20 101 00A_ICD 278_Z80_Part2_Jun85 00A ICD 278 Z80 Part2 Jun85

User Manual: 20-101-00A_ICD-278_Z80_Part2_Jun85

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TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

Indicator/Control
Module
Description

The Indicator/Control module (S-730) contains three switches,
four indicator lamps, one 60-pin connector, and intermediary
circuitry. Switch SWI selects between the internal (INT) or
external (EXT) clock. Switches SW2 and SW3 activate the
RESET and MONITOR functions, respectively. The indicator
lamps Dl, D2, D3, and D4 show the condition of the HALT,
MONITOR, ICE (in-circuit enable), and POWER functions.
The three switches and four indicator lamps are all accessible
for operation (and viewing) from the outside of the lCD, so
there are no user-serviceable controls or components on this
module.

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation

3-3

Section 3

ICD-278 for zao

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

ZAX Corporation

3-5

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

ICD-278/Z80
5105-791

o
o

IIIC

me
arc
me
IIIC
me
Il1O

me
me
me
me
me

me
me

HOST/AUX
PORT

IIIC

JCB

LOCAL/REMOTE
SWITCH

TERMINAL
PORT

510 5-791 SERIAL INTERFACE OUTPUT MODULE

3-6

ZAX Corporation

ICD-27a for zao

Section 3

SIO S-791 Module
Components

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

CD JA Socket. By connecting different pins with jumpers, this
socket is used to select either RS-232, current loop, or TTL
interface for the TERMINAL port. (See "How To Change
The Interface Settings.' ')

® JB Socket. Used the same way as the JA socket, but selects
the interface for the HOST/AUX port.

® TERMINAL Port Line Driver. The standard line driver is an
SN75l88, and is used with RS-232 and current loop interface
operation. When TTL interface is used, the standard line
driver must be replaced with an SN7438 line driver.

@ HOST/AUX Port Line Driver. Functions the same as the TERMINAL port line driver, except controls the HOST/AUX port.

@) JA 5/413 Power Supply Jumpers. Supplies power to the TERMINAL port line drivers. Pins 3 and 5 supply + l2V to the
SN75188 line driver (when using RS-232 or current loop interface), and Pin 4 supplies +5V to the Sn7438 line driver
(when TTL interface is used).

@ JB 5/413 Power Supply Jumpers. Functions the same as
JA 5/4/3, but supplies power to the HOST/AUX port line
driver.

o DSW3 Transmission Format Switch. Sets the data format
and stop bits for the TERMINAL port. (See' 'How To Set The
Transmission Format Switchefl.' ')

® DSW4 Transmission Format Switch. Sets the data format and
stop bits for the HOST/AUX port. (See "How To Set The
Transmission Format Switches.")

® JCB Console Break Jumper Socket. When the pins of this
socket are connected together, it allows any key on the terminal keyboard to activate the MONITOR break switch; it
is essentially the same as pressing the MONITOR switch on
the ICD. (The MONITOR switch is used to return control to
the ICD monitor during emulation.)

ICD-278 for zao

ZAX Corporation

3-7

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

. . How to Set the
transmission Format
Switches

Section 3

The transmission format switches are used to set the data
format and stop bits for the TERMINAL and HOST/AUX ports.
Both 8-bit, ON/OFF type switches can be set by inserting a
small, pointed tool and sliding the bits to the ON or OFF position.
Bit

OFF

1
2
3

Data bit 8
No parity bit
Even parity
Stop bit 2
Bit 8 always 0
Multi-ICD I/O disable
Multi-ICD I/O disable
TBMT& TEOC

Data bit 7
Enable parity bit
Odd parity
Stop bit I
Bit 8 always I
Multi-ICD I/O enable
Multi-ICD I/O enable
TBMTonly

4
5
6
7
8

LL~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ ~

Factory SeHlngs

3-8

Factory settings of the transmission format switches for the
TERMINAL and HOST/AUX ports are shown below.
TERMINAL Port

HOST/AUX Port

8 data bits
2 stop bits
no parity bit

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

NOTE 1: When bit 8 is set to OFF, the ICD transmits on a single
buffer basis for monitoring the BUSY state. When this bit is set
to ON, the ICD transmits on a double buffer basis without
monitoring the BUSY state.
NOTE 2: Facts about TBMT and TEOC signals:
TBMT-Transmitted Buffer Empty. The transmitted buffer empty flag goes to a logic "I" when the data bits holding register
may be loaded with another character.
TEOC-Transmitted End of Character. This line goes to a logic
"I" each time a full character is transmitted. It remains at this
level until the start of transmission of the next character.

Multiple ICDs

Signals for multiple ICDs can 110 through the HOST/AUX port
by setting bits 6 and 7. When this feature is enabled, the External Break, Emulation Qualify, and Event Trigger signals can be
monitored by more than one ICD. (110 level is EIA.)
To activate this feature, set the following bits:
DSW3 bit 6

DSW4 bits 6 & 7

This feature affects the following pins of the HOST / AUX port:

ICD-278 for Z80

Pin No.

Signal Name

I/O
-----------------

11
18
26

External Break
Emulation Qualify
Event Trigger

IN
OUT
OUT

ZAX Corporation

3-9

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

-------------------------,I
S-791

3.3k!l

RSI

S~
J~

+12V----OS
+SV----04
lOS

J;.100p
Pin 14
.........---SN75188
SN7438

rL---,

-12V - - - 0 3
1 "24
+12V ---.AfI<'\.---+-',¢ J15

READ SN75451 B

'23

+-~ J16 9 ) - - - - - - - 0 1 6

I / " " - - -....

220!l

+12V

015

---"""'''''''"---+--+--<1

'22
J17 <>

017

+5V ---">JV\._~
RSI SN75189

I
6

I LlNI
024 I LOUH
I
018

5' J24

,
1

¢20
I

-12V.-...----'V\N--T-T-~ J25

I
I
I RD
II
I RSTP+
I
I RSTPI
I
I lIN+
I

I, 21

..._----t---t--Q J18 ~

Is
ID

119

0251 LOUT-

3.3 k!l
I
+5V ~---JooJV\.--....,
7J
J 18
BUSY IN SN75189
J19 9
. , OOp
'7Ir 3.3k!l
+5V---'V\I'.-....,
8'
117
..--~3.~9k~!l:-fllll J13 9

013

I
I
I BUSY
I
I
I BUSY OUT

1
SN75188
BUSYOUT _S=N~74~3~8__al~~__+-;-;-~ J6 '16

I
II DSR

'--t-t-Q J20

9
I15

020
3.3k!l

11'

019

r.JVV\r--

+ 5V

3.3k!l

~r13
+5V
3.9k!l
,L..__.JI

12'

3.3k

--~'VV\

_______________________

I
I DTR
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

45 los

II RTO
v

ISG

__I
7 IFG

510 5·791 DIAGRAM (TERMINAL PORT)

3-10 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for zao

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

S-791
---~3kO------------------1
+5V
DTE/DCE
I
RSI SN75189
2 I SD
JB
I
I
+12V--05
I
+5V.-'--()4
'...
3 I RD

Pin 1
471l

_N_7_545~1~BI\" ,~

-READ- S

I
I

----..
1 J15 ~ 24
I

+-~2.()1

015\ RSTP+

J16 !23

0161 RSTP-

+12V _---"w,,;........-+-+..:..o J17122

0171 LlN+

I
I

I 21

SN75451 B
TOS - - H l ,./--t-t-O J18 i
+5V -..Ji.Jy.,..--..
5 J24
RSI SN75189

0181 LlN-

.100P
_12V _ _ _....4"'71l_ _+-~6.() J25
3.3kll
+5VSN75189
BUSY IN

+5V

0251 LOUT-

J13

I
I

013, BUSY OUT

1
116

Pin 14
BUSY OUT ~S::..:.N7:..:4~38~-d!r>-_-+-+-+.;.o, J6

0 6

10'

L-j.---I-..:..:o J20

114

I DSR
'

f 15
I

019\ BUSY

I
9 1

Pin 1

~ 19

I
I

,........I~3.9~k~Ill--rlr-y,

SN75188

0241 LOUT+

J19118

lOOp

. . 3.3kll

I
I
I

ypO

0 20 I DTR
3.3kll

+5V

rJVov..---- +5V

----,..,..,."".--t-<>3.3k

+5V -..

crs

RfS

----------------------~-~::
510 5-791 DIAGRAM (HOST/ AUX PORT)

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation 3-11

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

RS-232 Interface

Section 3

The RS-232 interface is the normal configuration for the ICD.
The diagram below shows how the pins on the JA and JB sockets are arranged for the RS-232 setting. The two tables show
the status of the signals for both the TERMINAL and
HOST/AUX ports.
RS-232 Pin Configuration
(Standard connection is shown)

000

J15 J 16 J17 J18 J24 J25 J19 J13 J 6 J20

001

000

JA/JB
POWER SUPPLY

JA/JB SOCKETS

RS-232 Interface I/O Signals-TERMINAL Port
PIN
No.
1
2
3
4
5

FG
SD
RD
RTS

DSR
DTR
SG

20
7

3-12

SIGNAL
NAME

ZAX Corporation

crs

DESCRIPTION
Frame Ground
Send Data
Receive Data
RequestTo Send ·2
Clear To Send· 2
Data set Ready
Data Terminal Ready
Signal Ground

IN/OUT

IN
OUT
IN
OUT
OUT
IN

JANo.

SN 75188N

J 6, J 20 ·3

ICD-278 for Z80

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

RS-232 Interface 110 Signals-HOST! AUX Port
PIN
No.

1
2
3

4
5
6
20
7

SIGNAL
NAME
FG
SO
RD
RTS
CTS
DSR
DTR
SG

DESCRIPTION
Frame Ground
Send Data
Receive Data
Request To Send "2
Clear To Send "2
Data Set Ready
Data Terminal Ready
Signal Ground

IN/OUT

OUT (IN) "1
IN (OUn
OUT (IN)
IN (OUn
IN (OUn
OUT (IN)

JBNo.

SN 75188N

J 6, J 20 "3

NOTE 1: Values in ( ) enabled when the DCE!DTE select
switch is set to DCE.
NOTE 2: CTS and RTS signals are looped back (null modem)
within the ICD and pulled up to + 5V.
NOTE 3: Connecting pins 15 and IS GA andJB socket) together
causes the DTR and DSR signals to be looped back (null modem) within the ICD. Connecting pins 10 and 15 GA and JB socket) causes the DTR signal to be used as the BUSY signal to the
terminal. Connecting JAS!JBS causes the DSR signal to be
used as the BUSY signal to the terminal.

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation 3-13

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Current Loop Interface

Section 3

The current loop interface is an optional configuration that is
enabled when the JA and JB sockets are modified. The diagram below shows how the pins on the JA and JB sockets are
arranged for the current loop setting. The table shows the
status of the signals for both the TERMINAL and HOST/AUX
ports.
Current Loop Interface
(Modified connection is shown)
24

JA/JB SOCKETS

• Using the Current Loop
Interface

I:I
5

JA/JB POWER SUPPLY

a) Connect pins 4 and 21 GAI8/JBI8) together with a 220-ohm,
1I4-watt resistor, or adjust the resistance to the associated
circuit.
b) Connect pins 2 and 23 GAIS/JBIS) together with a 47-ohm,
1I4-watt resistor.
c) Connect the other pins as shown in the Current Loop Interface diagram.
d) Set the DCE/DTE select switch on the ICD to DCE.
e) Adjust the baud rates for the TERMINAL and HOST/AUX
ports to a maximum of SOO bps.
NOTE: Do not change the jumpers on the line driver power
supply (jA3/jB3, JAB/jBB).

3-14 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for zao

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

Current Loop Interface I/O SignalsTERMINAL & HOST I AUX Ports
IN/OUT

PIN
No.

SIGNAL
NAME

DESCRIPTION

24
25
17
18
15
16

LOUT+
LOUTLlN+
LlNRSTP+
RSTP-

Current loop OUT( + )
Current loop OUT( -) ·1
Current loop IN( +) ·2
Current Loop IN ( - )
Reader Step (+ )
Reader Step (- )

JNJBNo.
J24
J25
J 17
J 182200
J15
J 16 470

IN
IN
OUT
OUT
OUT
OUT

NOTE 1: Pin 25 is the current source pin for current loop input
signals pulled down to -12V.
NOTE 2: Pin 17 is the current source pin for current loop input
signals pulled up to + 12V.
nL Interface

The TTL interface is an optional configuration that is enabled
when the JA and JB sockets are modified. The diagram below
shows how the pins on the JA and JB sockets are arranged for
the current loop setting. The table shows the status of the signals for both the TERMINAL and HOST/AUX ports.
TTL Interface
(Modified connection is shown)
24

oro
I roo r I
J:5
J:8 J:4 J:5
J: Jr

r:' rr:
000

JA/JB SOCKETS

345
JA/JBPOWER

SUPPLY

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation 3-15

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

.. Using the nL Interface

Section 3

a) Remove the jumpers from JA3/JB3 and JAS/JBS of the line
driver power supply, and insert a single jumper into
JA4/JB4.

b) Connect the pins as shown in the TTL Interface diagram.
TTL Interface 110 Signals-TERMINAL Port
PIN
No.

SIGNAL
NAME

2
3
19
13
16
7

FG
SO
RD
BUSY
BUSYOUT
RSTP
SG

DESCRIPTION
Frame Ground
Send Data
Receive Data
BUSY Input
BUSY Output
Reader Step
Signal Ground

IN/OUT

JANo.

SN 7438

IN
OUT
IN
OUT
OUT

J19
J 13,J6 *2
J16

TTL Interface 110 Signals-HOST/AUX Port
PIN
No.

SIGNAL
NAME

1
2
3
19
13
16
7

FG
SO
RD
BUSY
BUSYOUT
RSTP
SG

DESCRIPTION
Frame Ground
Send Data
Receive Data
BUSY Input
BUSY Output
Reader Step
Signal Ground

IN/OUT

JNJBNo.

OUT (IN) *1
IN (OUT)
IN
OUT
OUT

SN7438
J 19
J 13, J 6 *2
J16

NOTE 1: Values in ( ) enabled when the DCE/DTE select
switch is set to DCE.
NOTE 2: Connecting pins 8 and 9 GA andJB socket) causes the
DTR signal to be used as the BUSY signal to the terminal.

3-16

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for zao

Section 3

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

XON and XOFF Protocol

XON/OFF allows terminals or host computer systems to re-

ceive data from the lCD even if the baud rates between these
devices are different.
The XON/XOFF protocol works in the following manner:
1. The host computer or terminal sends XOFF to the lCD
before the reception buffer overruns.

2. When the reception buffer is ready, the host computer or
terminal sends XON to the lCD and resumes reception.
The control codes for XON/OFF signals are:
XON -DC3 (CTR-S; 13H)
XOFF-DCI (CTR-Q; llH)
BUSY and DTR

Input Signals

ICD-27a for zao

The BUSY signal sent from a low-speed terminal can be used
to stop the lCD from transmitting data. Normally, the terminal
sets the BUSY signal to low, from the leading edge of the RD
signal starting bit, to the completion of data processing. The
lCD suspends data transmission to the terminal as long as the
BUSY signal is low.

ZAX Corporation 3-17

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

BUSYOUT and DSR
Output Signals

When a host computer sends data at a higher speed than the
lCD's internal monitor processor can accept, the BUSYOUT
signal of the ICD must be monitored. The ICD sets the BUSYOUT signal to low until the ICD monitor reads the SD signal
from the host computer.

RSTP Output Signal

The ICD can transmit the RSTP signal to terminals that require
a step signal for each data transmission. The ICD sets RSTP to
low when it requests data to be read, and then returns RSTP to
high when it detects the start bit signal from the terminal.

RSTP

LOUT

3-18 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

Real-tIme Trace Module
Description

The Real-time Trace module (S-795) allows you to record a
portion of the program memory area and store the data in the
real-time trace buffer. By using the HISTORY command, different sections in the program can be traced, stored, and then
dumped and displayed.
The HISTORY command is used to control the functions of the
real-time trace module, so there are no user-serviceable controls or components. (For a complete description of how the
real-time trace feature works, see the HISTORY command in
the Master Command Guide.)

ICD-27a for zao

ZAX Corporation

3-19

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

CPU Control Module
Description

The CPU Control module (S-793) contains the connectors,
circuitry, and 280 microprocessor, which allow the ICD to
emulate the target system's processor.
The only user-serviceable components on this module are the
H, CX, and L jumpers, which allow you to set the lCD's internal
clock speed to either 2 MHz or 4 MHz. The remaining components are all externally accessible. These include the CPU
probe connectors (which connect the ICD to the target system),
the Data Bus Emulation connector, the External Break connector, the Event Trigger connector, and the Emulation Select
switch.

3-20 ZAX Cor oration

ICD-278 for Z80

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

Internal and External Clock
INT

OSC
4MHz

I
I

EXT

ClK

+LOCKI

PROBE
lOGIC

zao
ICD

How to Change the
Internal Clock

TARGET SYSTEM

Selecting the INT setting on the INT/EXT switch enables the
lCD's internal clock. The internal clock normally runs at a
speed of 4 MHz with a 50% duty cycle, but can be changed to
2 MHz by modifying the jumpers on the CPU Control module.
The clock jumper is identified by CX, and the H and L jumpers
specify the high (H = 4 MHz) or low (L = 2 MHz) clock speed.
To change the clock speed to 2 MHz, remove the jumper from
the H pin and connect the Land CX pins together.
4MHz

2MHz
0

H CX
l
FACTORY SETTING

External Clock

r--.

Selecting the EXT setting on the INT/EXT switch enables the
ICD to use an external clock of up to 6 MHz. The external clock
setting allows the peripheral LSI of the target system and the
emulation CPU to be synchronized for simultaneous operation.
NOTE: To ensure accurate operation of the emulation CPu, a
50% duty cycle is required for high-speed clocks greater than
2.SMHz.

ICD-27a for zao

ZAX Corporation 3-21

Section 3

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

lCD/Target System
Interface

Z80 Pin Functions & Pin Assignments

ICD-278 for Z80
TWISTED
PAIRS
F244

AO-A15

DO-D7
CONTROL

40P PLUG PROBE

A15
DO
I

D15
F 245

DO-D7
DIRECTION
CONTROL

DIR

MREQ
IOREQ
RD
WR

J==>
J<:=:>

F244

BUSAK

CONTROL

RFSH
HALT
BUSAK

INT
F244

NMI
BUSRQ

ClK
VCC

~VCC

P
~

+5v
GND

T
EMULATOR/TARGET SYSTEM INTERFACE

3-22

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

CPU Timing
1t----IM1 Cyclo---.....,
T2

~:::E:=I:==:tx::::::::!!!!.!!l!!:=tc::=t:

AO-A15

MiiEQ

ii5

WAff
Mi

Instruction Opcode
Fetch Cycle

DO -

-+---t-----1--c:t=:]!$==1fr
WAIT

AO-A7

I5iiQ

ii5
DATA BUS

WAff

::::::TI:: :::::- :::::

1\:= ====== =~

-~~~~
PORTADOf?1:SS

r- -}Read

-.- ---------- ------ I--/\:= -----"

Wii

Cycle

-----

r- ,.....--\ Write

DATA BUS

Cycle

oU'

. Inserted by leO CPU

Input or Output Cycles

-:~:;;;l::;;~~;;:;~~~l~::::;~:::-'\+------MI - - - - last TStot

T'
w

INT

AO-A15f=~~~

Mi
Miiffi
IORQ

DATA BUS-+--t---+---t--+---+---<:!!)--

Interrupt Request/
Acknowledge Cycle

ICD-278 for Z80

WAff
Ri5

Mode 0 shown

ZAX Corporation 3-23

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

_ _ Any M Cycle -

BDSAK
AO·A15

BUSRQ
00·07

~~M.

Bus Request/
Acknowledge Cycle

..........-Bus AvaiJable States

~i~ii;;t:~~~~§i
"O--~

,>--

D-RAM
MEMORY
CONTROL

----ICD

ICD-278 for Z80

TARGET SYSTEM

ZAX Corporation

3-29

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

ICD-278 Signal Timing
Diagram

Z-80
Signal Symbol

AD.,.

DO' 7

IORQ"

3-30

Parameter

Z-80A

Z-80B

ICD278
forZ80

Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Un"

Check Period

165

p'sec

t W (0H)

Check Pulse Width. Clock High

180

110

t W (0L)

Clock Pulse Width. Clock Low

1802000

1102000

652000

652000 ns

Ir. f

Clock Rise and Fall Time

20 ns
105 ns

td(AD)

Address Output Delay

145

110

tF(AD)

Delay to Float

110

tacm

Address Stable Prior 10 MREQ (Memory Cycle)

125

tacl

Address Stable Prior 10 10RQ (10 Cycle)

320

180

100

110

Ica

Address stable from RD. WR, 10RQ or MREQ

160

tD(D)

Data Output Delay

tF(D)

Delay Float During Write Cycle

tS 0 (D)

Dala Setup Time to Rising Edge of Clock During M Cycle

tS 0 (D)

Data Setup Time to Failing Edge of Clock During M2 10 M5

tdcm

Dala Stable Prior to WR(Memory Cycle)

190

tdel

Data Stable Prior 10 WR(I/O Cycle)

tcdi

Data Stable From WR

Any Hold Time for Setup Time

230

150

130

120 ns
ns

145 ns
120 ns
ns

120

0 ns

tDLif" (MR) ~ Delay From Failing Edge of Clock.lVlREQ Low

100

85 ns

tDH0 (MR) ~ Delay From Rising Edge of Clock.l\i1RtQ" High

100

85 ns

tDH~ (MR) ~ Delay From Failing Edge of Clock. ~ High

100

85 ns

tw(MRL)

Pulse Width. ~ Low

360

220

135

tw(MRH)

Pulse Width. ~ High

170

110

tDLeD(IR)

10RQ Delay From Rising Edge of Clock. 10RQ Low

80 ns

tDLeD (IR)

10RQ Delay From Falling Edge of Clock. 10RQ Low

110

85 ns

tDH0(IR)

10RQ Delay From Rising Edge of Clock. 10RQ High

100

85 ns

IDH0(IR)

10RQ Delay From Failing Edge of Clock. 10RQ High

110

85 ns

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for zao

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

ICD-278 Signal Timing
Diagram
Z-80
Parameter

SIgnal Symbol

lID

Z-80A

Z-80B

ICD278
forZ80

Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. Min. Max. UnH

tDLd> (RD)

RD Delay Fram Rising Edge of Clock. lID Low

100

85 ns

tDLd> (RD)

lID Delay From failing Edge of Clock. lID Low

130

95 ns

tDHct> (RD) lID Delay From Rising Edge of Clock. lID High

100

85 ns

tDHct> (RD) lID Delay From Fa!!lng Edge of Clock. lID High

110

85 ns

fDLd> (WR) WR Delay From Rising Edge of Clock. VIR Low

75 ns

tDL0 (WR) WR Delay From failing Edge of Clock. WR Low

85 ns

tDHct> (WR) WR Delay From failing Edge of Clock. WRHlgh

100

360

Pulse Width. WR Low

tDL(M1)

fiilTDelay From Rising Edge of Clock. fiilTLow

130

100

95 ns

tDH(M1)

fiilTDelay From Rising Edge of Clock. fiilTHigh

130

100

95 ns

tDL(RF)

RFSR Delay From Rising Edge of Clock. RFSH Low

180

130

110

125 ns

RFSR

tDH (RF)

RFSR Delay From Rising Edge of Clock. RFSH High

150

120

100

115 ns

WAIT

ts (WT)

WAIT Setup Time to failing Edge of Clock

HALT

tD(H11

HALT Delay Time From failing Edge of Clock

iNT

ts (l11

INT Setup Time to Rising Edge of Clock

100

NMI

tw(NML)

Pulse Width. NMI Low

BUSRQ Setup Time to Rising Edge of Clock

fiilT

BUSRQ ts (BQ)

220

135

85 ns

tw(WRL)

70
300

135

80 ns
260

300

275 ns

BUSAK

tDL(BA)

BUSAK Delay From Rising Edge of Clock. BUSAK Low

120

100

105 ns

toH(BA)

BUSAK Deiay From failing Edge of Ciock. BUSAK High

110

100

105 ns

RESET

ts(RS)

RESET Setup Time to Rising Edge of Clock

tF(C)

Delay to Float (MREQ.IORQ. RD andWR)

tmt"

MI Stable Prior to IORQ (Interrupt Ack.)

ICD-278 for Z80

60
100

920

60
80

565

75
70

365

ns
120 ns

365

ZAX Corporation 3-31

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

Emulation Memory
(Unit) Module
Description

3-32

The Emulation Memory (EMU) module (S-792) manages the
leD emulation memory and the mapping of the target system's
memory. The EMU module contains no user-serviceable controls or components; all functions are activated using the debugger commands.

ZAX Corporation

ICD-27a for zao

Section 3

ICD Emulation Memory

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

The ICD-278 for Z80features 64K bytes of RAM which is called
ICD emulation memory. This memory can be used for downloading object files, and altering or manipulating the target
system's memory.
The ICD emulation memory is composed of high-speed static
RAM which allows the support of multi-speed target systems.
When viewed from the target system, ICD emulation memory is
different from a normal memory area in that it is contained within
the Z80 processor. And, because of the special characteristics of
the ICD emulation memory, DMA transfer between the target
system and the ICD emulation memory is not possible; however,
DMA transfer between the address spaces within the target
system is permitted.

EMULATION
LOGIC
(Includes
Mapping
logic)

MERQ
PROBE
LOGIC

--'"

USER

R D " r-- -: MEMORY
WR" ,
1----==----+'--~.--"oJ
MI
•
r
1.1'-_ _ _ _,.......

L.........I\ 64K-BYTE
I-J

"'1r--""""'A"""O-_A-1S---4 •

AREA

DO-D7

64K-BYTE ICD
PROGRAM
MEMORY

zeo

(High Speed
Static RAM)

TARGET SYSTEM

ICD
ICD Program Memory Access Time

ICD-27a for zao

min. 120 ns

ZAX Corporation 3-33

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Target System Memory

SecHon 3

The memory contained in the target system is called target memory or user memory. The lCD can address up to 64K bytes of
target memory.
The access time required to write to the target memory from the
lCD is identical to that of the processor; however, the access time
needed to read from the target system memory is slightly shorter
than that available with the processor. Therefore, certain access
time conditions must be satisfied for accurate reading. These
conditions are shown below:

OP Code Fetch

Memory VO Read

A 0 - 15 ~---..I---p--c--I-...... ~.......,.,=~~~·;~:.J::;;;;"""""V.-'A-LiD-AD-D-R--I--.....
MI

R D - -..........
tsO(D)
DO-7
VALID DATA

VALID DATA

OP code Fetch

MemoryVO
Read

tD(AD)

Address Output Delay

Max.

Max. 90 ns

t S o(D)

Data Setup Time to Rising Edge
of clock during M1 Cycle

mln.30ns

mln.40 ns

Any Hold Time for Setup time

In.Ons

mln.Ons

3-34 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

SecHon 3

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Mapping

You can use all or part of the lCD's RAM in place of target
memory by creating a memory map. The emulation memory
or target system memory can be mapped in increments of
lK bytes using the MAP command. (For an explanation and
examples of how this works, see the MAP command in Section 2.)

64K-BYTE
ICD
PROGRAM
MEMORY

USER
MEMORY

TARGET SYSTEM

ICD

US
ICDPROGRAM
MEMORY

ICD-278 for Z80

EMULATION CPU
MEMORY MAP

USER MEMORY

ZAX Corporation 3-35

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Power Supply
Specifications

Section 3

Line voltage: 100 to 120 volts AC
200 to 240 volts AC
Frequency: 50 or 60 Hz
Power: 40 watts
Output voltage: + 5 volts DC
+ 12 volts DC
-12 volts DC
The Power Supply provides 5 volts to the control modules and 24
volts to the external cooling fan. The voltage to the control modules is filtered to reduce noise from the power supply line.

3-36

ZAX Cor oration

ICD-278 for zao

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

How To Disassemble
YourlCD
Introduction

The ICD must be partially or fully disassembled in order to
modify the components and controls, or to change certain settings on the control modules. Here you will find the procedure
for disassembling the ICD and removing (and installing) the five
control modules.

Important Notice
To Users!

Before you begin any disassembly of your lCD, you should be
aware of certain guidelines which must be followed in order to
preserve the Warranty Policy on this equipment.
1. All adjustments and modifications to the ICD are limited to
the SIO and CPU control modules. The adjustments and
modifications which are authorized by ZAX are clearly
identified (.&) in each of these chapters. Any other alterations or adjustments on the SIO and CPU control modules
void the Warranty Policy.

2. Do not adjust, modify, and/or in any way alter the controls
or components on any of the three remaining modules
(Indicator/Control, Real-time Trace, or Emulation Memory
Unit) or the power supply.
3. Follow the disassembly procedure described here. Damage
may result if the ICD is disassembled, or the modules removed, in a manner other than that described in this chapter.

ICD-271 for ZIO

ZAX Corporation 3-37

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

The Basic Parts

OfYourlCD

Section 3

The construction of all ZAX lCD-series emulators is very similar. The basic lCD unit includes the mainframe, the five control
modules, the power supply, the Mother Bus cable, and the outside casing. The mainframe is a metal chassis that houses the
control modules and the power supply. The five control modules
are circuit boards (sometimes called "cards") which do the
actual work of emulating the target system. The power supply
provides voltage for the modules. The Mother Bus cable permits
the modules to communicate with each other. The lCD case
consists of a top cover, bottom cover, and two side covers.

®
®
@

®
®

Main Frame
SldeCover
Control Modules
TopCover
Power Supply
Bottom Cover

3-38 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for zao

Section 3

ICD-27a for zao

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

ZAX Corporation 3-39

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

Procedure For
Disassembling The ICD
WARNING

HAZARDOUS VOLTAGE IS PRESENT WITHIN THE ICD-278.
DISCONNECT THE AC POWER PLUG BEFORE BEGINNING
ANY INTERNAL WORK ON THE ICD-278.
1. Remove the two side covers and the top cover.

a) Remove the four raised screws that connect the top cover
to the mainframe.
b) Remove the eight countersunk screws on the side covers.
c) Detach the side covers and the top cover.
a

r~ l'&ar~:"Ji
-=-

-==E __

-------

8 __

b""'----tt~-b-~,:-;;;;;..,;;-~-===-==:-~:;g

3-40 ZAX Cor oration

ICD-278 for Z80

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

2. Gently turn over the leD and remove the bottom cover.
NOTE: Place the JeD on a soft foam-type pad to protect the case
and components.

a) Remove the four screws that attach the bottom cover to
the mainframe (it is not necessary to remove the two
countersunk screws).
b) Remove the bottom cover completely.
The control modules are now accessible.

11111111111111111II1II11111111111111111

III

111111111111111111111111111111111111111
111111111111111111111111111111111111111
1I111111111111111111111111111111111111111
a

~ 111111111111111111111111111111
E9

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation

3-41

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

How The Modules
Are Connected

Section 3

Each module is linked by the 60-pin Mother Bus cable. Power is
supplied to each module by a 5-pin, plug-type power connector
cable (except for the 8-730 module which receives its power from
the Mother Bus cable). The power and Mother Bus cables must
be detached before removing any of the control modules.
IMPORTANT: Note the position of the power connectors before
removing them. Both the socket and plug have a black label on
one side which marks the polarity of the connectors.
MODULE CONNECTION

INDICATOR/CONTROL
MODULE
MOTHER BUS CABLE

II!!!!!!!!=====~II'

e~~~~~~~~·SIO MODULE
REAL-TIME TRACE MODULE'======::::::!!!!!!!!!II
CPU CONTROL MODULE_I!:::!:!::::=============~
EMULATION MEMORY (UNIT) MODULE

3-42 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for zao

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Section 3

Procedure For
Removing The Modules

1. Free the power cable by disconnecting the five-pin socket
(CN4) from the module.

2. Detach the Mother Bus cable from the modules (location
CNl).

3. Remove the screws which hold the modules to the mainframe.

a) The top and bottom (8-730 and 8-792) modules are
mounted directly to the mainframe with four and six
screws, respectively. Remove these screws to detach
the modules.
b) The three remaining modules (8-791,8-796, and 8-793)
are connected to brackets which are attached to the
lCD's mainframe at one end and slide into holders at
the other end. To detach these modules, remove the
screws and then carefully slide the modules away from
the mainframe.

a""

ICD-278 for Z80

......

ZAX Corporation 3-43

TECHNICAL REFERENCES

Installing The Modules

Section 3

'Ib install the modules, reverse the "removing the modules" procedure.

CAUTION: DO NOT REVERSE POWER CONNECTOR POSITION DURING INSTALLATION. CONNECTOR MISPLACEMENT WILL CAUSE DAMAGE TO THE ICD-278.
NOTE: When replacing the side panels, loosely position all the
screws in place to allow the panels to align properly before
tightening the screws.

3·44 ZAX Corporation

ICD·271 for ZIO

Section 4

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Contents

ICD-27a for zao

SECTION 4 - COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

4-1

Introduction

4-2
4-3
4-4
4-6
4-7
4-9
4-13
4-16
4-18
4-19
4-20
4-21

REMOTE Mode
Idle Program
Command Request Program
Function Analysis Program
Text Display Program
Object File Load/Verify Program
Object File Save Program
Illegal/liZ" Command Program
Quit Program
Console Key Check Program
Symbol/Numeral Conversion Program
Symbolic Text Display Program

4-23
4-24
4-25
4-27
4-29
4-30
4-34
4-38
4-40
4-41
4-43
4-45
4-47
4-49
4-50
4-52
4-54
4-55

LOCAL Mode
Idle Program
Console Command Request Program
Remote Command Request Program
Function Analysis Program
Object File Load/Verify Program
Object File Save Program
lllegall"Z" Command Program
Quit Program
Symbol/Numeral Conversion Program
Numeral Conversion Program
Symbolic Text Display Program
Command & Text Execution Program
Console Command Input/Output Program
Console Character Read Program
Console Text Read Program
Console Character Write Program
Console Text Write Program

4-57
4-58

Number Conversion Codes
Symbol Conversion Codes

4-63
4-68

Intel Hex Object Format
S Format Object File

ZAX Corporation

4-A

Section 4

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Introduction

Your ICD can operate in one of two different system configurations with a host computer. In one configuration, a host computer is used to directly control the ICD via ZICE software; this
is called the REMOTE mode. In the other configuration, the
ICD is under the direct control of a console terminal and uses
a computer as either a data storage facility, or as a conduit to
the ZICE commands (i.e., help files, "Z" commands, etc.); this
is called the LOCAL mode. (The HOST command activates the
LOCAL "host computer assisted" mode.)
In either configuration, when the ICD is used with a host computer supported by ZICE software, certain communication
rules are observed to ensure an orderly information exchange
between the ICD and the host computer system. This is called
communication protocol.
In this section you'll be shown (using diagrams) the proper
communications protocol (for both the REMOTE and LOCAL
modes. The diagrams show the contents of the communication
messages from both the ICD and host computer, and the sequence in which they are executed. You can use the communication programs to write your own support software for use
with your particular host computer system.
NOTE: Although this manual is specifically designed for the
ICD-27a's zao CPU this section can be used with ALL ZAX ICDseries emulators that feature "backslash" (\) protocol format.
This format is structured as: \code(text) < CR >. A Number
and Symbol Conversion Code chart which shows the correct
numbers and symbols to use with your particular emulator is
shown at the end of this section.

ICD-27a for zao

ZAX Corporation

4-1

~
N

"'1'1

6,,111

1.,1:
o~

OG)III

z=1:
~~o
!!I III
c

()

o
a
o

IDLE
PROGRAM

a::::t

==
==
c
z

-...~

oZ
."

o::I

~
g

I
I
I

I~-----------~----------~I
I
I
I
I
I
I

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

FUNCfION
ANALYSIS
PROGRAM

TEXT
DISPLAY
PROGRAM

•I
I
I

~----------,-----------,-----------~-----------r-----------r----------~
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
_ - - - " ' - - - -....

-c

()

OalECf FILE
LOADNERIFY
PROGRAM

I
I
'Ii

OalECf FILE
SAVE
PROGRAM

I
I

ILLEGAU"Z"
COMMAND
PROGRAM

I
I
Ii'

QUIT
PROGRAM

I
I
I

CONSOLE KEY
CHECK
PROGRAM

I
I
'

SYMBOL!
NUMERAL
CONVERSION
PROGRAM

I
I
I

SYMBOUC
TEXT DISPLAY
PROGRAM

•

•if..
•o
N

en
CD

.
o:::I

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

SecHon4

REMOTE MODE:
PROGRAM:

HOST COMPUTER CONTROL OF THE ICD
IDLE
REMOTE MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

IDLE
PROGRAM

,,
,-----------.,-----------,
,

COMMANDl
REQUEST
PROGRAM

FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
PROGRAM

TEXT
l
DISPLAY
PROGRAM

r----------,..----------.----------+----------,-----------"f-----------,
I

OBJECT FILE
LOADNERIFY
pROGRAM

OBJECT FILE
SAVE
PROGRAM

ILLEGAL r'r'
COMMAND
PROGRAM

....---'---.

I
PROGRAM DESCRIPTION:

QUIT
PROGRAM

CONSOLE KEYV
NUMERAL
II,CONVERSION
SYMBOU
CHECK
PROGRAM
PROGRAM

SYMBOLIC
TEXT DISPLAY
PROGRAM

This program acts as the main intermediary program (transferring instructions and text only) between the ICD and the subprograms (Command Request, Text Display, and Function
Analysis).

ACTION:

1. The host computer waits for an input from the ICD. (The host
system must have an input buffer to hold the input code from
the ICD.)

2. The host computer receives one line of data and places it in
the input buffer.
3. The host computer then executes one of the following programs depending on the code it receives:

ICD-278 for Z80

Code Received

Program Executed

\FO
\80 (text)
any other

COMMAND REQUEST
TEXT DISPLAY
FUNCTION ANALYSIS

ZAX Corporation

4-3

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

PROGRAM:

SecHon4

COMMAND REQUEST

REMOTE MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

IDLE
PROGRAM

,-----------~-----------,
I
I

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
PROGRAM

TEXT
DISPLAY
PROGRAM

r----------"T"----------.--------_
.. +---..
------.,-----------,-----------,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
OBJECT FILE
LOADNERIFY
PROGRAM

OBJECT FILE

SAVE
PROGRAM

ILLEGAL I"Z"
COMMAND
PROGRAM

ICD

,FO(text}

QUIT
PROGRAM

CONSOLE KEY
CHECK
PROGRAM

SYMBOU
NUMERAL
CONVERSION
PROGRAM

SYMBOUC
TEXT DISPLAY
PROGRAM

Host Computer System

'---->----1

....

(text display to console)
(input command record from console)

iI
I
I

....
,F9(command}

4-4

!AX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

ACTION:

Sends a command from the host computer in response to a command request from the ICD.

ICD

,FO{text}

COMMAND REQUEST RECORD. This record is a command
request sent from the ICD to the host computer. This record also
contains the ASCII text to be displayed on the host computer's
terminal screen, but does not include , ,
< CR >, or < SOH>. The host computer then displays the
< text> on the console screen.

HOST

,F9 { command}

COMMAND RECORD. ASCII text is sent as a command from the
host computer to the ICD. This record cannot contain any control
code and must end with < CR >. When the record is entered
through the host computer's console, the system accepts one
line of data echoing it back to the console screen.

ORIGIN

NOTE: The cursor stays on the same line after the echo. To
move the cursor to the next line, the leD sends a code in the
text display sequence.

PROGRAM
DESCRIPTION:

ACTION:

COMMAND REQUEST

1. The ICD requests a command by sending ,FO {text} < CR >
to the host computer.

2. Upon receiving ,FO{text} from the ICQ the host computer waits for an input after displaying the text record on the
console screen.
3. If a command record is entered from the host computer, the
system sends \F9{text} to the ICD and then returns
to the IDLE program.

ICD-271 for ZIO

ZAX Corporation

4-5

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

PROGRAM:

Section 4

FUNCTION ANALYSIS

I
I

REMOTE MODE
PROGRAM

IDLE
PROGRAM

FLOWCHART

,-----------4-----------,
I

COMMAND

~~~:~ I

FUNCTION

::t~=

TEXT

~~~~M

r----------"'T"----------.----------+----------.,-----------.,-----------,
I

,....---'---,

OBJeCT FILE
LOADIVERIFY
PROGRAM

ACTION:

•

OBJECT FILE
SAVE
PROGRAM

ILLEGALI"Z"
COMMAND
PROGRAM

QUIT
PROGRAM

CONSOLE KEY
CHECK
PROGRAM

SYMBOU
NUMERAL
CONVERSION
PROGRAM

SYMBOLIC
TEXT DISPLAY
PROGRAM

1. The host computer places one line of data (received from the
ICD) into the input buffer and analyzes the data.

2. The host computer then executes one of the following programs based upon the contents of the input buffer:
Input Buffer Contents

Program Executed

\ OO{filename}
or \ 02 (filename) < CR >

FILE LOAD

\ 01 (filename) < CR >
or \ 03 (filename)

FILE VERIFY

\ 10 (filename)
or \ 12{filename)

FILE SAVE

\ 43 ( parameter) < CR >

"Z"COMMAND

\44

QUIT

\. 2X{symbol)

SYMBOL CONVERSION

\. 88
or \ 8A
\ 3X{parameter) {text}

4-6

ZAX Corporation

Checks the console
input in the host
computer.
SYMBOLIC TEXT DISPLAY

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

PROGRAM:

TEXT DISPLAY

REMOTE MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART
I

,-----------~-----------,

TEXT
DISPLAY
PROGRAM
I

r-----------.------------.-----------+----------.,-----------,,-----------1

~--~I--~
OBJEClF'LE
LOADNERIFY
PROGRAM

flLEJ
SJlVE

OBJECT

PROGRAM

ILlEGAll"'Z"
COMMAND
PROGRAM

QUIT
PROGRAM

CONSOLE KEY
CHECK
PROGRAM

L..-_---..I

Host Computer System

ICD

~~~: !:~: ~ g~ ~

>-------------------!

1...1_ _ _

(text display record to console)

I
I

,F8 < CR >
or ,F7

ICD-278 for Z80

II
..----..!

ZAX Corporation

4-7

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

ORIGIN

ICD

Seclion4

ACTION:

Thxt sent from the ICD is displayed on the console screen of the
host computer.

\80 < CR >

TEXT RECORD. This record is ASCII text sent to the host computer's console screen from the ICD. (NOTE: ,
< NAK >, < ENQ >, or < SOH> cannot be contained in the text
record.)

The host computer displays one line of the text record up to
< CR >, and then moves the cursor to the start of the next line.

HOST

,F8

DISPLAY COMPLETE ACKNOWLEDGE. This code is sent to
the ICD when the display has been completed.

HOST

,F7

DISPLAY INTERRUPT CODE. This code is sent to the ICD to
interrupt it from sending a text record during the display of a
"scrolling" display command (e.g., DUMp, TRACE, etc.).

PROGRAM
DESCRIPTION:
ACTION:

TEXT DISPLAY

1. The TEXT DISPLAY program is requested when the ICD
sends \80 (text) < CR > to the host computer.
2. The host computer displays the text record on the console
screen.
3. The host computer then checks the console input status and
executes one of the following:
a) If no input is given, the host computer sends ,F8
to the ICD and returns to the IDLE program.
b) If the input code is ESC, the host computer sends
·,F7 to the ICD and returns to the IDLE program,
suspending any further text display.
c) If the input is a code other than ESC, the host computer
sends ,F8 to the ICD and returns to the IDLE
program.

4-8

ZAX Corporalio~

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTO.COL

Section 4

PROGRAM:

OBJECT FILE LOADfVERIFY
REMOTE MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART
I

,-----------4-----------,
I

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
PROGRAM

TEXT
DISPLAY
PROGRAM

r----------.,-----------T----------~----------.,..----------,,-----------,
I
I
I
I
1
I

OBJECT FILE
LOADNERIFY
PROGRAM

ORIGIN

ACTION:

OBJECT FILE
SAVE
PROGRAM

ONSOLE KEY
CHECK
PROGRAM

SYMBOU
NUMERAL
CONVERSION
PROGRAM

SYMBOLIC
TEXT DISPLAY
PROGRAM

An object fIle is sent from the host computer in response to a
LOAD/VERIFY request from the ICD.
NOTE: The transmission of the object file may be interrupted
by a text display request or a console check sequence.

lCD, 00 {filename} < CR >
or ,02 {filename}

INTEL HEX LOAD REQUEST RECORD or S FORMAT LOAD
REQUEST RECORD. This record is sent to the host computer
when the ICD loads an object file.

ICD,01 {filename} < CR >
or ,03{filename}

INTEL HEX VERIFY REQUEST RECORD or S FORMAT VERIFY REQUEST RECORD. This record is sent to the host computer when the ICD verifies an object file with the memory.

{ record} < CR >

OBJECT FILE RECORD. This Intel Hex or S format record is sent
to the ICD from the host computer. This record may not contain
any control code, and must end with < CR > .

HOST

ICD

ICD-27a for zao

OBJECT RECORD ACKNOWLEDGE CODE. This code is sent
by the ICD to acknowledge successful receipt of an Intel Hex
or S format record.

ZAX Corporation

4-9

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

ICD

,F6

OBJECT RECORD RE-TRANSMISSION REQUEST CODE. This
code is used when the ICD requests the host computer to retransmit the object record, usually due to a check sum error.

ICD

,F7

OBJECT FILE TRANSMISSION INTERRUPT CODE. This code
ends the LOAD/VERIFY sequence due to irrecoverable error.

ICD

\.80 {text}
(at text display)

TEXT RECORD. This record contains a verify error message.

HOST

,FR
(at text display)

DISPLAY COMPLETE CODE.

HOST

,F7
(at text display)

LOAD/VERIFY SEQUENCE ABORT INDICATION CODE. The
host computer may abort the LOADIVERIFY sequence by send.ing this code to the ICD.

ICD

,8A
(at console key
input check)

CONSOLE KEY INPUT CHECK REQUEST CODE. This request is generally used to check the status of an abort, or interrupt of the verify error messages.

HOST

,F8
(at console key
input check)

NO-CONSOLE-INPUT CODE.

HOST

,F9 { any ASCII
code}
(at console key
Input check)

CONSOLE INPUT CODE

HOST

,F7
(at console key
input check)

LOAD/VERIFY SEQUENCE ABORT INDICATION CODE. The
host computer can abort the object LOADIVERIFY sequence by
sending this code to the ICD.

HOST

,F1

LOAD/VERIFY END CODE. The host computer sends this code
to the ICD (after closing the file) if the fue records are exhausted.
An object LOAD/VERIFY sequence ends this code.

HOST

,F7 < CR>

LOAD/VERIFY SEQUENCE ABORT INDICATION CODE. The
host computer uses this code to inform the ICD it is aborting the
LOAD/VERIFY sequence.

4-10 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

Host Computer System

ICD
,0

x (filename) < CR > ====:::» ---------------------.

(designated file open)
(read Intel HEX or S format record)
I

(file record) +l

(read Intel HEX or Sformat record)
I

(file record) < CR >+J

I
(file record) < CR >+J

(read Intel HEX or S format record)
I

(file record 1 < CR >

c=======>------------------------~!

(text display record)
.....- - - ",F8 or ,F7

I
I

+-__.J

------------------,
I

(console key in check)
4 - - - - ~F8 or ,F7

+-_J

]

- -........ ,F9 (character) < CR >
-

(designated flle close)
i
.....- - - ,F1 or "F7 .... _J
(to command Input request sequence etc.)

ICD-278 for zao

ZAX Co~~ration 4-11

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

PROGRAM DESCRIPTION:
ACTION:

Section 4

OBJECT FILE LOADfVERIFY

1. The leD sends' OX (filename) < CR > to the host computer
to load or verify a user program.

2. The host computer then opens the requested program file,
and acts on the following:
a) If an error occurs when opening or reading the file, the
host computer sends \F7 < CR > to the leD and returns
to the IDLE program.
b) If no error is detected, the host computer sends the Intel
Hex or S format record to the leD and then waits for
,F8 from the leD.
If the host computer receives ,F8 < CR >, it then reads the
Intel Hex or S format record. If the code is ,F7 < CR > ,
the host computer sends ,F8 < CR > after closing the file

and then returns to the IDLE program.
If the code is ,F6, the host computer waits for

,F8 < CR > after re-transmitting the Intel Hex or S format
record to the leD.

When the text record is received from the lCD, the host
computer displays the text record on the console screen
and then waits for ,F8 < CR > .
If \8A is received from the leD, the host computer sends "F8 < CR > to the leD if there is no input, or
"\F9" when there is an input.

c) If there is no record to send when ,F8 is received
from the leD, the host computer closes the file, sends
,F1 < CR > to the leD, and returns to the IDLE program.

4-12

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

PROGRAM:

OLiECT fiLE SAVE

IDLE
PROGRAM

REMOTE MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

r---.. -------~-----------,

COMMANO
REQUEST
PROGRAM

FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
PROGRAM

TEXT
DISPLAY
PROGRAM

r-----------.------------.-----------+----------,-----------.,-----------,
I

..---'----,
OBJECTFllE
LOADIVERIFY
PROGRAM

I I OBJECT FILE
SAVE
PROGRAM

ILlEGALI"Z"
COMMAND
PROGRAM

QUIT
PROGRAM

CONSOLE KEY

P~~~:r.

SYM80U
NUMERAL
CONVERSION
PROGRAM

SYMBOLIC
TEXT DISPLAY
PROGRAM

ACTION:

The host computer receives an object program and creates a file
upon receiving a save request from the ICD.

ICD ,10 (filename) < CR >
or ,12{fllename)

INTEL HEX SAVE REQUEST RECORD or
S FORMAT SAVE REQUEST RECORD. This record is sent by the
ICD to request the host computer to save a file.

,F8
(at file write)

OBJECT RECORD REQUEST CODE. This code is sent to the
ICD from the host computer to request an Intel Hex or S format
record.

{ record} < CR >

OBJECT FILE RECORD. This Intel Hex or S format record is sent
to the host computer.

ORIGIN

HOST

ICD

HOST

OBJECT FILE RE-TRANSMISSION REQUEST CODE. This
code is used when the host computer requests the ICD to retransmit the object file. NOTE: Most re-transmission requests
are caused by a sum check error of an Intel Hex or S format
record.

ICD

ICD-27a for zao

FILE END CODE. This code is sent to the host computer when
the file record transmission is exhausted.

ZAX Corporation 4-13

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

ICD

Section 4

"F7

SAVE SEQUENCE ABORT REQUEST CODE. This code directs
the host computer to abort the object save sequence.

HOST

"F8
(at file close)

FILE CLOSE END CODE. The host computer sends this code
to the lCD, in response to \F1 < CR >, if the file has been closed
successfully, then returns to the IDLE program.

HOST

"F7

SAVE SEQUENCE ABORT INDICATION CODE. The host computer uses this code to inform the ICD that it is aborting the
object save sequence.

PROGRAM
DESCRIPTION:
ACTION:

OBJECT FILE SAVE

1. The ICD sends ,,1X (filename) < CR > to the host computer

when saving a user program.
2. The host computer opens the selected user file when it receives the ,,1X {filename} < CR> code.
If the file does not open, the host computer sends "F7 < CR >
to the ICD and returns to the IDLE program. If the file opens,
the host computer sends "F8 to the ICD.
3. The host computer waits for the Intel Hex or S format record
from the ICD. The host computer then executes a file write
of the record received from the ICD. If an error occurs during the file write operation, the host computer closes the
user program file, sends \F7 < CR > to the lCD, and returns
to the IDLE program.
If an error occurs in a check sum, the host computer waits

for a retransmission of the Intel Hex or S format record from
the ICD after sending \F6< CR >. The host computer then
sends \F8 < CR > to the ICD if no error occurs during the
file write.

4-14 ZAX Cor~oratlon

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

ICD

Host Computer System

===> --------------------,

,1X(filename) [I

I
I

(designated file make)
4-~---

(Intel HEX record)

,F8

_________ .J

> --------------,

L . !_ _

or [S format record) < CR >

....
(write Intel HEX or S format record)
~

,F8

===> -

+____-----lI

---------.

[Intel HEX record) (I

(when receive record error)

or [S format record) < CR >

...__________...J

Retransmit
[Intel HEX record) < CR> L!_ _ _

'-----------.I

•

or [S format record) < CR >

(write Intel HEX or S.format record)

;

.4--- ,F8
,F1
or ,F7

.._____________JI

--------------'---i

.....I

(designated file close)
~

,F8or ,F7 ____ J
(to IDLE program)

ICD-27a for zao

ZAX Corporation 4-15

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

PROGRAM:

Section 4

ILLEGALrZIl COMMAND

REMOTE MODE

PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

•

r-----------~-----------,

•

COMMAND

REQUEST
PROGRAM

r----------T----------'1-----------+----------.,..----------.,-----------,
I

ICD

•

Host Computer System

'431 command t or ,F7

4-16 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Seclion4

ACTION:

This sequence is used to process an ILLEGAL or "Z" command, according to the parameters sent from the ICD. The
ILLEGAL command is a command not defined in the ICD but
is interpreted and processed by the host computer. The host
computer can use the ILLEGAL and "z" commands to process
a HELP command or the macro commands.

,43{ parameter)
< CR >

ILLEGALI"Z" COMMAND RECORD. This record is sent to the
host computer to process the ILLEGALI"Z" command.

HOST

,F8

ILLEGAL/"Z" COMMAND NORMAL END CODE. This code
is sent to the ICD when the ILLEGAL/liZ" command has been
processed successfully.

HOST

,F7

ILLEGAL/"Z" COMMAND ABNORMAL END CODE. This
code is sent to the ICD when the ILLEGAL/"Z" command has
not been processed successfully.

ORIGIN

ICD

PROGRAM
DESCRIPTION:
ACTION:

ILLEGALI"Z" COMMAND
1. The leD sends '43{ parameter) (and the specified

"z" command) to the host computer.

2. The host computer performs the specified "Z" command
and then acts on the following:
If an error is contained in the "Z" command specification,
the host computer sends ,F7 < CR > to the ICD and then

returns to the IDLE program.
If no error is detected, the host computer sends ,F8 < CR >

to the ICD and then returns to the IDLE program.
NOTE: The leD does not react differently to the \F7 < CR > than
it does to the \F8 < CR > code. It normally assumes that the host
program has issued its own error messages if an error has
occurred.

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation 4-17

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

PROGRAM:

Section 4

QUIT

REMOTE MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

IDLE
PROGRAM

,,-----------~-----------,
,
,
COMMAND
REOUEST

FUNCTION
ANALYSIS

PROGRAM

TEXT
DISPLAY
PROGRAM

r-----------,------------.-----------+----------.,-----------,.-----------,
I

r----'----,
OBJECT FILE

LOADNERIFY
PROGRAM

OBJECT FILE
SAVE
PROGRAM

ILLEGALrT'
COMMAND
PROGRAM

OUIT
PROGRAM

CONSOLE KEY
CHECK
PROGRAM

SYMBOU

NUMERAL
CONVERSION
PROGRAM

SYMBOLIC

TEXT DISPLAY
PROGRAM

Host Computer System

ICD
------~~

--------------,
I
I
I

...
(return to OS)

ORIGIN

ICD

ACTION:

The host computer returns to the operating system (OS) indicated by the lCD's code.
QUIT RECORD.

4-18 ~C~oralion

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

PROGRAM:

CONSOLE KEY CHECK

REMOTE MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART
I

r-----------4-----------,
I

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM
I

r----------T----------"'l-----------+----------.,-----------,-----------,
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

r -...........,

ILLEGALI"Z"
COMMAND
PROGRAM

QUIT
PROGRAM

L..-_ _--.J L..-_ _--.J L--_ _---' L--_ _---'

PROGRAM

SYMBOU
NUMERAL
CONVERSION
PROGRAM

' - -_ _----'

L..-_----'

Host Computer System

ICD

,8A ------.~

(CONSOLE KEY
CHECK

----------------------.
I
I
I

(console key check)
I
I

,F8

+-___ J

or ,,1=0 I ~hnracter J < CR >

ORIGIN

ACTION:

The ICD uses this sequence to check the console input to the
host computer. (The console input could be an inquiry about
an interruption, restart or abort trace sequence, or dump output.)

ICD

CONSOLE KEY INPUT CHECK REQUEST RECORD. This
record is sent to the host computer to request a console key
input check.

HOST

NO CONSOLE INPUT RECORD. This record is sent to the ICD
if there is no console input.

HOST' F9{any ASCII code}

The host computer sends
console key input.

ICD-278 for Z80

<;: any ASCII

code> if there is any
II

ZAX Corp~ration 4-19

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

PROGRAM:

Section 4

SYMBOL/NUMERAL CONVERSION

REMOTE MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

IDLE
PROGRAM
I

r-----------~-----------,
I
I

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
PROGRAM

TEXT
DISPLAY
PROGRAM

r----------.,-----------,..----------+----------..,..----------.,-----------.,
I

OBJECT FILE
LOADNER1FY
PROGRAM

OBJECT FILE
SAVE
PROGRAM

ILLEGAL.l"Z"
COMMAND
PROGRAM

!cONSOLE KEY
CHECK
PROGRAM

QUIT
PROGRAM

ORIGIN

SYMBOLIC
TEXT DISPLAY
PROGRAM

Host Computer System

ICD

,2X (symbol)

•

SYMBOU
NUMERAL
CONVERSjON
PROGRAM

"F90 (Number) H < CR >

ACTION:

This sequence is used when the host computer requests a
symbol or numeral conversion.

,,2X { symbol}

SYMBOL/NUMERAL CONVERSION REQUEST RECORD.
This is a record sent to the host computer requesting numeric
conversion of a symbol. (The ICD sends {symbol} < CR > including "." which means a symbol.)

HOST "F9 0 {number
(hexadecimal ASCII)} H

NUMERIC RECORD. This record is sent to the ICD when the
symbol received from the ICD has been converted to a
numeral. (The host computer attaches 0 to the head of the converted value and "HI! < CR > at the end.)

ICD

HOST

SYMBOL/NUMERAL CONVERSION ERROR CODE. This
code is sent by the host computer when the symbol chosen

cannot be converted to a numeral.

4-20 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

PROGRAM:

SYMBOLIC TEXT DISPLAY
REMOTE MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART
I

r-----------~-----------,
I
I

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
PROGRAM
I

TEXT
DISPLAY
PROGRAM

,.----------"T"-----------.-----------~----------.,.I
I
•
•

OBJECTFlLE
LOAOfVERIFY

OBJECT FILE

IUEGALI"Z"

SAVE

PROGRAM

COMMAND
PROGRAM

ICD

. . . -------.,-----------,

CONSOLE KEY
CHECK
PROGRAM

SYMBOU
NUMERAL
CONVERSION
PROGRAM

SYMBOLIC
TEXT DISPLAY
PROGRAM

Host Computer System

,3E (text)

,3X (parameter)

(text) "----,1/ - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - ,
I

(change parameter for symbol)
(display symbol & text to console)
I
I
I

4~---- \F8 or ,F7

ORIGIN

ICD

+-J

ACTION:

The parameters sent from the ICD are displayed on the console screen after being converted to symbols.

\. 3X ( parameter)

SYMBOL CONVERSION RECORD. This record tells the host
computer to display the parameters after converting to symbols.

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation 4-21

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

NOTE: The control codes < ACK > < NAK> and < ENQ > are
not allowed in the symbolic text record.
I

NOTE: The header 3X before {parameter} may contain values
from 30 to 3F.

HOST

\ F8

DISPLAY COMPLETE CODE. This code is sent to the ICD
when the symbol display and text in the symbolic text record
have been completed.

HOST

\ F7

DISPLAY INTERRUPT INDICATION CODE. The host computer sends this code to the ICD to interrupt the transmission
of the symbolic text record.

PRO GAM
DESCRIPTION:
ACTION:

SYMBOLIC TEXT DISPLAY

I. The ICD sends \3E (text string I < CR > which may contain
one or more "\3X{ parameter)" within the text line, to the
host computer when it displays a parameter by a symbol.
2. The host computer enters all data before into the

input buffer and acts on the following:
a) If \3X {parameter} cannot be found in the input buffer,
the host computer displays the contents of the input
buffer already converted to symbols, sends \F8
to the rCD, and then returns to the IDLE program.
b) If \ 3~ {parameter} is found, the host computer searches the symbol table for (parameter J .
If ( parameter J cannot be found in the symbol table, the
host computer returns to "a" (above) after converting
\3X( parameter) to (parameter).
If (parameter) is found in the symbol table, the host

computer returns to "a" (above) after converting \3X
{ parameter J to a symbol.

4-22

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for zao

-c
n
•

:t.

Gil

IDLE
PROGRAM

.cr

.,. 6

I
I

~----------------J_----------------------i

r----~----~,

r-------~----~

CONSOLE/
REMOTE
PROGRAM

FUNCfION
ANALYSIS
PROGRAM

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

r-----------i-----------i-----------.----------i-----------~-----------,
"

OBJECf
FILE/LOAD
VERIFY
PROGRAM

OBJECf
FILE
SAVE
PROGRAM

..
I

ILLEGALI"Z"
COMMAND
PROGRAM

QUIT
PROGRA M

N
W

SYMBOLIC
TEXT
DISPLAY
PROGRAM

COMMAND
& TEXT
EXECUTION
PROGRAM

...

I
I

CONSOLE
COMMAND
INPUT/OUTPUT
PROGRAM

...

I I

SYMBOL!
NUMERAL
CONVERSION
PROGRAM

~:..~

•

.,0

is
:t.

%=3:

:
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I

=
n
!-a

§;In
co.
n GP'"

________________________
~---- Jr ----~

.
o

r----------,-----J-----,-----------,

CONSOLE
CHARACfER
READ
PROGRAM

I
I

CONSOLE
TEXT
READ
PROGRAM

CONSOLE
CHARACTER
WRITE
PROGRAM

CONSOLE
TEXT
WRITE
PROGRAM

i:
c

-...z~
(5

8i:

Z
."

8.-

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

LOCAL MODE:
PROGRAM:

Section 4

TERMINAL CONTROL OF THE ICD (WITH HOST DATA FILES)
IDLE
IDLE
PROGRAM

..... _--------------------- ..,
r----..,----------------_
.
----~

CONSOLE!
REMOTE
PROGRAM

COMMAND

FUNCTION

REQUEST
PROGRAM

ANALYSIS
PROGRAM

I _________________ ..'=::::J-----~

,
!

r-----------r-----------r-----------r-----------r -----------~----------.,

F~~~;ID

i p~~~I.aM
: '--,,_...1

...

IlLEGALfT'
COMMAND
PROGRAM

QUIT
PROGRAM

1...--,..--....1 1..._ _......._ _........-r--...I "'__r--...I ....---:r--...I

LOCAL MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

...

..,.,
,,

~----------_r----------.,_----------,
I
I
I
I

DESCRIPTION:

This program acts as the main intermediary program (transferring instructions and text only) between the ICD and the subprograms (Command Request and Function Analysis).

ACTION:

1. The host computer waits for an input from the ICD (The host
system must have an input buffer to hold the input code from
the ICD)

2. The host computer receives one line of data and places it
in the input buffer.
3. The host computer then executes one of the following pro-

grams depending on the code it receives:

4-24

Code Received

Program Executed

,FO{text}
any other

COMMAND REQUEST
FUNCTION ANALYSIS

Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

PROGRAM:

COMMAND REQUEST-CONSOLE

IDLE

P~OGRAM

_________________ -L ______________________ ...

.....-.-...:.r_--_-...,--'-----...

FUNCTION
AtlAl.YSIS
PROGRAM

COMMAND
REQUE$T
PROGRAM

CONSOLEI
REMOTE
PROGRAM

:______~_-_-------------------;-:-:-=-:-J:---------~--- ________ ~-_----_-_-...,.. . . ----------~--------_-.,
I

~'.......L_....,

'OBJECT
FILEILOAll

!, P~g~':..'fM
,

... ...

OBJECT
FILE

ILLEGAU"Z"

PR~:iAM

~~~~:~

SYMBou.1
NUMERAL

SYMBOLIC
TEXT

~~~~~~~N
,

p~~~~v,.

PROGRAM

...,

....----i._..., ..._...i..........,

...--'-......,

QUIT

..
,

CQMMAND
& TeXT

S;:gg~l"':

.
,

CONSOLE
COMMAND
INPUT/OUTPU
PROGRAM

LOCAL MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

r----------.,-----------,-----------,
I

Host Computer System

ICD

[
ICD-278 for Z80

CONSOLE
CONSOLE
CONSOLE
CONSOLE

CHARACfER
TEXT READ
CHARACfER
TEXT WRITE

READ SEQUENCE
SEQUENCE
WRITE SEQUENCE
SEQUENCE

]

ZAX Corporation 4-25

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

ORIGIN

ICD

ACTION:

These sequences allow commands to input to the ICD through
the console terminal in the LOCAL mode.

,FO (text J
< CR >

COMMAND INPUT STATUS WAIT CODE. This code is sent to
the host computer before the ICD displays a prompt (> ).

Optional sequences:

HOST

4-26

Section 4

,F1

CONSOLE CHARACTER READIWRITE SEQUENCE or
CONSOLE TEXT READIWRITE SEQUENCE
CONSOLE COMMAND INPUT REQUEST CODE. The ICD
outputs a prompt to the console screen after receiving this
code.

ZAX Corporation

ICD-27a for zao

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

PROGRAM

COMMAND REQUEST - REMOTE

IDLE
PROGRAM
_________________ -L ______________________ ..

r- .. ---L. ... ---..
CONSOLEi
REMOTE
PROGRAM

FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
PROGRAM

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

•

I __________________-=::::J-----~

!_-i..'------..-------r-----------r-----------,.----------"'T"-----------,.----------,

,
,,,
,,

IL-~~~

...

QUIT
PROGRAM

L-__~~

LOCAL MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

..,..

SYMBOU

SYMBOLIC

NUMERII.L
CONVERSION
PROGRAM

DISPLAY
PROGRAM

.
,

TEXT

..
,

CONSOLE
COMMAND
INPUTIOUTPU
PROGRAM

,..----------T----------.,-----------,
I
I
I
I

...---1._...,

Host Computer System

ICD
\FO(text) - - -..
~

CONSOLE
CONSOLE
CONSOLE
CONSOLE

CHARACfER READ SEQUENCE
TEXT READ SEQUENCE
CHARACfER WRITE SEQUENCE
TEXT WRITE SEQUENCE

ICD-278 for Z80

,F9 (command)

ZAX Corporation 4-27

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

ORIGIN

ACTION:

These sequences enable the ICD to directly execute commands in the LOCAL mode.

ICD

,FO(text}

COMMAND INPUT STATUS WAIT CODE. This code is sent to
the host computer before the ICD displays a prompt (> ).

Optional sequences:

HOST
,F9
(ICD command) < CR >

PROGRAM
DESCRIPrION:
ACTION:

CONSOLE CHARACTER READIWRITE SEQUENCE or
CONSOLE TEXT READIWRITE SEQUENCE
REMOTE COMMAND REQUEST RECORD. This record
allows the ICD to execute commands directly. When the ICD
receives this record from the host computer, it displays a
prompt and the (command) on the console screen.

COMMAND REQUEST-CONSOLE/REMOTE
1. The leD requests a cormnand by sending ,FO(text}

to the host computer from the ICD Additionally, any of the following four console input/output sequences can be executed:
a)
b)
c)
d)

CONSOLE CHARACTER READ PROGRAM
CONSOLE TEXT READ PROGRAM
CONSOLE CHARACTER WRITE PROGRAM
CONSOLE TEXT WRITE PROGRAM

2. All of the console or remote commands can be executed when
the host computer receives \FO(text} .
3. If console commands are used, the sequence ends with
,F1 < CR >, and the host computer returns to the IDLE program.

4. If remote commands are used, the sequence ends with
,F9 (ICD command) < CR>, and the host computer returns to the IDLE program.

4-28 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

PROGRAM:

FUNCTION ANALYSIS
IDLE
PROGRAM

,-----------------~----------------------..,

....-----lr_-_--..,--'------.
CONSOLE!
REMOTE
PROGRAM

FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
PROGRAM

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

r-----~----------------------;-:-:-:-:-J-----------;-----------. . ----------""T'"-----------~----------.,

OBJECT
,FILE!LOAD

p;~'.aM

OBJECT
FILE

PR~V~M

ILLEGAlJ"Z"
COMMANO

QUIT

PROGRAM

SI'M!lOU
NUMERAL

SYMBOLIC
TEXT

C~~:~~~N

p~'g~~YM

L-_....
_-...l L---,._..J L.._.,....,- - I

~L.-_•.,..,_ - ' L _.....
, _..J L _ _-...l

"TEXT
L---....._..J

CONSOLE
COMMAND
INPUT/OUTPUT
PROGRAM

LOCAL MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

,
..-----------.,----_.!-----.,-----------,
I

CONSOLE
CHARACTER
READ
PROGRAM

CONSOLE
TEXT
READ
PROGRAM

CONSOLE
CHARACTER
WRITE
PROGRAM

CONSOLE
TEXT
WRlTE
PROGRAM

.--~---.

ACTION:

COMMAND

~g:~~

l. The host computer places one line of data (received from
the ICD) into the input buffer and then analyzes the data.

2. The host computer then executes one of the following programs based on the contents of the input buffer:
Input Buffer Contents

ICD-27a for zao

Program Executed

,00 (filename J < CR >
or ,02 ( filename J< CR >

FILE LOAD

,01 (filename J< CR >
or ,03 (filename J < CR >

FILE VERIFY

,10 (filename J< CR >
or' 12 (filename J

FILE SAVE

,43 ( parameter J < CR >

"Z" COMMAND

,44

QUIT

,2X (symbol J < CR >

SYMBOL CONVERSION

,3X(parameterj (text)

SYMBOLIC TEXT
DISPLAY

ZAX Corporation 4-29

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

PROGRAM:

Section 4

OBJECT FILE LOADjVERIFY

IDLE
PROGRAM

----------------_...... _--------------------- ..

r-----L----..
,...---...,
CONSOLE!
REMOTE
PROGRAM

CONSOLE
COMMAND

LOCAL MODE

INPUT/OUTPUT

PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

PROGRAM
I

r----------.,-----.!-----,..----------,
I
I
I
I

I
ORIGIN

FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
PROGRAM

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

CONSOLE
CHARACTER
READ

CONSOLE
TEXT
READ

PROGRAM

CONSOLE
CHARACTER
WRITE

PROGRAM

CONSOLE
TEXT
WRITE

PROGRAM

ACTION:

An object file is sent from the host computer in response to a
LOAD/VERIFY request from the ICD.

,,00 (filename)

or ,,02 (filename)

INTEL HEX LOAD REQUEST RECORD or
S FORMAT LOAD REQUEST RECORD. This record is sent to
the host computer when the ICD loads an object file.

ICD

4-30

ZAX Corporation

ICD-271 for ZIO

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

,01 {filename I

ICD

< CR >
or ,03 {filename I
< CR >

INTEL HEX VERIFY REQUEST RECORD or
S FORMAT VERIFY REQUEST RECORD. This record is sent to
the host computer when the ICD verifies an object file with the
memory.

{record 1< CR >

OBJECT FILE RECORD. This Intel Hex or S format record is
sent to the ICD from the host computer. This record may not
contain any control code, and must end with < CR > .

ICD

,F8

OBJECT RECORD REQUEST CODE. This code is sent to the
host computer to request an Intel Hex or S format record.

ICD

,F6 < CR >

OBJECT RECORD RE-TRANSMISSION REQUEST CODE. This
code is used when the ICD requests the host computer to retransmit the object file. NOTE: Most re-transmission requests
are ca used by an error occurring in the check sum of the Intel
Hex or S format record.

ICD

,F7 < CR >

OBJECT FILE TRANSMISSION INTERRUPT CODE. When the
host computer receives this request, it stops the LOAD/VERIFY sequence.

HOST

Optional Sequences:

CONSOLE CHARACTER READ/WRITE SEQUENCE or
CONSOLE TEXT READ/WRITE SEQUENCE

HOST

,F1 < CR >

LOAD/VERIFY END CODE. The host computer sends this
code to the ICD (after closing the file) if the file records are
exhausted.

HOST

,F7 < CR >

LOAD/VERIFY SEQUENCE ABORT INDICATION CODE. The
host computer uses this code to inform the ICD that it is aborting the object LOAD/VERIFY sequence.

ICD-27a for zao

ZAX Corporation 4-31

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

ICD

Host Computer System

\OX (filename I < CR>

====::» ----------------.

(designated file open)
(read Intel HEX or S format record)

(File Record I < CR > _____..:1

(read Intel HEX or S format record)
I
I

(File Record 1< CR>. • ...
I
I

( File Record 1< CR >

• .J

(read Intel.HEX or S·format record)

>------------(m:~:~~:~~ecord)

,801 text I
[

I File Record I < CR >

••_ _ _ ,F8 or,F7

]

--I

F8 - - -....

[

CONSOLE
CONSOLE
CONSOLE
CONSOLE

CHARACfER READ SEQUENCE
TEXT READ SEQUENCE
CHARACfER WRITE SEQUENCE
TEXT 'WRITE SEQUENCE

(read Intel HEX record)

I Intel HEX record I < CR >

.,J

,F8
(designated file close)
,F1
(to IDLE program)

4-32

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

Section 4

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

PROGRAM
DESCRIPTION:
ACTION:

OBJECT FILE LOAD/VERIFY

1. The ICD sends \OX(filename} to the host computer
to load or verify a user program. The host computer then
opens the requested program file.

2. The host computer reads the Intel Hex or S format records
from the file and acts on the following:
a) If an error occurs when opening or reading the file, the
host computer sends ,\F7 < CR > to the ICD and returns
to the IDLE program.
b) If no error is detected, the host computer sends the Intel
Hex or S format record to the ICD and then waits for
\F8 from the ICD.
If the host computer receives \ F8 < CR >, it then reads
the Intel Hex or S format record. If the code is \ F7

< CR >, the host computer sends \F8 < CR > after closing the file and then returns to the IDLE program.
If the code is \F6, the host computer waits for
\F8 after re-transmitting the Intel Hex or S format record to the ICD.
c) If there is no record to send when \F8 < CR > is received from the ICD, the host computer closes the file, sends
\F1 to the lCD, and then returns to the IDLE program.

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation 4-33

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

PROGRAM:

Section 4

OBJECT FILE SAVE

IDLE
PROGRAM
_________________ -L ______________________ ..

r_-_--..,--L.----..

r--____

CONSOLE!
REMOTE
PROGRAM

FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
PROGRAM

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

•__________________1;:::::]-----.1

,;
,,,
,,
,,

.-----------r-----------,.-----------r-----------r------------,.----------,

OIlJECT
FILEILOAD
VERIFY
PROGRAM

OBJECT
FILE
SAVE
PROGRAM

....

ILLEGAU·Z"
COMMAND
PROGRAM

PROGRAM

SYMBOLIC
TEXT
DISPLAY
PROGRAM

..-,

....

I I
COMMAND
& TEXT
EXECUTION
PROGRAM

....

,,
r----------,...----------.,-----------,

FLOWCHART

CONSOLE
CHARACTER
READ
PROGRAM

ICD

SYMBOU
NUMERAL
CONVERSION
PROGRAM

CONSOLE
COMMAND
INPUT/OUTPUT
PROGRAM

LOCAL MODE

ORIGIN

QUIT
PROGRAM

CONSOLE
TEXT
READ
PROGRAM

•

CONSOLE
CHARACTER
WRITE
PROGRAM

CONSOLE
TEXT
WRITE
PROGRAM

ACTION:

When this command is issued, the host computer receives an
object program and creates a file.

,10{fllename}

,12 {filename}

INTEL HEX SAVE REQUEST RECORD or
S FORMAT SAVE REQUEST RECORD This record is sent by the
ICD to request the host computer to save a file. The {filename}
field may be used for a user-defined save message.

4-34 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

HOST

,F8
(at file write)

( record}

ICD

Optional Sequences:

OBJECT RECORD REQUEST INDICATION CODE. This code
is sent to the ICD from the host computer to request an Intel
Hex or S format record.
OBJECT FILE RECORD. This Intel Hex or S format record is sent
to the host computer.
CONSOLE CHARACTER READ/WRITE SEQUENCE or
CONSOLE TEXT READ/WRITE SEQUENCE

HOST

,F8

OBJECT RECORD REQUEST INDICATION CODE. The host
computer sends this code to the ICD to request a record.

HOST

'F6< CR >

OBJECT RECORD RE-TRANSMISSION REQUEST CODE. This
code requests the ICD to re-transmit an object code.

ICD

,F1

FILE END CODE. The ICD sends this code to the host computer
when the transmission of the file records has been exhausted.
The host computer ends the object save sequence by sending
,F8 < CR > after closing the fIle.

HOST

,F7 < CR >

SAVE SEQUENCE ABORT INDICATION CODE. The host computer informs the ICD that it is aborting the object save
sequence.

HOST

,F8
(at file close)

FILE CLOSE END CODE. This code is sent to the ICD from the
host computer when the fIle close is successful.

HOST

ICD-278 for Z80

SAVE SEQUENCE ABORT INDICATION CODE. This code indicates that the host computer has stopped the object save sequence.

ZAX Corporation 4-35

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

ICD

Host Computer System

,1X(filename)

.c=====:»

--------------------,

J.
(designated file make)
,F8 _____________

(Intel HEX record) [:'=::=:!l>

___________________,
1

or (S format record)

(write Intel HEX or S format record)

[
(Intel Hex record)

CONSOLE
CONSOLE
CONSOLE
CONSOLE

CHARACfER READ SEQUENCE
TEXT READ SEQUENCE
CHARACfER WRITE SEQUENCE
TEXT WRITE SEQUENCE

,F8

==:=~>--------,-----

(when receive; record error)
.4---,F6

(Intel HEX record) < CR>

_____________J

[:1

or (S format record) < CR >

]

=====:»

[:1

_________.J1

-----------------,1

or (S format record) < CR >

(write Intel HEX or S format record)

.4- - -

,F8 --------------'

--------------.

,F1
or ,F7

(designated file close)
i
,F8 or ,F7---_-J

(to command Input request sequence etc)

4-36

ZAX Corporation

ICD-271 for ZIO

Section 4

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

PROGRAM DESCRIPTION:
ACTION:

OBJECT FILE SAVE

1. The ICD sends' 1X(filename J to the host computer
when saving a user program. The host computer then opens
the selected user fIle.
If the fIle does not open, the host computer sends ,F7 < CR >
to the ICD and returns to the IDLE program. If the fIle opens,
the host computer sends ,F8 to the ICD.

2. The host computer waits for an Intel Hex or S format record
from the ICD. If it receives ,F1 < CR > from the lCD, the host
computer sends ,F8 after closing the user program
fIle and returns to the IDLE program.
After receiving an Intel Hex or S format record, the host computer then executes a fIle write of the record received from the
lCD. If an error occurs during the fIle write operation, the host
computer closes the user program file, sends \F7 < CR > to the
lCD, and returns to the IDLE program.
If an error occurs in a sum check, the host computer sends
\F6 < CR > and waits for the Intel Hex or S format record to be

retransmitted from the ICD. The host computer then waits for
the next Intel Hex or S fsormat record (sending \F8 to
the lCD) if no error occurs during the file write.

ICD-271 for ZIO

ZAX Corporation 4-37

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

PROGRAM:

Section 4

ILLEGAL!"Z" COMMAND
IDLE
PROGRAM

,---_.. -----------_ ...... _--------------------- ...,

r-----I..----..

FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
PROGRAM

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

CONSOLE!
REMOTE
PROGRAM

.__________________-:::::J-----...

:,,

.-----------r-----------r-----------,.----------~- ----------,.----------,

,,,
,'1--....,.._....1

OBJECT
FILE
SAVE
PROGRAM

ILLEGALI"Z"
COMMAND
PROGRAM

SYMBOU
NUMERAL
CONVERSION
PROGRAM

QUIT
PROGRAM

...,

L._-.---' '---_ _...

,£,

LOCAL MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

r----------.,-----------,-----------,
I

leD

,43 ~ command

Host Computer System

l~------------------

.J,.

1& parameter S

Illegal command
"Z" command procedure
~

ORIGIN

ICD

I
I
I

,F8 or ,F7 ..

ACTION:

This sequence is used to process an ILLEGAL or "Z" command
according to the parameters sent from the ICD. The ILLEGAL
command is a command not defmed in the lCD, but is interpreted and processed by the host computer.

,,43 {parameter}

ILLEGAL COMMAND/"Z" COMMAND RECORD. This record
is sent to the host computer to process the ILLEGAL/"Z" command.
ILLEGAL COMMAND/"Z" COMMAND NORMAL END CODE.

This code is sent to the leD when the ILLEGAL/liZ" command
has been processed successfully.

4-38

ZAX Co oration

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

HOST

,F7

PROGRAM DESCRIPTION:
ACTION:

ILLEGAL COMMANDI"Z" COMMAND ABNORMAL END
CODE. This code is sent to the ICD when the ILLEGAL/"Z" command has not been processed successfully.
HZ" COMMAND

1. The ICD sends ,43(parameter) (and the specified
"Z" command) to the host computer.

2. The host computer then performs the specified "Z" command
and acts on the following:
If an error is contained in the "Z" command specification, the
host computer sends ,F7 < CR > to the ICD and then returns
to the IDLE program.
If no error is detected, the host computer sends ,F8 < CR >
to the ICD and then returns to the IDLE program.

"Z" commands available with ZICE Z80 (V2.4) include:
ABBREVIATION NAME

ICD-278 for Z80

FUNCTION

Help

Displays the command list.

DEF

Define

Adds a new symbol to the ZICE
symbol table.

SLoad

Reads a symbol file on diskette
into the ZICE symbol table.

DEL

Delete

Deletes a symbol from the ZICE
symbol table.

SSave

Stores the ZICE symbol table on a
diskette as the symbol file.

Show

Displays the names and values of
symbols in the ZICE symbol table
and their qualities.

LOG

lDg

Stores everything displayed into a
specified file.

Batch

Executes a file ofICD commands.

ZAX Corporation 4-39

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

PROGRAM:

Section 4

QUIT

IDLE
PROGRM!

,------------------'----------------------- ..,
,.-----'-----..

FUNCTION

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

CONSOLE!
REMOTE
PROGRAM

ANALYSIS

PROGRAM

I __________________'=::::J-----~

f-----------r-----------r-----------~----------_._---------

:r---~_, r---~~ r---~_'

i F1~~~D

p~g~I::M

O~tc;r

PR:ViAM

,~~,~~

I
l

ILLEGALr'T'

~~~~::~

~----~

LOCAL MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

SYMBQU
NUMERAL
CONVERSION
PROGRAM

QUIT

PROGRAM

SYMBOLIC

TEXT
DISPLAY
PROGRAM

...,

..,.,

!
. . -,.----------,

...,

COMMAND
& TEXT
EXECUTION
PROGRAM

...,

,.----------.,-----------.,-----------,
I

r----'--.,

ICD

Host Computer System
-----+~

-----------j
I
I
I

(return to OS)

ORIGIN

ACTION:

The host computer returns to the operating system (OS) indicated by the lCD's code. (The ICD "HOST ON" mode is also
cancelled.)
QUIT RECORD.

4-40 ZAX COrPoration

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

PROGRAM:

SYMBOL/NUMERAL CONVERSION
IDLE
PROGRAM

_________________ -L ______________________ ...

,
r-----'------.
CONSOLE!
REMOTE
PROGRAM

FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
PROGRAM

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

LOCAL MODE

PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

r----------,-----.!-----.,-----------,
...--,-....' - . . , '

Host Computer System

ICD

=====:>

,2X (symbol) 1:'

[

CONSOLE
CONSOLE
CONSOLE
CONSOLE

CHARACTER READ SEQUENCE
TEXf READ SEQUENCE
CHARACTER WRITE SEQUENCE
TEXf WRITE SEQUENCE

]

,F90 (number) H
or ,F1

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation

4-41

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

ORIGIN

ACTION:

Section 4

This sequence is used when the host computer requests a sym-

bol/numeral conversion.
ICD

,2X (symbol)

Optional Sequences:

SYMBOL/NUMERAL CONVERSION REQUEST RECORD This
record is sent to the host computer requesting the numeric conversion of a symbol. (The ICD sends (symbol) < CR > including
n. " which means a symbol.)
CONSOLE CHARACTER READIWRITE SEQUENCE or
CONSOLE TEXT READ/WRITE SEQUENCE

HOST ,F9 0 (number
(hexadecimal ASCII)} H

NUMERIC RECORD. This record is sent to the ICD when the
symbol received has been converted to a numeral. (The host
computer attaches 0 to the head of the converted value and
nH" < CR > at the end.)

,F1

SYMBOL/NUMERAL CONVERSION ERROR CODE. This code
is sent by the host computer when the symbol chosen cannot be
converted to a numeral.

HOST

PROGRAM DESCRIPTION:
ACTION:

SYMBOL CONVERSION

The ICD sends ,20 (symbol) < CR > to the host computer when
the symbol/number conversion is executed. The host computer
then searches the symbol table for the (symbol) received from
the ICD to convert to a numeral, and acts on the following:
1. If the conversion is successful, the host computer sends the
numeral to the ICD with "0" attached at the head and nH"
followed by < CR > at the end, and then returns to the
IDLE program.
2. If the conversion is unsuccessful, the host computer sends
,F1 to the ICD and returns to the IDLE program.

4-42

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

PROGRAM:

NUMERAL CONVERSION

IDL~

PROGRAM
_________________ ...L. ______________________ ~
I

r----~----~

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

CONSoLEI
REMOTE
PROGRAM

FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
PROGRAM

I _________________ ...~::::J-----...

I-----------r-----------r-----------I"'----------..,..-----------,.----------,

I~~--'

r-----,

r-~--,

r-----,

~~--, r--~-'

~--~~

L-____~

L ____

L-~

I
I
I
I
I
I

,..

IL-~

LOCAL MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

....

ICD-27a for zao

L-~

CONSOLE
COMMAND
INPUTIOUTPU
PROGRAM
I

,.----------.,-----------,-----------,
I

ACTION:

.,..

r-----,

1. The leD sends \3E(textwhich includes \3X (parameter) )
< CR > to the host computer when the numeral! symbol
conversion program is executed.

ZAX Corporation 4-43

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

2. The host computer enters all data before into the leD
input buffer.
3. The host computer then searches the input buffer for ,3X
( parameter) and executes one of the following:
a) If' 3X ( parameter) is not found, the host computer sends
out the text-attaching, 80 to the front and < CR > to the
end of the text-and then waits for ,F8 from the
leD. When ,F8 is received from the lCD, the host
computer sends ,F1 to the leD and returns to the IDLE
program.
b) If \3X ( parameter) is found, the host computer searches
the symbol table for ( parameter). If ( parameter) is not
found in the symbol table, the system converts \3X( parameter) to (parameter), and returns to"3"(above). If
( parameter) is found in the symbol table, the system
converts '\3X ( parameter I to a symbol.

4-44 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

PROGRAM:

SYMBOLIC TEXT DISPLAY
JOLE
PROGR"'M
________________ ... -1.. ________________ ... _____ ..

r-----'r_-_--..,-~----...

FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
PROGR"'M

COMM"'ND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

CONSOLE/
REMOTE
PROGRAM

r-----~--------:_-----------;-::-::-J:::_-:~r-----------,..----------'T'-----------~----------~

!r
:

OBJECT
FILE/LOAD

p:5~I~M

OBJECT

;!~i

... ...

: 1..----;,,....---'

SYMBOLIC

\ILLEGALI"Z"
COMMAND
PROGRAM

PROGR"'M

TEXT

QUIT
PROGRAM

DISPLAY
PROGR"'M

'",

COMMAND
& TEXT
EXeCUTION
PRQGMM

CONSOLE
COMMAND
INPUT/OUTPUT
PRDGRll.M

LOCAL MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

~----------.,-----.!-----.,-----------,
I
I
I

r----'----,

Ic~~:.gi~RI II COT~.OLE 11 C~o,.~~~RI II COT~~LE I
READ
pROGRAM

READ
PROGRAM

ICD

WRITE
PROGRll.M

WRITe
PROGRAM

Host Computer System

'3E (text)
'3X I parameter)
(text)

[

CONSOLE
CONSOLE
CONSOLE
CONSOLE

CHARACTER
TEXT READ
CHARACTER
TEXT WRITE

READ SEQUENCE
SEQUENCE
WRITE SEQUENCE
SEQUENCE

r----------<~==::JI

]

,SO(Text)

+
(display text)

1---+ ,FS -----t.
or ,F7

ICD-278 for zao

.4--- ,F1
ZAX Corporation 4-45

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

ORIGIN

Section 4

ACTION:

The parameters sent from the ICD are displayed on the console screen after being converted to symbols.

ICD
\3E
{text which includes \3XI

NUMERAL/SYMBOL CONVERSION RECORD. This record
tells the host computer to convert a numeral to a symbol. (, 3X
is a header.)

Optional Sequences:

,80 {text I
{change to symbol I

HOST

CONSOLE CHARACTER READ/WRITE SEQUENCE or
CONSOLE TEXT READ/WRITE SEQUENCE
NUMERAL/SYMBOL RECORD. The host computer sends this
record if the numeral is successfully converted to a symbol.

ICD

,F8 < CR >

DISPLAY END CODE. This code is sent to the ICD when the
symbol display and text in the symbolic text record have been
completed.

HOST

,F1

NUMERAL/SYMBOL CONVERSION END CODE. The host
computer sends this code to the ICD to end the sequence.

4-46

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

PROGRAM:

COMMAND AND TEXT EXECUTION

IDLE
PROGRAM
_________________ ..L. ______________________ ~
I

I
I

...--_...r-_-_-..--L----..
.
COMMAND
REQUEST

CONSOLEI
REMOTE
PROGRAM

FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
PROGRAM

PROGRAM

CONSQLE
COMMAND
INPUT/OUTPUT
PROGRAM

LOCAL MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

I
,.----------,-----------.,-----------,
I
I
I
I

CONSOLE
CHARACTER
READ
PROGRAM

I If
CONSOLE
TEXT
READ
PROGRAM

CONSOLE
CHARACTER
WRITE
PROGRAM

I I
CONSOLE
TEXT
WRITE
PROGRAM

Host Computer System

ICD

,80 {text} ==~>
C'

I
I
I

...

(print out file write etc.)
I
I

I
I
I

ICD-278 for zao

ZAX Corporation 4-47

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

ORIGIN

ACTION:

Section 4

The ICD outputs the command and the result of its execution to
the host computer. The host computer can then output the text
to a printer or onto a file. NOTE: In the LOCAL mode, the PRINT
ON command is treated as an Illegal/"Z" command after the
HOST ON command is issued.

ICD

HOST

,,80 (text}
< CR >

COMMAND EXECUTION TEXT. Outputs one line of text after
the execution of the command by the ICD.

"F8 < CR >

TEXT RECEPTION COMPLETE CODE. This code is transmitted to the ICD when the host computer has received the text
and completed the output execution.

4-48 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

PROGRAM:

CONSOLE COMMAND INPUT/OUTPUT

IDLE
PROGRAM
_________________ ..J,.. ______________________ ...
I

I
I

r_--_-.,--'-----..

r--......

f-- ...

FUNCTION

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

CONSOLEi
REMOTE
PROGRAM

ANi>.IYSIS
PROGRAM

---------------~::::J-----..1
I-----------r-----------r-----------,..----------"T"'-----------,.----------,

Ir--~--., r--~-" ~~--~ ~--~~ r---L--~ ~--~~ ~~--~
I
I

I
I
I
I

....

OBJECT
FILEILOAD

VERIFY
PROGRAM

...
I

LOCAL MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

""
I

CONSOLE
COMMAND
INPUTIOUTPU
PROGRAM
I

,..----------,----_.!_----.,-----------,
I
I
I
~-""--.....
I

ACTION:

There are four input/output sequences available when the ICD
operates in the LOCAL mode:
1)
2)
3)
4)

ICD-278 for zao

CONSOLE CHARACTER READ
CONSOLE TEXT READ
CONSOLE CHARACTER WRITE
CONSOLE TEXT WRITE

ZAX Corporation 4-49

Section 4

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

PROGRAM:

CONSOLE CHARACTER READ

IDLE
PROGRAM
_________________ -L ______________________ ..
I

r-----L.----..
CONSOLEI
REMOTE
PROGRAM

FUNCTION
ANALYSIS

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

PROGRAM

'=::::J-----.J

I __________________

:
I
I
I

I
I

r-----------r-----------r-----------r-----------,..-----------,.-----------,
OBJECT
FILEILOAD

ILLEGAU"Z"

. ..
I

I
I
I

VERIFY

PROGRAM
I

LOCAL MODE
PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

COMMAND
PROGRAM

QUIT
PROGRAM

....
I

SYMBOU
NUMERAL
CONVERSION
PROGRAM
I

SYMBOLIC
TEXT

COMMAND
& TEXT

DISPLAY

EXECUTION

PROGRAM

I
,.----------.,-----------.,-----------,
I
I
I
I

ICD

Host Computer System

j---------- .4----- ,8A
I
I
I
I
I

.....
(Input a character from console)

,F9 (character) < CR> LI_ _ _ _~>
or ,F8

4-50 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

ORIGIN

ACTION:

,8A

ICD

HOST,F9{inputcharacter)
< CR >

HOST

,F8 < CR >

ICD-278 for Z80

The host computer uses this sequence to request a single
character of data from the console through the ICD.
CONSOLE KEY INPUT REQUEST CODE.
CONSOLE INPUT CODE. This code is sent to the host computer if there is an input character. The input character and
< CR > are then sent to the host computer. (The ICD does not
echo back the console input.)
NO CONSOLE KEY INPUT CODE. The ICD sends this code to
the host computer if there is no console input.

ZAX Corporation 4-51

Section 4

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

PROGRAM:

CONSOLE TEXT READ

IDLE
PROGRAM
_________________ -L ______________________ ..

r-_...r_-_-_--,..... ----..

FUNCTION

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

CONSOLE!
REMOTE

PROGRAM

ANALYSIS
PROGRAM

:I-------------------=::::J-----~

I-----------r-----------r-----------~--------- --r------------,..----------,

:
:

OBJECT

PROGRAM

F~~~D

~~~

IILlEGAU"Z"

PRgg~AM

PROGRAM

:L-_'I",_......J
+ +.

SYMBOU

SYMBOLIC

C~~::R~~~N

OI1~Y

COMMAND

EX:J~N

+...

COMMAND

PROGRAM

PROGRAM
•

CONSOLE
COMMAND

LOCAL MODE

INPUT/OUTPUT

PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

PROGRAM

,..----------,-----------,-----------.,
I
I
I

CONSOLE
CHARACTER

READ

PROGRAM

CONSOLE
TEXT

READ

PROGRAM

ICD

CONSOLE
CHARACTER

WRITE

PROGRAM

CONSOLE
TEXT

WRITE

PROGRAM

Host Computer System

r------------ .......------- ,88

I
I
I
I
I
I

(Input a line from console)
:.. ,F9 (text) < CR> 1
...._ _ _ _"II>

4-52

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

ORIGIN

HOST

ICD

ACTION:

This sequence is used when the host computer requests the
ICD to input one line of data.

,,88 < CR >

DATA INPUT REQUEST CODE. The host computer sends this
code to the ICD to request one line of data.

,F9{ line of data 1
< CR >

ICD-278 for Z80

DATA INPUT CODE. This code is sent to the host computer
along with the line of data entered from the console terminal.
The maximum number of input characters is limited to 255;
subsequent characters are discarded.

ZAX Corporation 4-53

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

PROGRAM:

Section 4

CONSOLE CHARACTER WRITE

IDLE
PRDGRAM
_________________ -L ______________________ ..

....._ .r_--_-...,--L.----~
.
I

CONSOLE!
REMOTE
PROGRAM

I
I

FUNCTION
ANALYSIS
PROGRAM

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

I __________________~::::J-----~

!!II F~~i~:-i----:~f-----~:~~~~~·-----::;~;::---~;isr::----:!i~:---I-:~~E:
j
PROGRAM

PROGRAM

PROGRAM
I

CONSOLE
COMMAND
INPUT/OUTPUT
PROGRAM

LOCAL MODE

PROGRAM
FLOWCHART

PROGRAM

I
,..----------,-----------,-----------,
I
I
I
I
.--L----,

C~::~~R, II COT~LE 1
READ
PROGRAM

ICD

READ
PROGRAM

CONSOLE
CHARACTER
WRITE
PROGRAM

CONSOLE

TEXT

WRITE
PROGRAM

'------'

Host Computer System

r----------I
I
I

.
(output character(s))

,F8
or ,F7

4-54

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

ORIGIN

HOST

ICD

ACTION:

This sequence is used when the host computer requests the
ICD to output n characters to the console.

,82[characters}
< CR >

N CHARACTERS OUTPUT REQUEST CODE. The host computer sends this code to the lCD, requesting the output of
n characters to the console. The ICD then sends (characters)
to the console, without being followed by a < CR > < LF > .

,F8

N CHARACTERS OUTPUT END CODE. This code is sent to
the host computer from the ICD when the n-character output to
the console is completed.

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation 4-55

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

PROGRAM:

SecHon4

CONSOLE TEXT WRITE
IDLE
PROGRAM

_________________ -L ______________________ ...
I

I
1

r----ir_--_-...,--'-----..
CONSOlEl
REMOTE
PROGRAM

FUNCTION

COMMAND
REQUEST
PROGRAM

ANALYSIS

PROGRAM

I __________________~::::J-----...

II ~~~---::~~----~1ri----:~~---~i~:--~~:-T~
+

+ +
LOCAL MODE
PROGRAM

+
I

CONSOLE
COMMAND
INPUTIOUTP
PR'C)GRAM

FLOWCHART

ICD

Host Computer System

1
1----------<\0-:---...1
1

'SO (text)

1
1

+
( text display record)
-

ORIGIN

HOST

ICD

4-56

L ,FS
or ,F7

ACTION:

This sequence is used when the host computer requests the
ICD to output one line of data to the console.

,aO{text}

DATA OUTPUT REQUEST RECORD. This record requests the
ICD to output one line of data to the console. The ICD outputs
{text} < CR > to the console and then follows it with a line feed.
CONSOLE OUTPUT END CODE. This code is sent to the host
computer when the sequence is completed.

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

NUMBER CONVERSION CODES
ICD278/Z80

number change code

format

,20

,20 (.symbol]

,21-,2F

description
address symbol

not used

NUMBER CONVERSION CODES
ICD278/18085

format

number change code
,20
,21-,2F

description

,20 (.symbol] address symbol
not used

NUMBER CONVERSION CODES
ICD178/11016, 11088

number change code

format

,20

,20( .symbol]

,21

not used

,22

,22 (.symbol] segment address symbol

,23

not used

,24

i' 24xxxx: ( .symbol)

,25-,2F

description
physical address symbol

offset address symbol
(XXXX Is current segment)

not used

NUMBER CONVERSION CODES
ICD178/18048

number change code

format

,20

,20( .symbol}

,21-,2F

ICD-278 for Z80

description
address symbol

not used

ZAX Corporation 4-57

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Secfion4

NUMBER CONVERSION CODES
ICD178j6800, 68010, 68008

number change code
,20
,21-,2F

description

format

,20 (.symbol} address symbol
not used

SYMBOL CONVERSION CODES
ICD278jZ80

example

symbol change code description
,300000

,30

header

,31

not used

,32

branch
displacement

IL
JR

NOP

header address
symbol change code

,32$-10H

b.oneh "'""acemenl
symbol change code

,33-,35

not used
JP

,36

,37-,3F

4-58

label

,368000H

label
symbol change code

not used

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

SYMBOL CONVERSION CODES
ICD278/18085

example

symbol change code description

IT
,300000

,30

,31-,35

header

NOP
header address
symbol change code

not used

JMP

,36

label

,368000H

IllLlabel
symbol change code'

,37-,3F

ICD-278 for Z80

not used

ZAX Corporation 4-59

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Secflon4

SYMBOL CONVERSION CODES
ICDI78/18086. 18088.180186. 180188

symbol change code description

example
,3000000

,30

physical
header

Nap

physical header address
symbol change code

tPOOO'OOOO ,

,31

logical
header

NOP

logical heo"'" odd"",
symbol change code

JMP ,32$-10H
,32

'III

branch
displacement

I bllUW a IJ.llJY.lalll Ul uala.

Example:
: 10 0000 00 004992D B246D B6F F4891D A236C B5F E47 B8

-----

CD(2) @

CD Record mark
":" (3AHl

(2) Record length
"10" (3130Hl
Shows data of 16 bytes contained in the data field @.

@ Load address
"0000" (30303030Hl
Indicates that data in field @ is loaded starting at address

OOOOH·

4-64

ZAX Corporation

ICD-271 for ZIO

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Seclion4

@ Record type
"00" (3030H)

Shows that record is a data record.

@ Data
"0049 ... " (30303439H ... )

Data in this case: 00HA9H,92H .. .

@ Check sum
"B8" (4238H)

END OF FILE RECORD:

This record shows the end of an object file.
Example:
: 00 0000 01 F F
-----.J,.J,

.J,

(1)(2) @

.J,

@ @

CD Record mark
":" (3AH)

(2) Record length
"00" (3030H)

Shows the data field does not exist.

@ Load address
''0000'' (30303030H)

Normally, "0000" is entered as a dummy address (though this address may be used as a start address if no start address record
is found).
@Checksum
"FF' (4646H)
NOTE: When using the LOAD or VERIFY commands, the end
of the object file is determined by the end of record.

ICD-27a for zao

ZAX Corporation 4-65

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

EXTENDED ADDRESS
RECORD:

Section 4

This record shows the segment address where data is loaded in

the data record subsequent to this record.
Example:
: 02 0000 02 0020 DC

CD Record mark
":" (3AH)
~ Record length
"02" (3032H)

Shows that two bytes of data are contained in the data field in @.

@ Load address
"0000" (30303030H)

Contains "0000" as a dummy, though this field is ignored in this
record. (It is still required.)

@ Record type
''02'' (3032H)

Shows that this record is an extended address record.

@ Segment base address
''0020'' (30303230H)

Base address in this case is 0020H·
@Checksum
"DC" (4443H)
02H+OOH+OOH+02H+00H+20H=24H
24H Twds Complement DCH

4-66 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

Section 4

START ADDRESS RECORD:

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

This record shows the object fIle start address.

Example:
: 04 0000 03
----

51620005 41

CD(2) @ @)

CD Record mark
":" (3AHl

(2) Record length
"04" (3034Hl

Indicates that the data field in@contains data of four bytes.

@ Load address
"0000" (30303030Hl

Contains "0000" as a dummy, though this field is not necessary
for this record.

@) Record type
"03" (3033H)

Shows this record is a start address record.

@ Start address
"51620005" (3531363230303035H)

Start address in this case:
Segment
Offset

= 5162H
= 0005H

@ Checksum
"41" (3431Hl

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation 4-67

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

S FORMAT OBJECT FILE:

Section 4

All object files are described by ASCII codes. In the example,
one byte of data is shown converted to a hexadecimal number
("0"-"9," and "A"-"F") of two digits:
OOH
"00" (3030H)
9BH
"9B" (3942H)
An object file is composed of the records listed below:
(1) Data set name record
(2) IS-bit address data record
(3) 24-bit address data record
(4) 32-bit address data record
(5) Send data record count record
(S) IS-bit address end record
(7) 24-bit address end record
(8) 32-bit address end record
ICD/68000.68008.68010 uses the data records (2) and (3) and the
end records (S) and (7) only. The record format is shown below:

Islx I xxi
!

Ixlxl

xxi

XX
!

CD(2) @
@
CD Record mark "S" (53H)
Indicates the start point of an object record in S format. Information before this mark is treated as a comment.

(2)

Record type
Shows the type of this record.
(1) "0" (30H) Data set name record
(2) "1" (3IH) IS-bit address data record
(3) "2" (32H) 24-bit address data record
(4) "3" (33H) 32-bit address data record
(5) "5" (35H) Send data record count record
(6) "7" (37H) 32-bit address end record
(7) "8" (38W 24-bit address end record
(8) "9" (39H) IS-bit address end record

4-68 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for zao

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

@ Record length
"OO'!...!'FF"

(3030H-4646H)

Shows how many bytes of data are contained in fields @ ,
and@

@ Load address
"OOOO'!...!'FFFF"
(30303030H-46464646H)
or "OOOOOO'!...!'FFFFFF"
(303030303030H-464646464646H)
or "OOOOOOOO'!...!'FFFFFFFF"
(3030303030303030H-464646464646464H)

When used with data records, this address shows the address
to load a program or data. When used with end records, it
shows the restart address of the program. When used with
data set name records (Record type "0"), the address normally contains "0000" as a dummy data. 16-bit address, 24-bit
address, and 32-bit address are identified by the record type.

@ Data
Data is equal to the record length minus the load address and
check sum. (When the number of record bytes is 00, this field
does not exist.)

@ 9hecksum
l's complement of the total value of the bytes up to the last data
beginning with the record length (one byte and carry are ignored).
NOTE: Addition is made after converting an ASCII hexadecimal
number of two digits to a binary number of one byte.

Example:
S006000041424333
S214010000A14EOA405ADF02E067D00410ECIF013A05
S21401001085C906905AFB0490E5580C0042BEOOE2E2
S214010020AI060C41D22FOOF2A14B8EOOC4E300B210
S214010030D14B04A0784E4090AB470940808ElOD03B
S214010040AlSDOB08721F4CS04FCC4AlOA41D006ACC
S2140100S0E9400F005B9BOAF2F51S8Fl120EFOCF8B3
S214010060AS890BIODADF08E28S48060020D708BAOC
S214010070AIC041017ADFOOSOA15E280406FF005AA4

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation 4-69

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

DATASET
NAME RECORD:
(Record type "0'1

Section 4

A record to show the record name of an object file.
Example:
S a 06 0000 414243
----

! !!!

CD(2)@ @

CD Record mark
"S" (53H)

(2) Record type
"0" (30H)

Indicates that this record is a data set name record.
@ Record length
"06" (3036H)

Shows that the total of the load address, data, and check sum is
six bytes.

@ Load address
''0000'' (30303030H)

This record contains "0000" as a dummy, though this field is
ignored in this record.

@ Data set name
"414243" (343134323433H)

The record name is interpreted as ASCII codes 41 H 42H and
43H producing '~BC."

@ Checksum
"33" (3030H)

4-70 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

Section 4

DATA RECORD:
(Record type "1·!....!'3·1

Shows a program or data.
Example:
S 214 010000 A14EOA40SADF02E067D00410EC1F013A 05

(1) Record mark
"S" (S3H)

(2) Record type
"2" (32H)

@ Record length
"14" (3134H)
Indicates that the total of the load address and check sum is 20
bytes.

@ Load address
"010000" (303130303030H)
Indicates data in field

® is loaded starting at address OlOOOH'

(The number of address bits will be 16, 24, or 32 depending
upon the record type in field ®.)

@ Data
'1\14E ... 3/\' (41313445H ... 3341 H)
In this case, data is Al H, 4EH ..... 3AH-

@ Checksum
"OS" (303SH)

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation 4-71

COMMUNICATION PROTOCOL

END RECORD:
(Record type "?'!....!'9'1

Section 4

Shows the end of an object file.
Example:
S 8 04 010000 F A

--~

CD(2) @
CD

Record mark

(2)

Record type

"s" (53H)

"8" (38H)

Indicates this record is an end record with the 24-bit start
address.

@ Record length
"04" (3034H)

Shows that the total of the start address and check sum is four
bytes. (Normally, an end record does not contain the data field.)

@) Start address
"010000" (303130303030H)

In this case, the start address is OlOOOOH.

@ Checksum
"F.A:' (4641 H)
NOTE: When using LOAD and VERIFY commands, the end of an
object file is determined by the end record.

4-72

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

PRINCIPLES OF EMULATION

Appendix A

Appendix A: Principles of Emulation. Is being prepared now.
and will be sent to you as soon as It becomes available.

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation

A-I

Appendix I

ICD Product Demonstration:
Features. Functions
Of The ICD
Introduction

If this is the first time you are using a ZAX emulator, you've

turned to the right place! In Appendix B, you'll be shown two
exercises which you can use as a product training course. By
following the exercises presented in this appendix, you'll not
only demonstrate to yourself the powerful debugging capabilities of your lCD, but you'll learn more about emulation principles as well. Once you've familiarized yourself with some
basic command functions and applications, you can then go
back to the Master Command Guide in Section 2 and become
an emulation expert!
Two Different Exercises!

You have two exercises to choose from in this appendix, and
each exercise is designed to teach you something new about
your ICD. The exercises are intended to work with whatever
system configuration you are operating in (see "How To Connect Your ICD To Other Devices"). For example, if you're controlling the ICD with a terminal, and not using a target system,
first construct the system configuration for that mode (Using
The ICD Without A Target System: Terminal Controlled), and
then find the exercise that is intended for that configuration
(Exercise 1: Target System Not Used).
The system configurations and related exercises are shown
below.

ICD-278 for Z80

SYSTEM CONFIGURATION
Using The ICD Without A Target
System: Terminal Or Host Computer
Control Of The ICD

EXERCISE
See Exercise 1

Using The ICD With A Target System:
Terminal Or Host Computer Control Of
The ICD

See Exercise 2

ZAX Corporation

I-I

Appendix B

Important!

If this is the first time you are using a ZAX emulator, you should

read through and then carry out Exercise 1: Using The ICD
Without A Target System. This session reveals many of the
lCD's capabilities, including performing actual emulation of a
test program. (If you need a refresher course in emulation
theory and practices, read through Appendix A before you try
the exercises.)
Entering The Commands

You don't need to know all about the command rules to use the
ICD feature demonstration. Just carry out the instructions
under ACTION and read the display on your terminal's
screen. However, you must remember to enter the exact items
as shown in the exercise-including feature characters
Co /
= )-and provide spaces at the appropriate places as
shown in the instructions.
If you make a mistake, the ICD will probably respond with an

error message. It's usually not a big problem-just check to
see that the proper characters, numbers, or spaces were used,

and then re-enter the complete command statement.

B-2

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

AppendixB

Exercise 1: ICD Product Demonstration-Using The ICD Without A Target System.
System Configuration: Terminal Control of the ICD.
Operation Mode: LOCAL

ACTION

COMMAND
DEMONSTRATED

COMMENT

You'll see the lCD's identification
message followed by a prompt:

PRESS: The yellow RESET
button on the ICD and look at
the screen.

ICD-278 for Z80
>

V2.0

The prompt (> ) indicates that the
ICD is waiting for a command. After
you've executed a command, or
whenever an emulation process is
completed, a new prompt will appear.
Now return to your terminal's keyboard.
PRESS: G followed by a < cr >.

The MONITOR lamp on the ICD goes
off.

PRESS:The RESET switch and
then look at the screen.

Nothing happened, right? That's
because the ICD will not respond to a
RESET input unless the MONITOR
lamp is lit. This condition will occur
whenever you're emulating a program
as well.

PRESS: The MONITOR button
on the ICD to exit.

A new prompt appears.

PRESS: The RESET switch.
PRESS: R (followed by a RETURN; REGISTER
enter a RETURN after each
: action is executed).
ENTER: F 0,2000,00

ICD-271 for ZIO

FILL

Shows status of registers.

Fills 8K of internal memory with OOH
(NOP instructions). It takes a few
seconds for the ICD to do this-wait
to see the prompt.

ZAX Corporation

B-3

Appendix 8

ACTION
ENTER: D O,FFF and, after a few
seconds, PRESS: the space bar
on your terminal.

COMMAND
DEMONSTRATED

COMMENT

DUMP

Displays contents of memory in HEX
and ASCII.
After the space bar is pressed, the
scrolling will stop. Alternately press
the space bar to start and stop the
scrolling.

PRESS: The ESC key to exit.
ENTER: DI O,F

DISASSEMBLE

Disassembles contents of memory
into assembly instructions.
Now enter a program using the in-line
assembler. This program will be used
in the next examples as well.

ENTER: AO

The ICD responds with 0000 and
waits for your entry.

ICD displays: You enter:
0000
0003
0005
0008
OOOB
OOOD
0010
0012
0015
0017
0018
0019

001A
001C
001F
0022
0023
0025
0028
0029
002A

8-4

LD
LD
LD
LD
CP
JP
LD

SP.04000H
A2
HL1000H
BC,2000H
1
Z,15H
E,OAAH
jp 17H
LD E,55H
PUSH AF
LD (HL),E
LD A,(HL)
CPI
jp NZ,0100H
jp PE,18H
POPAF
SUB 1
jp NZ,5
HALT

End of memory loop.
End of test.

NOP

ZAX Corporation

ICD-27a for zao

Appendix 1

ACTION

COMMAND
DEMONSTRATED

COMMENT

DISASSEMBLE

Displays the program just entered.

PRESS: The RETURN or the ESC
key to exit the program.
ENTER: DI 0,29

The program just entered tests
memory from lOOOH to 3000H by
writing alternate data patterns of 55s
and AAs. After writing to a memory
location, a verification is made by a
read.
In this first example, you will use this
program to demonstrate how breakpoints are used, and emulation
memory manipulated. You will also
perform a trace of the program
memory using the real-time trace
buffer. In the second example (still
using the same program) you will
trace instructions and display the
data in a single-step and jump-step
manner. The third example demonstrates the remaining principal
commands.
THIS IS THE START OF EXAMPLE 1.
ENTER: B/C OF 100

BREAK

Sets the location of the ERROR
message.

ENTER: BIA OF 22

BREAK

Sets a hardware (A) breakpoint.

ENTER: BIB MW,2000

BREAK

Sets a hardware (B) breakpoint.

ENTER: B S=HALT

BREAK

Uses the HALT code to implement
the software breakpoint.

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation

1-5

Ap endix B

ACTION

COMMAND
DEMONSTRATED

ENTER: B S=EN

BREAK

Enables (EN) software (S = ) breakpoints to occur.

ENTER: B

BREAK

Displays status of the breakpoints.
Compare with the display below:

A
B

(ON)
(ON)
(ON)
(OFF)
(ON)
(EN)

C
E
T
S

OF 0022
MW 2000
OF 0100

1
1
1
1

o
o

t tdress t

HALT (76H)

pass count

(OlNJ

COMMENT

break operation

IND (0000_0000_0010_0010)
IND (0010_0000_0000_0000)
IND (0000_0001_0000_0000)

bit-wise physical address

INDependent of or ARMed by event

elapsed count

break status
break identification
NOTE: A,B,C = hardware break names, E=event break, T=ready timeout break,
S=software break opcode, W=write-protect break.
ENTER: H CLR

HISTORY

Clears the real-time trace buffer.

ENTER: H BM

HISTORY

Sets the trigger mode of the real-time
trace buffer (called up using the
HISTORY command) to the Begin
Monitor (BM) mode.

1-6

ZAX Corporation

ICD-27a for zao

Ap~endix

ACTION

COMMAND
DEMONSTRATED

ENTER: H

HISTORY

COMMENT
Displays the trace status of the realtime trace buffer. Compare with the
display below:
Clock Counter = 0000000010
Storage Mode = BM 2045
Storage Size = 0
"Clock Counter" shows the number
of clocks (T-states) since the HISTORY
command was cleared. "Storage
Mode" shows the trace mode and
trace range. "Storage Size" shows the
number of cycles since the program
began or since it was resumed.

ENTER:
EV ST= MR,A=2000,D=55

EVENT

Sets an event (EV) for a memory read
at address (A = ) 2000H with data CD = )
of 55H.
NOW LET'S EMULATE!

1"""'I'II.TrT'1T""'1T"\

,......

,..

fJrea'K~rn-J5 \C11b'Pld:yi::o'TruWi:;1....c::.lSi eo rc

Hardware B> ) and displays the status
of the registers.

ENTER: H D
a RETURN, and then press the
space bar several times.

HISTORY

Remember this? This action causes
the scrolling on the screen to stop
and start.
Exits the routine and brings the
prompt back up on the screen.

PRESS: ESC key.
ENTER: D 2000

ICD-278 for Z80

Displays the contents of the real-time
trace buffer.

DUMP

Displays memory location 2000H.

ZAX Corporation

B-7

Ap endix 8

ACTION

COMMAND
DEMONSTRATED

COMMENT

ENTER: BIB OFF

BREAK

Turns breakpoint (B) OFF.

ENTER: H EM

HISTORY

Changes to the End Monitor (EM)
trigger mode.

ENTER: H

HISTORY

Displays the status of the real-time
trace buffer. Compare with the
display below:
Clock Counter = 00032059/204889
Storage Mode = EM
Storage Size = Full
The word "Full" indicates a full
buffer (2047 cycles).
NOW LET'S CONTINUE EMULATION!

ENTER: G

Starts the program again and stops

when hardware breakpoint A (display
c:hn1JlTC:

~ Rr~rlit I-lrlrrlU/('1r~

A ~, nroronTC:

Now look at the address range 1000H3000H-it should contain data of AA
hex. Let's find out!
ENTER: D FFO,L30

DUMP

Dumps a total of 30 bytes in word
units.

ENTER: D 2FFO,3030

DUMP

Notice the difference from the
previous command.

ENTER: H D 100

HISTORY

Displays the last 100 locations in the
real-time trace buffer. The space bar
can be used to control the scrolling.
Press the ESC key to exit.

ENTER: H EE

HISTORY

Changes to the End Event (EE) trigger
mode.

8-8

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

Appendix 1

ACTION

COMMAND
DEMONSTRATED

ENTER: H

HISTORY

COMMENT

Displays the status of the real-time
trace buffer. Compare with the
display below:
Clock Counter = 006405C/409692
Storage Mode = EE
Storage Size = Full

ENTER: B/E ON

BREAK

Enables the event (E) breakpoint.

ENTER: G

Starts emulation again and stops
when an event break (display shows
< Break Event» occurs.

ENTER: H

HISTORY

Notice the status of the HISTORY
command. Compare with the display
below:
Clock Counter = 000960C2/614594
Storage Mode = EE
Storage Size = Full

ENTER: H D 60

HISTORY

Displays the last 60 pointers of the
real-time trace buffer. Again, use the
space bar to control the scrolling.
Press the ESC key to exit.

ENTER: EV

EVENT

Displays the status of the event settings again.

ENTER: D 2000

DUMP

Memory location 2000 should contain
55 hex.

ENTER: G

Starts emulation again and stops
when hardware break A (display
shows < Break Hardware A> ) occurs.
The address range 1000-7FFFH
should now contain the data value
55 hex.

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation

1-9

Appendix 1

ACTION

COMMAND
DEMONSTRATED

COMMENT

ENTER: D FFO,L30

DUMP

Dumps a total of 30 bytes in word
units.

ENTER: D 2FFO,L30

DUMP

Notice the difference from the
previous command.

ENTER: G

Starts emulation again and stops
when a user break occurs.
THIS IS THE END OF EXAMPLE 1.
THIS IS THE START OF EXAMPLE 2.

ENTER: R RESET

Resets the registers.

ENTER: DI 0,30

DISASSEMBLE

Checks to see that the program is still
around.

ENTER: T A

TRACE

Traces all instructions to be
displayed in a continuous manner.

ENTER: G

Starts emulation.

ENTER: T J

TRACE

Traces all instructions but displays
only Jump OP) instructions.

ENTER: G

Starts emulation.

TRACE

Traces instructions by a single-step
method (one instruction at a time).

PRESS: The space bar to start
and stop the display of the
instructions.
PRESS: The ESC key to exit.

PRESS: The ESC key to exit.
ENTER: TIS A

1-10 ZAX Corporation

ICD-27a for zao

Appendix 1

ACTION

COMMAND
DEMONSTRATED

COMMENT

ICD displays:

ENTER: T

< ON > IS All 0000 - FFFF
This shows that the trace is active, that
the single-step trace feature is active
(IS), that all instructions are to be
traced and displayed, and that the
trace range is 0000 to FFFF (the
default).
ENTER: G

Starts emulation.

PRESS: The space bar to control
steps.
PRESS: The ESC key to exit.
THIS IS THE END OF EXAMPLE 2.
THIS IS THE START OF EXAMPLE 3.
This example will demonstrate other
interesting features of the ICD. In this
example, you will use different commands to MOVE, COMPARE, and
SEARCH through memory, and also
examine and change memory locations. Other commands allow reading
and modification of 110 ports.
NOTE: During this example, the space
bar and ESC key may be used to control scrolling and to exit the display as
shown in the previous examples.

ENTER: R RESET

ICD-278 for Z80

Resets the registers again.

ZAX Corporation 1-11

Ap endix 8

ACTION

COMMAND
DEMONSTRATED

COMMENT

ENTER: F 2000.L10.00

FILL

Fills 16 bytes of memory with 00,
starting at address 2000.

ENTER: D 2000

DUMP

Displays the 16 bytes of memory just
filled.

ENTER: F 3000.L10.11

FILL

Fills 16 bytes of memory with 11, starting at address 3000.

ENTER: D 3000

DUMP

Displays the 16 bytes of memory just
filled.

ENTER: F 4000.L10.22

FILL

Fills 16 bytes of memory with 22, starting at address 4000.

ENTER: D 4000

DUMP

Displays the 16 bytes of memory just
filled.

ENTER: CO 2000.L10.3000

COMPARE

Compares memory locations starting
at 2000 with those at 3000 and
displays the locations which are
different.

ENTER: S 4000.L10.22

Searches and displays memory locations which are equal to the searched
data.

ENTER: SID 4000.L10.22

Displays the locations which differ
from the searched data.

ENTER: M 2000.L10.3000

MOVE

Moves a range of memory starting at
location 2000 to address 3000.

ENTER: D 3000.L10

DUMP

Notice the difference from the
previous command.

ENTER: E 4000

EXAMINE

The ICD responds with 4000 22 =.

8-12 ZAX Corporation

ICD-271 for ZIO

Appendix 1

ACTION

COMMAND
DEMONSTRATED

COMMENT

Examines and changes location 4000.

ENTER: AA/

NOTE: The Slash (I) character terminates
the response to the EXAMINE command.

ENTER: P 0

ENTER: AI

PORT

Examines a port address and allows
changes to be made. ICD responds
with 0078=.
Changes the port address.
NOTE: The slash (I) character terminates
the response to the PORT command.

THIS IS THE END OF EXAMPLE 3.
This concludes the examples which
feature the ICD controlled by a terminal (no target system used). If you
have a host computer available, you
can now use it (through the ZICE software) to control the ICD. To find out
how to connect your ICD to the host
computer, see "How To Connect Your
ICD To Other Devices" in Section 1.
NOTE: The following exercise was
tested with an IBM PC as the host
computer.

You are now operating in the REMOTE
mode, where the ICD is controlled by
a host computer.
Execute the ZICE software
program.
PRESS: Thea RESET switch on the
ICD.

ICD-271 for ZIO

The ICD will respond with an identification message and a prompt character (».

ZAX Corporation 1-13

Appendix 1

ACTION

COMMAND
DEMONSTRATED

ENTER: SA TEST.HEX,O,30,O

SAVE

COMMENT

Remember your test program? This
just saved the program to your computer's disk.
Let's prove it!

ENTER: ZD -.HEX or ZD,H

Displays all the files on the disk
which end in .HEX.
NOTE: ZD is the ZlCE command to
display the directory of ZlCE files.
Different versions of ZlCE may require
a different command syntax. See your
ZlCE documentation for the proper
command format used with your
particular ZlCE version.

Now reload the program (TEST. HEX)
back to the ICD but at a different
location.
ENTER: L TESIHEX,1000

LOAD

Downloads TEST. HEX to the ICD starting at address lOOOH. The offset is
optional.

ENTER: DI 1000,L30

DISASSEMBLE

Displays the program after completing the download.

ENTER: Q

QUIT

Ends the ZICE program and returns
to the system DOS.
THIS IS THE END OF EXERCISE 1.

1-14 ZAX Corporation

ICD-271 for ZIO

Appendix I

Exercise 2: ICD Product Demonstration-Using The ICD With A Target System
System Configuration: Host Computer Control Of The ICD
Operation Mode: REMOTE

ACTION

COMMAND
DEMONSTRATED

COMMENT

THIS IS THE START OF EXERCISE 2.

Execute the ZI CE software
program.
ENTER: I 2

IN-CIRCUIT

Sets the mapping mode to target
system memory only.

ENTER: DI

DISASSEMBLE

Disassembles user code.

ENTER: G

Now you're emulating!

ENTER: H D 100

HISTORY

Displays your code that was executed
right before the break.

ENTER: I

IN-CIRCUIT

This is the IN-CIRCUIT command.
The following information describes
the actions of this command.

PRESS: The MONITOR break
switch on top of the ICD to stop
emulation.

12: Full target emulation mode (target
performs as usual except microprocessor is replaced by ICD).
ENTER: I 0

ICD-27a for zao

IN-CIRCUIT

10: No target emulation mode. (This
mode does not require the use of any
target resources. Used for software
development when no hardware is
available to execute code on. ICD
depends on internal clock for operation.)

ZAX Corporation 1-15

Appendix I

ACTION

ENTER: I 1

COMMAND
DEMONSTRATED

IN-CIRCUIT

COMMENT

II: Partial target emulation mode
(median between 10 and 12 modes).
Allows mapping of emulation
memory to overlay portions of target
memory. Also allows masking out of
certain control pins on the microprocessor.
THIS IS THE END OF EXAMPLE 1.
THIS IS THE START OF EXAMPLE 2.
This example will demonstrate the
ability to execute part of memory out
of the ICD and part out of the target
system. In this example, you will move
the target system's ROM into the lCD's
memory space and then execute it
out of the ICD.
Assume the following memory map:

STAY: In the In-circuit mode 11.

oto lFFF is ROM
2000 to EFFF is RAM
FOOOO to FFFFF is No Memory
ENTER: I 1

IN-CIRCUIT

Sets the ICD to partial emulation
mode.

ENTER: MA

MAP

Displays the status of the MAP
command. Notice that all the memory
space of the 280 defaults to being
internal to the ICD.
NOTE: The resolution of the MAP
command is in increments of lK-byte
blocks.

1-16 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

Appendix I

ACTION

COMMAND
DEMONSTRATED

COMMENT

ENTER: MA O,1FFF=RO

MAP

Maps to read-only instead of default
read/write inside the leD.

ENTER: MA 2000,EFFF=US

MAP

Maps to user memory.

ENTER: MA FOOO,FFFF=NO

MAP

Maps to non-existent memory.

ENTER: MA

MAP

Notice the status of the MAP
command.
Now you can move the contents of the
target ROM into the leD. If you are
using a host computer, you could now
download a program to the leD which
was meant for the same address
space as the target ROM.

ENTER: M O,1FFEO,UP

MOVE

M means MOVE. O,lFFF is the target
address, the second 0 is the leD start
address, UP means move user (target)
memory to program (leD) memory.

ENTER: DI O,FFF

DISASSEMBLE

Shows the disassembled code of the
target ROM residing inside of emulation memory.
Now that the target ROM contents are
in leD memory, you can begin
emulation.

ENTER: R RESET

Resets the registers.

ENTER: DI

DISASSEMBLE

Shows the beginning of code.

ICD-27a for zao

ZAX Corporation 1-17

Appendix I

ACTION
ENTER: G

COMMAND
DEMONSTRATED
GO

COMMENT
Starts emulation.
With the contents of the target ROM
internal to the lCD, the code can now
be modified using the in-line assembler, and then checked out for proper
execution by setting breakpoints and
using the real-time trace buffer, or
simply tracing to the display. Once
the new code has been checked, it
can either be saved to a host computer or sent out the HOST I AUX
port to a prom programmer for burnmg a new prom.
Now let's examine the PIN command.
This command allows you to manipulate certain control pins of the microprocessor in the Il mode.

ENTER: I 1

IN-CIRCUIT

Sets mapping to II mode.
NOTE: The PIN command can only
be used in the I1 mode.

ENTER: PI

Displays the status of the PIN command. Notice the pins that can be
controlled.

ENTER: PI INT=DI

Disables the interrupt pin to the
emulation processor.

ENTER: PI

Notice the difference from the
previous status request.
THIS IS THE END OF EXERCISE 2.

1-18 ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

AppendixC

Technical Specifications

Emulated Processors/
Clock Speed

Z80/2.5 MHz
Z80A/4 MHz
Z80B/6 MHz
ZSOH/SMHz

Memory Size

64K bytes static RAM

Mapping Resolution

IK-byte blocks

Real-time Trace Buffer

2K deep x 32 bits wide

Debugger Commands-built
into the ICD
24

ICD-27a for zao

Breakpoints

4 hardware, 8 software

Usable 110 Ports

256

Communication Ports

Two RS-232C/20mA current
loop/TTL

Baud Rates

14 - 75 to 19,200bps
(factory set at 9,600bps)

Physical Dimensions

300mm (II.8in) wide
2IOmm (8.2in) deep
SOmm (3.2in) high

Probe Length

510mm (20in) long

Weight

3.3kg (7.3 Ib)

Power Requirements

115VAC/230VAC; 50/60Hz

Power Consumption

40 watts

Operating Temperature
Storage Temperature
Humidity

OCto 45 C
-10 C to 55 C
30% to 85%; relative humidity
(non-condensing)

ZAX Corporation

C-l

Ap endixC

C-2

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for zao

AppendixC

ICD Emulation Specifications
Memory Area

Program memory. The entire area of the program memory

(64K bytes) is open. This memory is composed of high-speed
static RAM.
User memory. The ~ntire 64K-byte memory space is available
to the target system.
Mapping. Both the program and user memory can be mapped

in lK-byte blocks. Tihe mapping modes include: user memory,
emulation read/wr~te memory, emulation read-only memory,
and non-memory.
I/O Port
Breakpoints

All 256 ports are open.
4 hardware and 8 ~oftware
Hardware Breakpoints. A,B,C, and Event trigger. All hardware breakpoints can be individually enabled and disabled.

A,B,C BreakpointJ. Address 16 bits, BHE. Each bit may be
specified 0,1, or "don't care." Status may be specified: opcode fetch, memory access, memory read, memory write, 110
access, 110 read, 110 write, and instruction execution.
Event Trigger Breakpoint. Address 16 bits, BHE. Each bit may
be specified 0,1, or "don't care." Status may be specified as:
op code fetch, memory access, memory read, memory write,
110 access/read/write, and instruction execution. Data: 8
bits. Each bit may pe specified 0,1, or "don't care."
External Trigger Breakpoint. 1 channel-TTL level specified
at high or low edge of signal.

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation

C-3

A pendixC

Software Breakpoints. 8 points: 0 - 7. Any point may be
specified as a software breakpoint by using the LDA, A or
HALT instruction. All software breakpoints can be individually
enabled and disabled. A break is caused in the target system
when the CPU reads 7FH as an OP code (which represents an
LDA, A instruction.) Execution of a software breakpoint does
not effect the registers or flags.
Real-time Trace

Operation: The addresses, data, and status during emulation is
stored in the real-time trace buffer.
Trace capacity: 2K deep x 32 bits wide.
Fixed trace data: AO-IB, DO-7, MREO-IORO, RD-WR. Ml.
Trigger functions include: End Monitor, Begin Monitor, End
Event, Begin Event, Center Event, and Multiple Event.

C-4

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

AppendixD

Technical Bulletins.
Application Notes
Introduction

Things are constantly changing in the microprocessor industry, and ZAX wants I to help you stay on top of these changes.
New products, em~tion methods, and applications are always
being devised and ested by us in an effort to provide you with
the latest and most ffective equipment possible. In the same
manner, revising YOI r existing equipment keeps it current with
the latest leD desi~s from ZAX.
One of the best ways we have of keeping you up-to-date is by
issuing Technical Bulletins and Application Notes.

Technical Bulletins

Technical Bulletins inform you of major changes or revisions to
the equipment's hardware or firmware. Usually they are the
result of a problem that's recently been solved, or they could
be a feature that's been revised to improve the performance of
the emulator.

Application Notes

Application Notes are the result of new methods or procedures
derived from emulation practices. They may also caution you
against doing something a certain way, or they may show you a
new way of accomplishing an old task.
Both Technical Bulletins and Application Notes are sent to you
as soon as they beCome available-you should never need to
request them. When you receive your documents, insert them
into this appendix ~or easy reference. That's all there is to it!

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation

D-l

GLOSSARY

address

A character or group of characters (such as a label, name, or
number) that identifies a register, location, or unit where information is stored.

allocate

To assign blocks of data to specified blocks of storage.

argument

An independent v:ariable upon whose value the value of a
function depends. Usually the arguments of a function are
listed in parenthe~es (sometimes within brackets) after the
function name, if a function name is used.

ASCII

[ask-eel American tandard Code for Information Interchange.
A standard 8-bit in ormation code used for information interchange between ~quipments of different manufacturers.

assemble

To prepare an object language program from a symbolic language program by substituting machine operation codes for
symbolic operation codes and absolute or relocatable addresses for symbolic addresses. [With ZAX lCD-series emulators, this operation is performed using the ASSEMBLE command.]

assembler

A computer program which operates on symbolic input data to
produce machine ~nstructions. An assembler generally translates input SYmbOI~'IC codes into machine instructions-item for
item-and produc s the same number of instructions or constants which were defined in the input symbolic codes.

baud rate

The number of Qits that are transmitted per unit of time
(seconds). By definition, a baud is the reciprocal of time-in
seconds-occupied by the shortest element of the code being
transmitted, e.g., if the duration of the shortest signal element
is 20 milliseconds, the modulation rate of the code is 50 bauds
(per second). [ZAX lCD-series emulators can transmit up to

19,200 bits per second.]

bi-directional data bus

ICD-278 for Z80

A data bus in which digital information is transferred in either
direction, thus saving time and providing easy access to stored
information.

ZAX Corporation

GLOSSARY

binary

bit

branch

A numbering system based on 2's rather than lO's in which
only the digits 0 and 1 are written.
A binary digit.
To depart from the normal sequence of executing instructions

in the computer. (Synonymous with a jump.)
breakpoint

A point in a program as specified by an instruction where the
program may be interrupted by some external intervention or
by a monitor routine. This program break permits a visual
check, print out, or other analysis of the program before
resuming with the normal sequence. Used extensively in debugging operations. [With ZAX ICD-seriesemuiators, there are
4 hardware and 8 software breakpoints available using the
BREAK command.]

buffer

A storage device in which data is assembled temporarily
during data transfers. It is used to compensate for the differences in the rate of flow of information when transferring information from one device to another.

byte

A sequence of adjacent binary digits operated upon as a unit
and usually shorter than a computer word.

A high-level programming language designed to optimize run
time, size, and efficiency. It was developed as the systems programming language of the UNIX operating system on the PDP
11170 minicomputer from Digital Equipment Corporation.

CLK

clock

clock
Devices or units which control the timing of bits sent in a data
stream, and controls the timing of the sampling of bits received
in a data stream. One such clock device is a real-time clock,
which measures the past or used time on the same scale as the
external events it will be used to describe. Most microprocessor clocks operate in the range of 1 to 12 MHz.

ZAX Corporation

ICD·271 for ZIO

GLOSSARY

code

A group of symbols that represent data or instructions in a
computer. Digital codes may represent numbers, letters of the
alphabet, control signals, etc. as a group of separate bits rather
than continuous signals. (See microcode.)

compiler

A computer program, more powerful than an assembler, that
will convert a higher level language into machine language.

computer control of the ICD

A remote code in which the lCD's input/output is controlled by
a host computer using a utility software program designed for
that computer. In this mode, the host computer sends commands and receives data via an RS-232C interface.

controller

A device which interfaces a peripheral to a computer in order
to relieve the processor of device-controlled responsibilities.

CPU

Central Processing Unit. The module within a computer that is
responsible for fetching, decoding, and executing instructions.
It contains a main storage unit, arithmetic unit, and special
register groups.

cross assembler or cross
program

A program run on one computer for the purpose of translating
instructions from a different computer.

cross compiling/assembling

A method in which an existing computer can be used to write
and debug what will become a microcomputer program. The
advantage to cross compiling/assembling is that designers
can have access to all of the conventional peripherals so that
the object code produced during development can then be
loaded into the microcomputer system.

CRT

Cathode Ray Tube. A television tube used to display alphanumeric characters and graphics.

DCE

Data Communications Equipment. Refers to devices used for
the transmission of information from one point to another.

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation

GLOSSARY

debugging

A process of eliminating "bugs" in a system by isolating and
correcting all malfunctions and/or mistakes in a piece of
equipment or a program of operations.

decimal, binary-coded

Describing a decimal notation in which the individual decimal
digits are represented by a pattern of ones and zeros, e.g., in
the 8-4-2-1 coded decimal notation, the number 12 is represented as 0001 and 0010 for 1 and 2. This contrasts with a
straight binary notation where 12 is represented as 1100.

default value

The choice among exclusive alternatives made by the system
when no choice is made by the user.

development system

A system of devices, usually consisting of a diagnostic tool
(such as an emulator), a computer, a printer, etc., that can be
used together to develop and debug hardware (and software)
for a given microprocessor.

development tools

Hardware and software devices that are used to develop and
debug programs and/or microprocessor systems.

DIP

Dual In-Line Package. A standard Ie package with two rows of
pins at 0.1" intervals.

DIP switches

A collection of small switches on a DIP that are used to select
options on circuit boards without having to modify the
hardware.

disassembly
(disassembler)

Refers to a program that translates from machine language to
assembly language. Usually used to decipher existing machine language programs by generating symbolic code listings of a program.

don't care

A term applied to an operation which can be changed or interrupted upon receipt of a control signal. The output of the operation is independent of the input.

ZAX Corporation

ICD-271 for ZIO

GLOSSARY

downloading

A process whereby a file is loaded (using the LOAD command) "down" to the leD from the host computer system.

DTE

Data Terminal Equipment. Equipment comprised of a data
source (transmitter) or data sink (receiver) that provides for the
communication control functions (protocol). [ZAX lCD-series
emulators use the DCEIDTE select switch to control the communications output for the HOSTIAUX port.]

dump

The process of transferring the contents of memory at a given
instant of time onto a screen for viewing, or outputting the
memory contents to a hard copy device (such as a printer).
[ZAX lCD-series emulators use the DUMP command to display
the memory contents in either Hex or ASCII display.]

duplex

A simultaneous two-way independent transmmission.

dynamic RAM

Memory that requires constant refreshing in order to store
memory.

EAROM

Electronically Alterable Read Only Memory. A specialized
random access read/write memory with a special slow write
cycle and a much faster read cycle.

echo check

An accuracy check of a transmission in which the transmitted
information received by an output device is returned to the
information source and compared with the original information.

editor

A general-purpose text editing program that allows entry and
maintenance of text in a computer system. The original text is
entered and held in memory where it can then be changed
and corrected by inserting, deleting, or changing lines of text
or characters within a line.

EEPROM

Electronically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory.
An EEPROM is a device that can be erased electrically in one
second and reprogrammed up to a million times.

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation

GLOSSARY

EEPROM programmer

A unit that provides a means of programming a single
EEPROM or an EEPROM module from a terminal.

EIA-R8-232C

A standard method adopted by the Electronic Industries Association to ensure uniform interface between data communications equipment and data processing terminal equipment. [All
ZAX lCD-series emulators use the EIA-RS-232C standard interface.]

emulation

Techniques using software or microprogramming in which one
system is made to behave exactly like another system, i.e., the
emulating system executes programs in the native machinelanguage code of the emulated system.

emulation mode

The mode that the leD assumes in order to execute instructions.

emulator

An instrument that imitates the control memory of future hardware. Also a device that causes a system (such as the target
hardware) to accept certain software programs and routines
and appear as if it were the other system.

emulator, stand-alone

An emulator whose execution is not controlled by a control
program. It also does not share system resources with other
programs, and excludes all other jobs from the computing
system when it is being executed. [All ZAX lCD-series emulators can operate as stand-alone or as program-controiied (by a
host computer) devices.]

EPROM

field

Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory. A specific type
of ROM that can be programmed electrically. It can retain data
even with the power disconnected but can be erased by exposure to short wavelength ultraviolet light, and may be reprogrammed many times thereafter. Other types of EPROMs
may be electrically erased. (See EEPROM.)
A set of one or more characters which is treated as a whole.

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

GLOSSARY

firmware

Programs that are stored in a physical device (e.g. ROM) that
can form part of a system or machine.

FORTRAN

FORmula TRANslator. A high-level language developed by the
IBM Corporation, originally conceived for use on scientific
problems but now llsed for many commercial applications as
well. It requires thE1 use of a compiler.

full duplex

A mode of commupication in which data can be transmitted
and received simuttaneously.

gate

A device that has dne output channel and one or more input
channels such that: the condition of the output state is determined by the state of the input channel. The NAND, NOR. AND,
OR. XOR. and NOT functions are examples of gates.

GND

Ground

half-duplex

A mode of communication in which data may be transmitted in
only one direction at a time.

halt

A condition which occurs when an operation in a program
stops.

handshaking

A sequence of si911als that are required for communication
between different $ystems.

hardware

Physical (electrica~l· electronic, or mechanical) equipment-as
opposed to a com uter program-used for processing data.
Contrast with softw reo In the development environment, hardware is the equivalent of your target system.

hex, hexadecimal

Pertaining to a number system with a base of 16. The digits 0
through 9 are used, then A through F, to represent decimal
numbers 0 through 16, e.g., "FF" represents "llllllll" binary,
and "ON is "00001010" binary.

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation

GLOSSARY

PROM programmer

A module or external device used to program programmable
read-only memories.

PROM programming

The process of altering PROMs (called "burning"), either by
blowing (melting or vaporizing) fusible links in bipolar PROMs
or by storing a charge on the floating gates of UVEPROMs.

RAM

Random Access Memory. This type of memory is random
because it provides access to any storage location point in the
memory by means of horizontal and vertical coordinates. Information can then be "written" in or "read" out very quickly.

read-only (RO)

Refers to a process where information can be read from
memory only.

read-write (RW)

Refers to a process where information can be read from and
written into memory.

real time

Pertains to the actual time during which a physical process
transpires. In emulation, real-time operation is very important
because of the necessity for the emulator to maintain a "transparent" condition with regard to the device being emulated.
[All ZAX emulators are capable of real-time emulation with no
wait-states introduced for accessing memory.]

A memory device capable of containing one or more computer bits or words to facilitate arithmetical, logical, or transferral operations.

ROM

Read Only Memory. A special memory that can be read into
but not written into.

R5-232C
semantics

See EIA-RS-232C.
The relationship between symbols and their intended meanings independent of their interpretation.

ZAX Corporation

ICD-278 for Z80

GLOSSARY

journaling

Refers to a procesS where all information generated in an
emulation session on a host computer is output to a storage file.
The entire session dan then be reviewed, line for line, just as it
was initially entered.

kilobaud

Refers to the number of one thousand bits per second. [ZAX
lCD-series emulators are capable of transmitting at speeds to
19.2 kilobauds.J

linking loader

A loader used to link compiled/assembled programs, routines, and subroutines, and turn the results into operations.

loader

A program required on practically all systems that load the
user's program along with system routines into the central
processor for execution. Loaders transfer the object code from
some external medium (tape or disk) into RAM.

logic state analyzer (LSA)

A device that monitors a system or component board and displays the resulting information.

machine cycle

The time interval in which a computer (or similar device) can
perform a given number of operations.

machine language

A set of symbols, characters, or signs, and the rules for combining them, that conveys instructions or information to a computer.

macro

Pertains to a specific type of instruction in assembly language
that is implemented in machine language by more than one
machine-language instruction, e.g., a group of instructions
often designed to serve as an additive command or group of
commands.

macro assembler

An assembler that is capable of assembling object programs
from source programs written in symbolic language.

macro instruction

An instruction whi~h stands for a predefined sequence of
other instructions, dalled the "body" of the macro. Whenever
a macro instructioq is encountered in program text, it is "expanded," i.e., replaped by its body.

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation

GLOSSARY

mainframe, main frame

Usually refers to large-scale computers (as opposed to microcomputers, microprocessors, and minicomputers). May also
mean the fundamental portion of a computer, i.e., the portion
that contains the CPU and controller units within the computer
system.

microcode

A set of control functions performed by the instruction decoding and execution logic of a computer system. The microcode
defines the instruction set of a specific computer.

mnemonic code

Refers to techniques used to assist human memory. A mnemonic code resembles the original word and is usually easy to
remember, e.g., mpy for multiply, acc for accumulator.

monitor mode

Refers to a process where monitor commands from the ICD
are executed. Dump, Fill, Disassemble, and Examine are all
examples of commands used in the monitor code.

MOS

Metal-Oxide Semiconductor. A technology used for fabricating high-density ICs. The name refers to the three layers used
in forming the gate structure of a field-effect transistor.

NOP, NOOP

No-OPeration. An instruction used to force a delay of one
instruction cycle without changing the status flags or the contents of the registers.

object code

The code produced by a compiler or special assembler which
can be executed by the processor when it is loaded, as with
most microcodes, or it may require a linkage phase prior to
loading and execution.

object program library

An organized set of computer programs, routines, or common
or specifically designed software, containing various programs or routines, source or object programs, classified for
intelligence or retrieval.

ZAX Co_rporalion

ICD·278 for Z80

GLOSSARY

operating system

Software that is reql ired to manage the hardware and logical
resources of a con puter system. Also a part of a software
package (program )r routine) dedicated to simplifying input!
output procedures, sort-merge generators, data-conversion
routines, or tests.

operation code

The symbols that d sign ate a basic computer operation to be
performed. This cc be a combination of bits specifying an
absolute machine-l nguage operator, or the symbolic representation of the rna hine-language operator.

operator

A symbol in progr;:r nming language that represents an operation to be performec on one or more commands (e.g., "add x").

parameter

A constant or variak Ie in an equation or statement that may be
assigned an arbitra ry value.

parity bit

A redundant bit ad ed to a group of bits so that an inaccurate
retrieval of that gro . p of bits is detected.

Pascal

A language designE d to teach programming and the elements
of computer scienc ~. Based on the language, ALGOL, it emphasizes aspects 0 structured programming.

peripheral devices

Various kinds of rna thines or devices that operate in combination with a compu er but are not physically part of the computer. Peripheral ( evices typically display computer data,
store data from the r-omputer and return it to the computer on
demand, prepare ( ata for human use, or acquire data from a
source and convert it to a form usable by a computer.

PIO interface

Abbreviation for Pal ailel Input-Output interface. PIO interfaces
allow the compute to input and output parallel data to and
from an external Pal ailel device such as a keyboard or printer.
Parallel means that all the data bits output at the same time.

PROM

Programmable Re d Only Memory. A ROM that may be
altered by the user I Some PROMs can be erased and reprogrammed through ~ pecial physical processes.

ICD-278 for Z80

ZAX Corporation
I

GLOSSARY

high-level language

Any group of computer languages which use symbols and
command statements an operator can read. High-level languages allow a user to write in a familiar notation rather than
the machine-code language of a computer. BASIC, FORTRAN,
FOCAL, and COBOL are all examples of high-level languages.

host computer or host
computer system

The primary or controlling computer in a system operation.
A host computer can also be reduced to a simple memory
storage facility. [You can use a host computer to control your
lCD's operation, or use it to store data files only. ZAX emulators
work with a wide variety of host computers, from PCs to powerful minicomputers,]

ICE

See in-circuit emulation.

in-circuit emulation

Hardware/software facilities for real-time I/O debugging of
chips. With in-circuit emulation, the actual microprocessor is
replaced by a connector (usually 40-pin type) whose signals
are generated by an emulation program. The emulated microprocessor can be stopped, its registers examined or modified,
etc.

in-circuit probe

The connector (typically a cable with connector ends) that
plugs into the target system's processor socket at one end, and
into the emulator at the other end.

instruction

A coded program step that tells the computer what to do for a
single operation in a program.

instruction set

The basic set of instructions that a particular computer can
perform.

interface

The physical connection between two systems or two devices.
[ZAX lCD-series emulators interface to your target system for

hardware development and debugging,]

interrupt

A break in the normal flow of a system or program that occurs
in such a way that the flow can be resumed from that point at a
later time.

ZAX CorporaHon

ICD-271 for ZIO

GLOSSARY
,

source program

A program coded' something other than machine language
that must be transl ted into machine language before use.

stand-alone

Pertains to a device that requires no other piece of equipment
to execute and co plete its own operation.

stand-alone system

Usually, a micropr cessor development system (MDS) that
runs independent f the control of a computer. The MDS may
contain a terminal ,'nd built-in display facility, which in effect
makes it a full micr computer with debugging capabilities.

statement

An instruction (mac 0) to the computer or other related device,
to perform some se quence of operations.

static RAM

RAM that does not reed to be refreshed or receive any further
attention as long as power is applied.

step

One instruction in c' computer routine.

stop bit

The last element era character that defines the character
space immediately 0 the left of the most significant character
in accumulator stor ge.

symbolic debugging

Symbolic commanc s that are used to assist in the debugging
procedure. Symbor ~ refers to codes which express programs
in source language i.e., by referring to storage locations and
machine operation by symbolic names and addresses that
are independent 0 their hardware-determined names and
addresses.

symbolic trace

A process where a( dresses in a program trace are replaced
with symbols. The s rrmol conversion process is performed in
the host system usi g the appropriate software program.

syntax

Rules that govern s ~ntence structure in a language, or statement structure in a language such as that of a compiler program.

target system

ICD-271 for ZIO

Refers to the proce

SOT

under development.

ZAX Corporation

GLOSSARY

trace

Refers to the operation of the real-time trace buffer (storage
facility) and its ability to capture and store a portion of the program memory area.

transparency

The ideal emulation condition in which the operation of the
target system is uneffected when the emulator is substituted
for the microprocessor. Transparency can be broken down
into two categories: functional and electrical. To be functionally transparent, the emulator should make no demands on
any part of the target system's resources such as interrupts and
memory allocation. To be electrically transparent, the emulator should duplicate as closely as possible the microprocessor's characteristics, such as timing and clock speed.

trigger

Refers to a user-specified reference point (external to the user
program) which is used to determine where (and when) to
begin and/or end a trace section.

TTL

Transistor Transistor Logic. A family of integrated circuit logic
elements with a specific output structure, usually + 5-volt
"ones" and O-volt "zeros."

universal emulator

A single emulator that is able to support several different
processors.

uploading

A process whereby a file is transferred (using the "SAVE"
command) from the ICD to the host computer system.

virtual memory

Refers to a technique that permits users to treat secondary
memory (disk) storage as an extension of main memory and
thus give the virtual appearance of a larger main memory.

XON/XOFF

ZICE

Transmitter ON/OFF.
Refers to the series of ZAX-developed support software programs used to interface different host computer systems to
ZAX lCD-series emulators.

ZAX C~rporation

ICD-278 for Z80

Acknowledgements

Written by Mark D. Johnson
Editing: Janet MacKenzie
Production: Mella Cathleen
Typesetting: A Typographic Ser ice
Printing: California Lithograph C rporation
Binder Design: George Sakamot
Special thanks to Jim Schmidt an the ZAX Engineering staff.

Let us know how we're doing! W invite your comments and
suggestions by providing a Rea 'er's Comments form at the
end of this publication.

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