of the phases denoted in Table 1.

Number of Months
Prior to Delivery
of EDP Equipment
Activity

Start
Activity

Complete
Activity

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.

12
11. 5
10.5
9.5
8.0
7.0
6.5
5.0
4.5

10.5
10.5
9.5
8.0
7.0
6.5
1.0
1.0
0.0

0.0
0.0

+1.0
+2.0

Begin Installation Study
Select Site
Establish Specifications
Design Layout
Prepare Site Plans
Let Contracts for Site Work
Start Site Work
Deliver Support Systems
Install and Approve Support
Systems and Site Work
10. Deliver EDP Equipment
11. Install and Checkout EDP
Equipment
12. Start System Conversion

+2.0

Table 1. GENERAL INSTRUCTION SCHEDULE

1. Begin Study. As noted earl ier, the length of time for
preparing for EDP equipment installation varies with the
complexity and size of the proposed system. The installation study should commence soon after top management
has given its approval to the justification report.
2. Select Site. Selection of the site for the computer
equipment will be more fully covered below. Site selection
is essentially an evaluation of alternatives related to the
economics and the humanities of doing business, in order to
choose the best all-around location and building for the
installation. Site selection problems can be solved with the
aid of such operations research techniques as linear programming.
3. Establish Specifications. The section on equipment
requirements below presents an insight into some of the
specifications that the Study Group must consider. During
this phase, the Study Group ,completes overall building
specifications which take into account equipment requirements as well as organization needs .
4. Design Layout. This phase is concerned with developing floor plans, electric and communications cable runs,
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

,.

PHYSICAL INSTALLATION CONSIDERATIONS

"A computer installation site selected solely because it fits the needs
of the EDP equipment, may be so poorly suited for the people who
will use it, that the overall system will lose its designed effectiveness."

to

heating and air conditioning duct work and general structural requirements.
5. Site Plans. These are detailed plans which will be
provided to contractors to control actual installation and
structural work. Contractors will use these plans for estimating their cost bids.
6. Let Contracts. Award contracts for the actual site
preparation work.
7. Start Site Work. Commence building erection or
alterations.
8. Deliver Support Systems. Support systems generally
include: heating, cooling, primary power, lighting, communications and fire protection.

2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Operating temperature range
Humidity range
Space and load-support-requirements
Air filtration requirements
Vibration tolerances

The equipment requirements are usually specified on a
per unit basis. That is, specifications will be given for each
model of Central Processor, Card Reader, Magnetic Tape
Unit, etc. Then the sum of the individual unit requirements
are used in designing overall system requirements.

9. Install and Approve Support Systems and Site Work.
It is imperative that all support equipment be in good
working order, especially the subsystems, which will protect the EDP equipment, before the EDP equipment is
delivered and installed. All structural and electrical work
should be completed at this time. State and local inspectors
must approve the structural, mechanical and electrical
work, and the Study Group should ensure that all work
meets the design objectives prior to installation of the EDP
equipment.
10. Deliver EDP Equipment. The sequence of delivery
of the equipment is usually the responsibility of the
supplier; however, the user must provide storage, uncrating
and other related support. Especially important in avoiding
delays and damage to the equipment during moving is the
planning of the moving routes both outside the site and
within the site.

11. Installation and Checkout of the EDP Equipment.
The supplier generally will provide the technicians and
engineers required to install, adjust and put the equipment
into operation.
12. Start Conversion and Operation. The user will generally have started conversion operations prior to the actual
installation; however, now he can go full swing by moving
in all his personnel, office furniture and supplies.

Site Selection

There are several approaches management can take in
selecting a site. The direct approach would be one of
matching site capabilities with equipment requirements.
The site which offered maximum utility with minimum
modification would be the prime selection. Another direct
approach would be to match business requirements and site
capabilities. This, of course, uses significantly different
characteristics of the site for comparison than would be
used in the former case. The usual disadvantages encountered with using the direct approach is the neglect of
interacting relationships. A site selected solely because it
fits the needs of the EDP equipment may be so poorly
suited for the users of the system that the overall system
loses its designed effectiveness.
Site selection is especially su ited for the use of modern
management decision techniques. Following is a list of
factors that should be considered in site selection.

1. Land Costs in the different geographic areas
under consideration should be compared.

2. Building Costs in the different geographical areas
under consideration should be compared.

3. Insurance Costs are affected by the type of
Equipment Requirements

There are certain specifications submitted by the equipment manufacturer that must be met by the user in order
to qualify for the supplier's equipment guarantees and to
insure that the equipment will operate efficiently.
The equipment installation specifications generally cover
the following categories:
1. Voltage and frequency levels and allowable deviation
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

building construction used and by the location of
the site in relation to fire hazards and firefighting facilities.
4. Zoning Regulations may affect the planning of
an installation and its anticipated future expansion.
5. Existing Facilities may be disrupted temporarily
by installation of additional data processing
equipment.
6. Accessibility of Site for delivery of equipment
and supplies should be considered.
45

7. Adequate Space should be provided for efficient
8.
9.
10.
11.

12.

13.

operation, and to allow for anticipated future
expansion.
Display Area use of the data processing equipment may provide additional benefits.
Rated Floor Loading of each site being evaluated
should be compared to the floor loading imposed
by the data processing equipment.
Electric Power of proper quality and reliability is
required for data processing equipment.
Air Conditioning may be needed to maintain
specified environmental conditions. This requires
an adequate water supply and a fresh air supply
of good qual ity.
Communications Facilities are important to
proper operation of data processing equipment.
The possibil ity of future connection to remotely
located sites should be considered.
Human Factors relating to easy access by employees to the site, pleasant working environment, and convenience to sundry eating and
shopping establishments are important to hiring
and retaining personnel.

total loads to be imposed upon the floor. Where it appears
that expected loads will exceed the floor rating, he, of
course, will have to redesign the flooring to support the
load. If the building cannot be reinforced to support the
expected loads, it may be necessary to relocate the EDP site
or make some tradeoffs on equipment used. It has been
suggested that elimination of nonsupporting partitions will
usually reduce the dead load by 20 to 25 pounds per square
foot.
Ceilings and Walls

Wall and ceiling construction are an important factor in
noise reduction, air filtration and humidity control. The
mechanical drive units of punches and printers may pro- .
duce noise levels that are uncomfortable and distracting to
operating personnel. The proper selection of ceil ing tile and
wall material can materially cut down this problem. For
cleanliness and trouble-free operation of the equipment,
ceiling, wall and even floor finishes should be dust and
lint-free. Ceiling and wall finishes should resist chipping,
chalking and flaking.

Lighting
Site Preparation

In site preparation, as in site selection, three predominant factors need to be considered-equipment, business,
and people. Each of these factors will be discussed in detail
in the succeeding paragraphs.

Flooring

When selecting flooring, it is well to become acquainted
with some of the terms used in structural design. These
include:
DEAD LOAD of a building shall include the
weight of the walls, permanent partitions, framing,
floors, roofs and other permanent stationary construction entering into and becoming part of a
building.
LIVE LOAD includes all loads except dead and
lateral loads.
LATE RA L LOADS are those applied to the surfaces of a building (usually wind forces).
CONCENTRATED LOAD is a load applied at a
point or upon a very small area.
DISTR I BUTED LOAD is a load spread over a very
large area.
RATED FLOOR LOAD is an indication of the
maximum uniformly distributed load that may be
safely applied to a given area.
The most common type of flooring used in a data
processing center is a free-access raised floor. Some of the
major advantages of this type of floor are:
1. Power and control cables and piping can be run
beneath the floor as required between units without obstructing movement within the area.
2. I f the entire false floor can be made a plenum, air
can reach the base of each unit for cool ing.
3. A well constructed false floor can dampen vibrations and reduce the ambient noise level.
4. The modular false floor can be quickly removed to
get at cabling and other fixtures.
5. The raised, modular floor provides for easier expansion of the system or for changing the equipment layout.
Equipment manufacturers will specify the loading
characteristics of their equipment; then it will be up to the
structural engineer to analyze the floor load rating and the
46

Some terms in common use by lighting engineers will
help in understanding the I ighting problem. These terms
include:
ONE CANDLE POWER is defined as a uniform
point source of light of one international candle.
ONE FOOT CANDLE equals the light intensity at
one foot distance from a uniform point source of
I ight of one international candle.
ONE LUMEN is the total amount of light on an
area of one square foot that is lighted to a uniform
intensity of one foot candle. One candle power
produces approximately 12.6 lumens of light.
LUMENS PER WATT is a measure of the efficiency of a light. For example, a typical 40 watt
fluorescent light has an efficiency of 54 lumens
per watt.
The proper amount of illumination (lumens) required
over a specific surface (desk, console, etc.) to enable a
person to be able to perform a given task can be obtained
from various books and reports put out by the National
Bureau of Standards and the Society for Better Vision. For
general vision comfort, it is best to have a uniformly lighted
area. However, Chapin (" I ntroduction to Automatic Data
Processing", 1963) reports that a common problem around
the central processor is the difficulty encountered in observing control indicators because of the overall high intensity of light from the overhead fixtures. He suggests two
alternatives to reducing the problem: (1) to provide a high
level of illumination elsewhere with a dimmer control for
lights near the console; and (2) to provide a high level of
illumination and a light shield over the console and test
equipment. It is important to provide sufficient illumination when maintenance work is to be conducted on equipment. With separately controlled lighting over each major
area, illumination can be raised or lowered as required
without disturbing other parts of the operating area.
In selecting fluorescent or incandescent lights, the following facts should be kept in mind. Fluorescents will give
more illumination over a wider area than an incandescent
lamp watt for watt, but incandescent lamps are more
efficient where spot lighting is preferred; such as for display
purposes. Generally incandescent lamps in a data processing
center will contribute almost twice as much heat as that
produced by fluorescents; consequently, the air cooling
system will have to be designed for a bigger load, thus
adding some costs for the cooling systems.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

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Designgte No. 17 on RegderService Card

Communications

Environmental Conditions

Throughout the E DP department various types of communications systems are employed. (Communications here
are related to personal communications between people,
and not data communications for computer p.rocessing.)
These communications can be divided into three categories:
inter-office, general announcing and external. Intercoms
and direct dial telephones are most commonly used in
inter-office communications. Especially where offices are
geographically spread apart or have restricted admittance
due to security regulations, an intercom or direct dial
phone is an economy measure. External communication
facilities may take several different forms, but probably the
most popular are telephones and teletype units.

Under this general topic, the following elements will be
discussed: acoustics, air conditioning and vibration.
Reduction of background noise is important to employee efficiency, and EAM equipment, because of its
electromechanical construction, is a constant source of
noise. There are generally two schemes for reducing the
noise level: one is to reduce the noise at the source, and the
other is to use sound isolation techn iques. Although the
former method is preferable, it is usually harder to accomplish because of the operational restrictions placed on the
equipment. In the latter case, there are three approaches to
sound isolation. These are: (1) relocate the noise source; (2)
use sound-absorbing material for walls, ceilings and floors;
and (3) place barriers between noise source and the listener.
Air conditioning can be defined as the simultaneous
control of temperature, moisture content, movement and
quality of the air in enclosed spaces. It is under this broad
definition that the elements of air heating, cooling, filtration and humidity control will be discussed.
Because air conditioning requirements are so stringent
for the equipment and may differ significantly from those
for the personnel, dual air conditioning systems are usually
used in offices and equipment areas of data processing
centers wherever possible. Some terminology that is used in
air conditioning design is presented here.
BRITISH THERMAL UNIT (BTU) is the amount
of heat required to raise the temperature of one
pound of water one degree F. Also, 3413 BTU's
are equivalent to one kilowatt hour of electrical
energy.
ION OF REFRIGERATION is the amount of
cooling required to freeze one ton of water at 32
degrees F in 24 hours, also equivalent to cooling at
the rate of 12,000 BTU's per hour.
DRY BU LB TEMPE RATU R E is the temperature
of air as measured by an ordinary thermometer.
WET BU LB TEMPE RATU R E is the temperature
of air as measured by an ordinary thermometer
with a moistened sleeve over its bulb.
PSYCHROMETR IC CHART shows the relationship bet~een a number of factors that describe the
condition of air. It is used by air conditioning
engineers to perform calculations in the design of
an air conditioning system.

Power Requirements

The following are some electrical engineering terms
which the reader will find useful in understanding equipment power ratings and the design of the electrical system
for supplying power for EDP equipment, general office and
test equipment, and lighting:
ALTERNATING CURRENT (AC) is current that
fluctuates between a positive value and a negative
value at a specific cyclic rate. The common rate
for power in the United States is 60 cycles per
second. I n a large number of foreign cO[.Jntries 50
cycles per second is more common than 60.
DIRECT CURRENT (DC) is current that does not
fluctuate but maintains a constant level. DC is
seldom transmitted over long distances because of
high power losses.
CU R RENT is the power supplied to equipment
and is measured in amperes.
VOLTAGE is the measure of potential to provide
a certain amount of current for a specified load.
For a fixed impedance raise in voltage will cause a
rise in current.
KVA is voltage (V) times amperes (A) divided by
1000 and is a measure of total power available at
the source.
KW is kilo-watts or a measure of the useful portion
of the KVA delivered.
KW

=

KVA times PF (Power Factor)

PF is power factor or a relationship of current-tovoltage phasing. When the load is resistive, the PF .
equals 1. When the load is resistive-reactive like a
motor, the PF is less than 1.
SI NG LE PHASE VOLTAGE is supplied over two
wires and the live voltage is measured between
these wires.
THREE PHASE VOLTAGE is supplied on three or
four wires depending upon the intended use.
Generally the basic power system must satisfy the
present and future needs of: (1.) the EDP equipment; (2)
the general office equipment; and (3) the lighting and
support system (heating, air conditioning, etc.). It is also
wise to consider an auxiliary power supply system, for in
some data processing operations short duration shutdowns
may be very costly .. The electrical uti Iity usually can
provide power that satisfies the voltage and frequency
requirements of the EDP equipment. In areas where this is
not true, the user may have to furnish his own primary
power soun;:e, motor-generator sets, or special power and
frequency regulation equipment. When the user must supply special equipment to generate or regulate power, his
installation and maintenance costs usually will rise.
48

Safety

I n data processing centers, safety is more than just a
matter of personnel safety; it also includes the protection
of equipment, data records (forms, tapes and cards) and the
site. Hazards to data records can be further broken down
into three categories: (1) loss due to fire, (2) loss due to
mishandling by personnel, and (3) loss due to theft.
Personnel training is one of the best methods for
combatting carelessness and for insuring that corrective
action is taken when emergencies do arise. Personnel should
be trained in: the proper procedures for turning off electrical power; operation of fire fighting equipment; first-aid
procedures; evacuation or securing of valuable records; and
the quickest method of securing outside help.
Fire damage to equipment and data records represent an
almost incalculable monetary loss. Not only is the replacement cost high, but the money, time and effort spent to
put the equipment into operation, prepare and test programs and acquire data is al most a total loss. Although fire
damage presents the greatest threat to data records, loss due
to mishandling and theft should not be overlooked.
Mishandling of data tapes or cards and even original
input forms can cause considerable costly rework, and
equally bad mistakes may creep into the reprocessing phase.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

29-11

PROBLEM CORNER
Walter Penney, CDP
Problem Editor
Computers and Automation
PROBLEM 6911: TESTING RESISTANCE TO PI

"There's a danger in having easy access to a computer."
There was a slight complaining note in Claude Liffey's
voice.
"What do you mean 7", John Lawthorne asked.
"Some of my students do their homework on the Bivac
and they end up with no real understanding of the work.
Last week, for instance, I gave them the series S = 1/5 + 1/6
+ 1/31 + 1/931 + ... to sum. Some of the sharp operators
wrote a program and ran it. They got .39999 as the answer
and handed in S = A, which was right, but it would have
been better if they had applied some of the principles we
had been studying. Then they'd be able to handle lots of
other cases instead of writing a separate program for each
one."
"Maybe what you ought to do is make up a problem
that has a solution close to an integer, say 2.9999 and let
these sharp ones work it out on the computer and jump to
the conclusion that the answer is 3. When you mark them
wrong they may realize there are more important things
than getting a numerical answer."
"Great!" Claude was immediately enthusiastic. "Actually the correct answer doesn't have to be close to an integer.
Suppose it's 3.1416, correct to four decimal places. I don't
think any of them could resist giving 1T as the answer."
"Yes, but you might have a job finding a way to get

3.1416 without using one of the series for 1T or someth ing
similar."
"Well, let's see. I could make up a complicated problem
which merely solved a quadratic equation in a very roundabout way. The students who let a computer do their
homework would probably not analyze it enough to see
this."
"0. K.", John said. "Now find the quadratic equation
having a root as close as possible to 1T."
"You could get as close as you like if you make the
coefficients large enough. I think I'll keep the coefficients
less than 100."
What is the equation 7

The latter situation may increase processing costs. I t may
also hurt the center's business by tarnishing its reputation.
Loss by theft, although not too common, may occur if the
data is of value to competitors or foreign governments.
In order to insure maximum safeguarding of the data
recordings, the following policies and procedures should be
put into effect:
1. Only authorized personnel should handle the data
records.
2. An enclosed, guarded area should be provided for
filing the data records.
3. For very valuable data or irreplaceable data, duplicate tapes or cards, or tape and card files should
be maintained at separate storage areas.

service industry also, not only in the appearance of published reports but in the appearance of the actual site. In
doing business in today's highly competitive world, image
and reputation are very important.

Appearance

The appearance of the data processing center is important for employee morale and for selling itself to
potential customers.
Most all computer equipment rooms are provided with
"showcase" windows for visitors to observe operations; this
also helps to keep visitors from getting underfoot in the
operations area. Many data centers that occupy street floors
of office buildings make a big show of their data center by
arranging special views for the general public passing by.
The impact, of packaging is felt in the data processing
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

Solution to Problem 6910: Chronic Computeritis

The value of (1 + i)46 could be obtained in only seven
operations, for example, by calculating (1 + i)n for n = 1,2,
3, 5, 10, 13,23,46.

Readers are invited to submit problems (and their
solutions) for publication in this column to: Problem
Editor, Computers and Automation, 815 Washington St.,
Newtonville, Mass. 02160.

Equipment Delivery and Installation

It is the buyer's responsibility to obtain all licenses and
permits for setting up the data center. He is required to
provide facilities for uncrating the equipment and internal
movement of the units. Supplier engineers and technicians
will be on-site to install and check out the EDP equipment
and to assist in putting it into operation. All supporting
systems, like air conditioning, electrical power and lighting,
should have been approved and in good working order
prior to the delivery of the EDP equipment.
Some areas that the buyer should plan for during the
delivery and installation stage are:
1. Moving routes from supplier to site;
2. Traffic expected around site during delivery;
3. In-house work stoppages during delivery of equipment;
4. Operating status of elevators, loading ramps, etc;
5. Movement routes of equipment through the site,
door and ceiling clearances and other obstacles;
6. Safety precautions for personnel and equipment.

o
49

WORLDWIDE

REPORT FROM GREAT BRITAIN
Competition for the Superscale Market
To those in Britain who saw I BM's announcement of a
System 360/195 as a serious threat to Control Data CO.rporation, the end-September counterblast from CDC In
London must have come as a distinct surprise. Long before
an equivalent I BM machine is available anywhere, CDC
plans to have installed and running in Britain one of its
superscale 7600 machines, possibly to be joined by a
second before the end of 1971. At the same time, the
company will back this extension of its Cybernet service
with the setting up of a European support centre and a
Control Data I nstitute for the train ing of computer staff
able to handle the power of this giant machine.
The battle is on in Britain and other European countries
for the top end of the market. Many interpret the I nternational Computers decision (which preceded the CDC
announcement) to the effect that it had dropped the
original design of the 1908A and was altering its architecture, and extending the target date for about half a year to
some time in 1972, as one graceful way of bowing out of
the top sector of the market. This ICL denies, as it must.
But there is no doubt that the two companies are firm
allies, that they do a brisk trade in peripherals, and that
they are sharing the research and development burden.

Political Effect
ICL maintains that it is still developing a superscale
machine of its own, that it is in close contact with
European countries on the design of a still larger mach ine
for the 1980's, and that the planning of its next series is on
schedule. It is thought that the company has made up its
mind on the design of this new equipment and that it will
be extensively compatible with the CDC series machines.
This is not to sayan even closer marriage than a "marriage
de convenance" is in the offing. But an election next spring
in Britain cannot be ruled out. Indeed, with the economic
climate so much less bleak than it has been for three years,
the Labour Government must make the best of a tough
position.
It could fall, though most pundits think it would just
scrape home. We might see a Tory Government. If previous
Tory policies with regard to the data processing industry
are anything to go by, it would be logical to expect.
withdrawal of Government support from the only British
computer company, ICL, which then would have to seek a
powerful ally in a harsh and hostile world. Who better tha.n
CDC? This is the way the reasoning is going, and no one IS
blaming ICL for hedging its bets.
It is too much to expect a smallish data processing
company to stand up to I BM on home ground, while
holding off the cut-price attacks of newcomers breaking
into the market. It is particularly too much when, at the
50

same time, the company is seeking to establish the ICL
brand name overseas - that is not only in the Commonwealth under Imperial Preference, but also in Europe. ICL
also is accountable to shareholders and has no other source
of income than computing. Only CDC and Digital are in a
simi lar position.

Private Enterprise vs. a Semi-State Organisation
At end-September too, the basis was laid of what could
be a really rip-roaring controversy between private enterprise and a semi-state organisation. Readers may remember
when the British Post Office (now a Corporation following
the first change in status in hundreds of years) put proposals for its National Data Processing Service (NDPS)
before Parliament. The private bureaux were up in arms
since the Post Office had and still has the monopoly of data
transmission lines, which raises a host of interesting possibilities. Recently, this NDPS undertook the big contract, on
behalf of the British Airports Authority, to supply a
comprehensive data processing service to all international
airlines freighting into London with a real-time, on-line
information network and close links into Customs and
Excise. This should speed freight documentation out of all
recogn ition.
Now this was a Government organisation scratching the
back of a semi-official organisation which had ordered its
equipment from a Government-aided organisation - ICL.
But still more recently, NDPS has taken a big contract from
the Trustee Savings Banks in North West England to
provide an on-line teller service in a whole area from North
Wales to the Scottish border covered by 170 branches. The
rub comes when it is realised that the computer to be used
as the central machine is one of the ICL 4-70's originally
suppl ied for the Post Office G I R 0, but not used because
that system has got off to such a bad start.
The bureaux are annoyed because here was a plum
contract that could have been handled by one of the larger
units among them and won with the expenditure of public
money. ICL is annoyed because it could have sold another
machine. By and large the only people who come out of the
deal with real satisfaction are the 01 ivetti people who are
supplying about $4m worth of equipment and have now
placed not far from $10m worth of banking teller terminals
in Britain in about 18 months, beating Burroughs to a
frazzle outside the main clearing banks. And still the
question remains unsolved as to how the section of the Post
Office which provides data transmission services makes a
choice between private industry and NDPS, when there is
competition for lines and modems, still a bottleneck in
many areas.

(Please turn to page 52 )
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS
Nov. 3-7, 1969: GUIDE International, Denver Hilton Hotel,
Denver, Colorado; contact Jack Eggleston, GUIDE Secretary, Mgr., Programming R&D, Mutual of Omaha Insurance
Co., P.O. Box 1298, Omaha, Nebraska 68101
Nov. 5-7, 1969: IEEE Northeast Electronics Research and Engineering Meeting (NEREM), War Memorial Auditorium
and Sheraton Boston Hotel, Boston, Mass.; contact NEREM,
31 Channing St., Newton, Mass. 02158.
Nov. 10-11, 1969: Digitronics Users Assoc. (DUA), 4th Annual Conference, Barbizon-Plaza Hotel, New York City;
contact Secretary, DUA, Box 113, Albertson, Long Island,
New York, 11507
Nov. 13-14, 1969: Conference on the Legal Protection of
Computer Programs (sponsored by the Law Group of the
British Computer Society), Bedford Hotel, Brighton, England; contact Conference Dept. of The British Computer
Society, 21 Lamb's Conduit St., London, W.C.1, England
Nov. 13-14, 1969: NCR Century System Users' Group Initial
Meeting, Houston, Tex.; contact R. E. Davis, Automated
Systems Corp., Houston, Tex. 77002
Nov. 15-16, 1969: ACUTE (Accountants Computer Users
Technical Exchange), Jack Tar, San Francisco, Calif.; contact ACUTE, 947 Old York Rd., Abington, Pa. 19001
Nov. 17-19, 1969: IEEE Eighth Symposium on Adaptive
Processes, The Pennsylvania State Univ., State College, Pa.;
contact Dr. George]. McMurtry, Program Chairman IEEE
1969 (8th) Symposium on Adaptive Processes, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, The Pennsylvania State Univ., University
Park, Pa. 16802
Nov. 18-20, 1969: Fall Joint Computer Conference, Convention Hall, Las Vegas, Nev.; contact American Federation for
Information Processing (AFIPS), 210 Summit Ave., Montvale, N.]. 07645.
Nov. 19-21, 1969: 51st Annual Meeting of the American National Standards Institute, Statler Hilton Hotel, Detroit,
Mich.; contact American National Standards Institute, 1430
Broadway, New York, N.Y. 10018
Nov. 20-21, 1969: Conference '69: 1969 Data Processing Conference sponsored by the Empire Div. (13) of the Data
Processing Management Association (DPMA), Statler Hilton Hotel, New York, N.Y.; contact Registrar, Conference
'69, P.O. Box 1926, Grand Central Station, New York,
N.Y. 10017
Nov. 25-27, 1969: Digital Satellite Communication Conference,
Savoy Place, London, England; contact lEE Joint Conference Secretariat, Savoy Place, London \VC2, England.
Dec. 1-3, 1969: Conference on Image Storage and Transmission for Libraries, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Md.; contact: Madeline M. Henderson, Center for
Computer Sciences and Technology, National Bureau of
Standards, Room B226-Instr., Washington, D.C. 20234
Dec. 8-10, 1969: Third Conference on Applications of Simulation, International Hotel, Los Angeles, Calif.; contact
Arnold Ockene, General Chairman, Simulation Associates,
Inc., 600 North Broadway, White Plains, N.V. 1601
Dec. 18-20, 1969: Third International Symposium on Computer and Informational Science (COINS-69), Americana
Hotel, Bal Harbour, Fla.; contact Dr. Julius T. Tou, COINS69 Chairman, Graduate Research Professor, University of
Florida, Gainesville, Fla. 32601.
Dec. 27-28, 1969: Annual Meeting of the Association for
Symbolic Logic, Waldorf-Astoria Hotel, New York, N.V.;
contact: Prof. Jon Barwise, Program Chairman, Dept. of
Mathematics, Yale University, New Haven, Conn. 06520
Jan. 14-16, 1970: Third Annual Simulation Symposium,
Sheraton-Tampa Motor Hotel, Tampa, Fla.; contact: Annual Simulation Symposium, P.O. Box 1155, Tampa, Fla.
33601, 813-839-5201.
Jan. 14-16, 1970: 1970 International Conference on System
Sciences (IEEE), Honolulu, Hawaii; contact: Dr. Richard
H. Jones (HICSS), Information Sciences Program, 2565
Th~ Mall, University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

Jan. 19-21, 1970: Computer Software & Peripherals Show &
Conference, Eastern Region, New York Hilton, New York,
N.Y.; contact Show World, Inc., 37 West 39th St., New
York, N.V. 10018.
Feb. 5-6, 1970: The 1970 AIlE (American Institute of Industrial Engineers) Systems Engineering Conference, SheratonDayton Hotel, Dayton, Ohio; contact Technical Services Director AIlE, 345 East 47th Street, New York, N.Y. 10017.
Feb. 17-19,1970: Computer Software & Peripherals Show &
Conference, Midwest Region, Pick-Congress Hotel, Chicago,
Ill.; contact Show World, Inc., 37 West 39th St., New York,
N.Y. 10018.
Feb. 18-20, 1970: IEEE International Solid-State Circuits
Conference, Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa.; contact:
Mr. L. D. Wechsler, Program Committee Secretary, General
Electric Co., Electronics Park, Bldg. #3, Syracuse, N.Y.
13201
.
March 17-20, 1970: IEEE Management and Economics in the
Electronics Industry Symposium, Appleton Tower, University
of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, Scotland; contact Conference Secretariat, Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy Place, London, W.C.2, England.
March 23-25, 1970: INFO-EXPO-70, technical meeting sponsored by the Information Industry Association, Shoreham
Hotel, Washington, D.C.; contact Paul G. Zurkowski, Information Industry Association, 1025 15th St. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20005
Apr. 2-3, 1970: First National Symposium on Industrial
Robots, lIT Research Institute, Chicago, Ill.; contact Mr.
Dennis W. Hanify, lIT Research Institute, 10 West 35 St.,
Chicago, Ill. 60616
Apr. 7-9, 1970: Computer Software & Peripherals Show &
Conference, Western Region, Anaheim Convention Center,
Los Angeles, Calif.; contact Show World, Inc., 37 West 39th
St., New York, N.Y. 10018.
Apr. 13-16, 1970: Computer Graphics International Symposium, Uxbridge, England; contact R. Elliot Green, Cg.
70, Exhibition Organiser, BruneI University, Uxbridge, Middlesex, England
Apr. 14-17, 1970: Conference on Automatic Test Systems
(IEEE), Birmingham, Warwickshire, England; contact: Conference Registrar, The Institution of Electronic and Radio
Engineers, 8-9, Bedford Square, London, WC 1, England.
May 5-7, 1970: Spring Joint Computer Conference, Convention Hall, Atlantic City, N.].; contact American Federation for Information Processing (AFIPS), 210 Summit Ave.,
Montvale, N.]. 07645
May 25-27, 1970: Forum of Control Data Users (FOCUS)
Annual Conference, St. Paul Hilton, St. Paul, Minn.; contact: William I. Rabkin, FOCUS Exec. Sec., c/o Itek
Corp., 10 Maguire Rd., Lexington, Mass. 02173
June 15-16, 1970: Conference on Solid State in Industry,
(IEEE), Statler-Hilton Hotel, Cleveland, Ohio; contact:
A. J. Humphrey, Technical Program Chairman, The Reliance Electric & Engrg. Co., 24701 Euclid Ave., Cleveland,
Ohio 44117
June 22-26, 1970: 11 th Joint Automatic· Control Conference,
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga.; contact
ASME Headquarters, 345 E. 47th St., New York, N.Y. 10017
June 24-26, 1970: Annual Joint Automatic Control Conference
(JACC), Georgia Tech, Atlanta, Ga.; contact: Prof. J. B.
Lewis, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Penn. State Univ.,
University Park, Penn. 16802
Aug. 24-28, 1970: IFIP World Conference on Computer Education, Amsterdam, Netherlands; contact: A. A. M. Veenhuis, Secretary-General, IFIP Conference Computer Education 1970, 6, Stadhouderskade Amsterdam 13, Netherlands
Aug. 31-Sept. 2, 1970: American Society of Civil Engineers,
Fifth Conference on Electronic Computation, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind.; contact Robert E. Fulton, Mail Stop
188-C Structures Research Division, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va. 23365
51

Sept. 1-3, 1970: 25th National Conference, Association for
Computing Machinery, New York Hilton, New York, N.Y.;
contact: Sam Matsa, ACM '70 General Chairman, IBM
Corp., 410 E. 62nd St., New York, N.Y. 10021
Sept. 2-4, 1970: The Institution of Electrical Engineers (lEE)
Conference on Man-Computer Interaction, UK National
Physical Laboratory, Teddington, Middlesex, England; contact Roger Dence, lEE Press Office, Savoy Place, London
WC2, England
Oct. 5-9, 1970: Computer 70 - International Comput~r E~­
hibition, Olympia, London, England; contact M. F. Webster,
Leedex Limited, 100 Whitechapel Road, London, E.1., England
Oct. 26-28, 1970: Forum of Control Data Users (FOCUS)
Regional Conference, Statler Hilton Hotel, Washington,
D.C.; contact: William 1. Rabkin, FOCUS Exec. Sec., c/o
Itek Corp., 10 Maguire Rd., Lexington, Mass. 02173
Oct. 26-29, 1970: 25th Annual ISA Conference & Exhibit,
Civic Center, Phila., Pa.; contact K. F. Fitch, Meetings Coordinator, Instrument Society of America, 530 William Penn
Place, Pittsburgh, Pa. 15219

REPORT FROM GREAT BRITAIN

(Continued from page 50 )
Corporate Computer Services - A New Idea
We began with a story of the superscale, but there is a
small UK company which has only been in operation for six
months that has put forward some ideas likely to have
far-reaching influence. Corporate Computer Services was set
up with backing from the giant Tate & Lyle sugar group. Its
pri mary purpose was to provide a service not so far
available in Britain to design, advise on, and even build the
proper environment for computers. Anyone who has been
to as many totally unsuitable premises housing equipment
as I have will know there is a real need for such a service.
To this form of service, the company has already added
proposals for the day-to-day maintenance of environments,
general air conditioning, heating and ventilating systems,
and maintenance on contract of electronics of all types.
The company has captured a Harvard Business School
graduate from Canada, Reg Ferguson, and his ideas could
make a good few hardware manufacturers and software
houses in America sit up and blink. The first one is for a
generalised language for the construction of management
information systems. It is no small project and will take
about 18 months to complete.
The company had originally thought of tapping the vast
resources of its parent organ isation for leasi ng operations
but - and this is despite the fact that leasing did not really
start in Britain till the early part of 1968 - it has decided
that there are too many big fish in this pond already, all
facing starvation once new I BM ranges are launched.
With its many homely but nonetheless essential facil ities
to back up really advanced work on information systems
analysis, manpower management and computing economics
advice, it should go far. The company managing director,
Roger Tomlin, has already had to refuse business in North
America because he cannot recruit fast enough.

Ted Schoeters
Stanmore, Middlesex
England
52

NUMBLES
NUMBER PUZZLES FOR NIMBLE MINDS
-AND COMPUTERS
Neil Macdonald
Assistant Editor
Computers and Automation
A " num ble" is an arithmetical problem in which: digits
have been replaced by capital letters; and there are two
messages, one which can be read right away and a second
one in the digit cipher. The problem is to solve for the
digits.
Each capital letter in the arithmetical problem stands for
just one digit 0 to 9. A digit may be represented by more
than one letter. The second message, which is expressed in
numerical digits, is to be translated (using the same key)
into letters so that it may be read; but the spell ing uses
puns or is otherwise irregular, to discourage cryptanalytic
methods of deciphering.
We invite our readers to send us solutions, together with
human programs or computer programs which will produce
the solutions.

NUMBLE 6911

ONe E
X

I S

F LS F W
E E NNW
C I = S y

E C NIT W
+ N WC LAS A C

= NOT

0 F TEN
and

16382

10960
33847
388
Solution to Numble 6910

In Numble 6910 in the October issue, the digits 0
through 9 are represented by letters as follows:

H=O

S=5

L=1
W=2
T=3
E=4

A=6

1=7
F=8

0=9

The full message is: The least foolish is wise.

Our thanks to the following individuals for submitting
their solutions to Numble 6910: Chester C. Criswell, Cleveland, Ohio; T. P. Finn, Indianapolis, Ind.; James B. Morris,
Jr., Los Alamos, N. Mex.; D. F. Stevens, Berkeley, Calif.;
Robert R. Weden, Edina, Minn.; and Ricky Wyner, Port
Chester, N. Y.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

JOBS AND CAREERS IN DATA PROCESSING

People and Computers - Part 2

*

The Right Honourable Lord Robens
Chairman, National Coal Board
Woldingham, PC, England

The fallacy of the prophets of the problem of leisure is not
just that they envisage implausibly swift productivity increases. The real, and most revealing deficiency is that their
sociological thinking is extremely shallow. It is now so many
years since the end of the First World War: real earnings have
a1most trebled, yet hours of work have not dropped. We
would, therefore, be totally unjustified in assuming, without
any further argument, as they do, that people wish to take
a significant proportion of increased wealth in the form of
leisure. Rightly or wrongly, in our present society it seems
proved that people would rather have a car than increased
leisure, indeed a second car than increased leisure. This is
what we see in the United States; are we to assume that human
nature is going to reverse itself overnight?
No doubt at some level of wealth, people will be satisfied,
but at what level?
Suppose we had been discussing this in Britain in the
1920's, and suppose we had been asked the question: 'A
nation has the possibility of working 20 hours a week for
three times our present income, or 40 hours for six times our
income, which will it choose?' Surely we would have found
it incredible that anyone would make the second choice?;
yet that is just what the Americans have already done. They
work just 40 hours a week, and their average income is about
six times the level of income in Britain in the 1920's.
The cause is perhaps not far to seek. If we had the needs
and desires of our Victorian ancestors, we would already be
working a 20 hour week. But we have quite different demands;
for cars, television, travel abroad. And there are solid reasons
why the same pattern may continue. There are many great
and dynamic firms, filled with imaginative and ambitious
people, who depend for their success on thinking up new
products to bring them in ever-increasing income. Glance
through the pages of any American magazine, and you will
be convinced of that. Certainly, many of these new products
will be so-called 'leisure products', most consumer goods are.
But they all require money to buy them, and in the meantime,
all our old wants are still with us. If someone wants a colour
television, it is not a matter of selling the second car, it is a
matter of continuing to work those four hours' overtime that
he had intended to stop now the children are growing up.
So, summing up my views on limitless abundance and
limitless leisure, I would say that while at some date in the
future they may come about, and no one welcomes the
*This is the second of a two-part article based on
the 1969 Dudley Hooper Memorial Lecture given by
Lord Robens at London University on January 28, 1969.
Part 1 appeared in this column last month.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

prospect more than I do, it is not a matter that need concern
us greatly as yet. Those who threaten us with leisure, as so
many computer prophets do, are guilty of distracting us from
the really important things.
The real problem of leisure is nothing to do with the
computer, it is the problem of the retired. Medicine is now
giving people more leisure than computers, and this form of
leisure poses real problems, not like the problems of what the
young and fit will do with two weeks extra holiday. And these
problems have another important difference from those of
science fiction: they are with us now. The old-age pensioner
could do with some of this limitless abundance.
But it would still be an error to brush off these prophecies.
All of them contain a grain of truth, even though buried
under a monstrous accumulation of distortion and publicity
seeking. Indeed the tragedy is that these myths are selfdefeating. The exaggeration is too gross: people gasp and
nod the head while the TV programme continues; it even
becomes part of the conventional wisdom. But such science
fiction can never form a basis for action. Its only influence on
the real world is to throw a mist of suspicion around the
whole idea of technical progress, in which what is potentially
a beneficent power for man to use at his choice becomes
instead an obscurely threatening spectre. Prediction should
direct our line of march; science fiction merely makes people
drag their feet.

Massive Unemployment
Next, we have the second computer prophecy to examine;
that computers will lead to massive unemployment. It is
more important than the first; because it is more directly
Dudley Hooper was a pioneer in the train ing of business
users of computers. He was on the staff of the National
Coal Board for nearly 20 years. He joined the staff of the
Board in 1948, shortly after it was nationalized, as a
technical specialist on the application of accounting
machines. He was appointed Chief Organ ising Accountant
of the Board in 1954, and served in that capacity until
1964 when he joined the I nstitute of Chartered Accountants as Technical Officer.
Dudley Hooper was one of the founders and the first
chairman of the British Computer Society. He served the
Society as a council member and on various committees for
several years, and remained a member of the editorial board
of the Society's publication, The Computer Journal, until
his sudden death in January of 1968.

53

liable to cause resistance to the introduction of new methods.
It is a particularly dangerous threat in Britain, because mass

unemployment represents the greatest dIsaster that has struCK
this country in modern times. We do not have, as do so many
Continental nations, memories of runaway inflation, of
military defeat and pillage, of famine, of bitter civil strife:
it is, however, natural that we should be haunted above all
else, by the shadow of the 30's. Then, for every four men in
work in Britain, there was one on the dole; and in Scotland
and South Wales it was one man on the dole for three in
. work. It is this memory that causes governments to totter
when we have one man on the dole for every 35 in work.
And I should point out that the lack of opposition to the
introduction of compute.rs may not last. Up till now, the
people whose jobs have ~n changed or eliminated have
been clerks, particularly women clerks. They are weakly
organised, ana in the case of the women often do not attach
very great importance to their jobs. The fun will start when
we try to computerise some of Clive Jenkins' members.
So we must be very thorough and honest in the way we
discuss the threat of technological unemployment. We might
start by pointing out that the highest unemployment percentage since the Second World War is still less than one third
of the lowest percentage in the 20 years before that war.
So if computers cause unemployment, it is a long while
showing its head.
As the speed of technical change quickens, so skills grow
obsolete more rapidly. Technical change demands a continuous re-grouping of the range of skills required. The
kaleidoscope is being constantly re-jigged. Clearly as the
technological effervescence of our time gathers momentum
the need for retraining grows. Technological change can be
.;oped with if it is firmly harnessed to an effective retraining
programme.
But in my judgement we must recognise that technological
unemployment does happen. It is clear that, although technology may put men out of work, it is not technology that
keeps them there. The fault lies in the field of regional policy
and retraining policy: there is no sign at all of unemployment
due to technical advance becoming widespread or uncontrollable.

New Jobs Created
What I have said should not be taken as reason for complacency and inaction, still less for defeatism and Ludditism.
I intend it simply as a way of concentrating attention on the
real problems. The first point is that it is quite wrong to
single out the computer as the danger. Any form of laboursaving in this respect from the railways or the power loom
in their day, or the car or the aeroplane in this. But there
are then the new jobs being created to service and construct
. these machines. All these must be counted too in the total sum.
Mentioning these other developments makes a further
point; the new technologies will all employ many people
themselves. I note that one of the major questions in the
matter of the Third London Airport is where to put all the
people dependent on it. The Town and Country Planning
Association estimate that a new major airport will involve a
community of one million people. The computer itself, often
thought of as the ultimate in automation, employs tens of
thousands already, at a time when we have hardly scratched
the surface of its potential. Sixty per cent of the costs of a
computer installation are the costs of people, and this percentage is ihcreasing. This excludes the multitudes concerned
with producing such things as the special stationery, the a,ir
conditioning equipment, the electricity and so on and so
forth.
Let us then recognise that technological change, in which
the application of the computer will play a major part, will
make vast numb~rs of people require to change their jobs
54

perhaps two, three or even four times in their working life.
This should not worry us one iota. Knowing that this will
happen we need to gear our educational system to making
adequate provision for this and our social services to ensure
that during the period of retraining incomes must not fall
below their previous earnings. Trade unions will not have to
insist that an apprentice must be from 15 years of age to 21,
and that extensive short-term training can equally produce
skilled workers. With a continuing affluent society the need
for the production of consumer goods and services will
continue to grow. More and more machines will be designed
to take the physical labour out of working. More and more
people will be engaged in designing machines and making
them and what we must recognise is that less and less people
will be required to man them. We must not say: 'There will
be unemployment and change and trouble caused by the
computer', but, 'How can we get the computer to work?'

Education
All this change has important repercussions for our system
of education. Before change became built into our society,
education could be clearly geared to a fixed order of life.
Time did not change things and the teacher knew with some
exactitude the sort of role that each pupil would have to play.
In a static society ploughman follows ploughman, shepherd
follows shepherd. But how much more difficult the teacher's
task is today. A teacher trains virtually for the unknown: he
has no idea what sort of society his pupils will move into ten,
20 or 40 years after they leave his class. Far less does he
know what part they will be called upon to play. The most
worthwhile attitude that the teacher can impart into this
situation is broadmindedness, the ability to accept and cope
with change. This is a priceless commodity indeed in this
changing society.
But none of this will come overnight. Let us suppose that
technical progress continues, but only at a similar rate to that
of the past 20 years. Since that includes satellites, civil jet
aircraft, containerisation, nuclear power, and the computer
itself, this should be rapid enough for most of us. The point
on which we should concentrate our minds is that any technical change which comes now, must involve changes in
men's skills of a greater degree than previously known. We
have now reached a stage when every technological advance
increases the skill content of jobs. Mechanisation reduces
physical effort and also reduces skill: the computer reduces,
first, clerical work, then the more mundane control duties.
The computer thus tends to increase the skill required.
This means that the average level of skill required would
rise even without new inventions. The computer alone
probably has potential to occupy us for the next 50 years or
so. Even if the proportion of men changing their jobs remains
the same, the number needing new skills will increase. A
labourer who leaves one building site and goes to another
has practically nothing to learn. A craftsman will find a
greater number of new things to get to grips with: while a
systems analyst or a manager, even though bringing with him
much greater skills, also has much more to learn.
I have already said that our stale educational system should
be so designed that the ability to learn new techniques and
accept change, both mental and physical is easily acquired.
Training is a specialised function requiring highly intelligent
and expert people. Like so much else, it is best done in large
establishments enjoying economies of size. While many great
firms and public bodies should be prepared to train more
than they need, we are not entitled to assume that they can
satisfy the whole demand.
The Industrial Training Act already recognises this, and
the dues which the training boards levy and the premiums
they payout are designed to balance this. It is clear that the
training boards have an absolutely essential part to play in
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

giving people the skills needed for security, satisfaction and
material reward in their work, and in enabling full use to be
made of our productive potential. They represent a radical
innovation, which must be made to work.
But however successfully they do their job, they face
certain important obstacles due to unavoidable defects in
their structure. In the first place, a single training board
covering the whole of an industry, as for example engineering,
will have to deal with a tremendous variety of needs. In their
labours to provide the bread and butter skills, they may find
it difficult to devote attention to the training of certain types
of expertise involving small numbers. This might be because
the particular skill, though vital, can be spread very thinly,
as with very specialised branches of law or engineering
consultancy. Or, and most important of all, it might be
because only a few firms recognised the need for a certain
recently developed skill. Few firms have qualified sociologists
on their payroll - yet it might well be that the successful
implementation of computer systems would be speeded with
their aid. We must look for imaginative and dynamic leadership from the Training Boards to cope with this.
In the second place, many skills are not specific to a particular industry.
Change as the Norm
Computing skills are probably the most conspicuous
example, although there are many"others, such as work study,
accountancy, statistics, sociology. I would feel happier in my
own mind if I knew of positive action being taken to ensure
that these skills of general application were being generated
in sufficient quantities. We do not need cumbersome and
unrealistically detailed manpower planning, but a system
whereby the requirements of industry at large are swiftly
made known and acted on.
Training is too narrow a field to confine ourselves to.
Perhaps the most vital single lesson we must try both to learn
and to teach is that change is the norm. So often it is the very
idea of change, any change that frightens people. So we should
be gearing our whole educational system to equipping people
to deal with change. This means, quite simply, that everyone
must get out of education the sort of thing that only the
luckier university graduate got in the past. Educationalists
over the years have emphasised that education ought not
to be the uncomprehending acquisition of narrow skills, but
a free and flexible ability to deal with the challenges of life,
whatever they might be. This Call 110 longer be just a UlOpial1
ideal, it is a pressing necessity. Once we have truly educated
people, the changing skills in their particular jobs can be
added as and when necessary, without difficulty, and without
the heartrending tear that a radical change in work now
often means.
It is worth mentioning, in turn, that computers are almost
certain to influence education deeply. Mathematical and
logical skills will be revolutionised by it, in much the same
way as the printing press led to general literacy.
The reference to the common ground shared by computers
with other aspects of industry is a healthy reminder.
The Uniqueness of the Computer
Too often people speak of the electronic computer as if
it represented a complete break with other forms of technological advance. This is not true, and it can lead to the
dangerous attitude that previous experience has nothing to
teach us.
Do not misunderstand me: the computer is unique in a
number of ways. The most important one is the range of
activities to which it can be applied. Information is needed
universally, for virtually every field of human action and
thought. Information is power or, as Carlyle put it, when a
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

man kens, he can. It is hardly possible to name a single
activity which it could not revolutionise, from the housewife
planning her shopping to the police waging war on crime.
Second, the speed with which computer technology has
advanced must surely be unique; and we are assured that we
may expect equally stupefying advances in the future.
But in the context we are discussing this evening its uniqueness is questionable. Problems of change are broadly the
same for the clerk as for the man on the shop floor. The
wealth made available by the computer offers similar opportunities and problems to the wealth made available by more
conventional mechanisation. Radical change is a very new
idea to most of the service industries which the computer can
revolutionise; but radical change is also a stranger to many
sectors of manufacturing. The computer will not often have
such startling effects as those of containerisation on the docks.
Rolls Royce are one of the most brilliantly successful users
of computers: and they ascribe much of their success to their
managing computers in exactly the same way as they manage
their engineering.
So we may say that while the scale of the changes which the
computer brings will be unique, the lessons we have to learn
and the action we have to take are probably not. Other fields
can learn from us and can teach us.
The advance of computer technology is likely to pose some
problems for computer people too. They are not immune,
and we must give thought to their problems also. For example,
the development of programming techniques is likely to make
the ordinary programmer much less of a rare and precious
being than he is today. We may yet see a strike of programmers against remote terminals, or do-it-yourself programming
facilities for engineers, if we do not plan well. And if we are
to end up with a computer grid, companies will have to
abandon their pride in possession of their very own machines.
This is perhaps a little fancifu:, but it does remind us that
technical progress happens to us all. As every systems analyst
knows, it is fatal to accept traditional barriers if we are to
get the best from the computer: and this does not apply only
to the organisational boundaries inside companies. The
systems analyst will make a grave mistake if he believes that
he is concerned only with information systems: he will do
well also to analyse social systems, and if necessary to call
in the sociologist to help him. The point about people and the
computer is not that we must protect ourselves from it, but
that we must work through people in order to make the
computer serve us. The barriers to communication, between
workers and managers, managers and computer stafT, between
the professions, must come down, and with them will come
down the fear and ignorance that hold us. back.
Visions and Common Sense
I would conclude by reminding you of the lessons I drew
from Dudley Hooper's career: first, that as the Proverbs of
Solomol1 puts it, where there is no vision the people perish;
but, second, that visions are corrupting if they are not
accompanied by the energy and the practical sense which
alone can make them real; and, third, that it is the problems
of people that we need the machine for, yet it is the problems
of people that impede us. The computer is the most astonishingly powerful tool that man has ever created; the task
before us is not to argue whether it will redeem us or destroy
us, but to go out and take action to ensure it is put to good
use, and swiftly, but without hurting people, the people in
whose name alone we act. The computer, rightly used, can
help in the long struggle to develop the potential in human
beings; to reclaim the sunken areas of man's development and
create a humane, just and caring society. This must surely
be the objective we all of us grasp in our different ways. The
computer has its part to play, but let us remember that at
the end of the day only people matter.
55

ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK

Computing and Data Processing Newsletter
Table of Contents

APPLICATIONS

Locks in St. Lawrence Seaway Watched by
Small Compu ter
Sick and Injured Animals Receive ComputerAid
Ocean Mapping System Uses 27 Computers
Kent State University's Computer Wins Place
on Kent's Football Team
Radiation Effects on the Body Being Analyzed
by Computer

59
59
59
59
60

NEW PRODUCTS
Digital

Mini-Computer, Model 1601 -- Rolm Corp.
Sigma 3 Compu ter -- Xerox Da ta Sy stems
SYSTEMS 86 and SYSTEMS 88 Computers -Systems Engineering Laboratories
META 4 Computer System -- Digital Scientific
Corp.
~lINITS II -- Jacobi Systems, Inc.
IC-7000 Computer -- Standard Computer Corp.
ALPHA Computer Family -- Control Data Corp.

60
60
60
61
61
61
61

Digital-Analog·

AD/Five Analog/Hybrid Computing System -Applied Dynamics Inc.
Hybrid Computer System -- Hitachi, Ltd.

62
62

Special Purpose Systems

DataCentral System -- Computer Machinery
Corp.
KeyTran Data Entry System -- Systems Engineering Laboratories

62
62

OS/200 System -- Honeywell Electronic Data
Processing
SCOLDS (Spark Chamber On-Line Data System)
-- Digi tal Equipment Corp.
SCORE III -- Programming Methods Inc.
SPEEDBOL -- Pioneer Data Sciences

64
64
64
64

Peripheral Equipment

Low-Cost Optical Document Reader -- Sperry
Rand Univac
Portable Data Terminal -- Technitrend, Inc.
Data Sorter -- Astrodata, Inc.
Telewriter -- Electronic Information
Sys tems, Inc.
Teletype Compatible CRT Computer Display
Terminal -- BEl (Beehive Electrotech, Inc.)
Data Transfer System -- Data Graphics Corp.
Keyboard-to-Magnetic Tape Recording Machines
-- Burroughs Corp.
Random Data Telecom Transmits Analog Signals
by Phone -- Baganoff Associates, Inc.
Terminal for Remote Input-Output -- Honeywell EDP
Document Reader, MDR-8000 -- Motorola Instrumentation and Control Inc.
Adding Machine Data Entry Terminal
Applied
Peripheral Systems, Inc.

65
65
65
65
65
65
65
66
66
66
66

Data Processing Accessories

System 99 Tape Certifier -- Certex Corp.
Computer Performance Analyzer -- Computer
and Programming Analysis, Inc.
ll-High Disc Pack Tes ter -- General Elec tric
Magnetic Tape Cleaner -- Computer-Link Corp.

66
66
67
67

COMPUTING/TIME-SHARING CENTERS
Memories

Monoli thic Memory Systems -- Cogar Corp.
NANOMEMORY 2600 Memory System -- Electronic
Memories
Sequential-Access Memory System -- Cambridge
Memories, Inc.
65K Byte Mass Core Memory -- Interdata, Inc.
Read-Only Memory System -- Memory Technology
Inc.
Magnetic Core Memory -- Datacraft Corp.
.3 Wire, 3D Memory Stack -- Electronic
Memories

62
62
63
63
63
63
63

Time Brokers, Inc. Opens a Time Sharing
Demonstration Center in New York
Time Share Corporation Announces New Service
for Schools and Colleges
Total Data Processing Center Opened by
Management Services, Inc.
UCS VI, New Computer Service System To Be
Demonstrated at FJCC
"Triplex" Computer Complex Being Operated
by Computer Technology Inc.

67
67
67
67
67

COMPUTER-RELATED SERVICES
Software

ALPS (Automated Library Processing Services)
-- System Development Corp.
Accounts Receivable System -- Delta Data
Systems Inc.
Blackgold -- Hub S. Ratliff
CHAMP -- Interface Systems, Inc.
CULPRIT (Cull and Print)
Cullinane Corp.
MACROGEN and MACROPRT -- Macrodata, Inc.
56

64
64

EOP Air Travel Firm Opens Operations in
Kansas City
Computerized Payroll Service for Small
Businesses Offered by Data Power, Inc.

68
68

64

64

MISCELLANY

64

64

Florida Firm Designated as "Computer Control
Center" for Junior Super Bowl

60

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

APPLICATIONS

LOCKS IN ST. LAWRENCE
SEAWAY WATCHED BY
SMALL COMPUTER

The St. Lawrence Seaway (which
just celebrated its 10th anniversary) is a 2300-mile waterway connecting the Atlantic Ocean wi th the
Great Lakes,
opening ports along
the lakes to the ships of all
nations. A small,75-pound digital
computer is helping discover new
ways of improving lock efficiency.
The two locks being watched are the
third and fourth in the seaway and
help overcome the difference between the levels of Lake St. Louis
and the Beauharnois Canal.
They
are operated 24 hours a day, seven
days a week, during the navigation
season.
The small computer,
a Digi tal
Equipment Corporation PDP-8/S, using information supplied by the
traffic control personnel, can keep
track of each ship passing through
the locks and record its his tory
while in the lock complex.
The
PDP-8/S logs da ta on lock operations and vessel performance, automatically recording times for the
lock operating equipment and microwave radar equipment that senses
the presence of each ship in the
area of the locks. The information
is then recorded on a high capacity
computer at Cornwall, Ontario, for
analysis and storage.

SICK AND INJURED ANIMALS
RECEIVE COMPUTER-AID

The Animal Medical Center (New
York), which accepts all breeds and
species as patients, is using an
IBM 1130 computing system to organize masses of veterinary medical
data. The center, an 8-story building on Manhattan's East Side, carries onmost of the activities usually associated with hospitals.
These inc lude an in tern program,
outpatient clinic, pharmacy, clinical laboratories, and surgery and
x-ray facilities. All of this activi ty generates a weal th of scientific data of potential value to
administrators, researchers, specialists, and students, which the
compu ter is helping to organize and
make more accessible.
Among the advantages is a better
exchange of data with institutions
dealing in human medicine. Through
a computer coding system based on
the International Classification of
Diseases, the cen ter can exchange
data with numerous human hospitals
using
the same classification.
This facilitates joint studies in

the diagnosis and treatment of many
ailments, including tumors, cataracts and heart disease.
The compu ter staff a t the cen ter
also has developed a descriptive
coding system which covers 19 species and over 200 breeds of animals
- ranging from the Affenpinscher
(canine) to the wallaby (marsupial).
Data on each animal's sex, age and
condi tion is coded in to the computer on the initial visit. Standard coding forms have been designed
to record resul ts of laboratory
tests for the computer.
Dr. Robert Tashj ian, the center's
director, foresees the computer as
a useful tool for the private veterinarian. "For example," he said,
"We might set up a central medical
record for a number of veterinarians •
With typewriter terminals in their
offices, they could query the computer about a particular case or
group of cases, and get back a complete medical history."

OCEAN MAPPING SYSTEM
USES 27 COMPUTERS

A new computerized sys tem for
chart ing the world's oceans has
been developed by the Navy Oceanographic Office. The system, scheduled for completion shortly, employs
four classes of ships and two types
of compu ters tha t will repl ace manual da ta ga thering and chart preparation.
The ships include five
diesel-powered and two steam-powered
research ships, and a variety of
smaller sounding boats.
A total
of 27 computers will be employed to
collec t da ta and produce hydrographic maps. All computers are equipped
wi th plotters so tha t charts can
be prepared almost as the data for
them is acquired.
The large mother ships (ranging
from slightly more than 200 to almos t 400 feet in length) carry a
crew of 44 and up to 30 scientis ts.
These vessels will have a dual compu ter sys tem made up of two Digi tal
Equipment Corporation PDP-9 mediumscale machines.
Each mother ship
will operate with several sounding
boats (plastic-hulled vessels 36
feet long). The smaller boats will
have a small DEC PDP-8/L on board.
Using the motherships' electronic
navigation aids, the sounding boats
operate wi th precise control over
shallow uncharted waters, never
venturing further than 50 miles
from the mother ship.
Both the mother ships and the
sounding boats wi 11 ga ther da ta.
The computers can sample data at the
ra te of 2,000 samples a second. The
PDP-8/L's will store it on magnetic
tape which will be processed on the

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

larger computers on the mother
ships. The dual PDP-9's can gather
and process simultaneously; one
computer gathering data, the second
analyzing it. The system also permi ts data to be stored for later or
off-line analysis. The systemwill
gather information on the sea floor,
on the tides, currents and meteorological elements.
The ships for the system will be
used on a continuing basis to develop new charts and update existing
ones. They will be operated by the
Navy's Military Sea Transportation
Service which has responsibili ty
for all waters outside the United
States and its possessions.
The
charts are primarily for the Navy
and American mari time in teres ts.
Addi tionally, the new system is
expected to generate information
that will be useful in planning
harbor improvemen ts, seaplane anchorages, and in silting, erosion
and earth science studies.
KENT STATE UNIVERSITY'S
COMPUTER WINS PLACE ON
KENT'S FOOTBALL TEAM

Last year the Kent State University football team (the "Golden
Flashes") won only one of 10 games
for the wors t record in the school's
history. This fall, for the first
time, the Kent, Ohio college is using its Burroughs B5500 computer
sys tem to determine tendencies of
opponents, providing information
to help them adj ust defensive strategy and hopefully con trol opposition attacks.
While such information has been available in the
past, it was not as thorough and
took much longer to compile. Using
the B5500, the team will be able to
devote more time studying the information, practically eliminating
the time-consuming paperwork of the
past.

- Magnetic tapes from a Durroughs 05500 computer add
bench strength to Kent State
University's foothall team
Chief eng ineer of the computer
program a t Kent Sta te is Terry

59

Mallett, freshman football coach.
Terry takes the statistics of each
play and encodes them on magnetic
tape. Statistics include the type
of play, zone, yards and down, individual playe~ etc. The B5500 analyzes the information and prints
out data showing the tendencies
of the opposing team and its individual players.
With the data,
Kent players can get to know their
opponents man-for-man.
Computer printouts show listings
of all formations, total attempts
of each, percentage used out of all
formations, number of runS and
passes, and types of runs and passes.
The computer also gives a breakdown
by down and distance of each formation for both passing and running
plays off of that formation. It is
conceivable that the B5500 will be
adapted for use during games. Us ing
special equipment, plays can be recorded and sent electronically to
tape reels of the main computer on
campus. Wi thin a few minu tes after
the first half, information which
now is taken from a film or scouting report, could be available for
planning strategy for the second
half.
.

RADIATION EFFECTS
ON THE BODY BEING
ANALYZED BY COMPUTER
Dr. Peter W. Neurath, director
of the physics division of the Department of Therapeutic Radiology
at New England Medical Center Hospitals (Boston) and assistant professor of Tufts Medical School, is
using an IBM System/360 Model 30
to determine how much radiation a
person can be exposed to wi thou t
damage to the chromosomes. Chromosomes are threadlike bodies in
cells and control an individual's
heredi ty.
Despi te the extensive
use of radioactive material by industry, science and the military,
comparatively Ii ttle is known about
the cumulative effects of very
small amounts of radiation on the
body's chromosomes.
Badges worn by people working
with radioactive material do not
always reflect the radiation exposure, especially when it is directed at a particular segment of
the body. Low levels of radiation,
however, will always show up in the
chromosomes
as a few abnormal
chromosomes, maybe one in 100 cells,
maybe three, depending on the amount
of exposure. Th~ advanced form of
bio-medical
pattern recogni tion
employed by Dr. Neurath uses photomicrographs and an optical scanning
device linked to a computer to
measure a chromosome, usually isolated from white blood cells. The
scanner measures the contour of the
chromosome including its length,

60

mass and the ratio of
arms to total length.

its short

Using a 35 mm photograph of a
cell magnified 400 times, the scanner can measure the film densi ty
of 614,000 different points on each
frame in a few seconds. The scanner transfers the most interesting
of these poin ts
which are 1 ike
the dots in a newspaper photo into the computer by measuring the
dot's lightness or darkness.
A
report on the analyzed findings is
then printed by the computer for
review by the researcher.
Dr. Neura th' s work is funded
mainly by the Atomic Energy Commission in an effort to develop an
inexpensive method of detecting
chromosome abnormalities.
If an
inexpens i ve method can be developed,
it may be poss ible to moni tor exposed populations while determining
with greater accuracy how much radiation a person can absorb without
genetic harm.

NEW PRODUCTS

Digital

MINI.COMPUTER, MODEL 1601 /
Rolm Corp.

Working models of the new Rolm
computer will be shown at the Fall
Joint Computer Conference in Las
Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20 in
Booths 7413 and 7414. Model 1601,

The Model 1601 is a "go anywhere"
severe environment computer which
will be sold as an "off-the-shelf"
item. The computer is packaged in
a standard ATR box 7.61 x 10.25 x
12 inches. The box is designed to
accommodate 14 rugged printed circui t modules pI us the power supply.
Five modules make up the central
processing uni t leaving the remaining nine for sys tern options. (The
machine also may be rack mounted.)
In addi tion to the standard Nova
options which may be used with the
machine, Rolm has developed numerous additional options.
(For more information, circle u41
on the Reader Service Card.)

SIGMA 3 COMPUTER /
Xerox Data Systems

Sigma 3, the fourth mul ti-use
computer in the Sigma family, includes two mul ti-use operating systerns, Real-Time Batch Moni tor and
Basic Control Monitor, each of
which provides concurrent real-time
foreground and batch background
data processing capabilities; a
third operating system, Stand-Alone,
is primarily batch-oriented.
The
XDS Sigma 3 has a mul tiport core
memory (expandable from 8,192 to
65,536 words); memory cycle time
is 975 nanoseconds.
An extensive
selec tion of peripheral equipment
also' is available.
The combined hardware and software capabili ties of the Sigma 3
permi tit to be used for such varied
applications as process control,
biomedical and nuclear research,
simulation,
communications processing, and a variety of laboratory environments.
Deliveries,
wi th a full complement of fieldtes ted software, are scheduled to
begin in December.
(Xerox Data
Systems is the new name for the
California-based firm which for
eight years has been known as Scientific Data Systems.)
(For more information, circle u42
on the Reader Service Card.)

SYSTEMS 86 and
SYSTEMS 88 COMPUTERS /
Systems Engineering Laboratories

a 16-bit word general purpose digital mini-computer, is architecturally identical to the Nova manufactured by Data General Corporation, Sou thboro, Mass.
All instruc tions, software and elec trical
I/O interface are identical to the
Nova.
However, the machine is
smaller, weighs less and consumes
less power than the commercial Nova.
The Rolm computer is designed to
meet the environmental requirements
of Mil E-5400, Mil E-16400 and Mil
1-6181.

The new family of compu ters
SYSTEMS 86 and SYSTEMS 88 - represent a merger of the computing power
found in tradi tional medium-scale
compu ters and the real- time capabi Ii ties found in data acquisi tion,
communication and control computers.
The computers were designed specifically for real-time and general
purpose scientific applications.
SYSTEMS 86 increases the speed
of today's fastest medium-sized
compu ters from 40 to 80 percen t and

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

at the same time reduces industry
pricing level~ for these computers
20 to 40 percent. SYSTEMS 86 is a
32-bit, 606-nanosecond computer.
The average execution time is 1.2
microseconds. Real-time capabilities are designed into the input/
output system, the interrupt structure, the tasl<: swi tching features,
the control and tes tins truc tion
set, and the data acquis i tion, control and communications elements
available wi th the system.
SYSTEMS 86 wi 11 be demons tra ted for
the first time at the Fall Joint
Compu ter Conference in Las Vegas
(Nevada), November 18-20.
SYSTEMS 88, in tended for large
system applications, includes the
mul ti-programming and mul ti-usage
applications of SYSTEMS 86 and extends these to mul ti-processing,
us ing from two to four cen tral processing units.
SYSTEMS 88 with
three central processing units and
an input/output processor can execute 2~ million instructions per
second.
(For more information, circle ~43
on the Reader Service Card.)

entry basis. The 1108 can continue
to operate in its normal modes under
EXEC II and EXEC 8. Engineers and
programmers can en ter problems from
Teletype terminals at their desks.
The 1108 user can do program compil ing and debugging on the small
computer at a cost of approximately
$2 per terminal hour instead of the
considerably higher cost per equivalent hour of 1108 use.
~UNITS II has a core storage of
32,768 (8-bi t) bytes plus a 512,000
head per track disc memory. In addi tion, the mass storage of the
UNIVAC 1108 is accessible to all
MINITS II time-sharers.
MINITS
files can be extracted from 1108
storage, upda ted us ing the MINITS
EDITOR, returned to storage or submi t ted to the 1108 jobs tream for
execution. r,UNITS will be operating
in the Jacobi display (Booths 14001
and 2) at the Fall Joint Computer
Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada),
November 18-20.
(For more information, circle ~45
on the Reader Service Card.)

IC-7000 COMPUTER /
Standard Computer Corp.
META 4 COMPUTER SYSTEM /
Digital Scientific Corp.
The META 4 is a flexible, logical
processor controlled by a random
access read-only memory (ROM). Wi th
a 90 nanosecond machine cycle instruction execution time, META 4
ROM selects specific operations of
the ari thmetic/Boolean and branch
functions.
ROM modifiers choose
META 4 computer operations in addition to those picked by the bas ic
instructions.
META 4 has been des igned to emulate instruction sets from other
compu ters such as the IBM 1130/1800
at several times their speed.
It
also is capable of serving as communications line controller, buffer,
editor and preprocessor.
META 4 offers an al terable instruction set that can be tailored
to the user's requirements,as well
as easy field changeabil i ty permi tting al teration of structure, repetoire or application. META 4 will
be shown in Booths 19012-13 at the
Fall Joint Computer Conference in
Las Vegas (Nevada),November 18-20.
(For more informa~ion, circle ~44
on the Reader Service Card.)

MINITS 11/
Jacobi Systems, Inc.
A small time-Sharing computer
system MINITS II - permits 32
users (24 of them simul taneously)
to communicate with the UNIVAC
1108 on a time-sharing and remote-

Call-A-Computer (an independent
time sharing company) and Standard
Compu ter have spent two years developing the IC-7000 hardware and
software s imul taneously to assure
maximum compatibility.
The useroriented fourth generation system
is specifically designed for time
sharing app lications.
With the
Standard IC-7000 system's microprogramming capabili ties, the outer
functional elements (i.e., accumulators, registers, main memory,
I/O devices) associated wi th conventional computers can easily be reformed, or problem adapted.
Standard Computer and Call-AComputer designed instruction sets
to (1) run the user's problem programs, and (2) regulate and control
the time-sharing environment so as
to maximize the throughput of the
sys tem. An ari thmetic and language
processor (ALP) was microprogrammed
to handle compilations and program
execution.
A second instruction
set, composed of "Directives", was
designed for the Supervisory Processor Unit (SPU). The ALP andSPU
operate in parallel and asynchronously out of main memory.
Cooperation between Standard and
Call-A-Compu ter has an impac t on the
options that are available. Those
who cannot initially justify an
IC-7000 sys tem for themselves can
ren t time on one - wi th no la ter
software conversion problems - from
Call-A-Compu ter.
Anyone who can
jus tify his own sys tem can purchase
the basic 65K(36 bit word) system,

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

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Designate No. 15 on Reader Service Card

or expanded sys tems for larger timesharing users. A five year lease
plan also is available.
(For more information, circle ~46
on the Reader Service Card.)

ALPHA COMPUTER FAMILY /
Control Data Corp.
Mili tary users can tailor the new
ALPHA computer family to their specific tactical needs.
ALPHA computers feature compact size, integrated circuitry, high performance
and modular design.
A variety of
cen tral processors, des truc ti ve and

ALPHA Central Processor
wi th circui t card extended.

61

non-destructive readout memories,
and input/output devices can be
modified or expanded eas i ly, thus
enabling ALPHA to serve as a sensor
signal processor and in such functions as command and control, communica tions, guidance and weapons
delivery. The modular flexibility
reduces the turn-around time now
required for systems changes. Because of its compact design, ALPHA
also can be used for airborne, shipboard or mobile communication systerns.
(For more information, circle #47
on the Reader Service Card.)

Digital-Analog
AD/FIVE ANALOG/HYBRID
COMPUTING SYSTEM /
Applied Dynamics Inc.
The new 10-vol t-reference analogi
hybrid computer from Applied Dynamics
will be introduced at this month's
Fall Joint Computer Conference in
Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20.
The AD/Five can be li terally "married" to any commercially available
digi tal computer to form a single
hybrid system and, when not
serving as a mul tiple-console hybrid,
the AD/Five can function as a standalone analog computer.
Additionally, the AD/Five is a totally modular system that permi ts ease of
expansion at a relatively low cost.
Previous analog/hybrid computers
have been modularized for certain
components only.
While fulfilling the requiremen ts
of the advanced programmer, the
AD/Five's "control - by- exception"
technique also permi ts ready mas tery
by the relatively inexperienced user.
Another feature of the new product
is a reversible patchboard that can
be rotated 180 degrees, to allow a
single board to contain the patching for two distinct problems.
(For more information, circle #48
on the Reader Service Card.)

HYBRID COMPUTER SYSTEM /
Hitachi, Ltd.
A hybrid sys tern combining the
capabili ties of both analog and
digi tal computers has been developed
by Hitachi, Ltd.· of Japan.
The
Hi tachi system, largest of its kind
in Japan, permi ts the use of any
mix of three of their analog units
wi th two digi tal uni ts.
Each of
the five component computers also
can be used independently.
This
new hybrid system has successfully
completed a long sequence of tests
at Hitachi's Central Research Laboratory and a similar system developed by Hitachi is in use at Tokyo

62

University's Space and Aeronautics
Institute in connection with rocket
launchings.
(For more information, circle #49
on the Reader Service Card.)

and inventory control, payroll,
billing, and insurance claims processing~
Systems Engineering will
demonstrate the new system at the
Fall Joint Compu ter Conference in
Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20.
(For more information, circle #51
on the Reader Service Card.)

Special Purpose Systems
DA TACENTRAL SYSTEM /
Computer Machinery Corp.

Memories

The low-cos t compu ter communication system, known as the DataCentral
System, is designed to collect d.ata
transmi t ted
s imul taneous ly from
more than 50 incoming lines for recording onto a single reel of tape.
The sys tern c an trans la te from transmission code to magnetic tape code,
check for transmission errors and
test for message validi ty before
outputting onto tape.

MONOLITHIC MEMORY SYSTEMS /
Cogar Corp.

The new CMC system interfaces
with Data-Phone data sets orequivalent modems on ei ther private wire
or dial-up network service.- Input
is accepted from a variety of remote terminals which may be located
across the street, across the country or around the world. The system
is compatible wi th 100, 200 and 400
Series Data Sets.
The DataCentral System consists
of a mul tiplexor, one or two computers, a monitor teletypewriter,
a magnetic tape uni t and the. s~s­
tern's operating programs. InItIal
delivery is scheduled for the summer of 1970.
(For more information, circle #50
on the Reader Service Card.)

Monoli thic memory systems wi th
access speeds of 40 nanoseconds and
capaci ties to five mill~on bi ~s
will be commercially avaIlable In
early '70 - with a full five year
warrenty against all defects and
failure.
The memories, produc ts
of Cogar Corporation's Technology
Division, are complete subsystems
- not components. Logic and memory functions are combi~ed on a
single semiconductor ChIp.
The
chips are mounted on standard dimension cards that plug into memory
boards or gates.
The four inch-square monolithic
memory system shown below has. an
access speed of 125 ns and a capac I ty
of 512 words x 9 bi ts.
It offers
more than twenty times the density
and ten times the performance of the
1.5 microsecond access ferri te memory below it.

KEYTRAN DATA ENTRY SYSTEM /
Systems Engineering Laboratories
KeyTran - a new data entry s~s­
tern
simultaneously enters Informa tion from up to 48 terminals
onto a disc while under control of
a sub-microsecond computer.
The
data is analyzed by a modified
Systems 810B real-time. ~omp~ter
system for either verIfIcatI~n,
edi ting, searching or outputtIng
onto a master magnetic tape immediately ready for on-line processing
by any conventional large-sized
computer system.
The KeyTran System includes
full application software and a
supervisor's console.
The supervisor can communicate with each of
the 48 keyboard terminals - wi thou t
interrupting the flow of any information through the system while coordinating the workload.
KeyTran is designed for organizations that use eight or more keypunch stations for such appli~a­
tions as order entry, produc tlon

The first members of the company's memory system~ lin.e are th:ee
performance classifIcatIons: hIgh
performancejmedium performancej and
cost performance me~ories.
E~ch
range includes compatlble read/wrI te
and read-only memories.
(For more information, circle #52
on the Reader Service Card.)

NANOMEMORY 2600 MEMORY
SYSTEM / Electronic Memories
The NANOMEMORY 2600 is a fas t,
compact flexible core memory syst~m.
The new sys tern has a full cycle tlme
of only 600 nanoseconds, an access
time of 300 nanoseconds, and plugin modular IC packaging.
Modules
of a common type are direc tly in-

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

terchangeable, and no module selection or adj ustments are necessary
to ensure reliable performance over
the entire operating temperature
range.
The compact design allows
a wide range of storage capacities,
16,384 words by 18 bits or 8,192
words by 36 bi ts, to be accumulated
in a single 19-inch rack approximately 7 inches high and 20 inches
deep.
NANOMEMORY 2600 will be
introduced by Electronic Memories
at the Fall Joint Computer Conference (Booths 301-304) in Las Vegas
(Nevada), November 18-20.
(For more information, circle #53
on the Reader Service Card.)

SEQUENTIAL·ACCESS MEMORY
SYSTEM / Cambridge
Memories, Inc.
A semiconductor memory using MOS
storage will be shown for the first
time at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18. The sequential-access memory
system, called the MOS-8S, is completely TTL interfaced, and stores
up to 1,600 bi ts on a 5-3/4 by
5-3/4-inch plug-in card.
The new

READ·ONLY MEMORY SYSTEM /
Memory Technology, Inc.
The Mul tiple Small Braid System (MSBS), a new family of Braid
Transformer Read-Only fllemories,
stores up to 200,000 bits in one
complete system.
Word capacities
range from 512 to 8192 words wi th
24 to 48 bits per word.
The MUltiple Small Braid System has an
access time of 200 nanoseconds wi th
a cycle time of 500 nanoseconds.
The system is interface compatible
with TTL and DTL and has a temperature range of 0 to +65 0 C. A Data
Register with up to 66 bits and an
Address
Distribution Board are
available as options.
The MSBS
system will be shown at the Fall
Joint Computer Conference in Las
Vegas, Nevada (Booths 4405 and
4406), November 18-20.
(For more information, circle #56
on the Reader Service Card.)

MAGNETIC CORE MEMORY /
Datacraft Corp.
A high speed, 3 wire/3D magnetic
core memory system, designated Model
DC-22, has a full cycle time specification of 900 nanoseconds. Basic
memory capacity is 8192 words x
20 bi ts/word or 4096 words x 40

bits/word.
The DC-22, for use in
computing and data-handling systems,
requires no adj ustments in the field.
All parameters are permanently set
at the fac tory to allow for the entire temperature operating range and
for aging of components in the system.
The device is enclosed in a
5~ inch by 21 inch
rack-moun ted
chassis wi th plug-in modular construction throughout including the
core stacks and power supply.
(For more information, circle #57
on the Reader Service Card.)

3 WIRE, 3D MEMORY STACK /
Electronic Memories
NANOSTAK NS-020, rugged enough
for ground based military applications, yet priced for commercial
use, has a 3-wire, 3-dimension organization with 22 mil cores, submicrosecond speeds, and word capaci ties from 4,096 to 16,384 of up to
40 bi ts. The new stack will be dis- ,
played in Booths 301-304 at the Fall
Join t Compu ter Conference in Las
Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20. The
NS-020 uses 2 diode/line decode,
and is available with extended
range and very wide range tempera-.
ture cores.
(For more information, circle #58
on the Reader Service Card.)

Payroll Systems go on-line
faster with ALLTAXT)r
the software package
available in basic COBOL
for all compilers.
memory, designed to operate as a
low-cost data formatting uni t or
line buffer at any speed up to one
microsecond per character, is available in configurations ranging from
50 one-bi t words up to 200 eightbi t words.
(For more information, circle #54
on the Reader Service Card.)

65K BYTE MASS CORE MEMORY /
Interdata, Inc.
The 65K byte mass core memory,
which will be introduced at the
forthcoming Fall Joint Computer
Conference in Las Vegas, November
18-20, employs a 16 or 18 bi t 2-wire
coincident current 2 1/2D system
organized as a 32,768 word. Applications for the new memory will include information retrieval, realtime functions and communication
systems.
(For more information, circle #55
on the Reader Service Card.)

ALL TAX calculates payroll
withholding taxes with one
standard formula and a table of
variables for each state and city.
It eliminates programming of
individual formulas and substantially reduces program maintenance and memory requirements.
ALL TAX is approved by all
states. It's easy to install, completely tested and documented.
ALLTAX is always up-todate. Automatic program maintenance for existing withholding
taxes and new taxes is available
at minimal cost.
Find out why more than 100
companies from coast-to-coast
are using this low-cost package.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

W ri te today for full informa tjon:
r-------------~-I

Management Infonnation Service
P.O. Box 252, Stony Point, N.Y. 10980
Gentlemen:
Please send full details on your
ALL TAX software package.
Name ______________________
Title
Company ______________________
Address
City _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ __
State
Zip

II

I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

I

I
----c I

L _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ -'

Management Information Service
Stony Point, N.Y. 109RO • (914) 942-1R80
ALLTAX is available only from Management Information Service
and Pro-Data Computer Services.
Designate No. 27 on Reader Service Card

63

IS

APL
TIME-SHARING

COMMERCIALL Y
AVAILABLE

SEE BACK COVER
OF THIS
MAGAZINE

Software

ALPS (Automated Library Processing
Services) / System Development
Corp., Santa Monica, Calif. /
Designed to take over much of
the clerical work involved in ordering, processing and cataloging
books; sys tern uses Library of
Congress' machine readable catalog
(MARC) data tapes.
ALPS can be
operated from libraries anywhere
in U.S. using terminals hooked
into SDC's Library Service Center.
(For more information, circle +t59
on the Reader Service Card,)
ACCOUNTS RECEIVABLE SYSTEM / Delta
Data Systems Inc., College Park,
Md, / Designed for both private
users and service bureaus, the
System, consisting of 22 programs
and sorts, is written in COBOL.
A key feature is its ability to
process both on an "open item"
basis and a "balance forward"
basis.
Originally for the IBM
360/30, ei ther in tape or disc
configuration, it is 100 percent
upward compatible on larger 360
configurations.
(For more information, circle +t60
on the Reader Service Card.)

64

BLACKGOLD / Hub S. Ratliff, Hous ton,
Texas / Aids the geophysicist in
the interpretation of magnetic or
gravity anomalies; designed for
the RCA Spec tra 70 series computer
and is available in a version for
XeroxDataSystems' Sigma series;
only slight modifications to the
program are necessary for other
digi tal computers.
This is the
first in a series of geophysical
programs.
(For more information, circle +t61
on the Reader Service Card.)
CHAMP / In terface Sy stems, Inc.,
Ann Arbor, Mich. / Provides Sys tern
360 FORTRAN programmers with an
efficient character manipulation
capability. Functions performed
by CHAMP include character to integer or floating point conversion, character comparison, and
character movement - all wi thout
the usual word boundary limi tations imposed by FORTRAN. Wri tten
in Assembly language, it is compatible with DOS FORTRAN, OS FORTRAN E, G, andH levels. Package
consists of three control sections
that load into 552 bytes of core
memory.
Obj ec t decks and user
wri teups of CHAMP and a demonstration program are available
for $150.
(For more information, circle +t62
on the Reader Service Card.)
CULPRIT (Cull and Print) / Cullinane
Corp., Boston, Mass. / System retrieves and manipulates data and
produces reports from existing
data files i it features calculating and mul ti-line output capabilities. CULPRIT is written in
BAL for the IB~~ Sys tem/360, DOS
or OS, 0 r the RCA Spec tra 70.
Output may be printer, punched
cards, tape, or disk.
(For more information, circle +t63
on the Reader Service Card.)
MACROGEN and MACROPRT / Macrodata,
Inc., Union, N.J. / Two utility
programs designed to assist the
IBM 360/DOS user. MACROGEN provides the DOS user wi th a tool
for modification of tape and disc
files and for the creation of
files of test data. MACROPRT provides the abili ty to call out and
print any portion of a tape or
disc file and is designed as a
useful tool for the debugging of
new programs. Both programs will
operate on 2400 series Tape Dri ves,
23ll or 2314 Disc Drives and 2321
Data Cells.
MACROGEN sells for
$350.00, and MACROPRT for $250.00,
including all necessary documentation and instruction manuals.
(For more information, circle +t64
on the Reader Service Card.)
OS/200 SYSTEM / Honeywell Electronic
Data Processing, Wellesley Hills,
Mass. / A modular disk-oriented

system designed to maXImIze performance through mul tiprogramming
on medium-to-large Honeywell Series 200 computer systems; first
version will be available later
this year at no cos t to Honeywell computer customers who have
a Model 1200 or larger central
processor with the required features and perIpheral equipment.
(For more information, circle +t65
on the Reader Service Card.)
SCOLDS (Spark Chamber On-Line Data
System) / Digi tal Equipment Corp. ,
Maynard, Mass. / Designed to increase the efficiency of physics
experiments i system allows a user
to add software modules for his
specific information requi remen ts.
SCOLDS can control experiments
and provide as much information
during experiments as available
memory wi II permi t.
It can be
used with any PDP-IS or PDP-9
wi th a minimum configuration of
8,192 words of core memory, an
oscilliscope, two magnetic tape
transports and a tape control.
(For more information, circle +t66
on the Reader Service Card.)
SCORE III / Programming Methods
Inc., New York, N.Y. / Latest
version of SCORE (§.elec t, SJPy,
or B..9>ort) System.
SCORE III
expands the capabil i ties of SCORE
II by permi t ting the COBOL source
program created by the System to
accept, and extract selected information from two input files in
preparing reports, reformatting
files, or in the many other uses
of SCORE. SCORE is operational
on IBM System/360 under DOS and
OS, RCA Spectra 7~ Honeywell 200,
Univac 1108, and Burroughs B5500.
The SCORE III System is available
at a cost of $9,500 including
installation, training, and first
year's maintenance.
(For more information, circle +t67
on the Reader Service Card.)
SPEEDBOL / Pioneer Data Sciences,
Wilbraham, Mass. / A shorthand
notation system for COBOL programmers which provides mnemonic
abbreviations for the most frequen tly used COBOL reserved \Vords.
The system also permits the user
the opportuni ty to abbreviate his
own data and procedure names and
to use and remember only those
SPEEDBOL abbreviations he chooses.
The complete system, including
full documentation, consists of
the abbreviated language and a
processor to convert SPEEDBOL to
COBOL.
Total cost is $300.
A
demonstration deck (for an, IBM
System/360 under DO$ a 2540 card
read punch and 1403 printer),
which wi II analyze'!!!!y COBOL source
program, and a brochure, are avai 1able at no cos t.
(For more informa tion, ci rcle +t68
on the Reader Service Card.)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

Peripheral Equipment
LOW-COST OPTICAL
DOCUMENT READER /
Sperry Rand Univac

A new low-cost optical document
reader, known as the UNIVAC 2703,
reads numbers, symbols, and marks
on "turn-around" (return stub) documents which are widely used in such
applications as utility bills, insurance premium notices, and retail
customer billing. It functions as
an on-line input device to a UNIVAC
9000 Series Computer which controls
its operation and processes and
stores the data derived from the
documents.
Basic speed of the UNIVAC 2703
is 300 six-inch OCR (optical character recognition) documents per
minute. Character reading speed is
1500 charac ters per second.
The
reader will scan documents from
3 to 8.75 inches long, and from
2.75 to 4.75 inches high. It recognizes numeric characters from zero
to nine, plus special symbols,
hand-printed vertical marks, or
holes in punched cards.
The ma-

is heard
speaker.

through

the terminals'

Optional hard copy capabili ties,
specialized keyboards, packaging
and other mOdifications are available to tailor the terminal to customer requirements.
(For more information, circle #70
on the Reader Service Card.)
DATA SORTER /
Astrodata, Inc.

The new Electronic Data Sorter,
designed to free digital computers
(such as the IBM Sys tem/360) from
the time consuming task of sorting,
will be displayed for the first time
at Booth 2600 at the Fall Joint Computer Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20. The patented
Data Sorter is an on-line device
which stores data internally, sorts,
and returns it on command to the
computer.
The Sorter requires no
computer time other than that needed
to place the data in the Sorter and
remove it after the sort is completed.
Capaci ty of the special
purpose peripheral device is 65,536
words of approximately 40 bytes
each.
Da ta records up to 5,437
bytes in length may be stored.
(For more information, circle #71
on the Reader Service Card.)
TELEWRITER / Electronic
Information Systems, Inc.

chine is designed in a compact "L"
shape, for easy access to machine
input and output stations.
(For more information, circle #69
on the Reader Service Card.)

I'

PORTABLE DATA TERMINAL /
Technitrend, Inc.

This new terminal, to be shown
for the first time at the Fall Joint
Compu ter Conference in Las Vegas
(Nevada), November 18-20 (Booth
18003), operates on six ordinary
bat teries and weighs only 7~ pounds
- including its attache carrying
case.
Desgined for use with computer-controlled
voice response
systems, the Portable Data Terminal
converts an ordinary dial telephone
into a remote input/output terminal.
TO operate, the user places the
telephone handset in the terminal's
cradle, dials the computer, waits
for an audible tone response, and
depres ses push-button keys to inpu t
messages to the computer.
The
spoken response from the computer

The Telewri ter, a low cost input/
output device for computers, is directly interchangeable with the
Model KSR 33 Teletype. The use of
solid state circuits results in a
very low operating noise level; the
only mechanics used in the Telewri ter is that part of a typewri ter
necessary for key striking.
The printer input and the keyboard output is serial 8 bit ASCII
code.
The keyboard produces an
even pari ty bi t for error detection.
The Telewriter operates at
a speed of 10 opera ti ons/ second
(100 wpm).
The pri n ter provides
72 characters/line with 12 characters/inch in classic eli te type.
Telewri ter uses standard~" typewri ter revers ible ribbon with au tomatic ribbon reverse.
(For more information, circle #72
on the Reader Service Card.)

Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20,
Booth 22015. ALPHA, a stand-alone,
single-unit package, measures just
12-inches wide, 14-inches high and
20 inches deep. It weighs only 30
pounds.
ALPHA 101, a plug-for-plug replacemen t for a Teletype, has an
adj us table internal clock, making
it possible to transmit data at
any synchronous rate up to 2400 baud.
The ll-inch CRT can display 20 lines
of 40 charac ters each. The standard
terminal has a 64 character ASCII
set, formed by an easy-to-read 5x7
matrix, plus functional controls
for transmi t, clear, 4-way curser
direction, carriage return, repeat
and print. A ten key numeric keyboard is optional.
(For more information, circle #73
on the Reader Service Card.)
DATA TRANSFER SYSTEM /
Data Graphics Corp.

The DGC-300 Data Transfer System serves the needs of the data
acquisi tion and data logging industries.
The system has complete
programming capabili ty and contains
all the controls necessary to record data, numbers, identification,
and to activate the special features
of various recording devices. Data
is accepted in parallel from various
digi tal output devices, stored in
memory, decoded, and presented sequentially to the recorder.
(For more information, circle #74
on the Reader Service Card.)
KEYBOARD-TO-MAGNETIC TAPE
RECORDING MACHINES /
Burroughs Corp.

Burroughs Series N keyboard-tomagnetic tape machines permi t recording of data directly from an
alphanumeric keyboard to magnetic
tape for entry into a computer.

TELETYPE COMPATIBLE CRT
COMPUTER DISPLAY TERMINAL /
BEl (Beehive Electrotech, Inc.)

ALPHA 101 an 800 charac ter,
Teletype compatible CRT computer
display terminal - will be shown
for the firs t time at the Fall
Joint Computer Conference in Las

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

Series N machines can be used with
a variety of peripheral devices for
collec tion of information on tape
or for output of information from
tape.
65

Three Series N models offering
tape packing densities of 200, 556
or 800 bi ts per inch are available.
Each operates wi th a continuous
tape drive producing one-half-inch
magnetic tape in the code sets required by Burroughs and other maj or
computer manufacturers. Among the
several options:
seven or nine
channel tape formats, record lengths
up to 160 characters; check digit
verification.
(For more information, circle ~75
on the Reader Service Card.)
RANDOM DATA TELECOM TRANSMITS
ANALOG SIGNALS BY PHONE /
Baganoff Associates, Inc.

Transmission of analog signals,
from source directly to computer,
now can be accompl ished over a conventional telephone wi th the new
"Random Data Telecom" transmitter.
The transmi t ter accommodates from
1 to 80 analog signals s imul taneously with complexities from D.Z.
to 20,000 Hz bandwidth -- enabling
analog da ta to be digi tized, transmitted, analyzed by a computer and
answers returned virtually immediately.
The portable device acous tically
couples with any telephone at no,
addi tional cost over normal phone
rates.
Transmission errors are
less than .05% for input levels
from millivolts to 100 volts. System output is in the form of tabula tion, plot, or digi tal tape according to the needs of the user.
Among its many applications are
noise and environment pollution,
production control,
bio-medical
testing and remote seismic stations.
(For more information, circle ~6
on the Reader Service Card.)

DOCUMENT READER, MDR·8000 /
Motorola Instrumentation
and Control Inc.

Data Processing Accessories

The latest reader in the Motorola series of Mark-Sense document
readers, the MDR-8000, is now available. MDR data entry devices, besides reading punched data, read
cards or page-size forms of varying
sizes and shapes which are marked
wi th an ordinary lead pencil. What
separates the MDR-8000 from the
other readers in the series is its
ability to transmit information in
parallel, in hard-wired applications.
Documents can be read directly to
magnetic or paper tape for subsequent entry into a computer at high
speed. Or the information can be
transmi tted directly to a data processor.

66

The Certex Certifier performs 9
or 7 track noise certification, 9
track, 3200 FCI certifica tion, 9
track, 800 BIT certification and 7
track, 800 BIT certification, all
simultaneously. Stop time and operator fatigue are reduced by an
automatic error removal technique.

The MDR-8000 reads the Hollerith
input code. The 8-bit output code
can be selected by the user from
among USASCII alphanumeric, PTTC/BCD,
and EBCDIC; the l2-bit output code
is Hollerith.
(For more information, circle ~78
on the Reader Service Card.)
ADDING MACHINE DATA ENTRY
TERMINAL / Applied Periph.
eral Systems, Inc.

The new, low-cost DG 4 Adding
Machine Data Entry Terminal utilizes
a 10-key adding machine to enter
data and produce hard copy. It is
designed for entering , collecting
and transmi t ting informa tion for
any appl ication where numbers are
the primary data. As entered,numbers are stored in memory, then
recorded on a ~-inch magnetic tape
cassette.
Data
is transmitted
using a self-contained acoustic
coupler.
ASCII-coded characters

TERMINAL FOR REMOTE INPUT·
OUTPUT / Honeywell EDP

The Series 2440 Remote Transmission Terminal is specifically designed for computer users that
transmi t large volumes of punched
card data from a remote site to a
centrally located computer and require as output, either printed
reports or addi tional punched cards.
The new terminal reads punched cards
a t the ra te of 400 cards per minu te,
transmi ts da ta over standard communications lines at 250-300 charac ters per second, punches cards at
the rate of 100-400 per minute and
prints reports at the rate of 300
lines per minute. The Series 2440
terminal is available in four models
that provide flexible input/output
capabili ties to meet a variety' of
user requirements in business, education and industry.
(For more information, circle ~7
on the Reader Service Card.)

SYSTEM 99 TAPE CERTIFIER /
Certex Corp.

are transmi tted in teletype format,
at teletype speeds, using a standard telephone.
The DG 4 Terminal
is designed to fill the needs of
accounting, inventory control or
other areas of business where data
is gathered from remote locations.
The new DG 4 will be shown in Booth
6422 at the Fall Joint Computer
Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada),
November 18-20.
(For more information, circle ~9
on the Reader Service Card.)

Surface errors are removed by an
elec tronically controlled scraper
which func tions only over the defective area.
The Certex Certifier
opera tes at a speed of 200 inches
per second.
This Certifier will
be shown at the Fall Joint Computer
Conference in Las Vegas (Nevada),
November 18-20 in Booths 6428 & 6429.
(For more information, circle ~O
on the Reader Service Card.)
COMPUTER PERFORMANCE
ANALYZER / Computer and
Programming Analysis, Inc.

A low-cost, solid state computer
performance analyzer, developed by
CPA, gives any user of computers
(large or small) the means to analyze the operation of their system
accurately and economically, increasing its efficiency and reducing
operating cos ts.
The CPA Series
7700 Analyzer consists of modular
uni ts capable of moni toring up to
18 different computer functions
without interfering with normal
computer operations.
The diagnosis consists of counting, checking, measuring the time
spent doing specific functions,
time spent between func tions and
the number of times a function is
done.
Readouts are in digital
form.
Results obtained by the
CPA Series 7700 Analyzer enable
the computer user to increase the
throughput of !'lis system, reduce
overhead costs, and evaluate system configurations.
(For more information, circle ~8l
on the Reader Service Card.)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

l1·HIGH DISC PACK TESTER /
General Electric

General Elec tric's PT 1110 Disc Pack
Tester enables verification of the
acceptabili ty of recording surfaces
of IBM 2316 or comparable disc
packs. The ll-high disc pack tester
consists of a controller and one
spindle. An optional dual spindle
configuration (PT 1120) also is
available in which each spindle may
be used independently to double the
throughput.
The system operates as a simulator furnishing signal inputs and
the logic which provides a program
capable of detecting marginal or
error-defect tracks. The result is
a test program and circui t design
providing precise correlation to
the flagged tract data currently
used by industry.
By critically
qualifying the recording medium
the product helps assure error-free
performance from disc packs.
A General Electric Disc Pack
Tester will be displayed at the
Fall Joint Computer Conference in
Las Vegas (Nevada), November 18-20.
(For more information, circle #82
on the Reader Service Card.)

MAGNETIC TAPE CLEANER /

on a regular production basis. It
has agreements with computer timesharing companies throughout the
Uni ted States allowing the use of
their computers, and has a number
of terminals, including Teletype
and Datel, installed.
No reservations are required,
thus explaining the name, "Walk-in
Democenter".
No contract is required, and usage can be charged
or paid for in cash. Customers will
be charged for each minute of terminal usage at prices ranging from
twenty-five to fifty cents per
minu te, depending on the power of
the individual time-sharing service
used. The Democenter provides the
terminals, pays for computer time,
and supplies an instructor/consul tant.
The new service plans also to
operate in the evenings when students and programmers can use the
terminals to learn new programming
languages through interactive conversations with the time-sharing
computers.
(For more information, circle #84
on the Reader Service Card.)

TIME SHARE CORPORATION
ANNOUNCES NEW SERVICE
FOR SCHOOLS AND COLLEGES

Computer.Link Corp.

The C-LC Magnetic Tape Cleaner
has been specifically designed to
remove small dropout causing particles from both front and rear of
the tape. Dual capstan construction
completely isolates winding tension
from the cleaning function, inboth
forward and reverse directions.
The C-LC tape cleaner is a part of
a complete tape maintenance program designed for 3rd and 4th generation magnetic tape.
(For more information, circle #83
on the Reader Service Card.)

COMPUTING/TIME·SHARING
CENTERS

TIME BROKERS, INC. OPENS A
TIME SHARING DEMONSTRATION
CENTE.R IN NEW YORK
The recently opened "Walk-in
Time-Sharing Democenter", first of
a series, provides "retail" usage
of a number of time-sharing terminal s loca ted a t the Mid-Manha t tan
office of Time Brokers, Inc.
The
terminals are hooked up to a broad
range of computer time-sharing services offering a mul ti tude of programs and conversational computer
languages. The company expects to
attract large time-sharing users on
an overload basis, _and small users

Schools and colleges now will
have 24-hour a day access to computer facili ties for a complete
range of academic purposes. Richard
T. Bueschel, president of Time
Share Corp., Hanover, N.H., has announced a time sharing service specifically tailored to the needs of
the academic market. The new service uses BASIC, the official academic language.

grams, as well as proprietary software packages for broad industry
application; an equipment sales
division for marketing unit record
equipment,peripheral equipment for
full scale sys terns and even tual distribution of new computer equipment;
and a division specializing in the
recondi tioning and main tenance of
computers for marketing.
The company plans to have "satelli te" centers each housing a
service bureau,computer school and
equipment sales division in
cities surrounding its master centers. The smaller units will also
utilize the personnel, capabili ties
and fac il i ti es of the larger cen ters .
The new Los Angeles center is the
first of 12 Master and/or satelli te
centers scheduled to be opened wi thin the next year.
A total of 50
such centers is scheduled to begin
operations in key ci ties across the
Uni ted States in the next three
years.
(For more information, circle #86
on the Reader Service Card.)

UCS VI, NEW COMPUTER
SERVICE SYSTEM TO BE
I)EMONSTRATED AT FJCC
United Computing Systems, Inc.
is demonstrating its new computer
service system, UCS VI, for the
first time at the 1969 Fall Joint
Computer Conference in Las Vegas
(Nevada), November 18-20. Mul tifunctional UCS VI is marked by two
maj or elements:
the vas t central
processor/storage capabili ty of a
CDC 6000 series computer and online availabili ty in maj or ci ties
for mul tiplexed time-sharing (tollfree) and remote batch processing.

The company is planning to conduct regional seminars in its educational centers for teachers and
administrators so they may make
maximum utilization of the service.
Time Share's new academic service
will be made available first to
schools and colleges in the Northeastern United States.
(For more information, circle #85
on the Reader Service Card.)

The UCS National Datacenter, located in Kansas City, Mo., offers
users a simul taneous National Database from Philadelphia to San Francisco, San Antonio to Chicago. Adjunct services include National
Database applications, on-si te batch
processing, business and science
applications programming, software
development and systems design.
(For more information, circle #87
on the Reader Service Card.)

TOTAL DATA PROCESSING CENTER
OPENED BY GRANITE MANAGEMENT
SERVICES, INC.

"TRIPLEX" COMPUTER COMPLEX
BEING OPERATED BY COMPUTER
TECHNOLOGY INC.

A totally-integrated Master Compu ter Cen ter has been opened in Los
Angeles, Calif., by Granite Management Services, Inc., and is operated
by Grani te Data Services Corp., a
subsidiary. The new center contains
a computer time-sharing bureau; a
computer school to train programmers
and systems engineers; a software
division to develop customized pro-

The $l5-million "triplex" computer complex, being operated by Computer Technology Inc.' s Dallas, division, integrates, into a single
sys tern, three large-scale central
computers, five smaller remote compu ters and more than 225 remote
terminal units. Each week, the system can process some 4,000 remoteentry jobs while simultaneously

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

67

handling more than 500 major business applications in a mul ti-programming time-sharing mode.
The "triplex" system's threeprocessor central complex combines
two IBM Model 360/65 computers and
a 360/75; they are linked on-line
to four 360/20's and a 360/30.
Its remote-access devices include
more than 150 data collection terminals, 50 "conversational" programming terminals and 25 administrative terminals.
CT is curren tly using the "triplex"
to provide computer management services for Ling-Temco-Vought, Inc.,
and all of its Dallas-based subsidiaries, and also providing data
processing services for more than
60 non-LTV-affiliated customers
in the southwest.
(For more information, circle mB9
on the Reader Service Card.)

COMPUTER-RELATED SERVICES
EDP AIR TRAVEL FIRM OPENS
OPERATIONS IN KANSAS CITY

Perhaps the first air reservation and scheduling firm to include
commuter airlines and air taxi services has opened its doors for business.
Compute Air-Tran Systems,
Inc. (CATS) inaugura ted its program
October 1 in 15 states in the Central-Midwestern part of the United
States, using more than 1,000 airports. The firm's system will encompass 10,000 American cities and
communi ties and 500 commu ter and
air-taxi carriers
and within
two years expects to be serving more
than 4,000 airports across the entire nation.
CATS president,Charles E. Long,
(shown in picture wi th one of the
firm's contracted "air-taxis") explained the "simple yet complicated business he and his associates are setting up:
"We are not

an airline and not a travel agency.
We do not own any airplanes and
have no plans to buy an~ Our business is to bring together travelers and airplanes -- anywhere, anytime.
No rna t ter where you are,
no matter where you want to go, we
68

will guarantee you
within two hours."

an

airplane

CATS would not be possible wi thout computer technology and the
firm's EDP installation. The computers' memory bank contains an infini te number of airline routes,
schedules, fares, aircraft inventory
and ins tan taneous ly searches thi s
data and processes each reservation reques t.
CATS' clients are furnished wi th
the firm's "U-Write-N-Fly" tickets
which are styled for computer operation and contain each traveler's
account number.
To schedule a
flight -- and receive confirmation
-- the traveler places a toll-free
call to the Kansas Ci ty CATS computer-facili ty and states his travel
requiremen ts.
The CATS reservationist processes the request, receives computer confirmation, relays to the traveler the air itinerary, times and da tes -- and the
traveler fills in his own ticket
before hanging up the telephone.
The traveler presents his CATS
"U-Wri te-N-Fly" ticket at the boarding gate without anywaiting. Necessary reservations, with all participating airlines, trunk carriers,
or air-tran carriers, are placed
by CATS.
The traveler is billed
later.
The CATS system of air reservations and scheduling has evolved
after two years of planning. CATS
"all-the-waY-by-air" method provides
effective and efficient utilization
of privately-owned unscheduled aircraft.
Mr. Long emphasized that
CATS will book flights only on approved Air-Tran carriers (air-taxis,
charter flights,commuter airlines)
and only on federally inspected
multi-engine aircraft. All Air-Tran
carriers mus t be seasoned professionals rated for passenger transport.
(For more information, circle ~90
on the Reader Service Card.)

checks.
(If pressed for time, he
can have same-day service.) Da ta
Power also supplements computerized payroll service wi th hardcopy reports that back up management requirements.
Data Power's
price is $10.00 per payroll period
for up to nineteen employees.
The firm plans to establish five
more Centers in: Hartford, Conn.;
Philadelphia, Pa.; Union, N.J.;
Boston, Mass.; and Valley Stream,
N.Y. From these first sixCenters,
Data Power District Managers will
place addi tional, franchised Centers and expand services to include
inventory and accounts receiyable.
(For more information, circle ~91
on the Reader Service Card.)

MISCELLANY
FLORIDA FIRM DESIGNATED AS
"COMPUTER CONTROL CENTER"
FOR JUNIOR SUPER BOWL

The Junior Super Bowl Committee
(Miami, Florida), organized to present an annual football game for the
"National High School Championship",
has des igna ted Digi tal Produc ts Corporation of Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.,
the Bowl's "Computer Control Center."
Funds generated by Bowl commi t tee
activities, will go to develop
nation-wide educational programs
which will be used to help teenagers
suffering from drug abuse.
President of the non-profi t Bowl
corporation, Ray Smi th, said the
elec tronics manufac turing company
will "playa series of games on computers to establish a Junior Super

COMPUTERIZED PAYROLL SERVICE
FOR SMALL BUSINESSES OFFERED
BY DATA POWER, INC.

Small and medium size companies
(up to 500 employees) that have
difficul ty competing with larger
computerized businesses, now are
provided with computerized payroll
services by Data Power, Inc., whose
Manhattan Information Processing
Cen ter opened in mid-Apri 1.
In
offering computerized payroll, Data
Power assumes the respons ibili ty
of a company's payroll, keeps records, and prepares fi Ie copies.
Information is furnished by the
employer on pre-printed forms supplied by Data Power.
Two working
days later the employer has his

Bowl ranking of the top 20 high
school football teams in the country.
It planned to release the
rankings bi-weekly throughout the
1969 season.
The ~l and ~2 teams will be invi ted to play for the "National
Championship" in a real Junior
Super Bowl in South Florida at endof-season.
Should circumstances
prevent an actual meeting of the
two top finishers, the play-off
for the 1969 Junior Super Bowl
Championship will be computerized.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

NEW CONTRACTS
FOR
Mycalex Corporation of
America, Clifton, N.J.

Western Electric Co., Inc.

Bull General Electric, Paris,
France

l'Union des Assurances de
Paris, France

Univac Division of Sperry
Rand Corp., Philadelphia, Pa.

U.S. Naval Oceanographic
Office, Suitland, Md.

Librascope. Singer-General
Precision, Inc., Glendale,
Calif •
Auerbach Associates, Philadelphia, Pa.
Maxson Electronics Corp. (a
Riker-Maxson subsidiary),
Great River, N.Y.

Department of the Navy

TRW Inc., Software and Information Systems Division,
Redondo Beach, Calif.

U.S. Air Force

Univac Division of Sperry
Rand Corp., St. Paul, Minn.

U.S. Air Force, Rome Air Development Ctr., Griffiss AFB,
Rome. N.Y.

Ampex Corporation, Culver
City, Calif.

Hewlett-Packard Company

COMNET (Computer Network
Corp.), Washington. D.C.

ITC International Travel Corporation of Washington

Bucknell University,
Lewisburg, Pa.

National Science Foundation

Computer Usage Co., Inc.,
Los Angeles, Calif.

Jet Propulsion Laboratories,
Pasadena, Calif.

P. G. Foret Inc.,
Sudbury, Mass.

General Services Administration, Washington, D.C.

Informatics Inc., Sherman
Oaks, Calif.
Sanders Associates, Inc.,
Nashua, N.H.

Jet Propulsion Laboratories,
Pasadena. Calif.
Defense Documentation Center
(DDC) , Washington, D.C.

Ampex Corporation, Culver
City. Calif.
Tel-Tech Corporation.
Silver Spring, ivJd.

Data Products Corporation,
Woodland Hills. Calif.
Westinghouse Information
Systems Laboroatory, Pittsburg, Pa.
U.S. Army. Office of the Deputy Chief of Staff for
Personnel
National Institutes of Health

System Automation Corp ••
Silver Spring, Md.
Information and Communication Applications, Inc. (ICA) ,
Silver Spring, Md.

U.S. Department of Labor
U.S. Navy

Computer Data Systems, Inc.,
Silver Spring, Md.

U.S. Post Office Department

Computer Sciences Corp.t
Los Angeles, Calif.

U.S. Geological Survey,
Water Resource5 Division

California Blue Shield

E.D.S. Federal Corporation

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

Memory planes to be used as a base to
mount the logic circuitry for the Bell
System's electronic switching system,
designated ~l ESS
Two GE-600 computers and related equipment the insurance industries' information processing system; nearly 10 million
policies will be administered
A UNIVAC 1108 computer system for data retrieval of information concerning contours
of ocean floors, water temperature, pressure, and salinity of the world's oceans
Automatic data recording equipment (the
Librascope Data Gathering System - LDGS)
to be used in weapon system accuracy trials
A three-year contract to evaluate the impact of the Work Incentive Program (WIN)
The design and construction of electronic
warfare trainers which provide intensive
operator and team training in using and
identifying typical radar and ECM signals
Support of the Advanced Ballistic Reentry
Systems Program (ABRES); calls for development and provision of a real-time guidance program, guidance equations, range
and safety data, and flight support documentation
Design, development and fabrication of a
prototype solid state, random access massmemory module; miniaturized memory unit
will have a 72-bit word, and a capacity of
131,072 words; c cle time less than 10 ms
Magnetic core stacks which will be incorporated in main-frame core memories of
Model 2116 B computers used in time-sharing
systems
An on-line computer reservations and invoicing system, including its development
and operation over a three-year period
Improvement of computing services; grant
will be used primarily to purhcase "hardware" for the computer center
Designing, coding and implementing new
business and management information
applications
EDP magnetic tape cleaners, which will be
used for magnetic tape maintenance in government EDP installations worldwide
Continuing computer software support for
the space program
A Microfiche Reproduction and Handling
System to automate the annual distribution of over 2.3 million microfiche copies
of technical and scientific documents
Model TM2 digital tape memories for use in
off-line systems
Installation of over 30 of Tel-Tech's data
communications multiplexers for Westinghouse's nationwide time-sharing network
Design, development and installation of a
management information system for manpower
planning
Assisting the Program Analysis Branch,
Chemotherapy, National Cancer Institute,
in extending its clinical data processing system to include collection, storage
and retrieval of additional items of data
on patients under the care of the Leukemia
Service of NCI
Assistance consisting of computer programming and technical documentation in
support of the National Air and Surface
Schemes Systems (NASS), a computerized
scheduling and mail routing system
Developing improved techniques for modeling and simulating groundwater flow systems to enable better conservation of
underground water resources
Operating all of Blue Shield's computer
functions -- terms were not disclosed

$9.7 mi llion

$8 mi llion

$3.4 milUon

$3 million
(approximate)
$1,150,3?8
$1,313,000

$1.1 million

$934,580

900.000

$400,000
$ 395.000
$357,000
(approximate)
$356,212
$338,000
$265.530

$250.000
(approximate)
$150.000+
$130,000
$70.000

$20,000

69

NEW INSTALLATIONS

Burroughs B3500 system

Argonaut Insurance Co •• Menlo
Park. Calif.
Hillcrest State Bank. Dallas.
Texas

Control Data 6400 system

Fluor Corp •• Los Angeles. Calif.

Control Data 6600 system

Multiple Access General Computer
Corp. (GCC) , Toronto, Canada

Digital Equipment PDP-8 L

National Research Council, Applied
Chemistry Div •• Ottawa, Canada
Dataline Systems Ltd •• Toronto,
Ontario. Canada

Digital Equipment PDP-IO

GE-115 system

District Grocery Stores, Inc.,
Washington. D.C.

GE-415 system

International Telephone and Telegraph, Semiconductor Div., West
Palm Beach. Fla.
Republic National Bank, Dallas,
Texas
Defense Intelligence Agency,
Washington, D.C.

GE-635 system
Honeywell Model 110 system

City of Waltham, Mass.
Harmony Dairy. Pittsburgh. Pa.

Honeywell Model 120 system
Honeywell Model 200 system
IBM System/360 Model 20

Frank A. Serio & Sons. Inc.,
Baltimore, Md.
Confederation College of Applied
Arts and Technology. Fort William,
Ontario. Canada
South Texas Junior College. Houston.
Texas
Yosemite Park and Curry Co.,
Yosemite National Park

IBM 1130 system

Wheeler Opera House. Aspen Chamber
and Visitors Bureau. Aspen, Colo.

IBM 1800 system

University of Colorado Medical
Center. Denver. Colo.
Fukui Vinyl Kogyo Co., Ltd.,
Fukui. Japan
Hothman's Tobacco Co., Ltd.,
Napier. New Zealand
Ocean Products, I~c., Dover, Fla.

NCR Century 100 system

RCA Spectra 70/45 system

Tijuana City Government. Tijuana,
Mexico
Banco Irguijo. Madrid, Spain
Guardian Building Society, London,
England
Owens-Illinois, Inc •• Toledo, Ohio

UNIVAC 1108 system

Det Norske Veritas. Oslo. Norway

UNIVAC 9200 system

Interstate Milk Producers Cooperative Inc •• Philadelphia. Pa.
Lombard Street. Inc., New York,
N.Y.

NCR Century 200 system

70

Handling the increasing accounting functions in~erent with business growth
(system valued at over $550.000)
Savings. demand deposit. installment loan and other
accounting operations for 7 Dallas-area banks
(system valued at over $583,000)
Engineering and scientific data processing, as well
as generation of reports for management control
Marketing of data processing services on a timesharing and remote terminal basis: equipment includes CDC 6600 computer system with CDC 200 User
Terminals. a CDC 3500 system with MATS/MASTER software and a variety of peripheral equipment
(s stem valued at over 9 million)
On-line data acquisition in the study of nuclear
magnetic moments
Commercial time-sharing for scientific and design
problem solving, accounting and accounting analysis,
computer assisted instruction, and data banks for
storing statistical and financial data
Replacing tabulating equipment: applications include
accounts receivable and payable, inventory, payroll,
management reports, and stock status reports
A variety of finance. marketing and manufacturing
applications including extensive research and development work
Traditional major banking applications: is sixth
GE-400 medium-scale system in bank's computer center
Local batch processing, remote batch processing and
user-interactive time-sharing
(system valued at almost $3 million)
Grade reporting, student accounting and scheduling
in the school department: also city payroll, real
estate tax billing, and water billing
Accounts receivable, sales analysis, accounts payable, general ledger, production planning and route
accounting
Daily invoicing. accounts receivable and inventory
reporting
A teaching tool, primarily; courses include an introduction to programming, and to data processing:
Will also be used for some administrative tasks
Instruction, primarily: some administrative use also
Generating financial reports and dividend paychecks
for its stockholders; also prepares weekly paychecks
for its employees
Computerized lodging-availability of about 15.000
sleeping accomodations in nearly 100 lodges and
motels in the Aspen-Snowmass area
Directing and processing of blood tests
Cost accounting, inventory and production control,
payroll and other business and manufacturing tasks
Inventory of leaf stocks, costing, invoicing and
other applications
Labor distribution, order billing, accounts receivable and payroll for about 700 employees
A full range of data processing tasks
Handling some 17,000 accounts of various types
Mortgage and investment accounts
Order entry and payroll, production scheduling,
stock records, and inventory control; also for
engineering and research projects
Processing advanced scientific calculations involved
in the Society's ship classification program, promotion of safety at sea, and in technical control
and safety of materials and machinery used in ship
construction: also a portion of computer's time
will be made available for service bureau work to
customers throughout Scandinavia
(system valued at $2.3 million)
Milk accounting, producer payroll, truck dispatching, label printing, producer patronage refunding
General accounting. sales analysis and processing
paperwork involved in sale and purchase of stock
options

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

MONTHLY COMPUTER CENSUS
Neil Macdonald
Survey Editor
CONPUTERS AND AUTOMATION
The following is a summary made by COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION of reports and estimates of the number of general purpose electronic digital computers manufactured and installed, or to be manufactured and on
order. These figures are mailed to individual computer manufacturers
from time to time for their information and review, and for any updating or comments they may care to provide. Please note the variation
in dates and reliability of the information. Several important manufacturers refuse to give out, confirm, or comment on any figures.
Our census seeks to include all digital computers manufactured anywhere. We invite all manufacturers located anywhere to submit information for this census. We invite all our readers to submit information that would help make these figures as accurate and complete as
possible.

The following abbreviations apply:
(A) -- authoritative figures, derived essentially from information
sent by the manufacturer directly to CO}WUTERS AND
AUTOMATION
C
figure is combined in a total
(D)
acknowledgment is given to DP Focus, Narlboro, Mass., for
their help in estimating many of these figures
E
figure estimated by COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION
(N)
manufacturer refuses to give any figures on number of installations or of orders, and refuses to comment in any
way on those numbers stated here
(R)
figures derived all or in part from information released
indirectly by the manufacturer, or from reports by other
sources likely to be informed
(S)
sale only, and sale (not rental) price is stated
X
no longer in production
information not obtained at press time

Part I of the Monthly Computer Census contains reports for United
States manufacturers. Part II contains reports for manufacturers
outside of the United States. The two parts are published in alternate months.
SUWARY AS OF OCTOBER 15, 1969
NAME OF
MAi'WFACTURER
Part 1. United States Manufacturers
Autonetics
Anaheim, Calif. (R) (1/69)
Bailey Meter Co.
Wickliffe, Ohio (R) (1/69)
Bunker-Ramo Corp.
Canoga Park, Calif.
(A)

(10/69)
Burroughs
Detroit, Mich.
(N)

(1/69-5/69)

Control Data Corp.
Minneapolis, Minn.
(N)

(2/69-4/69)

Data General Corp.
Boston, Mass. (A) (8/69)
Datacraft Corp.
Ft. Lauderdale, Fla. (A) (10/69)
Digiac Corp.
Plainview, N.Y. (A) (10/69)
Digital Equipment Corp.
Maynard, Mass.
(A)

(9/69)

NA}1E OF
COllPUTER
RECOMP II
RECONP III
Bailey 756
Bailey 855
BR-l30
BR-l33
BR-230
BR-300
BR-330
BR-340
205
220
BIOO
B200
B300
B500
B2500
B3500
B5500
B6500
B7500
B8500
G15
G20
LGP-2l
LGP-30
RPC4000
636/l36/046 Series
160/8090 Series
924/924A
l604/A/B
1700
3100/3150
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3800
6400/6500
6600
6800
7600

DATE OF
FIRST
INSTALLATION

AVERAGE OR RANGE
OF MONTHLY RENTAL
$(000)

11/58
6/61
2/65
4/68
10/61
5/64
8/63
3/59
12/60
12/63
1/54
10/58
8/64
11/61
7/65
10/68
2/67
5/67
3/63
2/68
4/69
8/67
7/55
4/61
12/62
9/56
1/61

2.5
1.5
60-400 (S)
(S)
100.0
2.0
2.4
2.7
3.0
4.0
7.0
4.6
14.0
2.8
5.4
9.0
3.8
5.0
14.0
23.5
33.0
44.0
200.0
1.6
15.5
0.7
1.3
1.9

5/60
8/61
1/60
5/66
5/64
5/64
9/65
11/64
8/68
6/23
2/66
8/64
8/64
6/67
12/68

2.1-14.0
11.0
45.0
3.8
10-16
l3.0
20-28
18.0
25.0
52.0
53.0
58.0
115.0
l30.0
235.0

NOVA

2/69

8.0

DC6024

5/69

Digiac 3080
Digiac 3080C
PDP-l
PDP-4
PDP-5
PDP-6
PDP-7
PDP-8
PDP-8/1
PDP-8/S
PDP-8/L
PDP-9
PDP-9/L

12/64
10/67
11/60
8/62
9/63
10/64
11/64
4/65
3/68
9/66
ll/68
12/66
11/68

NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS
Outside
In
In
U.S.A.
World
U.S.A.
30
6
17
0
160
79
15
18
19
19
25-38
28-31
90
370-800
180-370
0
52-57
44
65-74
4
0
1

65-l30
68-90
40-45
38-100
12
1
30
18
23-50
32-40
1
1
(S)

71

30-200 (S)
19.5
25.0
3.4
1.7
0.9
10.0
1.3
0.5
0.4
0.3
1.1

(S)
(S)

12
4
50
40
90
18
124
945
940
575
561
262
6

0
0

30
6

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED
ORDERS
X
X

3
15

2
2
l3
70
40
0
12
18
7
0
0
0

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

0
0

27-40
30-33
103
440-870
220-4l0
0
64-69
62
72-81
4
0
1
295
20
165
322
75
29
610
29
59
106-180
83-110
55-60
55-125
16
1
39
20
37-67
43-51
1
1

6

77

0

2

5

2
5
10
3
36
378
293
269
204
ll5
8

52
45
100
21
160
l323
1233
844
765
377
14

X
X
X
X
X

4l-50
15-20
15
17-25
4
0
9
2
14-17
II

31
150
70
117
190
8
31
l3
5
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

C
C
C
C

C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Total:
160 E
800

2
1

C
C
C
C
C
C

71

NAME OF
MANUFACTURER
Digital Equipment Corp. (cont'd)

Electronic Associates Inc.
Long Branch! N.J. (A) (10/69)
EMR Computer
Minneapolis, Minn.
(N)
(10/69)

NAME OF
COMPUTER
PDP-10
PDP-12
LINC-8

640
8400
ADVANCE 6020
ADVANCE 6040
ADVANCE 6050
ADVANCE 6070
EMR 6130
EMR 6135

DATE OF
FIRST
INSTALLATION
12/67
6/69
9/66

AVERAGE OR RANGE
OF MONTHLY RENTAL
$(000)
8.0

4/67
7/65
4/65
7/65
2/66
10/66
8/67

1.2
12.0
5.4
6.6
9.0
15.0
5.0
2.6

NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS
Outside
In
In
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
World
21
76
97
20
4
24
108
40
148

60
19
C
C
C
C
C

17
6

77
25

Total:
90 E
General Electric
Phoenix, Ariz.
(N)
(2/69-4/69)

Process Control Computers:
(A)
(10/69)
Hewlett Packard
Cupertino, Calif.
(A)
(10/69)
Honeywell
Computer Control Div.
Framingham, Nass.
(R)
(10/69)

Honeywell
EDP Div.
Wellesley Hills, Mass.
(N)
(1/69-4/69)

IBN
White Plains, N.Y.
(N) (D)
(1/69-5/69)

72

105A
105B
105RTS
115
120
130
205
210
215
225
235
245
255 T/S
265 T/S
275 T/S
405
410 T/S
415
420 T/S
425
430 T/S
435
440 T/S
615
625
635
645
4020
4040
4050
4060
2114A
2115A
2116A
2116B
DDP-24
DDP-116
DDP-124
DDP-224
DDP-316
DDP-516
H632
H1648
H-110
H-120
H-125
H-200
H-400
H-800
H-1200
H-1250
H-1400
H-1800
H-2200
H-3200
H-4200
H-8200
System 3
305
650
1130
1401
1401-G
1401-H
1410
1440
1460
1620 I, II
1800
7010
7030
704
7040
7044
705
7070,
7074
7080
7090
7094-1
7094-II

6/69
6/69
7/69
4/66
12/68
6/64
7/60
9/63
4/61
4/64
11/68
10/67
10/65
11/68
2/68
11/69
5/64
6/67
6/64
6/69
9/65
7/69
3/68
4/65
5/65
7/66
2/67
8/64
12/66
6/65
10/68
11/67
11/66
9/68
5/63
4/65
3/66
3/65

1.3
1.4
1.2
2.2
2.9
4.5
2.9
16.0
6.0
8.0
12.0
13.0
17.0
20.0
23.0
6.8
11.0
7.3
23.0
9.6
17.0
14.0
25.0
30.0
41.0
45.0
90.0
5.0
3.0
7.0
8.5
0.25
0.41
0.6
0.65
2.65
0.9
2.2
3.5

9/66

0.8
3.2

8/68
1/66
12/67
3/64
12/61
12/60
2/66
7/68
1/64
1/64
1/66
2/70
8/68
12/68

2.5
4.0
5.0
8.5
6.2
28.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
50.0
16.0-26.0
18.0
21.0-26.0
50.0
1.1
3.6
4.8
1.5
5.4
2.3
1.3
17.0
4.1
10.0
4.1
5.1
26.0
160.0
32.0
25.0
36.5
38.0
27.0
35.0
60.0
63.5
75.0
83.0

12/57
10/67
2/66
9/60
5/64
6/67
11/61
4/63
10/63
9/60
1/66
10/63
5/61
12/55
6/63
6/63
11/55
3/60
3/60
8/61
11/59
9/62
4/64

Total:
30 E

200-400

420-680

620-1080

11
35
15
145
60-100

0
0
1
15
17

11
35
16
160
77-117

10-40

15-45

170-300

70-100

50-100

20-30

20

23
20-40
4
113
45
22
18

NUNBER OF
UNFILLED
ORDERS
C
C
C
Total:
1200 E
10
2
C
C
C
C
C

240-400
70-130
26

3
3
0
38
20
1
2

26
23-43
4
151
65
23
20
360
580
359
730
90
250
90
60

53

X

320
2
10-20
260-600
20-90
450-800
32-40
42-50
65-190
2-15
6
8-12
32-100
0
1-2
1
0
40
50
2580
2210
420
180
156
1690
194
285
415
67
4
12
35
28
18
10
44
13
4
10
6

2-5
140-180
10-15
210-300
14-30
10-12
31-50
2-5
1-2
3
21-25
0
0
0
0
15
18
1227
1836
450
140
116
1174
63
186
148
14
1
1
27
13
3
3
26
2
2
4
4

12-25
400-780
30-105
660-1100
46-70
52-62
76-240
4-20
7-8
11-15
53-125
0
1-2
1
0
55
68
3807
4046
870
320
272
2864
257
471
563
81
5
13
2
41
21
13
70
15
6
14
10

0

X
A

X
X

NAME OF
MANUFACTURER
IBM (cont I d)

Interdata
Oceanport, N.J.
(A) (10/69)
NCR
Dayton, Ohio
(R)
(9/69)

Pacific Data Systems Inc.
Santa Ana! Calif. (N) (1/69)
Philco
Willow Grove, Pa.
(N) (1/69)
Potter Instrument Co., Inc.
Plainview! N.Y. (A) (10/69)
RCA
Che rry Hill, N.J.
(N)
(5/69)

Raytheon
Santa Ana, Calif.
(A)
(10/69)
Scientific Control Corp.
Dallas, Tex.
(A)
(10/69)

Scientific Data Sys terns
(see Xerox Data Systems)
Standard Computer Corp.
Los Angeles, Calif.
(N) (8/69)
Systems Engineering Laboratories
Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.
(A)
(6/69)

UNIVAC (Div. of Sperry Rand)
New York, N.Y.
(R)

(1/69-5/69)

Varian Data Machines
Newport Beach, Calif.
(A) (10/69)
Xerox Data Systems
E1 Segundo, Calif.
(N)
(2/69-4/69)

NAME OF
COMPUTER
360/20
360/25
360/30
360/40
360/44
360/50
360/65
360/67
360/75
360/85
360/90
360/195
Model 2
Model 3
Hodel 4
304
310
315
315 RMC
390
500
Century 100
Century 200
PDS 1020

DATE OF
FIRST
INSTALLATION
12/65
1/68
5/65
4/65
7/66
8/65
11/65
10/66
2/66
11/67
7/68
3/67
8/68
1/60
5/61
5/62
9/65
5/61
10/65
9/68
6/69
2/64

1000
2000-210, 211
2000-212
PC-9600

6/63
10/58
1/63

301
501
601
3301
Spectra
Spectra
Spectra
Spectra
Spectra
SEectra
250
440
520
703
706
650
655
660
670
4700
6700
DCT-132
DCT-32

2/61
6/59
11/62
7/64
9/65
9/65
1/67
11/65

IC 4000
IC 6000
IC 7000
810
810A
810B
840
840A

70/15
70/25
70/35
70/45
70/46
70/55

11/66
12/60
3/64
10/65
10/67
5/69
5/66
10/66
10/65
5/66
4/69
2/70
5/69
11/69

12/68
5/67
6/69
9/65
8/66
9/68
11/65
8/66
840~!P
1/68
I & II
3/51 & 11/57
III
8/62
File Computers
8/56
Solid-State 80 I, II,
90,1,11, & Step
8/58
418
6/63
490 Series
12/61
1004
2/63
1005
4/66
1050
9/63
1100 Series (except
1107, 1108)
12/50
1107
10/62
1108
9/65
9200
6/67
9300
9/67
9400
5/69
LARC
5/60
620
11/65
620i
6/67
520i
10/6R
SDS-92
4/65
SDS-910
8/62
SDS-920
9/62
SDS-925
12/64
SDS-930
6/64
SDS-940
4/66
SDS-9300
11/64
Sigma 2
12/66
Sigma 5
8/67
Sigma 7
12/66

AVERAGE OR RANGE
OF MONTHLY RENTAL
$(000)
2.7
5.1
10.3
19.0
11.8
29.1
57.2
133.8
66.9
150.3
(S)
232.0
0.25
0.4
0.6
14.0
2.5
8.7
12.0
1.9
1.5
2.7
7.5
0.7
7.0
40.0
52.0
16.0
7.0
14.0-18.0
14.0-35.0
17.0-35.0
4.3
6.6
9.2
22.5
33.5
34.0
1.2
3.6
3.2
(S)
(S)
0.5
2.1
2.1
2.7
1.8
90.0
0.7
0.3

NUMBER
In
U.S.A.
4690
0
5075
1260
65
480
175
9
14
0
5

15
8
460
125
240
1700
200
10
145

2
0
400
45
500
950
30
0

16
163
80
17
8
860
170
740
2650
230
10

NUHBER OF
UNFILLED
ORDERS

2
52
57
X
X

10

16
16
12

X
X

X

(S)
140-290
22-50
2
24-60
90-110
68-70
65-100
84-180
1
11
155
20
26
118
8
23
111
27
1
13
0
23
0

9.0
16.0
17.0
1.1
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.5
2.0
25.0
21.0
15.0

6
9
3
24
135
34
4
33
20
23
25
13

8.0
11.0
30.0
1.9
2.4
8.5

210
76
75
1502
637
138

35.0
57.0
68.0
1.5
3.4
7.0
135.0
0.9
0.5

9
8
3R
127
106
3

1.5
2.0
2.9
3.0
3.4
14.0
8.5
1.8
6.0
12.0

OF INSTALLATIONS
Outside
In
U.S.A.
World
3276
7966
4
4
3144
8219
498
1758
13
78
109
589
31
206
4
13
3
17
0
0
0
5

10-60
150-170
93-120
20
159
28-35
21-25
60-110
15-40
24-35

100-130
1
0
1-5
35-60
18-25
20-50
21-55
0
1
20

240-420
23-51
2
25-65
125-170
86-95
85-150
105-235
1
12
175

1
20
2
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0

27
138
10
23
111
27
1
13
0
23
0

0
0
0
0
2
0
0
0
0

6
9
3
24
137
34
4
33
20
31

36
11
628
299
.62
0
3
18
48
38
0
0

2
7-10
5-12
1
14
0
1
10-15
6-18
5-9

112
86
2130
936
200
9
11
56
175
144
3
2
75
750
60
12-62
157-180
98-132
21
173
28-35
22-26
70-125
21-58
29-44

X
X
X
7
25
0
25
12
0
79
1
509
3

8 E
10 E
X
30
26
X
4
11
X
X
X
X
20
35
20
90
10

E
E
E
E
E

X
X
75
850
550
60

E
E
E
E

0
350
230

73

Books
(Continued from page 34 )
Lazzaro, Victor, Editor, and 23 authors
/ Systems and Procedures: A Handbook for Business and Industry, 2nd
edition / Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 07632 / 1968, hardbound, 528 pp., $14.60 (student's edition, $10.95)
This book is a handbook to bring together information on various systems
and procedures techniques . . . into a
single, comprehensive volume that can be
used as a ready reference by readers desiring a general knowledge of the subject. The book is designed for students
and staff personnel involved in the use
of systems and procedures.
The eighteen chapters include: "The
Systems and Procedures Department",
"Systems Charting", "W ork Measurement", "Forms Design and Control",

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS
FACULTY OPENINGS IN
COMPUTER SCIENCE
T he Hartford Graduate Center of the
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute is in
the midst of a rapidly expanding graduate program in Computer Science
for which faculty at all levels are
needed.
Candidates for these positions must
hold the doctorate and should have a
specialty in any of the following areas:
Computer Oriented Techniques in
Operations
Research and Statistics
Computer Graphics
Process Control
Computer Simulation Techniques
(GPSS, SIMSCRIPT and others)
Computer Software Development
Candidates with other specialties will
also be considered. Interested persons should send their resumes to:
Dr. Harry C. Kraus
Associate Dean
Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute
Hartford Graduate Center
East Windsor Hill, Conn. 06028

8K BANK DATA PROCESSING SYSTEM
FOR SALE OR LEASE
1401 E4, 1402-1, 1403-2, 1406-1,
1412-1. Net lease, $2200 per month.
System also available for sale.
Summit Computer Corporation
785 Springfield Avenue
Summit, New Jersey 07901
(201) 273-6900

74

"Budgets and Cost Control", "Electronics
in Business" and "The Network System
- PERT/CPM". There are two appendices; one is 'a case study; one is an outline for conducting and implementing a
systems study.

Iliffe, J. K. / Basic Machine Principles
/ American Elsevier Publishing Co.,
Inc., 52 Vanderbilt Ave., New York,
N.Y. 10017 / 1968, hardcover, 86 pp.
$5.25

Nolan, R. L. / Introduction to Computing Through the Basic Language /
Holt, Rinehart & Winston, Inc., 383
Madison Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017
/ 1969, paperback, 262 pp., $5.95

This short book is concerned with
"the definition of a computer system
from the programming point of view".
"Its primary interest will be to logical
designers and programmers who occupy
themselves with the boundary between
the "hard" and "soft" parts of a computer". The author created his own
symbolic language called "Basic Language".
. Its chapters are: "General Principles;
Some Related Systems; Basic Machine;
Basic Language; and Techniques." The
book has one page of references; an appendix and tables, explaining Basic
Language; and a two-page index.
The author is a member of the Advance Research and Development Division of International Computers and
Tabulation Limited, Steven age, Herts,
England.

The purpose of this book is to acquaint
the potential user with the capabilities
of computing in BASIC, for solving many
different problems. The BASIC language
is explained for ordinary interested persons, 'not programmers. The ten chapters
include
"Introduction
to
BASIC",
"BASIC Definitions", "Concept of a
Computer: Computer Simulation Model",
and "Computer Software" . There are
five appendices including "Techniques of
Flowcharting" and "Introduction to
Matrices and Mat Commands". There
are also answers and solutions to problems, a bibliography, a glossary and an
index.

ADVERTISING INDEX
Following is the index of advertisements. Each item contains: Name
and address of the advertiser / page number where the advertisement
appears / name of agency, if any
Allison Coupon Co., 206 S. Capitol
Ave., Indianapolis, IN 46225 /
Page 29 / Waldie and Briggs Inc.
APL-Manhattan, 254-6 West 31st
St., New York, NY 10001 / Pages
64 and 76 / Academic Press, Inc., 111 Fifth
Ave., New York, NY 10003 / Page
35 / Flamm Advertising
California Computer Products, Inc.,
305 N. Muller St., Anaheim, CA
92803 / Page 23 / Carson/Roberts/
Inc.
COMPSO - Regional Computer Software and Peripherals Show, 37 W.
39th St., New York, NY 10018 /
Page 12
DI/ AN Controls, 944 Dorchester
Ave., Boston, MA 02125 / Page
11 / Larc om - Randall
Houston Instrument, Div. of Bausch
and Lomb, Inc., 4950 Terminal
Ave., Bellaire, TX 77401 / Page
9 / Ray Cooley & Associates, Inc.
Interdata Inc., 2 Crescent Place,
Oceanport, NJ 07757 / Page 2 /
Thomas Leggett Associates
Keyboard Training, Inc., 292 Madison Ave., New York, NY 10017 /
Page 3 / Nachman & Shaffran, Inc.
Lockheed-Georgia Co., Dept. 8211,
2363 Kingston Court S. E., Marietta, GA 30060 / Page 4 / McCannErickson, Inc.
Management Information Service,

P. O. Box 252, Stony Point, NY
10980 / Page 63 / Nachman &
Shaffran, Inc.
Metroprocessing Corporation of
America, 64 Prospect St., White
Plains, NY 10606 / Page 10 /
Elmer L. Cline, Inc.
National Systems Corp., North American Institute of Systems & Procedures, 4401 Birch St., Newport
Beach, CA 92660 / Page 61 /
France, Free and Laub, Inc.
Path Computer Equipment, 20 Beckley Ave., Stamford, CT 06901 /
Pages 6 and 7 / Nachman & Shaffran
Raytheon Computer Corp., 2700 S.
Fairview St., Santa Ana, CA 92704
/ Page 1.7 / Martin Wolfson
RCA, Information Systems Div. ,
Cherry Hill, NJ 08034 / Page 75 /
J. Walter Thompson Co.
Republic Software Products Inc. ,
715 Park Ave., East Orange, NJ
07017 / Page 27 / Nachman &
Shaffran
Scan Graphics, 104 Lincoln Ave. ,
Stamford, CT 06902 / Page 47 /
Nachman & Shaffran, Inc.
Sycor Inc., 117 North First St., Ann
Arbor, MI 48108 / Page 21 / R. W.
Ferguson Advertising Agency
Xerox Data Systems, 701 S. Aviation
Blvd., El Segundo, CA 90245 /
Pages 38 and 39 / Doyle, Dane,
Bernbach Inc.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for November, 1969

RClX.s Videolerminal. Our TV experience puts you eye to eye
with Octoputer Its your best view of remote computing.
Remote computing is working with
your computer from wherever you
are to wherever it is.
It can be yards or miles away.
And hundrerls of people can
share it.
For those people, user terminals are
hooked up to the remote computer.
There are all kinds of terminals, in
all sizes and shapes.
But none of them sizes up to the terminal you see on the Octopu ter's
arms.

It's RCi\s Video Terminal.The
Octopeeper.
There's no better way to find facts,
feed in facts, or solve problems.
It's like a combination TV and
typewriter.You see what you type.
You see what the Octopu ter says.
Instantly. Clearly. In bright letters
on the screen.
The Octoputer's peeper is the best
Video Terminal on the market.
It shou ld be.
RCA pioneered television.
We've put 44 years of research and
experience in to TV.
And 50 years into general communications and electronics.
The popularity of video terminals
is growing faster than that of any
other terminal, because they're
the best links to remote computing.

Designate No. 37 on Reader Service Card

Remote compu ting is the coming
thing in this business.
That's why RCA is concentrating
on it.
We got there first because it's
based on communications.
The Octopu ter pu ts us a whole
generation ahead of our major
competitor.
It can put you ahead of yours.
And the Octopeeper is the best
way to get to it.
For more Octopeeper information,
call RCA Computers at
609-424-2385.

nell
Nothing comes close to
our remote computers

·...

1
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TIME-SHARING
IBM'S NEW LANGUAGE

c::::::::=:=--=-.:~.

______..__.________________________ .______ .1
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i

TEN TIMES MORE POWERFUL THAN FORTRAN
WHY?

THREE WEEKS WORK can be done in one productive day.

HOW?

Continuoushands-on-time programming; over 400 turn-arounds possible per day.

\

~

I"~

l

WHAT IS IT? It's a newly-discovered computational shorthand, a fully-general computer lan-

guage for all types of programming. Every Engineer should learn it. (APL became
. an IBM PRODUCT in September, 1969; not to be confused with PL/1, an older
IBM language) .

BEl'" EFITS
PROBLEM-SOLVING at your desk.
INTERACTIVE; hands-on-time for fast turn-around.

MANY HIGH-POWERED PROGRAMS available
for immediate use or easily incorporated into
your own programming.

COST: You pay only $12 per hour because others
"time share" the same machine.

SCHEDULES: Immediate diagnostics and faster.
programming; therefore, schedules can be met
and beaten, with APL.

ALWAYS AVAILABLE, 24 hours per day, 7 days a
we.ek, including holidays.

LOCATIONS: Call the location nearest you and
ask for the sales department.

APL-IVIANHATTAN

B 0

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P

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L -P H

.is,JYiEST3lSTREET,NEWYORK, N.Y. 10001 • (212) 947-7813

WASHINCf(W~-STREET, NEWTONVILLE, MASS. 02160 • (617) 244-0210
I LAD E LPH lA' .181~~jF~:'~~ULEVAHD, PHILADELPHIA,PA. 19103.· (215) 564-1788

STO

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NGTON 1025VER'~ONTAV[ N.W., WASHINGTON, D.C. 20005· (202) 638-5344

CHECK THA T WE'RE ON-LINE!

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554 - 9011 '
A,PL-J

Not for sale for unethical or destructive purposes .

I

'Industrial Computer Systems, Inc.
Designate No. 8 on Reader Service Card

TM

'f



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