A Massive Guide To Building RESTful API For Your Mobile App Savvy Apps

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A Massive Guide to Building a
RESTful API for Your Mobile
App
DEVELOPMENT  TIPS
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We build  apps of all shapes and sizes  here at Savvy Apps, but a common
element is that they communicate with servers. Very few apps today
operate without some sort of Internet connectivity, meaning that they
interact with a backend, web services, or APIs. These APIs could be
provided by Google, Amazon, Facebook, or comparable third-parties. They
also could be APIs that are developed internally.
The problem for these internal or in-house APIs are twofold. Many don't take the time to
plan out a 
good
 API. Additionally, even with the abundance of apps, not everyone has built
Skip to a Section
What to Know Before Using This
RESTful API Guide
How Are Backends for Mobile Apps
Dierent?
Considerations for Setting Up Your
App's RESTful API
How to Execute Your RESTful API for
Mobile Apps
Concluding Note
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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web services or APIs for apps specifically. In our experience, we've found that establishing
guidelines on how to build better APIs for mobile apps  saves time and eort  during
development and reduces headache later on in the process.
We wrote this guide to outline the best practices for building out APIs, web services, and
databases for mobile apps and mobile clients. In this post, we go in-depth on creating a
RESTful API specifically for mobile apps. This information is not only for us at Savvy Apps.
It's helpful for our customers and any other web or backend development teams who want
to properly build and maintain their own app-focused backends.
TL;DR
Use a well-known architecture so new developers know how it works.
Make the server do the heavy liing so mobile clients don't have to.
Version your API so it handles requests coming in from new and legacy users alike.
Account for oline usage and usage across devices.
Prioritize performance and scalability when picking where to host your server.
Use standard security protocols and well-vetted authentication/encryption libraries.
Build three backend environments: development, staging, and production.
Let your data decide the type of database you use.
Construct API URL endpoints so that it's very clear what that resource contains.
For requests, let the client send full objects, and the server use the fields it needs.
Utilize UTC for dates/times, and let the client figure out how to display the data.
Remember that GET and PUT requests need to be idempotent.
What to Know Before Using This RESTful API Guide
REST is by far the most commonly-used style for designing APIs, especially in the mobile
world. There are also particular subsets of REST, like  OData , that further define how data
should be transmitted between your apps and the server. While those subsets may be best
for your particular needs, we're going to keep the conversation broad enough to cover all
REST styles. Adhering to a popular, generic, RESTful architecture style will ensure that new
developers tasked with maintaining your server code in the future will be familiar with how
it works and, more importantly, how new services should be built onto it.
Skip to a Section
What to Know Before Using This
RESTful API Guide
How Are Backends for Mobile Apps
Dierent?
Considerations for Setting Up Your
App's RESTful API
How to Execute Your RESTful API for
Mobile Apps
Concluding Note
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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In this guide, we'll also be discussing RESTful APIs through the lens of mobile app systems.
These rules, however, will certainly help with supporting web apps and other systems with
your API too. In most cases, the mobile app client asking for resources and the backend
server handing out those resources are going to be written in dierent programming
languages and oen by dierent development teams. Adhering to the REST principles laid
out below will ensure that both teams are setting and fulfilling the proper expectations
when the time comes for the two platforms to communicate with each other. Nothing is
worse than thinking that you've completed a new endpoint before realizing it's not in a
format the mobile client can use eiciently. In projects where there are multiple dev team
members, it is critical for everyone to stay in constant communication regarding these
shared blueprints to avoid unexpected miscommunications, delays, and wasted time.
Adhering to a commonly-agreed set of standards and expectations will allow teams to
iterate faster and more eiciently, which makes development and maintenance less
expensive in the long run.
How Are Backends for Mobile Apps Different?
Before we dive into the hosting, security, architecture, and other considerations for creating
your RESTful API, let's examine what makes building an API for mobile apps dierent from
other systems. These mobile-specific concerns are essential to making sure your RESTful
API is prepared to work eiciently with a mobile app and the expectations of its users.
HTTPS, Not HTTP
The internet was built on HTTP, but mobile platforms enforce HTTPS requirements with
modern encryption and trusted signed certificates. A mobile backend needs to use HTTPS
for every endpoint. Your development, staging, and production environment servers should
all be using the same type of signed certificates. This will save you headaches later when
migrating/testing features on each environment, allowing you catch security issues
upstream before they become a problem on the live server and start aecting real users.
Server Does Most of the Work
To save on network data costs and battery life for users, you typically want mobile clients
doing as little work as possible. It's quite rare to see a mobile app that couldn't benefit from
Skip to a Section
What to Know Before Using This
RESTful API Guide
How Are Backends for Mobile Apps
Dierent?
Considerations for Setting Up Your
App's RESTful API
How to Execute Your RESTful API for
Mobile Apps
Concluding Note
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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querying and storing data remotely or oloading burdensome and sensitive tasks to more
powerful, remote machines. Plugging into a remote API keeps your stored data secure and
allows your app to continue running smoothly for the user, staying focused on presenting
your data quickly instead of calculating. Mobile app users expect their data to be synced
across all their devices, which is also solved by moving the data o the device with an API.
Letting the server do the heavy liing also saves time for developers working on multiple
platforms by moving and consolidating code to your server and presenting the results to
both your iOS and Android apps. The server is going to have access to much better
hardware than the mobile clients for number crunching, so it is wise to leverage it.
Server Issues Can Kill an App
You can also expect any errors a mobile user experiences to be broadcast with a
megaphone. Tech users these days have little patience when something doesn't work as
expected, especially mobile app users. There's no bigger stage for issues to be shared than
in App Store and Google Play app reviews. If something goes wrong, the server needs to
respond with user-friendly error messages or error codes the client can use to assuage the
user and, hopefully, help fix the issue. Even a single error can cause a 1-star review and
positive reviews are critically linked to the success of an app. Too many negative reviews
caused by server issues will stop new downloads for your app.
Versioning is More Important
With mobile app users  updating their apps  (or not) at dierent frequencies, versioning your
API becomes more important than other, more controlled environments. With several
dierent versions of the app running in the wild, the server needs to consolidate and handle
the various requests coming in from new and legacy users alike. We'll dig into eective
strategies on how to handle this later.
Plan for Push Notifications
A useful communication avenue unique to mobile is the  push notification . There are third
party tools that specialize in push notification, but sometimes you need to manage the
process yourself. Your server may be responsible for tracking device tokens that maps
devices to users for sending push notifications. Using a service like Firebase, however, to
Skip to a Section
What to Know Before Using This
RESTful API Guide
How Are Backends for Mobile Apps
Dierent?
Considerations for Setting Up Your
App's RESTful API
How to Execute Your RESTful API for
Mobile Apps
Concluding Note
BLOG
YOU'RE READING:
A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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YOU'RE READING:
A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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manage device tokens and send push notifications to iOS and Android users is typically
more cost eective than building your own.
Reconciling Offline Activity
Many mobile users will expect the app to have some limited functionality even while oline.
Once reconnected to the server, reconciling the oline activity with the rest of the database
needs to be considered. This is especially important for apps that users can access on
multiple devices, such as their phone and tablet. Coordinating API calls with timestamps
and order of operations is something that needs to be discussed by the frontend and
backend developers.
Considerations for Setting Up Your App's RESTful API
Now that we've looked at what sets mobile apart from other systems, we can dive deeper
into planning your RESTful API. These tips address common concerns for hosting the server,
dealing with security, creating the backend architecture, choosing database and storage
options, using the right tools, and supporting multiple platforms.
Hosting the Server
Choosing the location to host your server is a big decision. If you don't have the desire or
capacity to host your own bare-metal server, there are plenty of cloud-hosted solutions
available these days. Every project is dierent, each with specific needs for performance,
scalability, and administrative features. Some core factors to pay attention to while
evaluating services for where to host your server include:
How does the service scale its resources? This could be horizontally (adds more
machines) or vertically (upgrading hardware resources for existing machines).
How will the cost increase with usage?
Are there any migration features that would allow you to easily stand up multiple
environments (development/staging/production) for your project?
What features are already baked into the system that would save you time and
energy from trying to recreate?
Skip to a Section
What to Know Before Using This
RESTful API Guide
How Are Backends for Mobile Apps
Dierent?
Considerations for Setting Up Your
App's RESTful API
How to Execute Your RESTful API for
Mobile Apps
Concluding Note
BLOG
YOU'RE READING:
A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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YOU'RE READING:
A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T

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What steps does the service take to protect your system (i.e. encryption, automated
back ups, uptime monitoring)?
How easy can the data be ported to another service or platform?
Protecting the Data
Depending on your needs, you have a wide array of authentication mechanisms to leverage.
Any hosted service you choose should already include easy integration of HTTPS and
trusted CA certificates. HTTP Basic Authentication is the easiest to implement, but it's also
the least secure. OAuth2 is widely accepted as a secure, standard way of performing
authentication and is highly recommended. There are plenty of libraries for social logins or
phone number authentication you could use as well. Do not try to write your own
authentication! There is no need to reinvent the wheel here when you can rely on existing
protocols and libraries that have already been vetted by many others on both client and
server side. Protecting each API endpoint behind authentication requirements should be
the norm. Don't allow free passes on a resource unless necessary for functionality.
Sensitive data should be protected. This is a given, but security is a spectrum, not an
absolute. Encrypt your user's sensitive data. Encryption may not be necessary for every
project, but it should always be considered. Don't store your passwords in plain text.
Please. Not only should you hash passwords, but using random salts for each password will
significantly improve security.
Planning the Architecture
As we already discussed, you're hopefully planning on building not one, but  three discrete
backend environments : development, staging, and production. The development
environment is where frequent development changes are rolled out as they're completed
by developers. Data here can be generated by developers; this can be achieved through
automated scripts to populate a database with a healthy amount of test data. As code
passes through all its tests in continuous integration (hopefully you're testing your server's
logic and API endpoints) and gets the OK from QA, it graduates into the staging
environment.
Skip to a Section
What to Know Before Using This
RESTful API Guide
How Are Backends for Mobile Apps
Dierent?
Considerations for Setting Up Your
App's RESTful API
How to Execute Your RESTful API for
Mobile Apps
Concluding Note
BLOG
YOU'RE READING:
A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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YOU'RE READING:
A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T

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The staging environment is going to try to resemble production as much as possible.
Ideally, data here is an import of transformed real/live sampled data stripped of personal
information. The more realistic data used here, the better confidence you'll have of how
your system will perform in production. Porting data may not be feasible for your project,
but having some sort of quasi-representative data in these first environments is critical to
reducing risk and discovering bugs in the logic before becoming a real issue. If the content
cannot be reproduced, having at least roughly the same quantity of data you're expecting in
production in these environments again will pinpoint bottlenecks in the system early.
Otherwise, irreproducible slow downs, hang ups, and bugs may occur in production that
can be a nightmare to track down in development.
Making Database and Storage Decisions
No matter what type of database you use, it's worth noting that entity IDs should be
randomly generated UUIDs, not sequential. This helps secure resources by making IDs much
harder to guess. When it comes to storing your data, you might be considering a traditional
relational database like MySQL or MariaDB. Or maybe you prefer the scalability of a noSQL
document database like MongoDB. Or perhaps you prefer the flexibility of a hybrid
approach that something like PostgreSQL can oer with both relational or document
storage support. Which database your project should use is really going to depend on your
data. Here are some notes to cover the basics:
MySQL/MariaDB
Well established, stable and reliable
Lots of libraries, frameworks and tools to leverage
Data is rigid, well structured and defined, leading to less data mismatch bugs
Scaling requires a lot of domain-specific knowledge
MongoDB
No tables, no formal schema, non-relational
Easier to scale than SQL-based databases
Easy ramp up and iteration of database model
Easier to shoot yourself in the foot
PostgreSQL
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RESTful API Guide
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Considerations for Setting Up Your
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How to Execute Your RESTful API for
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Concluding Note
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Support and popularity is growing rapidly
Built around giving more features and tools for DB admins
Flexible enough to mix relational data with model-independent data
Cloud document storage
A cheap solution could be something like using Amazon S3 Buckets for storing large
sets of whole documents
Finding the Right Tools
You're going to need the right tools to get the job done. Whether it's communication
between project teams, current team members, or future team members going through the
onboarding process for your project, communication is key to success on any soware
project. During development, make sure you're using a clear dev-tracking tool and that all
teammates have access. We're fans of  Pivotal Tracker  and  Trello , but any similar tool will
work.
The point is to keep progress out in the open and maintain a historical record. This is
especially important with multiple developers on a project. The developer responsible for
writing the code to log in a user in an iOS app will really want to know when the server-side
authentication API is ready to consume. They may even have a discussion around shiing
priorities of the server developers to complete that task sooner rather than later if it's
blocking the iOS app from progressing further. Letting the whole team have knowledge of
not only what's currently being worked on but also what's up next will allow a more fluid
workflow of coordinating work schedules to complete tasks in the most eicient way
possible. This will also help circumvent issues where the API may have changed
prematurely, causing a delay or otherwise negatively impacting development in the mobile
app. It's also worth noting that just like any soware iteration, release notes are invaluable
when a new API is deployed, even during development.
When done right, RESTful API endpoints should be easy to test and should have tests
covering both obvious use cases as well as expected edge cases for each endpoint. One of
the core principles of REST is stateless, which makes our API endpoints small, modular
black boxes, ripe for testing. New data comes in, successful message comes out, and the
newly persisted data changes are easily verifiable in the database. Request for data goes in,
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expected data response comes out.  The testing framework to use  will of course depend on
the language you're writing the backend server logic in. No matter how you write your tests,
they should be well-maintained and run with 100% passing rate before every deploy.
During development, your testing suite may prove suicient documentation for other
developers to review how the system works. Eventually you'll need to write down, in plain
english, how the system you built actually works. I know this is the least favorite part for
most of us, but it is critical for the success of a project in the long term. Your documentation
is only as good as the eort you put into it. Fortunately, these days there are documentation
tools out there that can do a lot of the work for you. One of our favorite API documentation
tools is  Postman . Not only is it useful for exploring or testing an API, but it can help
generate all the requests, responses, and handled error codes and store them for you to
reference later. You can literally build your documentation as you build an integration test
suite for your new API.
No matter how you document your API, try to include successful response codes, sample
requests, and examples of both successful and failed responses, with expected error codes
and messages. You also need to make sure this documentation is accessible to everyone on
the team. It does no good if no one else can read it! Included below are some other
documentation tools you may want to look at:
Swagger
Can support bottom up or top down (contracts first, then write code)
Language neutral, but does support a large variety of languages via plugins
Apiary
Built on top of open sourced API Blueprint
Slate
Supports Markdown
Can be hosted on Github
Supporting Multiple Platforms
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If you're building an API for a mobile app to consume, chances are good that you'll need to
support other platforms in the future. The general rule of thumb for building APIs for mobile
is to make the client as dumb and thin as possible, while keeping all the heavy sorting,
filtering, number crunching, data aggregating, and consolidation on the server. This
leverages the more powerful hardware of the server and tries to keep the client logic simple
while fetching and showing the data to the user as quickly as possible.
This is important because when you're building your app on iOS, Android, and web, you
don't want to rewrite complicated filtering and parsing logic three times if you can avoid it.
For this reason, you'll want to allow robust sorting and filtering options, letting the client
fetch only what it needs. For example, don't return everything in a collection and force the
client app to sort through the data to find what it was looking for. Use pagination of long
lists of data to avoid overwhelming both the client and the user and allow the client to
determine how many results it should get back. While supporting multiple platforms, it may
be beneficial to capture device names, OS versions, and types in request headers since
those can be useful while reading logs and debugging in the future.
How to Execute Your RESTful API for Mobile Apps
Now that we've discussed how and where you should set up your server, let's dig into how
to actually design your API in a RESTful manner. This section runs through how to use
proper url paths, requests and responses, and other guidelines for implementing your
RESTful API.
Handling URL Paths
For the rest of this guide, we're going to assume we're building an API for a library. For
example, some of your resources might be a book, a book club, an author, a user, or a
library location. The client would want access to all of those resources via the API so you
could construct some endpoints mapping to:
GET /books 
POST /books 
GET /books/{bookId} 
PUT /books/{bookId} 
PATCH /books/{bookId} 
DELETE /books/{bookId} 
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GET /books/{bookId}/authors 
GET /bookClubs/book 
GET /users/{userId} 
GET /users/{userId}/favoriteBooks
Notice the pattern emerging. We hope to construct our API URL endpoints in a way that
makes it very clear what that resource contains. Now let's talk about the two useful RESTful
design tools: nouns and verbs. The actions GET, POST, PUT, PATCH, DELETE are the verbs,
meaning they are the HTTP methods telling the server what action to perform. The URL
path itself tells you the nouns, which are the resources that will be acted on. It's important
to make this distinction here, because otherwise you could end up with a messy API that's
diicult to follow.
Now take a look at these (bad) endpoints:
/getBooks 
/createNewBook 
/checkOutBook/{bookId} 
/returnBook/{bookId} 
/addBookToFavorites 
/addNewMemberToBookClub 
/changeBookClubMeetingTime 
/changeBookClubMeetingLocation 
/removeBookClubMember
You may glean more about what those API endpoints might be trying to do at a glance, but
now you're going to have to add a new API endpoint for every possible action on that
resource. Doing so will lead to frustration for the clients trying to consume your API. You
want to keep your API concise and modular. You're not only creating an API for your apps
right now, but you also need to think about how additional features or data types will fit
into the API.
To improve your API's robustness, just let the requests drive the server's response. Now this
may seem like a silly statement, because of course a client will make a request and the
server's job is to send a response. If the server is dictating what, how, and where a client can
fetch or change data, then that means that every time they want to perform a new action or
feature, the client developers are going to have to wait for changes to be made to the server.
The server is allowed to refuse requests. That's what error messages are for. But by building
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your endpoints with nouns and reacting to the data in the request, you'll provide a stable
API that will require less maintenance over time as you allow clients to do more with less.
Now, just because we're using nouns to drive the URLs, doesn't mean our resources need to
be the same as our data model objects. The URL should include model objects where
appropriate, but we want to make these paths easy to read and intuitive. For example, the
resource /favoriteBooks probably will just return the same objects as /books, but we
provide the clarification of what type of books we're going to get back. This separation also
allows you move the logic of finding, filtering, and calculating favoriteBooks to the
server, again allowing the mobile client to remain thin and focused on pulling the needed
data and presenting it to the user.
This leads directly into how to handle filtering, sorting, pagination, and searching. These
four sub-actions are all related as they let the client declare what resources it's looking to
retrieve from the server. Again, we want to construct our APIs to give the clients as much
freedom as possible here, without having to exert too much extra eort on our side. We
handle filtering, sorting, pagination, and searching with URL parameters. This allows us to
keep our API endpoint quantity low and manageable while giving the clients the tools they
need to perform more complicated actions. Once we add the ability to handle these types
of query parameters, we open up the door for the client to make changes to better serve up
content to the users as they see fit. Today, maybe they want to show all libraries in
alphabetical order, but tomorrow they realize that sorting them by geographical location is
more useful to end users. Or maybe they want to let end users choose how they want to see
libraries sorted as a configurable setting. The client can do all of that without any extra
work on the server side, which is what we want.
Here are some examples of handling these URL parameters for our library API:
GET /libraries?sortBy=name&isCurrentlyOpen=true&pageCount=10 
GET /books?queryTitle=Sherlock+Holmes&queryAuthor=Arthur+Conan+Doyle 
GET /bookClubs?genre=mystery
API versioning is another feature we should implement to achieve the robustness that is
especially important for mobile apps. Mobile developers don't always have the luxury of
forcing soware updates for all end users, so our API is going to have to be able to handle
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both old and new requests. We'll do this by routing requests with a version number. Some
will argue that this version number should go in the URL path, and some will argue it should
be placed in the request header. We prefer it to be in the URL path for easier discovery, but
that's up to you and your team to discuss. We treat versioned resources as dierent
resources, and that's why we think they deserve a unique path rather than a request header
value. Either way, the benefit of versioning API is allowing newer features to be requested
while not interfering with legacy requests.
GET /v1/books 
GET /v2/books
Another important guideline to call out with all of our URL examples above is that they read
from le to right, from broad to specific. You're letting the clients traverse a tree of API
endpoints, starting with the root single point of entry, where they can request anything, and
letting related resources cascade from there. Again, the aim is to make these APIs easily
explorable and intuitive for the clients to navigate. Determining what resources to actually
expose in your API is going to be up to you and your dev team to decide. If you have any UI
or UX designs for how the client apps are going to work, it's important for the developers
working on the backend to be aware of what data they clients will need and when. Ask
yourself questions like:
Does a user need to log in to see this resource, or is it public?
Does a user need to choose a library or city before viewing book clubs, or are they
not attached to a particular location?
What actions does the UI allow when viewing the details of a particular book, and
how can we design the API to allow the client to best perform those actions?”
Rules for Requests and Responses
So we've laid out how we'll construct our API endpoints, now let's talk about how to
communicate eectively within each of those endpoints. Let's start with the request. When
handling a request, don't force the client to only send one or two fields. Allow them to send
full objects if they wish, while the server just uses the fields it needs. If a request does come
in with only a few fields, don't assume the missing fields are null. Fields that are null
should be stated explicitly in both requests and responses. This prevents the other end
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from having to guess if the data really is null or just not included. Take a look at the
example below:
PATCH /books/123
{ 
 "author": "Arthur Conan Doyle" 
 "publicationYear": "1902" 
} 
While this is not a complete book object, we'll build the server robust enough to handle the
important information. Here the client had made it clear to update the book resource with
id 123, as told by the URL. The request body tells us this book should change its author and
publication year. Only these fields should be updated because it is a PATCH request. The
other details are not important to this request, and therefore not included. This does not
mean the title of the book should be set to null, it should just remain untouched. Allowing
these partial object requests reduces parsing and handling of extraneous duplicate data.
Pay attention to the Content-Type and Accept headers in the request. They'll likely
remain application/json for most requests, but if you need to support xml, this is the
place to do so (not in the URL!). Other types of resources like files, images, audio, etc.
should have their content type set and respected here as well.
Aer handling the request, we need to send a response. Things might not have gone the
way the client expected and an error will need to be returned. Or maybe the request was
processed successfully and simply doesn't require any data returned back. Or maybe
everything went exactly as expected. This is where the response HTTP status code helps us
out.
Be deliberate with what status code is returned, with 200, 201, and 204 for successful
responses, and 4XX codes for errors. You can bet the clients will be paying attention to these
codes, so we need to be careful with what we send back with our response. In every
response though, we need to remain consistent. We should not be mixing “camelCase” and
“snake_case” for our JSON keys. The norm is camelCase, but an argument could be made
for snake_case being more legible. Whatever you choose, use it everywhere. Also, be
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consistent with what you name the fields across endpoints. Make sure you don't use a mix
of isbn, ISBN, isbnNumber, internationalStandardBookNumber when talking
about a book's ISBN. Pick one and use that key everywhere you need to pass that value.
When sending responses that could have one or many objects, don't mix sending one
object versus an array. If the client is requesting a collection where you find only one object,
put it in an array and return it that way all the time. Handling one object versus many is
dierent for every programming language, but if you just stay consistent, no time is wasted
trying to parse special cases on any platform.
The flip side of this advice is don't wrap your responses or requests in an envelope field
unless it provides value. Wrapping an object in a “data” : {...} will just waste data
and time. As a follow up, don't include metadata on the object that wasn't requested either.
Ideally, we want the data model of the server and client to be as close as possible, so
throwing in extra fields that aren't part of the requested object will just get in the way.
Below are some examples of what not to put in your responses:
Don't wrap data with useless envelopes.
GET /authors?genre=mystery 
 
{ 
 "data": { 
 [{ "authorName": "Arthur Conan Doyle", 
 ... 
 }] 
 } 
} 
Don't return a single object when the client should expect a collection.
GET /authors?genre=mystery 
 
{ 
 "authorName": "Arthur Conan Doyle", 
 ... 
}
Don't include metadata that isn't relevant to the client requested data.
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GET /authors?genre=mystery 
 
{ 
 "requestInfo": { 
 "genre": "mystery" 
 }, 
 [{ 
 "authorName": "Arthur Conan Doyle", 
 ... 
 }] 
}
When dealing with dates and times, remember that consistency is key. Accept and send all
dates in ISO 8601 format with UTC values. Don't let the server pick the time zone, or the
display format, or determine what precision the date-time data needs; the client mobile
apps will figure out how best to display the date and time to the user.
Aside from reading a request and creating or finding its response, the server is probably
going to need some programmed logic to best execute each request. We need to keep in
mind when writing this logic that GET and PUT requests need to be idempotent. This means
that no matter how many times a client might call GET /books on our server, the data will
remain unchanged. We should avoid doing anything “extra” or behind the scenes that a
client might not expect. Whatever logic or indirect actions the server needs to execute in
response to a request needs to be communicated and documented to avoid surprises later.
Concluding Note
Hopefully, this guide has been insightful. When designing and creating our own backends,
we focus on placing resources in a modular, explorable, and extendible way and
communicating our decisions and priorities eectively. Constant collaboration between
developers working on the client apps and backend also ensures that  road blocks can be
avoided  and  continual progress is achieved . The less time we spend guessing how the API
is going to work in every situation, the more time we can spend building out the awesome
features  that make our apps unique .
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A Massive Guide to Building a RESTful API for Your Mobile App C O N TA C T

A Massive Guide To Building RESTful API For Your Mobile App Savvy Apps

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