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Sign Language Via Picturephone

May, 1970
Vol. 19, No.5

At4V2

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Letters To The Editor
Dear Computer
You do what you have to do, and I
do not blame you. So it was your duty
to send me a subscription renewal
order form at the end of the past year.
Yours truly did send it back with a
check of $9.50 on Jan. 23,1970. Your
humans cashed it.
March is a good month to keep you
busy; therefore you printed another
form and sent it to me. Bless your
flip-flops, but you see humans feed
you and mistakes of humans are hardy
perennials, if I may quote freely from
one of the "Numbles".
At the time of our January correspondence I asked your humans to
correct my name: not L. T. Simon but
L. J. Simon. Well, this is not that
important, because I have become accustomed to it.
So I wish good health to your
circuits - and be kind to your humans.

Rev. Lambert j. Simon
Rt. 2, Box 1
Irving, Tex. 75060
Computer Note - Thank you for your
friendly and amusing letter. Your check and
change of initial were received, but too late
for me to process for the Feb. issue (which I
work on in January). Since the March renewal notices are based on the Feb. issue
address labels, you received a second renewal notice. I am sorry for the inconvenience, and I hope the humans will inaugu rate a better system for me to operate
under.

Rehabilitation
We have a great number of men
here at Arizona State Prison who have
neither fami Iy or friends outside the
prison. Therefore, their .sol~ ~ontact
with the outside world IS limited to
the newspapers and magazi nes which
we can provide for them and our.
supply of such material is woefully
small.
Our Data Processi ng Center, wi th
its Ii mited budget, has no provisions
for the purchase of magazine subscriptions and such publications as are received are donated. Computers and
Automation is well known as one of
the qual ity publications in your field
and the men in the institution's data
processing classes, as well as the acti~e
programmers who are currently v:'rlting fifty-seven programs for various
state agencies, are sincerely interested
in your magazi ne.
We feel very strongly that Computers and Automation can play a
4

decidedly important role in our rehabil itative program with those men
who are showing an active interest in
data processing. I t is our earnest desire
to do everything possible to further all
such worthwhile interests and to provide every opportunity for a successful
career as well as returning to society as
a productive, law-abiding, tax-paying
citizen.
Therefore, can and wi II you assist
not only the several lives directlv affected thereby, but our library as well,
through a complimentary subscription
to Computers and Automation? It will
be deeply appreciated and most profitably utilized.
I

JACK D. DILLARD
Director of Education
Data Processing Center
Arizona State Prison
Florence, Ariz. 85232
Ed. Note - Although we are a paid circulation magazine, it has always been our policy
to provide complimentary subscriptions in
circumstances such as you describe. We have
entered a subscription in your name. Your
kind comments about our magazine are
<;incerely appreciated.

Edmund C. Berkeley

Editor
Associate Editor

Sharry Langdale

Assistant Editors

Moses M. Berlin
Linda Ladd Lovett
Neil D. Macdonald

Softtllal·e Editor

Stewart B. Nelson
Bernard Lane

Advertising Director

Ray W. Hass
Daniel T. Langdale

Art Directors
Contributing Editors

John Bennett
Andrew D. Booth
John W. Carr III
Ned Chapin
Alston S. Householder
Peter Kugel
Leslie Mezei
Rod E. Packer
Ted Schoeters

Advisol"'y Committee

T. E. Cheatham, Jr.
James J. Cryan
Richard W. Hamming
Alston S. Householder
Victor Paschkis

Fulfillment Manager

William J. McMillan

Adt)ettising Representatives
BOSTON 02116, Phillip E. Nutting
1127 Statler Office Bldg., 617-542-77.20

Unsatisfied Customer
CHICAGO 60611, Cole, Mason, and Deming
221 N. LaSalle St., Room 856, 312-641-1253

I have received my first issue of
your magazine and the Computer Data
Guide.
With regret I must inform you that
your publication in no wise satisfi~s
my needs. I found it t? ~e one In
which one computer speCialist or softwear salesman or computer industry
"executive" commun icates with the
others, totally unaware of those perhaps inarticulate [in terms of computer technology] thousands of us
who have so many problems in search
of a solution but no one really to talk
to.
Would you be so kind as to let me
know the charge for my obligations to
you to date and cancel my subscription.
CLIFFORD O. MA Y,
Secretary-Treasurer
Philip Herzog, Inc.
4300 N.E. 5th Ave.
Fort Lauderdale, Fla. 33308
Ed. Note - We are sorry our magazine did
not meet your expectations. We would like
to take this opportunity to encourage our
readers to continually send us their comments and suggestions about what they
would like to see in COII/pllters alld AlItolIIatioll.

NEW YORK 10001, Bernard Lane
31 St., 212-279-7281

254 West

PASADENA, CALIF. 91105, Douglas C. Lance
562 Bellefontaine St., 213-682-1464
ELSEWHERE, The Publisher
Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.
815 Washington St., 617-332-5453
Newtonville, Mass. 02160

Editorial Offices
BERKELEY ENTERPRISES, INC.
815 WASHINGTON STREET,
NEWTONVILLE, MASS. 02160
CIRCULATION AUDITED BY
AUDIT BUREAU OF CIRCULATIONS

Computers and Automation is published. 13 tim~s a
year (12 monthly issues plus an annual directory I~sue
published in June) at 815 Washington St., New.tonvlll!!,
Mass. 02160, by Berkeley Ente.rprises, Inc. Pnnted In
USA Subscription rates: United States, $18.50 f~r
1· ye·ar, $36.00 for 2 years, including annual directory issue - $9.50 for 1 ye,ar, $18.00 for two
years without annual directory; Canada, add 50¢
a year for postage; Foreign, a?d. $3.50. a year for
postage. Address all U.S. subsc.nptlOn mall to: Be~ke­
ley Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St.! NewtonVille,
Mass. 02160. Second Class Postage paid at Boston,

~;sSt~1aster: Please send all forms 3579 to Berk~ley
Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville,
Mass. 02160. CD Copyright 1970, by Berkeley Enter·

~hi~~~'e Igr address: If your address changes, please
send us both your new address and your old address
(as it appears on the magazine address imprint), and
allow three weeks for the change to be made.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

'(

Vol. 19 No.5-May, 1970

The magazine of the design, applications, and implications of information processing systems.

Special Feature,'
Con~pute1'izecl Info1'rnation
14

Syste11~s

CREATIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS -

SOME NEW DEVELOPMENTS

by Dause L. Bibby
Today's rapidly improving technology allows any information which can be transformed
into electrical signals to be transmitted in practically any form and at any useful speed
- whether it is transmitted from man or machine, or to man or machine.

22

HOW CAN MACHINES DO WHAT THEIR MAKERS CAN'T?
by Dr. Zenon W. Pylyshyn
How the computer's speed, accuracy in performing repetitive tasks, ability to simulate,
and ability to retrieve vast quantities of data, enable it to handle information in ways
in which human beings cannot.

26

MAPPING OF JERUSALEM BY COMPUTER
by Dr. Arie Shahar
How a computerized information system can convert a large amount of urban data into
an atlas to be used for preparing and evaluating various plans for urban development.

61

INTEGRATED DATA BASE IS KEY TO PRODUCTION CONTROL SYSTEM
by Edward J. Frankovic
A case history of the product informatio'1 system at the B. F. Goodrich aerospace division.

30

THE ASSASSINATION OF PRESIDENT JOHN F. KENNEDY: THE APPLICA.
TION OF COMPUTERS TO THE PHOTOGRAPHIC EVIDENCE
by Richard E. Sprague
A reexamination of some of 1he evidence relating to the assassination of John F.
Kennedy - with emphasis on the possibilities and problems of computerized analysis
of the photographic evidence.

Thp /1'ont C01.:er picture
shows a 1U01naninstructor
at thp National Technical
Institute for the Deaf in
Rochester, N. Y., tnllZsndtting sign language ovpr a
Vistaphone telephone systenL The syste1n 1'S the first
known telephone installation for the deaf. Vistaphone syste11Ls are expected
to bp llspd nwre and more
as data tpJ'minals. For 11L01'e
information, see "Creative
I nf 0 nna ti on Syste11~s Some New De1)e[opments",
beginning on IJage 14.

Regular Features

6

NOTICE

Computer-Assisted Analysis of Political Assassinations, by Edmund C. Berkeley

C&A Worldwide
64

Looming Battle for the Eastern European Computer Market, by Ted Schoeters

lYulti-Access FOT1l1n
8

10

Depart11~ents

"The House is on Fire" Comments, by Ray B. Wheeler, H. Lynn Beus, Frank A. Mleko,
Donn B. Parker, and the Editor

"Computer Offers New Opportunities for the Blind'" -

The price for this issue as a
single copy of Computers and
Automation is $4.00 (postage paid
in the United States and Canada).
To obtain a copy, send business
check or postal money order for
$4.00 (plus any foreign postage
cost) to: Computers and Automation, Dept. M, 815 Washington
St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160.

71

Across the Editor's Desk Computing and Data
Processing Newsletter

86

Advertising Index

68

Calendar of Coming Events

Comment, by N. C. Snyder

4
11

12

Letters to the Editor

Computer Terminal Selection: Humbug on a Grand Scale?, by Helen Solem and Evanne Buchanan

World Simulation Progress Report, by John Mcleod

12

Automedica Corporation Seeks Members, by Enoch J. Haga

13

Committee to Investigate Assassinations Seeks Help From Computer Professionals, by Bernard
Fen3terwald, Jr.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

83

Monthly Computer Census

81

New Contracts

82

New Installations

65

Numbles
by Neil Macdonald

66

Problem Corner
by Walter Penney, CDP

13

Punch Lines ...
5

EDITORIAL

Computer.Assisted Analysis of
In this issue of Computers and Automation we publish
what is certainly the longest article we have ever published, and one of the most important. This is the article by Richard E. Sprague entitled "The Assassination
of President John F. Kennedy: The Application of Computers to the Photographic Evidence." In this article,
Sprague makes at least two remarkable statements:
1. The Warren Commission's conclusions (that Lee

Harvey Oswald was the sole assassin of President John F. Kennedy, and that there was no
conspiracy) are false.
2. The application of computer-assisted analysis
to the vast amount of new evidence and new analyses of old evidence is almost .certainly necessary, in order to get to the bottom of the conspiracy and its covering up.
Sprague has been a computer professional for over 24
years. For more than five years, he has, as an avocation, studied the evidence contained in the Warren Commission Report, the supplementing 26 volumes of Evidence and Hearings, the archives (those that are open)
of the Warren Commission, and other evidence, from
many sources. In his search for evidence he has visited
. Dallas, New Orleans, Miami, and other places. He has
interviewed personally over 300 persons connected in one
way or another with the incidents surrounding the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. Sprague is a
member of the Board of Directors of the National Committee to Investigate Assassinations (NCTIA), 927 15th
St. N. W. ,Washington, D. C., a loosely organized nongovernmental committee which provides a forum for intercommunication by over 150 researchers. The chairman of this committee is Bernard Fensterwald, Jr., a
Washington attorney, who was formerly head of the staff
of Senator Estes Kefauver when he was investigating organized crime in the United States.

It is of course possible that the information in Sprague's
articlc does not provc his first statement, nor adequately
support the other. One possibility that needs to be remembered is there may be a small degree of conspiracy
and a large degree of a "concert of ideas", a choice by
many men (for many different reasons and without any
spoken mutual agreement) to act together to conceal the
truth.
We invite discussion, comments, argument, and criticism from our readers. In this way, we take the totally opposite path from the path taken by the U. S. government in Sept. 1964, that the Warren Commission had
now establishcd "the truth", irrespective of unanswered
questions and the court of public opinion. This path culminated in locking up crucially important iriformation,
when President Lyndon B. Johnson in 1964 locked up over

P~litical

Assassinations

200 Warren Commission documents in the Archives of
the United States as secret for 75 years.

Why does Computers and Automation publish this article?
The first reason is that it focuses on a significant application of computers which heretoforc has not received
much attention - that is, computer-assisted analysis of
large quantities of data in order to solve a crime. Largescale computer-assisted analysis of a vast quantity of
small pieces of evidence related to the political assassinations of President John F. Kennedy, Martin Luther
King, Jr., and Senator Robert F. Kennedy is needed in
order to answer many, many unanswered questions. The
amount of information to be dealt with is too large for human beings unaided by computers to handle adequately.
What are some of these unanswered questions? - Why
were a total often bullets found (in people and in the walls)
on the occasion of the assassination of Senator Robert F.
Kennedy, when the chamber of Sirhan B. Sirhan's revolver could only contain eight bullets? How did James Earl
Ray manage to obtain the funds and the identification papers which enabled him to travel for several months to
Canada, England, Portugal, Belgium, etc. , after the assassination of Martin Luther King, Jr. ? Why did the
Kennedy family cooperate in concealing the information
in the autopsy pictures and X-rays of President Kennedy?
How far did the conspiracy or correlation (or conspiracies
or correlations) stretch? Etc.
A second reason is that this application is directly related to our continuing discussion of the social responsibilites of computer people - the responsibilities of professional infor:mation engineers to make the earth an improved and safer "house" for all humanity.
A third reason is that we are a paid-circulation magazine, so that we are not susceptible to the economic pressure that comes from fear of loss of advertising - that
subtle control which makes a publisher in his private office say to himself, "This subject is too hot for me to publish - I shall be driven out of business if I do".
A fourth reason for publication in C&A is that since
we publish by photooffset on glossy paper, we can show
in precise detail some of the important photographic evidence which cannot be seen in the ordinary reproduction
of photographs in newspapers or newsprint magazines.
Finally, opportunity sometimes knocks for an ordinary publisher of an ordinary magazine to publishan article that is crucially important, and that ought to be published -to help important truth become known. Sprague's
article gives us such an opportunity - and an opportunity
to support, by our act of publishing, the principle of publishing factual, useful, and understandable information,
no matter how it affects "vested interests", etc.; this
principle has been the uninterrupted policy of Computers
and Automation for twenty years of publication.

~c:=-.~
Editor
6

.

a

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

EXCLUSIVE to PDP-8 USERS
Software development for the PDP-8 computer is the sole
business of Input Output Computer Services, Inc. (laCS).
That is all we do.

This specialization has made us familiar with many of the
wide variety of PDP-8 applications. Your software requirements could be similar to some we've met beforeor they could be quite different. Chances are though,
that with the large number of PDP-8's now in use, your
particular problems are quite like some we've seen before.

But the need to solve an immediate software problem is
not the only reason it might pay you to talk to lacs.
Maybe we can show you more ways to use and profit from
your PDP-8. For example, more and more PDP-8's are being used in machine tool, process, and other industrial
control applications. And for inventory, payroll and
materials handling too.
Dedication of your PDP-8 to any single one of these purposes or to any other, may represent under-utilization
of a valuable resource. Maybe you have an underdeveloped
asset on your hands. We're ready to work with you at
your convenience.
Write -

or better still, call

Designate No. 18 on Reader Service Card

INPUT OUTPUT
COMPUTER
SERVICES, INC.
142 MT. AUBURN STREET
CAMBRIDGE,
MASSACHUSETTS 02138
(617) 868-5550

THOMAS A. FARRINGTON

MULTI-ACCESS FORUM

liTHE HOUSE IS ON FIRE" -

COMMENTS

I. From Ray B. Wheeler, Manager
Industrial Design
General Electric Co.
1285 Boston Ave.
Bridgeport, Conn. 06602
Your February editorial, "The House is on Fire", is
excellent, except for one point. You say that all persons in
the "house" must take some time away from their activities. I am convinced that this will only give us a bucket
brigade concentrating only on keeping their pants from
catching fire - so that they can continue their activities
until they have to throw another bucketful.
This may slow the spread, but we must also attack the
core. The Group II's* must become strong enough to force
some Group I * employers, producers, and manufacturers to
become Group II, lest Group I organizations overrun us all.
Kingman Brewster's article ["The 'Involuntary Campus'
and the 'Manipulated Society''', in the February issue],
pointed out that the "system" funneled individuals into
restrictive environments. I agree also that the "system"
forces business and industry into those environments as
well. "Until it becomes economically advantageous to do
something about pollution nothing meaningful will result."
We cannot afford the time, however, to change the
system. As business and industry have traditionally provided the leadership and growth for this country, I'd like to
look to them to provide leadership on today's critical
problem. It should be included as part of their "Iong-range
planning" to make sure they have a market, employees, and
a business.

II. From H. Lynn Beus
General Electric Co.
Research and Development Center
P.O. Box 8
Schenectady, N.Y. 12301
I have read your editorial in your February issue.
Must you use the typical approach of the dyed-inthe-wool extremists of all kinds: binary categorization!
There are many like myself who refuse to be neatly placed
into either your Group I or Group II. Let's call us Groups
III, I V, V, .... There is the person who is concerned about
the uses of his efforts - and who believes they are being
well used. Or the one who believes he is doing more good as
* For the benefit of those readers who did not see the February
editorial, it distinguished and separated the attitudes of two kinds of
computer people about computers and data processing. Essentially,
the attitude of Group I is: "Computers are tools like matches - and
we are just mechanics. Our responsibility is correct processing. The
answers belong to our employer to use as he sees fit." The attitude
of Group II is: "Computers are tools like bridges - and we are
professional engineers. Our responsibility is not only correct processing, but also worthwhile answers (bridges that carry people, and
don't crash)."
8

a home builder than is the fire shouter. Or the one who has
seen too many false alarms to get much excited over the
latest "population explosion". And finally, there is the one
who bel ieves there are deeper moral issues than population
explosions, Vietnam wars, and nerve gas; that these are only
symptoms - the fire alarm, not the fire.
Your general aims may be commendable, but there are
better organizations through which to foster them than
professional societies. Try the one that was organ ized about
33A.D.

III. From Frank A. Mleko
Director of Computer Services
Signode Corp.
2600 North Western Ave.
Chicago, III. 60647
I recently passed up an opportunity to continue our
subscription to your magazine, as I continually review our
paid subscriptions.
As a businessman first (and technician second or third), I
like to see my own as well as other businesses prosper and
grow. I, therefore, feel somewhat of an obligation to tell
you why I am not renewing C&A.
I n recent months, your magazine has grown more and
more political in content. I appreciate the fact that computers have an impact on the political (in the broadest sense
of the word) spectrum of our society and vice versa. But I
do not expend corporate funds for Newsweek or Time, for
example. I imagine a Doctor would look with disfavor if the
A.M.A. continually harangued him with anti-socialized
medicine articles.
Please consider th is letter to be a form of suggestion or
constructive criticism.

IV. From Donn B. Parker, Secretary
Association for Computing Machinery
Stanford Research Institute
333 Ravenswood Ave.
Menlo Park, Calif. 94025
In your "The House is on Fire" editorial and comments
on the Counter Conference [February, 1970 issue] , you do
a great disservice to ACM and its members. Your Group I
and Group II definitions clearly claim that those who voted
to keep ACM from taking a stand on deeply political
questions are the kind of people who would have worked
under orders on the design of ovens for efficient mass
incineration of thousands of corpses from the gas chambers
in Nazi Germany. Such a wild comment is surely not
worthy of you and your fine magazine.
A small sample survey I took of ACM members indicates
that some of your liberal, Group II-type "Good Guys" also
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

Tempo I's standard hardware priority
interrupt system responds in 2.3 microseconds. Coupled with a 325 nanosecond access time, Tempo delivers speed
that really means something. But, that's
not all. For a basic price of $15,600, you
get a real system that includes: 4K of
memory, 900 nanosecond cycle time, 14
hardware registers (eight general purpose), register to register op.eration,
hand-shaking 1/0,4 hardware priority interrupts, 14 addressing modes, more
than 100 hardware instructions, complete software packages including USA

Standard Fortran IV and a macro assembler, plus an ASR 33 teletype. Tempo I
is available in a handsome console or a
·60" high rack with room for over 12 peripheral controllers.
Now, let's talk about expansion options:
memory growth in 4K increments to 65K,
parity, multiplel divide, power fail I restart,
program load, up to 25 hardware registers, mUlti-program feature, instruction
trap, program flags, high rate 110, additional interrupts and more. Then there
is a whole range of peripherals to
choose from. And, if that isn't enough,

we can talk about our mUlti-processor
configuration.
Add it all up, and we think Tempo offers
more than some of our 1/4 mega-buck
friends.
Drop us a line for more information, or
for nanosecond response, call Gary
Craigmile.

TEMP@])
Designate No. 17 on Reader Service Card

TEMPO COMPUTERS, INC. 1550 SOUTH STATE COLLEGE BOULEVARD, ANAHEIM, CALIFORNIA 92806

PHONE: (714) 633-3660

voted against political stands to keep ACM within its
historic, constitutionally defined purposes where it is doing
a good job as a professional society. They find other
organizations appropriately organized for representing their
partisan pol itical and social beliefs.

V. From the Editor
Some years ago, the automobile industry of this country
took the attitude that it was not their problem if people
drove too fast in cars and killed themselves in the cars the
industry produced - even if some of these cars were
"unsafe at any speed", per Ralph Nader. They also took the
attitude that it was not their problem if the smoke and
gases from the internal combustion engine made smog in
Los Angeles and many other cities of the world.
But the automobile industry seems to have changed. It is
adding features to new cars which make them safer. There
is even tal k of abandoning the internal combustion engine
by the year 1980.
In much the same way there has been a long discussion
in the computer industry about whether the interaction of

computers and society will produce good results or bad
results, and whether or not the computer industry should
devote effort to examining the social impact of the computer industry.
Since 1957, Computers and Automation has taken the
position that computer people have the social responsibil ities of ordinary citizens plus the social responsibilities of
computer professionals - who need to become information
engineers and link their work to the needs of society. In
this way, society as a whole becomes a better, safer, and
happier place to I ive in, as a result of computer power. This
position has now also been taken by many other groups of
computer people; and it should be taken by more, and it
should be taken in advance of the prodding of Ralph Nader,
and his kind, who may see farther than many of us do.
The economic system in the United States allows a free
press to flourish, provided the press exercises its freedom.
Here in this corner is one part of the press that wants to be
free to discuss not only computers, but also information
engineering and the good and the bad effects of computers
on society. The more discussion, the better, and the more
likely the growth of fruitful ideas.
0

IICOMPUTER OFFERS NEW OPPORTUNITIES FOR THE BLiNDII N. C. Snyder, Vice Pres. and
Director of Education
Computer Systems Institute
300 6th Ave. at Wood St.
Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222
Some eight years ago, we launched this country's
pioneer training program for the Blind and visually Handicapped who were desirous and deemed able to become
Computer Programmers. During the time that has passed,
we have grown vividly aware of the great service these
individuals can provide to the data processing function of
our economy, and aware of the satisfaction that they can
achieve on their own merits.
The I nstitute, one of the very few to have earned
sanction from the Association of Computing Machinery
(ACM) for its work in this specialized area, now has over
one hundred graduates work ing successfully as Computer
Progra m mers.
It is for these reasons that your February, 1970 article;
"Computer Offers New Opportunities for the Blind" [page
37] ,came to my attention.
It causes~me great personal distress to read an article
which is, intended to laud the efforts of these talented
individuals and bring them to public notice, but which
defeats the intent rather badly by constant reference to the
assistance needed by the Blind to accompl ish their goal.
Each paragraph detailing a task of the Blind programmer
made reference to the assistance needed at each step along
the way.
Not only are the Blind highly desirous of being selfreliant (wouldn't you be' if you were blind?) but those
experienced educators of the Blind, particularly in Electronic Data Processing, will tell you that this is entirely
possible.
Our trainees and graduates are perfectly capable of
constructing their own flow charts, both general and detailed. They are taught the techniques in class so that they
might be fully independent on the job. The following tables
may be of interest to your readers.
10

COMMENT
Table

l~'

EMPLOYERS' EVALUATION OF JOB-RELATED QUALITIES OF 39 VISUALLY HANDICAPPED PROGRAMMERS

J ob-Re la ted Qua li tr
Job Performance
Motivation
Intellect
Appearance
Attendance
Punctuality
Cooperation
Attitude
Qua Ii ty of Work
Quanti ty of Work
Compatibility with
Employees
Compatibility with
Supervisors

No. of
Res20nses

Rating (in ~ of Total Res2onses):
Fair
Poor
Good
Excellent

33
34
36
36
35
36
36
34
35
36

24.2%
41.2
33.3
44.4
68.6
69.4
50.0
41.2
31.4
13.9

57.6%
47.1
55.6
41.7
28.6
27.0
27.8
44.1
51.4
50.0

15.2%
11.8
11.1
13.9
2.8
0.0
8.3
11.8
11.4
25.0

3.0"/0
0.0
0.0
0.0
0.0
2.8
0.0
2.9
5.7
11.1

36

47.2

41.7

8.3

2.8

36

52.8

38.9

8.3

0.0

Table 2*
SUMMARY OF SALARIES EARNED BY :39 VISUALLY HANDICAPPED PHOGRAMMERS

Education and Extent of Handica2
Totally Blind
College Degree (8)
High School & Additional Education (8)
High School only (2)
Average Salary for Group (I8)
Partially Sighted
College Degree (1)
High School & Additional Education (7)
High School only (3)
Average Salary for Group (II)

Average
Starting
Salary
(2er rr)

Average
Present
Salary
(2 er F)

Average
Time on
the Job
(months)

$6371
5578
5400

$8655
7276
6390

28
23
21

5911

7790

25

$5732
5020
5842

$6176
6732
6699

7
19
14

5309

6663

*These tables are based on a survey made Nov.-Dec. 1969.
employers rated all qualities.

17
Not all

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

Brailling by computer is something which has been done
since this program's inception in 1962! We did it with great
success on the IBM 1400 Series and again on the IBM
System/360. I BM even manufactures a Brailling print train
which is useful when very large volumes of Braille are being
prepared for Thermoform reproduction. Under more common circumstances, like the majority of business functions,
absol utely no hardware modification is necessary to produce high-quality, durable Braille. Then, tell me, why
should a bl ind programmer have assistance?
Our trainees get card, tape and program listings in

Braille; they get diagnostics; they get memory dumps; they
get program output.
While the effort to which your article refers is a noble
one, it is my opinion that the world would have less blind
"guinea pigs" if the expertise and experience of predecessors was put to best use.
Our students have pre-taped books, Braille books, Braille
notes for permanent reference, instructors who read and
write Grade II Braille, and best of all, the support of an
organization which has been practicing its trade for almost
a decade. We don't have any more guinea pigs.
0

COMPUTER TERMINAL SELECTION: HUMBUG ON A GRAND SCALE?
Helen Solem and Evanne Buchanan
666 E. Main
Hillsboro, Oregon 97123
Is there a data processing manager with soul so dead he
would admit to not having read the very latest developments in computer technology? We maintain no selfrespecting manager will confess to being uninformed, much
less totally in the dark concerning selection of peripheral
equipment. This is the situation prevailing today since the
aura of science and technology has dominated the field and
it's just the right tune for the salesman's song.
Computer terminals are indeed vital to today's computer
system. By the end of the seventies they probably will even
be living up to their manufacturers' highly acclaimed
promises. In fact, before the end of the seventies the
tenninal will undoubtedly be as common an instrument in
the civililed world as the phone is now. We'll be using the
termi nal to:
Pay bills
Compute taxes
Do research
Run credit checks
Automatically perform and control many office and
home menial, routine chores
Serve as a mini-computer
Provide mai I service
And things we've not even thought of yet
As man continues to progress in taming and training the
creature he's created, this progress will be translated into
advancement of his own standard of living. Today we are
on this very threshold. We do have the computing power.
We are learning to use it effectively. The terminal promises
to be the connecting link that will greatly accelerate our
advance.
Presently terminal manufacturers are expanding almost
geometrically. At last count 47 had hitched their wagon to
this ascending star. The result is that the choices being
offered to the consumer at the moment - not to mention
the extraordinary possibilities that might be in tomorrow's
Wall Street Journal - are utterly staggering. The barrel
seems to be bottomless. I t's rather I ike reading from a huge
papyrus roll which keeps unbel ievably unroll ing and unrolling without end.
Salesmen have shrewdly assessed their task as an impossible one. So temporarily, at least, they have resorted to a
sideshow sort of deception with a sophisticated approach.
They've created a whole new vocabulary. Used in the hands
of a skillful promoter this impressive, scientific sounding
jargon leaves the prospective user absol utely glassy-eyed.
The salesman rattles off phrases which you mayor may not
learn to interpret such as:
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

Alphanumerics: Letters and numbers
Asynchronous: It isn't synchronized
Automatic I/O: The electricity flows along by itself
Closed loop positioners: Aligns tape once the button
is pushed
Color Video display: Color TV
Configured: Has numbers
Cost/benefit ratio: What you get for your money
Data storage and retrieval: The keepers and the
finders
Decuplets: Ten littte hookups
Digital display: It has more numbers somewhere
Evaluation of risk alternatives: Just what you should
be doing
Flexible remote batch: Feeding various types of data
from afar
Full or half duplex capability: Either it can or it can't
read and pri n t at the same ti me
Indirect addressing: You goofed again
Integrated circuitry: Has wiring
Interface: Works with some other piece of equi pment
Keyboard to tape: Goes straight from original input
to computer readable only tape
Line controller: I t has more wiring
Mode over voice-grade telephone lines: Your terminal
can use your phone
Multiple central processors: Mythical computer
Off-line, conversion power: You can still sort by
yourself
On-line, real time: Very expensive
Priority interrupts: A status weapon; an attempt to
avoid idle time
Queueing: Getting in line
Remote terminal: Out of sight
Short block detection: Finding your mistakes before
they get too serious
Software: I ntangible accessories
Variable storage registers: Storage doesn't always
work up to capacity
Computer salesman admittedly have their foibles, but no
worse perhaps than any specialty - doctors, lawyers,
accountants. If they weren't allowed to add a little embroidery we'd never bel ieve they were worth even half of
what they charge.
The problem only becomes serious when the busy
manager lets himself become confused and takes the salesman too seriously. Selection of proper data communication
equipment is simply a problem to be solved I ike any other.
Ask yourself the right questions so you know where you're
headed and then insist on answers in plain English.
For the manager who is up to his eyebrows in work and
is frantically looking for a consultant to lend a hand, give
11

some thought to the option of calling in your publ ic
accountants to help. After all your accountant not only
knows your system almost as well as you, but should have a
wide range of "hands on" operating experience upon which
to draw.

The right terminal can be a tremendous boon. It may
take a little time to find just what you need. Go slow and
let common sense be your guide.
0

WORLD SIMULATION: PROGRESS REPORT
John McLeod, Task Force Manager
Simulation Councils, Inc. World Simulation
p .0. Box 2228
La Jolla, Calif. 92037

Concerned about the seriousness in urban, national, and
international problems, we suggested in an editorial in the
July, 1969 issue of Simulation (the technical journal of
Simulation Councils, Inc.) that it was high time we apply
some of our energies and know-how toward solutions to
critical world problems. (This editorial was repri nted in the
November, 1969 issue of Computers and Automation.)
Bel ieving that understanding of a problem is a prerequisite
to intelligent corrective action, and aware that simulation is
a potent instrument for imparting understanding, we proposed the development of a World Simulation.
The reasoning behind the proposed World Simulation is
this. Simulation is an investigative tool. Alone, it is not
expected to "cure" any of the world's ills. But it does offer
a method for storing and ordering information in such a
way that the interaction of dynamic systems can be studied
and understood, even though the overall system which they
comprise is too complex for comprehension by the unpided
human intellect. Furthermore, once a model is developed,
simulation puts time under the control of the investigator;
it can be rolled back to val idate the computer model in the
light of historical events, then advanced to predict the
consequences at some future date of alternative courses of
action proposed today. However, even the most enthusiastic proponents realize that development of a simulation
capable of imparting such insight into the more complex
world problems will be a long, hard, expensive uphill
struggle. And that, they insist, is the very reason why work
should begin now.
Fortunately, two factors will alleviate the task: building
blocks already exist, and "fallout" will begin to accrue
almost from the start. Urban planners, ecologists, economists, political scientists, and military strategists (who are
more likely to call their work with models "gaming" than
"simulation"), as well as engineers in all disciplines, have
done the groundwork. The first job for the SCi World
Simulation Task Force, therefore, will be to survey and
evaluate the very significant amount of past, current, and
planned work and to channel existing data, accrued experience, and future efforts in a direction that will (hopefully
before it is too late) support a World Si mu lation.

Then, as work toward a World Simulation is stimulated
and the knowledge thus gained coalesced, the fallout will be
realized by way of insight acquired concerning the characteristics and interaction of the subsystems which supply the
"forcing functions" that are shaping our destiny. Thus the
effort toward a World Simulation will be self-supporting
technologically - and should be financially.
The expected adverse criticism of the idea of World
Simulation was not forthcoming. Though some understandably questioned the abil ity of the state-of-the-art to
sustain an effort of the magnitude that will eventually be
required, no one questioned the need. " ... I only say that
it can't be done; I don't say that it shouldn't be done, or
that you shouldn't do it ... " was typical of the minority
reaction. Most respondents were enthusiastically in favor,
and wanted to help get on with the job.
Twenty-€ight people attended an invitation-only World
Simulation Workshop held in Las Vegas last November at
the time of the Fall Joint Computer Conference. As a result
of discussions there and of correspondence with some 150
interested people before and since, it was decided that for
the time being, work toward a World Simulation will be
carried forward as it was begun, by a Task Force of the SCi
Public Problems Committee. As soon as possible, a Board of
Trustees will be elected and officers appointed to form a
corporate-I i ke organ i zati on.
Trustees, currently being nominated, will:
1. Codify the overall objectives of a World Simulation.
2. Determine policy.
3. Elect officers
4. Ratify actions of the Executive Committee.
5. Elect three new members each year.
6. Act as trustees of the public interest and of any
funds entrusted to the organization.
Nominees will be elected by a mail ballot of all who have
expressed an interest in World Simulation, and their names
will be announced at the Second World Simulation Workshop, to be held in Atlantic City during the 1970 Spring
Joint Computer Conference. Like the first workshop, attendance at the second wi II be by invitation only. However,
those wishing to become involved are invited to write and
explain why they are concerned, and give some information
as to their background and current areas of activity. Letters
should be addressed to me at the address above.
0

AUTOMEDICA CORPORATION SEEKS MEMBERS
Enoch J. Haga, Editor
Automedica
247 Edythe St.
Livermore, Calif. 94550

Automedica Corporation is a newly organized nonprofit
educational organization chartered for the purpose of providing educational services to its members. The Corporation
is publishing a journal, Automedica, which discusses automation, computing, data processing, and applied medical
technology as related to the life sciences and the medical
arts.
12

We invite interested readers of Computers and Automation to become members of Automedica Corp. and to
participate in the reading and writing of materials for the
journal. Automedica members may have their materials
published in preference to those received from nonmembers, and a major goal of Automedica is to reduce
publication time (articles can be published within three
months of receipt).
Persons interested in membership are invited to contact
Arthur H. Pike, Managing Editor, R2-76 Norwich Univ.,
Northfield, Vt. 05663.
0
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

PUNCH LINES . . .
Environmental problems are far too basic to think they
may si mply fade away once the public gets bored with
them. Population explosions capable of putting 6 billion
people or more on our globe by the year 2000 gives the
waste management problem a dimension it has never known
before. The knottiest part of the solution will be the
readjustment of the simplistic economic goal of providing
the best quality product at lowest cost to the consumer.
For the consumer is really a converter. Everything we bring
into a system, such as a city, must eventually be taken back
out in one form or another. Even the materials out of
which the buildings are made, come out as demolition
wastes. A whole new technology is needed to solve the
problems of closing the disposal part of the loop as
adequately as we solve production problems. Expensive,
but inevitable, waste control must become part of our basic
economic outlook. In one way or another, the costs of
disposing of the products of our enormous production
capability must be thought of as part of the costs of
production.

Donald Hornig, Vice President and Science
Adviser
Eastman Kodak Co.
343 State St.
Rochester, N. Y. 14650
The changing role of EDP technology has put increasing
pressure on EDP management to use the computer for new
applications, while management is also faced with a shortage of qualified EDP personnel. These pressures have
created an unstable situation which can be best resolved by
viewing the EDP operation within a company either as a
corporate asset which can be more fully utilized, or as a
liability which should be dispensed with. Companies that
seriously consider spinning out their EDP departments

could either turn their operations over to a facility management company, or replace it with a remo te, high-speed
batch terminal operated by an outside vendor.

- James A. Stone, Director
Computer Technology Division
Quantum Science Corp.
245 Park Ave.
New York, N. Y. 10017
Government policy with regard to technical manpower
needs top level attention. Periodically, we desperately seek
professional talent to meet urgent national needs, and then
callously dump these highly trained people out onto a
depressed job market again a few years later .. " Each time
this happens - and it has occurred several times during the
past two decades - more and more technical people
become disillusioned and leave the technical field to work
in other, non-professional jobs. And, year after year, our
national pool of engineering and science graduates grows
relatively smaller.

Arnold R. Deutsch, President
Deutsch, Shea and Evans, Inc.
49 E. 53rd St.
New York, N.Y. 10022
In a time of crisis, inaction is among the costliest of human
errors. Failure of the nations to act promptly to meet the
coming crisis in communications could easily cost the world
economy $100 billion annually over the next ten years - a
total of a trillion dollars in unrealized national development, in unfulfilled opportunities for business and trade,
and in unsatisfied social goals.

Robert W. Sarnoff, Pres. and Chrmn. of the
Board
RCA Corp.
30 Roc kefeller Plaza
New York, N. Y. 10020

COMMITTEE TO INVESTIGATE ASSASSINATIONS SEEKS HELP FROM
COMPUTER PROFESSIONALS
Bernard Fensterwald, Jr., Executive Director
. Committee to Investigate Assassinations
927 15th St. N.W.
Washington, D.C. 20005
We have noted that Computers and Automation has a
Martin Luther King Award (page 8, January, 1970 issue).
Unfortunately, our Committee' to Investigate Assassinations
is not in a position to compete for the award. However,
we are dedicated to trying to find the persons and/or
groups behind the slaying of Dr. King, as well as President
John Kennedy and Senator Robert Kennedy.
The Committee's work is premised on the following assumptions:
1) The Committee shall currently concentrate on the
Kennedy-King-Kennedy assassinations, leaving
open its options, however, on several other
mysterious deaths.
2) As to the assassination of President Kennedy, there
was a conspiracy in Dallas; and the most pressing problem at the moment is to positively
identify the several "actors" in Dealey Plaza.
3) As to the King killing, James Earl Ray appears to
be either a hired gunman or a' "patsy," all of
which means a conspiracy.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, _1970

4) As to the Robert Kennedy ki II i ng, there are footprints which point toward conspiracy; however,
these footprints appear not to be under investigation by law enforcement; hence, we sha II
investigate them.
5) As to a possible inter-connection between the three
slayings, the most that can be said at present
is that there are a number of parallels in the
cases which might indicate a common modus
operandi which normally would be subject to
official scrutiny.
6) The Committee will cooperate fully with all law
enforcement and looks forward to the day
when a proper investigation wi II be made by the
authorities.
We have made considerable progress in unravelling the
mysteries surrounding these murders. However, we have
gathered so much factual material that it is impossible for
anyone person to store it or sort it out. We are hopeful
that computers can do what we cannot.
We hope that some of your readers wi II be interested in
helping with time, money, or facilities in our attempt to
apply computer techniques to the solution of one of
America's more distressing problems.
0
13

CREATIVE INFORMATION SYSTEMS - SOME
NEW DEVELOPMENTS
Dause L. Bibby, President
Stromberg Carlson Corp.
A Subsidiary of General Dynamics
100 Carlson Rd.
Rochester, N. Y. 14603

"Back in 1960 the prediction was made that by 1980 the volume of
information communicated between machines would be even greater than
the amount communicated between people. A considerable number of
people doubted that prediction then; very few doubt it today. "

Our information systems of the future will center primarily upon computers and communications. So let us look
first at some background information concerning the telephone industry in our country. When Alexander Graham
Bell spoke the first words, "Watson, come here-" over his
new invention, I doubt that he gave any thought (nor was

any necessary) to the idea of communicating digital data,
video signals, conversion of various frequencies to other
frequencies, or the printing out of messages from a communicating device. I doubt also that he realized that he was
creating an industry which in the United States will spend
about $7 billion for new plants and equipment in 1970, and
which will spend at an annual rate of at least $30 billion by
1980.

Telephones: A Necessity

Dause L. Bibby graduated from the University of
Texas in 1932 with a B.B.A. degree. His early career
was spent with I BM Corp. Prior to joining General
Dynamics in 1964, he was a vice president and
director of Sperry Rand Corporation. Mr. Bibby is a
member of the National Advisory Council of the
Society for Advancement of Management and one of
the Society's past presidents and chairmen. He is also
a member of the Economic Club of New York, the
Academy of Pol itical Science, the National Corporations Committee of the University of Texas Development Board, and various other organizations.
14

Most of our present communications problems stem
simply from growth. Let us review a few indicators of this
growth. First of all, ever since the end of World War II, we
have had an unprecedented demand for telephones in
residential and business use. At the end of World War II, we
had 32 million telephones. Today - in this country - we
have al most 110 mi Ilion telephones, of which 83% are in
the Bell System and the remaining 17% - or over 18
million telephones - are in the independent telephone
industry. And, particularly during the last few years, we
have had an unprecedented demand for telephone service
because it has become a vital necessity to any businessman
or to any household. Households have become increasingly
mobile and affluent since World War II, thereby further
complicating meeting demands for service.
Today, people write fewer and fewer letters. This is
because the telephone is so much easier to use; I can
communicate directly and personally with the person I wish
to tal k with, I can do this more effectively, I can do it more
economically, and I can do it much faster. Since World War
II, therefore, the telephone industry has had a tremendous
problem in the increased use of si mple voice communications.

Innovations
Now in order to provide for increased voice needs and to
prepare for the data communications market, which we all
saw coming many years ago, many new innovations have
been developed in the telephone industry. Some of them
are commonplace. The pushbutton telephone - or ToneDial telephone as we call it - is not only an easier
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

instrument to use, but it is a more flexible and faster
instrument, as well as being a very important data inputoutput device. I n addition to Tone-Dial telephones we have
improved our transmission system greatly since World War
II by the addition of: microwave systems (first introduced
in 1947); satellite communications; and improved video
transmission using coaxial cable. We have introduced radiocarrier equi pment on which we can carry 24 conversations
on two pairs of wires, and we will soon be able to carry 96
conversations over the same facility. We have been upgrading service throughout the country and providing you, the
subscriber, the voice communications with, we hope, a
much better and more effective tool. Other examples of
this are Direct Dialing of long distance telephone calls
(introduced in the early 1950's); extended area service - or
EAS (which is becoming available in most U.S. communities); and what I'll call "Custom Calling Services" - call
forwarding, call transfer, abbreviated or "Speed" dialing,
and call waiting.
Technological change is not new to the telephone industry. Equ ipment and methods have undergone continued
change since the first commercial telephone was installed in
1876 - including important innovations such as the dial
telephone (first introduced in 1892).
However, custom-calling features are actually a way of
restoring to common use the few things which were
attractive about manual telephone service and which went
by the boards when dial telephony came into general use.
Some of us may remember the old Fibber McGee and Molly
radio program and Mabel the operator, who would not only
check around town to find out where Doc was or transfer
calls to another telephone for you when you were away
from home, but also fill you in on all the local gossip; in
that last regard, there really weren't many "Mabels" in the
old telephone industry.

Computers Arrive on the Communications Scene

Let's now consider the convergence of computers and
communications. In the infancy of the computer (in the
early 1950's), many of us foresaw the closing of the gap
between the computers, with their massive calculating
ability and speed, and communications, with its ability to
move and switch electrical signals around the world rapidly
and dependably.
New electronic technology avai lable to both industries
has been closing the gap rapidly. Users demand more data
and graphic communications. A host of peripheral devices
have emerged uniquely fitted to marry the computer with
communications links. This marriage, we felt, would result
from a stormy courtship, since one prospective partner was
a regulated industry and the other a freewheeling, dynamic,
primarily leasing business.
Beyond voice communications, therefore, a marriage is
now taking place between the computer industry and the
communications industry in this sense; each must provide
services which are essential to the other. The long courtship
between the two industries has not been as stormy as
expected, since there turned out to be a great deal of
"love" present: it quickly became clear that close cooperation and collaboration could generate a lot of business
from both industries working together.
The FCC

Let us now take a closer look at some of the things that
have happened to accelerate the use of data and graphic
communications. Despite the love affair between the two
industries, it looked for a whi Ie as if there were a possibi I ity
of a shotgun marriage. The father who had been carrying
the shotgun was the Federal Communications Commission;
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

the need for cooperation and collaboration has been emphasized by two significant steps that the Federal Communications Commission has taken in recent months.
First of all, the Commission initiated a broad inquiry
into the subject of the interdependence of computers and
communications equipment. This inquiry may be considered to be a research study in the new areas of communications services to determi ne wh ich of them properly fall
within the scope of regulatory bodies and which do not.
The attitude of the FCC and the initial response to this
inquiry from the communications users and potential users
suggest that data processing and telecommunications may
grow side by side and together for some ti me to come,
without undue interference. This will certainly encourage
even greater and more flexible services for data communications.
Secondly, in Texas we have, a company called Carterfone, which - I guess - by most business standards is not
very large. However, a few years ago they instituted legal
action against the tariffs of telephone companies which
prevented them from selling a device (the Carterfone
Coupler) which enabled the interconnection of a radiol
telephone system into the regular switching network provided by the telephone company. The tariffs, which prevented such interconnection of non-telephone company
provided attachment, presumably derived from the desire
of the common carriers to keep the fidelity of the voice
network at a high level and to avoid interference with the
quality of service provided to subscribers.
I n regard to the petitions of Carterfone, in 1968 the
FCC and the courts ruled in their favor. The resulting
amended tariffs of telephone companies now permit a wide
variety of customer-owned equipment to be interconnected
to telephone company I ines through protective devices
called voice and data couplers, which will insure the
integrity and fidelity of the telephone network. Obviously,
there are many points to be considered on both sides; but
this development will certainly mean a prolific growth in
the number of companies, which heretofore have not been
regarded as either pure communications compan ies or pure
computer compan ies, providing the engineering, designi ng,
and building of a whole host of whrat we have chosen to call
"data terminals".

Data Terminals

Now, a data terminal can be a Cathode Ray Tube on
which certain information is portrayed, then carried into
the telephone system and transmitted over telephone lines
to a computer. I t can also be a Cathode Ray Tube wi th an
associated hard copy printer on which a viewer may see
both what he is transmitting and receiving, and may keep a
copy of it by pressing a button. Also, we have been and will
be seeing greatly increased use of facsi mile mach ines where
my printer will make an exact copy of any material, such as
drawings or photographs, which are transmitted to me over
telephone lines from a distant location. Transmitting one
page can now be done within a 6-minute interval. A great
many developments in the future, I am sure, will bring this
down to 3-112 mi n utes for an ordi nary 8- 112 x 11 page.
Not only are we able to do this with just plain manuscripts,
but for anything which can be depicted graphically.
These termi nals will take a variety of forms and have a
variety of uses. However, there are two types of termi nals
already available from the telephone company which are
ideal input-output terminal devices. I have already mentioned the pushbutton telephone. This device becomes a
very versatile input device for any kind of data collection,
data processing, information system for data collection or
data processing. By adding an associated hard copy printer,
15

a CRT display, or si mply relying on an audio response, the
pushbutton - or Tone-Dial telephone - also becomes an
OUTPUT device.

Picture Phones
Another type of terminal is the picturephone, or Vistaphone. Already in experimental use between New York and
Pittsburgh, at the Westinghouse Company, is a system
designed to explore the possibi I ities of the Vistaphone for
visual voice communications, which I think has tremendous
psychological appeal. The system is also being applied to
the business task of transmitting documents or being able
to zoom in on a speaker and hear him not only talk to a
point, but actually show in graphic form the point to which
he is addressing himself. These Vistaphones currently are
not yet economical; they cost about $180 per station per
month as compared to the several dollars per station you
pay for your ordinary desk or wall telephone. This is
because the digital transmission network continually needs
"to be expanded to handle the wide frequency range or
broadband requirements of this system. It is only a matter
of time until the transmission network will be developed
sufficiently to make picturephones a much more economical proposition, at least initially for business.
The Vistaphone is expected to have a population of
around one million in the Bell System by the mid-1970's. If
the independent telephone industry follows its usual pattern, it will also have some 200,000 picturephones by that
time. So there will be approximately 1,200,000 of these
telephones in use by the middle of the decade - providing
what are basically data terminal devices, which will be
hooked into the conventional telephone network of the
country.
The telephone has become so commonplace, that if we
are going to call Los Angeles we expect to pick up the
telephone and receive an immediate ring-back, and we
expect to be talking to the party we've called within a
matter of a few seconds. The maze of equipment (such as
relays, switches, cables, microwave, and radio-carrier) that
such a call goes through is astounding. The Vistaphone
offers an entirely new kind of data terminal. Because it is
inherently connected to the entire telephone network in
16

this country, it can take full advantage of the versatility,
dependabil ity, and immediate response that we have sometimes taken for granted in our voice communications. These
picturephones, or graphic data terminals, will be providing
all kinds of business information, medical information,
educational information, whatever is needed - and needed
qu ick Iy and graphically. I n addition, we will have the
option of getting a hard copy of this information.

Audio Response
I n the early days of our ex peri menting with our Vistaphone, we worked on another means of expand ing the use
of the telephone. We hooked up a calculator, with an
associated audio response drum, to the telephone system in
our plant. This enabled those of us who don't like to do
arithmetic - or are lazy about it - to merely dial a math
problem into our pushbutton telephone and get a spoken
answer. Let me give you an example of this: Before I left
my office I was reviewing some figures pertaining to sales
and profits at Stromberg Carlson and wanted to convert
them into percentages. Now, mathematics is really not my
strong suit, so I turned to my telephone and, using the
push buttons on it numbered from 1 to 0, dialed up the
calculator we have connected to our telephone system. I
used the push buttons to pose the problem in numerical
terms. Almost immediately came back the answer by voice
- a feminine voice - "One, Three, Point, 0, Six". This was
"Carole the Calculator" talking. She had taken the problem, solved it, and selected the proper spoken answer from
a pre-recorded fi Ie and immediately (and quite pleasantly)
had spoken it back to me. Now Carole the Calculator could
just as well have been a computer and I could have just as
well been tapping out a question relating to the inventory
at a distant warehouse. I also cou Id have had the answer
given to me in hard copy form on a printer on my desk, or
visually on a Vistaphone.

Management Decisions
A consideration of particular interest is that business
management will more and more be able to access computers directly from communications devices located on
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

their own desks, and to gain real-time information upon
which to base decisions.
While data processing personnel today account for about
85% of the usage of the computer, by the mid-1970's it is
esti mated that more than one-half of the usage wi II be by
the non-specialist - the manager himself. Data terminals,
many of them in the form of pushbutton telephones, will
be on the desks of most managers; they wi II be able to
obtain up-to-the-second inventory, billing, sales, and other
management information from a computer to make decisions or to answer customer inquiries.

Time Sharing

Another way data termi nals wi II come into use is
through the rapidly increasing use of time-shared computers. Through the means of mUltiple input-output channels sharing the computer, which can be tied into the public
telephone network by devices known as data modems, a
number of users can simultaneously access and share a
computer's full capability through their own terminals. This
concept has become known as computer time-sharing. It
vastly reduces the computer's cost per customer. The
advent of time-sharing and its marriage with the communications system are leadi ng us to the ti me when every
business and every responsi ble household wi II have access to
a computer through communications facilities, and will be
able to compute taxes, do school or business problems, or
simply retrieve general information by accessing and checking a computer data bank.
There are now over 100 companies - and perhaps as
many as 150 - offering computer time-sharing services. It
has been estimated that time-sharing will account for 5% of
all data processing expenditures in 1970, and for nearly
50% by 1980, when the number of terminals in use is likely
to reach three million, not including pushbutton telephones. This number compares to fewer than 100,000
terminals today and wi II call for an average ann ual growth
of 30% in this market.
Communications costs are of primary concern to a
time-sharing vendor. It is possible to reach a point where
the communications charges would exceed the computer
charges. However, new technology is providing a 12 to 1
increase in the performance versus cost ratio. Thus the idea
of a communications/computer utility has become more
attractive, although there are many questions still to be
resolved in regard to this concept.
Time-sharing permits almost any business in the world to
take advantage of, for at least certain of its requ irements, a
large computer which may be housed hundreds of mi les
away. Since only the time used has to be paid for, it
provides an economical base from which to expand the use
of computers and the use of communications. Here again
we must have a terminal in order to access and receive
information from the computer.
Applications

For example, I'm a production control clerk; I want to
know instantly the status of a certain part - how many are
on order, how many have been processed through the shop,
what my inventory position is, and so forth. Currently I
have to pick up the telephone to get these answers and I'm
subject to mak ing errors in writing them out. But the data
termi nal approach means that I merely push a few keys on
my pushbutton telephone and I have displayed in front of
me all the information I want.
We have a lot of these kinds of terminals in use already;
the airline reservation systems, for example. Many of us call
frequently for reservations. Often we hear a recorded voice
on the telephone which says something that sounds like
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

this: "All our telephone trunks are busy. Your call is being
monitored and you will be placed with the first available
operator" The placement of that call is handled by a
communications gadget called an Automatic Call Distribution System. It is, in effect, a small computer which
distributes the calls by automatically routing them to the
first available operator while equally distributing the operator workload. Someti mes the operator also has a CRT
terminal by which she displays all the fl ights you are
inquiring about, and ascertains through the computer
whether any space is avai lable for you. Automatic Call
Distribution Systems are becoming of increasing value not
only to airlines, but to newspapers and other industries
having a large number of incoming telephone calls from the
publ ic concern ing a service.
At a public utility which I visited not long ago, I saw a
roomful of 100 people, each of whom had connections to
the Automatic Call Distribution System through their
telephone set and a CRT display terminal which was linked
to the computer. This particular utility got about
1,200,000 telephone calls a year; some of them complaining or inquiring about bills, some of them requesting a
change in service. While the customer was talking to an
operator she was keying in the customer number. She was
able to do this whether the customer gave her the number
or not. She could do it from an address or she could do it
through a name; and she could do it instantaneously and
have in front of her all of the information which allows her
to immediately answer the customer's inquiry or request.
Prior to the installation of that system, a clerk had to go to
a file, have the customer wait on the telephone, search
through, and try to find the necessary documents and
records.

Meter Reading via Telephone

There is still another way of linking the computer with
the communications network. For some years several compan ies have been developing automatic remote meter reading equipment which would interrogate your electric, gas or
water meter by way of your telephone line and obtain a
reading for billing purposes. Hopefully, this wou Id be done
between mi dnight and 6 a.m. when the telephone traffic is
pretty light. You won't be bothered by such telephone calls
because you won't even know your meter is being interrogated; your telephone won't actually ring.
The idea here, of course, is to eliminate what the utilities
call skips or lockouts; a failure to get a meter reading. Some
such failures are caused by the growing reluctance of people
to let strangers into their homes. I n cases where both the
man and wife work, the meter inside the home is inaccessible to the meter reader during working hours. And, of
course, we have a number of metropolitan - or "inner
city" - problems which subject the meter reader himself to
certain dangers. All of these factors are leading to what may
very well become another, and quite extensive, information
gathering system. The technology to accompl ish remote
meter reading over telephone I ines is avai lable; the current
problem is one of economics.
New Regulated Utilities

What kinds of information systems wi II emerge in the
future largely depends on the ingenuity of business management systems engineers and other technical special ists.
Some people are predicting that because of the tremendous
needs of business for data and graphic communications over
and above ever-increasing voice communication requirement, we may see new regulated utilities appearing on the
scene. One might easily visualize a data communication
17

utility which does not carry any voice, but supplements the
main common carrier; i.e., a voice common carrier with a
data communications capability.
Just recently the FCC authorized a dedicated microwave
link between Chicago and St. Louis serving 9 intermediate
points which could be used for this purpose. Other people
are contemplating ventures of this kind, and it is not
inconceivable that this kind of utility might arise - and
soon. It is probably also not inconceivable that another
kind of utility, a consumer's utility, might arise which, for
example, would read household meters or offer computer
time sharing to the average household.

Cable Television
The concept of CATV is also becoming quite popular
throughout the country. I n its earl ier years, which go back
only to about 1950, this industry was known as the
Community Antenna Television Industry. This is the way
the system works. A large master antenna is built and
television signals difficult or impossible to reach with home
antennas are picked off the air, electronically amplified or
strengthened, and sent over special cable faci I ities to the
home of each subscriber. The nature of the electronics of
such a system also greatly increased the quality of pictures
obtained from channels normally picked up by home
television receivers off of home antennas. Coaxial cable is
used to wire a community antenna into the home. It has an
extremely wide bandwidth permitting the transmission of
complex television signals which cannot be sent over the
types of cable most commonly used to carry telephone
conversations. For obvious reasons, this industry, only a
couple of years ago, changed its name to Cable Television.
Today there are about 2,300 operating Cable Television
systems serving more than three and one-half million
homes. The coaxial cable used by these compan ies offer a
broad band communications entrance into homes which
offer great potential for non-broadcast video services. Whi Ie
there has been little such use of CATV cables, the unused
frequencies below and between television channels could be
readily applied to other services.
For example, at least 4,000 and as many as 25,000
telephone conversations could be carried over the unused
frequencies in a single CATV cable. This pipeline will
probably some day carry signals over a spare TV channel
which will print the morning newspaper on an inexpensive
printer which someone has yet to invent. A spare channel
could also be used to display items in a catalog in response
to a request from a pushbutton telephone. The consumer
could then order the desired merchandise, after seeing it, by
tapping out the order on the telephone.
Thus the design of creative information systems includes
the possible use of wide band transmission capabilities of
coaxial cables. The concept encompasses not only Cable
Television, but opens increased applications for pushbutton
dialing, Vistaphone, and facsimile transmission, computer
ti me sharing and a host of related possibilities which are
almost endless. The picturephone could permit people to
do a lot of the same things in their homes that CATV could
make possible.

The "Cashless, Checkless" Society
As the links between the computer industry and the
communications industry become stronger and more
permanently established both technically and economically,
many changes will take place in our personal I ives. Obviously I'm going to do a lot of my shopping by telephone;
I'm not going to carry much money around with me; and
I'm going to let my telephone computer system debit or
credit my bank balance. We will be moving toward the
18

"cashless, checkless" society, which I think will emerge
much sooner than any of us thought before. The computer/communications implications of this are fantastic.

Looking Ahead
Obviously, with available computer/communications
technology and with the existing rules and regulations of
the FCC and whatever comes from the various FCC studies,
we have the means to tie together the two most vital forces
in industry. The first is the computer which, I think, is one
of the greatest inventions that ever occurred; the second is
communications, which can allow the computer and its
massive calculating capability to be used for such a wide
variety of purposes that we could spend several weeks here
discussing the various possible uses. Needless to say those of
us in the communications business are tremendously
excited about the emergence of data and graphic communications, although we are by no means finished with making
constant improvements in voice communications.
I think it is fair to say that the data industry and the
communications industry are, and always have been,
natural partners. Today, rapidly improving technology
allows any information which can be transformed into
electrical signals to be transmitted over the telecommunications network in practically any form and at any useful
speed, whether it is man to man, man to machine, or
machine to machine. Information can now be moved at the
rate of more than one and one-half millions of words per
minute. It would take about 20 seconds to transmit the
novel, Gone With The Wind, and the Bible would take a
little longer, about half a minute.
Back in 1960 the prediction was made that by 19S0 the
volume of information communicated between machines
would be even greater than the amount communicated
between people. A considerable number of people doubted
that prediction then; very few doubt it today. The growth
of data communications in the 1970's may well be simi lar
to the growth of the computer in the 1950's.
Simple input-output devices will enhance the usefulness
of the computer. The pushbutton telephone is now being
used as a data terminal by well over 150 organizations. The
data phone sets, which allow direct communication over
telephone lines between high-speed business machines, have
been available for several years, and there are now some
100,000 sets in service.
New and inexpensive data access arrangements recently
made available are making it possible to link more and more
devices, whether owned by telephone companies or private
businesses, to the nation's telecommunications network further expanding the usefulness of both. Picturephone
service adds another dimension to this network.
The next decade also gives promise of a true communications center in the home. Through what we think will be
simple and inexpensive devices, the home - like business will have available to it such communications services as
facsimile, access to time sharing computers, Vistaphone,
and expanded entertainment through Cable TV. Remote
Meter Reading over telephone lines will probably also
become a widespread reality by the mid-1970's.
All of these uses, present and potential, are both the
challenge and the opportunity of the communications and
the computer industries. The question is not what can be
done to advance voice and data communications in the
1970's, it is a question of what can be done at an
economical cost - the market itself will make the choices.
Advancing technology, the expanding market for information, and the growing economy all point to a challenging
decade ahead with the advent of creative information
~~~.

0
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

THE COMPUTATION AND THEORY OF OPTIMAL CONTROL
by PETER DYER,
Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., Nr. Reading, Berics, England
and S. R. McREYNOLDS, Jet Propulsion Laboratories,
California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California
The book develops numerical algorithms for the computation of solutions
to practical problems. It discusses the subject matter in order of increasing
complexity, moving from the fundamental concepts of parameter optimization to a discussion of the optimization of multistage systems and concluding
with a treatment of continuous optimal control problems. Special chapters
are devoted to problems with discontinuities and to two-point boundary
value problems. Practical examples are used to illustrate the different techniques, and problems are included at the end of each chapter. May, 1970,
242 pp., $13.50.

THEORY OF HIERARCHICAL, MULTILEVEL, SYSTEMS
by M. D. MESAROVIC, D. MACKO, Y. TAKAHARA, all a t the Systems
Research Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
This book, which is divided into two parts, presents the theory of large
scale systems. Part 1 discusses various hierarchical systems from several
fields and shows that the description of these systems can be given in
terms of three basic underlying concepts: levels of abstraction, levels of
complexity of decision making, and levels of priority in a multi-unit decision
system. Part 2 consists of the development of a mathematical theory of
coordination. Coordination strategies are developed on the basis of what
is referred to as coordination principles and a detailed theory of coordination is constructed for the systems described in abstract as well as in
more specific mathematical frameworks. April, 1970, 289 pp., $15.00.

FINITE STATE MARKOVIAN DECISION PROCESSES
by CYRUS DERMAN, Division of Mathematical Methods of Engineering
and Operations Research, Department of Civil Engineering and Engineering
Mechanics, Columbia University, New York, N. Y.
This book offers a rigorous and systematic treatment of the optimal control of certain types of dynamic systems; e.g., inventory and replacement
systems. A system is observed periodically and, after each observati01~., it
is classified into one of a number of states, and one of a possible number of
actions is taken. The sequence of actions interacts with the chance environment to effect the evolution of the system. Given certain costs of being in
a state and taking an action, economic criteria can be used to compare
policies for prescribing actions. Although primarily intended for operations
researchers, statisticians and mathematicians, this book can serve as a text
for basic elements of dynamic programming, as well as for Markovian
decision material. May, 1970, 159 pp., $10.00.

RECURSIVENESS
by SAMUEL ElLENBERG
Department of Mathematics, Columbia University, New York, N. Y.
and CALVIN C. ELGOT
IBM Thomas J. Watson Research Center, Yorktown Heights, New York
This dual-authored monograph provides an algebraic development of elementary aspects of the theory of recursive functions. This algebraic approach will contribute greatly to the long range goal of developing a theory
for digital computer programs using recursive functions. Readers familiar
with finite automata theory or mathematical linguistics will note that operations utilized in this monograph also play a central role in those studies.
July, 1970, about 100 pp., $6.50.

ACADEMIC PRESS

(DNEw YORK AND LONDON
~ 111 FIFTH AVENUE, NEW YORK, N. Y. 10003

Designate No. 16 on Reader Service Card

HOW CAN MACHINES DO
WHAT THEIR MAKERS CAN'T?
Dr. Zenon W. Pylyshyn
Dept. of Psychology and Computer Science
University of Western Ontario
London, Canada

I t is a fact of history that al most always each major new
development in technology is treated at first as being a
more convenient variant of some already existing device.
Thus computers were - and to a large extent are even now
- used to speed up and make more convenient the work of
calculating, filing, and printing results. But it has rapidly
become obvious that computers are inherently much more
than glorified files or desk calculators. Their tremendous
power and potential rests on the fact that they enable man
to do different kinds of things - things which he would not
and, what is even more significant. could not do before. In
what follows we shall briefly consider this statement. wh ich
is in need of clarification, because it harbors some apparent
paradoxes. Let us proceed by inquiring: What kinds of tasks
can now be done that could not have been done without
computers?
No one can fully answer this question. Although only
slightly more than two decades old, the computer is just
emerging from being used only as a very fast clerk. It is also
being used for work that could be done by people, but that
very often would not have been done, because, without the
labor-saving aid of a computer, this work would have been
too costly or would not have appeared worth the effort.
For example, every decision involves some effort to obtain
relevant information, search out possible alternatives, weigh
all the relevant factors, etc. - factors which make up what
may be called a human decision cost. The validity of a
decision can usually be improved simply by investing more
effort in the process - by getting more and better data and
generally by considering more factors in more ways. I Thus
usually human decision cost works against rational decisions, and causes the use of simple rules of thumb or
traditional criteria. By decreasing the human decision cost
and mak ing more information available, computers can
make a big difference to decision-making, even though the
actual making of decisions is not a new development. 2
However, in many areas the power of a computer can be
harnessed to do things which a human could not do under
any circumstances. The paradox, then, is this: Since a
computer does exactly what the user programs it to do,
how then can it do things a human cannot do? I n essence
Dr. Pylyshyn is currently a visiting fellow at the Institute
for Mathematical Studies in the Social Sciences at Stanford
University. This article is taken in part from his book,
Perspectives un the Computer Revolutiun, ©1970 and reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood
Cliffs, N.J.

22

the answer lies in the fact that certain human skills and
certain machine skills are not interchangeable. Although
10,000 horses may have the same power as the engines on
an airplane, there is no way to interchange this power 'so
that the 10,000 horses can be used to fly the airplane! We
shall, in what follows, examine a number of factors which
help to account for the apparent paradox of why a machine
can do a job which a person could never do.

Value of Information Over Time
The first factor which we will consider is that the varue
of information in many cases drops sharply with the
passage of time, even though the information itself remains
constant. Man is a planning animal, and making plans
implies predicting outcomes from present conditions. To
predict we must have information about (1) the conditions
now, and (2) the lawful relations among these conditions i.e., what events followed si mi lar conditions in the past. For
example, to predict market changes we must know whClt
products and services the public wants and what the trend
is. From other records we find out whether this trend is
likely to be a continuing one or a passing fad.
Obtaining the required information and maki ng a prediction take time. The longer they take, the more out of date
is the information on which the prediction is based and the
less likely is the prediction to be correct. In the limit, as the
processing time becomes large enough in relation to the
market fl uctuation, we may find ourselves predi cting present conditions!
This problem is serious. For example, the 1950 United
States census (done with punched-card equ ipment) took
about two years to produce (by which time the population
cou Id have increased by 10 per cent). Good forecasts of the
weather depend on large amounts of up-to-date information
on conditions. To process this data takes time. The more
factors one takes into account, the more time it takes to
gather and process this information, and the more out-ofdate is the forecast based on this information. Thus, for a
given processing speed, there is a practical limit to the
number of factors that one can take into account iri a
forecast. Consequently the accuracy of prediction depends
strongly on processing speed.

Delay Can Be Disastrous
The problem is especially serious when a feedback loop
is to be closed for the purpose of controll ing some process.
Any delay in the availabil ity of information may be
disastrous to the control. To illustrate this problem, we use
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

"Although 10,000 horses may have the same power as the engines on an
airplane, there is no way to interchange this power so that the 10,000 horses
can be used to fly the airplane! In the same way, certain human skills and
certain machine skills are not interchangeable. "

the thermostat as an example. I f the temperature setting on
the thermostat is, for example, 72 degrees, and the room
temperature is 68 degrees, the thermostat causes the furnace to start. As the house warms up, the temperature at
the thermostat eventually reaches 72 degrees and causes the
furnace to shut off. However, because of the heat stored in
the furnace, vents, and parts of the room nearest the
radiators, the temperature does not immediately start to
drop but continues to rise a little, then levels off, and
drops. Again, as the temperature drops below 72 degrees,
the furnace is turned on, but the temperature continues to
drop somewhat until the heating system has had a chance
to warm up. The temperature then starts to rise, and the
~furnace turned:Y

76
72
IJ)

x

a

x

68 a-furnace turned

a

x

time

ani

Normal
(no delay)

for a period before the furnace is shut off. Similarly, it
continues to drop for a longer period after the temperature
has dropped to 72 degrees before the furnace is again
turned on. If the delay is small, the only consequence is
that the temperature in the room varies over a wider range
from minimum to maximum than it would if there were no
delay. If, however, the delay becomes long and, as often
happens, other factors come into play which cause the
delay ti me itself to vary, the range from mi n imu m to
maximum becomes increasingly larger as time goes on. In
the terminology of control engineering, the delay results in
the feedback from environment to controller (furnace)
becoming noncorrective or positive, causing the system to
become unstable or perhaps self-destructive.
It may be difficult to see how such a delay may be
brought about by limitations in data-processing speed in the
case of a thermostat, but the problem becomes more
realistic in the case of the marketing problems of a large

aJ
aJ

0,

aJ
"0

76

e

72

~

68

.2

Q)

With Small
Delay

a.
E
aJ

I-

76

With Lorge
Variable Delay
( unstable)

72
68

Figure 1

whole cycle repeats as illustrated in Fig. 1. As long as the
capacity of the furnace and the outside temperature are
within limits, this system maintains the room temperature
within several degrees of that set on the thermostat.
Now we introduce a delay between the time the temperature reaches 72 degrees and the time the thermostat reacts
and starts or stops the furnace. This delay ti me is analogous
to a processing time that results in a delay between the time
at which something occurs and the time when the decision
is made to take corrective action. The absolute time of this
delay is not so important as is the size of the delay in
relation to the speed at which the system is changing - i.e.,
a second is a small delay if the temperature is changing at
the rate of 1 degree per minute but is a long delay if the
temperature is changing 10 degrees per second.
The result of the delay is that after the temperature has
risen to 72 degrees, it continues to rise with the furnace on
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

- - Flow of

Information,~Flow

of Goods,---Flow of Prediction

Figure 2
firm. For example, as illustrated in Fig. 2, delays between
market demand and response by a manufacturer may be
substantial. An increase in market demand for a product
leads - after a time - to an increase in the number of
unfilled orders on hand. After some time this increased
demand leads to a drop in inventory. Again after some
delay the drop in inventory becomes large enough so that
the rate of manufacture of the product is increased. This
increase, however, occurs a considerable time after the
market demand begins to increase. The increase in manufactured goods eventually builds up the inventory and outstanding orders begin to be filled. If the original rush of
orders was large, resulting in a large inventory drop, then
the rate of production might have been drastically increased. But because of the delays in the entire chain, if the
market demand fluctuates rapidly enough, it is not inconceivable that by the time the goods make their way into the
market in sufficient quantity to satiate demand, the rate of
manufacture is high and increasing when demand is dropping. This is exactly the condition of positive feedback that
23

we obtained in the case of the thermostat with large delay.3
To get around this situation, market pred ictions are
made in an effort to cut down on some of the delay, and
the system is designed to tolerate laxities (warehouses may
be larger than required for the anticipated need or fill ing
orders may be delayed). If the system were not able to
tolerate these inaccuracies, the industry could not function.
I n particular, if the fluctuations were rapid in comparison
with the ti me required to collect and process market data
for a sufficiently accurate prediction, this kind of process
could not take place. Just such control situations are
present in current highly sophisticated control processes.
Control of chemical processes. Temperature, pressure,
concentration of various chemicals, and the second-bysecond changes in these quantities must be processed very
rapidly to predict their values in the next instant and to
make their control possible in a rapidly changing chemical
reaction.
Guidance of missiles. The position, velocity, acceleration, direction, pitch, yaw, etc., of a missile must be
processed very rapidly by computer to predict these values
in the very next instant, so that corrective action can be
taken to keep the missile on its intended course. Since no
amount of human effort could be successfully harnessed to
do this task fast enough for the result to be of any use for
corrective action, tasks such as missile control could not be
accomplished without computer intervention.

Addition of Human Effort

Part of the reason why human effort could not take the
place of the computer in applications such as the control of
missiles is that human effort is not additive. That is, a job
requiring a proc-::!ssing effort of one hundred hours by one
man cannot be accomplished by one hundred men in one
hour or by 6,000 men in one minute. The trade-off of
numbers and time is severely limited by the rapid increase
in the amount and the complexity of communication and
in the coordination required for the increased number of
people involved. It may, for example, take fifty people ten
hours to do the one hundred-hour job that could be done
by one man in one hundred hours. In fact, if C. N.
Park inson is correct,4 as more people are added to the task
force, the contribution of each toward the main task
becomes rapidly minimal compared with the effort expended toward coordinating others and servicing the organizational wheels. There is thus a very real limit on how rapidly
an indefinitely large number of people can perform a given
task.
Human Data Processing

Man is severely limited in a number of data-processing
functions. He can attend to a very limited number of things
at one time. For this reason a person deals with informationally rich qualities, such as concepts, impressions, and
symbols. s This mode of processing is highly adaptive in
dealing with the natural world, with interpersonal relations,
and with highly organized and relatively stable phenomena.
It is, on the other hand, not well suited to dealing with
large masses of relatively independent and rapidly changing
variables such as are generated by modern technology.
The Power of Selection

A human can process a great deal of information if it is
highly redundant and highly patterned - i.e., if most of the
information is not relevant to the task and if the information is organized in such a way that it can be summarized in
a simple way by a concept, a symbol, a mental image, or
words. For example; as I look around the room my senses
24

are exposed to a vast amount of information. If someone
were to ask me later about the room, I would be able to tell
him a great deal because the things I perceive are organized
in a way relevant to the kinds of questions another person
may ask. However, I would not be able to report most of
the things which my senses had received - whether the
windows were dirty, whether there was a sound in the
hallway while I wrote the last sentence, how many coughs I
heard from the next room, etc., all of which had entered
my senses. The fact that I notice and may remember all
things that are likely to be important is a tribute to the
great power of selection with which the human brain is
endowed.
Another example of this power of selection is that
although the rate of transmission of information through a
television channel is many thousands of times larger than
the rate at which a person can receive it through his senses
and process it, a person can easi Iy detect rather small
imperfections in the picture - particularly if they involve
distortions of familiar objects. Because most of the content
of the picture is predictable from preceding moments, the
person pays attention only to the important changes - for
example, the movement of performers.
I n an industrial control situation, on the other hand,
there may be only twenty dials which may change every
second. This is relatively little information compared to
what is displayed on a television screen, but if all of it is at
all ti mes relevant to the control of the process, the
controlling cannot be done by a human. A human can
perform especially well, however, when the number of
dials, sound signals, movements, etc., is even larger but
when action is required only when some unusual pattern of
these signals occurs - such as is the case in piloting an
airplane or monitoring a defense radar system. Human
perception is more hypothesis-testing than direct information intake. 6
I n addition to being able to attend to only a few things
at one time, a human is most fallible when engaged in
simple repetitive tasks wherein he is subject to distractions,
boredom, and lapses of attention. The machine, on the
other hand, is best under these conditions. As the volume of
information which must be processed in our increasingly
complex society increases, the amount of human error goes
up rapidly. To counteract this error, we institute elaborate
systems of checks and balances which result in increasing
duplication of effort. This increase in red tape produces the
same problems of communication and coordination that we
encountered when we tried to trade off more people for
less processing time in a previous example. Thus the
operation of such mammoth clerical enterprises as the civil
service, insurance companies, stock exchanges and brokerage houses, banking institutions, and ai rlines, would not be
possible today without computers.

Psychological Availability of Information

Even when a person knows all the facts about a problem,
he cannot immediately see all the consequences of those
facts. This statement, taken by itself, seems so obvious and
trivial that it is not worth uttering. However, neglect of this
fact explains in part why we find it difficult to see how a
machine can produce a result which may be surprising to
the person who programmed it - and why a machine is not
often thought of as an intellectual partner in creative work.
Lady Lovelace was the first person to make a point which
has been repeated frequently in recent years. She stated in
her Scientific Memoirs that "the Analytic Engine has no
pretentions to originate anything. It can do whatever we
know how to order it to perform." Although the latter
statement is indubitably true, for several good reasons it is
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

misleading to conclude that because in a sense the machine
is the slave of the programmer, it cannot serve him in a
creative capacity.
One reason has already been alluded to above. Suppose,
for example, that we have done a study of the driving
patterns of people in a city. We know how fast they go on
the average, what proportion go in various directions on
each street at certain times of the day and toward various
destinations. Suppose further that we know the maximum
volume that each street can handle and the consequences of
exceeding this limit. Even though we have all these facts, it
is by no means obvious to us what would happen if certain
conditions were changed. What would happen, for example,
if one street were made wider, another were converted to a
one-way street, and an expressway were added in another
part of the city. Each of these changes would have an effect
ultimately on the traffic on every other street. Furthermore, this effect is completely determined by or is predictable from the data we have. Getting the data out is another
matter, however.
This kind of problem is commonly approached by
representing the cars and driving patterns in a model inside
the computer. We write a program to simulate the flow of
traffic, subject to the various constraints of the problem
(location, direction, number, and capacity of the streets).
We can then experi ment by changing the constraints and
observing what happens to the flow of traffic. If such a
simulation were developed in sufficient detail, it would
even be possible to simulate an individual automobile
traveling a given route through the city and to determine
the average time and the best route under various conditions. In fact something very similar is being done by
American Airlines to determine the optimum routing of
aircraft between distant cities, taking into account air
temperature, wind directions, ve.locity, and altitude. The
technique of simulating in a computer the operation of
complex processes - such as chemical processes, production schedules, military operations, communications networks, social interactions, and even psychological processes
- is an important intellectual application of computers.? It
enables known facts to be put together so that the consequences of these facts are made available in a way which
would otherwise be impossible or very tedious.
The computer can have a role in the creative or intellectual area in another way. This process also relies on making
known facts more available to people by combining some
of the special abilities of the computer with special human
talents in a creative partnership. Here the computer serves
as an extension to many of man's abilities to process
information, such as his abilities to visualize, remember,
draw, search (or scan) a text, solve problems, and learn. An
example of this application is the use of computers to
manipulate graphical displays. Systems such as SKETCHPAD (MIT) or DAC (Ford) are being used in a variety of
applications to help engineers design automobile bodies,
airplane fuselages, space vehicles, bridges, and electrical
circuits. The tasks of visualizing the three-dimensional
object from all angles and of making sure design changes do
not affect functional requirements have been taken over by
the computer; the engineer-designer is thus free to exercise
his creativity .in the central task of imaginative design.
Reliance on the computer to render information more
available is also the purpose of a variety of information-retrieval applications, including the retrieval of information in
science to avoid duplication of research, in law to establish
precedents, in medicine to find relevant case studies and to
facilitate diagnosis, and in literature to study style. Of
these, only two are at present widely available as commercial services - the scientific and the leg,91 data retrieval
systems.
We should add to our list yet one more reason why a
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

computer may produce a result surprising even to its
programmer. A computer can be made to respond not only
to its original program but also to changes in its environment. In this case we have a program which "Iearns" as it
proceeds. Programs have in fact been written wh ich do this.
A. L. Samuel's checker-playing program improves its strategy the more it plays. It can in fact play another checkerplaying computer to increase its skill. Such a program not
only produces results not anticipated by its designer but
may in fact excel him if given a good learning environment.

D

References
1. Herbert Simon has developed a model of human decision-making
in which the process is characterized by satisfying, or searching
for the first satisfactory solution, rather than by optimizing,
which is the more rational search for the optimal or best
solution. For a discussion of this, see Simon, H., "Rationality
and Administrative Decision Making," in H. Simon, Models of
Man, ed. H. Simon. New York: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1957;
and March, J. G., and H. Simon, Organizations. New York: John
Wiley & Sons, Inc., 1958.
2. The concept of a human decision cost associated with the effort
of reaching a decision is an important notion in theories of
decision-mak ing. It must be taken into account in any weighting
of the utility of various alternatives. This concept has been
discussed by various people. See, for example, Deutsch, K., The
Nerves of Government. New York: The Free Press, 1963.
3. This uncontrolled oscillation can, in fact, occur in business and
has been extensively investigated using a technique (developed
by J. Forrester) known as industrial dynamics. This pursuit
makes extensive use of computer simulation models. It is
described in Forrester, J., Industrial Dynamics. Cambridge,
Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1961.
4. See Parkinson, C. N., Parkinson's Law and Other Studies in
Administration. Cambridge, Mass.: The Riverside Press.
5. This fact has been amply demonstrated in the psychological
literature. The number of independent items to which a person
can simultaneously attend appears to be on the order of seven.
The limitation is, for example, reflected in the number of
judgment categories a person can consistently continue to apply
to some easily discriminable property such as tone, loudness, or
size. This limitation was brought to the attention of many people
through the now classic paper by psychologist George Mi IIer,
"The Magical Number Seven, Plus or Minus Two: Some Limits
on Our Capacity for Processing I nformation," Psychological
Review, 63 (1956), 81-97.
In order to get around this limit on the number of items a person
can attend to or recall, people adopt the device of encoding a
great deal of information into fewer items. These items - or
chunks as Miller calls them - are now informationally richer
because they are drawn from a set of which there are more
members. These issues are cogently discussed in Miller, G. A.,
"Human Memory and the Storage of Information," Institute of
Radio Engineers Transactions on Information Theory, IT-2
(1956), 129-37. Miller, G. A., "A Note on the Remarkable
Memory of Man," Institute of Radio Engineers Transactions on
Electronic Computers, EC-6 (1957), 194-95.
6. This is one theory of perception. It is well articulated in Bruner,
J. S., "On Perceptual Readiness," Psychological Review, 64
(1957), 123-52.
7. Computer simulation is an extremely important tool in science
and in engineering design. See discussions in Orcutt, G. H.i
"Simulation of Economic Systems," American Economic Review, 50 (1960), 893-907; and Naylor, T. H., J. L. Bolintfy,
D. C. Burdick, and C. Kong, Computer Simulation Techniques.
New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1966.
An interesting application of simulation to the understanding of
voting behavior is described in Pool, Ithiel de Sola, R. P.
Abelson, and S. L. Popkin, Candidates, Issues, and Strategies.' A

Computer Simulation of the 1960 and 1964 Presidential Elections. Cambridge, Mass.: M.I.T. Press, 1964.

25

MAPPING OF JERUSAL'EM BY C10MPUTEiR
Dr. Arie Shahar
Dept. of Geography
Hebrew University of Jerusalem
Jerusalem, Israel

The subject of Computer Graphics (CG), i.e., the use of
the computer and its peripheral equipment for preparing
graphs and maps, is well-known in many fields, including
various stages of industrial producti on, space research,
spatial analysis, etc. This field is mainly developed in design
departments of aeronautics companies and firms which
produce motor vehicles. 1 Its application in management,
industrial, and scientific fields is very wide. In recent years,
there has been a trend to exploit CG systems in land use,
transportation studies, urban planning, surveys for urban
renewal, etc. 2

CG Systems in the Urban Field
The use of CG systems in the urban field is becoming
more and more vital for several reasons: (1) the amount of
data collected in transportation and urban surveys is vast;
and (2) urban data banks enable a systematic approach to
3
the collection of urban and transportation information.
The Bureau of the Census devotes attention to data on
small area units, and this information forms an important
addition to our knowledge of the population and land uses
in cities. 4
All .categories of urban and transportation data have a
common denominator of geographical dimension; i.e., every
feature in a city has an address. The usual system of
processing data by statistical tables misses the mark because
of its difficulties in relating the statistical information to
spatial dimensions. CG systems provide help in the presentation of various urban features in their spatial framework.
Techniques of quantitative analysis of different planning
alternatives are being used in urban research and plpnning
more and more. These techniques are based on the development of urban and transportation models. From a survey of
C.G. Hemmence,s it appears that most of the large metropolitan authorities in the United States use computers in
planning for the following purposes:
a. Allocation Models, which distribute established
regional totals of employment or land use.
b. Policy I mpact Models, which measure the effect of
changes in some public facility system on the
pattern of land use development.
c. Activity Estimation Models, which measure the
amount and location of.an activity resulting from
a given land-use of population distribution.
The results of these various urban and transportation
models have a spatial base and require expression in
mapping. Consequently in this field too, CG systems can be
26

of great assistance.
I n short, it may be said that the use of the computer for
mapping purposes in urban problems centers around two
stages of the planning process: the collection and processing
of urban data, e.g.: population, land use, vehicle ownership,
travelling habits, etc.; and the preparation and evaluation of
various planning alternatives.

The Urban Atlas
Application of the use of CG in the first field by the
preparation of an urban atlas of Jerusalem wi II be described
in this article. The Jerusalem urban atlas is not the first of
its kind; it was preceded by the urban atlases of Paris and
London, which were prepared by conventional methods
and will therefore not be discussed here. I n the United
States, an atlas of 20 American cities 6 has been published
with the aid of a computer and served as a breakthrough in
the field of using the computer for mapping purposes. The
Jerusalem urban map has drawn much from the experience
reported in the atlas of 20 American cities.
An urban atlas is a cartographic expression of a large
amount of urban data, which come from a wide range of
sources with variation of detail and reliability. These
sources may be the Bureau of the Census, various municipal
departments, insurance companies, school boards, etc.
Some of the information is not to be found in any of the
existing administrative frameworks, and detailed field surveys have to be carried out to collect the data. In order to
exploit information from so many varied sources, a data
bank is essential.
The Hebrew University has been engaged in recent years
in establishing such a data bank, which assembles all
existing records, for Jerusalem. I nformation that cannot be
gathered from administrative sources, such as types of
buildings, the physical condition of buildings in the city,
the number of employees in each establishment, etc., has
been collected by field surveys. Transportation data was
gathered by the Jerusalem Transportation Master Plan
Team. The main problem in matching the data and processing it cartographically is finding a single geographical basis
for the information. Some of the data is listed by street
name and house numbers; other facts are registered by
blocks and parcels; another section, by census tracts or
transportation zones. The only way to overcome this
inconsistency in geographic coding is by the use of coordinates, i.e., the marking of geographic coordinates on the
national grid of every building in the city, and the creation
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

"The use of the computer for mapping purposes in urban problems centers
around two stages of the planning process: the collection and processing of
urban data, and the preparation and evaluation of various planning alternatives. "
of a geographic base file, which enables preparation of
various maps for various geographic units in accordance
with each map's specific subject.

the basis of grid cells of 100 x 100 meters; the population
data were processed on the basis of city blocks and census
tracts; and commercial uses and transportation data were
processed along streets.

The Geographic Base File

The first successful experi ment in this field was carried
out in the Census Use Study of New Haven, Conn.,7 and
the system developed there today serves as a basis for the
development of similar files in the metropolitan areas of the
United States. This system is at present applied to the
Urban Data Bank of Jerusalem. The geographic base file is
the data repository containing all the area information
which the urban researcher or the planner will manipulate
or display. This file is a computerized equivalent of the city
map. I n the geographic base file all the location characteristics of the streets are preserved, including their direction,
the blocks along them, the addresses which lie on either
side of them. The definition of the streets and place names
must be consistent; so the file must be manipulated without
error.
The use of the geographic base file enables the urban
researcher to prepare statistical tables or maps on the basis
of various geographic units, according to the specific aims
of each research.
I n Jerusalem, various units were chosen for the different
subjects of the atlas. The land use maps were prepared on

Use of the Printer

During the consideration of the appropriate system for
preparing the maps in the atlas, the different possibilities
were examined from the point of view of the peripheral
equipment and the software computer program. The Hebrew University has a CDC 6400 computer; and it had to
decide between the alternatives of using the printer (CDC
501), or the plotter (CALCOMP 565).
The use of the printer enables the printing of a numerical value in a square or another geographical unit. I n a more
advanced form, dots can be printed in various densities or
even in patterns of different intensity of black. The advantages of the use of the pri nter are: the speed of preparation;
the relatively cheap price of the map; and the possibil ity of
printing a large number of copies. On the other hand, its
disadvantages are: the mediocre graphic form; the impossibility of sketching lines; and the inflexibility in transferring
a map from one scale to another. As regards the software
for using the printer, there are a number of programs that
enable mapping with the printer's help. The most important
group of programs is the SYMAP, which has been developed in recent years by the Computer Graphics Laboratory at Harvard University.8
The SYMAP Programs

The SYMAP, which is designed for large computers, at
present includes about 50 options that permit various types
of shading, printing of patterns in grid squares, polygons,
filling in the area between isolines, the printing of headings,
the legend, frame, map scales, etc. SYMAP programs also
carry out a series of statistical calculations on the subject
represented in the map, such as arithmetic mean, standard
deviation, percentiles, etc. The main shortcoming in the
SYMAP system is that the graphic symbols produced by the
printer are not rational, i.e., they give a visual impression of
the intensity of a feature, but do not allow an exact grasp
of its quantitative value. In order to overcome this difficulty, the Hebrew University has developed a series of new
programs 9 that allows the printing of maps by the printer,
under a method quite similar to the SYMAP, but with
Graphical Rational Patterns (GRP). The GRP were developed by Prof. Roberto Bacchi; they are extensively used in
various cartographic fields. 10

•

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

27

With the aid of these programs, all the maps of the atlas
have been prepared by the printer in the following subjects:
population, age structure, country of origin, employment
by economic branches, level of education, etc. Maps of
buildings in the city were prepared by a simi lar system of
filling in an area of a zone by a G RP, such as the percentage
of dilapidated structures, the percentage of buildings that
were built during a given period, various types of buildings
and roofs, etc. Land use maps were also prepared by the
printer on the basis of squares of 100 x 100 meters. The
information was printed both in the form of numerical
val ues an din the shape of G R P for every sq uare. The data
appearing in every square as regards land use are: the
number of units; the number of employed; the floor area;
and the mode of the period of establishing the various land
use units. The maps appearing in black and white will be
photographed from the output of the printer, while the
colored maps undergo cartographic processing by the National Survey of Israel, which prints them.

Use of the Plotter
Use has also been made of the plotter in the preparation
of atlas maps. The plotter enables complete sketching of
the map, including the street network, complicated graphic
signs, and the use of different colors in sketching. I n the
preparation of the Jerusalem atlas, the p~otter was used for
those subjects which demanded isolines, such as the map of
isovalues of Jerusalem land prices. The main use of the
plotter in the preparation of the atlas is in sketching
geo-statistical parameters, which sum up synthetically a
complete distribution of a certain feature. These parameters
include the distribution's center of gravity, the median
center, the standard distance and the main axis of distribution.ll The plotter also indicates the point of maximum
potential on the map. The geo-statistical parameters
sketched by the plotter are graphically transferred to the
scale of the map prepared by the printer. The combination
of detailed mapping of distributions by the aid of a
computer with the calculations and sketching of geo-statistical parameters for each of the spatial distributions provides the researcher and urban planner with a very powerful
instrument in the process of his work.
Experiments with the use of the plotter for filling in the
area of a zone by repeated patterns have proved to be
expensive and time consuming. Consequently, it seems that
the best compromise combination for preparing an urban
map is: (1) the use of the printer for filling in the area of a
zone or a square by a graphic pattern; (2) the use of the
plotter for sketching geo-statistical parameters and isolines;
and (3) the combination of both results on one map by
graphical methods of transfer from one scale to another.
One more possibility exists - using a cathode ray tube
(CRT) for the preparation of urban maps. This was examined by the Research Institute of the Illinois Institute of
Technology,12 and was found feasible. Experiments at this
and other institutes showed that the price of preparing a
map in this fashion is relatively very cheap, in comparison
with other methods, but that the investment in equipment
is very high~ 13 Despite the advantages, this system has not
been tried at the Hebrew University, since it does not
possess CRT equipment.

Plans for Development

After the completion of the urban atlas, a series of
programs are being prepared which wi II enable use of CG
systems in simulation models. These are designed to test
. development patterns of built-up urban areas under various
28

hypotheses of the growth of the population and various
planning alternatives. The goal is to get the results of the
simulation in the shape of a map printed by the computer.
This will appreciably increase the efficiency of the evaluation of various planning alternatives, and enable quick
examination of the simulation model's sensitivity to different hypotheses about the various factors in urban growth.
The final stage of the development plan is the use of a
light-pen for transferring the input to the computer, and
the saving in the use of the digitizer for the translation of
the original graphic data.
Jerusalem's urban atlas is now in the final stages of
preparation. It will, in fact, be the second edition, even
though the first edition has never seen the I ight of day. The
first edition was at the printers on the eve of the Six-Day
War in June 1967. The first edition of the atlas was
prepared for Western Jerusalem alone and all the processing
was done by hand, with dozens of investigators going over
hundreds of detailed block maps of 1: 1250 scale and
summarizing the information for maps of the atlas on a
small scale of 1: 15,000. The unification of Jerusalem in the
wake of the Six-Day War enabled completion of the Data
Bank framework and detailed field surveys for East Jerusalem as well. It was, therefore, decided to prepare the atlas
again, for the whole of Jerusalem. However, in order to
prepare the atlas quickly in its new edition, all the mapping
work was implemented by the computer. A calculation of
the average time for preparing an atlas map by hand and by
the computer shows a saving in time of 1 to 20. Similarly,
the quality of the material from the point of view of
precision is incomparably higher with the computer.
The success of the system of processing and mapping
urban data with the computer's help, as exemplified in the
Jerusalem atlas, opens new horizons to the researcher and
urban planner. Undoubtedly, urban research in the coming
years will employ the systems of CG on the widest scale. 0

References
1. Siders, R. A.: Computer Graphics. American Management
Association, New York, 1966.
2. Urban Renewal Service: Using Computer Graphics in Community Renewal. University of Washington, Seattle, 1963.
3. Threshold of Pla'nning I nformation Systems. American Society
of Planning Officials, Chicago, 1967.
4. U. S. Bureau of the Census: Conference on Small Area Statistics. G.E. 40, No.5. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C.
5. Hemmence, C. George: Planning Agency Experience with Urban Development Models and Data Processing. Journal of the
American Institute of Planners, Sept. 1968, pP. 323-327.
6. Passouneau, J. R., and R. S. Wurman: Urban Atlas: 20 American Cities. M.I.T. Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1966.
7. Leyland, P. George: Implication of the New Haven Census Use
Test for Transportation and Land Use Planning. Highway
Research Record, No. 229, 1968, pp. 77-98.
8. Laboratory for Computer Graphics and Spatial Analysis:
Symap V Operator's Manual. Harvard University, 1968.
9. Programs for computer mapping purposes were prepared by M.
Stier, Geography Department, Hebrew University.
10. Bacchi, R.: Graphical Rational Patterns. Israel Universities
Press, Jerusalem, 1966.
11. Bacchi, R.: Standard Distance Measures and Related Measures
for Spatial Analysis. Regional Science Association: Papers, Vol.
10,1962, pp. 83-132; andShahar, A.: Some Applications of
Geo-Statistical Methods in Urban Research. Regional Science
Association: Papers, Vol. 18,1966.
12. Horberg, A.: Computer Aided Mapping of Census Factors
Distributed in Geographical Tracts and Districts. liT Research
Institute, Chicago, 1966.
13. Nussbaum, E.: Automatic Plotting. General Electric Information Service Department, Washington, 1967.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

INTEGRATEDDATA BASE IS KEY TO
PRODUCTION CONTROL SYSTEM
Edward J. Frankovic, Project Leader
Computer Systems Development
The B. F. Goodrich Company
500 South Main St.
Akron, Ohio 44311

"Our goal was to create and maintain a complete production routing for
every nUl 7lufactured and assembled part, and to be able to capture a
complete history of shipment information in order to make an analysis of
parts shipped and to whom they were shipped. "

An electronic data base integrating files on materials,
parts, products, customers and sales is the foundation for a
comprehensive production control system at the Troy,
Ohio, plant of B. F. Goodrich Aerospace and Defense
Products, a division of the B. F. Goodrich Company.
The plant's terminal-oriented computer system, called
TROPI CS (Troy Production I nformation and Control
System), is designed to provide operational, engineering,
purchasing and sales personnel with a common "on-line"
source of up-to-the-minute product data. Its broad goal is
to keep manufacturing operations as closely attuned to
market demands as possible and to help plan for the future
in a ti me of rapid expansion.
Though still under development, the system is built
8round an IBM System/360 Model 30 with associated disk
files. The system already permits direct inquiry and retrieval over visual display terminals on the status of parts,
products, orders, and other related matters. I n the near
future, TROPICS will be expanded to include such functions as inventory control, requirements plan ning and sales
forecasting.

tremendous growth that was taking place in the production,
marketing, and selling of their products. The plant's methods of operation and number of people, it appeared, would
soon be outstripped by expansion requirements.
Their solution to the problem was to begin study and
implementation of a computer-based system that would

Need for System Foreseen
It became clear to the B. F. Goodrich aerospace division
several years ago that the growth and increasing complexity
of operations at the Troy plant demanded the appl ication
of an advanced data processing system to maintain adequate control.
The Troy plant manufactures a great variety of wheels,
brakes and spare parts for aircraft, ground and water
vehicles, and industrial applications. Employees in the plant
work directly or indirectly on about 10,000 different
production items. Since 1964, the manufacturing area has
quadrupled in size and contains 420 pieces of production
equipment.
In 1966, just after a large expansion and prior to a
second, members of the aerospace division became extremely concerned about their abil ity to cope wi th the
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

In the Troy plant's material plannillg area, an illquiry is
made via a display terminal by an order handler, Similar
visual display terminals, all lillhed to a common product
data base, are located in the plallt's ellgilleerillg alld sales
areas.
61

cope not only with current expansion but also future
expansion. I n November and December of 1966, a systems
study of the Troy plant was conducted by the Information
Systems Development Department of B. F. Goodrich,
headquartered in Akron. The data and information gathered during this study led to the birth of TROPICS.

Objectives

The major objectives of the systems development were:
1. Establish data files that would completely describe
the parts produced at Troy.
2. Be able to perform a gross explosion for all
requirements by time period.
3. Develop an inventory reporting and control system, using input terminals at points of receipt,
inspection and production.
4. Develop a requirements planning system that
would determine the type and quantity of raw
materials, component parts and sub-assemblies
needed to meet production requirements in future
ti me periods.
5. Develop a shop reporting and dispatching system.
6. Develop a sales forecasting system that takes into
consideration that a number of items are produced
at Troy based upon an anticipated demand.
7. Develop an operation planning system to perform
the job of capacity planning. Based upon requirement planning files and schedule tables, this system would take into consideration available men
and machines and develop starting dates in order
to level out the loading pattern.
8. Develop an operation scheduling system by utilizing the best known techniques including simulation and linear programming.
Parts List Computerized

Although much attention was paid to the urgency of
implementing a shop reporting system at Troy, the first
phase of development placed emphasis on product information. We realized that if we had data pertaining to product
parts, we could better determine how to control the
problems associated with the manufacturing and assembly
of these items. The starting point proved to be the Engineering Department, for here was where all new products
first received specific documentation.
Furthermore, the parts list is a document used by
practically every function at the Troy plant. Starting with
the parts list, we could give service to a large number of
people and at the same time give them familiarity with
computer capabilities. This first phase of TROPICS would
provide immediate relief to the time-consu mi ng jobs of
maintaining and searching files for higher assembly uses of
component parts and of calculating gross material requirements for various products.
Though we quickly determined the benefits of such a
system, even more quickly we realized the complexities of
designing and programming it with a limited work force. We
became aware of an available program called the Bill of
Material Processor, which would hel p us create and maintain four disk files which were necessary for the system.
We used the program to eliminate some programming
problems, but it was necessary to iron out differences in
program languages and operating systems between the Troy
project and local Akron computer operations, and modify
the software to meet our own requirements.
Gathering the data for the files became a tremendous
exercise in patience, communication, and perseverance.
Without the help and involvement of aerospace personnel in
62

designing the systems, gathering the data, and participating
wherever needed, there would have been no system.
Item and Product Structure Files

Towards the end of 1967, we began creation and
maintenance of an item master fi Ie and a product structure
file. The item master might be compared to the inventory
file of some of the other divisional systems. The structure
file is a file that depicts the makeup of an assembly.
I nternal to the computer, these structure strings are represented as records and are commonly called "chains."
By March of 1968, these files were well established and
we were producing output from the fi les. We had successfully replaced the old manually typed parts lists at Troy
with computer produced I ists. Now, when a draftsman
makes a change to an assembly structure, he need not
worry whether the same structure is changed on other
retrieved parts lists. There is only one structure for an
assembly in the file regardless of how many times it is used
on different top assemblies.
Also, using the where-used retrieval capability of the
system, any individual can easily determine on what brakes
or wheels that component part or assembly is used. After
the change is made, a request can be passed to the
computer to produce parts lists for all top level 'wheels and
brakes. The summarized requirement function of the Material Planning and Control Group, which took days for
several people to prepare, is now prepared in about two
hours by the computer.

Interrelated Data Base

In April, 1968, we began detailed plans for the implementation of Phase II of TROPI CS, the creation of a series
of sub-systems, each with associated data fi les that would
relate to each other. The ability to inquire directly into
these files via visual display terminals was also planned. By
establishing one common data base we would eliminate the
need for repetitious data and data records between departments. Our goal was to create and maintain a complete
production routing for every manufactured and assembled
part, and a description of the operations performed upon
these parts, and to be able to capture complete sh ipment
history information in order to make an analysis of parts
shipped and to whom they were shipped.
At about the same ti me that Phase II was bei ng planned,
we learned of a data base system called MARS (Manufacturing Record System). The approach seemed intriguing
and challenging. We decided to pursue it as our means of
establishing a data base.
The MARS concept involved establishment of a data
base consisting of three basic master files, a parts master
file, a people and places master file, and an order master
file. It also provided for a linkage file that ties together
master files. This linking, of course, is not a physical
I in king, but rather an addressing scheme whereby records
are linked together through programs that call upon the
addresses of the records contained in the various tiles.
After a great deal of in-house programming, we established, in addition to the item master file and product
structure file, a customer master file, a work center master
file, and a sales order master file. We also created several
linkage files which, in addition to connecting master files
together, contain pertinent user data. These linkage fi les
include a shop routing file, a customer shipping history file
and a sales order detail file.
For about a year, the system was developed and tested
using our Akron computer operations. In June, 1969, a
computer was installed at Troy in a newly-constructed
facility for data processing equipment and personnel.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

•

How the System Works

The Troy plant's Product I nformation System currently
has four major sub-systems in full operation: item and parts
information; order information, customer information, and
shop routing information.
Items and Parts: A visual display terminal is located in the
Engineering Department, permitting engineers and draftsmen to inquire into the item master file to determine
specifics about a part, such as the latest engineering order
number, current change letter or drawing size. After interrogating the file the engineer may want to add to or change
the status of a particular part. He then submits an engineering change to the drafting supervisor, who assigns the job to
a draftsman.
The draftsman uses the parts list and bluepri nt to make
the necessary additions or revisions to the part or assembly
in question. Any changes to the parts I ist are sent to Data
Control to be coded and submitted to the computer for file
updating. A new or revised parts I ist is produced and sent to
the Engineering Blueprint Department for duplicating and
filing. This sub-system has resulted in great savings in time,
increased flexibi I ity and fewer errors for drafting and
engineering personnel.
Order Information: Three forms, the sales order, change
notice and order sh ipping copy, enter the Troy plant by
phone or mail and are forwarded to the Material Planning
and Control Department. The information from these
forms is then coded and sent to computer operations for
updating of the order master and order detail files. Daily
audit and control reports are produced and forwarded to
Material Planning and Control for analysis. Included is a
daily shipped dollars by category report, with a breakdown
by type of customer and item type.
Several inquiries via data terminals are used by Material
Planning and Control personnel. A sales order can be
retrieved by number and its status examined regarding parts
ordered, scheduled date, ordered quantity, shipped
quantity, etc. A second inquiry retrieves all in-house orders
for a particular part number, showing such information as
customer name, ordered quantity and shipped quantity.
Each week the enti re order fi Ie is exami ned for items
that have been added or changed. These items are then
"exploded" in order to determine new requirements not
only for customer ordered parts, but also for sub-assemblies
and components necessary to produce these parts. Likewise, all shipments for the week are "exploded" to retrieve
on-hand inventory amounts.
A purchased part explosion is used to calculate requirements for the Purchasing Department, and a fabricated part
explosion is used by the schedulers in Material Planning and
Control to assist in machine loading. At month end the
order file is purged of all items that have been completed
over 30 days. Coupled with the purging at month end is the
preparation of several reports: "Total Open Orders by
Market Group," "Monthly New Business by Market
Group," "Monthly Net Changes by Market Group," "Current Month Shipments by Market Group," and "Open
Order Dollars by Time Period." These reports are distributed to Troy and Akron Aerospace and Defense Products personnel.
Customer Information: The Sales Department maintains a
customer master fi Ie on every customer served by the Troy
plant. When the need arises for either a change or addition
to the customer fi Ie, the Sales Department phones Data
Control, which then codes and submits proper revisions to
computer operations for file updating.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

The customer information system also receives shipment
data from the order information system for mai ntenance in
the customer shipment history file. This enables the Sales
Department to make visual display inquiries on the current
month and year-to-date sh ipped dollars for a given part
number and for a particular customer. At month end
several reports are prepared for the Sales Department,
including an analysis of 13 months of shipment history by
part number and by customer.
Shop Routing: New products and changed products require
discussion between the routing and tool design areas. After
new or revised tool designs are initiated, routing personnel
study the blueprints to determine the path that material
must follow in order for the shop floor to produce the
des ired product. This specified routing sequence is
transcribed onto computer update sheets.
Prior to submission of routing data the data termi nal is
used to verify that the Routing and Engineering Departments are in accord. This is determined specifically by the
latest engineering order number. After all routing data has
been obtained, the routing input document is forwarded to
the Time Study Department for application of time
standards.
This information is then sent to computer operations for
a computer-produced shop routing. The routing accounts
for movement of material from work center to work center,
and describes the actions to be performed by the machine
operator at that work station. When a part can be produced
by an alternate method, the system has the ability to
retrieve and describe the alternate path on the shop floor.
This system also allows for the establishment and maintenance of a work center, usually a grouping of similar
types of equipment or an area under one supervisor.
Further Development

Our currently installed systems, especially the shop
routing system, lead readily into our next phase of development, shop reporting and dispatching. In this system we
will establish a shop order master file containing data on
items to be manufactured or assembled in the shop. The
shop order will also be compared against the shop routing
file so that material movements and shop floor operator
actions can be extracted from the shop routing fi Ie.
A Shop packet will be prepared and will accompany the
job on the floor. At various points in the plant will be
located data collection devices. As a job arrives at and
departs from a work center, information will be inserted
into the data collection terminal, sent to a control center,
then forwarded to computer operations for processing.
Various outputs pertaining to job, man and machine
status wi II be prepared. The status of a job wi II be
determined by making a visual display inquiry. Emphasis in
design will be upon man and machine communication so as
to improve output of the shop floor.
To sum up the accomplishments and benefits of the
Troy Production I nformation and Control System to date;
1. Each operating department that has become involved with TROPICS has realized its own particular benefits.
2. There is one master file or data base for the entire
plant.
3. By auditing all input data, the COlilputer reqllires
all users to standardi/e to the item rnaster file
which is controlled by engineering releases. This
standardization tends to minimize cOllllllunication
errors.
4. The Troy plant management has been provided
with the most accurate and timely data ever
experienced.
0
63

WORLDWIDE

Looming Battle for the Eastern European Computer Market
When Soviet Pri me Minister Sergei Kosygi n came to
Britain four years ago, the only manufacturing plant he
visited was the computer systems, radar and advanced
electronics centre of Elliott-Automation at Bareham Wood,
thirteen miles from Charing Cross.
Whether this was by accident or design never became
clear, but one thing was quite plain despite the almost
continuous flashes from hundreds of cameras and the
jostl ing of tightly packed pressmen - Kosygin was intensely
interested in the control of industrial processes by the
automation techniques of which Elliott at that time was
Britain's main protagonist. Kosygin is an engineer by
training.
ICl Exports

Since then there has been an upsurge in computer
business between Britain and the countries of Eastern
Europe.· But not more than a month ago, the managing
director of the only British-owned and controlled business
computer company, International Computer Ltd. (ICL),
made a strong plea to be allowed to export freely to the
area, and particularly to the Soviet Union which he described as a vast potential market.
Arthur Humphreys, in the seat of power at ICL for three
years, told a meeting of a Parliamentary Committee that
outlets towards the eastern bloc countries were worth
cultivating; and, that if Britain did not get into those
markets quickly with the equipment the countries of the
Socialist bloc require to modernise their economies, the
Americans would be there in force, despite strategic embargoes.
This is a theme that Humphreys has pursued on a
number of occasions before. At first sight he would seem to
be overplaying the act, since in the second half of the
1960's British computer manufacturers have probably
taken around £20 million worth of orders for business
machines, and ICL itself has an order from Russia for £5
million in the pipeline.
Britain has been by far the most important supplier to
Eastern Europe, way ahead of all the American giants. What
then, has the ICl executive to fear?, one could ask. After
all, several of the giants have been testing the market
behind the Iron Curtain with relatively little success.
But what he foresees is that once some kind of settlement is reached in Vietnam, the COCOM controls, designed
to prevent "strategic goods" from reaching the Social ist
countries, will crumble overnight. Then, the floodgates of
United States salesmanship will open, and it is anyone's
guess how much of the market - particularly the Soviet
market - would be left for ICl, or for any other European
company.
Britain, though not involved in the Vietnam adventure,
nevertheless has adhered scrupulously to these COCOM
procedures. They apply through the Board of Trade which
Based on a report in Le Figaro
64

knows just how much latitude the British Government can
take to pass certain contracts. Where there is doubt, the
case has to be put up through the permanent British
delegate to COCOM in Paris - there are also French and
Japanese representatives as well as members from the
NATO and other non-Communist countries.
What happens thereafter is not clear. Delegates refer
problem cases back to their governments and, Arthur
Humphreys says, this is where the trouble begi ns. There is
no direct refusal - only endless delays as exasperating to
the would-be buyer as to the manufacturer. Alternatives
acceptable to the main anti-Communist power - America can be suggested but they invariably are such that when
computers are involved, the performance of the acceptable
alternative is nothing I ike the original proposal.

The Computer Population

Russians take a rather detached view of the whole rather
clumsy procedure, according to the British salesmen who
discuss embargo matters with them, tending to shrug and
say "why throw good business away?" That there is good
business is beyond doubt; Professor Stanley Gill of Imperial
College of Science and Technology, University of london,
who is one of Britain's best-known computer scientists,
estimated after his 1969 visit to the Soviet Union that the
total non-military computer population there was around
1,200. If the other countries of Eastern Europe have the
same number again - which probably is over-generous this would give a total business computer installation of
2,400 machines for a population of 300 million inhabitants.
Britain with 50 million people has more than 4,000 computers above the £30,000 (72,000 dollars) mark and more
than 7,000 machines in all. America's computer population
is near the 55,000 level.
Vast as the discrepancy is now, it could worsen rapidly
as the computer markets outside America expand. Total
val ue of the world's computer equipment is around 30,000
million dollars of which 9,000 million dollars is outside
America. By 1975 the world figure may be as much as
75,000 million dollars, shared almost equally between the
United States and the other economically advanced countries of the world.
Multi-National Plan

To meet the challenge of such fast growth rates, Eastern
Europe does not need advanced computer technology so
much as advanced manufacturing technology, and it is
towards th is that scarce hard currencies have been channelled. There is the multi-national plan for a whole range of
Rjad computers for which the focal centre will be Minsk.
But because it is a multi-national and multi-lingual plan
- Russia designing the main computer, Czechoslovakia
contributing the peripherals, Poland the electronic memories, Rumania and Bulgaria components, and Hungary
software - it inevitably will be cumbersome and slow.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

This means a growing market for companies in the West
who are prepared to sell the latest equipment available and
not the second generation computers, which America has
been trying to interest East European countries in for the
past three years. The proviso is a better appreciation in
Europe of the economics of eastern trade - an understanding that many would-be exporters in Britain claim the
Board of Trade is lacking. There is complete agreement that
once the specification is met, the purchasing organisations
in the East pay on the nail.
That is the picture so far as business computing is
concerned. Perhaps ex pansi on in th is area has suffered
because the Socialist nations have been strivi ng hard to
build up production of manufactured goods to levels
comparable with those of the industrialised countries of
Europe by supplying the latest computer-control techniques in their industry.
G EC Elliott Automation
It is no surprise that Czechoslovakia bought a steel plant
control system from Britain before it was quite fully
implemented in a British steel mill, or that many controllers
have been or are being installed by Elliott-Automation
throughout the area, notably at the vast Schwedt petrochemical and refining complex in East Germany.
Elliott-Automation is now part of the G EC group by its
inclusion in the £100 million (240 million dollars) a year
GEC-Elliott Automation company. This company's East
European business trebled in 1969 and it took orders worth
near to £8 million (19.2 million dollars) for equipment
directly connected with plant automation.

NUMBLES
NUMBER PUZZLES FOR NIMBLE MINDS
-AND COMPUTERS
Neil Macdonald
Assistant Editor
Computers and Automation
A "numble" is an arithmetical problem in which: digits
have been replaced by capital letters; and there are two
messages, one which can be read right away and a second
one in the digit cipher. The problem is to solve for the
digits.
Each capital letter in the arithmetical problem stands for
just one digit 0 to 9. A digit may be represented by more
than one letter. The second message, which is expressed in
numerical digits, is to be translated (using the same key)
into letters so that it may be read; but the spelling uses
puns or is otherwise irregular, to discourage cryptanalytic
methods of deciphering.
We invite our readers to send us solutions, together with
human programs or computer programs, which will produce
the solutions. This month's Numble was contributed by:
Stuart Freudberg
Newton High School
Newton. Mass.
NUMBLE 705
MAY A L L
WE L
+ P E 0 P L E S
x C o ME
= B L Y Mo E L
C S S 0 H R 0

Ferranti
Meanwhile, the other major automation company in
Britain, after an unsuccessful flirtation with Russia, has
created an intriguing capitalistic situation in Czechoslovakia
by appointing the latter's I norga group to promote the
Ferranti Argus series computers in that country and other
neighbouring areas.
The Argus is as advanced a computer as any in the West.
I norga has a respectable number of large industrial control
projects to its credit. Ferranti has applied its machines to
the control of steel mill operations, message switching in
the world-wide seat reservation network of the British
Overseas Airways Corporation, and is the major supplier of
I mperial Chemical I ndustries for its chemical plant operations. The marriage of the two should be extremely
fruitful and the situation is one which largely absolves
Ferranti from having to maintain big support teams outside
Britain.

BCT
749018

=

WMP

YCT

073462

3180736

Correction of Numble 704
Unfortunately there was an error in Numble 704 in the.
April issue; a "Q" was printed in place of an "0". Please
replace line QUUNRGN with OUUNRGN. Because of this
error, we will publish the solution to Numble 704 in the
June issue rather than this issue.

Our thanks to the following individuals for submitting
their solutions to Numble 703: G. P. Petersen, St. Petersburg, Fla.; Brad Webb, Austin, Tex.; and Robert Weden,
Edina, Minn. Numble 702: Bernard Kreul, Cypress, Calif.;
and G. P. Petersen, St. Petersburg, Fla.

COCOM Relaxation
Between them, G EC and Ferranti are likely to take the
lion's share of the external contracts for process and
manufacturing control in the next several years, despite
COCOM - which to be accurate has relaxed its stringency
somewhat in the last 12 months.
Just how much it has relaxed will be demonstrated
without any further doubt by what happens to the latest
contract placed by the Soviet Union with ICL - the £5
million (12 million dollars) deal mentioned earlier. This is
for two of the largest machines made in Britain which are
each to have a precursor of the same fami Iy, but much
smaller, to prepare the basic routines.
But they are intended for Serpukhov, to work with the
huge 70 GeV accelerator there. Now since this machine, on
which the Russians must have spent £100 million (240
mi Ilion dollars), is twice as large as anything operating in
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

America, there is a built-in mental block to be overcome by
the United States delegates to COCOM. Secondly, it is a
nuclear research centre - and no one is likely to make a
clear distinction between fundamental high energy physics
research and bomb work, except of course the British.
But to argue the point needs advanced knowledge the
British representatives are unlikely to possess. Moreover
they have often been accused of over-scrupulous observation of COCOM rules so whether or not Serpukhov gets big
British computers will be an interesting matter to observe.

/'
I' \

p
tvh0ne ~an it?
Chances are you weren't anywhere-yet. For it was March 10, 1876 when
Alexander Graham Bell made that first historic telephone call to
Mr. Watson ... and another significant milestone in man's attempt to
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CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS
May 5·7, 1970: Spring Joint Computer Conference, Convention Hall,
Atlantic City, N.J. / contact: American Federation for Information
Processing Societies (AFIPS), 210 Summit Ave., Montvale, N.J. 07645
May 7·8, 1970: Seventh Annual National Information Retrieval Collo.
quium, Sheraton Hotel, Philadelphia, Pa. / contact: Philip Bagley,
Information Engineering, 3401 Market St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19104
May 10·13, 1970: 1970 ASTD (American Society for Training and De.
velopment) Training Equipment and Services Exposition, Anaheim
Convention Center, Anaheim, Calif.' contact: ASTD, P.O. Box 5307,
Madison, Wis. 53705
May 11.13, 1970: 24th Annual Technical Conference and Exhibit of
the American Society for Quality Control (ASQC), Pittsburgh Hilton
Hotel, Pittsburgh, Pa.' contact: Robert W. Shearman, Admn. Secy.,
American Society for Quality Control, 161 West Wisconsin Ave.,
Milwaukee, Wis. 53203
May 13.15, 1970: 8th Annual Convention of the Association for Edu·
cational Data Systems, Deauville Hotel, Miami Beach, Fla. / contact:
Dr. Henry C. Fox, c/o SIRS Project, 3525 N.W. 79th St., Miami, Fla.
33147
May 17·20, 1970: 23rd International Systems Meeting, Las Vegas Convention Center, Las Vegas, Nev.' contact: Richard B. McCaffrey,
Assoc. for Systems Management, 24587 Bagley Rd., Cleveland, Ohio
44138
May 18·20, 1970: Sixth Annual Data Processing and Automation Con·
ference, National Rural Electric Cooperative Association, Cosmopolitan Hotel, Denver, Colo. / contact: C. E. Aultz, NRECA, 2000 Florida
Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009
May 18·22, 1970: "Image 70," 23rd Annual Photographic Science and
Engineering Conference, New York, N.Y. / contact: Society of Photographic Scientists and Engineers, 1330 Massachusetts Ave., N.W.,
Washington, D.C. 20005
May 19.21, 1970: G.E. 400 Computer Users Association Annual Con·
ference, Towne House, Phoenix, Ariz.' contact: Bruce H. Reinhold,
Pittsburgh National Bank, 10th St. and Fort Duquesne Blvd., Pittsburgh, Pa. 15222
May 20-25, 1970: Nippon Office Management Association (NOMA) 40th
Business Show, Tokyo International Trade Center, Tokyo, Japan'
contact: Masaharu Takeuchi, Executive Director, NOMA, Shuyodan
Bldg., 25-2, 4-chome, Sendagaya, Shibuya-ku, Tokyo, Japan
May 21·22, 1970: International Computing Symposium 1970 (Joint
meeting of all European ACM chapters), Bonn, Germany' contact:
Chmn. of the German Chapter of the ACM, 7032 Sindelfingen,
Iseler Str. 1, Germany
May 24·25, 1970: Southern N.E. Telephone Co. SET·GUIDE Group
Meeting, Selection, Evaluation, and Training of EDP Personnel,
Minneapolis, Minn.' contact: Mr. Joseph Andreana, Southern N.E.
Telephone Co., 300 George St., New Haven, Conn. 06506
May 24·28 1970: 29th General Meeting of GUIDE, Leamington Hotel,
Minneapolis, Minn.' contact: Allan J. Burris, Northern Trust Co.,
50 So. LaSalle St., Chicago, III. 60690
May 25.27, 1970: Forum of Control Data Users (FOCUS) Annual Con·
ference, St. Paul Hilton, St. Paul, Minn. , contact: William I. Rabkin,
FOCUS Exec. Sec., c/o Itek Corp., 10 Maguire Rd., Lexington, Mass.
02173
May 26·28, 1970: IDEA, 11th Annual Symposium & Exhibit of the
Society for Information Display (SID), Statler Hilton Hotel, New
York, N.Y. / contact: William M. Hornish, Western Union, 82 McKee Drive, Mahwah, N.J. 07430
May 27.29, 1970: Eighth Annual Workshop Conference of the Interagency Data Exchange Program (IDEP), Cosmopolitan Hotel, Denver,
Colo. / contact: James D. Mason, TRW, 1 Space Pk., Redondo Beach,
Calif. 90278
June 1·3, 1970: "Session 70", the Inaugural Joint National Conference
of the Information Processing Society of Canada (formerly the Com·
puter Society) and the Canadian Operations Research Society, Vancouver, British Columbia / contact: W. J. Sheriff, Suite 1404, 1177
W. Hastings St., Vancouver 1, B.C.
June 8·10, 1970: International Conference on Communications (IEEE),
San Francisco Hilton Hotel, San Francisco, Calif. , contact: A. M.
Peterson, Stanford Research Institute, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025
June 9·10, 1970: Grenoble Workshop on Microprogramming, Mathematiques Appliquees, CEDEX 53, 38 - Grenoble-Gare, France / con-

68

tact: Guy G. Boulaye and Jean P. Mermet, Mathematiques Appli. quees, CEDEX 53, 38 - Grenoble-Gare, France
June 15·16, 1970: Conference on Solid State in Industry, (IEEE), Statler-Hilton Hotel, Cleveland, Ohio / contact: A. J. Humphrey, Technical Program Chairman, The Reliance Electric & Engrg. Co., 24701
Euclid Ave., Cleveland, Ohio 44117
June 16.18, 1970: Computer Group Conference and Exposition (IEEE),
Washington Hilton Hotel, Washington, D.C. / contact: Bob O. Evans
or Donald E. Doll, IBM Federal Systems Div., 18100 Frederick Pike,
Gaithersburg, Md. 20760
June 16-18, 1970: Conference on Computers in the Undergraduate
Curricula, The Univ. of Iowa, Iowa City, Iowa , contact: Brooks
Booker, Center for Conferences and Institutes, The Univ. of Iowa,
Iowa City, Iowa 52240
June 18, 1970: Ninth Annual Technical Symposium, Washington, D.C.
Chapter ACM, National Bureau of Standards, Gaithersburg, Md. ,
contact: General Chairman, 1970 Symposium Committee, Washing.
ton, D.C. Chapter ACM, P.O. Box 6228, Washington, D.C. 20015
June 18·19, 1970: 29th Management Conference of ADAPSO, Washington Hilton Hotel, Washington, D.C. , contact: ADAPSO, 551 Fifth
Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017
June 22·23, 1970: Eighth Annual Conference, ACM Special Interest
Group for Computer Personnel Research, Center for Continuing
Education, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Md. , contact: Robert
A. Dickmann, The Johns Hopkins Univ., Applied PhysiCS Lab., 8621
Georgia Ave., Silver Spring, Md. 20910
June 22·24, 1970: Data Processing Supplies Association, Spring General Meeting, The Olympic Hotel, Seattle, Wash., contact: Data
Processing Supplies Association, 1116 Summer St., P.O. Box 1333,
Stamford, Conn. 06904
June 24·26, 1970: 11th Joint Automatic Control Conference (JACC),
Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Ga. , contact: Prof. Eugene
Harrison, Dept. of Mechanical Engineering, Clemson University,
Clemson, S.c. 29631
June 29·30, 1970: Conference on Optimisation Techniques in Circuit
and Control Applications, Institution of Electrical Engineers, Savoy
Place, London, WC2, England / contact: Manager, Conference Department, lEE, Savoy Place, London, WC2, England
June 29-July 1, 1970: SIAM 1970 National Meeting, Univ. of Denver,
Denver, Colo. / contact: Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics, 33 South 17th St., Philadelphia, Pa. 19103
Aug. 18·21, 1970: International Conference on Microelectronics, Cir·
cuits & Systems Theory, Univ. of New South Wales, Kensington,
Sydney, Austra lia / contact: Jt. Conf. Secretariat, IREE, Austra lia,
Box 3120, GPO, Sydney, 2001 Australia
Aug. 24·28, 1970: IFIP World Conference on Computer Education,
Amsterdam, Netherlands / contact: A. A. M. Veenhuis, SecretaryGeneral, IFIP Conference Computer Education 1970, 6, Stadhouderskade Amsterdam 13, Netherlands
Aug. 25·28, 1970: Western Electronic Show & Convention (WESCON),
Biltmore Hotel, Sports Arena, Los Angeles, Calif. / contact: WESCON, 3600 Wilshire Blvd., Los Angeles, Calif. 90005
Aug. 31, 1970: Fifth Annual ACM Urban Symposium, New York Hilton Hotel, New York, N.Y. / contact: Paul R: DeCicco, ACM Urban
Symposium Chairman, Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, 333 Jay St.,
New York, N.Y. 11201
Aug. 31.Sept. 2, 1970: American Society of Civil Engineers, Fifth
Conference on Electronic Computation, Purdue University, Lafayette,
Ind. / contact: Robert E. Fulton, Mail Stop 188-C Structures Research
Division, NASA Langley Research Center, Hampton, Va. 23365
Sept. 1·3, 1970: 25th National Conference, Association for Computing
Machinery, New York Hilton, New York, N.Y./ contact: Sam Matsa,
ACM '70 General Chairman, IBM Corp., 410 E. 62nd St., New York,
N.Y. 10021
Sept. 2-4, 1970: The Institution of Electrical Engineers (lEE) Conference
on Man·Computer Interaction, UK National Physical Laboratory, Ted·
dington, Middlesex, England / contact: Roger Dence, lEE Press Office,
Savoy Place, London WC2, England
Sept. 14-24, 1970: 1970 FlO (International Federation for Documentation) Conference and International Congress on Scientific Informa·
tion, Buenos Aires, Argentina I contact: U.S. National Committee for
FID, National Academy of Sciences, 2101 Constitution Ave., Washington, D.C. 20418
0COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK

Computing and Data Processing Newsletter
Table of Contents
APPLICATIONS

3-D 'Computer Man' Sells Norelco Shavers
Computer Control System Reads Water Meters
Automatically
Accident-Prone Drivers in Massachusetts Are
Pinpointed by Computers
Psychologists Use Small Computer in Studies
of Human Memory
Computer Analysis of Air Pollution in Conn.

72
72
72

77
77
77
78

72
Peripheral Equipment

73

EDUCATION NEWS

Professional Training and Development
Program (PTD)
Voluntary Computer Course, A Joint
Undertaking
Three New York Organizations Combine to
Train the Disadvantaged
New Computer Educational Services Offered by
CTC Computer Corp.

EMPHASIS (Evaluation Management using Past
History Analysis for Scientific Inventory
Simulation) -- National Cash Register
PRO/TEST (PROfitable approach to TESTing)
Synergetics Corp.
SALES-CALL -- System Implementation Corp.
YARDSTICK -- Hub S. Ratliff

73
73
73
74

80/96 Card Reader -- Bridge Data Products
High-Speed Printer -- Path Computer Equipment
ENVOY, A Portable CRT Terminal -- Applied
Digital Data Systems, Inc.
Digital Cassette Tape Drive -- Ampex Corp.
Key-To-Tape Data Recorder with Display and
Heuristic
Communications Capability
Concepts Inc.
Variable Width Line Printer -- Data
Printer Corp.
French, German, Spanish and Swedish Keyboards
for Key-Cassette Terminals -- Sycor, Inc.
88 Channel Multiplexer -- Rixon Electronics

78
78
78
78
78
78
79
79

NEW PRODUCTS
Data Processing Accessories
Digital

PI075 Computer System -- Philips Data Systems
Varian 620/f Minicomputer -- Varian Data
Machines
System Ten -- Friden Div., The Singer Co.
Micro 812 Data Communications Processor
Micro Systems Inc.
B4500 Series -- Burroughs Corp.
DC 6024/3 Computer -- Datacraft Corp.
ARGUS 600 Computer -- Ferranti Ltd.
CSP-30 Computer -- Computer Signal Processors

74
74
74
74
75
75
75
75

Tape-Cleaner Certifier -- Data Devices Inc.
Disc Drive Exerciser -- Peripherals General
AUDEV 6400 Computer Tape -- Audio Devices
Hand Encoder for Perf. Tape, Cards -- Robins
Industries Corp.
"Swinger" Disk Pack Storage -- Engineered
Data Products, Inc.

79
79
79
79
79

COMPUTING/TIME-SHARING CENTERS

Typewriter Terminal Becomes Businessman's
Plotter With New Service Bureau Program

79

Special Purpose Systems

The Devonshire -- Devonshire Computer Corp.
QANTEL V, A Business Computer System -Qantel Corp.
L4000 Accounting Computer -- Burroughs Corp.
DATANET-500 Data Communications Processing
System -- General Electric

75
75
76
76

Memories

Large-Scale Memory Systems -- Standard
Computer Corp.
MOSTAK II Memory System -- Electronic Arrays
Disk Pack System for PDP-8 and PDP-12
Computers -- Digital Equipment Corp.
MSBS READ-Only Memory -- Memory Technology
Fastrack Model 8100 Disc Memory System -Computer Peripherals Corp.
816/716 Disc Storage System -- Peripherals
General, Inc.
PDP-IO Compatible Drum System -- Bryant
Computer Products

76
76
76
76
76
76
77

Software

Bank Services Package -- Delta Data Systems
Construction Estimating Program -- IBM Corp.
DIBOL (Digital Equipment Business-Oriented
Language) -- Digital Equipment Corp.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

77
77
77

COMPUTER-RELATED SERVICES

MSI Graphics Offers Nationwide Digitizing
Drafting System (D/DS) Service
New BASIC to FORTRAN Translation Service
New Service from Teleflora Worldwide Transmits Flowers by Computer
McDonnell Automation Co. To Expand Hospital
Computer Service Nationwide

79
80
80
80

RESEARCH FRONTIER

Deaf Children May Be Helped by Compu ter-Based
Procedure Being Studied at the Royal
Victoria Hospital

80

NEW LITERATURE

Biomedical Engineering Development and
Production
Bulletin of the Special Interest Group for
Urban Systems, Planning, Architecture, and
Civil Engineering (SIGSPAC)
Directory of Computer Facilities in Texas
Journal of the American Society for Information Science

80
80
80
80

71

APPLICATIONS

3-D 'COMPUTER MAN'
SELLS NORFlCO SHAVERS

Did you see CBS Friday Night
Movie on April 17th? This was the
date scheduled for the first showing of a 3-dimensional commercial
completely programmed by a computer.

The 30-second commercial shows a 3dimensional man using and explaining the features of the new Norelco
cordless shaver. With this computer programmed figure, the computer
draws the figure and animates all
its movements in a fraction of the
time it would take the many artists
necessary when working in the traditional process of animation.

in which American Telephone & Telegraph Company and affiliates are
evaluating automatic systems for
reading water, gas and electric
meters. Several utilities in the
Holmdel area, and a number of meter manufacturers, have announced
they will participate.

accidents in 1969 -- all within a
five-month period -- and all resulting in personal injury claims. Before computerization, motorists
employed various tactics to escape
detection, such as transposing first
~nd last name in an accident report -- which often escaped notice.

The telephone transmissions between Holmdel and South Milwaukee
mark the first time during the
AT&T tests that a computer has
"interrogated" and printed readings from water meters under actual operating conditions.

Registrar Richard E. McLaughlin
explained how his agency -- with
the computer's help -- is driving
these careless operators off the
road. The Accident Repeater Listing is constantly examined. An
operator's license number tells the
story and the computer plays no
favorites. Involvement in three or
more auto mishaps in an 18-month
period will win automatic review of
your driving record by the Registry.
You will be given a hearing -- and
unless you can convince the Registry you are an innocent victim of
someone else's negligence, your
license to operate will be suspended indefinitely. Regaining this
permit to operate requires the successful completion of a special
driver-improvement course given by
the Registry; passing a competency
test; or passing a physical examination to determine whether you
have the capacity to operate a
vehicle safely.

At a prearranged time each day,
the computer automatically dials a
long-distance number to gain access
to a switch train (provided by the
Bell Telephone System). Then, the
computer dials in sequence the
phone numbers of each utility customer in order to obtain meter
readings. A dc signal activates
the transponder on the meter, but
does not cause the telephone to
ring. If the phone is being used,
the computer moves on to another
customer until the line is free.
The encoder-transponder feeds
back tone signals which correspond
to the meter reading. In 2 seconds, these signals are transmitted
over the long-distance lines and
back to the master control and data
station. There, they are converted to binary coded decimal readings
for the computer printout.

The TV use of a "computer man"
spokesman was conceived by LaRoche,
McCaffrey & McCall Inc., agency for
Norelco shavers and personal care
products. William Fetter of Newport Beach, Calif., used the animated figure data he created
through arrangements with Computer
Graphics Inc. Designed for use in
man-machine interaction studies,
the measurements of the man represent the mean measurement of 50%
of Air Force pilots, based on anthropometric data.

Computerized reading of the water meters in Holmdel is the result
of a cooperative effort by two
utilities and two manufacturing
firms. They are: Power Systems
Division, McGraw-Edison Co., South
Milwaukee; Badger Meter Mfg. Co.,
Milwaukee; Monmouth Consolidated
Water Co., Long Branch, N.J.; and
The Bell Telephone System.

COMPUTER CONTROL SYSTEM
READS WATER METERS
AUTOMATICALLY

ACCIDENT-PRONE DRIVERS
IN MASSACHUSETTS ARE
PINPOINTED BY COMPUTERS

In 17 homes served by Monmouth
Consolidated Water Co. (N.J.) the
water meters are being read automatically by a computer control
system located in South Milwaukee,
Wis., nearly 1,000 miles away.
Badger Meter Mfg. Co., the meter
supplier, reports that the computer is obtaining daily readings from
Holmdel, N.J., by means of tone
signals transmitted over longdistance lines of the Bell Telephone System. When the signals are
received in South Milwaukee, they
are decoded by the master control
and data station, and a printout
of water consumption is prepared.
The long-distance meter reading
is part of a New Jersey field test
72

At the Registry of Motor Vehicles, Commonwealth of Massachusetts
computers have exploded over 7000
names of drivers who have been involved in three or more car mishaps
in the period 1967-69, inclusive. Operators with 5 to 10 accidents
against their records are commonplace in the two huge volumes
labeled "Accident Repeater Listing". At present, a Boston driver
is the "record holder" with 15 auto
accidents in the last three years;
13 of his 15 accidents accounted
for personal injury insurance
claims. Also, 13 of the accidents
occurred in Boston where insurance
rates are among the highest in the
state and nation. Another Bay
State driver ran up ~ string of 5
t

The Accident Repeater Listing
also points up the fact that some
people appear to be making a living
out of accident insurance claims.
The Registry automatically notifies
the Fraudulent Claims Bureau (created last year in the state department of Insurance) of multipleaccident involvements. This Bureau
also forwards to the Registry its
computer tape to check against the
Registry's tape to determine the
identity of individuals who may not
have reported accident involvement.
This cooperation between these two
agencies allows no errant motorist
to evade detection.
PSYCHOLOGISTS USE SMALL
COMPUTER IN STUDIES OF
HUMAN MEMORY

Why do we remember some things
and not others? Drs. Bennet
Murdock and Endel Tulving, psychologists at the University of Toronto,
hope to find the answer to this and
to other questions about the human
memory. The key piece of equipment
in their planned research projects
is a small general purpose PDP-12
computer (manufactured by Digital
Equipment Corp., Maynard, Mass.).
Dr. Murdock will study the shortterm ability and Dr. Tulving will
be interested in the human memory's
ability to retrieve stored information.
Dr. Murdock, using the PDP-12's
built-in display device, will show
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

a group of words (perhaps 20) to a
subject for a few seconds. Then
the subject will be asked to use
the computer keyboard to tell the
computer what words were displayed
on the screen. After the subject
has responded, the computer will
present a new display dependent
upon his first answers -- a rearrangement of the words to see if
the subject remembers the same
cluster or clusters of words, or a
whole new set of words to determine
if there is a relationship between
words remembered in the first set
and the second. Dr. Murdock, while
testing some current theories and
developing some new ones, may also
be able to suggest ways to present
material to people for easy or difficul t recall.
Dr. Tulving, interested in information retrieval, believes socalled memory loss is, in reality,
a problem in retrieval of information. "For instance, if you were
asked to name the books you read in
the last year, you might well have
difficulty remembering the titles.
On the other hand, if you were
asked to pick from a list presented
to you, the books you had read during the past year, you would probably have little difficulty. This
suggests to me that the information
was available in your memory but
not readily accessible." He indicated that many problems or experiments can be handled without a computer. "But, for problems requiring decisions as to what step to
take next based upon the information being gathered, while the experiment is in progress, the computer is a necessity."
COMPUTER ANALYSIS OF
AIR POLLUTION IN CONNECTICUT

A mathematical "model" stored in
a computer enables scientists at
Travelers Research Corp. (Hartford)
to simulate atmospheric conditions
anywhere in Connecticut, and to
study various methods of reducing
air pollution. A research team
headed by Arthur W. Bostick developed the pollution model over a
two-year period. The research is
aimed at producing specific recommendations for improving Connecticut's air quality.
To formulate the complex mathematical equations that make up the
model, exhaustive data on pollution
caused by motor vehicles, power
plants, factories, home heating
units and other sources was fed
into an IBM System/360 Model 40.
The data was gathered from 25 strategically loca ted measuring stations
and from specially equipped mobile
(trucks and aircraft) stations that
made it possible to measure pollu-

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

tion from sources outside the state.
For each station, it was determined
how often and under what conditions
air quality failed to meet standards set by the Connecticut Clean
Air Commission. By reducing this
mass of data to meaningful form,
the computer makes it possible to
test many alternative methods of
improving air quality. Even future
technological advances (such as the
widespread use of battery powered
vehicles and nuclear power generation) can be evaluated. Computer
models should help to answer many
questions about air pollution.
Bostick's group is applying the
computer model to air pollution
control for metropolitan Toronto.
As the model can be adapted to simulate any set of atmospheric conditions, he foresees the possibility
of its use in many other urban
areas.

the MERC Program as funding becomes
available.
(For more information, circle u41
on the Reader Service Card)
VOLUNTARY COMPUTER COURSE,
A JOINT UNDERTAKING

Computer time and computer language instruction was made available to a few high school students
in a voluntary computer course,
jointly devised by La Jolla (Calif.)
high school teachers, University
of California, San Diego faculty,
and Systems, Science and Software
(S3) scientists. The four-week
course consisted of 12, two-hour
classes, and was devoted to basics
and programming.

EDUCATION NEWS
PROFESSIONAL TRAINING AND
DEVELOPMENT PROGRAM (PTD)

The Middle Atlantic Educational
and Research Center (MERC) , located
on the campus of Franklin and Marshall College in Lancaster, Pa.,
has set up a new program aimed at
helping college graduates (especially those from small colleges)
understand what computers can and
cannot do. The ultimate objective
of the new MERC program is to involve as many students -- future
professional and business people -as possible in the conceptual and
technical use of computers. According to MERC officials, PTD will
have a multiplying effect, ultimately extending to colleges across
the country.
The first part of the program is
designed to acquaint college professors and high school teachers
with modern-day computer facilities, and the part computers play
in practically every phase of modern life and, in particular, their
specific disciplines. Part two
provides "on the job" experience
in computer operations and programming, and includes visits to
MERC facilities and selected computer installations where computers
are playing an innovative role in
community, school, or industry.
PTU was launched last February
with the training of Mrs. June Herr
of Lebanon Valley College, and
Thomas Woodrow of Juniata College,
under industrial grants from AMP,
Inc. of Harrisburg and the Howmet
Corporation of Lancaster. Other
participants will be enrolled in

- High school students under direction of Drs. Wersan
and Alexander, running actual programs through S3 1 S
UNIVAC 1108
The high school students developed programs that included linear
equations, computer sorting, mortgage interest, and orbital calculations. After the first week,
students used FORTRAN to program
S3's multi-million dollar 1108
UNIVAC computer. It is likely that
the S3 computer and software development firm will repeat some
variation of the course in the near
future. It also hopes that the
idea will spread.
THREE NEW YORK ORGANIZATIONS
COMBINE TO TRAIN THE
DISADVANTAGED

Three New York organizations,
Programming Sciences Corporation,
Marketing Survey & Research Corporation and Social Research Corporation, have formally agreed to
implement a program which will move
the disadvantaged from the unemployment rolls to the computer room.
The program is designed to provide
new skills and career opportunities, and to improve the quality of
life of the unemployed and underemployed. It is also expected to
73

fulfill some of the existing and
future manpower requirements of
Metropolitan New York users.
Social Research Corporation will
administer the project. Training
will be accomplished at their New
York facility using Programming
Sciences' EDUPUTER0 (see Computers
and Automation, January 1970, page
62). Programming Sciences Corporation will be responsible for tailoring the course curriculum, materials and training to the levels
of comprehension of the trainees.
Marketing Survey & Research Corporation will administer testing,
screening, counseling, job placement and follow-up.
The agreement calls for concentration on the training of computer
console operators, keypunch operators and I/O quality control
clerks and placing them in jobs
with users of data processing
equipment.
NEW COMPUTER EDUCATIONAL
SERVICES OFFERED BY CTC
COMPUTER CORP.

A new educational service in the
data processing field has been designed for both commercial computer
users and non-users. CTC Computer
Corporation in California is offering courses to companies and organizations for the benefit of their
employees. Courses can be taught
on the customer's premises or at
CTC's facilities in Palo Alto.
Course schedules are flexible to
conform to customers' requirements.
The curriculum includes courses
to assist the commercial computer
user in furthering and upgrading
his skills as well as courses to
broaden a non-user's understanding
of computing. Among the specific
courses offered are: ADP Orientation, Introduction to Systems Analysis, UNIVAC 1108 EXEC 8, and IBM
360 OS courses for operators, programmers and managers.
(For more information, circle ~42
on the Reader Service Card)

NEW PRODUCTS

Digital
P1075 COMPUTER SYSTEM /
Philips Data Systems

The PI075, a new addition to
Philips Data Systems PIOOO computer
systems, is available with store
capacities of 16K, 32K and 48K
74

octads. New dual-drive randomaccess disc units can boost these
capacities with up to an additional
480,000,000 octads. The computer
system has been designed specifically for business applications
where large storage capacities are
necessary -- such as in warehousing and stock control, banking,
ticket reservation and information retrieval; in fact any work
that can be programmed in Autocode,
COBOL, or RUG. Programs written
for the PI075 can be run without
change on any PIOOO system.

without use of bulky cables or
false floors.
The Model 70 workstations are
simplified terminals that may be
used as typewriters when not communicating with the processor. Designed for operator convenience,
the terminals include a work surface area, forms storage and operator personal storage ar~a.
Core memory storage is available
in 10,000 character modules from
10,000 to 110,000 characters of
storage. Memory speed is 3.3 microseconds. Use of standard 80-column
punched cards, magnetic tape, or
paper tape, provides compatability
with other data processing systems.

Some of the main characteristics
of the system: core stores are
word organized with a word length
of 32 bits; internal data interface is one octad; and cycle time
is less than one microsecond per
octad. The processing unit contains a set of 125 instructions
including edit, COBOL move, multi--ply/divide, point location, etc.
All software is fully developed.
(For more information, circle ~43
on the Reader Service Card)

A complete software and support
program including education, service and field systems engineering
will be available with the first
deliveries of System Ten in September of this year.
(For more information, circle ~45
on the Reader Service Card)

VARIAN 620/f MINICOMPUTER /
Varian Data Machines

MICRO 812 DATA COMMUNICATIONS
PROCESSOR / Micro Systems Inc.

The latest addition to Varian's
620 computer line, the 620/f, also

The Micro 812 is the third of a
series of microprogrammed, low cost
digital computers developed by
Micro Systems Int. The Micro 812
is being used as a data concentrator, as a pre-processor for time
sharing and information systems
networks, and as a stand-alone,
interactive processing system.
Core memory cycle time is 1.1
microseconds; the core memory is
expandable to 32.768 bytes. Variable word lengths are available for
8, 16, 24, or 32 bit arithmetic
load and store instructions.

I

is the fastest by a factor of over
two. Cycle time is only 750 nanoseconds. The new computer includes
such features as 100% upward compatibility with the 620/i, new low
cost line of peripherals, expanded
instruction set, and an optional
300-nanosecond read-only memory.
-- SJCC Booths 3004-3007
(For more information, circle ~44
on the Reader Service Card)
SYSTEM TEN / Friden Division,
The Singer Company

System Ten, a low-price computer
system, offers a choice between online, real time processing and
batch processing by card, disc, or
tape. Announced as a "peopleoriented concept in electronic data
processing", the user oriented
workstations go almost anywhere a
job requires. System Ten's processor with its peripherals can be
placed in any office environment

-- To demonstrate functional
design and modularity, Micro
Systems literally cut a Micro
800 physically in half on a
band saw
The basic 812 configuration includes a microprogrammed processor,
power supply, 4096 x 8-bit core
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

memory, power-fail interrupt, automatic restart, and real time clock.
A variety of communications and
peripheral controller interface
options are available.
-- SJCC Booth 24001
(For more information, circle ~46
on the Reader Service Card)
B4500 SERIES / Burroughs Corp.

The first model of the new B4500
Series of data processing systems
-- the B4504 -- is oriented principally to general business and industrial data processing and will
use COBOL as its primary business
language capability. The B4504
system is the next step for users
of the B3500 who later will require
faster and greater processing power.
It is completely compatible with
the B3500.
The B4504's main memories (twice
as fast as the B3500) operate at
500 nanoseconds per cycle, with a
memory word of two 8-bit bytes or
four 4-bit digits accessed in one
memory cycle. Main memory is addressable to the 4-bit digit level.
Address memory operates at 50 nanoseconds (also twice as fast as the
B3500). The main memory, with a
mInImum of 100,000 bytes, can be
expanded in increments of 50,000
bytes per module, up to a maximum
of 500,000 bytes. B4504 memory can
be extended through the use of Burroughs disk file subsystems, which
can store up to 18 billion bytes of
information.
(For more information, circle ~47
on the Reader Service Card)
DC 6024/3 COMPUTER /
Datacraft Corp.

The DC 6024/3 is the second high
speed computer to be introduced by
Datacraft in its 2~ year existence.
The new computer has a full cycle
time of 1.0 microseconds and a
fixed word length of 24 bits. Designed for use in applications requiring real-time control and complex calculations, the first system was delivered in early February.
The DC 6024/3 basic system includes five 24-bit general-purpose
registers (three of which may be
used for indexing), an 8192 word
memory (with parity) expandable to
65,536 words in increments of 8192
words, hardware multiply/divide/
square root. four levels of priority interrupt and a standard software package. A console ASR-33
typewriter can be used as the basic
input/output device.
-- SJCC Booth 24007
(For more information, circle ~48
on the Reader Service Card)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

ARGUS 600 COMPUTER /
Ferranti Ltd.

Ferranti's Automation Systems
Division has introduced the ARGUS
600, a versatile digital computer
aimed at the large low-cost computer and control system markets
for which existing, more powerful
digital computers are not economically feasible.
The ARGUS 600 has an 8-bit word
length, a basic core store of 1024
words (expandable in blocks of 1024
words up to a maximum of 8192
words) and operates on a singleaddress order code of 17 instructions. It is programmed in ASSIST,
the mnemonic language written specifically for the new equipment.
The standard interface of the
ARGUS 600 hardware permits modules
from the standard Ferranti ARGUS
range of peripheral and plant connection equipment to be added as
required. Standard software supplied with the computer includes
a basic loader, mnemonic assembler,
a diagnostic package, double-length
arithmetic and character handling
routines.
The ARGUS 600 is completely compatible with large digital computers. It can be linked directly
or over telephone lines and will
use the same program and data input media.
(For more information, circle ~49
on the Reader Service Card)
CSP-30 COMPUTER / Computer
Signal Processors, Inc.

The 16-bit, general purpose digital computer, CSP-30, has a basic
cycle time of 100 nanoseconds which
results in a capability of performing over 3 million instructions per
second. An integrated circuit (IC)
memory and a core memory are combined to optimize the balance between speed and economy. Either
memory can hold instructions and
data.
The complete CSP-30 system consists of a: central processor,
magnetic tape program entry device,
control panel, power supply, and
KSR 35 Teletypewriter (free-standing). An optional console version
has a desk-mounted control panel.
All versions include complete software.
-- SJCC Booths 201-202
(For more information, circle ~50
on the Reader Service Card)

Special Purpose Systems
THE DEVONSHIRE / Devonshire
Computer Corp.

The new computer, called the
Devonshire, has been developed exclusively for a wide range of communications uses. The machine is
made up of a communications processor and a programmable input-output
controller. The programmable data
communication processor is designed
in modules, permitting "custom"
systems to be developed from standard elements.
The Devonshire is specifically
organized to accept and deliver
data to and from as many as 253
various types of communications
devices simultaneously. Virtually
any type of remote terminal -- displays, keyboards, printers, plotters, other computers, etc. -- may
be used with the new computer, allowing users to choose their terminals on the basis of price and performance rather than compatibility
with the central processor.
Software for the Devonshire includes a basic assembler, program
update, basic monitor, diagnostic
routines, and debugging routines.
Applications packages include terminal device I/O routines, communication logical routines, a realtime relocating loader/monitor and
secondary storage physical and
logical I/O programs.
(For more information, circle ~51
on the Reader Service Card)
QANTEL V, A BUSINESS COMPUTER .
SYSTEM / Qantel Corp.

The QANTEL V System operates as
a small business accounting center
having, as an option, total communications capabilities. The system
provides low-cost automation for
payroll accounting and check-writing, data concentration/transmission, account~ payable, accounts
receivable, letter writing, and
various other business operations.
QANTEL V can be operated by secretarial help with less than one
day's training on the machine.
The basic system includes a 4K
processor (capable of interfacing
with up to eight I/O devices), an
I/O typewriter, and a paper tape
reader/punch. The system requires
no air conditioning and may be operated in any business environment.
A standard secretarial desk is sufficient to house the entire system.
Current optional devices include a
communications controller and magnetic tape transport.
(For more information, circle ~52
on the Reader Service Card)
75

L4000 ACCOUNTING COMPUTER /
Burroughs Corp.

The L4000, newest member of Burrough's family of compact computers,
is the first in the 'L' series designed specifically for accounting
applications; it also can operate
as a billing computer or as a terminal computer. The L4000 has a
forms handler that accommodates a
variety of documents such as frontfed cut forms, ledgers and-unit set
forms, as well as continuous forms
and journals. The 26-inch forms
carriage has a 225-position print
line.
The computer has integrated circuitry, disk memory, advanced logic
and "firmware" (strings of microinstructions stored in the computer's disk memory). L4000 firmware
provides complete internal control
of computation, print formatting,
printer positioning, forms movement, and console and peripheral
data input and output. Every application program automatically
resets these controls for the operator. Application programming is
priced separately from the computer
hardware and basic firmware. The
computer is modular and can be expanded as the customer's requirements change.
(For more information, circle ~53
on the Reader Service Card)
DATANET-SOO DATA COMMUNICATIONS PROCESSING SYSTEM /
General Electric

The new DATANETV-500 data communications processing system can
serve up to 250 communications
lines at the same time and can
accommodate 500 to 1,500 users.
The system is capable of executing
200,000 instructions per second
while transferring 1.2-millioncharacters per second of periphe_ral
input-output and controlling 100
full-duplex low-speed channels.
Designed from the ground up as
a communications processing system,
the building-block design permits
expandability from small-scale aplications to large network control
systems. The building blocks consis t of four basic subsystems: the
processor, memory, communications
and input-output subsystem. Memory
modules are available in 8K, 16K,
32K or 64K sizes. The DATANET-500
can be teamed with most computers
and terminal devices on the market.
A basic system is housed in a frees tanding cabinet occupying the floor
space of an office desk.
(For more information, circle ~54
on the Reader Service Card.)

76

Memories
LARGE-SCALE MEMORY SYSTEMS /
Standard Computer Corp.

Standard Computer's entry into
the large-scale memory systems business has been announced with the
development of its first memory
product. The system is a low cost,
massive (up to 16 million- ~ytes of
information), fas t response- (700
nanoseconds), on-line core memory.
The product will not only be used
in advanced versions of the IC-7000
time sharing computers but will be
offered to users of other systems
desiring major upgrading of their
capabilities.
The self-contained memory system packages up to one million
bytes of storage in a single cabinet (72 x 38 x 78 inches), and up
to 16 such cabinets can be connected to form an integrated memory system of the desired capacity.
The memory system can be connected
to as many as four computer systems
at the same time.
(For more information, circle ~55
on the Reader Service Card)

tape reader or magnetic tape storage
for building the system and loading
programs. It also can be used wi th
other mass storage devices, such as
the company's fixed head disk and
magnetic tape units.
Average access time to locate
data in the system is 154 milliseconds. In an additional 80 milliseconds, 4096 words of core memory can be transferred to or from
the disk.
(For more information, circle ~6
on the Reader Service Card.)
MSBS READ-ONLY MEMORY /
Memory Technology, Inc.

A new addition to Memory Technology's MSBS READ-Only memory line
has up to 393,000 bits of storage
accessible in 200 nanoseconds. The
new systems pack up to 49,152 bits

MOSTAK II MEMORY SYSTEM /
Electronic Arrays, Inc.

MOSTAK II memory is a 1024 word,
8 bit per word memory with a full
cycle time of 1 microsecond. The
MOSTAK II, like the MOSTAK I, employs monolithic MOS random access
memory devices. The system is a
two board arrangement with one
board containing all the clocking
and timing system while the second
board contains the Memory Array.
MOSTAK II can be used as a direct
replacement for core memory of
comparable size.
-- SJCC Booths 3008-3009
(For more information, circle ~56
on the Reader Service Card)
DISK PACK SYSTEM FOR PDP-8
AND PDP-12 COMPUTERS /
Digital Equipment Corp.

A low-cost, random access disk
pack system with software monitor
has been developed for Digital's
PDP-8 and PDP-12 lines of small
computers. The new system, called
RK08, can provide PDP-8 or PDP-12
users with up to 3,325,952 words
of storage, each 12 bits in length.
Each removable file provides
831,488 words of storage. Up to
four can be handled by the system
controller.
The software monitor requires
8,192 words of computer core memory and either a high-speed paper

on a single 12.9" x 10.4" printed
circuit board -- double the capacity of former systems, while retaining the high speed, low power
and multiple system expansion
capabilities.
-- SJCC Booths 2113-2114
(For more information, circle ~57
on the Reader Service Card)
FASTRACK MODEL 8100 DISC
MEMORY SYSTEM / Computer
Peripherals Corp.

The Fastrackro Model 8100 has
standard 24 million and 48 million
bit head-per-track Disc Storage
Modules, which can be combined to
provide memories from 24 million to
96 million bit capacities. The
Model 8100 is compact, with a 40inch high chassis, slide-mounted to
fit a standard 19-inch rack. Data
transfer rates are either 3 MHz or
6 MHz. Optional features allow for
write lockout protection as well as
multi-controller access.
-- SJCC Booths 4611-4612
(For more information, circle ~58
on the Reader Service Card)
816/716 DISC STORAGE SYSTEM /
Peripherals General, Inc.

The 816/716 Disc Storage System,
is designed to provide a low cost
storage facility which can interface

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

directly with the central processor
of small to medium computers. It
also is intended for use in special
storage systems. Removable disc
packs are used as the storage medium. The 816/716 System has a maximum capacity of 116 million bits.
The new system consists of a
controller (Model 816) and one or
two disc drives (Models 716) which
interface with the controller. The
Model 816 is a 16 bit unit capable
of handling up to two disc drives;
the Model 716 Disc Drive uses the
1316 disc pack, and is plug-forplug compatible with the IBM 2311.
-- SJCC Booths 10012-10013
(For more information, circle #59
on the Reader Service Card)
PDP-10 COMPATIBLE DRUM SYSTEM /
Bryant Computer Products

Designed specifically for the
PDP-IO computer, the basic PDP-IO
Drum System consists of an interfacing controller and a 9 million
character drum memory. Average access speed is 17 milliseconds. The
interfacing controller can handle
from one to eight Bryant nine million character drums, providing
PDP-IO users with expansion capabilities for a mass storage media
of up to 72 million characters.
-- SJCC Booth 500
(For more information, circle #60
on the Reader Service Card)

Software
BANK SERVICES PACKAGE / Delta Data
Systems, Inc., College Park, Md. /
An automated accounting system
specifically developed for use by
banks involved in customer services; may be purchased as a complete integrated system, as individual modules, or as part of a
Facility Management Service. The
system, written in COBOL, is
available for IBM, Honeywell, Burroughs and NCR equipment. It can
operate within 32K of core. The
system is marketed under a perpetual licensing agreement for
$32,000, which includes source
decks, and user and operator
documentation.
(For more information, circle #61
on the Reader Service Card)
CONSTRUCTION ESTIMATING PROGRAM /
IBM Corporation, White Plains,
N.Y. / Allows the IBM 1130 computing system to produce a summary of cost estimates for an
entire building project as well as
any of hundreds of separate cost
factors involving labor, materiel
and equipment. The program uses

information from the Associated
General Contractor Manual's
Standard Divisional Coding System. The program is scheduled
to be available in June at a
monthly charge of $50, under a
license agreement.
(For more information, circle #62
on the Reader Service Card)
DIBOL (Digital Equipment BusinessOriented Language) / Digital
Equipment Corp., Maynard, Mass. /
A COBOL-like language made up of
three dis tinc t components: (1) a
language processor that enables
a user to state the problem in a
simple manner; (2) a data management system that operates on
files without additional program-I
ming; and a monitor system that
ties the components together and
enables the user to operate the
system easily. DIBOL systems
can be based either on DEC's
PDP-8I or PDP-8/L computers.
(For more information, circle #63
on the Reader Service Card)
EMPHASIS (Evaluation Management using Past History Analysis for
Scientific Inventory Simulation) /
National Cash Register eo., Dayton, Ohio / A management information system for NCR Century Series computers. The system is
designed in two phas~s~ Phase 1
includes everything except automatic stock replenishment;
Phase 2 (to be released later)
will include the automatic preparation of purchase orders. This
total inventory management system
is addressed specifically to the
manufacturing, food, and hard
goods distribution fields.
(For more information, circle #64
on the Reader Service Card)
PRO/TEST (PROfitable approach to
TESTing) / Synergetics Corp.,
Burlington, Mass. / Capabilities
of this proprietary test data
generator are expanded to include
conditional field generation, allowing the non-programmer to
rapidly generate data for program
and system testing. User receives the PRO/TEST processor, a
150 page user manual, the PROf
TEST forms, and a summary guide.
Available for both IBM System/360
(OS and DOS) and Honeywell Series
200 computers.
(For more information, circle #65
on the Reader Service Card)
SALES-CALL / System Implementation
Corp., New York, N.Y. / A computer application software package
which gives marketing management
the ability to monitor and help
schedule the activities of their
sales force. Operates on any
IBM/360 model 30 or larger computer. The software package is
for sale with complete documen-

aOOOOffi[]
@[fi)ffi[fODOg]
terlDinals

Portable 33-ASR
with separate or built-in
Acoustic Data Set

$1248 25
or

$42.44/Month
(3-Year Term
with purchase options)

Acoustic Data Sets

-Many Variations and
Models- Combination Acoustic and
Hardwire for DAA' Automatic Answer
• Kit form for TELETYPE

(plus Quantity
Discounts)
MODEL
301A2-13

Hardwi re Data Sets

Compatible with Bell

$295

List

(plus Quantity Discounts)

MODEL
301F

Multiplexers. Data Channel Expanders. 201A! ACU Controllers
and other Data Communications Equipment

COM DATA
CORPORATION
7544 W. OAKTON ST.
NILES, ILLINOIS 60648
312/692-6107
Designate No. 20 on Reader Service Card

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

tat ion regarding its operation,
use, and self-customizing features.
(For more information, circle ~66
on the Reader Service Card)
YARDSTICK / Hub S. Ratliff, Houston,
Texas / Simulates and projects the
income, expense and economics of
a time-shared computer system.
YARDSTICK is a measure of profitability and success (designed for
investors, potential investors
and time-shared computer center
managers) not an engineering design model. The program is written in BASIC (there is a version
in FORTRAN IV) for Digital's
PDP-IO computer. It sells for
$25,000 and includes source program listings, complete documentation and the tailoring of
the system to the individual
customer. YARDSTICK occupies
about 6K words of computer core.
(For more information, circle ~67
on the Reader Service Card)

Peripheral Equipment

a 132-character version. The Model
1200 uses ordinary uncoated bond
paper, resulting in substantial
savings to users. Standard units
are fed from paper rolls in lengths
to 2,000 feet with automatic cutting into II-inch lengths or with
take-up rolls. Paper width is 8~
inches for the 80-character format
and 14-7/8 inches for the 132character line.
(For more information, circle ~69
on the Reader Service Card)
ENVOY, A PORTABLE
CRT TERMINAL / Applied
Digital Data Systems, Inc.

battery powered recorder makes it
possible to collect, verify and
record data at any remote location,
and using any accessible telephone,
to transmit this data to a central
compu ter site or a teletype terminal.
(For more information, circle ~72
on the Reader Service Card)

The new Model 80/96 Mutliple-Card
Card Reader feeds, reads, and stacks
the new 96-column System/3 card as
well as the standard 80-column card
and its stub varieties. Made as a
plug-in, add-on package, the 80/96
comes complete with electronics and
enclosures.
To operate the terminal, the
user simply plugs it into an ordinary outlet, folds out the keyboard,
pops up the screen, inserts an
ordinary telephone into the builtin acoustic coupler and dials his
computing center or service bureau.
(For more information, circle ~70
on the Reader Service Card)

HIGH-SPEED PRINTER /
Path Computer Equipment, Inc.

The non-impact communications
printer, known as MOdel 1200, prints
all standard US ASCII characters at
a rate of 96,000 characters per
minute in the 80-character-per-line
format
or at 158,400 per minute in
78

The new data collection device,
called Heurecorder M600, is a portable key-to-tape recorder combining
magnetic tape cartridge storage
with display and communications
capability. Data is entered through
a hand-held keyboard that contains
a Nixie tube display for verification of correct entry. After visual verification, the data is transferred from the recorder's buffer
memory onto an IBM MT/ST magnetic
tape. The lightweight (12 pounds)

The full scale, portable, CRT
terminal, called ENVOY, has high
display capacity, and complete edi ting and formatting capabilities.
Weighing only 30 Ibs. and packaged
in a rugged carrying case, the
ENVOY displays up to 1024 alphanumeric characters on a 5" diagonal
CRT. The terminal, compatible with
teletype data communication systems,
transmits and receives data over
ordinary telephone lines at a rate
of either 10 or 30 characters per
second (switch selectable).

80/96 CARD READER /
Bridge Data Products, Inc.

Cards are magazine fed, and the
read station adjusts automatically
to the card type inserted. It reads
500, 96-column cards per minute, or
300, 80-column cards per minute.
-- SJCC Booth 50011
(For more information, circle ~68
on the Reader Service Card)

KEY-TO-TAPE DATA RECORDER WITH
DISPLAY AND COMMUNICATIONS
CAPABILITY / Heuristic
Concepts Inc.

DIGITAL CASSETTE TAPE DRIVE /
Ampex Corp.

The new serial-by-bit two track
cassette tape drive, Model TMC, is
designed to provide users with a
precision on-line data storage device when incorporated into such
systems and subsystems as data terminals, minicomputers, data acquisition systems and keyboard dataentry equipment. The TMC accepts
Ampex PC-800, or Phillips-type,
cassettes. Standard recording speed
is 12 ips at 800 bits per inch. It
offers a data rate of 9,600 bits per
second, thus packing up to 350,000
characters on a single cassette.
-- SJCC
(For more information, circle ft71
on the Reader Service Card)

VARIABLE WIDTH LINE PRINTER /
Data Printer Corp.

Form widths varying from 3~ to
a full 19~ inches are accommodated
by the new V-132 line printer. The
variable width machine has a 600
Ipm printer mechanism, pedestal
mounted electronics buffered with
a single line memory, and an 8
channel vertical format unit. A
sound deadening cabinet also is
available.
(For more information, circle ~73
on the Reader Service Card)

System/360's, 7074's, l401's for
lease, sell or buy. Also Tape and
Disk Drives and components.
20%-60% off IBM's rental prices.
SUMMIT COMPUTER CORP.
785 Springfield Avenue
Summit, New Jersey 07901
(201) 273-6900

COMPUTERS alld AUTOMATION for May, 1970

..

FRENCH, GERMAN, SPANISH AND
SWEDISH KEYBOARDS FOR KEY- ~
CASSETTE TERMINALS /
Sycor, Inc.

SYCOR models 301 and 302 keycassette vitleo terminals soon will
be available with French, German,
Spanish, and Swedish keyboard configurations, in addition to English.
The terminals, designed to be operated by clerical and other employees
without special EDP training, utilize keyboards, similar to those of
standard typewriters, fordata entry
to computers. The terminal provides
a keyboard, magnetic tape cassette
recording and a CRT display.
It
also contains a microprocessor for
electronic editing and control of
automatic verify, tape search, file
update, and pooling function.
(For more information, circle ~74
on the Reader Service Card.
88 CHANNEL MULTIPLEXER /
Rixon Electronics, Inc.

The new time division multiplexer, known as TDX-2, can mul tiplex up to 88 channels wi th one
uni t.
Users can intermix up to
four speeds
300, ISO, 134.49
and/or 110 bps.
The Rixon TDX-2
is data transparent and will transmit all combinations of7 and8 bit
data characters.
The number of
channels can be changed easily by
adding or removing channel cards.
The TDX-2 is available wi th or wi thout integral high speed modems to
suit customers' individual requirements.
-- SJCC Booths 2103-2104
(For more information, circle ~5
on the Reader Service Card.)

Data Processing Accessories

TAPE-CLEANER CERTIFIER /
Data Devices Inc.

ator selectable.
A write inhibit
fea ture protec ts da ta tapes when
the 7900 is in the cleaning mode.
The new device uses a self-sharpening, rotating cylindrical blade for
tape cleaning and is able to determine whether a reel of tape is computer acceptable, marginal or unacceptable. Options selectable by
the operator include: clean only,
test only, and combination clean/
test.
--- SJCC Booth 1000
(For more information, circle ~6
on the Reader Service Card.)
DISC DRIVE EXERCISER /
Peripherals General, Inc.

The Model 700 disc drive exerciser is intended for use with the
IBM 2311, the PGI 711 and compatible disc storage drive~ as well
as for certain other disc drives
which use the 2316 type disc pack.
The new disc driver exerciser permi ts the user to localize disc s torage drive malfunctions without suspending data processing. The device
allows a complete logic and control check of a disc storage drive
off-line. It also may be used on-line
to monitor a unit performing under
normal operating conditions.
-- SJCC Booths 10012-10013
(For more information, circle ~77
on the Reader Service Card.)
AUDEV 6400 COMPUTER TAPE /
Audio Devices, Inc.

The new AUDEV 6400 compu ter tape
is compatible with current systems
and is capable of recording at
densities up to 6400 FCI. The use
of a new coating forumulation increases wear resistanc~ As newer,
more sophisticated computer systems are developed, AUDEV 6400,
will provide a 100% increase in
storage cpacity over currently
used 3200 FCI tapes.
(For more information, circle ~78
on the Reader Service Card.)

The Model 7900 Cleaner/Certifier
has dual error counters: a permanent error counter (factory preset)

HAND ENCODER FOR PERF. TAPE,
CARDS / Robins Industries Corp.

and a marginal error level (operator
selected). Standard densities include 800 or 1600 BPI and are oper-

A new, simplified hand encoder,
Model DCN-64 "Commander," can be
programmed wi th up to 64 individual
codes in eight channels, plus feed
holes, providing capability for
virtually any hole-punch system.
There are special versions for mylar
tape and edge-punch cards. The
compact, desk-top unit,measuring
only 7-5/8" x 3" x 6" high, is operated by selecting the desired code
on a dial, and pressing a lever. The
tape or card automatically advances
as each code or space is punched.
(For more information, circle ~79
on the Reader Service Card.)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

"SWINGER" DISK PACK STORAGE /
Engineered Data Products, Inc.

The lightweight, space-saving
storage rack "Swinger" provides maximum density of storage fordisk packs.
Specifically designed for disk packs,
plastic-coated baskets "swing out"
fully for easy convenient storage
and retrieval of packs. The "Swinger"
holds 16 to 22 industry compatible
4", 6", and NCR packs on a 62" high
frame. A special suspension system
insures stability by allowing only
one disk to be swung out at a time.
The new storage rack also allows
for complete field adjustability
for various size disk packs.
(For more information, circle ~O
on the Reader Service Card.)

COMPUTING/TIME-SHARING
CENTERS
TYPEWRITER TERMINAL BECOMES
BUSINESSMAN'S PLOTTER WITH
NEW SERVICE BUREAU PROGRAM

The Service Bureau Corporation
(New York) recently announced a new
computer time sharing program that
turns a typewriter terminal into a
precise plotting device that can
translate files of business information into graphic displays. The
new program MINI-MIS PLOT, is part
of a family of programs designed to
make the time-sharing computer more
useful to a businessman. The package is part of the nationwide CALL/
360 time sharing service supplied
by The Service Bureau Corporation.
(For more information, circle ~l
on the Reader Service Card.)

COMPUTER-RELATED SERVICES

MSI GRAPHICS OFFERS NATIONWIDE DIGITIZING DRAFTING
SYSTEM (D/DS) SERVICE

A Digitizing Drafting System
(D/DS) now is available to all firms,
large or small, which have Numerically Controlled equipment. MSI
places boths its personnel and equipment at the disposal of the manufacturer. The customer needs only
to provide: suitable engineering
documentation (drawings or specifications); type of machine tool;
type of N/C controller; and any special ins truc tions or auxil iary functions required. D/DS Service converts the drawing or blueprint into
a proven, verified N/C Control Tape,
ready to drive the cus tomer's machine
tool.
(For more information, circle ~2
on the Reader Service Card.)
79

NEW "BASIC-TO-FORTRAN"
TRANSLATION SERVICE

International Conversion Systems
of New York City and Computer Software Sys tems of Stamford, Conn., are
combining their resources to provide
a new BASIC to FORTRAN Translation
Service. The new service enables
development and debugging of BASIC
programs in a real time environment
followed by on-line translation to
FORTRAN for batch process ing. Translation can be from ~ BASIC to ~
FORTRAN. Effectiveness is 100% on
the more commonly used BASICS and
where editing is required, the normal CSS time sharing edit procedures are used on-line.
(For more information, circle ~S3
on the Reader Service Card.)
NEW SERVICE FROM TELEFLORA
WORLDWIDE TRANSMITS FLOWERS
BY COMPUTER

Teleflora Worldwide, El Segundo,
Calif., has a computerized communications and sales service system
(provided by International Reservations Corp.) which permits Teleflora's subscribing florists to
transmit orders to other Teleflora
affiliates anywhere in the United
States. Subscribers can call a
single, toll-free number a,1d place
an unlimited number of outgoing
orders for delivery anywhere in the
United States. Calling individual
Teleflorists with orders now is
eliminated. Additionally, time
zone changes no longer will create
a problem. A 16-hour service will
be available seven days a week from
7 a.m. to 11 p.m.
(For more information, circle ~4
on the Reader Service Card.)
McDONNELL AUTOMATION CO. TO
EXPAND HOSPITAL COMPUTER
SERVICE NATIONWIDE

A hospital data processing system, developed over the past ten
years by the Sisters of the Third
Order of St. Francis, Peoria, Ill.,
has been acquired by McDonnell Automation Co., St. Louis, Mo. A joint
announcement stated that McDonnell
Automation Co. has assumed the opera t ion and marketing of the services,
along with its associated facilities
and personnel in Peoria. McDonnell
plans to expand the operation into a
nationwide service, and to further
accelerate the development of new
applications for the present system.
The hospital data processing
services consist of two related
systems: an accounting system performs a wide variety of administrative functions; and the patient
care information system, which connec ts terminals throughout the hos-

80

pital to the central computer and
selected other terminals.
(For more information, circle ~5
on the Reader Service Card.)

hearing deficiency, we can present
the child with the correct auditory
stimuli and that part of his brain
will develop properly. This procedure could become standard in
hospitals in the future."

RESEARCH FRONTIER
NEW LITERATURE
DEAF CHILDREN MAY BE HELPED
BY COMPUTER-BASED PROCEDURE
BEING STUDIED AT THE ROYAL
VICTORIA HOSPITAL

Standard procedures now in use
to test hearing capabili ties of the
newborn are open to question. Infants are often simply subj ected to
sharp sounds -- such as hand clapping or noisemakers -- to see if
they react by sudden movements.
However, these movements can be a
result of other causes and a hearing loss can go undiscovered. At
the Royal Victoria Hospital (Montreal, Quebec), a team headed by
Dr. R. P. Gannon of McGill University's ear, nose and throat institute, has worked out an experimental computer-based procedure to
help physicians measure the hearing
capacity of newborns. Dr.Charles
Laszlo, biomedical eng ineer on the
team, designed the system around a
computer, and electrocardiograph
equipment to record heart beats.
With the computer-based system,
nurses in the infant nursery at the
hospital attach the electrodes of
the machine to an infant within a
week of birth. The machine is connected by a phone line to the computer in a remote location. During
an ini tial period of three minutes,
the baby's heart rate is charted
when no sounds are being presented.
Then the baby is subj ec ted to sound
generated at random intervals for
three minu tes. The two three-minute
cycles are repeated once more. All
the informaion is recorded on magnetic tape by the computer for later
analysis.
Heart rate fluctuations are statistically compared. The data from
the no-sound period is displayed on
a screen with the data from the
sound period. If there is a statistically significant difference
in the heart rate swings during the
no-sound and sound periods, it is
considered an indication that the
baby was reacting to the sound.
"It is a known medical fact,"
Dr. Gannon says, "that when a baby
cannot hear normally at birth, and
this is not discovered until he
reaches the age of three or four,
that part of the brain associated
wi th hearing does not develop properly. This can be a hand icap in
teaching such a child to speak. But
if we determine that there is a

BIOMEDICAL ENGINEERING DEVELOPMENT
AND PRODUCTION, a 65-page report,
issued by the National Institute
of General Medical Sciences (a
component of the National Institutes of Health, Department of
Health, Education, and Welfare)
explores ways to effec tively bring
together, on a regional basis, the
resources of government, universities, business and manufacturing
interests for orderly approaches
to research, development, production and the distribution of medical ins truments, sys tems and devices. Single copies are available on request from the Information Office of the National Institute of General Medical Sciences,
Bethesda, ~Id. 20014
BULLETIN OF THE SPECIAL INTEREST
GROUP FOR URBAN SYSTEMS, PLANNING,
ARCHITECTURE, AND CIVIL ENGINEERING (SIGSPAC) of the Assoc. for
Computing Machinery now is available on a yearly basis to institutional subscribers for $lS per
year; single copies at $3 each.
For more information, contact:
Assoc. for Computing Machinery,
1133 Avenue of the Americas, New
York, N.Y. 10036
;DIRECTORY OF COMPUTER FACILITIES IN
TEXAS, Industrial Economics Research Div., Texas A&M Univ., College Station, Tex. / Directory
will cover computer installations
in Texas, including computer make
and model, memory size, type and
quantity of peripheral equipment,
computer applications, and availability of programming assistance.
Special emphasis will be on those
installations with computer time
available for rent. Copies may
be reserved ($5.00) by writing to
the Industrial Economics Research
Div., Box 77 FE, College Station,
Tex. 77843
JOURrJAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOH
INFOR~IATION SCIENCE commenced publication as a bi-monthly with the
Jan-Feb 1970 issue. The official
journal for the American Society
for Information Science, JASIS was
prev ious ly enti tled American Documentation and published quarterly.
The subscription rate will remain
at $27.50 a year domes tic, and $2U
foreign. For more information,
contact: American Society for Information Science,2011 Eye St.,
N.W., Washington, D.C. 2006
COMPUTERS

<111(1

AUTOMATION for May, 1970

NEW CONTRACTS
Control Data Corp., Minneapolis, Minn.
Honeywell EDP Div., Wellesley
Hi lIs, Mass.

Telex Corp., Tulsa, Okla.

Sperry Rand Corp., Univac
Div., Philadelphia, Pa.

General Dynamics Corp., The
Electric Boat Div., Groton,
Conn.

Sperry Rand Finland Company's
Univac Division

Bank of Finland, Helsinki,
Finland

Sperry Rand Corp., Univac
Federal Systems Div.
International Computers Ltd.,
London, England

U.S. Department of Housing
and Urban Development
The Government of the United
Arab Republic, Cairo, Egypt

Diners' Club, Inc., New
York. N.Y.

High speed computer printers (over an
extended period)
A commercial aUdio-response computer system, DA2SH (Diners' Club Authorization
and Accounting system by Honeywell)
Computer systems (UNIVAC 1106, 1108, a
9400 and a 9300). The multiple Univac
systems will be used in computer-aided
design, stress analysis, sound analysis,
manufacturing and inventory control
Two UNIVAC 1108 multiprocessor computer
systems to provide computer services for
all of the Finnish universities
A UNIVAC 1106 computer system

A 1906A computer to be installed in the
Central Agency for Statistics for use by
the National Computing Centre (established
within the CAS)
British Rail, England
Two 1904A computers for centres at Crewe
and Peterborough; will be used initially
for a centralized payroll system for
350,000 employees
A weather modification project aimed at
Environmental Services OperaDepartment of the Interior,
tion of EG&G, Inc., Boulder,
Bureau of Reclamation, Denver,
augmenting existing water supplies; work
Colo.
Colo.
includes weather and avalanche monitoring
Naval Ships Systems Command,
Shipborne electronic countermeasures
Sylvania Electric Products
equipment for use in receiving and deInc., a GT&E subsidiary,
Washington, D.C.
Mountain View, Calif.
tection systems
Two UNIVAC 418-111 systems for telex
Univac Division of Sperry
Canadian Overseas Telecommunication Corp. (COTC), Montreal
switching for COTC's international services
Rand Canada Ltd.
High speed militarized line printers to be
Data Products Corp., Woodland
U.S. Naval Ship Systems Comused in conjunction with military communiHi lIs, Calif.
mand, Washington, D.C.
cations systems and operational control
systems centers in shipboard and land-based
installations
Supply of Type SC. 1030 Magnetic Tape
Nixdorf Computer, Germany
Data Recording Instrument Co.
Handlers
Ltd., Staines, England
KLM, Royal Dutch Airlines
Designing of a computer reservation system
Systems & Research (Nederland)
for tour operators in Holland
N.V.
Burroughs B3500 computer system for use in
Burroughs Corp., Detroit,
State of Florida, Dept. of
accelerating the control of crime in the
Law Enforcement, Tallahassee
Mich.
state
Peripherals General, Inc.,
Westinghouse Corporation/Hagan
Removable disc storage drive systems for
Cherry Hill, N.J.
Systems Division
the PRODAC 2000 Computer
Ampex Corp., Culver City,
Systems Engineering LaboraCore memory stacks for use in Systems'
~C~a~l~i~f~.~______~~~__~________~t~o;r.=i~e~s~,~F~o~r~t~L=a~u~d~e~r~d~a~1~e~,~F~1~a~.~__~8~1~0~A~a~n~d~8~4~0 compu.~t~e~r~sy~s~t~e~m~s~____________
Seaco Computer-Display Inc.,
Interface Sciences Corp., New
Ten Model 401 microfilm recorder systems
Garland, Texas
York. N.Y.
Microminiature TACAN (Tactical Air NaviHoffman Electronics Corp.,
Hawker-Siddeley Aviation,
gation) Systems for use in the Harrier
El Monte, Calif.
Kingston-upon-Thames, England
VSTOL aircraft
High-speed core memory stacks to be used
Ampex Corp., Culver City,
Varian Data Machines, Irvine,
in the Varian 520/i computer
Calif.
Calif.
A software control program. a step in
Dominick & Dominick. Inc.,
Computer Audit Corp., Silver
modernizing the brokerage firm's data
New York, N.Y.
Spring, Md.
processing system
An H316 system for logging, analyzing and
Redman Heenan Froude,
Honeywell Ltd., England
plotting up to 900 different readings for
Worcester, England
2,500 individual tests applied to its
engineering products
205 IBM 2721 portable audio terminals
Lithonia Lighting, a division
IBM Corporation, White Plains,
of National Service Industries. (see Computers and Automation. March
N. Y.
1970, p.52) to provide instant access
Conyers, Ga.
to business information for personnel
and field representatives
Design and development of an automated
Social Security Administration
Aetna Life & Casualty,
system for the Part A, or hospital inHartford, Conn.
surance, portion of Medicare
Design of modular software packages for
Harris. Kerr, Chervenak &
Health Care Computer Systems,
-: Gompany
major data processing requirements of
West Los Angeles, Calif.
the health-care industry
A series of films on basic economics to
Visual Learning Corp.,
Computer Image Corp., Denver,
be used for introductory college courses;
Cambridge, Mass.
Colo.
work will be done on Computer Image's
Scanimate Computer
Development of a prototype of a data
Xerox Corp., Business Products
International Data Systems,
recorder operating on a new concept
Div.
Reno, Nev.
created by IDS
Design and programming of a company-wide
American National Insurance
IBM Corporation, White Plains,
total information data processing system
Co., Galveston, Texas
N.Y.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

$25+ mi lli on
$6 million
$5.4 million
(approximate)

$4.4 million
$3.3 million
$3 million

$2.4 million

$1. 7 mi lli on
$1.6 mi lli on
$1.4 mi lli on
(approximate)
$1.3+ mi llion

$1.3+ million
$1. 2+ mi llion
$1.2 million
$500.000
$450,000+
$411 ,504
$300,000+
$250,000+
$50,000
$43.000
(approximate)

81

NEW INSTALLATIONS

Burroughs B3500 system

Electronic Processors, Inc. (EPI)
Birmingham, Ala.

Control Data 1700 system

Getty Oil Company, Delaware
Ci ty, Del.

Control Data 3300 system

New York State Education Department, Albany, N.Y.

Control Data 6400 system

University of Brussels, Brussels,
Belgium
International~ Atomreaktorbau
GmbH (INTERATOM), Bensberg, Wes t
Germany

Control Data 6500 5ystem

McDonnell Douglas Astronautics
Co., Western Division, Huntington
Beach, Calif.

Control Data 6600 system

Bologna University, Italy

Digital Equipment PDP-IO system

National Neutron Cross Section
Center, Upton, Long Island, N.Y.

Honeywell Model 110 system

Columbia National Corp., Columbus,
Ohio
Credit Bureau of Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, Ohio

Honeywell Model 120 system

Honeywell Model 125 system
Honeywell Model 1250 system
IBM System/3
IBM System!360 Model 20

Fairfax County National Bank,
Seven Corners, Va.
Midwest Mutual Insurance Co.,
Des Moines, Iowa
Weissenburg United Savings Bank,
West Germany
National Mortgage Co., Memphis,
Tenn.
Richmond Life Insurance Co.,
Richmond, Va.
Tracy-Collins Bank & Trust Co.,
Salt Lake City, Utah
Home Mutual Life Insurance Co.,
Baltimore, Md.
Aachen District Savings Bank, West
Germany
Consumer's Market, Inc., Springfield , Mo.
Shadyside Hospital, Pittsburgh, Pat

Univac 494 system

Royal Military College of Science,
Shrivenham, England
Associated British Malsters Ltd.,
London. England
Medi-Centers of America, Inc.,
Memphis, Tenn.
(3 systems)
University of North Carolina,
Chapel Hill, N.C.
Kesko Oy, Helsinki, Finland

Univac 9200 system

Rugby Sportswear Inc., Buffalo, N.Y.

ICL 1902A system
NCR Century 100 system

RCA Spectra 70/46 system

Univac 9400 system

82

St. Louis Park Medical Center,
Minneapolis, Minn.
United States Castor Corp., Overland Park, Kan,
Akers Motor Lines Inc., Gastonia,
N.C.

Demand deposit accounts installment loans,
accounts receivable, payroll, sales analysis,
utility billing and credit union accounting
(system valued at over $660,000)
Scanning, logging, and alarming functions; also
will control some operating points on each of
three refining units
A variety of business and scientific applications; will also be utilized by the New York
State Library and State Museum
Processing administrative management information,
providing computer training for students, and a
wide range of scientific research
Technical and scientific calculations supporting
development of nuclear reactors for power generation; calculations in connection with design and
manufacture of reactor components, for documentation, projects control, cost control
Aerospace programs including Delta, Saturn,
Safeguard-Spartan, the Saturn 5 orbiting workshop
and space station study
(system valued at $4.8 million)
Scientific problem solving programs for students,
engineering and industrial research projects and
industrial applications; through Control Data
200 User Terminals, the Italian universities,
Florence, Venice and Padua, also will gain
access to the computer
(system valued at $3.4 million)
Researchers and engineers studying nuclear energy
and building reactors to have quicker analysis of
their experimental data and quicker access to a
massive data base
Insurance functions such as premium billing,
commissions, and financial reports
Retail credit reporting, collections and service
bureau billing of small business for the Cincinnati bureau as well as subsidiaries
Demand deposit accounting, MICR entry, savings,
loan, and other banking applications
Policy writing, agents' statements and statistical work
Accounting applications; the bank has 12 branches
Mortgage loan accounting, general ledger and
payroll applicationsj insurance applications later
General accounting, commissions, and reports
Many banking applications including demand deposit
accounting, mortgage loan, escrow and property
management, and teller cash
Industrial policy issue, agents' production and
contest reporting and field accounting
Savings and loan accounting and central
bookkeeping
Central warehouse inventory monitoring, payroll,
invoices for the chain of food stores
Order, stock, track and anticipate usage of over
1000 drugs and intravenous solutions
A diverse program of scientific research and for
student instruction in programming
Raw material inventory and cost contrOl, production scheduling and delivery allocation
Payroll, accounts payable and receivable, and
general ledger for about 25 institutions
Record keeping, payroll, library control and
utilities billings functions
Inventory control, order processing, warehouse
operation, purchasing, statistics and forecasting
(system valued at $1.6 million)
Updating all office systems such as sales reports,
accounts payable and receivable, payroll
Automating general account billing and processing
of Medicare and other health insurance claims
Inventory control, order writing, invoicing,
general accounting and sales analysis
Traffic and operations profitability analysis,
general ledger, maintenance, routing, interline
transfers, tax schedules, terminal communications
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

MONTHLY COMPUTER CENSUS
Ne i 1 11acdona 1d
Survey Editor
COMPUTERS AND AUTOMAT I ON

The following is a summary made by CO~IPUTERS AND AUTOMATION of reports and estimates of the number of general purpose electronic digital computers manufactured and installed, or to be manufactured,a~a'on
order. These figures are mailed to individual computer manufacturers
from time to time for their information and rev~ew; and for any updating or comments they may care to provide.
Please note the variation
in dates and reliability of the information. Several important manufacturers refuse to give out, confirm, or comment on any figures.
Our census seeks to include all digital computers manufactured anywhere. We invite all manufacturers located anywhere to submit information for this census. We invite all our readers to submit information that would help make these figures as accurate and complete as
poss ib Ie.

The following abbreviations apply:
(A)

authoritative figures, derived essentially from information
sent by the manufacturer di rectly to COt~PUTERS AND
AUTOI·1AT I ON
figure is combined in a total
acknowledgment is given to DP Focus, Marlboro, 11ass., for
their help in estimating many of these figures
figure estimated by COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION
manufacturer refuses to give any figures on number of installations or of orders, and refuses to comment in any
way on those numbers stated here
figures derived all or in part from information released
indirectly by the manufacturer, or from reports by other
sources likely to be informed
sale only, and sale (not rental) price is stated
no longer in production
information not obtained at press time

C
(D)
E
(N)

(R)

Part I of the Monthly Computer Census contains reports for United
(S)
States manufacturers. Part II contai ns reports for manufacturers
X
outside of the United States. The two parts are published in alternate months.
SUIW,ARY AS OF APRIL 15, 1970
DATE OF
AVERAGE OR RANGE
NAME OF
FIRST
OF MONTHLY RENTAL
NAME OF
COMPUTER
INSTALLATION
$(000)
MANUFACTURER
Part 1. Uni ted States ~1anufacturers
Autonetlcs
Anaheim, Cal if. (R) (1/69)
Bai ley l1eter Co.
Wickliffe, Ohio (R) (4/70)
Bunker-Ramo Corp.
Canoga Pa rk, Ca 1 if.

(A)
(10/69)

Burroughs
Det ro it, Mi ch •
(tI)
( 1/69-5/69)

Control Data Corp.
Minneapol is, Minn.
(N)
(2/69-4/69)

Data General Corp.
Southboro, l1ass. (A) (4/70)
Datacraft Corp.
Ft. Lauderdal e, Fla. (A) (2170)
Digiac Corp.
Plainview, N.Y. (A) (2170)
Digital Equipment Corp.
Maynard, Mass.

(A)
(4/70)

RECOMP II
RECOMP I II
Bai ley 750
Bai ley 756
Bai ley 855
BR-130
BR=-133
BR-230
BR- 300
BR- 330
BR- 340
205
220
Bl00
B200
B300
B500
B2500
B3500
B5500
B6500
B7500
B8500
GIS
G20
LGP-21
LGP-30
RPc4000
636/136/046 Series
160/8090 Series
924/924A
1604/A/B
1700
3100/3150
3200
3300
3400
3500
3600
3800
6400/6500
6600
6800
7600

11/58
6/61
6/60
2/65
4/68
10/61
5/64
8/63
3/59
12/60
12/63
1/54
10/58
8/64
11/61
7/65
10/68
2/67
5/67
3/63
2/68
4/69
8/67
7/55
4/61
12/62
9/56
1/61

2.5
1.5
40-250 (S)
60-400 (S)
100-1000(S)
2.0
2.4
2.7
3.0
4.0
7.0
4.6
14.0
2.8
5.4
9.0
3.8
5.0
14.0
23.5
33.0
44.0
200.0
1.6
15.5
0.7
1.3
1.9

5/60
8/61
1/60
5/66
5/64
5/64
9/65
11/64
8/68
6/23
2/66
8/64
8/64
6/67
12/68

2.1-14.0
11.0
45.0
3.8
10-16
13.0
20-28
18.0
25.0
52.0
53.0
58.0
115.0
130.0
235.0

NOVA
SUPERNOVA
DC6024
Dc6024/3
Digiac 3080
Digiac 3080C
PDP-l
PDP-4
PDP-5
PDP-6
PDP-7
PDP-8
PDP-8/1
PDP-8/s
PDP- 8/L
PDP-9
PDP-9L
PDP-l0
PDP-12
PDP-IS
LI tlc-8

2/69
4/70
5/69
2/70
12/64
10/67
11/60
8/62
9/63
10/64
11/64
4/65
3/68
9/66
11/68
12/66
11/68
12/67
9/69
2/16
9/66

8.0
11. 7
54-200
33-200
19.5
25.0
3.4
1.7
0.9
10.0
1.3
0.5
0.4
0.3

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

1.1
8.0
17.0

NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS
Outs i de
In
In
U. S .A.
World
U. S.A.
30
6
32
13
5
160
79
15
18
19
19
25-38
28-31
90
370-800
180-370
0
52-5.7
44
65-74
4
0
1

65-130
68-90
40-45
38-100
12
1
30
18
23-50
32-40
1
1

(s)
(S)
(S)
(S)

(S)
(S)

130
0
7
3
14
5
50
40
90
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
6

0
0
3
5
0

30
6
35
18
5

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED
ORDERS

X
0
1
20
X
X

2
2
13
70
40
0
12
18
7
0
0
0

41-50
15-20
15
17-25
4
0
9
2
14-17
11
0
0

27-40
30-33
103
440-870
220-410
0
64-69
62
72-81
4
0
1
295
20
165
322
75
29
610
29
59
106-180
8)-110
55-60
55-125
16
1
39
20
37-67
43-51
1
1

0
0
0

136
0
7
3

2
5
10
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C

52
45
100
23
160
1450
2157
1020
231)0
425
41
144
275
15
142

X
X
X
X
X

31
150
70
117
190
8
60
13
5
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Total:
160
800
0
5
64

X
X
X
X
X

C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
C
Total:
1350E

83

NAHE OF
IWIUFACTURER
Electronic Associates Inc.
Long Branch, N.J. (A) (2/70)
EtlR Compute r
tli nneapol is, Minn.
(N)
(11/70 )

NAHE OF
COMPUTER
640
8400
ADVANCE (,020
ADVANCE 6040
ADVANCE 6050
ADVANCE 6070
EI1R 6120
EMR 6130
EMR 6135

DATE OF
FI RST
INSTAL LAT lOti
4/67
7/65
4/65
7/65
2/66
10/66
8/67

AVERAGE OR RAtJGE
OF 110NTHL Y RENTAL
$ (000)
1.2
12.0
5.4
6,(,
9.0
15.0
0.8
5.0
2.6

NUt1Bi:R OF I NSTALLAT IONS
In
Outside
In
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
Worl d
30
105
75
6
19
25
C
C

C
C

Tota 1 :
90 E
General Electric
Phoenix, Ariz.
(N)
(2/70)

P races s Cont ro 1 Computers:
(A)
(4/70)
Hewlett Packard
Cupertino, Cal if.

(A)
(4/70)
Honeywe 11
Computer Control Div.
Framingham, Mass.
(ft,)
(4/70)

Honey\"e 11
EDP Di v.
(lei lesley Hi lis, lIas s .

(A)
(4/70)

I B~1
Wh i te Pia i ns , II. Y.
(N) (D)
(1/69-5/69 )

84

105A
105B
105RTS
115
120
130
205
210
215
225
235
245
255 T/S
265 T/5
275 T/5
405
410 T/S
415
420 T/5
425
430 T/5
435
440 T/5
615
625
635
655
4020
4040
4050
4060
2114A
2115A
2116A
2116B
DDP- 24
DDP-116
DDP-124
DDP- 224
DDP-316
DDP-416
DDP··516
H632
H1648
H-ll0
H-120
H-125
H-200
H-400
H-800
H-1200
H-1250
H-1400
H-1800
H- 2200
H- 321)0
H-4200
H-8200
System
305
650
1130
1401
1401-G
1401-H
1410
1440
1460
1620 I, II
1800
7010
7030
7G4
7040
7044
705
7070, 2
707 l !
7080
7090
7094-1
7094- I I
360/20
360/25
360/30

6/69
6/69
7/69
4/66
3/69
12/68
6/64
7/60
9/63
4/61
4/64
11/68
10/67
10/65
11/68
2/68
11/69
5/64
6/67
6/64
6/69
9/65
7/69
3/68
4/65
5/65
2/67
8/64
12/66
6/65
10/68
11/67
11/66
9/68
5/63
4/65
3/66
3/65
6/69

1.3
1.4
1.2
2.2
2.9
4.5
2.9
16.0
6.0
8.0
12.0
13.0
17.0
20.0
23.0
6.8
11.0
7.3
23.0
9.6
17.0
14.0
25.0
32.0
43.0
47.0
80.0
5.0
3.0
7.0
8.5
0.25
0.41
0.6
0.65
2.65
0.9
2.2
3.5
0.6

9/66
12/68
11/68
8/68
1/66
12/67
3/64
12/61
12/60
2/66
7/68
1/64
1/64
1/66
2/70
8/68
12/68
1/70
12/57
10/67
2/66
9/60
5/64
6/67
11/61
4/63
10/63
9/60
1/66
10/t:,
5/61
12/55
6/63
6/63
11/55
3/60
3/60
8/61
11/59
9/62
4/64
12/65
1/68
5/65

1.2
3.2
12.0
2.5
4.2
6.0
9.2
10.0
30.0
11.6
12.0
14.0
50.0
16.0-26.0
24.0
32.5
50.0
1.1
3.6
4.8
1.5
5.4
2.3
1.3
17.0
4.1
10.0
4.1
5.1
26. ()
160.:)
32.0
25.0
36.5
38.0
27.0
35.0
60.0
63.5
75.0
83.0
2.7
5.1
10.3

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED
ORDERS
15
2

Total:
30 E

200- 400

420-680

620- 1080

11
35
15
145
60-100

0
0
1
15
17

11
35
16
160
77-117

10-40
170- 300
50-100

15-45
70-100
20-30

240-400
70-130

20

26

23
20-40

26
23-43

142
45
22
18

150
800
75
800
46
58
230
130
4
15
125
0
15
8
0
40
50
2580
2210
420
180
156
1690
194
285
415

67
1 ,~

35
28
18
10
44
13
4
10
6
4690
0
5075

43
20
1

60
150
175
275
40
10-12
90
40
6
3
55
0
2
3
0
15
18
1227
1836
450
140
116
1174
63
186
148
14
1
1
27
13
3
3
26
2
2
4
4
3276
4
3144

185
65
23
20
812
661
367
1051
90
250
110
60
150
225
550
10
12
210
900
230
1075
86
70
315
170
10
18
180
0
17
11

70

55
68
3807
40116
870
320
272
2864
257
471
563
81
5
13
2
41
21
13
70
15
6
14
10
7966
4
8219

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

NAME OF
,'1ANUFACTURER
IBM \Cont'd.)

Interdata
Oceanport, tJ.J.
(A) (4/70)
NCR
Dayton, Ohio
(R)
(2/70)

Pacific Data Systems Inc.
Santa Ana, Calif. (N) ( 1/69)
Phi lco
Willow Grove, Pa.
(N) ( 1/69)
Potter Instrument Co., Inc.
Plainview, ~J.Y. (A) (10/69)
RCA
Cherry Hill, N.J.
(N)
(5/69)

Raytheon
Santa Ana, Cal if.
(A)
(4/70)

Scient i fi c Control Corp.
Dallas, Tex.
(A)
(10/69)

Standard Computer Corp.
Los Angeles, Calif.
(N) (8/69)
Systems Engineering Laboratories
Ft. Lauderdale, Fla.
(A)
(2/70)

UN IIJAC (Div. of Sperry Rand)
tJew York, N.Y.
(R)
(1/69-5/69)

Vari an Data I'ach i nes
Newport Beach, Cal if.
(A) (4/70)
Xerox Data Systems
El Segundo, Calif.

un

(4/70)

NAME OF
CO~WUTER

360/40
360/44
360/50
360/65
360/67
360/75
360/85
360/90
360/195
t10del 2
tlode 1 3
Mode 1 4
304
310
315
315 R/",C
390
500
Century 100
Century 200
PDS 1020
1000
2000-210, 211
2000-212
PC-9600

NUtHlER OF I NSTALLAT 10iJS
AVERAGE OR RANGE
In
Outs ide
In
OF t'OfJTHL Y RENTAL
u.s .A.
World
$ (000)
U. S.A.
1260
49!l
19.3
1758
11.8
65
13
78
480
29.1
109
589
57.2
206
175
31
4
133.3
13
9
14
66.9
17
3
0
0
150.3
0
(S)
11/67
0
5
5
232.0
7/68
0.25
18
3/67 .
0.4
213
8/68
0.6
147
1/60
14.0
2
15
17
5/61
8
0
8
2.5
460
400
860
5/62
8.7
12.0
9/65
125
170
45
240
5/61
500
740
1.9
10/65
1700
2650
1.5
950
9/68
2.7
150
700
550
100
150
6/69
50
7.5
Computer manufacturing operation terminated
DATE OF
FI RST
I tJSTALLAT 101~
4/65
7/66
8/65
11/65
10/66
2/66

6/63
10/58
1/63
Product obsoleted

301
2/61
501
6/59
601
11/62
3301
7/64
Spectra 70/15
9/65
Spectra 70/25
9/65
Spectra 70/35
1/67
Spect ra 70/45
11/65
Spect ra 70/46
Spectra 70/55
11/66
250
12/60
440
3/64
520
10/65
10/67
703
704
3/70
706
5/69
5/66
650
10/66
655
660
10/65
670
5/66
4700
4/69
6700
2/70
DCT-132
5/69
DCT-32
11/69
I C 4000
12/68
I C 6000
5/67
I C 7000
6/69
810
9/65
810A
8/66
810B
9/68
840
11/65
840A
8/66
8401·1P
1/68
S:ts tems 36
I & II
3/51 & 11/57
III
8/62
Fi Ie Computers
8/56
Sol id-State 80 I, II,
90,1,1 I, & Step
8/58
418
6/63
12/61
490 Series
1004
2/63
4/66
1005
1050
9/63
1100 Series (except
1107, 1108)
12/50
10/62
11 07
1108
9/65
9200
6/67
9300
9/67
9400
5/69
LARC
5/60
620
11765
620i
6/67
R-620 i
4/69
10/68
520i
SDS-92
4/65
SDS-910
8/62
SDS-920
9/62
12/64
SDS-925
SDS-930
6/64
SOS-940
4/66
SOS-9300
11/64
Sigma 2
12/66
Sigma 3
12/69
Sigma 5
8/67
S i gma 7
12/66

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

7.0
IjO .0

52.0

7.0
14.0-18.0
14.0-35.0
17.0-35.0
4.3
6.6
9.2
22.5
33.5
34.0
1.2
3.6
3.2
(S)
(S)

(s)
0.5
2.1
2.1
2.7
1.8
90.0
0.7
0.3
9.0
16.0
17.0
1.1
0.9
1.2
1.5
1.5
2.0
10.0
25.0
21.0
15.0

0
74
87
X
X

16
16
12

140- 290
22-50
2
24-60
90-110
68-70
65-100
84-180
1
11
155
20
26
145
1
27
23
III
27
1
13
0
23
0

6
9
3
24
158
58
3
36
26
0
23
25
13

100-130
1
0
1-5
35-60
18-25
20-50
21-55
0
1
20
1
20
0
3
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
4
1
0
2
0
0

210
76
75
1502
637
138

36
11
628
299
62

35.0
57.0
68.0
1.5
3.4
7.0
135.0
0.9
0.5

9
8
38
127
106
3
2

0
3
18
48
38
0
0

10-60
150-170
93-120
20
159
28-35
21-25
60-110
10
15-40
24- 35

240- 420
23-51
2
25-65
125-170
86-95
85-150
105-235
1
12
175
20
27
175
1
30
23
III
27
1
13
0
23
0

6
9
3
24
162
59
3
38
26
0
31

8.0
11.0
30.0
1.9
2.4
8.5

1.5
2.0
2.9
3.0
3.4
14.0
8.5
1.8
2.0
6.0
12.0

NUtlBER OF
UNFI LLED
ORDERS

2
7-10
5-12
1
14
0
1
10-15
0
6-18
5-9

112
86
2130
936
200
9
11
56
175
144
3
2
75
1200
25
110
12-62
157- 160
98-132
21
173
28-35
22-26
70-125
10
21-58
29-44

X
X
X
8
8
13
0
25
12
0
79
1
509
3
8 E
10 E
X
48
17
X
X
5
2
X
X
X
X
20
35
20
90
10
X
X
75
850
550
60
0
400
30
330

85

16th ANNUAL

THE
EDITION

OF

THE

COMPUTER DIRECTORY AND
BUYERS' GUIDE
will be published jointly by
The New York Times Book and Educational Division and Computers and Automation
as the Midyear issue of Computers and Automation (in soft cover)
and as Volume 4 of WHO'S WHO IN COMPUTERS AND DATA PROCESSING (in hard cover)

CONTENTS
- A Roster of Organizations in the Electronic Computing and Data ProceSSing Industry
- A Buyers' Guide to Products and Services in the Electronic Computing and Data Processing Field
- Special Geographic Rosters of:
1. Organizations selling computing and data processing services
2. Organizations selling commercial time-shared computing services
3. Commercial organizations offering courses, seminars or instruction in
computing, programming, or systems
4. Organizations selling consulting services to the computer field
5. Organizations offering computing and data processing equipment on a lease basis
6. Organizations selling software or computer programs
- Characteristics of General Purpose Digital and Analog Computers
- A Roster of College and University Computer Centers
- Rosters of Computer Associations and Computer Users' Groups
- A Roster of Programming Languages
- A List of Over 1700 Applications of Electronic Computing and Data Processing Equipment
- A World Computer Census
. .. and much more

PRICE· for

the COMPUTER DIRECTORY AND BUYERS' GUIDE, 1970 in SOFT COVER:

- Price for subscribers to Computers and Automation whose present subscription.
does not include the Directory (magazine address label is marked *N)

. . . . . . • $ 9.00

- Special prepublication price for non-subscribers (effective through June 30, 1970). . . . . . . . . . $12.00
(After publication, price to non-subscribers is $14. 50)
- The Directory is included in the $18.50 full annual subscription (13 issues) to
Computers and Automation (magazine address label is marked *D)
Send prepaid orders to: COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION, 815 Washington Street, Newtonville, Mass. 02160
If not satisfactory, the DIRECTORY is returnable in seven days for full refund.

ADVERTISING INDEX
Following is the index of advertisements. Each item contains: Name
and address of the advertiser / page
number where the advertisement
appears / name of agency, if any
Academic Press, Inc., 111 Fifth Ave., New York, NY
10003 / Page 21 / Flamm AdvertiSing
Americana Interstate Corp., P. O. Box 2998, Clinton,
IA 52732 / Page 3 / Media Selection Corporation
APL-Manhattan, 254-6 West 31 St., New York, NY
10001 / Page 88 / ComData Corporation, 7544 W. Oakton St., Niles, IL
60648 / Page 77 / Ross Llewellyn, Inc.
Computer Consultants (International) Limited, GPO
Box 8, Llandudno, Wales, G. B./ Page 66 / Computers and Automation, 815 Washington St., New-

86

tonville, MA 02160 / Page 87 / Computers and Automation, 815 Washington St., Newtonville, MA 02160 / Page 86 / Input Output Computer Services, Inc., 142 Mt. Auburn
St., Cambridge, MA 02138 / Page 7 / National Historical Society, P. O. Box 2964, Clinton,
IA 52732 / Page 67 / Media Selection Corporation
Scangraphics, 194 Lincoln Ave., Stamford, CT 06902 /
Page 2 / Kalb & Schneider
Tempo Computers, Inc. ,1550 S. College Blvd. , Anaheim,
CA 92806/ Page 9/ Reynolds-Buker & Associates
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for May, 1970

YOU ARE INVITED TO ENTER OUR

ue

COMPUTER ART CONTEST
the special feature

of the August,

1970 issue of

The winning entry will appear on the cover
of our August issue - more than 25 entries
will be published inside. The 1969 first
prize winner, "Circus", is shown here at
the left.

C IRC US
- Tom Childs
GUIDELINES

FOR ENTRY

1. Any interesting and artistic drawing, design or sketch made by a
computer (analog or digital) may be entered.

2. Entries should be submitted on white paper in black ink for best
reproduction. Color entries are acceptable, but they may be
published in black and white.
3. Entries should be limited in size to 12!" by 17".
4. Each entry should be accompanied by an explanation in three or
four sentences of how the drawing was programmed for a computer,
the type of computer used, and how the art was produced by the
computer.
There are no formal entry blanks; any letter submitting and describing
the entry is acceptable. We cannot undertake to return artwork, and we
ask that you not send originals.
Deadline for receipt of entries in our office is July 2, 1970.

one
t

r
f·

new com u er.

.

..

Use our systems library

Your fingers do the talking
You can actually time-share an
IBM APL/360 Terminal System over
the telephone. Just dial the system
direct and type in onyourown computer
console. The com·puter will type out
the correct response instantly.

You can use the real-time systems
we have ready-made. Or tailor thj3m as
. you like. We have numerous exainples
to serve as your guide.

"CRASHES" eliminated;
down time eliminated

Complete control is yours
The system allows continuous handson-time programming right at your
desk. With simple on-line alteration of
a program statement. And immediate on-line test of a
program alteration.

The design of APL completely
protects the system from the software
"crashes" that other systems suffer
because.of user-mistakes. We haven't
had a software crash since inception on August 25, 1969.

Our time is your time
A programming dream
It takes a programmer only one productive day to do
in APL what it would take him three weeks to do in Fortran.
And our optional instruction course can even
,.
teach· APL to your secretary.

The system is operational 24 hours a day, 365 days a year,
so you can use it anytime. And you pay only $12 per
hour of use. It can handle seventy-five users simultaneously,
so you virtually can have as many computers working
for you as you have telephones and people to use them.

Call us for more information about the telephone as a substitute for the computer room.
·The phone is waiting right there on your desk.
APL-Manhattan (212-947-7813);
APL-Boston (617-244-0210);
APL-Philadelphia(215-564-1788) ;
APL-Washington (202-638-5344).
We're divisions of Industrial Computer Systems, Inc.,
254 West 31 st Street, New York, New York 10001
Designate No. ·24 on Reader Service Card
Not for sale for unethical or destructive purposes

APL-/

11M

Industrial Computer Systems, Inc.



---

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