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Efficient Audio Power Amplification

ficient Audio Power Amplification

Photograph of Frederiksborg Castle courtesy Danish Tourist Board; Photographer: Klaus Bentzen

Hillerød, Copenhagen, Denmark

September 2–4, 2005

27TH

TH AES

AES INTERNA

INTERNATIONA

TIONAL

LCONFERENCE

CONFERENCE

The magnificent castle pictured above, Frederiks-

borg Slot, is only a short distance northwest

of Copenhagen in the town of Hillerød, which

(at the nearby Pharmakon conference center)

will be the site of the AES 27th International

Conference, Efficient Audio Power Amplification,

September 2–4.

Linear (Class A/AB/B) amplification has been the standard

for power amplification for many decades. During the last ten

years, interest in higher efficiency power amplification has

increased, particularly in the audio industry. The major driv-

ing force has been the need to provide fresh opportunities in

audio design with the advantages that higher efficiency

potentially offers: higher power with increased power den-

sity, savings in energy and battery life, potential cost savings,

and even potential performance improvement in audio

reproduction.

The interest in this new field is global and includes all

major industrial segments, such as consumer electronics,

automotive audio, pro audio, and mobile devices. A

paradigm shift in power amplification seems to be underway.

Conference Chair Jan Abildgaard Pedersen and his com-

mittee have forged a conference program that will present an

overview of the current state-of-the-art in a broad perspective

and address many of the new scientific disciplines involved

in this emerging field.

THE TECHNICAL PROGRAM

Michael Andersen and Thomas Frederiksen, papers

cochairs, have coordinated a program of six sessions during

the three days of the conference. Andersen will get things

rolling on Friday afternoon with a keynote address in which

he will discuss the challenges facing the companies and indi-

viduals developing efficient audio power amplification.

Following the keynote address Jens Christensen will pre-

sent an invited paper, “The Industrial Dynamics of Open

Innovation: Evidence from the Transformation of Sound

Amplification from Linear Solid-State to Class D

Technology.”

The next and final papers session on Friday after-

noon will be comprised of three papers on the topic of

power stage topologies. Later in the evening after din-

ner there will be a table-top demo session in which

participants will be able to display some of the inno-

vative technologies they are developing.

The Saturday morning session will feature five papers

delving into the topic of modulation and control. Skip Taylor

will lead off this session with an invited paper, “Taking

Advantage of Improved Digital Signal Processing Tech-

niques to Reduce the Implementation Complexities of High-

Performance, High-Efficiency Digital Amplifiers.” The sec-

ond session on Saturday morning, concentrating on errors

and distortion, will open with another invited paper, “Design

Criteria for Ultra Low Distortion Open Loop PWM Output

Stages,” by Brian Attwood. The papers in the afternoon ses-

sion are on IC and integration

The final papers session, devoted to measurements and

tests, will be on Sunday morning. The rest of the technical

program on Sunday will be a workshop on measurement and

instrumentation and a tutorial and workshop on EMI/EMC.

The calendar, complete program with abstracts, and registra-

tion form follow.

SOCIAL EVENTS, DANISH HISTORY,

COPENHAGEN

At press time, an excursion and banquet on Saturday

evening were still in the planning stages. But they are sure to

be memorable events. You certainly want to make sure you

have time to visit Frederiksborg Castle. The National His-

tory Museum has been housed in the castle since 1878.

The Pharmakon conference center is situated on the south-

ern outskirts of Hillerød about one kilometer from the train

and bus terminal. It takes approximately 45 minutes to reach

Pharmakon by train from Copenhagen City, which is a 15-

minute train ride from Copenhagen Airport.

Before or after the conference be sure to spend a day or

two in Copenhagen, one of the great capital cities of Europe.

Its museums and concert halls are world-class. The spectacu-

lar new waterfront opera house has recently opened to rave

reviews. Check for updates on the conference at

http://www.aes.org/events/27. These new developments in

power amplification will have a significant impact on future

developments in the audio industry. Don’t miss this impor-

tant event. Join colleagues in Denmark September 2–4 at the

AES 27th International Conference, Efficient Audio Power

Amplification.

Technical Sessions*

*This preliminary program is accurate as of press time.

Friday, September 2 14.10

KEYNOTE ADDRESS

Efficient Audio Power Amplification—Challenges

Keynote Speaker Michael A. E. Andersen, 27th

Conference Papers Chair

For more than a decade efficient audio power amplification has

evolved and today switch-mode audio power amplification in

various forms are the state-of-the-art. The technical steps that

lead to this evolution are described and in addition many of the

challenges still to be faced and where extensive research and

development are needed is covered.

Friday, September 2 15.00–16.00

PAPER SESSION 1: INVITED PAPER

1-1 The Industrial Dynamics of Open Innovation:

Evidence from the Transformation of Sound

Amplification from Linear Solid-State to Class D

Technology—Jens Frøslev Christensen, Michael

Holm Olesen, Jonas Sorth Kjær, Copenhagen

Business School, Frederiksberg, Denmark

This paper addresses how the open innovation concept,

as recently coined by Henry Chesbrough, can be ana-

lyzed from an industrial dynamics perspective. The main

proposition of the paper is that the specific modes in

which different companies manage open

innovation in regard to an emerging technology reflect

their differential position within the innovation system in

question and the stage of maturity of the technology. The

proposition is analyzed through an in-depth study of the

current transformation of sound amplification from linear

solid-state technology to switched or digital technology

within the consumer electronics system of innovation.

Friday, September 2 16.30–18.00

PAPER SESSION 2: POWER STAGE TOPOLOGIES

2-1 A 97 Percent Efficiency Power Stage Design for

High Performance Class D Audio Amplification—

René Lambruschi, Nicola Lomuto, Frédérik Dezé,

CL3, Pontoise, France

An innovative solution of switching power conversion is

introduced, and its benefits on class D audio amplifiers

is demonstrated. The smart association of a high side

N MOSFET and a low side P MOSFET in the power

stage combines the dynamic parameters of the two

MOSFETS, so that only one drive signal is used and

the risk due to skew and unmatched thresholds is elim-

inated. No dead time is needed, therefore lowering

distortion and allowing high efficiency (97 percent and

more). Exceptional sound reproduction and scale inte-

gration in an enclosed environment are permitted. The

proposed architecture is patent pending and will be

referred to as Gemincore.

2-2 Digital Audio Power Amplifier Based on Multilevel

Power Converters—Victor M. E. Antunes,1

Vitor Fernao Pires,2Jose Fernando Silva3

1Instituto Politécnico de Setúbal, Portugal

2Instituto Superior Técnico (IST), UTL, Lisbon,

Portugal

3Centro Automática Universidade Técnica Lisboa

(CAUTL), Lisbon, Portugal

The concepts and design aspects of all-digital open-

loop audio power amplifiers, based on multilevel

power converters, are presented. Innovative modula-

tion techniques to reduce harmonic distortion of this

type of amplifiers are also presented. A prototype of a

digital multilevel audio power amplifier has been

developed, implemented, and tested. THD plus noise per-

formance comparisons between some class A, AB, and D

amplifiers are presented. Results show that the proposed

digital audio power amplifier can be a promising solution

for a high-quality digital audio power amplifier.

2-3 Self-Oscillating Modulators for Direct Energy

Conversion Audio Power Amplifiers—Petar Ljusev,

Michael A. E. Andersen, Technical University of

Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

Direct energy conversion of an audio power amplifier

represents the total integration of a switching-mode

power supply and class D audio power amplifier into

one compact stage, achieving high efficiency, high

level of integration, low component count, and eventu-

ally low cost. This paper presents how self-oscillating

modulators can be used with the direct switching-mode

audio power amplifier to improve its performance by

providing fast hysteretic control with high power supply

rejection ratio, open-loop stability, and high bandwidth.

Its operation is thoroughly analyzed, and experimental

results from a prototype amplifier are presented.

Friday, September 2 20.00–22.00

DEMONSTRATIONS

Table-Top Demonstrations

Technology demonstrations by participants/inventors.

Saturday, September 3 09.00–12.00

PAPER SESSION 3: MODULATION AND CONTROL

3-1 Taking Advantage of Improved Digital Signal

Processing Techniques to Reduce the

Implementation Complexities of High-

Performance, High Efficiency Digital Amplifiers

[Invited Paper]—SkipTaylor, D2Audio, Austin, TX, USA

With the recent move from the classical PWM amplifier

approaches, which employ a hysteretic comparator

technology to the newer emerging sigma-delta tech-

niques, there is increased interest and motivation to

revisit the strategic importance of high performance

switching amplifiers. The new modulation techniques

have found their way into the newer, low-profile,

“lifestyle” systems in the home theater and whole house

audio markets where single-chip and two-chip designs

offer a manageable solution. However, the limited per-

formance and power levels of the initial offerings have

fallen short of the requirements of the more challenging

high-end home theater applications and other market

segments where a more audiophile quality is desired.

Out of necessity, the requirements for these more

demanding markets will dictate an ability to manage and

tame discrete output drivers, output stages, and output

AES 27th INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE PROGRAM

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filters in a very scalable implementation. The trade-offs

between seemingly contradictory design considerations

(EMI, efficiency, performance, cost) force the need to

take an innovative and more system-centric approach to

the amplifier design. This paper addresses a unique and

previously unrealized technique of using advanced

adaptive digital signal processing technology and ampli-

fier system modeling to assure not only the performance

of the legacy linear analog solutions, but also a very

cost-effective system realization. This technique is pre-

sented as it relates to the total system implementation

and as it integrates into the graceful fault protection

methods that have come to be expected in these appli-

cations. It includes descriptions of the critical circuit

blocks, the software/firmware algorithms and tech-

niques, and the final amplifier topology. Results are

shown that illustrate both the performance improve-

ments and the reduction in complexity of the total sys-

tem design.

3-2 Real-Time Power Supply Feedback Reduces

Power Conversion Requirements for Digital Class

D Amplifiers— Randy Boudreaux, Cirrus Logic, Inc.,

Austin, TX, USA

The development of real-time power supply feedback

for an all-digital class D PWM amplifier enables the

use of many different power conversion techniques

allowing a greater number of alternatives to meet sys-

tem demand requirements. With a typical voltage ripple

rejection of 40dB at 60Hz, an all-digital PWM amplifier

with this PSR compensation can achieve better than

105dB system dynamic range and a total harmonic dis-

tortion plus noise measurement of 0.1 percent. The

system performance of the real-time PSR feedback is

discussed and evaluated for a half-bridge and full-

bridge amplifier output stage powered from a low cost

unregulated linear power supply.

3-3 Distortion and Error Reduction in a Class D Power

Stage Using Feedback—Michael Pate,1Lars Risbo,2

Pietro Andreani,3Kwong Chao1

1Texas Tech University, Lubbock, TX, USA

2Texas Instruments, Lyngby, Denmark

3Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

In this paper a method for minimizing the total har-

monic distortion (THD) is presented for a class D out-

put stage by optimizing a loop filter. A second-order fil-

ter is chosen to create large error suppression through

the audio band while keeping the overall system com-

plexity low. The stability of the optimized loop is exam-

ined to ensure proper operation. SIMULINK simula-

tions are given to verify the theory introduced.

3-4 Derivation and Analysis of a Low-Cost, High-

Performance Analog BPCM Control Scheme for

Class D Audio Power Amplifiers—Mikkel C. W.

Høyerby, Michael A. E. Andersen, Technical

University of Denmark, Lingby, Denmark

This paper presents a low-cost analog control scheme

for class D audio power amplifiers. The scheme is

based around bandpass current-mode (BPCM) control

and provides ample stability margins and low distortion

over a wide range of operating conditions. Implementa-

tion is very simple and does not require the use of

operational amplifiers. Small-signal behavior of the

controller is accurately predicted, and design is carried

out using standard transfer function based linear con-

trol methodology. Effectiveness of the approach is

demonstrated via a 60-W/8-W single-ended switching

amplifier with THD+N of typically 0.02 percent.

3-5 Discrete-Time Modeling of Continuous-Time Pulse

Width Modulator Loops—Lars Risbo, Texas

Instruments Denmark, Lingby, Denmark

Traditionally, the dynamics of continuous-time PWM

loops are analyzed by using linearized continuous-time

models where the comparator is modeled as a linear

gain. However, this method fails to accurately explain

several important characteristics such as noise alias-

ing, image components, and loop stability. This paper

analyzes the sampling nature of the comparator and

derives a general linear discrete-time loop small-signal

model that can be applied to loops of any order—both

driven (synchronized) and free running (self-oscillating).

Saturday, September 3 13.00–15:00

PAPER SESSION 4: ERRORS AND DISTORTION

4-1 Design Criteria for Ultra Low Distortion Open Loop

PWM Output Stages [Invited Paper]—Brian E.

Attwood, PWM Systems

A previous paper by the author (JAES November 1983)

looked at various distortion mechanisms in switching

amplifiers and discussed circuit topologies to overcome

these limitations. While the basic content of this paper

still applies today, advances in semiconductors and the

developing area of fully digital amplifiers for DVD, SACD,

and AV markets means that a fresh look should be taken

at consistently achieving the lowest possible open loop

system performance. Since digital amplifiers (those with

no input A/D converters) are operating totally in the digi-

tal domain, overall feedback becomes a much more

complex issue compared to conventional analog (Class

D) pwm systems where 30 dB can be readily achieved.

Some solutions have been proposed that look very

promising at the moment; however, most currently avail-

able digital switching amplifiers are still operating under

open loop conditions. Under these circumstances it

becomes essential to achieve the best possible system

linearity, and since most predominant distortion mecha-

nisms will occur in the power output stage this is the area

that will be fully considered. In order to help digital feed-

back systems techniques evolve, another factor will also

become important, that of successfully operating at

higher switching frequencies. This reduces phase shifts

and will help extend feedback loop gains to the higher

audio frequencies. The proposed paper thus seeks to

define all the necessary steps to achieve good output

stage linearity not only at 384 KHz, but also at 768 KHz

and even higher, combined with high efficiency. This will

then lay the groundwork for optimal performance both for

open loop and feedback systems alike. Components and

semiconductors need to be chosen very carefully, partic-

ularly when operating at the higher frequencies, and

some parameters, which are of crucial importance are

not usually quoted or even mentioned in most manufac-

turers data sheets. As an example, the

intrinsic internal gate resistance Rg of Mosfets is rarely

mentioned or quoted, yet this is very important to fully

optimize circuit switching characteristics. So the criteria

needed to ensure optimum selection of semiconductors

for a particular application and supply rail will also feature

prominently in the paper.

4-2 Harmonic Distortion Reduction with Output

Capacitance in PWM Inverters—Gael Pillonnet,1,2

Nacer Abouchi,1Philippe Marguery2

1CPE Lyon, Lyon, France

2ST Microelectronics, Grenoble, France

An audio class D converter has nonlinear distortion pro-

vided by power stage. In fact, the PWM inverter is influ- ➥

27th International Conference Program

enced by the switching dead time introduced by the

power output control system. If output capacitance is

added, the audio quality is improved. In this paper the

interaction between the dead time effect and the output

stage capacitance is investigated. At first, each effect is

investigated separately. Then, the sum of the effects is

analyzed to predict the improvement of audio quality.

Finally, the calculated results are compared with low level

simulation in order to confirm the validity of the analysis.

4-3 Time Domain Analysis of Open Loop Distortion

in Class D Amplifier Output Stages—Flemming

Nyboe,1,2 Lars Risbo1, Pietro Andreant2

1Texas Instruments, Lyngby, Denmark

2Technical University of Denmark, Lyngby, Denmark

During the long history of class AB amplifiers, many

topology improvements have been developed with the

aim of reducing open-loop THD. As class D amplifiers

become widely used, a new learning of such improve-

ments is needed, since the basic distortion mecha-

nisms are very different from those of class AB ampli-

fiers. This is even more important with class D

designs because the very high feedback loop gains

seen in class AB designs is not always achievable in

class D designs. In some cases no feedback is used

at all, because it cannot easily be applied to digital

input systems at low cost. This paper analyzes the

nature of different contributors to THD in class D out-

put stages. It is shown how large-signal transfer

characteristic analysis can be applied to individual

parts of a PWM output signal, to help identify prob-

lems and optimize a design for minimum THD.

Saturday, September 3 15.00–16.30

PAPER SESSION 5: IC AND INTEGRATION

5-1 An Integrated 40-W Analog Input Class D Amplifier

with Improved Clipping Recovery and Reduced

Turn-on Transients—Ronnie Bean, Ryan Lind,

Texas Instruments, Ridgeland, MS, USA

A 20-W per channel, analog input, class D amplifier is

presented. This paper includes an overview of the

design, stability equations and describes several inno-

vations used to improve the performance of the device.

Among these innovations is a novel Operational

Transconductance Amplifier (OTA) input structure that

greatly reduces pops and clicks at startup and a spe-

cial clipping recovery circuit that reduces clipping

distortion. The design tradeoffs and the silicon results

are also presented.

5-2 Commercializing Class D Amplifier Technologies

—Paul Mathews, Philip R. Jeffs, Rane Corporation,

Mukilteo, WA, USA

The popularity of commercial audio systems having

large numbers of channels has resulted in a growing

demand for smaller, lighter, and less expensive multi-

channel power amplifier products. This paper

describes how careful integration of power factor cor-

rected switchmode power supplies, class D power

amplifiers, and digital signal processors yields high

power density and especially reliable and electromag-

netically quiet products at a reasonable cost.

5-3 A High Performance 8x150-W Digital Audio

System—Kim Nordtorp Madsen, Thomas Morch,

Lars Risbo, Texas Instruments Denmark A/S,

Copenhagen, Denmark

An eight-channel digital audio amplifier solution using

pulse width modulation (PWM) and power stage pro-

viding superior dynamic range performance and a high

level of system integration is presented. The typical

dynamic range in a well-designed system is better than

110 dB and 115 dB is possible in a parallel coupling

setup. Including the Power Supply Volume Control

(PSVC) feature additional 24 dB dynamic range is pos-

sible at normal listening levels in a typical application.

Sunday, September 4 09.00–10:30

PAPER SESSION 6: MEASUREMENTS AND TESTS

6-1 Measuring Distortion in Switching Amplifiers—

Bruce Hofer, Audio Precision, Inc., Beaverton, OR,

USA

The distortion performance of switching amplifiers

(a.k.a. “Class-D” amplifiers) has rapidly improved in

recent years. Unfortunately they still exhibit a form

of high-frequency nonlinearity that is not clearly

revealed by traditional THD+N and SMPTE-IMD

tests. The Twin-Tone IMD measurement technique

provides an excellent way to measure this form of

distortion.

6-2 Comparison Between Different IDDQ Measurement

Techniques on Class D Audio Amplifiers—Victor-

Hugo Lopez de Nava, Texas Instruments, Dallas, TX,

USA

During the IDDQ test on class D audio amplifiers, it is

very common to have a higher current measurement

on the Automated Test Equipment (ATE) than on

bench. This is an issue that is always present on the

ATE-to-bench correlation process. In order to over-

come this issue, test engineers have come up with

several techniques or compensation methods to help

reduce the measurement differences between ATE

and bench. Some of these methods are discussed in

the next sections.

6-3 Click and Pop Measuring Technique—Tomas

Bruunshuus Sørensen, Texas Instruments Denmark

A/S, Copenhagen, Denmark

During various occasions a digital amplifier can generate

a click or a pop. The click is generated at changes of the

operational modes of the amplifier, e.g., charging of

capacitors or mute / unmute. For class D amplifier sys-

tems click is typically at PWM start and stop. The audibil-

ity of a click is very dependent on the system, amplifier,

and speaker. Also, perception of the click is subjective.

This makes it difficult to compare the

results from two different systems. This paper specifies a

measurement technique, which can be used for all sys-

tems and makes results comparable, and give

limits to what is acceptable in an end application. The

described measurement technique applies to all

systems, which have a start up sequence of less than 1

ms. For Purepath systems this applies to TAS5026,

TAS5036, TAS5066, TAS5076, TAS5028, TAS5508,

and TAS5518. Measurements on 2 EVM’s TAS5066-

5121K6EVM and TAS5508-5121K6EVM are shown for

reference.

Sunday, September 4 10.30–12.30

WORKSHOP

Measurement and Instrumentation Workshop

Abstract Not Available at Press Time

Sunday, September 4 14.00–16.00

TUTORIAL AND WORKSHOP

EMI/EMC Tutorial and Workshop

Abstract Not Available at Press Time

27th International Conference Program

All applicants complete this page in English: Please print in CAPITALS.

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Registration

Banquet

Session 4

Errors and Distortion

Session 3

Modulation and Control

EMI/EMC Tutorial and Workshop

Measurement and Instrumentation Workshop

Registration

Table-Top Demonstrations

Opening Ceremony and

Keynote Address

Session 1 Invited Paper

Lunch

Session 6

Measurements and Tests

Social Event—Excursion

Session 2

Power Stage Topologies

Lunch

Session 5

IC and Integration

08:00

08:30

09:00

09:30

10:00

10:30

11:00

11:30

12:00

12:30

13:00

13:30

14:00

14:30

15:00

15:30

16:00

16:30

17:00

17:30

18:00

18:30

19:00

19:30

20:00

20:30

21:00

22:00

23:00

This schedule reflects accurate information as of press time.

FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 2 SATURDAY, SEPTEMBER 3 SUNDAY, SEPTEMBER 4

Photograph of Frederiksborg Castle courtesy Danish Tourist Board; Photographer: Klaus Bentzen

Conference Registration. Please check appropriate box (all figures in Danish Kroner DKK)

Registration fee includes meals and banquet.

■■AES MEMBERS ■■6500 (before July 2) ■■7000 (after July 2)

■■NONMEMBERS ■■7200 (before July 2) ■■7900 (after July 2)

■■AUTHORS ■■4200

■■AES STUDENT MEMBERS ■■4200

ACCOMPANYING PERSON ■■220 Sept. 2–4 including breakfast only

Lunches, dinners, and banquet will be handled on site.

Family Name________________________________First Name_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

Company/organization_____________________________________Job Title ________________________________________

Street Address ________________________________________________________________________________________

City________________________State_______________Post Code____________Country ___________________

Tel:______________________Fax:___________________________Email:___________________________________

AES Membership No. _____________________ Name of Accompanying person___________________________

Payment Modes (check box) Total Amount DKK_________________________

■■Giro / Bank Transfer to BG Bank, account No. 1199 7412282. Account holder - AES Denmark

on Date : ————————————

Please charge my credit card in US$:

■■Amex ■■Mastercard/Eurocard ■■Visa

Card Number

Month Year

Name on card (print)_____________________________________________________Date:__________________

Signature of Cardholder_________________________________________________________________________

Please print/type all information as you wish it to appear on your badge.

Arrival date Departure date

Extra Nights: ■■685 single room, per night including breakfast

■■905 double room, per night including breakfast

Expiration Date

REGISTRATION FORM

AES 27th International Conference

Efficient Audio Power Amplification

Pharmakon a/s, Hillerød, Denmark

September 2–4, 2005

Mail or fax this form with payment information to

AES 27th International Conference

Treasurer, S. K. Pramanik

Sarpsborgvej 56, 7600 Struer. Denmark

Fax +45 97853105

or register on line at

www.aes.org/events/27/registration

23rdPreviewCopenhagen AES27 27th Brochure

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