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SCiENee

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February, 1971
Vol. 20, No. 2

Studying Electronic Circuits

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The New York Times and
Computers and Automation
announce a practical guide to
the most elusive components in
computers and data processing ...

PEOPLE

Who they are ...
What they do ...
Where they do it ...
Until now, it has been well-nigh impossible to keep track of the thousands of highly skilled professionals
engaged in the world's fastest growing profession.
The painstaking task required to inventory the qualifications and backgrounds of the 15,000 most necessary professionals in every branch of
the computer field has now been accomplished. The oldest magazine in
the field, Computers and Automation, and the information retrieval
services of The New York Times
have pooled their resources to produce the Fifth Edition of

PLUS both homp

WHO'S WHO IN
COMPUTERS AND
DATA PROCESSING

(

This is the most extensive register of
computer professionals ever published - the first of its kind in seven
years. It is arranged for your convenience in three volumes:
1. Systems Analysts and Programmers
2. Data Processing Managers and
Directors
3. Other Computer Professionals
(from professors of computer science to attorneys versed in the
computer field)
Each of the more than 15,000 specialists is covered by a separate capsule biography detailing: Birth Date
... Education . .. Year Entered Computer Field . .. Title . .. Honors . ..
Memberships . .. Special Skills (from
applications to logic to sales) ...

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is no risk involved. 10xamination.
10 IN COMPUTERS
~ PROCESSING
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n durable hard-cover

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Problem Analysis for
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Chicago, June 14-18

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Chicago, April 19-23
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find the new wfJrkshfJps in develfJping methfJds ffJr mfJre
effective perffJrmflnce .....
Systems
Standards

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Standards

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Chicago, May 26-27
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FfJr further inffJrmfltifJn fJr registrfltifJn, coIl fJr write
BRANDON SYSTEMS INSTITUTE
1700 Broadway
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A Division of BRANDON APPLIED SYSTEMS. INC.

Vol. 20, No.2
February, 1971

computers
and automation
The magazine of the design, applications, and implications
of information processing systems.

Editor

Edmund C. Berkeley

AHistant Editors

Linda Ladd Lovett
Neil D. Macdonald

Software Editor

Stewart B. Nelson

AdtJcrtising
Director

Bernard Lane

Art Directors
Contributing
Editors

AdtJisory
Committee

Fulfillment
Manager

Computer Programming and Software
13

VERIFICATION OF SOFTWARE PROGRAMS

SOURCE LANGUAGE DEBUGGING

[A]
by LTC Fletcher J. Buckley, U.S. Army Computer Systems Command
How a Formal Qualification Test (FaT) of a software program can
be used to verify that each of the individual requirements in the
specification has been met - and why this general method is more
reliable and more useful than other approaches.
[A]

by Richard C. Taylor, Senior Project Analyst, United Aircraft Research
Laboratories
An example of source language debugging (in FORTRAN on a
Univac 1108 computer) which demonstrates a technique that could

James J. Cryan
Alston S. Householder
Bernard Quint

be used with other higher level languages on other computers.
William J. McMillan

Computers and Competition
7

Edilorial Offices

[A]

by Paul A. Shapiro and David F. Stermole
A highly successful pilot model of a system (at a cancer research
institute in Buffalo, N. Y.) for: (1) storing post-operative surgical
reports written by doctors in ordinary English; and (2) allowing
researchers to question this great catalog of stored data, using
ordinary English.

Ray W. Hass
Daniel T. Langdale
John Bennett
Moses M. Berlin
Andrew D. Booth
John W. Carr III
Ned Chapin
Alston S. Householder
Leslie Mezei
Ted Schoeters
Richard E. Sprague

ACORN (Automatic COder Report Narrative):
AN AUTOMATED NATURAL-LANGUAGE
QUESTION-ANSWERING SYSTEM
For Surgical Reports

[F]

by Congressman Jack Brooks
The government is working towards a system of procurement
based on all-out competition on cost versus quality.

Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.

815 Washington St.,
Newtonville, Mass. 02160
617-332-5453

GOVERNMENT REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY

liTHE DVORAK SIMPLIFIED TYPING KEYBOARD" COMMENT

[F]

by Kevin R. Jones and the Editor
An increased typing speed of 30% to 50% appears probable with the
Dvorak keyboards; "Computers and Automation" hopes to sponsor
speed contests in keyboard typing to promote competition in
keyboard design.

Adrel'tising
Contact

THE PUBLISHER
Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.
815 Washington St.,
Newtonville, Mass. 02160
617-332-5453

Computer Applications
25

[AJ

by Alan S. Boyd, Pres., Illinois Central Railroad
How the use of computers to simpiify transportation data could
eliminate some of the more-than-trillion existing rates, and could
result in enormous savings for shippers, carriers, and the public.

28
Computers and Automation is published monthly
(except two issues in November) at 815 Wash ing·
ton St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160, by Berkeley
Enterprises, Inc. Printed in U.S.A.
Subscription rates: United States, 11 monthly
issues and two issues in November (one of which
is a directory issue) - $18.50 for 1 year, $36.00
for 2 yeArS; 12 monthly issues (without directory
issue in November) '- $9.50 for 1 year; $18.00 for
2 years. Canada,' add 50¢ a year for po~tage;
foreign, add $3.50 a year for postage. Address
all U.S. subscription mail to: Berkeley Enterprises,
Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass.
02160. Second Class Postage paid at Boston, Mass.
Pos1master: Please send all forms 3579 to Berkeley
Enterprises, Inc., 815 Washington St., Newtonvi lie,
Mass. 02160. © Copyright 1971, by Berkeley Enterprises, Inc.
Change of address:
If your address changes,
please send us both your new address and your old
address (as it appears on the magazine address
imprint and allow three weeks for the change to
be made.

THE COMPUTER REVOLUTION - AND THE RAILROADS

COMPUTERS IN COMMUNITY SERVICE:
CAN THE CULTURAL GAP BE BRIDGED? Part One

[A]

by James F. Muench, Computer Consultant
An "instruction manual" for the computer worker-techniciansalesman who seeks to move his product - his terminal, his software,
his computer utilization advice - into the wide-open market of
community service.

CONSUMER INFORMATION SYSTEM COMPUTERIZED,
RALPH NADER STYLE

[G]

by T.D.C. Kuch, National Cancer Institute, Supervisory Computer
Specialist
The launching of a group of volunteer computer professionals, to
assist the Public Interest Research Group of Ralph Nader, in
studying and appraising a computerized consumer information
system.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

Computers and Society
31

THE SOCIAL CONTROL OF SCIENCE
[A]
by Dr. Lee A. DuBridge, Science Advisor to the President
What kinds of controls do individuals, universities, commercial
companies, consumers, and federal, state and local governments
really have over what scientists will investigate and how scientific
knowledge will be used?

MARTIN LUTHER KING, JR.,
[F)
MEMORIAL PRIZE CONTEST - THIRD YEAR
A $300 prize for the best article on the application of information
sciences and engineering to the problems of improvement in human
society.

THE CASE OF CLARK SQUIRE: COMPUTER PROGRAMMER, [A]
BLACK PANTHER, PRISONER - INTERIM REPORT
by George Capsis, Kenneth M. King, Monroe Newborn, Computer
People for Peace, Michael B. Griswold, E. C. Witt, and the Editor
Action and recommendation by the Council to the Association for
Computing Machinery; reports by its Ad Hoc Committee regarding
Clark Squire, computer programmer; other reports; and comments
and questions raised.

Computers and Philosophy
6

NOT UNDERSTANDING A COMPUTER
[E)
by Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor, Computers and Automation
There is a great future in working out better models (such as maps,
pictures, patterns, frameworks, etc.) for human understanding so
that people can understand computers, and much more besides.

[F)
WHAT IS A PROFESSIONAL?
by Data Management and Bruce Madsen
A challenge to a definition of "professional" because the definition
left out "the important words responsibility and social value".

Front Cover Picture
Michael H. Boyd of Omaha,
Nebraska, first year student at
Rochester Institute of Technology, Rochester, N.Y., uses a
terminal linked to an IBM 1500
instruction system to study
electronic circuit analysis. Mr.
Boyd is using a "light pen" to
indicate his answer to a problem.
The course is one of several
sponsored by the National Technical Institute for the Deaf to
help deaf students prepare for
college-level technical studies.
For more information, see page
55.

Computers, Science, and Assassinations
48

[A]
THE REPORT OF THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE
TO INVESTIGATE ASSASSINATIONS
by Bernard Fensterwald, James Lesar, and Robert Smith
What the National Committee in Washington, D.C. is doing
about computerizing files of evidence, initiating lawsuits to obtain
information, etc.; and comments on two new books by District
Attorney Jim Garrison and Robert Blair Kaiser.

Departments
Across the Editor's Desk
Applications
Education News
Research Frontier
Advertising Index
Calendar of Coming
Events
Classified Advertisement
Monthly Computer
Census
New Contracts
New Installations
New Products and
Services
Readers' Foru m

51
51

52
53
63
47

Computers and Puzzles
35
10

NUMBLES
by Neil Macdonald

[C)

PROBLEM CORNER
by Walter Penney, COP

[C)

The Golden Trumpet
42

[G)
THE GOLDEN TRUMPETS OF YAP YAP
by Mike Gold
An adventure of the famous explorer Dr. Emery Hornsagle on the
little known island of Yap Yap.
FEAR
[G)
by Anonymous and the Editor
Fear within a staid organization of being found reading something
radical such as assassination articles in "Computers and Automation" .
POLITICAL BLURP SHEET
by William E. Thibodeau and the Editor
Articles devoted to politics instead of computers.

[G)

[E)
IS THERE NO HORROR POINT?
by Edmund C. Berkeley
An editorial about not printing a computer applications article on
the spreading of poison gas, reprinted from "Computers and
Automation," February, 1958.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

61
59
60
56
7

Key
[A] - Article
[C] - Monthly Column
[E] - Editorial
[F] - Readers' Forum
[G] - The Golden Trumpet
[R] - Reference Information
5

EDITORIAL

Not Understanding A Computer

One afternoon recently I tried for about four hours to
explain what is inside a computer and how a computer
works, to a very intelligent attorney. The purpose of our
session was to try to organize a massive file of evidence into
a computerized data base:
• What kind of information or data might go in?
• How should the coding brief be designed?
• What instructions should be given to the coding
clerks?
• What sorts of problems would we want the computer
system to deal with?
• What kinds of answers would we like the system to
give us?
• What was feasible? What was trivial? What was impossible?
At the end of the afternoon I had the unhappy feeling~
that almost no progress had occurred, that due to some
strange difference between his mind and my mind, he still
had no systematic picture or concept or model of a
computer in his mind from which he could correctly
conclude what was reasonable and what was not reasonable
for the desired computer system to produce. He did not
understand a computer; it almost seemed to me as if he
would not be able to; and I was very much surprised.
In order to grapple with this surprising experience, I
started to wonder to what extent a person who drives a car
understands a car. I inquired of my wife, who drives a car
much better than I do. Did she know why a car goes? Did
she know what the flywheel does? Did she know what the
transmission is? Did she know why if one rear wheel is
spinning, she can get no traction out of the other? I was
utterly astonished by what seemed to me a surprising lack
of understanding. She displays an excellent capacity to use
and drive a car, together with what seems to me a primitive
and even mistaken understanding of a car and how it works,
and therefore what it is reasonable to expect a car to do.
"Understanding" according to several dictionaries has a
number of synonyms such as "comprehending, grasping",
etc. These words say nothing to an investigator, for they
define one unknown in terms of another. But in one
6

dictionary I did find a good definition, "the capacity to
distinguish truth from falsehood, and to adapt means to
ends". This is a definition one can operate with.
Basically, to understand something is, I believe, to have
in your mind a model (or concept or pattern or picture or
map) such that:
• You can derive conclusions from the model;
• The conclusions can be applied in the real world;
• When they are so applied, they enable you to distinguish between truth and falsehood, they enable
you to adapt means to ends, they enable you to make
decisions that work reasonably well - or even very
well -, and they keep you out of many kinds of
trouble and mistakes.
For example, when does an assistant understand an
instruction? I may ask a high-school student who works in
the afternoon in my office to "go along Walnut St. to my
house and bring back the 1966 World Almanac from my
library". When he starts, he finds Walnut St. blocked by
police on account of an accident; so he comes back and
says, "I can't go right now - Walnut St. is blocked". So I
then chide him gently and tell him to go another way, using
Lowell Ave., a longer way, of course, but avoiding the
blockage. He says to me, "But you told me to go along
Walnut St." And thus he reminds me of the first version of
a computer program which often does just what you say
without understanding what you mean.
There is an immense future in working out better models
for "understanding" things: maps, pictures, patterns, which
people can take into their minds, and by means of which
they can make better decisions and gain more understanding, including understanding of cars, instructions, and
computers.

Editor
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

READERS' FORUM

GOVERNMENT REQUIREMENTS
FOR THE COMPUTER INDUSTRY
Congressman Jack Brooks
U.S. House of Representatives
Washington, D.C. 20515

In any discussion of the effects of government requirements on the computer industry, we should distinguish
between the sovereign powers of the United States, as
contrasted to the proprietary interests of the government as
the largest user of data processing in the world.
Sovereign actions in fields such as antitrust, the granting
of patents and trademarks, the regulation of communications by the Federal Communications Commission, and the
establishment of foreign trade policy, will continue to have
a fundamental impact on the growing computer industry,
which some experts have predicted will be the largest
industry in America by 1985.
As computers extend the fundamental intellectual capacity of the individual, computer technology must be applied
to the solution of that broad spectrum of social and
economic problems that confront the nation. Progressive,
forward-looking, and enlightened sovereign policies must,
therefore, be evolved and maintained to encourage the
effective and efficient use of computers and to maintain the
overwhelming technological advantage the United States
has in this area.
But, in practical terms, on a day-by-day basis, it is the
federal government as the largest computer user, that will
continue to have the most significant impact on the
computer industry.
Procurement

Computer management, and particularly computer procurement, is an area of primary impact. For a number of
Based on remarks made at the Fall Joint Computer Conference,
Houston, Texas, November 19, 1970.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

years, the computer market, insofar as the cost is concerned, has been artificially influenced by the predominance of IBM and the antitrust consent decree that came
about in the late 1950's. In the absence of this decree, IBM
could, if the corporation had chosen to do so, imperil the
existence of its smaller competitors through drastic price
reduction. To a very great extent, the nation's computer
industry operates under a price umbrella, making it impossible for the government or for private users generally to
obtain truly competitive prices on computer equipment.
Somehow (and I am not certain of the solution) we must
discard this umbrella and bring true price competition to
the market place.
The government is working toward a system of procurement based upon all-out competition on cost versus quality.
Our goal is to develop performance specifications for
computers and peripheral equipment, allowing the government to satisfy its computer needs by procurement of
computer capacity rather than equipment of some specific
manufacturer.
The impact of this policy on the computer industry will
be that those vendors desiring to compete for government
business will ultimately have to compete directly with IBM
on a "no holds barred" cost competition basis.
Software

In this same general area, the federal government, as the
world's largest computer user must, in a management sense,
gain control over software. Fifty percent or more of the
funds expended for computer acquisition flow into software, an area that - after 25 years - remains as abstract
and as uncontrolled, in a procurement sense, as in the past.
The development of procurement gUidelines and overall
procurement control over software in government would
have a tremendous impact upon the computer industry. For
the software elements of the industry, it would be a
traumatic experience, but the industry as a whole would
benefit. Cleaner software procurement would increase computer exploitation and, therefore, sales and profits.
7

Compatibility
This leads to the area of computer compatibility. As the
largest computer user, the benefits to the government of
reasonable standards are more obvious and perhaps more
pronounced than they are to the average smaller user. In
1962, the Government Activities Subcommittee, which I
serve as Chairman, supported a federal standards effort with
primary reliance upon a voluntary industry-wide approach
to these problems. As a policy, I still believe in a voluntary
standards effort, with the government as an active participant reflecting the level of importance these standards can
have on government computer operations.
During the past eight years, the government has participated in the nation's standards effort. And, we have
developed federal standards in some instances when appropriate.
Standards
The effort, however, has not moved along at a satisfactory rate. And, while continued federal participation on
a voluntary basis is essential for an optimum result, the
industry must recognize that it is not the sole alternative. If
compIlcating and frustrating factors continue to retard
progress in standards essential to the government's interests,
then I believe the industry can logically expect the federal
government to exercise sovereign powers in this area,
despite the obvious disadvantages inherent in this approach.
Federal procurement policies regarding standardization,
therefore, can and will continue to have a significant effect
on the industry and on the degree to which computers can
be efficiently and effectively applied throughout the economy.
The Need for IJser Orientation
In these areas that I have discussed, it is, of course, of
fundamental importance that the federal government develop and maintain goals and policies that, on a long-range
basis, accrue to the benefit of the nation as a whole.
Foremost in these goals and policies should be the effort to
make computers user-oriented. After 25 years, the user of a
computer is limited to the trained technician. The time has
come for the computer industry to respond to the needs of
the consumer. Through development of more sophisticated
software and hardware, the industry should make it possible for people in government, business, and industry who
need computers to use them without months of training.
This goal is entirely reasonable, despite the monumental
problems in achieving it. The problems will be a meaningful
challenge to the industry. The achievement of this goal will
broaden computer utilization and put computers at the
forefront of American industry. As the world's largest user
of computers, this will be the purpose and the goal of the
federal government.
Research and Development
In the area of research and development, the federal
government will continue to spend countless billions annually in the development of sophisticated defense and
space systems. The impact of the development and the
procurement of these systems on the industry is to allow
for a continuing advancement in the state of the art of
8

general benefit to all segments of the nation's economy.
Federal funds invested in advanced military command and
control systems, for example, can be translated into improved computer systems directly beneficial to all segments
of the nation's business and industry. The industry must
take full advantage of this research and development and
see that the advances in the state of the arts that are
brought into being for purposes of defense and space are
translated into the general good of the entire economy.
If we are to exploit data processing techniques to the
fullest in the government so as to have a lasting and
beneficial impact on the computer industry and the nation
as a whole, it is essential that all segments of the government fully appreciate and understand the importance of
computers to the country.
Throughout the spectrum of federal activities in the
Executive Branch, we must have sophisticated and capable
policy makers who can rely upon the full support of the
computer industry in the course of their efforts in determining federal policy. Should we, at any time, lose our
overwhelming technological advantage over the rest of the
world so as to become a second-rate computer power, we
will at the same time, become a second-rate power in the
world.
o

"THE DVORAK SIMPLIFIED
TYPING KEYBOARD" - COMMENT

(

I. Introductory Note:

In the December 1970 issue of "Computers and Automation" on page 8 is a discussion of the Dvorak Simplified
Typing Keyboard, by Bob McCauley and the Editor. The
sequence of letters on the three rows of the Dvorak
keyboard is:

A 0
Q J

E U
K X

D H T N S

whereas the sequence
keyboard is:
Q W E
A S D
Z X C

BMW V Z
of letters on the ordinary "standard"
R
F

T
G
B

Y
H
N

U
J

I
K

0
L

The questions were raised: (1) How difficult is it for an
adult who has learned the standard keyboard, to learn the
Dvorak keyboard? (2) What kinds of adults relearn easily
and what kinds cannot? (3) After such a person has "relearned" the Dvorak keyboard, can he or she confidently
expect a substantial gain in typing speed? (4) Is it not
possible to provide an electrical overlay so that the Dvorak
keyboard would be impulsed but the impulses would be
rerouted electrically to the mechanical keys, so that exactly
the same mechanical keyboard structure could be used?
II. From Dr. Kevin R. Jones
Director, Computing Center
University of Delaware
Newark, Del.

The Dvorak keyboard was developed by a man of the
same name during World War II. At that time questions 1,2
and 3 were, in effect, answered:
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

1. Between test and control groups of beginning typists,
those using the Dvorak progressed faster and reached
higher final rates. The difference was so great that it
could be called qualitative, not merely a few
percentage points.
2. An experienced typist who was willing to take the
trouble found little difficulty in learning the new
keyboard. The experiments, as I remember, did not
reveal anyone who could not learn the Dvorak
keyboard.
don't recall the time required for retraining but my
impression is that it took around a month to get back to
the same speed on the new keyboard. From there on, speed
was all upward.
3. Everyone who "relearned" the new keyboard came
out with an improved speed.
In general this would be 30 to 50% greater speed for
someone who just went back to work after a short
retraining period. There may have been some "Hawthorne
effect" here, but by no means enough to account for the
great difference.
The last question (no. 4) wasn't asked in those days.
What was asked was how this would affect the marketing
aspects of the typewriter business.
Of course, the whole point is that for the Dvorak
keyboard to be used with any real effect, it must supersede
the present keyboard, not for some specific application, but
everywhere. You couldn't effectively use one keyboard for
typing and another for time-sharing. You couldn't have a
secretary who used a different keyboard unless she could
supply her own typewriter (some do). And, except for
experimental purposes, no one is going to retrain himself to
use a piece of equipment which is not generally available.
From much experience on keypunches, teletypes, and
typewriters, I have become a fairly good typist. I would be
happy to retrain myself to the Dvorak keyboard, but only
if I can expect it to be available on all three.
It could be done. Every piece of equipment (even
standard typewriters) can be converted. It would take a
while, and there would be a cost, but the benefits to be
gained within a reasonable time would be worth it, to say
nothing of the tremendous favor it would do for future
generations.
But the shame is that the typewriter companies had the
chance to do it in 1945 when it would have been relatively
easy and, instead, they consciously decided against it. Right
after the war when much of our equipment was due for
replacement and when there was much less equipment than
now, they could have made the change, to the benefit of all
of us now.
I never did understand why the manufacturers made the
wrong decision. I would have thought that they would have
sold many more new typewriters, to say nothing of change
kits for old ones. In any case, the manufacturers made the
wrong decision and then carried it out with a vengeance.
An example of what I think of as a "conspiracy", is that
the decision killed typing contests. Before the war there
were regular speed contests including "World Championships" and all. After the war suddenly there were no
more. It wasn't for lack of interest. No, the fact was that
everyone knew that the winner would be using a Dvorak
keyboard. In order to forestall this, the companies quit
sponsoring the speed contests.
I knew the man who would have won any contest. I
clocked him in bursts of a minute at 195 words per minute.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

He could go at nearly 160 for an hour. At that time the
record was around 150 (on electrics - manuals were
slower).
Good luck to anyone who wants to promote the Dvorak
keyboard. He will be right. I doubt that he will be
successful.

III. From the Editor

It is evident that:
1. The Dvorak keyboard could be very beneficial to
great numbers of persons;
2. Any electrical standard typing keyboard could be
easily equipped with a supplementary alternate
electrical Dvorak keyboard, so that either could be
used at any time on any electrically aperated
keybaard with no mechanical changes, just a plug-out
plug-in change;
3. A typing speed gain of 30 to. 50% for almost
everybady is a huge gain in productivity;
4. Mare and mare persans who. deal with camputers
through keybaards at camputer terminals can abtain
a 30 to. 50% greater speed from a keybaard af better
design (than the standard keybaard) from the paint
af view af human engineering.
Accordingly, "Camputers and Autamatian" hapes to
spansor ane or mare keybaard typing speed cantests - at
which the Dvarak ar ather nanstandard keybaards may
demanstrate their advantages in abjective co.mpetitian. The
way to. begin a change is to. begin it.
For organizations laaking for new and valuable
products, here is an apportunity.
Any persans interested are invited to. write to. the editar.

WHAT IS A IIPROFESSIONALII?

I. Reprinted from "QA Sharing - The EDP Managers'
Problem Corner", page 58, Data Management for Oct.
1970.
Dear Q/A: Seminars, editorials and articles urge us to become
"professionals." I have a degree and I thought that made me a
professional, but I'm not so sure after I read some of the editorial
comments. What in your opinion separates a professional from a
non-professional?
Q/A says: The saying that you may have seven years of experience
or one year of experience seven times sums up the difference
between the professional and the non-professional. This may seem
like an over-simplification, but it implies that the true professional
has a good base of knowledge and then continues to perfect and add
to that base of knowledge. He learns and uses the knowledge he
acquires, to progress to more complex and responsible tasks.
In our opinion, the true professional gives a little more of
himself, but not to the extent that he ceases to be true to himself as
an individual. He performs each task meticulously, organizes his
work, and is infused with a high degree of integrity.
The true professional has an interest in acquiring more knowledge and applying it to the task he is doing. He is continually
preparing himself for the next "rung on the ladder."
The non-professional, on the other hand, "takes" from his
present employer, then hops to another job, and repeats the same
year of experience.
9

II. From Bruce Madsen
10332 E. Lake Rd., RD-1
North East, Pa. 16428

(Letter sent to Data Management, with a copy to e&A, in
response to the above.)
I must disagree with an answer given in your October 1970 "QA
Sharing" column. The question was, "What ... separates a professional from a non-professional?" The answer was, essentially, that a
professional works hard, tries to learn his job well, and tries to
advance in his job, while a non-professional learns from more than
one employer and (by inference) does not advance in his job.
There are many problems with the given answer. The distinguishing characteristics are not mutually exclusive. More important, the
"professional" described is an ambitious worker, nothing more. A
better description comes from Computers and Automation:
. . . the professional ... includes not only competence in
handling information using computers and other means, but
also a broad responsibility, in a professional and engineering
sense, for:
The reliability and social significance of pertinent input
data;
the social value of the output results.
In the same way, a bridge engineer takes a professional
responsibility for the reliability and significance of the data he
uses, and the safety and efficiency of the bridge he builds for
human beings to risk their lives on.
The important words are responsibility and social value. The
responsibility is to society, not to one employer. The strong
implication is a code of ethics.
0

THE LATENESS OF THE
111970 COMPUTER DIRECTORY
AND BUYERS' GUIDE ISSUEII
I. From L. E. Hetland, Marketing Manager
SISCO - Western Operations
477 Division St.
Campbell, Calif. 95008
I will be the first to admit that your EDP periodical is superior to
all the others. But this year I've been more and more disappointed
with the delay of your Directory issue.
The first "story" was publication in June, as in previous years.
Then other months were given as the date of publication, and here it
is December, and I still have nothing. What is going on? I've had
many needs for reference to the Directory, and each time I get more
irritated when I am reminded that it is not here.
Because of the delay, I can't help but think how outdated some
of the information will be before I ever see it. I want to continue
my subscription to C&A, but only if and when your fulfillment of
our agreement is completed.

II. From the Editor
By the time this February issue of Computers and Automation is
printed, all copies of the 1970 Directory issue should have been
mailed to our subscribers. On Dec. 30, 1970, the entire issue was in
the hands of the printer and was scheduled for completion of
printing on January 18.
As we explained in the "Preface and Editorial" to the Directory
issue, we encountered unforeseen and unbelievable delays in our
efforts to have a substantial portion of the Directory issue typeset by
computer. We will not allow that to happen again. We are indeed·
sorry for the lateness of the 1970 Directory issue - and greatly
appreciate the patience our subscribers have shown in accepting this
delay.
We believe that the 1970 Computer Directory and Buyers Guide
issue of Computers and Automation is better and more useful than
any of the 15 previous editions. We know that it is 220 pages long as
compared with 200 pages last year, and contains some new kinds of
reference information not previously published. We hope it will
prove to be really valuable to all of our subscribers who receive the
directory issue (*D on your mailing label).
0
10

PROBLEM CORNER

Walter Penney, CDP
Problem Editor
Computers and Automation
PROBLEM 712: A NEW GEMATRIA?

"I think it would have been much better if they had
made up some completely new symbols for those six
hexadecimal digits instead of using the poor overworked
letters," Al said to no one in particular.
"Oh, I don't know," said Bob who happened to hear
this. "Once you get used to them it's not so bad."
"Seems like it's becoming the new gematria. People are
trying to read meanings into numbers expressed by letters
in hex."
"Is that what you're doing?" asked Bob, seeing Al
working on a sheet covered with the letters A, B, C, D, E
and F.
"No, I'm trying to reconstruct a problem Charlie worked
out. It consisted only of letters and looked like one of
those enciphered arithmetic problems. It involved two
two-digit numbers, or rather two-letter numbers multiplied
together to produce a four-letter number. I remember all
six letters were used."
"Wouldn't eight letters be necessary even if you didn't
show the partial products? And wouldn't this mean that
two letters would have to be repeated?"
"No. Actually one of the digits occurred three times and
the others only once."
What were the numbers?
Solution to Problem 711:
Chrystal or Crystal

According to the flow chart, A would be computed as

1 +

7f2 _ 1
4,,(2 - 1
97T 2 - 1
which = csc 1. Therefore, E = sin I, or approximately
.84147. The reference was to Chrystal's Textbook of
Algebra, p. 361, where the formula (in effect) is derived.
Readers are invited to submit problems (and their solutions) for
publication in this column to: Problem Editor, Computers and
Automation, 815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 02160.

CLASSIFIED ADVERTISEMENTS
360 LEASES - LONG OR SHORT TERM
WE ALSO BUY AND SELL
- 360's - 7074's - 1401's Complete Systems or Components
SUMMIT COMPUTER CORPORATION
785 Springfield Avenue
Summit, New Jersey 07901
(201) 273-6900
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

ACORN (AUTOMATIC CODER RE,PORT NAR,RATIVE):
AN AUTOMATED NATURAL·LANGUAGE
QUESTION.ANSWERING SYSTEM FOR SUIRGICAL REPORTS
Paul A. Shapiro and
David F. Stermole
Department of Biostatistics
Roswell Park Memorial Inst.
666 Elm St.
Buffalo, N. Y. 14203

"ACORN, we believe, demonstrates the feasibility of a linguistically-based,
automated, retrieval system, which allows a user to communicate with the
system in his own natural language. "

A problem of growing concern in all fields of research
today is that of handling an enormous and continually
expanding volume of information.
At Roswell Park Memorial Institute (a cancer research
institute in Buffalo, New York), for example, productive
avenues of investigation are often blocked not because of a
lack of raw data, but because the data is totally unstructured and unmanageable in form.
For this reason, a project was initiated in 1964 by Dr.
Irwin D. J. Bross, Director of the Biostatistics Department
at the Institute, to investigate the feasibility of automating
both the storage of post-operative surgical reports written
in ordinary English and the retrieval of informa tion from
them. The primary goal was to determine whether modern
theories of linguistic analysis could aid in constructing a
computer system which would allow surgeons to dictate
their reports in a free, unrestricted style and still allow
researchers to question this great catalog of stored data,
also using natural English. In other words, the goal is to set
up a system in such a way that no unnatural restrictions
whatsoever are placed upon the human beings using the
system.
The initial linguistics research on the project was done
by Miss Barbara Anderson, now at the University of New
Brunswick. She concluded that for our purposes, the
linguistic theories of Dr. Zellig Harris of the University of
Pennsylvania were the most useful. Although Dr. Harris'
work was used as a basis, many modifications had to be
made by the authors of this paper, because of peculiarities
of the surgeon's jargon and limitations imposed by the
computer system being used.
The programming on the project was done by the
au thors during the summers from 1965 through 1970 with
the aid of National Science Foundation summer students!
and the assistance of Dr. Roger Priore, Director of Computer Research at the Institute.
1 Lawrence Perletz (1965); George Olshevsky, Francine Homburger, Peter McHugh (1966); Daniel Hansburg (1967); David
Myerson, Greta Heintz, Benjamin Yalow (1968); Helen Means
(1969); Thomas Giancarlo (1970).

This investigation was supported by Public Health Service Research
Grant No. CA-11531 from the National Cancer Institute.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

Outline of the System

In this paper, we present a brief outline of the system
called ACORN (Automatic Coder Of Report Narrative) now
running at the State University of New York at Buffalo
(SUNYAB) Computing Center. We include examples of the
analysis and storage of actual post-operative reports and of
the retrieval of answers to actual specific questions. Readers
interested in more detailed descriptions of the system are
directed to the references to previous publications listed at
the end of this article.
The hardware structure of ACORN is shown in Figure 1.

ACORN DRIVER
PROGRAM
ON P.D.S.

IBM
360/40

COMMUNICATION
CHANNEL
ADAPTOR

ACORN
SYSTEM
ON P.D.S.

CDC
6400

P.D.S.=Permanent Disk
Storage

Figure 1 Hardware configuration for ACORN System
The structured catalog of stored informatIOn is created
in the following manner: First, the surgeon describes the
sequence of events which occurred during the operation
just completed into an ordinary recording device, speaking
as he ordinarily would and with no external restrictions
imposed on him at all. Next, a stenographer transcribes this
natural-language document on to a magnetic disk file via
the IBM 2741 communications terminal and the A.T.S.
(Administrative Terminal System). A.T.S. is a software
system on the IBM 360/40 for storing documents via a
13

typewriter terminal; it provides sophisticated editing capabilities for the user. Documents can be saved, deleted, and
corrected with a minimum of effort.
The driver program for the entire ACORN system is
stored on an A.T.S. permanent file, and the surgical report
just entered becomes the data for the ACORN programs.
The system is activated from the terminal by submitting the
job (consisting of the driver program and the surgical report
as its data) to the Control Data Corp. CDC 6400 computer
via SUNY AB's TJE (Terminal Job Entry) system. TJE is a
software system which permits submission of an A.T.S.
permanent file as a job to be run on the CDC 6400 by
means of a communications adaptor between the
IBM 360/40 and the CDC 6400. This eliminates the need
for card input and permits output to be listed back at the
user's terminal. This system also allows for ACORN to be
activated from any A.T.S. terminal authorized to make use
of it.
When the job reaches the top of the 6400 input queue,
the ACORN system programs (in binary code) are extracted
from the 6400 permanent disk storage unit and ACORN is
loaded and executed in 15 fragments known as "overlays".
This fragmentation means that the independent modules of
ACORN do not reside in core simultaneously but rather
successively, enabling the entire process to be carried out
within a maximum program size of 55k octal.memory
locations. By minimizing the program size in this way, the
priority of the job in the CDC 6400's multiuser environment remains high, and tum-around time is excellent. In
fact, an average sentence or question requires about 1
second of central processor time. Turn-around time at the
terminal for retrieval of information is approximately 3
minutes on the average.
Once execution begins, the first step consists of a
"dictionary lookup" (see the first block in Figure 2). In this
operation each word in the sentence is looked up in an
alphabetic dictionary by a search, in order to determine the
part-of-speech and the "seme-number" of each word. The
seme-number is a number denoting the meaning of the
word; synonyms and related words are given similar semenumbers.

-1

DICTIONARY
LOOKUP

SYNTACTIC
ANALYSIS

we see: Report number, sentence number, word number
within sentence, word, seme-number, and part-of-speech.
Syntactic Analysis

The next step of the process consists of a syntactic
analysis of the sentence using our modified version of
Harris's cycling cancellation automaton (References 2 and
3), in order to determine the syntactic relationships between:
What is the subject?
What is the main verb?
Which words and phrases modify each other? and so
forth.
0047
0047
0047
0047
0047
0047
0047
0047
0047

(i)

013
013
013
013
013
013
013
013
013

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

THE
024140
FASCIA
009361
WAS
026430
ALSO
001850
002477
CLOSED
026740
WITH
INTERRUPTED 012680
021750
SILK
.9
STITCHES
022710
Figure 3a Dictionary lookup

ART
NBOD
VB
ZZZ

DZDA

VINE
P
ZZZ
N
N

AUZA

The fascia was also closed with interrupted
silk sti tches.
ARt NBOD

VINE DP A~N~N

(----J

(

(ii) AUTOMATIC SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS BEGINNING
TOUCHDOWN** ANALYSIS COMPLETE
WELL-FORMED SIMPLE SENTENCE
ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE
RESIDUAL FORM CLASSES
NBOD
VB
SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE
LEFT
0
ART
0
0
0

0
0
A
N

MIDDLE
ART
NBOD
VB
0

VINE
DP
A
N
N

RIGHT
0
0
VINE
0
DP
N
0
0
0

Figure 3b Syntactic analysis
TRANSFORMATIONSf--_ _ _~

Figure 2 Diagram of ACORN System for Storing Document
Information

Sample Sentence·
As an example, we will first consider the sample sentence "The fascia was also closed with interrupted silk
stitches". Figure 3a is a print-out of the dictionary lookup
process for this sentence. From left to right on each line,
14

This analysis will be used in the next phase of ACORN, in
which the actu~l extraction of the information contained in
a sentence occurs. A detailed description of the syntactic
analysis component can be found in References 4 and 5.
Figure 3b is the output from the syntactic analysis
programs for our sample sentence. After completion of
analysis, the sentence was judged to be a well-formed
simple sentence whose subject is "fascia" (part-of-speech:
"NBOD" or "NOUN of BODY") and whose main verb is
"was" (part-of-speech: "VB" or "VERB of BEING"). Part
(ii) of figure 3b is a vertical representation of the manner in
which the words in the sentence connect to each other. It is
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

a short-hand notation for the interconnection schematically
shown in Part (i).
The analysis therefore conveys the following vital information:
(1) "the" is an article modifying "fascia".
(2) "also" is an adverb modifying "closed".
(3) "interrupted" is an adjective modifying "stitches".
(4) "silk" is a noun modifying "stitches".
(5) "stitches" is the object of the preposition
"with".
(6) The entire prepositional phrase is an adverbial
modifier of the verb "closed".
(7) The past participle "closed" connects to the main
verb "was".
Semantic Analysis

Now, the final major stage of analysis occurs - the use
of the linguistic transformation programs to decompose the
sentence into its "kernels" or basic units of meaningful
information. Although a given piece of information can be
expressed in many ways in natural language, each paraphrase should of course produce the same kernels. A kernel
regularly has three parts, F, X, and Y, which will now be
explained. For example,"the tumor was removed" and
"removal of the tumor" and "the surgeon excised the
tumor" are all decomposed by appropriate transformations
into the very same kernel:
OP(TUMOR) = REMOVED.
This kernel denotes that the surgeon performed an operative act (OP) on the tumor (TUMOR) - namely, it was
removed (REMOVED).
Notice that the format for kernels is the mathematical
function notation F(X) = Y. This says that a function F of
the entity X has a value Y. Y need not be (and often will
not be) a single value.
0047

EXISTS (FASCIA
7
09361013

0047

DSCRP (STITCHES
7
22710013

912680013

0047

DSCRP (STITCHES
7
22710013

) = SILK
921750013
8

0047

OP
4

0
) = INTERRUPTED
7

Table 1
THE NATURE OF FUNCTIONS F
(1)
Value of
Function F

(2)

Meaning of Function

EXISTS

To denote the existence of an object
or condition

SIZE

To specify physical size

DSCRP

To specify any description of an
object or condition

DEGREE

To specify the degree of a description
or condition

ACT2

To denote any action by the patient
(person 2) during the operation

ACT3

To denote any activity by a body
organ or tissue (entity 3)

To denote any operation by the
surgeon (person 1)

MEANS

To specify the means by which any
action was accomplished

MANNER

To specify the manner in which an
action occurred

WHEN

To specify the time when an action
or event occurred

WHERE

To specify the location of an object
or condition

POSSES

To specify the possessor of an
object or condition

QUANT

To specify the quantity of objects
of a particular type which are present

ative act of closure upon the fascia. Finally, the fifth kernel
is generated by (5) and (6) above and specifies the means of
closure.
Semantic Functions

0047

(FASCIA
09361013

202477013

) = CLOSED
5

MEANS (CLOSED
02477013

522710013

) = STITCHES
9

Figure 3c Kernels of information

Let us return now to the sample sentence:
The fascia was also closed with interrupted silk
stitches. For this sample sentence, the kernels were extracted by the transformations shown in Figure 3c. The
first kernel in figure 3c signifies that the body-noun
"fascia" was mentioned in this report; so, if a question was
later posed asking which reports dealt with "fascia", one of
the answers would be "report #47". The next two kernels
are triggered by the syntactic information of (3) and (4)
above, and signify that the "stitches" can be described as
being "interrupted" and "silk". The fourth kernel is generated from the subject and main verb of the sentence and (7)
above, and denotes that the surgeon performed the operCOMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

It is worth stopping for a moment and stating the
functions being used in this system of information retrieval.
At present, we are using a set of approximately 20 different
functions in working with the surgical texts at Roswell Park
Memorial Institute. In general, however, the nature of the
set of functions and kernels will depend upon the particular
universe of discourse being analyzed.
In our surgical texts, the most common of the functions
that arise are shown in Table 1.
Examples of each of these functions, with sample sentences of text from which they might be generated, are
shown in Table 2. It should be noted that the kernel of
information that Roswell uses evolved quite naturally from
the punch-card format of standard data-manipulation procedures.
Suppose, for example, that column 10 of the "tumor"
punch-card was designated as the column for "location" of
the tumor. Thinking in terms F(X) = Y this means that X
corresponds to the particular punch-card on which a punch
will be made, F corresponds to the particular column or
field chosen, and Y corresponds to the particular character
which will be punched. Thus a punch of 6 in column 10 of
15

Table 2
EXAMPLES OF KERNELS F(X)

(1)

(2)

(3)

Example
No.

Sample
Sentence
of Text

Expression in
Kernels

An 8 x 10 cm. mass
was discovered

EXISTS(MASS)
SIZE(MASS)

The mass was slightly
irregular

= 8 X10

CM.

DSCRP(MASS)
= IRREGULAR
DEGREE(IRREGULAR)
= SLIGHTLY

The patient tolerated the procedure .well

ACT2(PATIENT) = TOLERATED PROCEDURE

0046
0046
0046
0046
0046
0046
0046
0046
0046
0046
0046
0046
0046
0046
0046
0046
0046
0046
0046
0046

005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005
005

There were four
lesions present

= FOUR

The tumor extended
into the colon

ACT3(TUMOR)
= EXTENDED INTO COLON

ART
NPAR
POF
ART
N
VB

VINE
P
N
C
ART
N
VB
ZZZ VOINE
ZZZ TOZP
NSPP
N
ZZZ DZPIN
A
N

The tissue was approximated with
sutures

OP(TISSUE)
= APPROXIMATED

A CONJUNCTION BRANCH IS BEING ATTEMPTED
WELL-FORMED COMPOUND SENTENCE
ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE
RESIDUAL FORM CLASSES
NPAR
VB
C
N
VB

MEANS(APPROXIMATED)
= SUTURES
7

Dressing was applied
after approximation

WHEN(APPLIED) = AFTER
APPROXIMATION

Lesions were present
in the stomach

WHERE(LESIONS)
= IN STOMACH

The patient's condition was good

POSSES(CONDITION)
= PATIENT'S

the "tumor" card might be equivalent to WHERE(TUMOR) = STOMACH.
However, there is one very significant advantage of the
kernel format of storage over the traditional format of
punch cards. Suppose a situation arises like the following:
Prior to operation 3243, no tumors had ever been
discovered in the liver, but in operation 3243 a tumor
was found in this location.
Here a novel situation has arisen; chances are that no code
number for "liver" exists for column 10; and a code-clerk
would be stymied. ACORN, however, is not stymied; it
simply generates "where" functions automatically from
certain syntactic patterns in the text, and so it would
respond with a kernel WHERE(TUMOR) = LIVER, with
LIVER as the Y-value instead of STOMACH. ACORN
should do this of course for any possible English paraphrase
such as "A tumor was found in the liver". It is for this
reason that much of the future work on ACORN will be
devoted to improving the syntactic analysis and transformation components so as to handle a wider range of paraphrase constructions.
Once the kernels of information have been extracted
from a large group of reports, they are stored on a
permanent random-access disk file. The method of storage
of the "F(X) = Y" kernels is to sort them first numerically
by the seme-number of X. Then, each group of kernels with
the same X value are sorted according to F value. Finally,
16

024140
007984
016350
024140
001213
026434
002470
026740
021750
001980
024140
017450
026430
020330
024690
017452
021330
012542
001445
005430

AUTOMATIC SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS BEGINNING
TOUCHDOWN*~' ANALYSIS COMPLETE

EXISTS(LESIONS)
QUANT(LESIONS)

12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

THE
MARGINS
OF
THE
DEFECT
WERE
APPROXIMATED
WITH
SILK
AND
THE
PATIENT
WAS
RETURNED
TO
HIS
DIVISION
IN
SATISFACTORY
CONDITION

Figure 4a Dictionary lookup

MANNER(TOLERATED)
= WELL
4

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10

SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE
LEFT

MIDDLE

RIGHT

0
ART
0
0
ART
0
0
0

ART
NPAR
POF
ART
N
VB
VINE
DP
N
C
ART
N
VB
VINE
DP
NSPP
N
P
A
N

0
POF
N
0
0
VINE
DP
N
0
0
0
0
VINE
DP
N
0
P
N
0
0

0
0
ART
0
0

0
0
NSPP
0
0
A

Figure 4b Syntactic analysis

each of these groups is sorted numerically by the semenumber of Y. The result is a structured catalog of kernels of
information.
Another Sample Sentence

The complete analysis of a more complex sentence is
reproduced in Figure 4a. The steps in the process are
identical to those above.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

For this second sample sentence, the kernels (see Figure
4c) convey the following information:
(1) "Margins", "detect", "silk", and the "patient"
were mentioned in this report.
(2) The "division" involved was that of the patient (a
male).
(3) The patient's "condition" was described as "satisfactory".
(4) A descriptive restriction ("DREST" function) on
any mention of the "defect" in any of the
kernels is that only the "margins" of the "defect" are involved.
(5) The next kernel says that location of the "division" is the "condition" and is a "garbage kernel" of pseudo-information generated by the
syntactic ambiguity of the phrase "in satisfactory
condition" which could modify either "division"
or "returned". Experience has shown that storage
of these garbage kernels (of which there are very
few, running under 5%) is harmless since they are
rarely retrieved.

3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3

101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101
101

10001
10002
10003
10004
10005
10006
10007
10008
10009

THROUGH
WHAT
KIND
OF
INCISION
WAS
THE
ABDOMEN
ENTERED

024352
026550
025351
016350
012002
026430
024140
001150
016471

P
NPRO
N
POF
N

VB
ART
N
VINE

Figure Sa Dictionary lookup of question
DECLARATIVE FORM OF QUESTION
10007
THE
10008
ABDOMEN
10006
WAS
10009
ENTERED
10001
THROUGH
o
ADJ
10005
INCISION

024140
001150
026430
016471
024352
032767
012002

ART
N
VB

VINE
P
A
N

Figure 5b Conversion of interrogative to declarative
Synonyms

EXISTS
0046

(MARGINS
7 07984005 2

EXISTS
0046

(DEFECT
01213005 5

EXISTS
0046

(SILK
7 21750005 9

EXISTS
0046

(PATIENT
7 1745000512

) = HIS
POSSES (DIVISION
0046
13 21330005171745200516
DSCRP
0046

Questions

(CONDITION
) = SATISFACTORY
0
7 05430005200144500519

DREST
0046

(DEFECT
) = MARGINS
20 01213005 507984005 2

WHERE
0046

(DIVISION
) ~ IN
12 213300051712542005180543000520

(DEFECT
) = APPROXIMATED
0
4 01213005 502470005 7

OP
0046
MEANS
0046

(APPROXIMATED
) = SILK
10 02470005 721750005 9
(PATIENT
) = RETURNED
4 17450005122033000514

OP
0046

0
0
CONDITION
0
0

WHERE
0046

(RETURNED
) = TO
12 203300051424690005152133000517

DIVISION
0

MANNER
0046

(RETURNED
) = IN
9 203300051412542005180543000520

CONDITION
0

Figure 4c Kernels of Information

(6) The operative act of "approximation" was performed on the "defect".
(7) The means of "approximation" was "silk".
(8) The "patient" was "returned" by a member of
the surgical staff.
(9) The place he was returned to was the "division".
(10) The manner he was returned was in a "condition" previously described as "satisfactory".
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

It is worth mentioning at this point that the problem of
synonymy is handled in a very simple fashion by ACORN.
Words which are synonymous with one another have
seme-numbers which differ only in their final digit. For
example, in the first sample sentence above "closed" is
listed with seme-number 02477 and in the second sentence
"approximated" is listed with seme-number 02470; later,
when a question is asked, the retrieval programs are designed to ignore this final digit when searching through the
kernel catalog of stored information.

Once a kernel catalog has been permanently created by
the process discussed above, it becomes a relatively simple
matter to interrogate it. A user wishing to ask a question
submits it as a job" for the CDC 6400' from the same
typewriter terminal previously described. He uses the same
driver program that is used to submit surgical documents,
but specifies that the input is in the interrogative mode.
ACORN then analyzes the question in a manner almost
completely analogous to the analysis of a document. First,
its dictionary-lookup program produces the same output as
it would for a sentence in a post-operative report. As an
example, Figure 5a shows the dictionary-lookup output for
the question "Through what kind of incision 'Yas the
abdomen entered?"
At this point, a special program used in the analysis of
questions but not documents is loaded into core. Its
function is simply to convert the question into a declarative
form amenable to analysis by the remaining ACORN
analysis programs already described. Frequently this special
program must generate a "dummy" word to represent the
unknown element in the question. For example, the phrase
"what kind of" in the sample question generates the
dummy adjective word "adj" appearing in Figure 5b.
From this point through the generation of the' kernels,
analysis proceeds just as it would for a sentence from a
post-operative report. Figures 5c and 5d show the' syntactic
analysis and kernel extraction respectively for the sample
question.
. The kernels for the question convey the following
informa tion:
17

(1) The operative act of "entering" was performed

AUTOMATIC SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS BEGINNING
TOUCHDOWN** ANALYSIS COMPLETE

upon the abdomen".
(2) The location of "entering" was through an "incision" .
(3) The type of "incision" is the unknown element
in the question.

WELL-FORMED SIMPLE SENTENCE
ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE
RESIDUAL FORM CLASSES

Question Answering

VB
SYNTACTIC ANALYSIS OF SENTENCE
LEFT

MIDDLE

ART

o
o

VB
VINE
DP

RIGHT

o
o
VINE
DP
N

Figure Sc Syntactic analysis of question

DSCRP
3

follow to learn less painfully how to function here and how
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

to take what has been learned here as the point of
departure for carrying on the work further.
This amounts to an instruction manual. If it supports the
transcendent goals of Ralph Nader and the editor of
Computers and Automation, good! But that is not its prime
purpose.

and medical purposes) the names of a family using the
facilities of a clinic.
If the clinic serves a middle-class area, there is no
problem. The data collection form may look something like
this:
PLEASE WRITE YOUR NAME BELOW

Requirements of the Computer Technician
There is a hierarchy of requirements laid on the computer technician who plies his trade successfully in the
community, whether it be selling or the implementation of
computer services.
1. The technician must have superior knowledge of
his own discipline, together with an ability to
stand on his own two professional feet. (This is
the only requirement which does not differ from
requirements generally laid on him.)
2. He must recognize that there are two cultures,
each superimposed on the other geographically,
but different from each other functionally and
representationally.
3. He must realize that both perception and the
language used to express what is perceived are
different in each of the two cultures.
4. He must accept the span of the other culture's
language which extends beyond mere words. It
includes intonation, gestures, stance, and dress. It
is often a language of attitudes.
5. He must understand the use and meaning of
humor in the other culture, and avoid misusing his
own humor.
6. He must learn to distinguish each culture's membership, exerting care to address the members of
each in ways indigenous to their own culture.

Superior Technical Knowledge and Self-Reliance
Computer technicians rarely have to stretch their technology to its ultimate in dealing with problems from out of
their own culture. They do need to stretch in connecting
computer solutions to community problems.
The community culture tends to be analog, drawing
from art to life, mixing the apples and oranges of existence
without regard to classification. Part of the distance to be
travelled by the computer culture in dealing with the
community culture is the absence of a sense of the discrete
and of the finite in community respondents, and a lack of
concern for the rigors of digital disciplines. This is not
necessarily undesirable in a life style, but it is an absence
which is unacceptable where needed to institute or maintain a technical operation.
It is hard to make up for the absence. The orientation of
the computer culture is embedded in its members by the
time they are six. In dealing with members of his own
culture, even those the least quantitative, the computer
technician is dealing with those culturally at least ten years
more mature, in his terms of course. To speak to members
of the community culture in the same terms means bridging
a ten-year gap.
The Acceptance of Forms
To illustrate this, let us assume a problem of a sort
common to the computer culture, of collecting (for billing
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

14 15

(Last Name)

(First Name)

(Middle Initial)

PLEASE ENTER ON THE FOLLOWING LINE THE
SUM OF THOSE ITEMS WHICH APPLY
(Status in the Family)
20
1 if you
2 if you
o if you
2 if you
4 if you
6 if you
8 if you
10 if you

are
are
are
are
are
are
are
are

male;
female;
the family head;
the spouse of the family head;
a child of the family head;
a parent of the family head;
another blood relation; and
not related by blood.

No part of the above form can be used to collect data
from a community respondent.
The hostility of the members of the community culture
to any form is high. The hostility towards forms disciplining each stroke of the pencil is very high.
The computer culture associates service with impersonal
forms: electric, gas, and water. It accepts time cards,
military forms, job-application forms.
The community culture does not.
Much of the hurt the members of the community feel
they have received from the established culture has come to
them in the shape of impersonal forms: summonses,
payment-overdue notices, eviction notices, welfare terminations.
What's in a Name?
The part of the form in the example above which deals
with the name speaks to usage the computer 'culture
assumes normal and all-encompassing, but which is not part
of the community culture.
For example, if a man's name is Jose Figueres Alvarez
Gonzalez, his last name is probably not his family name. It
is his mother's. To be addressed by it is a slur on a man's
machismo and ensures his withdrawal from activities associated with the slur. The father's name is probably Alvarez
and that is the name a man looks to see himself in.
To handle both the conventions of the community
culture and its mechanical divergences from the computer
culture, the computer technician must ask more of his
programming than he needs ask of it when he deals with
people like himself.
29

To handle the name, it appears worthwhile to give the
respondent the freedom of a large unboxed space and his
own choice of the style in which to write his name. Thus:

add up the digital values of entries which apply to his
family status!

118 I

Obtaining Useful Responses

PLEASE WRITE CLEARLY YOUR NAME, IN YOUR
USUAL WAY. PUT A DASH (-) JUST BEFORE YOUR
FAMILY NAME. PUT A DASH (-) JUST AFTER YOUR
FAMILY NAME.

119 I
There is no problem in the computer handling either
Jose Figueres -Alvarez- Gonzalez or John Paul -Jones-.
Assembly language, COBOL, and PL/I allow instructions to
the computer which say, in effect:
Scan the data stream.
When you come to a 1181, note that what is about to
come next, until you reach a 1191, is going to be a
name.
Scan the name.
When you come to a dash, note t4at what is about to
come after it, until you reach another dash, is
going to be the family name.
That which comes in front of the first dash are
elements of the given name. Each element is
separated by a space.
That which comes after the second dash, if anything,
are elements of the family name.
If any name elements come after the second dash,
alert the billing and information systems of the
installation to the need for Spanish translations in
its mailing to this name.
This is no great task for programming, but it is a
technique rarely requested where respondents are disciplined to perform functions as the technicians direct them.
It is a task which represents the kind of stretching the
technicians operating in community environments must do
much more of.

Family Status

The format requesting an indication of the family status
of the respondent irritates many community sensitivities in
the same way as other products of the computer culture
often do.
Families in the community are not necessarily constituted in the way members of the computer culture think
they should be. A family may be any group which lives
together. A family from Puerto Rico that lives in East
Harlem may be made up of a group from a village back
home where the functional relationships are not the same as
the blood relationships. The family head may be the
twenty-five-year-old son who works and assumes the responsibility for holding the family together. He makes
command decisions despite the presence of both his 45year-old blood father and blood mother who may function
more as a dependent aunt and uncle. Youngsters functioning as his children, for whom he accepts parental responsibility, may be unrelated by blood, and may not be the same
persons from year to year. Children are freely rotated
between the island and the mainland and between parents.
No member of the community culture, be it city-black,
Appalachian-white, or Indian, is going to tolerate having to
30

The community-member's response to a form he does
not like, is to fill it out spuriously, ot to dictate spurious
answers to the interrogator, in order to get the service
represented by the use of the form.
Organizations involved in providing computerized services to a community are advised to employ a "translator"
familiar with the community culture being served - migrant worker, Indian, core-city - who reviews the completed forms, making such adjustments as speed their
conversion into machine terms.
The desire (or need) to structure the community culture
in ways familiar to the computer culture is one of several
selfish desires or needs the computer culture must abandon.
The only questions which can be asked in the case of
family status- are: Whom do you turn to in your family
when you need help? What is your sex? What is your age?
These must be asked in a way invoking a single response for
each possibility, not in the form of complex decision paths
confronting the respondent with several choices.
Because of these types of considerations, there is more
need for self-reliance on the part of the computer technician operating within the community than there is in his
home territory. He follows the rule-books he knows when
at home. In the community, the rule-books have not yet
been written.
The Realization of Two Cultures

The hardest concept in the world for a member of a
dominant culture to accept in a multi-cultural society is the
possibility that his world is not all-encompassing. This must
have been a problem for the first several generations of the
French-speaking Norman conquerors of England. It must
have been a problem for the children of the Latin-speaking
overlords of Gaul. It is a problem for the members of the
technical class in this country.
We realize there are those we see on the street who are
not members of our own group, but we see them as
individual outsiders not able to deal with us. We do not see
them as insiders of some other group, as good as ours
perhaps, or even better, which we are not able to deal with
in turn. We rarely see a burden on ourselves to learn to
communicate with them. If they want what we have, they
will learn to talk with us! Did the Norman learn AngloSaxon? Did the Roman learn Celtic? The answer is that the
Norman who wanted mutton on his table did learn at least
enough Anglo-Saxon to call his mutton "sheep" when in
the field. The Roman who wanted his troops safe did learn
enough Celtic to ask the native scouts the way back to
camp.
The computer technician who wants to move his wares
into the community culture will do that culture the
courtesy of acknowledging its existence. The community
has something the computer culture needs today: it has
jobs to be done. It has business for the computer culture.

Part Two of this article is planned for next month's issue. It will
consider the following aspects of the community culture: perception and language, the span of language, humor, and culture
membership.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971
I

THE SOCIAL CONTROL OF SCIENC,E
"We do not have, and we do not want, any organized social controls over the
active pursuit of basic science, other than the inherent controls which exist
in the minds and hearts of the scientific investigators themselves. "
Dr. Lee A. DuBridge

415 South Hill Ave.
Pasadena, Calif. 91106

The subject of the social control of science is, of course,
a broad one and a difficult one to discuss. It is hard to find
two people who agree on what is meant by social control;
in addition, people do not always agree on what is meant
by science.

accumulated. All we can do is ask how that storehouse may
be enlarged - by pursuing science in the active sense, or
how that knowledge is to be 'put to use - the subject of
applied science, which I shall dISCUSS later.
My first thesis is that we do not have, and, ~e do n~t
want, any organized social controls over the actIve purswt
of basic science - the pursuit of new knowledge - other
than the inherent controls which exist in the minds and
hearts of the scientific investigators themselves. Scientists
must be free to pursue the truth wherever they can hope to
find it.

<_-

What I s Science?

I shall arbitrarily assume, for the purposes of this article,
that when we speak of science, we are talking about natural
science - that is, the study of nature. Thus, I shall not
discuss the social sciences, but only the physical and life
sciences.
But at once we face the critical question: as we speak of
science are we referring to the basic sciences themselves the pure search for knowledge? Or are we talking ab.out the
applications of the knowledge we have already gamed to
the solution of practical problems of whatever kind we may
think of - industrial products, military defense, the cure of
disease, the growing of more food, the improvement of the
comforts of living, or the alleviation of many social ills?
Let me say at once that when I use no qualifying
adjectives or phrases, I shall refer to BA~IC science. Bu~, I
shall use the term science in both the actIve and the paSSIve
sense. In the passive sense, basic science means the body of
knowledge about nature which has been accumulated over
the many centuries during which men have sought to probe
the secrets of nature. In the active sense, science means the
search for new knowledge about nature - new knowledge
about the atoms and the stars, about matter and energy,
about simple and complex molecules, about living cells and
the process of heredity and th~ mechanism of the brain.
When we speak of science in the passive sense, I assume
we must all agree that there is not much we can do about it.
The knowledge is there; it exists. Nothing we can do will
diminish the storehouse of knowledge which we have
Dr. Lee A. DJ.lBridge has been a Science Advisor to
President Richard M. Nixon. This article is based on an
address he gave at a Conference on the Social Control of
Science and Its Applications at the University of Chicago in
1969.
Dr. DuBridge was formerly the president of the California
Institute of Technology, having served in that office from
1946 to 1969.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

I nadvertent Control s

There may, of course, be inadvertent controls over the
areas which a scientist investigates, because some investigations are more expensive than others, and therefore the
necessary funds are harder to find. Most private and public
sources of funds have their own special interest and programs, and thus we may easily find that some fields of
inquiry are less adequately funded than others. The total
supply of money which any nation can make available for
scientific purposes is limited, and hence not everyone can
get all he wants or all that he, with perhaps perfectly good
reasons, thinks he needs. The persuasiveness of a particular
investigator or group of investigators may, of course,
sometimes uncover new sources of funds or succeed in
attracting funds from other areas which are at the moment
less popular or less glamorous, or are represented by less
ardent advocates~
But all of thl'STs inherent in the nature of things in any
society whether it be democratic or autocratic. These are
the inadvertent controls over the pursuit of knowledge
which, however they may affect individuai cases, are not
going to go away. I know of no one who has proposed a
way for getting unlimited funds for scientific research - or
who has discovered how to find a single person or invent a
single agency which is so wise that it can distribu te limi ted
funds in a way that is right in the minds of everyone. It is,
however, a lot easier to get adequate funds for more kinds
of research in this country today than it was )yhen I was a
post-doctoral fellow forty years ago.
.~~ point is that no federal, state, or local agency,
public or private, nor any combination of such agencies in
the United States, is now trying to suppress or prevent the
31

"The House is on Fire"THE PROFESSION OF INFORMATION ENGINEER AND HIS BRIDGES TO SOCIETY
Computers and Automation believes that the
profession of information engineer includes not only
competence in handling information using computers
and other means, but also a broad responsibility, in a
professional and engineering sense, for:
- The

reliability and social significance
pertinent input data;
- The social value of the output results.

In the same way, a bridge engineer takes a
professional responsibility for the reliability and
Significance of the data he uses, and the safety and
efficiency of the bridge he builds, for human beings
to risk their lives on.

valid pursuit of scientific knowledge in any field. Quite the
contrary, there are many agencies, public and private,
which are actively seeking out scientists with good ideas
whom they can support within the limits of the funds
available to them. And taking all these agencies together,
there is support available for essentially any field of basic
science.
On that basis, I will repeat my thesis: We do not want
and we do not have any social controls over the pursuit of
basic knowledge. We do not desire special controls over
how a man thinks or what he seeks to learn. All we want is
more money!
What Is Social Control?

/Put if we agree that there CAN be no social control over
~~knowledge

which already exists, and we do not want
social controls over the pursuit of new knowledge, then
what do we mean by the social control of science? Do we
mean the control of applied science by the government federal, state or local? Do we mean control by society at
large, through the powerful force of a pervasive public
opinion? Do we mean control by the scientists themselves
by choosing, in accord with their own consciences or
interests, the field of applied science in which they choose
to work? Do we mean that the scientists who uncover new
knowledge about the physical world shall somehow be
organized in such a way as to dictate how that knowledge
shall be used? (If we mean this, how do we bring in people
like Newton, Galileo, Lavoisier, Darwin, Maxwell, Bohr,
Einstein and all the rest who are no longer with us?) In
short, what kind of social controls over applied science do
we want, what kind do we have, and ~hat is the purpose of
social control?
Whether we like it or not, social controls over applied
science do exist and will always exist. The nature and
direction of these controls will vary from one nation to
another, even from one year to the 'next, and from one
subject to another. But they are there - in a variety of
forms and with a variety of objectives. The question is are
they the right forms and do they aim at the right objectives?
32

Accordingly, this department of Computers and
Automation will publish from time to time articles
and other information related to socially useful input
and output of data systems in a broad sense. To this
end we shall seek to publish here what is unsettling,
disturbing, critical - but productive of thought and
an improved and safer "house" for all humanity, an
earth in which our children and later generations may
have a future, instead of facing extinction.
The professional information engineer needs to
relate his engineering to the most important and most
serious problems in the world today: war, nuclear
weapons, pollution, the population explosion, and
many more.

Before we can answer this we must examine just what
these controls now are, how they operate, where they
succeed and where they fail. Let us enumerate some of the
ways in which what we might call social controls now
operate.
Control Exerted by the Individual

First, of course, there is the control exerted by the
individual - acting either alone or in concert with his
colleagues, through formal or informal organizations or
associations, large or small. When individuals in some
numbers, independently or together, decide they will or
will not work in a certain field of applied science, this will
result in a certain degree of control over progress in that
field.
This can, of course, if widespread, bea very important
source of control. In recent years, for example, large
numbers of able college students have elected NOT to seek
degrees in engineering. Thus, enrollments in this area have
levelled off or even declined. Applied science as a whole is
therefore not progressing as rapidly as it would had there
been an inctease in engineering degrees. Some areas such as
civil engineering have been affected more than others, such
as electronics.
No scientist or engineer can possibly be forced to work
or study in any field of pure or applied scie,nce (or in
science at all) if he does not so choose. No scientist or
engineer can be forced to accept a job in a brewery, a
tobacco company, in a pharmaceutical company, in a space
laboratory, in a military laboratory, or in the laboratory of
any company or agency which is engaged in any kind of
work of which he disapproves qr for which he has no taste.
By the same token, no one has the right, of course, to
prevent any other individual from accepting or continuing a
position in any legally constituted laboratory of his choice.
The success of a company, a government agency, or an
educational institution in recruiting talented people for any
area of applied science in which it is interested will, of
course, determine the rate of progress of their work - may
even determine whether such work can be pursued or not.
Here, then, is a social control of very potent possibilities,
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

depending in a perfectly democratic way on the voluntary
choices and/or the persuasive efforts of many individuals.
People being what they are, we cannot of course expect
that such voluntary action by individuals or groups will
very often bring to a complete halt any specific area of
applied science - for other individuals or groups may think
this endeavor very worthwhile or important or attractive
and will enter into it with enthusiasm and effectiveness.
When an individual argues therefore for additional social
controls over applied science, he is not advocating something which will force him to do what he does not choose
to do, but he is seeking to interfere with the free choice of
others.
But there are, of course, other social controls more
potent than these kinds of action by individuals or informal
groups.
Control by Universities

The second agency of control is the universities which
can fund, or fail to fund, depending on their resources and
objectives, specific applied science projects. Many institutions are now funding research and development in urban
affairs, food, population, health, the technology of developing countries, aeronautics, communications, space technology, and hundreds of other specific areas. Each such
institution is seeking to apply our knowledge of science to
areas which it deems appropriate, desirable or important to
the general welfare. Collectively such institutions have great
influence on the directions which applied science is taking
or may take. If universities as a group do not pursue applied
research in a particular field, the progress in that field will
be hampered.
Lack of talent or of funds may impede progress in some
areas and emphasis may then turn to other areas where such
shortages are less serious. But funding levels available may
depend on conditions outside the control of a particular
institution. A private university may find donors willing to
fund some specific areas, but find no one to fund other
specific areas. State universities must depend on actions by
legislatures. Both public and private institutions will depend
on federal funds in certain fields - but will again fail to
secure them in others. However, universities plus their
non-governmental funding sources do constitute a control
and set a direction for applied research.
.

Control by Commercial Companies

Commercial companies carryon a large segment of our
applied science activities. Leaving aside for the moment
that portion which is supported through federal sources,
companies have powerful incentives to pursue engineering
and development work in areas which will improve their
productive efficiency or result in new or improved products
for the consumer. Out of industrial research there has
emerged in the 20th century, and especially in the last 20
years, an amazing array of products which have enormous
appeal, desirability and usefulness to millions of people in
this country and throughout the world.

community. And many an industrial company has found
that a huge investment in research and development on
some consumer product has come to naught because consumers in large numbers do not buy the product.
The control by the market place can be a very powerful
one, and is one that can be altered markedly through the
action of individuals and voluntary or governmen t organizations. Consumer organizations can encourage pe6ple to buy
one product and discourage the purchase of others. Massive
advertising campaigns can have pervasive market influences,
positive or negative. We are witnessing right now a twosided campaign for and against the smoking of cigarettes.
The market effect of this is still uncertain - but in the end
it may be very great indeed.
However, there are those who believe that though the
control of the market place is great and, for the most part,
constructive, it is not enough. People insist on buying
things that are not good for them, or buying things that are
useless or things that may harm others. But the market
place is there, and it is very powerful. Our task is to find
ways to use it and guide it into even more constructuve
channels. Public information campaigns, government regulations to enforce truth in advertising, consumer organizations which test products and disseminate their findings these and other mechanisms in which we as individuals can
participate and which we can encourage may greatly influence the use of scientific knowledge in the field of consumer products.
Control by Government

But we turn now to a major mechanism of social control
of science which most of us think of first when we discuss
this subject - control by government - federal, state or
local. Yet before coming to this subject, I did want to
emphasize the importance of all these other non-governmental controls which are in use and which are available to
us.
Governmental agencies may exert control over applied
science in several ways: 1) by the regulations which they
adopt and enforce on the advertising and/or the use of
products which are judged to be harmful or dangerous or
which have adverse environmental or other effects; 2) by
the way in which funds are allocated for the pursuit of
research and development aimed at specific end-products;
and 3) by the things which government agencies build or
buy, or seek to buy, be they military weapons, airplanes,
highways, dams, power stations or any of the hundreds of
products or facilities which government agencies believe are
needed to promote the public welfare or to satisfy a public
requirement - some of which, of course, are not happily
received by some segments of the public.
It would, of course, take a very large book to describe
and evaluate all of the actions of government which
influence thg way in which scientific knowledge is put to
use. I'3/'tot~ they constitute an enormously powerful and
pervasive \ocial control over applied science. And this
control can, in the long run, be expanded, contracted or
altered in whatever ways the public, through its elected
representatives, may demand.

Control by the Market Place

Here we find the great example of social control in a
democratic society - the control of the market place. No
one is forced to purchase a product which he does not like
or which he thinks is harmful to himself, his family, or his
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

How Should Social Controls Be Used?

The problem, therefore, is not so much how to invent
social controls, as it is how we shall use more effectively
33

and constructively the ones that we already have. The
mechanism for. social control is already present. The question is: What do we want these controls to achieve that
they are not now achieving?
It is not difficult to set forth in a general way the goals
we all seek to achieve in the use of scientific knowledge. In
the negative sense, we all wish to prevent or discourage
applications of science which are harmful to individuals or
to groups of individuals, or which despoil our environment,
or which unnecessarily waste our precious natural resources, or impede our progress toward social welfare and
justice and toward world peace.
On the positive side we wish to encourage and support
those applications of science which enhance the welfare of
people, which make-Abr country and the world a better
place in which to live, which will improve the quality of life
in yut cities and in rural areas, which will reduce the
dangers of wars between nations.

.jf"An Example: Air Pollution
,All this is easy to say and ver hard to acco~For
example, w
.
0 reduce air pollution.
ne way to do
this (in part) would be to prohibit the use of any vehicle
which burns gasoline or to prohibit the ~ale of gasoline
itself. (That would cure the smog problem in Los Angeles,
for example.) We might also prohibit the operation of any
industrial facility which discharges contaminating products
into the atmosphere. But such sledgehammer methods are
clearly undesirable and unworkable. A better way is to
encourage research aimed at the development of better
technology for reducing such pollution. And then when
better technology is available, to encourage or require its
utilization. This is indeed being done - though the pace of
advance may seem slow. More funds are needed for the
support of research in pollution technology and for environmental technology in general.· New knowledge and new
technologies are needed as well as better regulation and
management, using existing technologies.
This is but one example in which a primary role of
government should be a positive and not solely a negative
one - where government should not retard but should
advance the progress in applied science in a variety of ways
which will contribute to social progress. Science, throughout the ages, has on the whole been put to enormous
beneficial uses - and even greater opportunities lie ahead.
Positive measures to enhance our opportunities to capitalize
on our knowledge and on our talents can pay great dividends. An important role of government is to remove
barriers and to speed progress in many fruitful areas.
American universities can assist in this endeavor. They
can invent innovative ways for organizing interdisciplinary
programs for bringing our knowledge and our talents in
science and social science to bear on the problems of .out
society. I hope that private and local funds can be found
for these enterprises, since Federal funding is bound to be
slow and cumbersome and often inhibiting when wholly
new and radical approaches are being studied.
Control of the Science of Military Weapons

Now let us approach the real issue which is usually in
mind when we talk about the social control of science namely, how do we prevent scientific knowledge being used
.for producing lethal military weapons or other devices
34

which will be either purposely or inadvertently harmful to
large numbers of human beings?
I left this subject to the end because I first wanted to
emphasize the positive social mechanisms which we have
which can be used to put scientific knowledge to work for
beneficial purposes.
What, then, about military weapons?
First, I must express my conviction that during World
War I and World War II, the scientists and engineers of this
nation did a tremendous service to their country and to the
free world by bringing their knowledge and talents to bear
so' effectively to help the Allied Nations survive and to win
those two horrible conflicts. Without the help of scientists
and engineers, the results might have been tragically different.
Everyone in this nation and in the free world would have
been most happy if, after the conclusion of World War II, it
would have been possible to establish a world of peace,
friendship and confidence among nations so that all our
military weapons could have been buried for all time to
come. Unhappily this did not happen. The United States
offered to give up nuclear weapons and other weapons of
mass destruction provided other nations would do likewise.
This offer was not accepted. The long and difficult· and
frustrating efforts to reach such agreements are all painfully
familiar to many of us. We failed - and an era of tragic
danger has ensued. And in an era of danger every great and
free nation must attend to its defenses. No nation has ever
insured peace for itself and its friends solely by failing to be
prepared to defend itself and its allies from a military
attack, when unfriendly nations were clearly building their
own military machines. Sorrowfully and reluctantly, therefore, the U.S. has devoted great efforts and large resources
to building a military force adequate to deter or to defeat
an aggressive attack against us.
The Responsibilities of Scientists for Defense Systems

There are, of course, those who think we have overdone
this job, and others who think we have not done enough.
Still others think we might have proceeded more effectively
or more economically or with a better balance among our
various defense weapon systems. These matters are, however, beside the point for our present purposes. The
question is: If a defense system of some kind is nece·ssary, is
it not appropriate for scientists and engineers, if they wish,
to participate in the endeavor to make the system as
effective and economical as possible? Whether we like our
present system or not, or whether or not we object to
certain aspects of it, I can assure you it would all have been
much worse if talented scientists and engineers had not
participated energetically and effectively in developing newer and better equipment and techniques and advised the
military services how such new equipment could best be
used. If we had allowed military research and development
to come to a halt after World War II or if we allow it to
come to a halt now we would now or soon be in very grave
danger indeed. A weak or disarmed America would be an
invitation to the destruction of the free world. This will
continue to be the case until firm disarmament agreements
are reached which we all hope will be soon.
The question, in my opiniorl ('!pd this has been my
opinion foithe- pasL20 years; not just since I came into
Government) is not whether we need the help of scientific
and engineering knowledge and talent to insure the defense
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

of our country, but how shall that talent be used to give us
the most effective and economical defense system possible. \....
Responsibilities of Universities

•

NUMBLES

I agree with those who say that it is not appropriate for
secret military research to be carried on within university
campuses. Not many universities do this now, and I would
urge others to phase out any classified weapons research
which they are doing. There are other laboratories where
such work can be done.
I do not agree with those who say that universities
should not accept any research support from the
Department of Defense. Many agencies within DOD have
for many years been supporting in a fine and intelligent
way, excellent basic research projects in physics, chemistry,
astronomy, mathematics, aeronautics and other fields
without any visible relationship to weapons work and
without any restriction on full publication of the results.
This is fine, and I hope such research support will continue.
Under present circumstances we need every nickel of help
we can get for basic university research - of the sort that
the university itself thinks it appropriate and educationally
val uable to carryon.
Civilian Advisors and Employees for DOD

also believe it quite appropriate for university
professors to voluntarily advise the government on its
problems of defense technology. A most wholesome
influence on the military establishment can be and is being
exerted by independent advisory bodies.
Civilian scientists and engineers can also fruitfully serve
as full time civilian employees in the defense establishment
for long or short periods. Many scientists and engineers
have found such work exciting and valuable - though, of
course, no one needs to participate in any of these ways if
he does not so wish.
Have we then lost social control of science when we use
scientific knowledge to help in the defense of the nation?
Certainly not! A powerful mechanism of social control is
the Federal Government. We look to it to encourage and
support beneficial applications of science. We also look to it
to insure that our country is reasonably safe from military
attack. The government would be remiss if it dId not bring
to this task all the knowledge and talent that we can
muster. If we do not maintain a free society, we will have
no free science and no free opportunity to develop and use
its beneficial applications.
Today about two billion dollars a year of federal funds
are going to the support of basic university science. About
seven billion dollars of federal money and several billion
dollars of private money is going into non-military applied
science. These sums are of an order of magnitude greater
effort than any nation has ever spent on the extension of
knowledge and its beneficial applications. We hope these
sums can soon become even larger. If you wish to insure
this, write to your Congressmen and ask them to support in
full the budget requests of such agencies as the National
Science Foundation, the National Endowment for the Arts
and Humanities, the National Institutes of Health, and the
research budgets of HUD, Interior, Agriculture and similar
departments.
That is a kind of social control which we should all
0
welcome.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

NUMBER PUZZLES FOR NIMBLE MINDS
-AND COMPUTERS
Neil Macdonald
Assistant Editor
Computers and Automation
A "numble" is an arithmetical problem in which: digits
have been replaced by capital letters; and there are two
messages, one which can be read right away and a second
one in the digit cipher. The problem is to solve for the
digits.
Each capital letter in the arithmetical problem stands for
just one digit 0 to 9. A digit may be represented by more
than one letter. The second message, which is expressed in
numerical digits, is to be translated (using the same key)
into letters so that it may be read; but the spelling uses
puns or is otherwise irregular, to discourage cryptanalytic
methods of deciphering.
We invite our readers to send us solutions, together with
human programs or computer programs which will produce
the solutions. This month's Numble was contributed by:
Stuart Freudberg
Newton High School
Newton, Mass.
NUMBLE 712

The

FED

H 0 U N D
H HUN

T DDD
F RNN
DF UH
R RD0
67571
Solution to Numble 711

R N N H F T T N

29630

In Numble 711 in the January issue, the digits 0 through
9 are represented by letters as follows:
0=0
Y=1
R=2
A=3
M=4

N=5
S,U,V= 6
G,T=7
E=8
C=9

The message is: Many can argue, not many converse.
Our thanks to the following individuals for submitting
their solutions - to Numble 7012: A. Sanford Brown,
Dallas, Texas; Gordon and Debbie Bruno, Cliffside Park,
_N.}.; T. P. Finn, Indianapolis, Ind.; Frank Komorowski,
Philadelphia, Pa.; Robert R. Weden, Edina,_ Minn.; and
Brian C. Whitaker, San Diego, Calif. - to Numble 7011:
Edward A. Bruno, North Bergen, N. J.; G. P. Petersen, St.
Petersburg, Fla.; Vince Roach, New York, N. Y.; and D. F.
Stevens, Berkeley, Calif. - to Numble 708: SSG Raymond
L. Cowen, Gunter AFB, Ala.
35

THE CASE OF CLARK SQUIRE: COMPUTER PROGRAMMER"
BLACK PANTHER, PRISONER - INTERIM REPORT
Contents

1. Action by the Council of the Association for Computing Machinery: Announcement
2. Report of the ACM Ad Hoc Committee

Introduction

George Capsis
Kenneth M. King

3. Report of the ACM Ad Hoc Committee
Continued
Preface
Brief Resume of Clark Squire
Squire's Activities in the Black Panther Party
Arrest Record of Squire
What Computer People for Peace would like the ACM to do about Squire
What Happens to the Money that is Collected by CPP?

Monroe Newborn

Kenneth M. King

4. Report of the ACM Ad Hoc Committee

Conclusion

5. Report of the ACM Ad Hoc Committee

Appendices -- List

6. $50,000 Bail for Clark Squire Raised; then Judge declares Bail is $100,000;
then Judge Declares "No Bail" for Nine Defendants still in Jail

Computer People for Peace

7. The Quality of Judge Murtagh as a Justice

Edmund C. Berkeley

80 Addressing Relevant Social Problems in "Computers and Automation"

Michael B. Griswold

9. Ridiculous Lack of Objectivity

E. C. Witt

10. Response

Edmund C. Berkeley
Note

For prior discussion of this case, see:
.The Life and Times of Clark Squire: Computer Programmer,
Black Panther, Prisoner
-- article in C&A, November, 1970, p. 36
Responsible Journalism
-- editorial in C&A, November, 1970, p. 7
"Responsible Journalism" -- Comment
-- in Forum in C&A, January, 1971, po 8

Joe Hanlon
Edmund C. Berkeley
Clark Squire

1. ACTION BY THE COUNCIL OF THE ACM:
ANNOUNCEMENT

George Capsis
Association for Computing Machinery
1133 Ave. of the Americas
New York, N. Y. 10036

In an effort to give the Council information on
which to make a judgement, Council member Herbert
Grosch had requested of President Walter Carlson
the formation of a fact-finding committee.

In response to a plea to help raise bail for imprisoned computer programmer Clark Squire, the Council of the Association for Computing Machinery, on
December 3, 1970, agreed that while individual members might respond, ACM action was outside of its
constitutional purposes.

The chairman of that committee, Dr. Kenneth
King, delivered his report on December 3 to the
Council.

The Council further urged members of the Association as individuals to familiarize themselves with
the facts in this case and to take whatever action
they regard as appropriate.
The request for aid came from '~omputer People
for Peace" during ACM's September conference in
New York.
36

The 40-page report (including appendices) was
based on interviews with: former employers of
Squire; the District Attorney's offices of Bronx
and New York County; the American Civil Liberties
Union; the attorney for the defendant; representatives of the CPP; attorneys for ACM; and a written
interview with Clark Squire obtained during the
trial in New York.
The report is available at ACM Headquarters in
New York City.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

2. REPORT OF THE ACM AD HOC COMMITTEEINTRODUCTION

Kenneth M. King
c/o ACM
In brief, this Committee was invoked as a result
of the following circumstances. At ACM 70, a group
of ACM members and non-members identifying themselves as members of "Computer People for Peace",
distributed a flier calling on attendees to aid them
in raising bail for a computer programmer named
Clark Squire (included as Appendix I is a copy of
the flier). At a press conference at ACM 70, Mr.
Edward Elkind, an ACM member and member of CPP,
issued a statement on Clark Squire (a rough transcript of this statement is included as Appendix
II). At a public town hall meeting at ACM 70, members of CPP issued a plea for funds to be used for
bail for Clark Squire and passed a basket through
the audience soliciting contributions. Subsequently, a member of the Council expressed the view that
ACM had an obligation to determine whether or not
"Clark Squire in fact existed" and I. was asked by
Walter Carlson to head an ad hoc committee to answer
the question and to report at the next ACM Council
meeting.
With the help of Professor Monroe Newborn of
Columbia University and Gordon Smith and George
Capsis of the ACM staff, the following information
has been elicited.
Clark Squire "in fact exists" and is presently on
trial with 20 other defendants in New York City on a
variety of charges. The defendants have been collectively referred to in the press as the "Panther 21"
A copy of the indictment handed down by a New Yo~k
County Grand Jury which includes the charges agaInst
Clark Squire and,21 other defendants is included as
Appendix III. (One of the defendants in this indictment, Fred Richardson, had his bail reduced to
$25,000 and has subsequently disappeared according
to Assistant DA Weinstein). Clark Squire has been
in jail since April 2, 1969. His bail has been set
at $50,000 and he has been unable as of.this dat: to
raise that amount. Attorneys representIng a varIety
of organizations, including the American Civil Liberties Union, have attempted to get bail reduced and,
according to Assistant DA Weinstein, have appeared
before 42 judges, all of whom have refused to reduce
bail. Appeals have been carried unsuccessfully all
the way to the Supreme Court. Included as Appendix
IV is a copy of a,brief filed with the U.S. Supreme
Court on behalf of Clark Squire and 13 other defendants in this case requesting a reduction of bail.
(This brief was supplied by Barbara Shack of the New
York Civil Liberties Union.)
George Capsis and Gordon Smith were asked by me
to contact the attorneys prosecuting Clark Squire to
obtain whatever information they could about Clark
Squire. Since the case was about to go to trial,
these attorneys stated they were unable to divulge
any details not already made public. Mr. Weinstein,
an Assistant District Attorney, stated that the following was recorded on Squire's police record:
1. 8/9/65 - Arrested for drug violation convicted.

2. 5/3/66 - Queens County - arrested for possession of drugs and a gun - convicted - placed on probation - probation to expire on 11/6/69.
3. 1/18/69 - Arrested for possession of drugs.
4. 2/6/69 - Arrested for attempted robbery, possession of weapon and reckless endangerment - charges still pending.
5. 4/2/69 - Arrested on charges including conspiracy. attempted murder, and
arson - trial commenced 10/19/70.
Clark Squire is presently represented by Attorney
Charles T. McKinney of 401 Broadway, New York City.
A search of ACM records by Irene Hollister reveals
that Clark Squire has apparently never been a member of ACM.
Monroe Newborn was asked by me: to attempt to obtain biographical data on Clark Squire; to obtain
from Clark Squire, his attorney, or friends, Clark
Squire's version of the events leading to his present indictment; to obtain from Computer People for
Peace a statement of what they think ACM should do
about this case; and what their plans were with respect to any bail money raised; and to develop any
other information he could elicit on the character
of Clark Squire. His report follows:
3. REPORT OF THE ACM AD HOC COMMITTEECONTINUED

Monroe Newborn
c/o ACM
Preface

The following information was gathered in one
week of effort.
While there are still several points that could
use greater elaboration, I believe it presents a
reasonable picture of Clark Squire as gathered by
(1) communicating with him via his attorney (see
Appendix V), (2) talking with his~Attorney, Charles
McKinney, (3) talking with one of his former employers, George Langnas, (4) observing the trial in person on the day of November 10, 1970, (5) receiving
background information from the CPP (Computer People
for Peace).
Perhaps three points should have been investigated in greater detail. (1) To my understanding,
(based on the CPP), his present employer is willing
to have him return to his job when he becomes free.
I would have liked to confirm this by direct communication with his employer but was unable to contact
his employer. (2) I would like to have had a better
explanation of his narcotics background. From all
that I can gather, he never used hard drugs. (3) I
would have liked to have had knowledge of several
other similar court cases so that I could have, in
fact, confirmed the charge that bail wa~ extremely
high. In discussions with the CPP, it was discussed
that in some cases where bombings had actually occurred, bail was much less.
The material is presented by me in as unbiased a
manner as possible. The activities of the last week
have been quite rewarding. The witnessing of the
trial was an action that I would encourage others
to take.

The Association for Computing Machinery, a professional society of more th~n 26,00? co~puter speci~lists,
is dedicated to advancing the science and art of computer usage. T~rough Its pub~Icat~ons: educatIona~
programs, chapters, and committee activities, ACM promotes and prov~des for the dIssemInatIon of technIcal
and non-technical computing information to its members and the publIC.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

Brief Resume of Clark Squire

(source: Squire and CPP)
Age: 33
Born. Decatur. Texas
College: At 15 (or maybe 16) went to Prairie View
A&M College of Texa~ (affiliated with
Texas A&M). Graduated at age of 19
(1956). Slightly above average student
(in his own words). Degree in math.

The following statement appeared in a letter to
members and friends from the CPP Squire Committee.
"He was arrested in January 1969 bec~use a car he
had rented was being driven by another defendant,
Miss Joan Bird, at the time of her arrest, Miss
Bird was accused of shooting at the police in an incident on the Harlem River Drive in New York City.
Squire was arrested for complicity. Two weeks
later, charges in this case were dropped for lack of
evidence; and Squire was ~earrested in the courtroom
for armed robbery of a subway change booth in the
Bronx. This robbery was alleged to have occurred
three months earlier and was totally unrelated to
the initial charge." This case is stiil pending.

Work Record:
According to Squire, he worked for NASA in California, November 1956-November '57. Had "Secret
Clearance" then and for subsequent work at Rome Air
Dev. Center at Griffus AFB, Rome, N.Y. Had clearance until age of 26.
Subsequently employed by Compo App. Inc. 1964-66.
Then Real Time Systems, Inc. (1966-68), then Computer Decisions Inc. (now called Computer Deductions,
Inc.) until now (about 2-1/2 months).
According to Squire, his salary while at CAl was
about $14,000. At time of arrest, was making about
$17,000.
Former employer at CAl, George Langnas, stated
that Squire was "very competent, personable, highly
regarded, qependable, worked long hours. No problems with the law or drugs." He also stated salary
figure of $14,000.
Work was described by Squire as in the area of
"systems analysis, systems design, proposal writing
and estimations, programming and project leader."

The present arrest for conspiracy occurred on
April 2, 1969. (A copy of the indictment is included as Appendix III). It appears that his name is
mentioned explicitly in regard to:
1. Possessing a 38 caliber Smith and Weston [sic]
revol ver and a 308 automatic rifle;
2. Possessing.a bomb;
3. Being Lieutenant for Finance in New York City.
He appears implicated by his involvement in the
party, to be charged with other crimes and the conspiracy to commit other crimes.
What the CPP Would Like the ACM
To Do About Clark Squire

(as obtained from the CPP Squire Committee)
CPP feels ACM should become involved in the Clark
Squire case because ACM has responsibility for the
well-being of members of the profession. In this
case, a member in good standing of the profession
is having his constit.utional rights violated.
In particular:

Activities in the Black Panther Party

(as indicated by Squire)
He was "active in community control, school programs, hospitals, made and distributed survey forms
asking Black community what were their important
problems and suggestions for solutions, also breakfast for children's program."
He was also "finance officer - keep financial
records and money transactions. Attend political
education classes, sell papers, assist in laying
out community programs, attend meetings with other
organizations, and general party work."
His attorney, Charles McKinney, stated that
Squire was a member of the BPP for less than 4 or
5 months.

1. An individual is assumed to be innocent
until proven guilty, and further,
2. One is entitled to a speedy trial.
In this case, Squire has been deprived of his
freedom for 18 months and in violation of both
points (1) and (2).
3. His bail is extremely excessive ($50,000)
and far out of line for a person with
Squire's background. His bail effectively guarantees that he will remain in
jail -- which is not the purpose of
bail. Other individua"ls in political
groups have actually bombed buildings
and received less bail. (Jane Alpert
bombed a building in New York City and
received $20,000 bail).

Arrest Record

According to the information gathered by George
Capsis, Squire was arrested four times, twice on
narcotics charges (1~65, 1966) and twice in 1969.
Narcotics charges: In discussions with Squire's
attorney and former employer, both stated that they
knew of no hard drug use by Squire.
Squire stated in response to a badly asked question that "the narcotics involved in my '66 arrest
were a few leaves of marijuana scraped from my jacket pocket following a strip-down search at JFK airport upon returning from overseas. The narcotics
charge was subsequently dropped."
38

4. While in prison, his rights have also been
violated. Most importantly, he has effectively been denied the opportunity to
prepare his case. His visitors are limited to his own relatives and lawyers.
Reporters cannot visit him. His treatment in prison has been unreasonably
cruel.
Thus, CPP is asking that the ACM endorse the
collection of bail money for Clark Squire and send
out a mailing to its members to collect bail money
for the CPP.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

What Happens to the Money that is
Collected by the CPP?

(as stated by Joan Dublin and Ed Elkind
of the CPP Squire Committee)
Several possibilities exist in this regard.
If the money is not used for bail -- (1): All the
money whose source can be identified will be re~
turned. Money not identified would be used in the
future for bail in other cases deemed appropriate by
the CPP. (2): The National Committee to Defend the
Panthers (853 Broadway, NYC) and CPP would discuss
mutually how to use the money most effectively.
If the money is used for bail and returned, then
option (1) above would be followed.
If the money is used for bail and not returned,
the contributors would not receive their money back.
4. REPORT OF THE ACM AD HOC COMMITTEE CONCLUSION

Kenneth M. King
c/o ACM
The Clark Squire case raises, in my view, a number of issues, the most important of which is what
kind of an issue is it, and does the ACM constitution
permit us as an organization to deal with it.
Legal counsel for the ACM has provided us with the
followi ng comment: "Any acti vi ty on the part of ACM
in this issue other than the humanitarian effort to
d.etermine (a) that he has a good lawyer and (b) that
institutions such as the American Civil Liberties
Union are aware of the circumstances, represents ACM
taking sides in a controversy completely unrelated
to its purposes."
From a legal standpoint, when ACM goes outside
the legal terms of its Charter, it is "ultra vires",
which means it is going "beyond its powers".
Our legal counsel therefore indicates that neither
ACM, its President, nor the Council has the right to
intervene in this action without a change in the Constitution and Charter.
If the issue is regarded as a deeply political
and social question, a recent ACM referendum would
be relevant. In response to the question "Shall
the Constitution of the ACM be revised to permit
Association comment or action on deeply political
and social questions?", the ballot count was 2,059
yes and 7,938 no. (See Appendix VI)
Joan Dublin of CPP has stated that in her view,
the issue is whether or not ACM should permit the
violation of the civil rights of a member of our
profession in good standing.
It is my hope that this report will be useful to
the members of the Council.
5. REPORT OF THE ACM AD HOC COMMITTEE APPENDICES - LIST

Following are the six appendices to the report:
1) Resume of Clark Squire (1 page)
2) Transcript of a statement made by a representative
of the Computer People for Peace at the ACM '70
tonference (2 pages)

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

3) Grand Jury indictment of 22 Persons including
Clark Squire (22 pages)
4) Petition to the United States Supreme Court for
Relief for 13 persons including Clark Squire
-- Additional Supplemental Memorandum re writ
of certiari in the matter of granting Reasonable Bail (6 pages)
5) Questions directed to Clark Squire by Monroe
Newborn, and his Answers (2 pages)
6) Reprint (1 page) from the "Communications of the
ACM", July, 1969, reporting the result of a
ballot of members on:
Shall the Constitution of the ACM be revised
to permit Association comment or action on
deeply political or social questions?
These appendices are available on request from
the ACM, 1133 Ave. of the Americas, New York, N.Y.
10036, so long as the supply lasts.

6. $50,000 BAIL FOR CLARK SQUIRE RAISED;
THEN JUDGE DECLARES BAIL IS $100,000;
THEN JUDGE DECLARES "NO BAIL"
FOR NINE DEFENDANTS STILL IN JAIL

Computer People for Peace
The Dolphin Center
137A West 14 St.
New York, N.Y. 10011
After four months of hard work, the CPP Squire
Committee succeeded in raising $50,000 bail for
Clark Squire, programmer and Panther 21 co-defendant. However, on December 28, 1970, Judge Murtagh
claimed that Clark's bail was $100,000 despite the
fact that in May, 1969 Judge Shapiro had lowered
Clark's bail to $50,000.
Judge Murtagh then stated "whatever his bail was,
it does not matter, it's now NO BAIL."
According to the New York Times on December 29:
Justice Murtagh said that because of "information in the possession of the court" relating "not only to the defendant Squire but
relating to all the defendants present", he
was revoking bail "for the remainder of the
trial" for the defendants who were in jail.
The seven held in lieu of bail have been
in jail since April 2, 1969, following indictment of all 13 on charges of conspiring
to bomb public places and murder policemen
and possession of dangerous weapons and explosives.
A trial is supposed to be an integral part of the
democratic process.
- But how can we have democratic process when
excessive bail is set? (Defendants in jail
cannot gather evidence nor find witnesses.)
- What is the meaning of democratic process when
even after the money for bail is raised, the
bail is revoked? People are told to play by
the rules and when they do the rules are
changed.
How is democratic process served when bail is
used as leverage against defense counsel?
(Judge Murtagh stated that he would entertain
motions for bail reduction only if the defendants and their lawyers "improve their
behavior.")

7. THE QUALITY OF JUDGE MURTAGH AS A JUDGE

Edmund C. Berkeley
Editor, Computers and Automation
The Bill of Rights in the Constitution of the
United States contains:
Article VI:

to Speedy Trial, Witnesses,
etc. :
In all criminal prosecutions, the. accused shall
enjoy the right to a speedy and public trial, by an
impartial jury of the State and district wherein the
crime shall have been committed, which districts
shall have been previously ascertained by law, and
to be informed of the nature and cause of the accusation; to be confronted with the witnesses
against him; to have compulsory process for obtaining witnesses in his favor; and to have the assistance of counsel for his defense.
R~ght

Article VIII: Excessive Bailor Fines and
Cruel Punishment Prohibited:
Excessive bail shall not be required nor excessive fines imposed nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted.
It is clear that the behavior of Judge Murtagh
and the actions of the associated court system in
New York County are in violation of the Constitution of the United States -- as well as in violation of elementary principles of fair play.
i) Judge Murtagh has set excessive bail, two and
then four times the amount of $25,000 set in similar
cases, when there were white defendants who had actually exploded bombs. (The grand jury indictme~
of the Panthers arrested in New York on April 2,
1969, contains no charge that the arrested Panthers
had actually exploded any bombs.) This violates
Article VIII.
ii) Judge Murtagh (according to the New York
Times account) has "information in the possession
of the court" which he is not disclosing, which is
therefore secret, and therefore cannot be challenged as to truth or falsehood, and therefore ~
be false. This violates Article VI, that the accused shall know "the nature and cause" of the accusation.
iii) On the basis of this secret information,
after several months of trial with bail established,
as soon as it appears as if one of the defendants
(computer programmer Clark Squire) has raised the
bail of $50,000, then Judge Murtagh doubles the
amount of bail to $100,000 -- and promptly thereafter decl ares "no bail" for any of the defendants
not already out on bail. Such action is contrary
to the elementary rules of fair play, and Article
VIII.
iv) For almost a year and a half these defendants have been in New York County jails before being brought to trial. This is far from the "speedy
trial" guaranteed by the U.S. Constitution, and
violates Article VI.
v) The entire reason for any trial is to test
the validity of an accusation. Many accusations
are untrue, for many sorts of reasons. In the
United States a man who is accused is legally innocent (and entitled to be free on bail) until proved
guilty. It is not true that an accused person is
legally guilty (and to be imprisoned) until proved
innocent.
The behavior of Judge Murtagh would be appropriate
for a Nazi judge in Hitler's Germany in the 1930's
not for an American judge in the United States.

Such behavior is calculated to infuriate oppressed
members of society in the United States -- especially
since such behavior is never used towards business
men, or wealthy people, or even members of the American middle classes.
It is as if Judge Murtagh had been hired by a
group of persons desiring to overturn the constitutional American system of justice, by means of the
policy: "Oppress them, infuriate them play the tyrant, and when their tolerance breaks and they become violent, shoot them or imprison them in the
name of 'law and order', and then say on television
to the people of the United States, 'You see, we
told you these persons were dangerous and violent
and good for nothing.'"
The behavior of Judge Murtagh is a disgrace to
the Constitution of the United States, and to the
traditional English and American system of evenhanded justice begun with Magna Carta in.1216.
If computer programmer Clark Squire and the other
Panthers being tried in New York County are legally
and fairly determined to be guilty of any crimes,
then they should be sentenced and punished according
to established law. But it is wrong to punish them
(or anybody) by extra-legal and unconstitutional actions of any kind. And no respect for the United
States or admiration for the United States can be
fostered by tyrannical actions or "frame-ups" -of any kind.
8. ADDRESSING RE.LEVANT SOCIAL PROBLEMS
IN "COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION"

Michael B. Griswold
4437 Brighton Ave.
San Diego, Calif. 92107
This is just a note of encouragement for your
position of addressing relevant social problems in
your technical publication.
The case of Mr. Squire is only a recent example
of an exemplary policy. In this instance you are
doing for the computer industry what sports journalism should have done for Cassius Clay and boxing.
Technical achievement is meaningless without corresponding social accomplishment.
As an increasingly vital segment of our community, computer professionals should be concerned less
with the quality of systems and concerned more with
the quality of life. That responsible technical
literature espouses such an ideal is indeed gratifying. Thank you.
9. RIDICULOUS LACK OF OBJECTIVITY

E. C. Witt
7933 Berkshire Blvd.
Powell, Tenn. 37849
The editorial and article pertaining to Clark
Squire in your November issue are so lacking in objectivity as to border on the ridiculous. His personal success stQ.,M\'~prior to his becoming active in
a revolutionary organization) refutes his own charge
that a black man can't expect a decent break in our
society. Any society would react violently against
a group which thinks shooting policemen and bombing
buildings are justified and equivalent responses to
exploitation, poverty, ignorance and disease. Both

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

Mr. Squire and you are confusing "political activity" with revolutionary activity, which is prohibited even in a democracy.
It was reasonable for the police to conclude that
Clark Squire either was in his auto when they were
fired upon from it, or that he at least conspired
with those who were. The circumstantial evidence
was extremely strong, even though the case was
later officially dismissed for insufficient evidence. Last year there were over 80 uniformed
officers assassinated from ambush, mostly in black
neighborhoods. Many of these men were never the
object of criticism for racism, indeed some were
themselves black. They were simply murdered because they symbolized the establishment. Any prime
suspect in such a crime should be considered (and
handled as) armed and dangerous.
A robbery charge is not necessarily absurd just
because the accused makes a good living. A wellto-do youth recently charged with robbery in a large
city explained that his act was required for admission into a neighborhood gang. As for the charge
that '$50,000 bail is outrageous . . . ', Black Panthers, Weathermen, and other such radicals have a
way of disappearing after release on bond, only to
show up later in some Communist country. Bail is
intended to guarantee appearance; the comparison
with that of the Minutemen indicates only that
theirs was too low, not that Squire's is too high.
You define responsible journalism as "important,
factual, useful", and yet in the same editorial admit that you'll publish anything if the author signs
his name and "stands back of what he's saying",
whatever that means. Thus you're caught in your own
web of confusion. Hanlon's general irresponsibility
is typified by such things as his comment on page 37
that "(damage was minor and there were no injuries)"
in two bombings attributed to the Panthers -- as
though this made the act triviall
Clark Squire diagnosed his own problem -- he became schizoid.
I close with one simple question -- which would
you prefer to have roaming about your society with
guns and explosives, FBI ~gents or Black Panthers?
10. RESPONSE

Edmund C. Berkeley
Editor, Computers and Automation
What I like about Mr. Witt's letter is the clarity, vigor, and degree of logic with which he expresses his views, and the almost complete absence
of name-calling and other unfair propaganda devices
(two exceptions are "web of confusion" which is
name-calling, and "which would you prefer •.• ",
which is the false dilemma.
Furthermore, I do not know if Clark Squire and
other Black Panthers engaged in plotting bombings in
or around New York City. They might have, and they
may be dangerous men. I am not in favor of such
violence any more than I am in favor of the violent
shooting of Vietnamese civilians (old people, women,
children, and babies) that took place at My Lai -or the violence of chemical defoliating of 20% of
South Vietnam, which is wicked.

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

But the treatment the arrested Panthers are receiving is not fair and not just and not constitutional. If a man has jumped bail and become a
fugitive from the law, then it makes sense to hold
him when caught again without further bail. If he
has not become a fugitive from a justice, but someone "thinks" he will be -- that is not sufficient
according to the Constitution of the United States
to deny him bail. Finally, when the set bail of
$50,000 has been offered to the judge, for the judge
to raise the bail to $100,000, that is wrong and
wicked.
To reply to Mr. Witt's last question in a brief
and preliminary way, I prefer that nobody whatever
"roam around my society with guns and explosives".
In London, England, I understand no policemen are
armed; from my own experience I know they are courteous, friendly yet firm, towards everyone; and I
believe they are held in high esteem by almost
everybody including the underworld, who are said to
have an unwritten understanding that they will never
shoot a policeman. Let us hope that someday New
York will become that civilized.
There is much more to be said about Mr. Witt's
points. I challenge his assumptions and more besides
but that will have to be gone into at some
other time.

The following are copied from the engraved mottoes at the entrance to the building at 100 Centre
St., Borough of Manhattan, New York, N.Y., which
holds the Supreme Court of New York State (On the
13th floor of this building the trial of the 21
Panthers is taking place.)
IMPARTIALITY IS THE LIFE OF JUSTICE, AS
JUSTICE IS OF GOOD GOVERNMENT.
THE ONLY TRUE PRINCIPLE OF HUMANITY IS
JUSTICE.
JUSTICE IS DENIED TO NO ONE.
On Monday, January 18, I stood in line for two
hours in the corridor on the 13th floor waiting
behind wooden barricades for admission into the
courtroom as a member of the public. Then at
10:45 am. court was adjourned for two days, because
the assistant District Attorney prosecuting had no
witnesses to be heard. And the line in the corridor of some twenty people standing (or sitting on
the floor), waiting to go into the courtroom, went
away.
I did not see the interaction between the attorneys and the judge from 10:30 to 10:45 while the
adjournment decision was being reached -- nor even
the inside of the courtroom. And even a subway
provides some seats on the platform for those
waiting for trains.
There are many ways of indicating"to the "lower
classes": "we provide one kind of consideration
to some people and another kind of consideration
to others."

THE GOLDEN TRUMPET
This department of Computers and Automation
is devoted to providing a "golden trumpet" for
any computer people (and probably some other
people) who wish to argue and perhaps shout
their views -- and who thus collide with other
people's opposing views. In this way we can
give a voice to some of the parts of public
opInIon. However, name-calling and other logically fallacious arguments will be drastically
edited or cut before publication.
Most of the emphasis here will be on topics
related to computers and society.
The reason for the phrase "golden trumpet"
will be clear from the following parable by Mike
Gold written more than thirty years ago.

THE GOLDEN TRUMPETS OF YAP YAP

presslons of public opinion and take some photographs. "
On the next afternoon, Dr. Hornsnagle had the
opportunity he desired. The people of the whole
island were assembled in the palace courtyard to
decide an important issue. They numbered about
three thousand and were all quite naked except for
loin cloths. However, just before the ceremony was
about to begin, four richly clothed gentlemen were
carried in on bejeweled litters. Glittering with
priceless gems and reeking with perfume, they were
deposited at the very front of the crowd, where they
squatted on silken pillows and were fanned with peacock feathers by attendants.
"Who are they?" asked Hornsnagle.
"They," replied the Slobob, "are the richest men
on the island."
Immediately after the arrival of the wealthy
class, the High Priest read off his scroll. Then
the Slobob stepped forward ~nrl raised his right
hand.

The famous explorer, Dr. Emery Hornsnagle, in his
recent book, Strange Customs of the People of Yap
~. makes some interesting observations on the practice of free speech among the inhabitants of that
little-known island.

The four wealthy citizens all lifted golden trumpets and blew lustily.

While being entertained in the palace of Iggy
Bumbum (High Chief), the Slobob of Yap Yap, Dr. Hornsnagle asked the ruler whether free expression of
public sentiment was allowed by the law.

The Slobob now lifted his left hand. "All those
opposed, blow," he shouted. Not a sound came from
the giant assemblage. "It is so decided," announced
the Slobob, and the affair was over.

"Yes, indeed," replied the Slobob. "The people
of our island have absolute freedom of speech, and
the government is conducted in exact conformity to
public opinion."

Later on, Dr. Hornsnagle asked the Slobob why the
four wealthy citizens were the only ones who blew
trumpets.

"Just how does that work?" asked Dr. Hornsnagle.
"By what method are you able to tell what public
opinion thinks about the various matters that come
up?"
"That is very simple," explained the Slobob.
"Whenever any policy has to be decided, we assemble
the entire population in the large courtyard of the
palace. The High Priest then reads from a scroll to
inform them of the business at hand. When that is
finished, I determine the will of my people by listening to the Golden Trumpets."
"And what are the golden trumpets?" asked Hornsnagle.
"Golden Trumpets," said the Slobob, "are the only
means by which public opinion may b~ expressed. I
raise my right hand above my head and callout:
'All those in favor blow.' Instantly, all those in
favor of the proposed action blow upon golden trumpets. Then I raise my left hand and call out: 'All
those opposed, blow.' This time the opposition
blows golden trumpets. The side making the loudest
noise is naturally the majority and the issue is decided in their favor."
"That," said Dr. Hornsnagle, "is to my mind the
most complete democracy I have ever heard of. I
would like very much to wi tness one of these exCOMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, lQ71

"All those in favor, blOW," he shouted.

"They are the only ones who can afford to own
Golden Trumpets," explained the Slobob. "The rest
are only poor working people."
"That doesn't seem very much like free speech to
me," remarked Hornsnag Ie. "All it amounts to is a
group of rich men blowing their own horns. In America we have real public expression."
"Is that so?" exclaimed the Slobob.
you do it in America?"

"And how do

"In America," said Hornsnagle, "instead of having
Golden Trumpets, we have newspapers, magazines and
radio broadcasting stations."
"That is very interesting," said the Slobob.
"But who owns these newspapers, magazines and broadcasting stations?"
"The rich men," replied Hornsnagle.
"Then it is the same as Yap Yap," said the Slobob. "It is the rich men blowing their own horns
that make all the noise."
From "Dangerous Thoughts", pp.
26-27, by Mike Quin, published
by "The People's World", San
Francisco, Calif., 1940, softbound, 102 pp.
42

FEAR

I. From "Anonymous"
Brooklyn, N.Y.
I regret having to write anonymously, but as
programming manager of a staid, well-known, corporate giant, I feel I must. If not, my comments could
prove embarrassing to my company by association.
I believe Dick Sprague's articles have no place
in your magazine. There was a connection in the
first article which appealed for computer time and
programming to try to prove a thesis. The later
articles, including the one in your December issue,
have no relations to computers at all.
As they say in Brooklyn ... "enough, already."
II. From the Editor
The above request from "Anonymous", as he calls
himself, needs a reply, although regularly we pay
no attention to unsigned letters. The reason is
that he brings up the important subject of FEAR
within an organization, fear of being out of line,
fear of being found reading something "radical" by
one's supervisors and colleagues, etc. This fear
is then rationalized into arguing that "Computers
and Automation" being a computer magazine should
not cover the prospective applications of computers
to the difficult problem of solving important political assassinations, etc.
I know that fear. I have felt that fear myself.
I remember once working in the home office of a
large life insurance company. There I was completely sure that a number of unpleasant things would
happen to me if I seriously stepped out of line,
such as joining a union. I would not be fired, no.
I would not be totally ostracized, no. But I would
lose all my chances of promotion, PERMANENTLY. In
addition to the label which I bore, "Ed Berkeley
always goes off on tangents", I would have another
label o and this label would mean essentially: does
not play the game according to the rules; rebelious; undependable; pink; leftist; not a good organization man; not reliable; and the like. I am
sure that the same kind of fear exists in the
majority of large American business organizations o
because the same causes operate.
But that fear is wrong o and is un-American.
Discrimination against anybody on account of race o
color of skin, creed, nationality, sex, age, or
similar irrelevant factors is wrong also. The fact
of its existence must be adjusted to from time to
time, sad to say -- but not at the expense of morally agreeing with it as desirable and appropriate.
In regard to prospective applications (as yet
unimplemented) of computers in sensitive areas such
as political assassinations, I wish to make two
comments.
One is the comment expressed by Dr. E. S. Savas,
Deputy City Administrator, of the City of New York
[see the October, 1970 issue, page 7J:
"I sense that talented professionals in the computer field are beginning to realize ••• that their
systems-oriented way of thinking can ••• be applied
successfully to larger problems -- even to important problems in which information need not be sanc~
tified by traversing the innards of an electronic
computer prior to its useful employment."
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

The othe~ comment is that not so very long ago
all the applications of computers that were talked
about in magazines were prospective and unrealized.
In the early 1950's in the computer field, it
was often said that the computers worked only Thursday afternoons when the moon was full. And almost
all the articles being published about applications
of computers that people had boldly planned, but
had not yet happened.
POLITICAL BLURP SHEET

I. From William E. Thibodeau
Sarnia, Ontario, Canada
The evolution of Computers and Automation is
evident. It has gone from "an ordinary magazine" (May, 1970 editorial) to a political blurp
sheetl It appears to start this trend in July,1969,
and not "since 1957" (November, 1970, editorial)
with "The Social Impact of Information Systems".
Since July, 1969, Multi-Access Forum and far too
many articles and editorials, devoted to politics,
ar~ taking up space in a magazine that used to be
of value to computer professionals.

~uite

I feel that the November, 1970 issue finally
proves that C&A no longer pretends to be a computer~
oriented magazine. That issue included: "Confidential and Secret Documents of the Warren Commission
Deposited in the U.S. Archives"; "Patterns of Political Assassinations"; "The Life and Times of
Clark Squire"; and "Responsible Journalism."
On your postcard insert you state: "Change
Who? Us? No, not for the sake of change ••• but
we do strive to improve."
My query is:

Towards what are you striving?

II. From the Editor
First, I would like to correct the timing that
Mr. Thibodeau refers to. "Computers and Automation I'
ceased being a "respectable", computer-oriented
trade journal in 1957. In February, 1958, we published an editorial which should have borne the
title, "Is There no Horror Point?", and which read
substantially as shown in the adjacent exhibit.
Ever since that time "Computers and Automation"
has been devoting some space quite often to the
subject of: the social responsibilities of computer
people; the implications of computers for society;
and the social aspects of the profession of "information engineer". Our circulation now is more than
three times our circulation then.
Second,we believe that it makes good editorial
sense to devote a large portion of our magazine
rather pertinently and strictly to the computer
field, and a small portion to peripheral matters,
especially those of great importance outside of the
computer field.
Finally, anybody who does not wish to read something that is published in our magazine may skip i~
of course there may be other readers who would like
to read it, and so we should retain that information.
In our editorial opinion there are a significant
number of readers who are interested in "off-beat"
subjects. In fact, in a ballot held by the Association for Computing Machinery not long ago, about
one fifth (2,059) of those voting (9,997) thought
the ACM should comment or act on "deeply political
and social questions".
43

IS THERE NO HORROR POINT?

Edmund C. Berkeley
(Editor, Computers and Automation)
(Reprinted, with some condensing, from "Computers and Automation", February, 1958)
One of the papers recently submitted to "Computers and Automation" to consider for publication was enti tled something like "Diffusion Calculations on the [trade name] Electronic Computer". It came from a writer at the U.S. Army
Chemical Corps, and referred to a "chemical munition, which is designed to disseminate an agent
in the form of a gaseous or aerosol cloud which
will travel near the surface of the earth." The
phrase "poison gas" was avoided, but that is the
concept which leapt into your editor's mind.
This paper reminded me of some of the problems which the Nazis put into arithmetic books
for young German boys to study in the days when
Hitler was developing the Nazi state. One problem that I remember asked a youngster to calculate how many bombs would be required to destroy
a circular town, given that one bomb would destroy such and such an area, and given the diameter of the town.
I can well imagine that if automatic electronic digital computers had been available in Nazi
Germany, they would have been applied to computations such as finding out how much nerve gas
would be economically necessary to kill stated
numbers and distributions of Jews in the concentration camps of Buchenwald, Dachau, Maidanek.
•.• (The Nazis in fact put to death over 6 million Jews, unarmed and captive.)
There are weapons which can be used for defense and not for offense, like a radar-warning
network. There are weapons which can be used
for defense and offense both, like a fighter air-

CONSUMER INFORMATION SYSTEM,
COMPUTERIZED, RALPH NADER STYLE

To the Editor from
T. D. C. Kuch
7554 Spring Lake Drive
Bethesda, MD 20034
Ralph Nader's Public Interest Research Group has
given me your name as one of those who responded to
his call at ACM70 for volunteers to aid in the use
of computers for the consumer.
The scope of the work to be done is very great.
The initial task is to conduct a feasibility
study on a computerized Consumer Information System
of retail goods and services.
Basically, we should provide recommendations to
the P.I.R.G. on what can be done at what cost. Can
a small, expandible system be implemented, or would
it become useful only if it were done on a large
scale initially? How should it be designed? These
are some of the questions that immediately come to
mind. We should focus on technical feasibility
first, financial feasibility (cost/effectiveness)
44

craft. And there are weapons that can be used
for offense only, like poison gas and biological
warfare, such as the spreading of a mortal disease that only one combatant has an antitoxin
for ... Incidentally, successful biological warfare is probably more scientifically efficient
than any kind of atomic bomb because it selects
human beings and puts them to death, leaving
enemy property intact and the air and earth uncontaminated by any radioactivity
To look back in history, there are other
weapons used for offense only, and especially
against captives: torture, starvation, operations to change the character or virility of a
prisoner, the torture of the prisoner's wife and
children in front of him •••
All these fields are open to science, the
scientific method of experiment and investigation, the solving of intricate problems by automatic computing machinery.
But is there no horror point?
Is there no point at which a self-respecting
human being should say "I cannot do this -- I
cannot study this, investigate this, publish
this, ••• I cannot have anything to do with this,
this is horrible"?
President Eisenhower on January 10, 1958, in
his State of the Union Message to Congress, said,
"In the last analysis there is only one solution
to the grim problems that lie ahead. The world
must stop the present plunge towards more and
more destructive weapons and war, and turn the
corner that will put our steps firmly on the
path towards lasting peace."
In agreement with that view, we trust it will
be a very long time, if ever, before "Computers
and Automation" publishes articles dealing with
"diffusion calculations" on the spreading of
poison gas.

second. Althoug~ legal questions will enter into
any discussions of this sort, they should be, as
much as possible, left to the attorneys on the
P.I.R.G. staff.
Following is some material which may help you
get started, in the form of quotations from letters
and articles.
Although most of us are members of ACM, I would
like to emphasize that we are doing this as individuals, and no presentation to the P.I.R.G., to
Congress, etc., will imply that any opinion is the
opinion of ACM or of any of our various employers.
The initial membership of this volunteer group
is 32 persons, who volunteered at ACM70. There is
room for perhaps 50 Or 60 more volunteers before
it will become unwieldy. If any reader of Computers and Automation is interested, would~
please write to me?
Since you may not know me, I should introduce
myself: I am a supervisory computer specialist with
the National Cancer Institute, have been an ACM
member since 1962, am a member of ACM SICCAS, a
senior member and local officer of ACPA, and a
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

sometime contributor to DatamatIon, Computers and
Automation, and other computer publications. Our
group contains some of the best-known names in the
field of computers and data processing, and I am
looking forward to working with each of you. If we
apply our expertise energetically, we can be of great
service to our country, and to our profession.

Supplement:
A Consumer Information System: Material for Study

1. From Ralph Nader, "Computers and the Consumer"
in Computers and Automation, October 1970 (adapted
from the keynote address to ACM70):

"The first subject that interests me is the use
of the computer in the consumer area; its use fits
in beautifully with classical economic theory.
"The basic theory of the free market system
which of course doesn't exist any more in the world,
much less in this country -- is buyer knowledge.
Without buyer knowledge the free market mechanism
feeding back preferences and dispreferences to the
producer or seller, is impossible.
"Moreover the quality of competition that increases in excellence rather than decreases toward
trivia, shoddiness, and camouflage must rest, again,
on buyer knowledge about various competing products
and services. That is the only way the market mechanism can aggregate the rational choices of consumers in such a way as to reward the superior product~
and servic~s, and penalize the shoddy products or
fraudulent services.
"We need the kind of feedback which is based on
the disclosure of product and service information
"The consumer and the computer should be a major
concern of somebody in the society. At the present
time the capability for gathering and providing information about products and services for consumer
use is as primitive as the Gutenberg printing press.
It has not gone any further."

2. From a lette~ from Ralph Nader to
T.D.C. Kuch, November 18, 1970:
"There are areas in which computers could render
great benefits to the consumer; for individuals,
maintaining ready ,access to medical records and accident reports; for specific products, providing
comprehensive data on test results, accident reports,
consumer complaints, useful life, safety and similar
factual information necessary for a rational choice
in the marketplace. A highly developed consumer information service, utilizing computers, could offset
the fantasyland of media advertising with much-needed
information ....
"What is neederl for the present is for you to give
us your pertinent ideas, materials and recommended
priorities for utilization of computers as a tool to
serve the consumer. You who understand computer
technology and who see the directions in which it is
headed must devis~ systems for the consumer. The
question is whet~er the data bank will remain the
tool of the corporation or whether it will become an
information resource for the benefit of the public
to use."
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

3. From a letter from Christian S. White (Public Interest Research Group) to T.D.C. Kuch, December 8,
1970:

"One area in which computers can be of great value to the consumer is in providing a service comparable to credit reporting for consumers with questions about specific businesses. Storage and retrieval of complaints, accident and inj ury reports,
and similar data by store, manufacturer, and product
model are some uses which come to mind. Are the elements necessary to such a system in existence? Is
the cost of such a system in the range of feasibility? Obviously this will be a massive undertaking.
As you can see, much expertise is needed for this
project. I look forward to hearing any proposals
that you have."
4. From Computerworld, December 9, 1970, article
"Consumers Get a Data Bank":
"MADISON, Wis.--Wisconsin has set up a data bank
to analyze consumer complaints. The attorneygeneral ••• said the programs were developed to show how
initial sales contracts were made, the industries
involved, and the nature of the practices that gave
substance to the complaints ••••
"The state's Bureau of Systems and Data Processing's IBM 360/50 runs the program for the bank ••••
The data bank, the state said, will enable authorities to pinpoint trouble sources by industry, location, and type of offense with the vendors guilty
of unfair practices categorized and located more
easily."

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EDITORIAL (Reprinted from February ~ 19 70)

"Th·e House is on Fire"
In the computer field, there are basically two kinds of
attitudes about the applications of computers and data
processing-information handling-to the solving of problems.
On the one hand there is the attitude:
Computers are tools like matches-:-and we ~re )ust
mechanics. We take the data as given (the kindling).
Our responsibility is the processing-swift, economical,
correct (making a fire with matches). The answers belong to our employer (he uses the fire as he sees fit).
The group who holds this attitude-let's call it Group 1takes the data and the problem as given-given by the
corporation or the government, the employer or the client,
who has the problem.
This group works on payrolls, etc.-and on the targeting
of nuclear missiles and on calculations of the dissemination of nerve gases. And they work on the latter with
the same "I'm just doing my job" attitude that they work
on the former. In Nazi Germany Group I would have
worked "under orders" on the design of ovens for efficient
mass incineration of thousands of corpses from the gas
chambers. (The Nazis put to death in concentration camps
over 11 million Jews, Russians, Poles, Czechs, French,
etc., in pursuit of the "final solution".) If you read
"Treblinka" by Jean-Francois Steiner (Simon & Schuster,
New York, 1967) you find out how one Nazi scientist
graded corpses from fat to thin so the fires would burn
better.
On the other hand there is the attitude:
Computers are tools like bridges-and we are professional engineers. We take the data as given (the
materials and the site) but we check the data independently. Our responsibility is not only processing-swift,
economical, correct (building a bridge with girders)but also worthwhile answers (bridges that work). The
bridges we build must carry people, and we don't want
them to crash.
The group who holds this attitude-let's call it Group II
-works on payrolls, etc.-but they will refuse to work on
calculations for the dissemination of nerve gases, or on
calculations for targeting of nuclear weapons, or on calculations for the design -of crematoria for thousands of human
corpses. They see a responsibility greater than that to their
government or employer-they see a primary responsibility
to their fellowman.
A recent vote of members of the Association for Computing Machinery indicated that the proportion of Group
I to Group II is about two to one. I n other words, twothirds of the computer people who replied to the survey on
the "questions of importance", voted that the ACM should
not "take a stand on deeply political questions."
The attitude of Group I is a characteristically conservative attitude: liThe world is going along pretty well"-"Let
us not rock the boat"-"The existing system should be
tolerated"-"Things will eventually work out all right""Professional people have their major allegiance to the
persons who pay them"-"A computer professional has no
social responsibility different from that of the nonprofessional man"....
The attitude of Group II is a characteristically liberal
attitude: "The world can be a much better place than it is
now"-"It is important to try to improve the world""Such a vast number of sad and evil things happen in the

world that everybody must do something significant to
help prevent them"-"The fact that thousands of human
beings have been killed by both sides in the Viet Nam
conflict requires people everywhere to seek withdrawal of
foreign armed forces from that unhappy civil war."
Scientifically it is easy to show that the attitude of
Group I will lead to the destruction and extinction of the
human race, just as the dinosaurs became extinct. Scientifically it is not possible to show that tne attitude of
Group II will lead to the survival of human beings on the
earth: it is only possible to show that the attitude of
Group II offers human beings some hope of survival in the
increasingly more difficult environment on earth, the
"house" for aII of us.
For lithe house is on fire": the earth as an environment
for human beings has changed enormously in the last 25
years and is deteriorating fairly rapidly. Before 1945, the
factor of sufficient distance from a danger could almost
always save human beings alive. Now, distance is not
enough. Now, because of interlocking planet-wide systems
of consequences, the environment of the earth is no
longer safe for human beings. For example:
Large-scale nuclear war (and its radioactivity) between two countries in the Northern hemisphere can
kill all the inhabitants of that hemisphere. International anarchy allows this to break out at the
choice of one government.
The explosive increase in the number of human
beings alive-the so-called population explosionseriouslY threatens the power of the earth to support them. Worldwide anarchy allows any man and
woman to bear children unrestrictedly.
Pollution of the air, the water, and the land by man's
activities is becoming world-wide. Again, international anarchy allows this to happen everywhere.
Etc.
"The house is on fire". So it is necessary for all persons
living in the "house" to take some time away from their
play rooms, their work rooms, and their bedrooms, their
computer rooms, their laboratories, and their ivory towersand to try to help put out the fire. The fire is licking at
the edges of the roof and the walls and the floors-and
time is pressing and will not wait.
Accordingly, Computers and Automation with this issue
is starting a department in the magazine which for the
present will bear the subtitle liThe House is on Fire" and
the title "The Profession of Information Engineer." Here we
plan to publish information from time to time which will
help focus the attention of computer professionals in the
direction of becoming information engineers, IIbridge" engineers,-not mechanics, not artisans. For we are, first
of all, human beings with professional training, and secondly, we are computer professionals. We need to shed light on
major urgent problems of the earth today. These are the
great problems which cause our children to be lIa generation
in search of a future," to use the phrase of Professor George
Wald, Nobel prizewinner in biochemistry. These are the great
problems which raise the great question:
Will there be any future at all for our children?

t~C.~~
Editor

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

CALENDAR OF COMING EVENTS
Feb. 17·19, 1971: Sixth Annual Conference on Use of Digital Com·
puters in Process Control, Louisiana State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. /
contact: Dr. Cecil L. Smith, Dept. of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana
State Univ., Baton Rouge, La. 70803

Apr. 13·16, 1971: Ninth Annual Convention of the Association for
Educational Data Systems, Royal York Hotel, Toronto, Ontario, Canada / contact: AEDS Convention, P.O. Box 426, Don Mills, Ontario,
Canada

Feb. 18·19, 1971: 31st Management Conference of the Association
of Data Processing Service Organization (ADAPSO), Mountain
Shadows Hotel, Phoenix, Ariz. / contact: ADAPSO, 551 Fifth
Ave., New York, N.Y. 10017

May 3·5, 1971: Data Processing Supplies Association, Affiliate Mem·
bership Meeting, Copenhagen, Denmark / contact: Data Processing
Supplies Association, 1116 Summer St., Stamford, Conn. 06905

Feb. 22·24, 1971: DPl's 1971 Data Processing Conference and Trade
Show, Skyline Hotel, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada / contact: Revett
Eldred, Conference 71 Publicity, Data Processing Inst., Box 2458,
Postal Station D, Ottawa 4, Ontario, Canada
Feb. 22·24, 1971: San Diego Biomedical Symposium - 1971, Ramada
Inn, Harbor Island, San Diego, Calif. / contact: Richard D. Yoder,
M.D., Univ. of California, San Diego, University Hospital of San
Diego County, 225 West Dickinson St., San Diego, Calif. 92103
Mar. 1·3, 1971: Data Processing Supplies Association, Spring Mem·
bership Meeting, The Doral Hotel & Country Club, Miami, Fla. /
contact: Data Processing Supplies Association, 1116 Summer St.,
Stamford, Conn. 06905

May 11.13, 1971: IEEE (Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engi.
neers) 1971 Region Six Conference, Wood Lake Inn, Sacramento,
Calif. / contact: Dr. D. H. Gillot, Co-Chmn, IEEE Region 6 Confer·
ence, Sacramento State College, Dept. Of Electrical Engineering,
6000 Jay St., Sacramento, Calif. 95819; or, Dr. R. F. Soohoo, Program Chmn., IEEE Region 6 Conference, Univ. of California at
Davis, Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Davis, Calif. 95616
May 12·14, 1971: 22nd Annual Conference of the American Institute
of Industrial Engineers (AilE), Boston, Mass. / contaci: Anthony J.
Jannetti, Exhibit Manager, c/o Charles B. Slack, Inc., Pitman, N.J.
08071
May 18·20, 1971: Spr.ing Joint Computer Conference, Convention Ctr.,
Atlantic City, N.J. / contact: AFIPS Headquarters, 210 Summit Ave.,
Montvale, N.J. 07645

Mar. 1·3, 1971: First International Symposium on Fault·Tolerant Com·
puting, Huntington-Sheraton Hotel, Pasadena, Calif. / contact: Dr.
Francis P. Mathur, Sec'y, IEEE Technical Comm.on Fault-Tolerant
Computing, Jet Propulsion Laboratory, Calif. Institute of Tech.,
4800 Oak Grove Dr., Pasadena, Calif. 91103

May 24·26, 1971: Power Industry Computer Appllcations Technical
Confere.nce, Statler Hilton Hotel, Boston, Mass. / contact: P. L.
Dandeno, Hydro Electric Power Commission of Ontario, 620 University Ave., Toronto, Ontario, Canada

Mar. 9·13, 1971: INEL 71, the 5th International Exhibition of Industrial
Electronics, Basel, Switzerland / contact: Sekretariat INEL 71,
CH-4000, Basel 21, Switzerland

May 24·28, 1971: 2nd International IFAC Conference and Exhibition
"P.R.P .•Automation", Centenary Halls, Brussels, Belgium / contact:
IFAC/P.R.P.-Automation, Jan van Rijswijcklaan 58, B-2000 Antwerp,
Belgium

March 10, 1971: Fourth Annual Symposium on Automatic Data
Processing (sponsored' by Federal Executive Board of Federal ADP
Council of New England), Sheraton-Boston Hotel, Prudential Center, Boston, Mass. / contact: Thomas T. Donovan, Air Force
Computer Operations Div. (MCCO), L. G. Hanscom Field, Bedford,
Mass. 01730
March 17·18, 1971: Spring Conference of The Association for Sys.
tems Management, Royal York Hotel, Toronto, Ontario, Canada /
contact: Donald T. Laughton, Chmn., Spe~ial Conference, North
American Life Assurance Co., 105 Adelaide St. West, Toronto 1,
Ontario, Canada
Mar. 22·24, 1971: Ninth Annual Symposium on Biomathematics and
Computer Science in the Life Sciences, Univ. of Texas Graduate
School of Biomedical Sciences / contact: Office of the Dean, Univ.
of Texas Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences at Houston,
Div. of Continuing Education, P.O. Box 20367, Houston, Tex. 77025
Mar~

22·24, 1971: Numerical Control Society's Eighth Annual Meeting
and Technical Conference, Disneyland Hotel, Anaheim, Calif. /
contact: William H. White, Numerical Control Society, 44 Nassau
St., Princeton, N. J. 08540

Mar. 22·25, 1971: IEEE International Convention & Exhibition, Coliseum
& N.Y. Hilton, New York, N.Y. / contact: IEEE Headquarters,
345 E. 47th St., New York, N.Y. 10017
Mar. 23·26, 1971: Third National Meeting of the Information Industry
Assoc., Host Farm Resort, Lancaster, Pa. / contact: Paul G. Zurkowski, IIA Washington, 1025 Fifteenth St., N.W., Washington, D.C.
20005
,Mar. 29·Apr. 2, 1971: Datafair '71 Conference, Nottingham Univ.,
Nottingham, England / contact: Datafair '71 Conference Office, The
British Computer Society, 21 Lamb's Conduit St., London, W.C.l,
England
Apr. 1·2, 1971: ACM Symposium on Information Storage and Re·
trieval, Univ. of Maryland, College Park, Md. / contact: Dr. Jack
Minker, Computer Science Center, Univ. of Maryland, College Park,
Md. 20742
Apr. 5·8, 1971: The First National Educational Technology Conference, American Hotel, New York, N.Y. / contact: Conference
Manager, Educational Technology, Englewood Cliffs, N.J. 07632

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

June 1·4, 1971: Seventh Annual Data Processing and Automation
Conference, National Rural Electric Cooperative Assoc., Marriott
Motor Hotel, Atlanta, Ga. / contact: C. E. Aultz, NRECA, 2000
Florida Ave. N.W., Washington, D.C. 20009
June 2·5, 1971: 3rd IFAC/IFIP Conference on Digital Computer Appli.
caHons to Process Control, Technical University, Otaniemi, Finland / contact: 3rd IFAC/IFIP Conference, Box 10192, Helsinki 10,
Finland
June 3·5, 1971: Conference on Area.Wide Health Data Network,
School of Medicine, State Univ. of New York at Buffalo, Buffalo,
N.Y. / contact: Continuing Medical Education, 2211 Main St., Buffalo, N.Y. 14214
June 7·9, 1971: International Computer Forum and Exposition (Com.
For), McCormick Place-on-the-Lake, Chicago, III. / contact: National
Electronics Conference, Inc., Oakbrook Executive Place II, 1211 W.
22nd St., Oak Brook, III. 60521
June 21·22, 1971: Ninth Annual Conference of the Special Interest
Group on Computer Personnel Research of the Association for
Computing Machinery, Center for Continuing Education, Univ. of
Chicago, III. / contact: Fred A. Gluckson, EDP Systems Dept.,
National Bank of Detroit, Detroit, Mich. 48232·
July 26·29, 1971: First International Computer Exposition for Latin
Amer.ica, sponsored by the Computer Society of Mexico, Camino
Real Hotel, Mexico City, Mexico I contact: Bernard Lane, Computer
Exposition, Inc., 254 West 31st St., New York, N.Y. 10001
Aug. 3·6, 1971: IFAC Symposium on The Operator, Engineer and Man.
agement Interface with the Process Control Computer, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. / contact: Dr. Theodore J. Williams, Purdue
Laboratory for Applied Industrial Control, Purdue University, Lafayette, Ind. 47907
Aug. 11.13, 1971: Joint Automatic Control Conference, Washington
Univ., St. Louis, Mo. / contact: R. W. Brockett, Pierce Hall, Harvard
Univ., Cambridge, Mass. 02138
Aug. 16·19, 1971: International Symposium on the Theory of Ma·
chines and Computations, Technion Israel Institute of Technology, Haifa, Israel/contact: Sheldon B. Akers, Secretary, IEEE
Technical Comm. on Switching and Automata Theory, General
Electric Co., Bldg. 3, Room 226, Electronics Park, Syracuse, N.Y.
13201

REPORT OF THE NATIONAL COMMITTEE
TO INVESTIGATE ASSASSINATIONS
Bernard Fensterwald,
James Lesar, and
RObert Smith
CTIA

ASSASSINATION LAWSUITS

Note: Following are a number of excerpts
from "The CTIA News", January 1971 issue, Vol.
1, No.1. This bulletin is to be published
quarterly by the Committee to Investigate Assinations, 927 15th St., N.W., Room 409, Washington, D.C., 20005. Bernard Fensterwald, an attorney, is executive director of the committee.
Any persons interested are invited to write to
the Committee, ask to receive the bulletin, and
make a contribution to the Committee's work.

CTIA COMPUTER PROJECT

The CTIA has undertaken to computerize some voluminous files of written data compiled in the course
of the investigation into the assassination of President John F. Kennedy. At p~esent, we are storing
data on various kinds of association or connection
between people, places, organizations, and activities
(including dates or other chronological data) as reported in selected source documents. The information
is tabulated on a coding sheet, converted to numbers
according to a numerical key, and then punched into
IBM cards for input into computer storage and processing.
When complete, we expect to be able to supply
quick answers, within the limits of the data available
to such questions as: Where was Lee Harvey Oswald on
November 5, 1963? What acquaintances, if any, did
Jack Ruby and David Ferrie have in common? What organizations did Marina Oswald belong to while living
in Minsk? Questions of this type frequently come up.
yet are often beyond the reach of the memories of individual experts. The computer, on the other hand,
can store large volumes of such data, sort it out in
various ways, and print it out on demand.
The coding system for this project was devised
during the summer of 1970 through the collaborative
efforts of Dick Sprague, Bud Fensterwald, Bob Smith
and Dick Ehlke. Most of the coding that has been
done to date, which includes the Warren Report, several books, and many of the CTIA office files, is
the work of Dick Ehlke. Others are developing the
programs for storage, retrieval, and correlation of
the data.
The CTIA needs help from persons willing to spend
time reading and extracting data from source documents in their possession. This work requires no
knowledge of computers, but demands careful and
systematic tabulation of information. Standard
forms and instructions are available from CTIA offices. Write us if you can help. Most of the 26
volumes of Hearings and Evidence published by the
~arren Commission still await extraction; so there
IS plenty to do.
48

1. James Earl Ray

On the judicial battlefront, a number of assassination-related suits are slowly wending their way
through the courts. Foremost, perhaps, is James
Earl Ray's petition for a new trial~ [Ray was convicted, by an act of plea-bargaining, of the murder
of Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.; see the article "The A.ssassination of Martin Luther King, Jr.,
the Role of James Earl Ray, and the Question of
Conspiracy" by R. E. Sprague, in "Computers and
Automation", December, 1970, p. 39.J
Midway through the September 2nd hearing in
Memphis, Tenn., Judge Williams indicated a desire
for further details in support of Ray's allegations, particularly the allegation that Ray's former attorney, Percy Foreman, negotiated the guilty
plea directly with Judge Battle rather than with
the District Attorney's office.
To meet this request, the hearing was continued
over. We subsequently filed a supplemental petition containing many additional facts in support
of our allegations.
Our next bout in court is now set for February
23rd. That is five months from September 22nd,
when we filed our Supplemental Petition. It took
the State of Tennessee two and a half months to
produce a two-page reply to the Supplement.
However brief, this time the State's reply
clearly joined issue by denying the facts alleged
in our Supplement, rather than merely asserting,
as in the past, that our petitions contained tinly
"conclusionary allegations" which were insufficient
grounds for holding an evidentiary hearing.
This means that on February 23rd we will move
for an evidentiary hearing, since the State's denial of our allegations has created issues of fact
which can only be resolved by such a hearing. Under Tennessee law James Earl Ray is required to
testify at such evidentiary hearing.

2. Sirhan B. Sirhan

On the west coast, Sirhan Sirhan's appeal is
getting under way. Sirhan's attorney, Luke McKissack, recently filed a 700-page brief alleging some
18 grounds for relief. It is now rumored that Melvin Belli will represent Sirhan on appeal.
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

3. Spectographic Analysis

In an attempt to shake loose some of the vast
mound of suppressed assassination documents, a ,number of civil suit~ have been filed under the Freedom of Information Act. More such suits will be
filed in the near future.
The Freedom of Information Act suit with perhaps the greatest potential -- one which may ultimately go all the way to the Supreme Court -- is the
"Spectro suit." This suit, filed by Harold Weisberg, seeks access to the spectographic analyses
made of bullets, bullet fragments, and the clothing
of President Kennedy.
Judge Sirica recently granted a motion by the
United States Attorney to dismiss the Spectro suit.
Oral argument on the Spectro complaint was severely
circumscribed by the ~Judge - to less than 30 minutes.
Assistant United States Attorney Robert Werdlg asserted that it had been determined by the Justice
Department it was "not in the national interest" to
make public the spectographic analyses.
While the Freedom of Information Act provides
that certain agency records may be exempt from public disclosure on grounds of "national security,"
the law says nothing at all about "national interest," and, in any event, neither can be invoked
purely on the say-so of an assistant U.S. Attorney.
In addition, it is difficult to see how it would be
against the national interest to learn whatever
truth may be revealed by scientific tests like
spectographic analysis.

4. Nuclear Activation Analysis

Somewhat along the same lines as the Spectro
suit is a complaint filed by Dr. John Nichols in
Topeka, Kansas. The Nichols suit requests that he
be allowed to examine the bullets, bullet fragments, and articles of clothing of President Kennedy by a process known as nuclear activation
analysis.
There are two important advantages to nuclear
activation analysis. The first is that the tests
may be performed without in any way mutilating,
diminishing, or even marking the specimens which
are analyzed. Secondly, nuclear activation is ten
times more refined than spectographic analysis; it
can detect very minute quantities of a trace element which might not be revealed by spectographic
examination alone, thus improving the chances of
making a unique determination of the origin or
history of the specimen.
Unfortunately, when Warren Commission staff
member Melvin Eisenberg raised the question of
whether nuclear activation analyses would show if
a bullet had passed through President Kennedy's tie
or shirt collar, J. Edgar Hoover rejected any inquiry in that direction, merely asserting "it is
not felt that the increased sensitivity of neutron
activation analyses would contribute substantially
to the understanding of the origin of this hole
and frayed area." (Vol. XX, p. 2)

5. Clothing of President Kennedy

There are two other Freedom of Information suits
now before the courts. Harold Weisberg has filed
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

a sui t, pro se, ,which asks that he be given access
to inspect articles of the President's clothing,
or, alternatively, that photographs of the clothing
be made for him or copies of existing photographs
of the clothing made by the Archives be given him.
The first hearing on this suit will probably come
in early 1971 before U.S. District Judge Gerhard
Gesell.
6. Access to FBI File for Senator Kennedy

In the second suit, the Committee to Investigate Assassinations has filed a complaint against
the Department of Justice for access to the 6,000page FBI report on the RFK assassination. This
file was made available to Sirhan's defense counsel
and to author Robert Blair Kaiser (author of "F.:.F.K.
Must Die"), but the Justice Department has ref~
to grant us access to it.

A number of other Freedom of Information suits
relative to the assassination of President Kennedy
are being contemplated. These include suits for
access to: (1) the FBI reports on David Ferrie;
(2) the file on Lee Harvey Oswald which the Russians turned over to the U.S. Government; and (3)
the raw materials used by the autopsy panel which
Ramsey Clark convened just prior to the trial of
Clay Shaw in New Orleans.
NEW ASSASSINATION BOOKS

In the literary field. two books dealing with
assassinations have been published recently, and
a third is expected to hit the bookstands in early
1971.
Robert Blair Kaiser has authored the first critical examination of the investigation into the RFK
assassination. "R.LK. Must Die: A History of the
Robert Kennedy Assassination and its Aftermath,"
published by E.P. Dutton Co., presents the thesis
that Sirhan shot Kennedy under the influence of
post-hypnotic suggestion and points to a possible
conspiracy in that assassination. It contains much
data not o~herwise available in published form.

A Heritage of Stone, by District Attorney Jim
Garrison of New Orleans, has also been published
by G.P. Putnam's Sons, New York. A favorable review of it appeared in the New York Times. Garrison's book largely avoids any discussion of the
Clay Shaw trial. Instead, Garrison concentrates
on the politics of the assassination. Basically,
the book argues the thesis that President John F.
Kennedy was assassinated because he threatened the
pOlitical interests of the military-industrial-intelligence complex. In particular, Garrison feels
that the JFK assassination was tied to policies
which the President had begun to implement to abate
Cold War tensions, including a planned withdrawal
of American troops from Vietnam.
Harold Weisberg has now written a book on the
assassination of Dr. Martin Luther King. It is to
be published early next year by Outerbridge and
Dienstfry, New York, under the title of Frame-Up.
The book argues very persuasively that: 1) James
Earl Ray did not shoot Dr. King, 2) the assassination could not have been carried out as officially
described, and 3) there is abundant evidence of a
conspiracy.
49

DOES THE ARMY MONITOR ASSASSINATIONS, TOO?

Grounds for belief that intelligence components
of the military services might have been conducting
surveillance operations at the scene of the assassinations of Martin Luther King, Jr., and Senator
Robert Kennedy were established by disclosures
made during NBC's "First Tuesday" telecast on December 1 st, 1970. The second hour of the tel ecast, narrated by Sander Vanocur~ documented numerous and
widespread instances in which agents gathered data
on attendees at various political functions. Some
of the fUnctions covered include the 1968 political
conventions in Miami and Chicago, the MLK funeral,
and the Poor People's March on Washington. According to various former Army agents who appeared on
the telecast, the Army monitored communications,
took photographs, and prepared detailed reports of
individuals observed at these functions, purportedly in the interest of preventing civil disturbance. Extensive files from these surveillances
are stored at Fort Holabird, Md.
Although not mentioned in the telecast, the
visit of Martin Luther King~ Jr.,to Memphis and the
campaign wind-up of Senator Robert F. Kennedy in
Los Angeles were events of the same character as
had drawn the attentions of the Army observers,
both on earlier and later occasions. Notwithstanding the absence of public reports in these instances, the presumption is that they were covered,
at least in some degree •. Or if not, it might be
asked, why not?
In a subsequent statement published in the
Washington Star, former Defense Secretary Clark
Clifford denied any knowledge that such things
were going on. Therefore he implied that the
military operates independently of the Office of
the Secretary of Defense in such matters. Apparently, surveillance of the American public by our
own military services can and does occur without
the knowledge of responsible officials.
Senator Ervin has now announced that he will
hold hearings on the subject sometime in late February or early March.
The possibility that some sort of early version
of such surveillance might have been operating in
Dallas ought not to be dismissed. Students of the
assassination of President Kennedy were aware long
ago that an agent of the Army Intelligence Corps
was present in Dealey Plaza. He took a photograph
of the TSBD some 30 seconds after the shots and
subsequently entered the building and "worked wi th
the Sheriff's Deputies at the rear." He reported
to the FBI that he had submitted a report of his
activities to his unit and that the report would
be made available on request (see pp. 312-313 in
"Six Seconds in Dallas", by Josiah Thompson, published by Bernard Geis and Associates, New York).
Neither his photograph nor his report have ever
been disclosed, nor is his name mentioned in the
Warren Report or the 26 volumes of "Hearings and
Evidence" .
We hope that Senator Ervin will see fit to ask
questions about the Army's possible knowledge of
these assassinations. Was it present, officially
or unofficially, at any of the three major assassinations? Where are its reports? Why, in its se1£appointed role as monitor of potential civil disturbances, has the Army been unable to provide any
protection to our leaders?

"Computers And Automation"
New Article Series:
Computers, Science, And Assassinations
"The Assassination of President John F.
Kennedy: The Application of Computers to the Photographic Evidence"
- Richard E. Sprague
Computer Consultant

May, 1970

"Computer-Assisted Analysis of Political Assassinations"
- Edmund C. Berkeley
Editor, Computers and Automation

May

"Visual Re-creation of a Scene by
Computer Graphics"
- Leslie Mezei
Prof., Univ. of Toronto

July

"Confirmation of FBI Knowledge 12
Days Before Dallas of a Plot to
Kill President Kennedy"
- Edmund C. Berkeley
Editor, Computers and Automation

July

"The Second Conspiracy About the
Assassination of President Kennedy:
- Richard E. Sprague
Computer Consultant

July

"The Assassination of Senator Robert
August
F. Kennedy: Two Men with Guns Drawn
at Senator Kennedy's Assassination"
- Statement to the Press by Theodore
Charach, Free-Lance Journalist
"Patterns of Political Assassination:
How Many Coincidences Make a Plot?"
- Edmund C. Berkeley
Edi to'r, Computers and Automation

September

"Computer-Assisted Analysis of Evidence
Regarding the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy -- Progress
Report"
- Richard E. Sprague
Computer Consultant

September

"The Conspiracy to Assassinate Senator
Robert F. Kennedy and the Second Conspiracy to Cover It Up"
- Richard E. Sprague
Computer Consultant

October

"Index to 'Special Unit Senator: The
Investigation of the Assassination
of Senator Robert F. Kennedy'"

October

"Confidential and Secret Documents
of the Warren Commission Deposited
in the U.S. Archives"
- Neil Macdonald, Assistant Editor
Computers and Automation

November

"The Assassination of Reverend Martin
Luther King, Jr., The Role of James
Earl Ray, and the Question of
Conspiracy"
- Richard E. Sprague
Computer Consultant

December

1971

"The Death of Walter Reuther:
Accidental or Planned?"
- Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor, and
Leonard Walden, Investigator

Ja~y

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

ACROSS THE EDITOR'S DESK
APPLICATIONS
COMPUTER AIDS RESEARCH OF
FEMALE REPRODUCTIVE CYCLE

At the Universi ty of Illinois
Medical Center Campus in Chicago,
Neena B. Schwartz, director of the
psychiatry· department's Biology
Laboratory in the U. of I. College
of Medicine, is using a computer to
simulate the female ovulation process. The computer-simulated model
permi ts the tes ting of many hypotheses on rats in a laboratory. Among
the many possible experiments, the
compu ter model helps identify the
cri tical ones that must be performed
on the rats, explained Dr. Schwartz.
"The critical element, ultimately.
is not how the computer model behaves, bu t how the ra ts behave,"
she said.
Wi th the help of Paul Wal tz of
Equation Models Associates in Arlington Hgts., Ill., Dr. Schwartz is
gradually developing an increasingly
complex computer model, a "systems
analys is" of the role ovulation
plays in regulating reproductive
cycles. Creating a realistic computer model has helped Dr. Schwartz
to refine her laboratory research,
forcing her to make new biological
measurements that previously were
not made, e.g., measuring how much
Luteinizing Hormone (LH) is necessary to cause es trogen (a sexual
hormone in females) secretion from
the ovary. "This sort of by-product
is one of the real payoffs from the
computer," she said. (Dr. Schwartz
is a physiologist specializing in
"neuroendocrinology" (study of the
brain's relation to hormone secretions in the body).
Using IBM's special simulation
language "Continuous'Systems Modeling Program," which permi ts continuous systems to be simulated in
a digital computer, models are being formed to simulate ovulation,
estrogen secretion and LH secretion.
Various kinds of data are programmed
into the computer, including the
negative feedback effect of estrogen on LH and the 24-hour "clock"
that simulates hours of lightness
and darkness (which affect rats'
reproductive cycles).
Eventually
the computer simulation leads back
to the laboratory for verification
of the computer's results.

search would ge in preventing conception in women who, for medica~
reasons, cannot take the birth control pill and would be endangered
by pregnancy. More generally, the
research is aimed at helping determine what factors account for the
various cycleswi thin the human body.
ART PROFESSOR GENERATES
3-D ART USING COMPUTER

University of Massachusetts Art
Professor Robert Mallary has been
using a computer as an assistant in
generating three-dimens ional art.
Mr. Mallary is'one of the pioneers
in this country in developing specific computer programs for sculpture which allow the computer to
determine shapes.
TRAN 2. Mr.
Mallary's program,establishes sets
of numerical co-ordinates in the
computer's memory which can be used
to sketch out an abstract, threedimensional shape.
Varying the
numbers can squeeze, stretch or
twist this shape in a nearly infini te number of variations. He uses
an IBM 1130 computer because its
output hardware includes a computer
driven plotter that can draw out
his shapes. The computer and plotter can be programmed to draw the
shape from a variety of sides and
a variety of angles.
The plotter also can be directed
to draw out a set of contour slices:
The contour printout is photographed,
projected onto plastic, plywood or
other material, thus forming the
pattern for the sections of the
finished sculpture.
Mr. Mallary
cuts out the sections, drills a
center axis, and cements the slices
into the finished shape around a
metal center rod.
Smoothing and
finishing completes the piece.

All of the laboratory and computer studies are aimed at a more
complete understanding of the ovulation process to give man the power
to stop or start it. One eventual
clinical use for Dr. Schwartz' reCOMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

Quad III

His firs t computer
work, a laminated
plexiglass piece,
named Quad I, was
exhibited at the
Insti tute of Con temporary Art in London
in the summer of
1968. Quad III, at
the left, a laminated luaun veneer
piece sixty inches
high, was included
ina 1968 Whitney
Museum exhibition
of the contemporary
American.sculp ture,
and the following
spring at the Contemporary Crafts Mu:"
seum in New York
Ci ty.

Mr. Mallary sees a big future for
computer sculpture.
"Linked to a
tape-dri ven machine tool a compu ter
might produce 100 or 200 small carvings an hour. Most of these might
be thrown away bu t one or two could
become the prototypes for large~
scale works." He predicts that
ul tima tely the compu ter may even be
able to "learn" the stylistic preferences and idiosyncracies of the
sculptor. who is using it, retain
this information and be able to
produce works "in the manner of"
the sculptor.
DESIGN, DEVELOP AND TEST
AIRCRAFT BRAKING SYSTEMS
WITH AID OF EAI COMPUTER

Goodyear Tire & Rubber Company t s
Aviation Products Division is using
an EAI 580 computer system (manufactured by Electronic Associates
Inc., Long Branch, N.J.) in a new
aircraft simulation' program.
The
computer has been taught to "perform" like an airplane to help engineers design and develop new
braking systems for present and
future aircraft.
The equipment
simulates the dynamics of an airplane during taxiing, take off and
landing and the resul ting action of
wheels, brakes, tires and antiskid
equipment.
The EAI 580 can operate exclusively wi th mathematical models of
aircraft and landing gear characteristics or with a combination of
math models and actual gear hardware. This means that new landing
gear equipmen t can be checked for
proper performance during all stages
of development. Total Braking System Respons ibili ty reduces flight
tes ting time requi red for new landing gear equipment by integrating
components into a single system.
This permits engineers to know exactly how all components will perform before they are actually installed and test flown on the aircraft.
Firs t aircraft programmed for
computerized take-offs and landings
was the McDonnell Douglas DC-IO, a
new wide-body tri-jet airliner that
made its maiden flight in July.
DISRUPTIVE "DIG-UPS" BY
CONSTRUCTION CONTRACTORS
AVERTED WITH COMPUTERIZED
"LOOK-UP" CENTER IN CALIF.

A new computer-based service,
to prevent disruptive "dig-ups" of
underground telephone facili ties I
has been put into operation by
General Telephone Compant of Cal51

ifornia 9 a subsidiary of General
Telephone &Electronics Corp. Initiated this past fall throughout
the telephone company's operating
territory, early results have been
termed 'good' - wi than average of
12 calls a day from contractors requesting the location of underground
fa cil i ti e s
up 1500/0 since the
service was established.
Under the arrangement, all contractors planning to dig into the
ground are asked to make collect
telephone calls to the company's
underground "look-up" center in
Monrovia. At the center a clerk
queries a time-shared compu ter which
(by means of a display screen) tells
her whether or not any underground
telephone facili ties are located in
the area to be excavated. If the
reply is negative, she tells the
contractor to proceed wi th hi s digging. When the computer reports a
cable or other facili ties in the
vi cini ty of the work t the clerk
arranges a meeting between the contractor and a telephone company inspector at the construction si te
to spot the exact location to be
avoided. (The file of conduit and
buried cable locations stored in
the computer's memory was compiled
by General Telephone of California
engineers from maps showing the locations of outside plant equipment.)
In 1969 t' General Telephone of
California paid out $456,000 to repair damage to underground cables,
condui ts, manholes, and other facilities caused by contractors'
digging acti vi ties. About $134 ,000
of the total represented a loss to
the company, while the balance had
to be collected from the contractors. Based on about 1500 calls a
month (the number the company ul timately expects to be receiving),
estimated cost for the look-up service wi 11 be $36,000 a year a
sizeable reduction over the cost
for repai rs to damaged faci li ties
in 1969.
OHIO STATE UNIVERSITY'S
LIBRARY CIRCULATION SYSTEM
NOW IN FULL OPERATION

Ohio State University President
Novice G. Fawcett placed a telephone call, on November 16, 1970,
from his office to the circulation
center in the campus main library.
He requested a book enti tIed "Lives
and Letters," by Ohio State Professor of English, Dr. Richard Altick.
The operator typed the name of the
book and author into thE computer
keyboard. Instantaneously the display screen showed that copies of
the volume were available in the
main library, the English graduate
library and in the undergraduate
library, President Fawcett told the

opera tot he wan ted the rna in library
copy. The operator typed Dr. Fawcett's faculty number onto the keyboard, and the book he reques ted
was charged to him, then taken from
the shelves, and held at the main
desk for pickup.
The new system ties in the more
than 2,400,000 books, 400 000 music
scores, 677,000 microfilm uni ts and
150,000 maps to one of the ins titu tion' s several computers - the
IBM System 360, Model 50, located
in the Learning Resources Computer
Center.
(In addition to keeping
track of all library materials, the
computer will continue its support
in 0 ther areas.) All 23 of Ohio
States' campus libraries are included in the system. A full-time
sys terns analys t-compu ter programmer,
Daniel Underwood, will monitor and
adjust the system continuously.
9

Wi th a telephone call from any
phone, anywhere, a student or facul ty member can find but in seconds
if the books he needs are available
and have them reserved for pickup.
(A book also may be taken from the
shel ves by a patron and brought
to the circulation desk where the
library assistantatthe desk types
the transaction into the computer.)
As the computer records a book
check-out, it also stores the name
and number of the user and the da te.
The computer will send out notices
to users of overdue books (indicating the amount of the overdue cost)
and notify the library circulation
cen ter of the overdue i tern. When
a library user returns a book, he
must return it to the same library
from which it was obtained. Return
information is typed onto the computer keyboard, and the account is
squared.
The system is designed to link
in to any 0 ther library in the s ta te
if that library has the proper
equipment. This is a very distinct
possibility for the future, said
Dr. John T. Bonner Jr., vicepresident
for Educational Services.
This would mean that any user in
any part of Ohio could, by calling
on the telephone, find out immediately if a book, map, microfilm or
mus ic score was available in any
library in the network. The caller
could reserve the item and pick it
up or have it mailed.
Librarians and adminis trators
from institutions across thenation
already have inquired about the new
system. Manyvisited the campus in
Columbus to observe its ins tall at ion
and early testing. Hugh Atkinson,
assistant director of libraries,
said, "The Ohio State library is
now by far the most modern and usable of any library anywhere."

FLYING ELECTRONIC BI LLBOARDS

Two of the famous Goodyear blimps.
the America and Columbia, recently
were outfitted with electronics by
their manufacturer, Goodyear Aerospace Corporation. On each side of
each airship, 3,780 red, blue,
green, and yellow lamps are linked
by 80 miles of wiring to form patterns measuring 24~ feet high by
105 feet wide. The lamps may be
controlled individually or in a
variety of intricate combinations.
The coordinated four-color animation that resul ts shows brightlyIi t public service and holiday messages which Goodyear calls "Super
Skytaculars".
The blimps' simple, light-hearted
messages result from a complex procedure which begins in an electronics
laboratory at Wingfoot Lake, near
Akron, Ohio. A technician, at the
computer facility, using a light
pencil draws cartoons by outline on
a cathode ray tube (CRT) receiver
that simulates the relative positions of the blimp's "lamps. As he
paints the picture frame by frame,
the CRT transfers the animations to
a Xerox Data Systems Sigma 2 computer which converts it to digital
format. The computer transfers data
on to magnetic tape wi th one of Ampex
Corporation's TM-9 tape drives.
For word messages, the operator ins truc ts the compu ter as to wha t size
lettering is desired and then types
the message on a keyboard.
As he
types each letter, the Sigma 2 draws
the letter on the screen and transfers it to the tape wi th the TM-9
tape drive.
A second Ampex tape
dri ve enables the technician to add
more digi tal words and pic tures and
edi t the tape according to his
script. Once completed, the tapes
are copied" by using the TM-9s in
tandem operation.
They are then sent to the blimps'
home bases in Hous ton and Los Angeles.
Aboard the blimp, the tapes
are fed into electronic "readers"
which control lamp and color selection and the speed at which messages
are run. A typical six-minute tape
con tains 40 million "on-off" instructions to the blimp's 7,560 lamps_.

EDUCATION NEWS

CLASSROOM ON WHEELS PREPARES
DISADVANTAGED STUDENTS FOR
CAREERS IN COMPUTING

Since early Spring of 1970, a
giant trailer truck has rumbled the
streets of San Diego wi th an unusual
cargo a medium well-equipped
classroom and a general purpose IBM

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

computer.
On the outside of the
trailer, foot-high letters spell
out "Computer Jobs Through Training". According to Or. M. Granger
Morgan, Direc tor of Compu ter Jobs
Through Training (CJTT), more than
five introduc tory programming c las ses
have been run for disadvantaged San
Diego area junior and senior high
school students during 1969 and
197U Operating from the San Diego
campus of the Uni vers i ty of Cal ifornia, CJTT's mobile classroom
makes it possible to take the training facilities directly into the
student's own community.
Compu ter programming has an aura
of excitement associated with it
which is very important in student
recruitment and motivation.
More
importantly, unlike other high entry
level jobs, it requires few cuI tural
prerequisites, such as the ability
to speak dialect free English or a
working familipri ty wi th business
world interpersonal rela tions. To
capture the excitement of the program, CJTT ins truc tors have eliminated formal lecture presentations
and rely heavily on the 'hands-onthe quipment 'approach. This approach, augmented wi th visuals, has
proven very effectiv~ according to
Dr. Morgnn. By the end of the formal
course, s tuden ts have learned the
fundamental spects of programming
and it is apparent which students
are sui ted for the various available jobs.
The students then
enter a Terminal Workshop of intensive full-time training for a period
of several weeks which readies them
for their jOb.

DEAF STUDENTS LEARN
MATHEMATICS VIA COMPUTER

The computer has been diagnosing educational shortcomings of
deaf students and teaching them
secondary mathematics.
Sponsored
by the National Technical Insti tute
for the Deaf, the program is called
Mathematics Diagnostic System (MDS)
and is unusual because this is the
first time computers have been used
diagnos tically in education on such
a large scale.
The program uses an IBM 1500 Instructional System and thirty-two
terminals to ascertain student difficiencies in pre-college mathematics and to provide remedial instruction in subjects ranging fromarithmetic to analytic geometry.
The
computer was selected for this pilot
proj ect in remedial diagnosis because of its ability to use conditional branching to sift, winnow
and select output data in response
to the nature of the input.
As the deaf s tuden t en ters the
program, he immediately interacts

with the computer.
The computer
asks pertinent ques tions, and based
on the responses of each s tuden t
is able to evaluate exactly those
areas tha t the s tuden t has no t
learned.
Once the diagnosis is
made, the computer then can proceed
- at the pace required for the individual student - to present the
necessary information to 'teach'
the concep t. Add i tiona 1 d i agnos tic
tests are given to the student,
throughout the process, to determine
his level of proficiencey on each
conceptual task.
Deaf students are especially
handicapped in learning, due to
the obvious communications problems. The MDS program is particularly beneficial for deaf students,
bec ause the compu ter has infini te
"patience" to combat the comr.1unications difficul ties.
MDS works
in such a way that it teaches only
what the student doesn't know, and
does not repeat information previously learned.
At the same time,
it enables a student to spend as
long as he needs in a spec ific area
to master the concept in question.
The National Technical Insti tute
for the Deaf, a division of the
Rochester Institute of Technology,
is the only educational entity devoted exclusively to education of
the deaf in technical and scientific
studies beyond the secondary level.
SCHOOL/PTA BID WINS
COMPUTER TIME FOR ITS
ELEMENTARY STUDENTS

Students at an elementary school
in Berea, Ohi~ recently had access
to a time-shared computer located
in Kansas City, Missouri. The unusual learning opportuni ty occurred
when a combined School/PTA bid was

- Students at R. H. Lechner
Elementary School working on
math problems
successful in obtaining the computer
time donated by Uni ted Computing
Sys tems, Inc.,
during the local

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

Educational Television
auction to raise money.

station's

Volunteer parents taught some of
the sixth grade students problem
analys is, flow charting, and programming using the BASIC language.
After abou t ten hours of ins truction the students could wirte programs involving looping. Students
punched, debugged, and ran their
programs at a Teletype terminal.
Some younger students had a
chance to practice math facts using
programs writtenbyparents. First
graders concentrated on addition,
while third graders worked on subtrac tion and mul tiplication as well.

RESEARCH FRONTIER
SIMULATED ENVIRONMENT MODEL
MAY AID CITIES OF TOMORROW

Ci ties of the future wi 11 be designed on a far more rational basis
than those now in existence, predicts a Universi ty of Utah engineer,
Dr. Harold R. Jacobs, associate professor of mechanical engineering,
along with D~ S. K. Kao, professor
of meteorology, and Dr. Po-Cheng
Chang, assistant professor of civil
engineering, is developing a compu ter model of atmospheric pollu tion
patterns in the Sal t Lake valley from
which they should be able to formulate proj ected patterns for any part
of the nation. Their assaul t on the
problem involves designing both a
mathematical computer model and a
physical scale model of the Sal t
Lake valley, incorporating all of
the region's prominent topographical
and atmospheric characteristics.
The first seven months of the U.S.
Public Heal th Service-sponsored research, has been spent constructing
the two models and perfec ting Utah's
first wind tunnel capable of duplicating atmospheric wind motion. The
miniature of the Sal t Lake valley is
ins talled ins ide the closed environment of the wind tunnel.
It is
equipped with a maze of tiny pipes
that belch pollutant gases in the
proper quantities and locations to
simulate contaminants in the Salt
Lake valley. Wind veloci ty and direc tion also are varied to duplicate
normal atmospheric conditions.
The capabili ty to predict pollution diffusion patterns will make it
pas sible to determine where heavy industry and new population centers
should be loca ted to minimize environmental damage and optimize heal thful living conditions. Cities already with a pollution crisis wili
also benefi t frommathematical models
of pollution flow patterns.
55

NEW PRODUCTS AND SERVICES
NAME/ MODEL NO.

FOR MORE INFORMATION

DESCRIPTION

Digital
ICL System 4-52

NCR Century 50

PDP-12 based systems

Increased peripheral handling capability by a total
throughput rate of 1.3 million bytes per second and low
central processor hesitation time associated with selector channels' accesses to store I compatibility with
System 4 software I full range of store sizes; basic
32K bytes with successive steps to 64K. 128K. 256K
For small businesses I fully compatihle wi th NCR's
Century Series I an 800 nsec thin-film rod memory; an
8.4 \nillion-byte dual-disc unit; and a 200 line-a-minute
alpha-numeric printer are standard I options for 1 arger
capaci ties available I will be in competi tion wi th IBM's
System 3
Four new PDP-12 based systems -- PDP-12/10; for users
with fund restrictions, or first time computer users
who want a simple system, yet easily expanded; can be
used for real-time computer programming and scientific
calcul ations I PDP-12/20: uQ-to -date version of DEC's
Laboratory Instrument Computer System (LINC); for a
variety of life and physical science laboratory uses I
PDP-12/30(Advanced LINC System): for a variety of industrial testing, educational. analytical, and clinical
chemistry applications I PDP-12/40: adds Floating point
Processor (FPP-12) to the PDP-12/30 enhancing its performance in such applications as gathering and manipulating data from analytical instruments wi th high data rates

International Computers Ltd.
ICL House
Putney, S.W.15
London, England
Attn: Dudley Paget-Brown

1024-bit read-write chip I maximum access time, 400 nsec;
minimum write cycle time, 650 nsec I full input TTL/DTL
compatibil ity I for use in small memory systems; al so
provides greater packing density. less noise generation
for large main memory systems
.
For high speed information storage and retrieval appl ications I contains 1024 words; up to 10 bi ts on one
printed ci rcui t card I input-output section has NonDestructive Read Out I read-wri te cycle time , 600 nsec
A 256-bit array consisting of silicon and amorphous
semiconductors combined on a monol ithic chip I ci rcui t
has non-volatility, electrical alterability, random
access. fast read speed. non-destructive readout lappI ications incl ude microprogramming. ch aracter generation, sequencing and logic control

Mostek Corp .• an affil i ate
of Sprague Electric Co.
1400 Upfield Drive
Carrollton, Texas 75006
Attn: Gordon Hoffman
Standard Logic Inc.
1630 South Lyon St.
Santa Ana, Calif. 92705
Attn: Bruce Billington
Energy Conversion Devices. Inc.
1675 West Maple Rd.
Troy, Mich. 48084

Operates with a Science Accessories Corp. (SAC) Graf/Pen
connected on-line to a PDP-8 Computer I provides convenient. low cost means of digitizing data for direct
input to the computer I modular design permits expansion for operation with wide range of output devices I
applications include as a laboratory tool, a design
facility, a production or quality control instrument
For use in unit or branch banking with processing capabili ty for single and mul tiple banks I daily and monthly
reports; modular design; wide range of price and service options I wri tten in COBOL: operates on IBM 360' s
Affords NOVA or SUPERNOVA user the adVantages of a
macro assembler and linkage editor to prepare NOVA programs on a more powerful 1130 computer system I system
incl udes a free-form macro assembler, a flexible subroutine binder (linkage editor), macro and subroutine
libraries, and a NOVA on-line debugging package

Input Output Computer
Services, Inc.
142 Mt. Auburn St.
Cambridge, Mass. 02138
Attn: Thomas A. Farrington

The National Cash Register Co.
Main & K Streets
Dayton. Ohio 45409

Digital Equipment Corp.
146 Main St.
Maynard, Mass. 01754
Attn: Dimitri Dimancesco, Jr.

Memories

MK4Q06 p •.random access
MOS memory

RAMM 1024 MOS Memory
System
Read-Mostly Memory
(RM-256)

Software
ANAGRAFIC Software
System

Bank General Ledger
System
1130 NOVA Support
System

Information Systems Division
Computer Sciences Corp.
Century City
Los Angeles, Calif. 90067
Intercomp
243 Vassar St.
Cambridge, Mass. 02139
Attn: Michael L. Mark

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

DESCRIPTION

NAME/MODEL NO.

FOR MORE INFORMATION

(Software, continued)
GENIE

MACH I

SCRIBE

SERIES

SUPERDOS II

TOPS-IO

A proprietary software package which generates files
of data for testing of computer programs where input
files of data are not available I a stand-alone COBOL
program / may be used under either IBM DOS/360 or
OS/360; requires minimum configuration of 32K, a
reader, and one output device
A demand deposi t reserve system / posting throughput
up to 1/5 million accounts per hour / allows banks to
incorporate processing for a personal line of credit
(by account option) as integral function of system
provides wide range of bank options for mul ti-bank processing / runs on IBM 360 or 370 under DOS or OS
A subroutine for plotter and CRT users / will draw
curved letters, which at user option can be italicized /
proprietary software package can be used with or instead of the common plotter subroutine called SYMBOL
basic package consists of 46 characters; extra characters and symbols available /
A comprehensive information systems development tool /
includes a higher level language which assists users
in designing systems and producing COBOL programs I
comprised of three integrated parts: the Program Generator; advanced File Structures and Access Methods;
and On-Line Services / available under new 6O-day trial
lease/purchase plan
A DOS supervi sor modification which reduces I/O overhead during fetching or loading of core image phases I
multiphased applications may often achieve a 10% or
greater reduction in running time
A second version of operating system for PDP-IO computer systems / new performance features and increased
documentation include: improvements to communications
system; real-time programming during time-sharing at
the FORTRAN level; capability to lock privileged jobs
in core

Applied Cybernetics Corp.
1285 Forgewood Ave.
Sunnyvale, Calif. 94086
Attn: Michael F. Nolan
Scientific Computers, Inc.
919 Second Avenue South
Minneapolis, Minn. 55402
Attn: Dave Jorve or
R. A. Walter
Applied Computer Graphics
Corp.
816 Thayer Ave., Suite 300
Silver Spring, Md. 20910
Information Systems Management, Inc., a subsidiary
of Western Operations, Inc.
120 Montgomery St.
San Francisco, Calif. 94104
Universal Software, Inc.
12 Horseshoe Drive
Danbury, Conn. 06810
David W. Kearns
Digital Equipment Corp.
146 Main St.
Maynard, Mass. 01754
Attn: Edgar E. Geithner

Peripheral Equipment

Adapti ve Drive Control, Single and multi-axis servo drive control systems inSeries 600
clude the prime mover; the servo valve; a s~rvo amplifier (if electric motor is used); the digital feedback
unit; and the solid-state controller / measures to 100
milli on pound s per inch I speed ra ti 0 is over 100,000: 1 /
interfaces with tape control, direct computer control
or manual data insertion / standard and custom units
available for OEM and retrofit use
CCS 120 Remote Pri nting Teletype replacement requiring no software changes I
Station
chain printer; 64 character ASCII set; 80 column;
120 lines per minute / uses voice-grade telephone lines
at rates to 1800 band / accommodates multipart forms
up to 11-3/4"
COMPCARD Computer
Micro"fiche storage and retrieval system holds up to
Terminal
73,500 pages of data; displays any page in four seconds or less / system includes firm's CARd0 uni t wi th
Teletype, Selectric typewri ter or CRT display / reduces transmission, mass stora e and ro rammin loads
Data Secretary
Editing typewriter for general office use uses magnetic tape cassettes or magnetic cards for word and
format storage; can be edited or repeated indefinitely /
erase typing errors simply by backspacing, retype correct word and go on / utilizes program control techni ues of di i tal com uters
Model 8600 Card Reader For computer input or terminal applications 96-column
wi th rated capaci ty
1,000 cpm / read error rate is less
than one in 300 x 10 possible data bi ts / input hopper
holds 1,000 cards; stackers, (2) have 1,000 card capacit each
OCR S 2000 Document
Designed for European banks provides high volume opProcessor
tical reading of bank documents including checks, plus
microfilming, endorsing, and sorting of documents / reads
single lines of machine-printed numerics in OCR-B and
1403 fonts / throughput rate in excess of 2000 documents a minute / plugs directly into IBM 360 and 370

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

Anocut® Engineering Co.
2375 Estes Ave.
Elk Grove Village, 111.60007
Electronic Systems Group
Attn: Dr. Yechiel Shulman

Custom Computer Systems
40 South Mall
Plainview, N.Y. 11803
Attn: Don Whi te
Image Systems, Inc.
11244 Playa Court
Culver City, Calif. 90230
Attn: H. D. Sandeffer
Redactron Corp.
100 Parkway Drive South
Hauppauge, N.Y. 11787
Attn: Ros Willett
Bridge Data Products, Inc.
738 South 42nd St.
Philadelphia, Pa. 19104
Attn: Gene Gibbons
Recognition Equipment Inc.
1500 W. Mockingbird Lane
Dallas, Texas 75222
Attn: Bob E. Killian

DESCRIPTION

NAME/ MODEL NO.

FOR MORE INFORMATION

(OCR/S 2000 Document, Continued)

Read_Only Tape Transports, 100R Series

SOVAL (Single Operator
Validation)

TELEX 6000 Series Magnetic Tape subsystem

computers as well as Recognition Equipment's Programmed Controller
IBM compatible, specifically aimed at Computer Output
Microfilm, offline, printing and plotting, typesetting /
packing densi ties: 200, 556, 800 bpi /7- and 9-track
configurations / search/read feature permi ts search at
high speed and read at lower speed of output device
Data verification system can be operated accurately
and quickly by one operator / document field, operator
and machine form a closed loop system tolerating no
errors / heart of SOVAL is an optical jumbling and electronic system / maximum acceptable word or field length
depends only on number of channels in optical modules
and length of memory
Comprised of Telex 6803 Tape Controllers and 6420 Magnetic Tape Drives / direct replacements for IBM's 3803
controller and 3420 tape drives / fully compatible wi th
both IBM Systems 370 and 360/ free 30-day evaluation
trial offered

Cipher Data Products, Inc.
7655 Convoy Court
San Diego, Calif. 92111
Attn: Peter Gilbody
British Equipment Co. Ltc.
51 WandIe Rd.
Croydon CR9 IBL, England
Attn: A. E. Cox

Telex Computer Products, Inc.
6422 East 41st
Tulsa, Okla. 74135
Attn: Harry Ashbridge

Data Processing Accessories
MEDIA Magnetic Tape

Universal Perforator
Tape

100% certified for 3200 FCI operation, double cleaned,
conditioned / fully compatible with all current computer systems / available in all popular configurations /
has lifetime guarantee / 48 hour delivery
New paper-mylar laminate (patent pending) reduces punchand-die wear and downtime in computer, data processing,
office machine and numerical control applications /
conventional rolls (ZPMA-15) and fanfold style (RP~~-15)
in 1,000-foot lengths / certified 100% opacity

General Kinetics Inc.
11425 Isaac Newton Sq. So.
Reston, Va. 22070
Attn: Lynn C. Metcalf
Robins Industries Corp.
Data Products Div.
15-58 127th st.
College Point, N.Y. 11356

Computer-Related Services

CYBERNET/CENSTAT System Joint undertaking with Westat Research, Inc., Rockville,
Md., to provide statistics from 1970 U.S. Census data
for government planners and market researchers / available through CDC' 5 CYBERNET network / includes access
to 1970 Census summary tapes and CENSTAT, a computer
software program for census statistics
Computer Analysis of
System (developed by Telemed Corp. , Schi ller Park, Ill.)
Electrocardiograms
permits instant, two-way communication between Telemed
computer center and medical facilities via ordinary
(ECG)
telephone lines / mobile ECG uni t allows technician to
record patient's ECG while simultaneously transmitting
ECG trace to computer facili ty / computer analysis is
telet ed back in minutes for h sician's assessment
Designed for next business gay delivery message origiMAILGRAM Service
nate on teleprinter in senders office; routed over WU' s
circuits by computer to receiving post office near final
destination / delivered as first class mail / service
offered i~-12·cities on test basis last year; plans include eneral ublic b earl summer
Telprice 70 Historical For research departments of banks, brokerage houses and
insurance companies / provides 75-day review of market
Pricing File
action and other data on nearly 12,000 securities /
also contains a.year's background of weekly closing
prices / data provided on magnetic tape / adjustable
to needs of subscribers

Control Data Corp ..
8100 34th Ave. So.
Minneapolis, Minn. 55420
Attn: Kent R. Nichols
Pfizer Inc.
235 East 42nd St.
New York, N.Y. 10017
Attn: Joseph P. Callahan

Western Union
60 Hudson St.
New York, N. Y. 10013
Attn: R. V. Spelleri
Telstat Systems Inc.
c/o Jack Bernstei n Associa tes, Inc.
37 West 57 Street
New York, N.Y. 10019

New Literature

The

Co~puter

Review

Display

A four-volume, 2,000 page reference source / contains
a state-of-the-art hardware and software tutorial, review and analysis of commercially available display devices / extracted data is available wi thout charge in a
pamphlet, giving prices and technical characteristics
of 73 alphanumeric and 46 line-drawing display devices

Keydata Corporation
Publications Div., Dept. T-l
108 Water St.
Watertown, Mass. 02172

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

NEW CONTRACTS
Control Data Corp., Minneapolis, Minn.

CERN (European Organization
for Nuclear Research),
Geneva, Switzerland

Datacraft Corp., Ft.
Lauderdale, Fla.

North Electric Co.,
Galion, Ohio

National Cash Register Co.,
Dayton, Ohio

United States Postal Service

Univac Division of Sperry
Rand Corp., Blue Bell, Pal

Systems, Science and Software, La Jolla, Calif.

Ampex Corp., Culver City,
Cali f.

Autonetics Div. of North
American Rockwell Corp.,
Anaheim, Calif.

RCA Corp., New York, N.Y.

United States Air Force

Indian Hill Lab. of Bell
Laboratories, Naperville,
Ill.
United States Army
Computer Automation, Inc.,
Newport Beach, Calif.
Interdata, Inc.,
Oceanport, N. J.

Intercole Systems Ltd.,
London, England
Pan American Petroleum
Corp., Tulsa, Okla.

Middle Atlantic Educational
& Research Center (MERC),
Lancaster, Pa.
Recognition Equipment
France, S.A., Dallas, Tex.

United States Steel
Foundation

U~iversity

of Michigan

Societe Generale de Banque,
Belgium
Office of Naval Research,
Arlington, Va.

Computer Sciences Corp.,
Los Angeles, Calif.

LFE Corp., Waltham, Mass.

Synergistic Computer Systems,
Inc., Fullerton, Calif.

Geolabs, Inc., Santa Ana,
Calif .

Univac Division of Sperry
Rand Corp., Blue Bell, Pal

Italsider S.p.A., Genoa,
Italy

Beaumont, Hiller & Sperling,
Inc., Reading, Pal
EMR Computer, Minneapolis,
Minn.

Biomedical Computer Services,
Inc., St. Paul, Minn.
State of Washington

Burroughs Corp., Detroit,
Mich.

American Bank & Trust Co.,
Baton Rouge, La.

Decision Making Systems,
Department of American Cyanamid Co., Bound Brook, N.J.
McDonnell Douglas Automation
Co., St. Louis, Mo.

Trans World Airlines,
New York, N.Y.
Federal Reserve Board,
Washington, D.C.

IBM Corp., Federal Systems
Division, Owego, N.Y.

Sanders Associates, Inc.,
Nashua, N.H.

Lockheed Missiles & Space Co.,
Division of Lockheed Aircraft Co., Sunnyvale, Calif.
General Dynamics, Electro
Dynamic Div., Orlando, Fla.

Children's Hospital, San
Francisco, Calif.

Northern Michigan Computer
Center, Division of Belfour
Stulen, Inc., Traverse City,
Mich.
Executive Computer Systems,
Oakbrook, Ill.
Burroughs Corp., Detroit,
Mich.

Central & Southern Florida
Flood Control District,
Or! ando, Fl a .
College of American Pathologists, Chicago, Ill.
Chicago Board of Trade,
Chicago, Ill.
State of Colorado,
Division of Employment

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

A CDC 7600 system to be used with an existing CDC 6500 system by 12 nations in
international research, principally in
sub-nuclear physics
A large quantity of DC-38 core memory
systems to be used in electronically
controlled switching system
Five contracts for research in new concepts and equipment including facer-canceler machines, sorting coder, encoding
desk, letter sorter, & airmail dispatcher
A 1110 computer system for calculations
on scientific business & commercial proj ects including computer aids for doctors
A supply of core memory stacks to be used
in the carrier aircraft computer of the
new U.S. Air Force short range attack
missile (SRAM) system
Development of a communications system to
link ground-based & airborne computers
that help control the nation's nuclear
retaliatory forces
Checking the data programming of electronic switching systems for telephones,
using Model 3DM-2000 core memory systems
Core memories for research 0 development
work on the U.S. Army SAFEGUARD Ballistic Missile System
Fifth Model 216 & 808 minicomputers to be
used in the company's Compulog systems
Purchase of three Model 4 computers for
use directly in oil fields to analyze
data at production locations
A grant to support computer software
packages to improve the efficiency of college & university alumni fund raising
Lease of a large-scale optical character
recognition system, with purchase value
of $1 million; to capture transfer orders
from bank''; 220,000 customer accounts
Research to improve design & performance
of man-computer interactive decision systems following the Navy approach that computers are best used as an aid in making
complex decisions
An award to develop an automated system
to control airport traffic on taxiways at
John F. Kennedy In ternati onal Ai rpo rt , N. Y.
SYNCOMP MICRO/l designed specifically to
process engineering, plotting & management
accounting requirements of engineering &
architectural firms
Four computers including two 418-II1 & 1106
& 9300 systems to augment two 490s oriented
to study& utilization of decisional models
Installation of a computerized medical &
management health information system
Complete hardware & software for two EMR
6135 systems to give law enforcement officials immediate access to vital data concerning criminals & criminal activity
A B3500 system valued at $570,000+ to provide a total information system & an online inquiry operation
A contract for development of an automatic
baggage tag reading system to facilitate
luggage handling at major airline terminals
A consulting service to examine computer operations & recommend ways to improve them,
including computer hardware, software,
facilities & staffing resources
A subcontract award to produce an advanced
airborne drum memory system for the Navy's
Submarine hunting aircraft, Lockheed S-3A
Contract for a computer system to control
hospital business office operations including payroll & staffing analysis
Award of a contract to study remote control
water management, analyzing application of
communications systems for water control
Providing data processing services for a
new nationwide, daily medical quality assurance program made available by the professional association of pathologists
A long-term contract for off-site computerized price reporting & management information system on contracts bought & sold
A B3500 system used to process employment
applications, referrals&jobopenings, unemployment insurance & cost accounting

$9 million

$3.5 million
(approximate)
$2.6 million

$2.5 million
(approximate)
$575,000+

$575,000

$500,000
$384,000
$250,000
$87,000+
$10,000

NEW INSTALLAliONS

Burroughs B2500 system

ITeaumont Hospital, Royal
Oak, Mich.

Burroughs B3500 system

Tactical Air Command (TAC) ,
U.S. Air Force, Little Rock, Ark.

Control Data 3100 & 1700 systems

LIB, Northrhine-Westfalia State
Center for Air Pollution Control
& Preservation of Land Use,
Essen, Germany

Control Data 3300 system

Procesos y Sistemas de Informacion, S.A., Subsidiary of Ingenieros Civiles Asociados, Mexico
City, Mexico
Cambridge University Engineering Department, West CamLridge,
England
City of Pasadena, Pasadena, Tex.

Digital Equipment PDP-12
Honeywell MOdel 110 system
Honeywell Model 115 system
Honeywell Model 120 system
Honeywell Model 3200 system
Model 4200 system
Model 8200 system
IBM System/3 Model 6

IBM

System/~

Model 10

IBM System/360 Model 50

IBM 1130 system
NCR Century 200 system

City of Crawley, Crawley,
England
City of San Buena Ventura, San
Buena Ventura, Calif.
Blue Cross / Blue Shield,
Service Cent~r, Detroit, Mich.
Matco Transportation, Inc.,
Kearny, N.J.
SI I!andli ng Sys tems, Inc.,
Easton, Pa.
KPRS Broadcasting Corp.,
Kansas City, Mo.
Prince William Hospital,
Manassas, Va.
University of Notre Dame,
Notre Dame, Ind.
Arabian American Oil Co.,
New York, N.Y.
Bank of New Hampshire,
Manchester, N.H.
Community College,
Auburn, N.Y.

UNIVAC 1108 system
UNIVAC 9200 system

Max Planck Institute, University of Goettingen, West
Germany
Documentation Computer Institute, Flushing, N.Y.
Fawick Airflex Division,
Cleveland, Ohio
Great Lakes Towing Co.,
Cleveland, Ohio
H. Corenzwit & Coo,
Hillside, N.J.
lIillcn~st Foods, Inc.,
Lewiston, Me.

UNIVAC 9300 system

D. Meredew Ltd., Letchworth,
Hertfordshire, England
Yasuda Gakuen Senior High
School, Tokyo, Japan
Tobu Railway Company,
Tokyo, Japan

UNIVAC 9400 system

Fairview Hospitals,
Minneapolis, Minn.

UNIVAC 9400 system

Northwestern State University,
Natchitoches, La.

Union County, Elizabeth, N.J.

Keeping track of maintenance schedules for everything from fan motors in air conditioning equipment to transistorized patient monitoring
A worldwide computer network to process records &
management information in personnel, accounting,
payroll, maintenance aircraft & aircrews, etc.
Two systems including the 3100 as the central system for research analysis of measured data & scientific & statistical calculations & the 1700 for
monitoring of air pollution & data collection
(system valued at $700POO)
Handling technical & design applications, solving
engineering problems, processing payroll & other
administrative applications
(system valued at $720,000)
Direct digital control applications in Turbomachinery Laboratory & on-line recording of the
performance of machinery under test
Utility billing, payroll & municipal accounting
applications
Handling routine accounting applications, street
lighting & housing rent applications
Water billing, budget, payroll, business licenses, cost accounting & fixed asset inventory
Four computers for routine accounting & claims
processing functions as well as a management tool
in long-range, complex decisions
Processing accounts payable & receivable, maintenance, fuel, rate changes & management control
Payroll, simulated operation of the company's automated lines of handling systems & advertising in
several hundred publications
Composing daily logs for AM & FM broadcast days,
weekly time availability studies, sales analysis,
payroll, billing & general accounting
Inventory & medical records, expansion of a central pricing system, accounting & meal planning
Lease of the system to increase Notre Dame's research & teaching capability until the IBM 370/
155 is ready for delivery
(system valued at $1.4 million)
Production planning, projecting & updating inventory & coordinating shipments at world ports
Two computers to be the nucleus of an advanced Central Information File system to maintain complete
records of customer banking activities
Use as a teaching & administrative tool, including
90% of its time training students; remainder of
time for processing of COllege records
Specific use as research in physics; will also
be used by the University's social science and
economics departments
Student training in programming & computer operation, including programming languages, RPG&BAL
Communications to parent company, Eaton Yale &
Towne, in manufacturing & inventory control applications as well as financial reporting
Business operations for the company's fleet of
tugboats, including accounting, billing, payroll
processing & sales analysis
Applications of billing, accounts receivable, and
inventory control for the company,
Flock control, production control, inventory, billing, general ledger & payroll processing for the
poultry & food processing firm
Order analysis, sales analysis, job ticketing &
accounting applications in furniture manufacture
Provision of computer training for students
One of the largest private railroads in Japan to
use in compiling statistical information on passenger traffic as well as payroll processing for
1700 employees
Expediting retrieval of patient medical records &
business procedures; also providing shared services to rural hospitals as well as serving the
two Fairview facilities in the Minneapolis area
Assisting the University in student applications
files, enrollment, financial aid, payroll, library
research & other administrative programs; will
aid the student in registration, grading & the
provision of material for personal instruction
Enabling probate court judges to gain immediate
access to all county records through UNISCOPE 100
visual display terminals situated on the bench;
also county-wide aid for law enforcement officials
& payroll, budget & welfare analysi s & tax billing
(system valued at $640,000)
COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

MONTHLY COMPUTER CENSUS
Neil Macdonald
Survey Editor
COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION
The following is a summary made by COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION of reports and estimates of the number of general purpose electronic digital computers manufactured and installed, or to be manufactured and on
order. These figures are mailed to individual computer manufacturers
from time to time for their information and review, and for any updating or comments they may care to provide: Please note the variation
in dates and reliability of the information. Several important manufacturers refuse to give out, confirm, or comment on any figures.
Our census seeks to include all digital computers manufactured anywhere. We invite all manufacturers located anywhere to submit information for this census. We invite all our readers to submit information that would help make these figures as accurate and complete as
possible.

The following abbreviations apply:
(A) -- authoritative figures, derived essentially from information
sent by the manufacturer directly to COMPUTERS AND
AUTOMATION
C
figure is combined in a total
(D)
acknowledgment is given to DP FOCUS, Marlboro, Mass., for
their help in estimating many of these figures
E
figure estimated by COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION
(N)
manufacturer refuses to give any figures on number of installations or of orders, and refuses to comment in any
way on those numbers stated here
(R) -- figures derived all or in part from information released
indirectly by the manufacturer, or from reports by other
sources likely to be informed
(S)
sale only, and sale (not rental) price is stated
X -- no longer in production
information not obtained at press time

Part I of the Monthly Computer Census contains reports for United
States manufacturers. Part II contains reports for manufacturers
outside of the united States. The two parts are published in al ternate months.
SUMMARY AS OF JANUARY 15, 1971

NAME OF

MANUFACI'URER
COMPUTER
Part II. Manufacturers Outside United States
A/S Norsk Data Elektronikk
NORD-l
Oslo,. Norway
NORD-2B
(A)' (Dec. 1970)
NORD-5
A/S Regnecentralen
GIER
Copenhagen, Denmark
RC 4000
(A) (Sept. 1970)
Elbi t Computers Ltd.
Elbi t-100
Haifa, Israel
(A) (Dec. 1970)
Series 90-2/10/20
GEC-AEI Automation Ltd.
New Parks, Leicester, England
25/30/40/300
(R)
S-Two
(Jan. 1969)
130
330
959
1010
1040
CON/PAC 4020
CON/PAC 4040
CON/PAC 4060
International Computers, Ltd. (ICL)
Atlas 1 & 2
London, England
Deuce
(Al
KDF 6 - 10
(Sept. 1970)
KDN 2
Leo 1, 2,
Mercury
Orion 1 & 2
Pegasus
Sirius
503
803 A, B, C
1100/1
1200/1/2
1300/1/2
1500
2400
1900-1909
Elliott 4120/4130
System 4-30 to 4-75

DATE OF
FIRST
INSTALLATION
8/68
8/69
12/60
6/67
10/67

AVERAGE OR RANGE
OF MONTHLY RENTAL
$(000)
2.0
4.0

o
(S)

o
o
o

2.3-7.5
3.0-20.0
4.9

NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS
Outside
In
In
World
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
43

o
40
11

210

13
1

X
X
X

(S)

9
1
8

o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o

65.0
10-36
10-24
20.0

5.0
3.9
4.0
6.0
23.0
3-54
2.4-11.4
5.2-54

15
10

40
11

1/66
3/68
12/64
3/64
-/65
12/61
7/63
5/66
12/66
1/62
4/55
9/61
4/63
-/53
-/57
1/63
4/55
-/61
-/64
12/60
-/60
-/55
-/62
7/62
12/61
12/64
10/65
10/67

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED
ORDERS

58
1
59
13

17
30
22
16
83
22
68
196
110

9
5
6

1
6

X
X
X
X

X
X
X

59
13
17
30
22
16
83
22
68
196
110

X
X

1690
160
138

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
C
C
C

Total:
525
Japanese Mfrs.
(N) (Sept. 1970)
Marconi Co., Ltd.
Chelmsford, Essex, England
(A) (Jan. 1970)
.Saab-Scania Aktiebolag
Linkoping, Sweden
(Al (Dec. 1970)
Selenia S.p.A.
Roma, Italy (A) (Jan. 1971)
Siemens
Muni ch, Germany
(A)

(Sept. 1970)

(Mfrs. of various models.include: Nippon Electric Co., Fujitsu,
Hitachi, Ltd., Toshiba, Oki Electric Industry Co., and Mitsubishi
Electric Corp.)
(S)
Myriad I
n36.0-n66.0
o
3/66
(S)
Myriad II
o
10/67
n22.0-n42.5
D21
D22
D220
GP-16
GP-16R
301
302
303
304
305
306
2002
3003
4004S
4004/15/16
4004/25/26
4004/35
4004/45

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

12/62
1.1/68
4/69
7/69
6/70
11/68
9/67
4/65
5/68
11/67

7.0
15.0
10.0
13.7
10.6
0.75
1.3
2.0
2.8
4.5
6.5

6/59
12/63

13.5

10/65
1/66
2/67
7/66

13.0
4.0
5.0
8.3
11.8
22.5

o
o
o
(S)
(S)

37
17

Total:
4150 E
37
17

Total:
800 E
9

38
24
10
39

56
27
67
57
73

40
35
4

97
47
164
208

43
C
C
C

C
C
C
C
C
C

NAME OF
COMPUTER
4004/46
4004/55
404/3

NAME OF
MANUFACTURER
Siemens (Cont'd,)

DATE OF
FIRST
INSTALLATION
4/69
12/66

AVERAGE OR RANGE
OF MONTHLY RENTAL
$ (000)
34,0

NUMBER OF INSTALLATIONS
In
Outside
In
U.S.A.
U.S.A.
World

3i,3

NUMBER OF
UNFILLED
ORDERS

C
C

1·,1

Total:
BESM 4
BESM 6
MINSK 2
MINSK 22
MIR
NAIR 1
ONEGA 1
ONEGA 2
URAL 11/14/16
and others

USSR
(N)

(May 1969)

274

C
C
C

C
C
C
C
C
C
C

Total:
6000 E

C
C
C
C
C
C

Total:
2000 E

16th Annual

COMPUTER DIRECTORY
AND BUYERS' GUIDE
Issue of Computers and Automation
softbound edition, 220 pages, off press January 18, 1971, and IN STOCK
Table of Contents
First Section:
3
12
22
53
6
57
61
62
59
2
151

65
92

To:

General

THE COMPUTER FIELD AND THE ECONOMIC DEPRESSION
OF 1970: Editorial
by Edmund C. Berkeley
OVER 2000 APPLICATIONS OF COMPUTERS AND DATA
PROCESSING
by Linda L. Lovett
CHARACTERISTICS OF DIGITAL COMPUTERS
by Keydata Corp.
WORLD COMPUTER CENSUS
ROSTER OF PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES, 1970
by Jean E. Sammet
SUMMARY OF BINARY ARITHMETIC AND RELATED
NUMBER SYSTEMS
SUMMARY OF BOOLEAN ALGEBRA
BOOLEAN ALGEBRA AND ELEMENTARY ALGEBRA
COMPARATIVE CHARTS
SOME BINARY, OCTAL, AND DECIMAL CONVERSION TABLES
RIGHT ANSWERS - A SHORT GUIDE FOR OBTAINING THEM
AMERICAN STANDARD CODE FOR INFORMATION INTERCHANGE
(ASCII) - Selection
Second Section:
Names, Addresses, and Details of Organizations
MAIN ROSTER OF ORGANIZATIONS IN COMPUTERS AND
DATA PROCESSING
BUYERS' GUIDE TO PRODUCTS AND SERVICES IN COMPUTERS
AND DATA PROCESSING

126
132
134
137
143
146
152
186
204
216
217

GEOGRAPHIC ROSTERS OF ORGANIZATIONS OFFERING:
Computing and Data Processing Services
Commercial Time-Shared Computing Services
Leasing of Computing and Data Processing Equipment
Software
Courses, Training, or Instruction in ComputinQ,
Programming, or Systems (Commercial Or9anizations Only)
Consulting Services in Computers and Data
Processing
SUPPLEMENTARY ROSTER OF ORGANIZATIONS IN COMPUTERS
AND DATA PROCESSING
ROSTER OF COLLEGE AND UNIVERSITY FACILITIES
ROSTER OF COMPUTER ASSOCIATIONS
ROSTER OF COMPUTER USERS' GROUPS
FORMS FOR ENTRIES IN THE 1971 "COMPUTER DIRECTORY
AND BUYERS' GUIDE" ISSUE
NOTICE: ':' 0 ON YOUR ADDRESS IMPRINT MEANS THAT
YOUR SUBSCRIPTION INCLUDES THE COMPUTER DIRECTORY.
':' N MEANS THAT YOUR PRESENT SUBSCRIPTION
DOES NOT INCLUDE THE COMPUTER DIRECTORY,

ORDER YOUR COpy - RETURNABLE IN SEVEN DAYS FOR FULL REFUND
- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -(may be copied on any piece of paper)- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - COMPUTERS AND AUTOMATION
815 Washington St., Newtonville, Mass. 0216u
Please send me the 16th Annual Computer Directory and Buyers' Guide, softbound issue, at (
scriber price ( ) $14.50 nonsubscriber price.

) $12.00 sub-

Returnable in seven days for full refund if not satisfactory (if in salable condition).
I enclose $_______

Please bill me (

); the purchase order number is _____________

Name,_________________________Signature__________________________ Title___________________________________
Organization,___________________________________________________________________________________________
Address _______________________________________________________________________________________________

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

MARTIN LUTHER KING MEMORIAL PRIZE CONTEST
-THIRD YEAR
(Please post this notice)

Computers and Automation has received an anonymous gift and announces the annual Martin Luther
King Memorial Pri/e, of $300, to be awarded each
year for the best article on an important subject in
the general field of:
The application of information sciences and
engineering to the problems of improvement in
human society.
The judges in 1971 will be:
Dr. Fran! L. Alt of the American I nstitute of
Physics; Prof. John W. Carr III of the Univ. of
Pennsylvania; Dr. William H. Churchill of Howard Univ.; and Edmund C. Berkeley, Editor of

Computers and Automation.
The closing date for the receipt of manuscripts this
year is April 30, 1971, in the office of Computers and
Automation, 815 Wash ington St., Newtonvi lie, Mass.
02160.
The winning article, if any, will be published in the
JlJly issue of Computers and Automation. The deci
sion of the judges will be conclusive. The priLe will
not be awarded if, in the opinion of the judges, no
sldficiently good article is received.
Following are the details: The article should be
approximately 2500 to 3500 words in length. The
article should be factual, useful, and understandable.
The subject chosen should be treated practically and
realistically with examples and evidence - but also
with imagination, and broad vision of possible future
developments, not necessarily restricted to one nation
or culture. The writings of Martin Luther King should
b(~ included among the references used by the author,
btlt it is not necessary that any quotations be inclllded in the article.
Articles should be typed with double line spacing
and should meet reasonable standards for publication.
Four copies should be submitted. All entries will

become the property of Computers and Automation.
The article should bear a title,and a date, but not the
name of the author. The author's name and address
and four or five sentences of biographical information
about him, should be included in an accompanying
letter - which also specifies the title of the article
and the date.

"Many people fear nothing more terribly than to
take a position which stands out sharply and clearly
from the prevailing opinion. The tendency of most is
to adopt a view that is so ambiguous that it wi II
include everything and so popular that it will include
everybody .... Not a _few men who cherish noble
ideals hide them under a bushel for fear of being
called different."
"Wherever unjust laws exist, people on the basis of
conscience have a right to disobey those laws."
"There is nothing that expressed massive civil
disobedience any more than the Boston Tea Party,
and yet we give th is to our young people and our
students as a part of the great tradition of our nation.
So I think we are in good company when we break
unjust laws, and I think that those who are willing to
do it and accept the penalty are those who are a part
of the saving of the nation."
- From "/ Have a Dre-am" - The Quotations of Martin Luther King, Jr., compiled
and edited by Lotte Haskins, Grosset and
Dunlap, New York, 1968.
Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr., was
awarded the Nobel Peace Prile in 1964,
when he was age 35.
He was in jail in the United States more
than 60 times.
He was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee,
April 4, 1968.

ADVERTISING INDEX
Following is the index of advertisements. Each item contains: name and address of the advertiser / page number
where the advertisement appears / name of agency, if any

BRANDON SYSTEMS INSTITUTE, 1700 Broadway,
New York, N.Y. 10019 / Page 3

Page 3 / Kingen Feleppa O'Dell

GATES ACOUSTINET, INC., Box 1406, Santa Rosa,
Calif. 95403 / Page 64 / Gates AdvertiSing

WANG LABORATORIES, INC., 836 North St.,
Tewksbury, Mass. 01876 / Page 45 /
Chirurg & Cairns, Inc.

NEW YORK TIMES Book & Education Div., 229
West 43 St., New York, N.Y.
11036 /

WM. C. BROWN COMPANY PUBLISHEP£, 135 S.
Locust St., Dubuque, Ia. 52001 / Page 22

COMPUTERS and AUTOMATION for February, 1971

4 good numbers
to quiet any noisy machine
1,(14,'

~-;:'''~~'''''_,,:"'':''"'«;

":>'~""'" ~'~<~~
w.""~>v''''',\·<>"~~~,"",:,_wW",,:'';''$'~
"
..... ,
",. ,,"
". t

,,",:Telex '
f,.

~0D OO~U~i

L:-."2,;<:".~';;,.w;~,.'.;;".w.w.:'w:"':::~' :,i;., . . .~·w:":,~,E. ~L,,. :~~:,:\~,~:,,~.: ,.,.~ ".,.w~~,~':~~~~;;; :~~\.: .•Lw,J
Simply dial the Telex number and give full p'articulars* on the
noisy machine bothering you. We will prescribe the appropriate
Gates Acoustinet model number to solve your problem.
There is a model to fit any budget, each doing a progressively
more effective job of sound control at the source. Each one
enables you to bring that machine out of its closed-in room.
Surround that sound now-bring peace and quietto your office!

We also have enclosures for all types of business machines-IBM
MTST units, key punches, accounting machines-you name it.
The answer to any question is as near as your Teletype; dial
34-0376 for an immediate reply.

*Machine make, ,model # and width

THE QUIET SOLUTION FOR NOISY BUSINESS MACHINES
P.O. Box 1406-CA

Santa Rosa, CA 95403

(707)54~-2711

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