Iron And Steel Scrap 360400
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IRON AND STEEL SCRAP By Michael D. Fenton Domestic survey data and tables were prepared by David Gibson, statistical assistant. Iron and steel scrap is a vital raw material for the production of new steel and cast-iron products. The steelmaking and foundry industries in the United States are highly dependent upon the ready availability of scrap from manufacturing operations and from the recovery of products that are no longer used or needed. The steel industry has been recycling steel scrap for more than 150 years. In 2000, domestic electric-arcfurnace (EAF) steel made primarily from recycled ferrous scrap in about 41 minimills was 47% of the total steel produced. Consistent with international usage and Federal Government policy, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) reports all data on iron and steel in metric units, unless otherwise noted. Steel scrap recycling conserves raw materials, energy, and landfill space. The domestic steel industry recycles millions of metric tons per year of steel cans, automobiles, appliances, construction materials, and other steel products. In 2000, the industry’s overall recycling rate was 64% (Steel Recycling Institute, [undated], A few facts about steel—North America’s #1 recycled material, accessed May 11, 2001, at URL http://www.recycle-steel.org/fact/main.html). The remelting of scrap requires much less energy than the production of iron and steel products from iron ore. Each year, steel recycling saves the energy equivalent of the electrical power needed for 1 year by approximately one-fifth of the houses in the United States (about 18 million). Consumption of iron and steel scrap by remelting reduces the burden on landfill disposal facilities and prevents the accumulation of abandoned steel products in the environment. Every metric ton of steel recycled saves about 1.3 metric tons (t) of iron ore, 700 kilograms (kg) of coal, and 60 kg of limestone that would be needed to make a ton of steel from new raw materials. In the United States, the primary source of obsolete steel is the automobile (Steel Recycling Institute, [undated], Recycling scrapped automobiles, accessed June 9, 1999, at URL http://www.recycle-steel.org/cars/autorec.html). Of the ferrous metals used to make a typical 2000 U.S. family vehicle, 45% was recycled metal. About 16,000 car dismantlers and 3,000 scrap processors produced about 12.7 million metric tons (Mt) of iron and steel scrap for recycling in 2000—enough steel to produce over 14 million new cars. The recycling rate of automobile scrap steel exceeded 95% in 2000 compared with 91% in 1999. The recycling rate of obsolete appliance scrap had increased from 20% in 1988 to 81% in 1997, decreased to 72% in 1998, and rebounded to 84% in 2000. During 2000, more than 2.0 Mt of steel were recovered from recycled appliances (Steel Recycling Institute, [undated], A few facts about steel—North America’s #1 recycled material, accessed May 6, 2000, at URL http://www.recycle-steel.org/fact/main.html). The typical appliance consists of about 75% steel, and from 25% to 100% of the steel used in appliances is recycled. The recycling rate of steel cans increased to 61% in 1997 from 15% in 1988, decreased to 56% in 1998, and rebounded to over 58% in 2000. The estimated rate of recycling of structural beams and plates IRON AND STEEL SCRAP—2000 in 2000 was 95% and that of reinforcement bar and other materials was 48%. By 2002, an estimated 25% of all new homes built in the United States will be framed in recycled steel. Minimills in which EAFs are used consumed greater quantities of direct reduced iron (DRI) to improve steel quality, and integrated steelmakers continued to use small quantities of DRI in blast furnaces as a process coolant. Mills often used a feed mix that has equal proportions of DRI, pig iron, and scrap. Although production in the U.S. steel industry increased during 2000, DRI production decreased by 6.6%. The U.S. steel industry was adversely affected by the 1997 Asian financial crisis as Asian demand for steel and ferrous scrap declined, Asian currency exchange rates declined, and inexpensive steel became available for export to U.S. markets from excess Asian steel-producing capacity. Domestic steel product manufacturers welcomed inexpensive imports, but domestic steel producers were forced to reduce production and scrap consumption, which led to an oversupply of scrap and a plunge of scrap prices to the lowest levels in decades. By early 1999, the steel-producing and scrap industries were on the rebound owing primarily to resurging Asian economies and increasing steel demand in Asia and the United States. As 2000 began, steel producers and scrap suppliers were increasingly optimistic that they were on track for a slow but certain recovery to precrisis economic levels. However, to the detriment of these sectors, the U.S. economic expansion—the longest in U.S. history—was showing signs of weakening. Concurrently, prices of electricity and natural gas were increasing significantly, and steel imports, which declined in 1999 below the 1998 level, began to increase again in 2000. Prices for steel products and ferrous scrap again plunged to record levels. Although for relief the U.S. steel industry filed trade cases against allegedly dumped hot-rolled carbon steel from 11 countries, it was becoming clear that a more fundamental problem was that the world and the United States had excess steelmaking capacity (Iron and Steelmaker, 2001; Matthews, 2001). Steelmakers had the capacity to produce 15% more steel than the world market demand in 2000, but were adding capacity at the rate of 2% each year. Environment In 1997, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) contracted to decommission and decontaminate three uranium enrichment plants at DOE’s Oak Ridge, TN, nuclear reservation, which contained an estimated 100,000 t of radioactive metals (Paper, Allied-Industrial, Chemical and Energy Workers Union, [undated], Court finds that energy department plan to recycle radioactive metals from nuclear weapons factories poses great potential for environmental harm, accessed July 7, 1999, at URL http://biz.yahoo.com/prnews/990630/dc_court_e_2.html). DOE arranged to sell 6,000 t of contaminated nickel from a former nuclear weapons plant (American Metal Market, 2000a). 41.1 The Metals Industry Recycling Coalition, which consists of steel, nickel, zinc, copper and brass interests, lobbied to prevent radioactive-contaminated scrap from reaching the commerce stream. Their concern was that consumers would reject recycled goods made from radioactive scrap even if the level of radiation was deemed to be safe by the Government. At yearend 2000, the DOE issued a memorandum recommending the preparation of a full environmental impact statement on the proposed rulemaking governing the release of radioactive metal. The effect was to delay the release of radioactive metal into the commerce stream. In addition to the radioactive materials, other potentially hazardous materials used in vehicles and durable goods are entering the recycling system (Wiener, 2001). Mercury switches have been suspected as contributors to high mercury readings in recent electric furnace stack tests. Steel air-bag inflators are sealed units that may deploy and injure employees sorting scrap and working in steel mill melt shops. Also, the propellant in the inflators, sodium azide, can be potentially hazardous to the environment. Substitution of mercury switches with pressure switches by vehicle manufacturers and removal of mercury switches and air bag inflators by dismantlers prior to shredding would ensure that injury to employees and the environment do not occur. In July 1997, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) revised the National Ambient Air Quality Standards for particulate matter (PM), which met resistance by the steel industry. The EPA reduced the standard for airborne PM from 10 microns to 2.5 microns (U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998). The American Iron and Steel Institute and several other business groups initiated litigation against the EPA, and a three-judge panel of the U.S. Circuit Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia ruled that the agency overstepped its authority by interpreting the 1990 Clean Air Act so loosely that it unlawfully usurped Congress’ legislative power. The full appeals court voted in October 1999 against reviewing the panel’s decision (New Steel, 1999). Later, in May 2000, the Supreme Court entered the dispute by announcing that they will decide whether antipollution regulations must take the costs of compliance, not just health effects, into account. If the Court rules in favor of such costbenefit analyses, allegedly unneeded and unfeasible air-quality standards might not be required of the steel industry, among others (Washington Times, 2000a). Consumption Domestic data for ferrous scrap were derived from voluntary monthly or annual surveys of U.S. scrap consuming operations by the USGS. About 45% of the known manufacturers of pig iron and raw steel responded to the surveys. Their responses represented about 59% of estimated total scrap consumption by this class of consumers. The remaining 41% of scrap consumption was estimated on the basis of prior reports. For manufacturers of steel castings, iron foundries, and miscellaneous users, about 31% of the surveyed establishments, which represented about 46% of estimated scrap consumption by these consumers, responded to the annual survey. Total consumption for these two classes of consumers was estimated by using statistical methods and prior reports. Actual survey data accounted for about 44% of total estimated scrap consumption by all classes of scrap consumers. 41.2 In 2000, brokers, dealers, and other outside sources supplied domestic consumers with 54 Mt of all types of ferrous scrap at an estimated delivered value of more than $5.2 billion and exported 5.8 Mt (excluding used rails for rerolling and other uses and ships, boats, and other vessels for scrapping) valued at $1.0 billion (tables 1, 8, 11). In 1999, domestic consumers received 51 Mt of scrap at an estimated delivered value of about $4.8 billion; exports totaled 5.5 Mt valued at $758 million. This represented a tonnage increase during 2000 of nearly 6% for received quantities and over 4% for exported quantities. The total value of received and exported scrap grades increased 13% from that of 1999. Raw steel production was 101.8 Mt in 2000 compared with 97.4 Mt in 1999 (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2000, p. 75). The shares of raw steel produced by electric and basic oxygen furnaces were 47% and 53%, respectively; EAF production increased slightly during 2000. In 2000, continuous cast steel production represented 96% of total raw steel production, as it had in 1999. Raw steel production capability was 118 Mt compared with 116 Mt in 1999. Steel mills accounted for 84% of all scrap received from brokers, dealers, and other outside sources; iron foundries and miscellaneous users received 14%; and steel foundries received 2% (table 2). Apparent total domestic consumption of ferrous scrap was 54 Mt of net receipts (total receipts minus shipments) and 20 Mt of home scrap (table 1). Stocks of ferrous scrap at consumers’ plants decreased by nearly 4% to 5.3 Mt (table 1). Total domestic consumption was about 74 Mt, a 4% increase since 1999 (table 1). The total market for U.S.-produced scrap (net receipts plus exports minus imports) was 56.5 Mt compared with 53.3 Mt in 1999. Feedstock used in electric furnaces by all iron and steel product manufacturers comprised scrap, 91%; pig iron, 5.3%; and DRI, 3.4% (table 4). Consumption of DRI was 11% greater than that of 1999. Net shipments of all grades of steel mill products were 98.9 Mt, which was an increase of 2.7% from the 96.3 Mt shipped in 1999 (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2000, p. 27). Imports of steel mill products increased to 34.4 Mt from 32.4 Mt in 1999. Exports of steel mill products increased to 5.9 Mt from 4.9 Mt in 1999 (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2000, p. 45). The U.S. apparent supply of steel mill products increased to 120 Mt from 116 Mt in 1999. As a share of the U.S. market, imports of steel mill products increased to 29% from 28% in 1999. Pig iron production increased to 47.9 Mt from 46.3 Mt in 1999 (American Iron and Steel Institute, 2000, p. 80). As reported by the U.S. Census Bureau, iron castings shipments totaled an estimated 9.9 Mt for 1999 and 9.9 Mt (revised) for 1998. Steel castings shipments (including investment castings) totaled 1.2 Mt in 1999, the same as in 1998. Transportation In June 1999, the acquisition of Conrail, Inc by CSX Transportation, Inc. (42%) and Norfolk Southern Corp. (58%) reduced the number of large rail carriers from 3 to 2 in 23 States east of the Mississippi River, the District of Columbia, Quebec, and Ontario. The railroad system is the main form of transportation of ferrous scrap in the United States. A significant part of the industry experienced considerable deterioration of service, such as train backups, routing problems, lost cars and billing, erroneous information given to shippers, car unavailability, and mistakenly routed shipments. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2000 These problems were based, for the most part, on the railroads’ difficulty in integrating the computer systems of the merged railroads. All of this resulted in canceled contracts, smaller orders, and increased costs (American Metal Market, 1999, 2000b). One year later, the general opinion was that the railroads are performing much better (Robertson, 2000). The railroads invested in new track capacity in the Midwest, new terminal capacity in Buffalo, NY, and improvements at railyards throughout the Northeast and the Midwest. They also installed improved computer systems while working closely with shippers to solve delivery problems. The Surface Transportation Board of the Federal Government ordered in March a moratorium on new consolidations in the railroad industry while it develops new rules for mergers. It was concerned about problems for shippers resulting from recent railroad mergers (Washington Times, 2000b). The steel industry, among others, expressed its opposition to more railroad consolidation because it no longer has an affordable option to choose truck transportation over rail transportation, given recent fuel price increases (American Metal Market, 2000c). Prices The average composite delivered price per metric ton of No. 1 heavy-melting steel scrap, calculated from prices per long ton published monthly by American Metal Market, was $95.88. The price ranged from a high of $120.06 in January to a low of $77.36 in December (table 8). The average composite delivered price per ton of No. 1 heavy-melting steel scrap, calculated from prices per long ton published weekly in Iron Age Scrap Price Bulletin, was $92.61; the price had ranged from a high of $112.07 in January to a low of $73.27 in November. On the basis of weekly quotations by Iron Age Scrap Price Bulletin for 18-8 (18% chromium, 8% nickel) stainless steel scrap (bundles and solids) delivered to consumers in the Pittsburgh, PA, area, the average price increased by 32% to $823 per metric ton from $624 in 1999. The unit value of total ferrous scrap exports (excluding used rails for rerolling and other uses and ships, boats, and other vessels for scrapping) increased by about 30% to about $174 per metric ton compared with that of 1999 (table 11). The unit value of total imports, about $85 per ton, was about 18% less than that of 1999 (table 14). Foreign Trade Foreign trade valuation continued to be reported on a freealongside-ship (f.a.s.) basis for exports and on a Customs value basis for imports. In 2000, the U.S. trade surplus for all classes of ferrous scrap (including used rails for rerolling and other uses and ships, boats, and other vessels for scrapping) was 2.2 Mt valued at $597 million (U.S. Census Bureau, unpub. data, 2000). This represented an increase of 42% in quantity and 82% in value compared with the 1999 surpluses of 1.5 Mt and $328 million. Total U.S. exports of carbon steel and cast-iron scrap (including reexports and excluding used rails for rerolling and other uses; ships, boats, and other vessels for scrapping; stainless steel; and alloy steel) went to 55 countries (1 less than during 1999) and totaled 4.5 Mt (a 4% decrease) valued at $526 million (an 11% increase) for an average of $116 per ton (U.S. IRON AND STEEL SCRAP—2000 Census Bureau, unpub. data, 2000). The largest tonnages went to the Republic of Korea, 1.24 million; Canada, 1.04 million; Mexico, 792,000; China, 773,000; and Taiwan, 205,000. These countries received 90% of the total quantity valued at $451 million, which was 86% of the total value. Total U.S. exports of stainless steel scrap, including reexports, went to 43 countries (12 more than in 1999) and consisted of 470,000 t (an 80% increase) valued at $311 million (a 105% increase) for an average of $661 per metric ton (a 14% increase) (U.S. Census Bureau, unpub. data, 2000). The largest tonnages went to the Republic of Korea, 181,000; Taiwan, 80,000; Canada, 47,000; Japan, 46,000; and China, 24,000. These countries received 80% of the total quantity valued at $248 million, which also was 80% of the total value. U.S. exports of alloy steel scrap (including reexports and excluding stainless steel) were shipped to 46 countries (1 more than in 1999) and consisted of 815,000 t (a 46% increase) valued at $169 million (a 47% increase) for an average of $207 per metric ton (a 1% increase) (U.S. Census Bureau, unpub. data, 2000). The largest tonnages went to China, 295,000; Mexico, 214,000; and Canada, 202,000. These countries received 87% of the total quantity valued at $138 million, which was 82% of the total value. World Review Iron and steel scrap is an important raw material for the steel and foundry industries. Because scrap comes from such sources as old buildings, industrial machinery, discarded cars and consumer durables, and manufacturing operations, the relatively mature industrialized economies are generally the main exporters of scrap to lesser developed steelmaking countries. Germany was the leading exporting country of iron and steel scrap in 1999 (International Iron and Steel Institute, 2000, p. 102), followed by Russia, the United States, Ukraine, Japan, France, the United Kingdom, and Canada. The five most significant importing nations were, in decreasing order of importance, Turkey, the Republic of Korea, Spain, Italy, and the United States (International Iron and Steel Institute, 2000, p. 104). Outlook As 2000 opened, the longest economic expansion in U.S. history began its 105th month, and the economies of Asia, Europe, and Latin America were improving. The expectation was for continued strong domestic economic growth and strong demand for steel products and ferrous scrap. In October 2000, the International Iron and Steel Institute forecast an increase in world steel consumption of 5.8% during 2000 and 2.3% during 2001 for a total of 769 Mt in 2001 (International Iron and Steel Institute, [undated], Short and medium term outlook for steel demand, accessed June 5, 2000, at URL http://www.worldsteel.org/ trends_indicators/demand.html). About 15% of the 1999-2000 increase is accounted for by estimates for China. It is predicted that China will soon be consuming more steel than either the European Union (EU) or the countries of the North American Free Trade Agreement. Even without the Chinese contribution to the total, world steel demand is forecast to grow by 35 Mt in 2000 and 7 Mt in 2001, and 43 Mt through 2005. Consumption will increase during 2001 in China, 7.3%; the Commonwealth of Independent States, 41.3 1.2%; the EU, 0.4%; and the Republic of Korea, 4.7%; while the United States and Japan may experience slight declines of less than 1% each. However, by the fourth quarter 2000, the U.S. economy began to soften, as did demand for steel and scrap. Prices for these commodities declined as inventories grew, putting the steel sector back into a depressed state similar to that experienced during the Asian financial crisis 3 years earlier. Imports of low-price steel and scrap again brought calls for relief from unfair dumping. Although the industry was hoping for relief on the imports issue, by yearend 2000 the realization was growing that the problem of excess U.S. uneconomic steelmaking capacity would need a solution. The United States is the top consumer of ferrous scrap while holding the world’s largest stockpile of ferrous scrap resources. The United States has had sufficient scrap resources to satisfy domestic steelmaking needs while being able to export significant scrap quantities to newly emerging economies with developing steelmaking capacities. Steelmaking by the EAF in the minimill will continue to grow in the United States because of its capital and operating cost advantages relative to those of the blast furnace and basic oxygen furance, and it is environmentally cleaner (Darrell Hassler, November 11, 1998, Scrap trade pins hopes on minimills, accessed June 11, 1999, at URL http://www.amm.com/ref/hot/fersc98a.htm#3). In fact, the ratio of EAF steelmaking to BOF steel production has been forecast to increase to 60% from the current 47% (TexReport, 2001). Continuing expansion of EAF mills in the eastern United States has been absorbing available local scrap resources, thereby causing east coast exports to Europe and Turkey to decline. Demand for scrap in the western United States has not been increasing at a similar pace to that in the eastern United States, and west coast scrap export is expected to increase to satisfy the emerging demand of China, which may displace the Republic of Korea as the largest overseas scrap market. References Cited American Iron and Steel Institute, 2000, Annual Report 2000: American Iron and Steel Institute, 130 p. American Metal Market, 1999, Steel industry bemoans poor rail service and logistics in the East: American Metal Market, v. 107, no. 226, November 23, p. 4. ———2000a, Metal to NRC: Keep radioactive scrap out: American Metal Market, v. 108, January 26, p. 16. ———2000b, Problems for steel coming by train, truck: American Metal Market, v. 108, no. 33, February 18, p. 1. 41.4 ———2000c, Steel wants better rail service, not mergers: American Metal Market, v. 108, no. 47, March 10, p. 5. International Iron and Steel Institute, 2000, Steel statistical yearbook 2000: International Iron and Steel Institute, December, 111 p. Iron and Steelmaker, 2001, 11 countries cited for dumped, subsidized imports: Iron and Steelmaker, v. 28, no. 01, January, p. 14. Matthews, R.G., 2001, Steelmaker-aid plan draws industry flak as market softens: Wall Street Journal, January 9, p. 1. New Steel, 1999, Courts rule against EPA in PM2.5 and “overfiling” cases: New Steel, v. 15, no. 13, December, p. 28. Robertson, Scott, 2000, Norfolk Southern, CSX railroads meeting goals: American Metal Market, v. 108, no. 151, p. 10. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 1998, Atmospheric observations— Helping build the scientific basis for decisions related to airborne particulate matter: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Report of the PM Measurements Research Workshop, Chapel Hill, NC, July 22-23, 103 p. Washington Times, 2000a, Court look at clean-air law get green jeers, business cheers: Washington Times, March 31, p. B8. ———2000b, U.S. halts railroad mergers over rules: Washington Times, March 18, p. C11. Wiener, R.K., 2001, Needed—Automotive design for recycling: New Steel, March 2001, p. 32. GENERAL SOURCES OF INFORMATION U.S. Geological Survey Publications Iron and Steel. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual. Iron and Steel. Ch. in Minerals Yearbook, annual. Iron and Steel Scrap. Mineral Industry Surveys, monthly. Iron and Steel Slag. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual. Iron and Steel Slag. Ch. in Minerals Yearbook, annual. Iron Ore. Ch. in Mineral Commodity Summaries, annual. Iron Ore. Ch. in Minerals Yearbook, annual. Iron Ore. Mineral Industry Surveys, monthly. Other American Foundrymen’s Society. American Iron and Steel Institute. Bureau International de la Recuperation. Center for Materials Production. Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries Inc. Iron and Steel. Ch. in Mineral Facts and Problems, U.S. Bureau of Mines Bulletin 675, 1985. Metal Bulletin [London]. Steel Can Recycling Institute. Steel Manufacturers Association. U.S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY MINERALS YEARBOOK—2000 TABLE 1 SALIENT U.S. IRON AND STEEL SCRAP, PIG IRON, AND DIRECT-REDUCED IRON STATISTICS 1/ (Thousand metric tons, unless otherwise specified) 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Manufacturers of pig iron and raw steel and castings: 2/ Ferrous scrap consumption 56,000 58,000 58,000 56,000 59,000 Pig iron consumption 50,000 51,000 49,000 48,000 49,000 Direct-reduced iron consumption 1,300 1,300 1,300 2,200 2,300 Net receipts of ferrous scrap 3/ 41,000 43,000 44,000 42,000 45,000 Home scrap production 4/ 15,000 14,000 14,000 13,000 14,000 Ending stocks of ferrous scrap, December 31 4,800 4,900 4,700 4,800 4,700 Manufacturers of steel castings: 5/ Ferrous scrap consumption 2,000 1,800 2,000 1,900 2,200 Pig iron consumption 11 13 14 11 11 Net receipts of ferrous scrap 3/ 1,300 1,200 1,300 1,200 1,200 Home scrap production 4/ 640 660 710 690 980 Ending stocks of ferrous scrap, December 31 84 77 83 230 150 Iron foundries and miscellaneous users: 5/ Ferrous scrap consumption 13,000 13,000 13,000 13,000 13,000 Pig iron consumption 1,100 1,200 1,200 1,100 1,200 Direct-reduced iron consumption 13 13 12 13 16 Net receipts of ferrous scrap 3/ 8,300 8,200 7,900 7,700 7,800 Home scrap production 4/ 4,900 5,200 5,100 5,000 4,800 Ending stocks of ferrous scrap, December 31 360 470 440 430 430 Totals, all manufacturing types: Ferrous scrap consumption 71,000 73,000 73,000 71,000 74,000 Pig iron consumption 52,000 52,000 50,000 49,000 50,000 Direct-reduced iron consumption 1,300 1,300 1,300 2,200 2,300 Net receipts of ferrous scrap 3/ 50,000 52,000 53,000 51,000 54,000 Home scrap production 4/ 20,000 20,000 20,000 19,000 20,000 Ending stocks, December 31: Ferrous scrap at consumer plants 5,200 5,500 5,200 5,500 5,300 Pig iron at consumer and supplier plants 600 510 560 720 800 Direct-reduced iron at consumer plants 270 160 280 310 290 Exports: 6/ Ferrous scrap (includes tinplate and terneplate) 7/ 8,440 8,930 5,570 5,520 5,760 Value thousands $1,340,000 $1,350,000 $805,000 $738,000 $1,000,000 Pig iron (all grades) 58 86 87 83 72 Value thousands $8,320 $12,300 $11,700 $11,100 $9,620 Direct-reduced iron (steelmaking grade) 3 8 5 3 2 Value thousands $304 $852 $487 $302 $241 Imports for consumption: 6/ Ferrous scrap (includes tinplate and terneplate) 7/ 2,600 2,870 3,060 3,670 3,350 Value thousands $342,000 $384,000 $402,000 $383,000 $385,000 Pig iron (all grades) 2,660 3,150 5,150 4,990 4,970 Value thousands $411,000 $465,000 $722,000 $527,000 $601,000 Direct-reduced iron (steelmaking grade) 1,050 987 939 950 1,090 Value thousands $136,000 $127,000 $118,000 $86,500 $119,000 1/ Data are rounded to no more than two significant digits, except trade data, which are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2/ Includes manufacturers of raw steel that also produce steel castings. 3/ Net receipts of scrap is defined as receipts from brokers, dealers, and other outside sources, plus receipts from other own-company plants minus shipments. 4/ Home scrap production includes recirculating scrap that results from current operations and obsolete home scrap. 5/ Some consumers in the "Manufacturers of steel castings" category also produce iron castings; some consumers in the "Iron foundries and miscellaneous users" category also produce steel castings. 6/ Data from U.S. Census Bureau. Export valuation is free-alongside-ship (f.a.s.) value, and import valuation is Customs value. 7/ Excludes used rails for rerolling and other uses and ships, boats and other vessels for scrapping. TABLE 2 U.S. CONSUMER RECEIPTS, PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION, SHIPMENTS, AND STOCKS OF IRON AND STEEL SCRAP IN 2000, BY GRADE 1/ (Thousand metric tons) Grade Manufacturers of pig iron and raw steel and castings: Carbon steel: Low-phosphorus plate and punchings Cut structural and plate No. 1 heavy melting steel No. 2 heavy melting steel No. 1 and electric furnace bundles No. 2 and all other bundles Electric furnace, 1 foot and under (not bundles) Railroad rails Turnings and borings Slag scrap Shredded or fragmentized No. 1 busheling Steel cans (post consumer) All other carbon steel scrap Stainless steel scrap Alloy steel (except stainless) Ingot mold and stool scrap Machinery and cupola cast iron Cast-iron borings Motor blocks Other iron scrap Other mixed scrap Total Manufacturers of steel castings: Carbon steel: Low-phosphorus plate and punchings Cut structural and plate No. 1 heavy melting steel No. 2 heavy melting steel No. 1 and electric furnace bundles No. 2 and all other bundles Electric furnace, 1 foot and under (not bundles) Railroad rails Turnings and borings Slag scrap Shredded or fragmentized No. 1 busheling Steel cans (post consumer) All other carbon steel scrap Stainless steel scrap Alloy steel (except stainless) Ingot mold and stool scrap Machinery and cupola cast iron Cast-iron borings Motor blocks Other iron scrap Other mixed scrap Total See footnotes at end of table. Receipts of scrap From brokers, From other dealers and ownother outside company sources plants Production of home scrap Recirculating scrap from current Obsolete operations scrap 2/ Consumption of purchased and home scrap Shipments of scrap Ending stocks, December 31 330 3,800 5,400 5,700 5,700 1,000 -54 330 76 310 15 (3/) 700 3,900 530 1,700 2 -51 24 1 (3/) (3/) 340 4,400 9,800 6,200 7,200 1,000 13 66 79 86 490 -- 25 270 670 490 320 58 -200 2,100 790 9,200 5,400 190 2,300 820 280 10 75 260 11 300 1,000 45,000 9 2 72 130 970 130 7 67 1 8 ----55 22 2,300 180 42 70 1,300 370 120 40 2,500 400 560 120 5 (3/) -460 530 14,000 --(3/) 17 ---4 --100 ----(3/) 200 86 230 2,200 2,100 11,000 5,400 250 4,400 1,200 780 100 73 250 11 770 1,400 59,000 110 10 (3/) 210 30 140 -380 1 25 130 1 13 -150 89 2,000 2 10 130 180 570 350 74 390 46 75 21 10 12 1 370 650 4,700 370 180 70 15 11 -- 3 ------ 83 10 37 ---- (3/) 10 ----- 470 190 110 12 13 -- (3/) 10 ----- 31 23 8 2 (3/) -- 10 28 46 1 120 90 -83 140 72 10 --1 9 52 1,300 5 -1 ----2 (3/) 1 ------11 4 58 6 3 -6 -230 300 50 43 -1 -60 1 900 --18 ----9 28 (3/) -----14 79 18 86 53 4 120 99 -310 450 120 33 -1 1 69 65 2,200 -(3/) 18 ----15 29 (3/) 19 ---1 1 92 3 2 1 (3/) 2 6 -11 36 8 6 (3/) (3/) (3/) 2 5 150 TABLE 2--Continued U.S. CONSUMER RECEIPTS, PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION, SHIPMENTS, AND STOCKS OF IRON AND STEEL SCRAP IN 2000, BY GRADE 1/ (Thousand metric tons) Receipts of scrap From brokers, From other dealers and ownother outside company sources plants Production of home scrap Recirculating scrap from current Obsolete operations scrap 2/ Consumption of purchased and home scrap (3/) (3/) (3/) ---- 1,100 1,500 230 160 260 88 (3/) (3/) 2 --1 18 120 9 3 12 2 ----------(3/) (3/) 1 --(3/) 2 140 150 160 40 1,700 780 14 170 9 14 63 1,100 320 1,000 3,300 380 13,000 1 -4 3 -39 -(3/) (3/) --1 8 2 9 (3/) 71 3 6 3 4 55 17 (3/) 12 6 2 10 56 5 9 67 14 430 (3/) 61 24 1 (3/) (3/) 1,900 6,100 10,000 6,400 7,500 1,100 14 76 81 86 490 1 75 420 680 490 330 60 --18 17 ---13 28 (3/) 100 (3/) 1 --14 280 250 470 2,400 2,200 12,000 6,300 260 4,900 1,700 920 200 1,100 570 1,000 4,200 1,900 74,000 110 10 22 210 30 180 -390 30 25 150 3 22 2 160 90 2,200 7 19 130 180 630 370 74 410 88 85 37 66 17 10 440 670 5,300 Grade Iron foundries and miscellaneous users: Carbon steel: Low-phosphorus plate and punchings 950 5 160 Cut structural and plate 1,300 32 110 No. 1 heavy melting steel 220 3 16 No. 2 heavy melting steel 150 1 -No. 1 and electric furnace bundles 93 140 32 No. 2 and all other bundles 88 -1 Electric furnace, 1 foot and under (not bundles) 140 -1 Railroad rails 140 -9 Turnings and borings 87 65 3 Slag scrap 42 -3 Shredded or fragmentized 1,500 110 (3/) No. 1 busheling 670 62 56 Steel cans (post consumer) 14 --All other carbon steel scrap 120 (3/) 42 Stainless steel scrap 6 -4 Alloy steel (except stainless) 13 -1 Ingot mold and stool scrap 61 -2 Machinery and cupola cast iron 740 -310 Cast-iron borings 190 89 47 Motor blocks 240 10 740 Other iron scrap 240 3 3,100 Other mixed scrap 210 23 150 Total 7,300 540 4,800 Totals for all manufacturing types: Carbon steel: Low-phosphorus plate and punchings 1,600 8 240 Cut structural and plate 5,400 86 810 No. 1 heavy melting steel 5,700 340 4,000 No. 2 heavy melting steel 5,800 77 530 No. 1 and electric furnace bundles 5,800 440 1,700 No. 2 and all other bundles 1,100 15 3 Electric furnace, 1 foot and under (not bundles) 150 14 180 Railroad rails 370 2 110 Turnings and borings 2,200 140 79 Slag scrap 830 130 1,300 Shredded or fragmentized 11,000 1,100 370 No. 1 busheling 6,200 200 190 Steel cans (post consumer) 200 7 40 All other carbon steel scrap 2,500 69 2,800 Stainless steel scrap 960 1 700 Alloy steel (except stainless) 360 8 610 Ingot mold and stool scrap 81 -170 Machinery and cupola cast iron 810 -320 Cast-iron borings 450 89 47 Motor blocks 260 10 740 Other iron scrap 550 58 3,600 Other mixed scrap 1,300 45 680 Total 53,000 2,800 19,000 -- Zero. 1/ Data are rounded to no more than two significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2/ Obsolete home scrap includes ingot molds, stools, and scrap from old equipment, buildings, etc. 3/ Less than 1/2 unit. Shipments of scrap Ending stocks, December 31 TABLE 3 U.S. CONSUMER RECEIPTS, PRODUCTION, CONSUMPTION, SHIPMENTS, AND STOCKS OF PIG IRON AND DIRECT-REDUCED IRON (DRI) IN 2000 1/ (Thousand metric tons) Receipts Production Consumption Shipments Stocks, December 31 49,000 2,300 1,900 17 660 290 11 -- (5/) -- 1 -- 1,200 16 41 -- 130 (5/) 50,000 2,300 1,900 17 800 290 Manufacturers of pig iron, raw steel, castings: Pig iron 10,000 2/ 42,000 DRI 2,200 3/ W Manufacturers of steel castings: Pig iron 11 (4/) DRI --Iron foundries and miscellaneous users: Pig iron 1,200 (4/) DRI 16 1 Totals for all manufacturing types: Pig iron 11,000 42,000 DRI 2,200 W W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. -- Zero. 1/ Data are rounded to no more than two significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2/ Includes 1,600 tons purchased by electric furnace steel producers. 3/ Includes 1,300 tons purchased by integrated steel producers. 4/ Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in "Total." 5/ Less than 1/2 unit. TABLE 4 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF IRON AND STEEL SCRAP, PIG IRON, AND DIRECT-REDUCED IRON (DRI) IN 2000, BY TYPE OF FURNACE OR OTHER USE 1/ (Thousand metric tons) Manufacturers of pig iron, raw steel, castings Pig Scrap iron DRI 1,500 -330 15,000 47,000 100 43,000 2,200 1,800 ---- Manufacturers of steel castings Pig Scrap iron DRI ------2,100 11 -100 1 -- Iron foundries and miscellaneous users Pig Scrap iron DRI ------5,300 700 5 7,300 520 11 Blast furnace Basic oxygen process Electric furnace Cupola furnace Other (including air furnaces) W --2 --W Direct castings 2/ -35 -----Total 59,000 49,000 2,300 2,200 11 -13,000 W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included with "Electric furnace." -- Zero. 1/ Data are rounded to no more than two significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2/ Includes ingot molds and stools. W -1,200 --16 Totals for all manufacturing types Pig Scrap iron DRI 1,500 -330 15,000 47,000 100 50,000 2,900 1,800 7,400 530 11 2 -74,000 W 35 50,000 --2,300 TABLE 5 IRON AND STEEL SCRAP SUPPLY AVAILABLE FOR CONSUMPTION IN 2000, BY REGION AND STATE 1/ 2/ (Thousand metric tons) Receipts of scrap From brokers, dealers, From other other outside own company sources plants Production of home scrap Recirculating scrap resulting from current Obsolete operations scrap 3/ Shipments of scrap 4/ New supply available for consumption Region and State New England and Middle Atlantic: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont 47 -30 1 (5/) New Jersey and New York 1,800 -110 7 1 Pennsylvania 4,200 98 2,400 77 18 Total 6,100 98 2,600 85 20 North Central: Illinois 3,400 86 1,000 2 170 Indiana 4,200 190 5,100 39 620 Iowa, Nebraska, South Dakota 1,900 3 210 -(5/) Kansas and Missouri 830 3 250 65 83 Michigan 3,200 440 1,900 (5/) 200 Minnesota 450 170 110 -(6/) Ohio 7,400 800 2,300 43 780 Wisconsin 1,200 3 1,000 (5/) 6 Total 23,000 1,700 12,000 150 1,900 South Atlantic: Delaware and Maryland 680 1 430 -(6/) Florida and Georgia 950 -160 -(5/) North Carolina and South Carolina 2,100 (6/) 230 -(6/) Virginia and West Virginia 1,800 (6/) 600 (6/) (6/) Total 5,500 160 1,400 (6/) 160 South Central: Alabama and Mississippi 3,700 (6/) 1,000 (6/) 83 Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma 4,300 (6/) 380 (6/) (6/) Kentucky and Tennessee 3,200 2 510 -(6/) Texas 3,300 760 610 10 4 Total 14,000 860 2,500 24 140 Mountain and Pacific: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah 2,200 (5/) 550 (6/) (6/) California, Oregon, Washington 2,600 W 310 (5/) (6/) Total 4,800 W 850 (6/) 5 Grand total 53,000 2,800 19,000 280 2,200 W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data. -- Zero. 1/ Supply available for consumption is a net figure computed by adding production to receipts and deducting scrap shipped during the year. The difference in stock levels at the beginning and end of the year is not taken into consideration. 2/ Data are rounded to no more than two significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 3/ Obsolete scrap includes ingot molds, stools and scrap from old equipment, buildings, etc. 4/ Includes scrap shipped, transferred, or otherwise disposed of during the year. 5/ Less than 1/2 unit. 6/ Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in "Total" or "Grand total." 76 1,900 6,800 8,800 4,300 8,900 2,200 1,100 5,300 730 9,800 2,200 34,000 1,100 1,100 2,300 2,500 7,000 4,700 4,700 3,600 4,700 18,000 2,800 2,900 5,700 74,000 TABLE 6 U.S. CONSUMPTION OF IRON AND STEEL SCRAP AND PIG IRON IN 2000, BY REGION AND STATE 1/ 2/ 3/ (Thousand metric tons) Manufacturers of pig iron, raw steel, castings Scrap Pig iron Manufacturers of steel castings Scrap Pig iron Region and State New England and Middle Atlantic: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Rhode Island, Vermont 1,600 24 20 (4/) Pennsylvania 6,300 3,000 180 2 Total 7,900 3,000 200 2 North Central: Illinois 3,800 2,700 140 2 Indiana 8,000 17,000 69 1 Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota, Wisconsin 3,000 110 480 3 Michigan 2,700 5,000 31 (4/) Ohio 7,800 9,800 430 2 Total 25,000 34,000 1,200 8 South Atlantic: Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 2,900 W W W Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina 2,900 W W W Total 5,900 4,400 4 W South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee 5,800 W 620 W Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma 4,700 W 25 W Texas 4,200 62 89 W Total 15,000 5,500 730 W Mountain and Pacific: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah 2,700 W 22 (4/) California, Oregon, Washington 2,400 W 120 (4/) Total 5,200 1,900 140 (4/) Grand total 59,000 49,000 2,200 11 W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in "Total" or "Grand total." 1/ Includes recirculating scrap resulting from current operations and home-generated obsolete scrap. 2/ Includes molten pig iron used for ingot molds and direct castings. 3/ Data are rounded to no more than two significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 4/ Less than 1/2 unit. Iron foundries and miscellaneous users Scrap Pig iron Totals for all manufacturing types Scrap Pig iron 390 580 980 17 79 96 2,000 7,100 9,100 41 3,100 3,100 570 1,100 36 150 4,500 9,200 2,800 17,000 2,400 2,500 1,300 7,800 320 170 130 810 5,900 5,200 9,500 34,000 430 5,200 9,900 35,000 470 480 960 21 37 58 3,400 3,400 6,800 4,400 75 4,500 1,900 120 420 2,400 W W 38 200 8,300 4,800 4,700 18,000 5,000 600 100 5,700 130 320 460 13,000 W W 58 1,200 2,900 2,900 5,800 74,000 1,900 110 2,000 50,000 TABLE 7 U.S. CONSUMER STOCKS OF IRON AND STEEL SCRAP AND PIG IRON, DECEMBER 31, 2000, BY REGION AND STATE 1/ (Thousand metric tons) Carbon steel 2/ Stainless steel Alloy steel 3/ Cast iron 4/ Other grades of scrap 1 1 28 30 W W 5 5 1 76 420 500 1 1 29 31 18 120 14 18 9 33 210 3 13 W 45 2 4 68 340 640 180 200 54 550 2,000 35 210 99 70 9 33 460 17 23 40 46 3 49 330 150 480 57 7 64 260 4 4 270 W W W 500 1,400 370 260 2,000 140 68 21 220 -53 53 670 150 170 310 5,300 W W 17 800 Region and State New England and Middle Atlantic: Connecticut, Maine, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Rhode Island, Vermont (5/) 1 (5/) New Jersey and New York 71 1 1 Pennsylvania 340 33 20 Total 410 35 21 North Central: Illinois 320 (5/) W Indiana 500 5 W Iowa, Kansas, Missouri, Nebraska, South Dakota 170 (5/) 1 Michigan 130 6 1 Minnesota and Wisconsin 41 2 1 Ohio 440 27 45 Total 1,600 40 49 South Atlantic: Delaware, Maryland, Virginia, West Virginia 270 (5/) W Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, South Carolina 120 (5/) W Total 390 (5/) 3 South Central: Alabama, Kentucky, Mississippi, Tennessee 650 W W Arkansas, Louisiana, Oklahoma 360 W W Texas 250 W W Total 1,300 12 6 Mountain and Pacific: Arizona, Colorado, Idaho, Montana, Utah 140 (5/) W California, Oregon, Washington 93 (5/) W Total 230 1 5 Grand total 3,900 88 84 W Withheld to avoid disclosing company proprietary data; included in "Total" or "Grand total." 1/ Data are rounded to no more than two significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2/ Excludes rerolling rails. 3/ Excludes stainless steel. 4/ Includes borings. 5/ Less than 1/2 unit. 6 16 22 570 -- Zero. TABLE 8 U.S. AVERAGE MONTHLY PRICE AND COMPOSITE PRICE FOR NO. 1 HEAVY MELTING STEEL, WITH ANNUAL AVERAGES 1/ (Dollars per metric ton) Composite Period Chicago Philadelphia Pittsburgh price 2000: January 118.60 115.10 126.47 120.06 February 109.35 101.52 117.12 109.33 March 108.75 101.37 116.63 108.92 April 106.44 103.83 116.23 108.84 May 99.90 97.44 108.75 102.03 June 93.10 92.52 102.85 96.15 July 91.04 87.59 97.93 92.19 August 91.04 82.80 97.93 90.59 September 91.04 82.67 97.93 90.55 October 81.29 74.31 88.18 81.26 November 71.65 71.85 76.57 73.36 December 73.03 80.26 78.79 77.36 Annual average: 2000 94.60 90.94 102.11 95.88 1999 100.91 85.16 96.37 94.15 1/ Calculated by the U.S. Geological Survey from prices published in American Metal Market. Total scrap Pig iron TABLE 9 U.S. EXPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL SCRAP, BY COUNTRY 1/ 2/ (Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars) Country 1999 Quantity (3/) 3 3 1,700 419 30 15 9 48 17 6 1 5 72 1,870 46 849 3 17 (3/) 2 16 32 1 220 58 13 64 r/ 5,520 2000 Value Australia 469 Belgium 11,200 Brazil 1,680 Canada 159,000 China 216,000 Colombia 690 France 322 Germany 2,090 Hong Kong 13,800 India 18,100 Indonesia 2,590 Israel 1,230 Italy 3,350 Japan 47,100 Korea, Republic of 142,000 Malaysia 9,450 Mexico 109,000 Netherlands 11,100 Philippines 10,500 Saudi Arabia 2,960 Singapore 2,300 South Africa 9,110 Spain 118,000 Sweden 148 Taiwan 82,600 Thailand 16,000 United Kingdom 3,220 Other 8,090 Total 1,000,000 r/ Revised. 1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2/ Excludes used rails for rerolling and other uses and ships, boats, and other vessels for scrapping. Export valuation is free-alongside-ship (f.a.s.) value. The United States exported scrap to 70 countries in 1999 and 88 countries in 2000. 3/ Less than 1/2 unit. Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Value 355 1,770 505 182,000 96,200 3,380 2,450 2,610 13,600 5,770 1,590 1,130 2,080 15,400 215,000 4,360 88,100 1,730 8,290 27 803 10,100 16,700 672 44,100 6,930 4,760 8,760 r/ 738,000 Quantity 1 16 2 1,280 1,080 5 1 5 45 61 10 3 7 73 1,440 95 1,010 16 18 33 3 13 81 5 297 134 8 23 5,760 TABLE 10 U.S. EXPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL SCRAP, BY CUSTOMS DISTRICT 1/ 2/ (Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars) 1999 2000 Customs district Quantity Value Quantity Value Boston, MA 328 30,500 336 32,500 Buffalo, NY 148 27,300 129 30,800 Columbia-Snake 52 10,300 105 22,700 Detroit, MI 411 46,900 220 35,000 Honolulu, HI 45 5,250 96 12,800 Houston-Galveston, TX 66 28,500 73 49,200 Laredo, TX 193 21,800 361 41,100 Los Angeles, CA 1,120 155,000 1,230 231,000 Mobile, AL 40 22,300 39 26,400 New Orleans, LA 50 13,900 47 34,700 New York, NY 379 64,200 357 109,000 Nogales, AZ 9 948 47 5,580 Norfolk, VA 118 15,700 84 20,700 Pembina, ND 361 32,600 272 26,900 Portland, ME 79 8,010 69 7,640 Providence, RI 140 10,700 240 24,500 San Francisco, CA 706 90,600 847 125,000 San Juan, PR 11 5,430 69 4,830 Seattle, WA 277 40,300 303 53,100 St Albans, VT 38 7,860 66 12,200 Tampa, FL 2 415 64 6,990 Other 947 r/ 100,000 r/ 711 88,000 Total 5,520 738,000 5,760 1,000,000 r/ Revised. 1/ Excludes used rails for rerolling and other uses and ships, boats, and other vessels for scrapping. Export valuation is free-alongside-ship (f.a.s.) value. 2/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. Source: U.S. Census Bureau. TABLE 11 U.S. EXPORTS OF IRON AND STEEL SCRAP, BY GRADE 1/ 2/ (Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars) 1999 2000 Grade Quantity Value Quantity Value No. 1 heavy melting scrap 931 77,200 778 77,200 No. 2 heavy melting scrap 245 19,300 181 17,400 No. 1 bundles 42 3,800 52 5,120 No. 2 bundles 32 2,180 31 2,800 Shredded steel scrap 1,190 112,000 1,350 140,000 Borings, shovelings and turnings 230 15,600 214 15,700 Cut plate and structural 284 29,000 156 17,200 Tinned iron or steel 90 21,500 123 28,600 Remelting scrap ingots 2 664 3 1,600 Stainless steel scrap 260 151,000 468 310,000 Other alloy steel scrap 558 115,000 809 168,000 Other steel scrap 3/ 940 101,000 939 132,000 Iron scrap 715 89,300 658 85,000 Total 5,520 738,000 5,760 1,000,000 Ships, boats, other vessels for scrapping 7 2,610 11 153 Used rails for rerolling and other uses 4/ 34 14,300 40 15,600 Grand total 5,560 755,000 5,810 1,020,000 1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2/ Export valuation is on a free-alongside-ship (f.a.s.) value. 3/ Includes tinplate and terneplate. 4/ Includes mixed (used plus new) rails. See table 15 for details. Source: U.S. Census Bureau. TABLE 12 U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF IRON AND STEEL SCRAP, BY COUNTRY 1/ 2/ (Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars) Country 1999 Quantity Value 19 1,900 30 3,270 12 609 1,830 181,000 3 1,870 32 3,090 2 1,970 106 9,170 (3/) 73 (3/) 360 7 638 26 3,740 62 26,600 218 21,000 4 355 --2 107 98 6,840 2 24 6 2,000 175 16,100 (3/) 45 (3/) 14 976 95,600 4 523 58 r/ 5,780 r/ 3,670 383,000 2000 Value Australia 216 Belgium 10,200 Brazil 2,850 Canada 196,000 China 54 Dominican Republic 3,630 Egypt 1,480 Finland 3,500 France 173 Germany 4,010 Jamaica 686 Japan 8,920 Mexico 29,200 Netherlands 13,800 Netherlands Antilles 440 Norway 1,420 Panama 168 Russia 8,920 Singapore 2,800 South Africa 2 Sweden 21,000 Trinidad and Tobago 210 Ukraine 13 United Kingdom 71,300 Venezuela 1,920 Other 2,260 Total 385,000 r/ Revised. -- Zero. 1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2/ Excludes used rails for rerolling and other uses and ships, boats, and other vessels for scrapping. Import valuation is Customs value. The United States imported scrap from 52 countries in 2000 and 53 countries in 1999. 3/ Less than 1/2 unit. Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Quantity (3/) 53 3 1,870 (3/) 32 2 32 1 31 6 140 63 129 4 15 1 91 8 (3/) 200 (3/) (3/) 652 8 12 3,350 TABLE 13 U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF IRON AND STEEL SCRAP, BY CUSTOMS DISTRICT 1/ 2/ (Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars) 1999 2000 Customs district Quantity Value Quantity Value Buffalo, NY 187 28,800 151 23,900 Charleston, SC 75 6,990 245 25,600 Chicago, IL 145 11,200 79 5,170 Cleveland, OH 28 1,790 38 3,580 Detroit, MI 1,110 107,000 1,110 113,000 El Paso, TX 6 2,020 7 2,090 Laredo, TX 44 17,500 59 24,300 Los Angeles, CA 6 327 59 798 Mobile, AL 52 5,210 21 2,670 New Orleans, LA 1,670 159,000 1,150 128,000 Ogdensburg, NY 19 3,710 31 5,110 Pembina, ND 25 7,610 21 5,970 Philadelphia, PA (3/) 59 27 3,610 San Diego, CA 12 5,530 8 5,220 Seattle, WA 264 20,400 338 26,700 Other 32 6,800 18 8,420 Total 3,670 383,000 3,350 385,000 1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2/ Excludes used rails for rerolling and other uses and ships, boats, and other vessels for scrapping. Import valuation is Customs value. 3/ Less than 1/2 unit. Source: U.S. Census Bureau. TABLE 14 U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF IRON AND STEEL SCRAP, BY CLASS 1/ 2/ (Thousand metric tons and thousand dollars) 1999 2000 Class Quantity Value Quantity No. 1 heavy melting scrap 46 3,660 23 No. 2 heavy melting scrap 16 1,480 5 No. 1 bundles 246 23,100 248 No. 2 bundles 1 74 35 Shredded steel scrap 1,080 103,000 885 Borings, shovelings and turnings 138 10,800 76 Cut plate and structural 134 13,200 113 Tinned iron or steel 58 5,270 15 Remelting scrap ingots 5 1,860 34 Stainless steel scrap 66 27,700 56 Other alloy steel scrap 210 29,700 377 Other steel scrap 3/ 1,320 135,000 1,020 Iron scrap 354 28,300 466 Total 3,670 383,000 3,350 Ships, boats, other vessels for scrapping (4/) 189 -Used rails for rerolling and other uses 5/ 348 43,900 271 Grand total 4,020 427,000 3,630 -- Zero. 1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2/ Import valuation is Customs value. 3/ Includes tinplate and terneplate. 4/ Less than 1/2 unit. 5/ Includes mixed (used plus new) rails. See table 16 for details. Source: U.S. Census Bureau. Value 2,020 417 25,000 4,140 92,100 5,640 13,300 1,660 5,590 35,500 44,900 119,000 35,300 385,000 -34,100 419,000 TABLE 15 U.S. EXPORTS OF USED RAILS FOR REROLLING AND OTHER USES, BY COUNTRY 1/ 2/ 1999 Quantity Value (metric tons) (thousands) 21 $90 9,290 2,090 63 64 566 232 21,800 8,850 --516 296 70 87 1,430 r/ 2,590 r/ 33,700 r/ 14,300 r/ 2000 Quantity Value (metric tons) (thousands) 405 $360 12,800 2,740 2,310 1,140 207 191 23,000 9,540 289 142 204 137 412 319 745 1,080 40,400 15,600 Country Bahamas, The Canada Chile Dominican Republic Mexico Netherlands United Kingdom Venezuela Other Total r/ Revised. -- Zero. 1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2/ Exports contain mixed (used plus new) rails totaling 7,590 metric tons valued at $8,580,000 in 2000 and 7,700 metric tons valued at $7,390,000 in 1999. Export valuation is free-alongside-ship (f.a.s.) value. Source: U.S. Census Bureau. TABLE 16 U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF USED RAILS FOR REROLLING AND OTHER USES, BY COUNTRY 1/ 2/ 1999 Quantity Value (metric tons) (thousands) 28,700 5,490 1 2 --41,400 8,370 --255,000 r/ 27,600 13,600 1,410 9,360 r/ 964 r/ 348,000 r/ 43,900 2000 Quantity Value (metric tons) (thousands) 21,100 4,120 49 26 5 5 10,300 1,500 9,570 951 217,000 25,600 13,200 1,660 327 300 271,000 34,100 Country Canada France New Zealand Poland Romania Russia Ukraine Other Total r/ Revised. -- Zero. 1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2/ Import valuation is Customs value. Source: U.S. Census Bureau. TABLE 17 U.S. EXPORTS OF DIRECT-REDUCED IRON (DRI), BY COUNTRY 1/ 2/ 1999 r/ Country Quantity (metric tons) ----653 40 26 2,560 3,270 2000 Value (thousands) ----$69 4 3 226 302 Quantity (metric tons) 53 86 28 26 1,440 137 62 139 1,970 Value (thousands) $6 9 3 3 181 14 11 15 241 Australia Canada Italy Japan Mexico Taiwan United Kingdom Other Total -- Zero. 1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2/ Data are for steelmaking-grade DRI only. Source: U.S. Census Bureau. TABLE 18 U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF DIRECT-REDUCED IRON (DRI), BY COUNTRY 1/ 2/ 1999 Country Quantity (metric tons) 35,300 23 19,000 --26,300 870,000 950,000 2000 Value (thousands) $3,510 3 2,010 --2,110 78800 86,500 Quantity (metric tons) -12,400 --450 64,000 1,010,000 1,090,000 Value (thousands) -$2,180 --48 6,560 110000 119,000 Argentina Canada Japan Mexico Norway Trinidad and Tobago Venezuela Total -- Zero. 1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2/ Data are for steelmaking-grade DRI only. Source: U.S. Census Bureau. TABLE 19 U.S. EXPORTS OF PIG IRON, BY COUNTRY 1/ 2/ Country 1999 Quantity Value metric tons) (thousands) 2,430 $214 10,100 1,680 ------64,300 8,500 --224 20 ----397 35 --5,550 r/ 610 r/ 83,000 11,100 2000 Quantity metric tons) 1,400 4,270 186 839 1,140 58,700 540 355 1,730 1,260 338 432 932 72,100 Value (thousands) $123 761 39 74 100 8,020 47 31 152 111 30 38 99 9,620 Australia Canada China Korea, Republic of Malaysia Mexico Saudi Arabia Singapore South Africa Spain Taiwan United Kingdom Other Total r/ Revised. -- Zero. 1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2/ Includes the following grades of pig iron: less than or equal to 0.5% phosphorus content, greater than 0.5% phosphorus content, and alloy grade. Export valuation is free-alongside-ship (f.a.s.) value. Source: U.S. Census Bureau. TABLE 20 U.S. IMPORTS FOR CONSUMPTION OF PIG IRON, BY COUNTRY 1/ 2/ Country 1999 Quantity Value metric tons) (thousands) 2,540,000 $271,000 117,000 20,700 20,700 2,340 112,000 11,000 5,190 552 --688,000 63,100 221,000 29,100 354,000 33,400 --921,000 94,600 --15,000 r/ 1,410 r/ 4,990,000 527,000 2000 Quantity metric tons) 3,080,000 109,000 41,100 5 5,000 12,400 423,000 145,000 16,000 44,000 1,070,000 23,000 27 4,970,000 Value (thousands) $374,000 18,300 4,740 10 617 1,640 45,200 18,100 2,210 5,520 129,000 2,370 7 601,000 Brazil Canada China Japan Norway Poland Russia South Africa Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Venezuela Other Total r/ Revised. -- Zero. 1/ Data are rounded to no more than three significant digits; may not add to totals shown. 2/ Includes the following grades of pig iron: less than or equal to 0.5% phosphorus content, greater than 0.5% phosphorus content, and alloy grade. Import valuation is Customs value. Source: U.S. Census Bureau.
Source Exif Data:
File Type : PDF File Type Extension : pdf MIME Type : application/pdf PDF Version : 1.4 Linearized : No Create Date : 2002:04:02 20:59:57Z Modify Date : 2002:05:08 12:14:01-04:00 Subject : USGS Minerals Yearbook 2000 Keywords : minerals, statistics, iron scrap, steel scrap Page Count : 18 Creation Date : 2002:04:02 20:59:57Z Mod Date : 2002:05:08 12:14:01-04:00 Producer : Acrobat Distiller 5.0 (Windows) Author : USGS Minerals Information Team Metadata Date : 2002:05:08 12:14:01-04:00 Creator : USGS Minerals Information Team Title : Iron and Steel Scrap Description : USGS Minerals Yearbook 2000 Has XFA : NoEXIF Metadata provided by EXIF.tools