HP 85714A Scalar Measurements Personality User's Guide A_85630A A 85630A

User Manual: A_85630A

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Title Page
Scalar measurements with the HP 85714A
1: Quick Start Guide
2: Preparing for Measurements
3: Calibrating for Measurements
4: Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters
5: Using Markers and Limit Lines
6: Displaying Results in a Table
7: Programming
8: Reference
9: Concepts
10: If You Have a Problem
Glossary
Index

About this Manual

We’ve added this manual to the Agilent website in an effort to help you support

your product. This manual is the best copy we could find; it may be incomplete

or contain dated information. If we find a more recent copy in the future, we will

add it to the Agilent website.

Support for Your Product

Agilent no longer sells or supports this product. Our service centers may be able

to perform calibration if no repair parts are needed, but no other support from

Agilent is available. You will find any other available product information on the

Agilent Test & Measurement website, www.tm.agilent.com.

HP References in this Manual

This manual may contain references to HP or Hewlett-Packard. Please note that

Hewlett-Packard's former test and measurement, semiconductor products and

chemical analysis businesses are now part of Agilent Technologies. We have

made no changes to this manual copy. In other documentation, to reduce

potential confusion, the only change to product numbers and names has been in

the company name prefix: where a product number/name was HP XXXX the

current name/number is now Agilent XXXX. For example, model number

HP8648A is now model number Agilent 8648A.

User’s Guide

-HP

85714A

Scalar

Measurements

Personality

HP Part No. 85714-90008

Printed in USA July 1994

@Copyright Hewlett-Packard Company 1994

written permission is prohibited, except as allowed under the copyright laws.

1400 Fountaingrove Parkway, Santa Rosa, CA 95403-1799, USA

Scalar measurements with the HP

85714A

The HP

85714A

scalar measurements personality provides a portable

easy-to-use solution for making scalar measurements. The HP

85714A

installs

in any HP 8590 Series Option 010 spectrum analyzers. (Option 010 spectrum

analyzers have built-in tracking generators.) Depending on your spectrum

analyzer, you can perform transmission measurements in the following

frequency range:

8590B

8590D

8590L

8591A

8591C

HP 85913

8593A

HP 85933

8594A

HP 85943

8595A

HP 85953

HP 85963

. 100

kHz

to 1.8

GHz

. 100

kHz

to 1.8

GHz

100

kHz

to 1.8

GHz

100

kHz

to 1.8

GHz

. .

1MHzto

1.8GHz

. 100

kHz

to 1.8

GHz

.300

kHz

to 2.9

GHz

300

kHz

to 2.9

GHz

. 300

kHz

to 2.9

GHz

300

kHz

to 2.9

GHz

.300

kHz

to 2.9

GHz

. 300

kHz

to 2.9

GHz

300

kHz

to 2.9

GHz

Reflection measurements are possible when the spectrum analyzer/HP

85714A

combination is used with an HP

85630A

transmission/reflection test set.

One-button measurement solutions.

The HP 857148 offers one-button measurement solutions that allow you to

measure parameters such as:

transmission coefficient

reflection coefficient

VSWR

insertion loss

bandwidth

shape factor

Using limit lines, you can implement pass/fail testing.

111

Once installed, the features of the HP

85714A

scalar measurements

personality are accessed via front-panel keys and softkeys.

Required spectrum analyzer:

8590B

8590D

85901,

8591A

. .

8591C

. .

HP 85913 .

8593A

HP 85933

HP 85948

HP 85943

8595A

8595E

HP 85963 . .

OPTIONS 003 AND 010

............

OPTION 0 10

............

OPTION 010

............

OPTION 010

............

OPTION 010

............

OPTION 010

............

OPTION 010

............

OPTION 010

............

OPTION 010

............

OPTION 010

............

OPTION 010

PVZlA

-OPT

IONAL

8563OA

SCALAR

TRANSMISSION/

REFLECTION TEST SET

To make a measurement.

1. Install the HP

85714A

as shown in Chapter 1.

2. Set the frequency and amplitude parameters as shown in Chapter 2.

3. Perform a calibration as shown in Chapter 3.

4. Measure the response as described in Chapter 4.

External tracking generators

The HP

85714A

scalar measurements personality is designed to use the spectrum analyzer’s internal

tracking generator. Although external tracking generators can be used, the HP

85714A

cannot control

them.

Calibration kit

Reflection calibration requires both

open

and

short

standards. The HP

85032B

Option 001 Calibration

Kit supplies

5OQ

type N

open

and

short

standards for calibration.

Redefined front-panel keys.

While in the scalar measurement mode, many of the front-panel keys invoke

new

softkeys

menus. Refer to Chapter 8, “Reference,” for menu maps

showing the changed keys.

Optional HP 85630A Scalar Transmission/Reflection Test Set.

The optional HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection test set greatly reduces

the setup time required for reflection measurements. The test set also allows

you to make

simuItaneous

transmission and reflection measurements without

having to change the equipment setup. The scalar measurements personality

controls the scalar test set via the spectrum analyzer’s rear-panel AUX

INTERFACE connector.

Memory allocation.

The HP

85714A

scalar measurements personality stores calibration and limit

line data in trace memory. Therefore, when saving traces use caution to avoid

overwriting calibrations or limit lines. Before saving traces, use the spectrum

analyzer’s catalog feature to determine which trace registers are available for

data.

Reflection measurements.

The optional HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection test set provides the

necessary external bridge needed to perform reflection measurements. If you

don’t have the HP

85630A,

you will need to connect the necessary bridge and

cables to perform the measurement.

In addition to providing a bridge, the test set allows you to perform both

transmission and reflection measurements using the same setup. There’s no

time consuming equipment changes.

Vlll

I-

In this book

This book provides all the information needed to install and operate the

HP 857148 scalar measurements personality and the HP

85630A

scalar

transmission/reflection test set.

Softkeys

are indicated by a boxed word written in a shadow typeface.

Chapter

“Quick Start Guide,

explains how to install the personality and

guides you through some simple scalar measurements.

Chapters 2 through 7 describes how to perform measurements using the

scalar measurement mode.

Chapter 8, “Reference,” lists reference material in a easy-to-find manner.

Chapter 9, “Concepts,” is a technical discussion on scalar measurement

accuracy.

Chapter 10, “If You Have a Problem” provides solutions for problems you may

encounter.

Spectrum analyzer operation

If you are not familiar with your spectrum analyzer, refer to the spectrum analyzer’s installation and

operation and programming manuals. These manuals describe spectrum analyzer preparation and

verification, and tell you what to do if something goes wrong. Also, they describe spectrum analyzer

features and tell you how to make spectrum analyzer measurements. Consult these manuals whenever

you have a question about standard spectrum analyzer use.

Hewlett-Packard Software Product License

Agreement and Limited Warranty

Important

Please carefully read this License Agreement before opening the media envelope or operating the

equipment. Rights in the software are offered only on the condition that the Customer agrees to

all terms and conditions of the License Agreement. Opening the media envelope or operating the

equipment indicates your acceptance of these terms and conditions. If you do not agree to the License

Agreement, you may return the unopened package for a full refund.

License Agreement

In return for payment of the applicable fee, Hewlett-Packard grants the

Customer a license in the software, until terminated, subject to the following:

Use.

Customer may use the software on one spectrum-analyzer instrument.

Customer may not reverse assemble or decompile the software.

Copies and Adaptations.

Customer may make copies or adaptations of the software:

For archival purposes, or

When copying or adaptation is an essential step in the use of the

software with a computer so long as the copies and adaptations are used

in no other manner.

Customer has no other rights to copy unless they acquire an appropriate

license to reproduce which is available from Hewlett-Packard for some

software.

Customer agrees that no warranty, free installation, or free training is

provided by Hewlett-Packard for any copies or adaptations made by

Customer.

All copies and adaptations of the software must bear the copyright

notices(s) contained in or on the original.

Ownership.

l Customer agrees that they do not have any title or ownership of the

software, other than ownership of the physical media.

Customer acknowledges and agrees that the software is copyrighted and

protected under the copyright laws.

Customer acknowledges and agrees that the software may have been

developed by a third party software supplier named in the copyright

notice(s) included with the software, who shall be authorized to hold the

Customer responsible for any copyright infringement or violation of this

License Agreement.

Transfer of Rights in Software.

Customer may transfer rights in the software to a third party only as part

of the transfer of all their rights and only if Customer obtains the prior

agreement of the third party to be bound by the terms of this License

Agreement.

Upon such a transfer, Customer agrees that their rights in the software are

terminated and that they will either destroy their copies and adaptations or

deliver them to the third party.

Transfer to a U.S. government department or agency or to a prime or

lower tier contractor in connection with a U.S. government contract shall

be made only upon their prior written agreement to terms required by

Hewlett-Packard.

Sublicensing and Distribution.

Customer may not sublicense the software or distribute copies or

adaptations of the software to the public in physical media or by

telecommunication without the prior written consent of Hewlett-Packard.

Termination.

Hewlett-Packard may terminate this software license for failure to comply

with any, of these terms provided Hewlett-Packard has requested Customer

to cure the failure and Customer has failed to do so within thirty (30) days

of such notice.

Updates and Upgrades.

Customer agrees that the software does not include future updates

and upgrades which may be available for HP under a separate support

agreement.

Export.

Customer agrees not to export or re-export the software or any copy or

adaptation in violation of the U.S. Export Administration regulations or

other applicable regulations.

xii

Limited Warranty

Software.

Hewlett-Packard warrants for a period of 90 days from the date of purchase

that the software product will execute its programming instructions when

properly installed on the spectrum-analyzer instrument indicated on this

package. Hewlett-Packard does not warrant that the operation of the software

will be uninterrupted or error free. In the event that this software product

fails to execute its programming instructions during the warranty period,

customer’s remedy shall be to return the measurement card (“media”) to

Hewlett-Packard for replacement. Should Hewlett-Packard be unable to

replace the media within a reasonable amount of time, Customer’s alternate

remedy shall be a refund of the purchase price upon return of the product

and all copies.

Media.

Hewlett-Packard warrants the media upon which this product is recorded

to be free from defects in materials and workmanship under normal use

for a period of 90 days from the date of purchase. In the event any media

prove to be defective during the warranty period, Customer’s remedy

shall be to return the media to Hewlett-Packard for replacement. Should

Hewlett-Packard be unable to replace the media within a reasonable amount

of time, Customer’s alternate remedy shall be a refund of the purchase price

upon return of the product and all copies.

Notice of Warranty Claims.

Customer must notify Hewlett-Packard in writing of any warranty claim not

later than thirty (30) days after the expiration of the warranty period.

Limitation of Warranty.

Hewlett-Packard makes no other express warranty, whether written or oral,

with respect to this product. Any implied warranty of merchantability or

fitness is limited to the 90 day duration of this written warranty.

This warranty gives specific legal rights, and Customer may also have other

rights which vary from state to state, or province to province.

x111

Exclusive Remedies.

The remedies provided above are Customer’s sole and exclusive remedies.

In no event shall Hewlett-Packard be liable for any direct, indirect, special,

incidental, or consequential damages (including lost profit) whether based on

warranty, contract, tort, or any other legal theory.

Warranty Service.

Warranty service may be obtained from the nearest Hewlett-Packard sales

office or other location indicated in the owner’s manual or service booklet

xiv

-1

Quick Start Guide

Use the steps in this chapter to install the HP

85714A

scalar measurements

personality and the optional HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection test set.

These steps also introduce you to some basic measurement features.

You can complete this chapter in about 20 minutes. For instructional

purposes, a 50 MHz bandpass filter is used. You can easily substitute your

own hlter or other device by simply adjusting the frequencies used in these

procedures.

l-2

Before

you

begin

To install the HP

85714A

and skip the tutorial steps, perform only step 2.

Perform steps 1 and 7 through 10 only if you have an HP

85630A

test set.

CAUTION

Do not connect or disconnect the HP

85630A

test set’s control cable to the

spectrum analyzer’s rear-panel AUX INTERFACE connector while power is

on. Connecting or disconnecting the cable while power is applied may result

in loss of factory correction constants.

l-3

Step

Connect

the

optional

85630A

test

set

ITurn the spectrum analyzer off, and remove the line-power cord.

CAUTION: loss of factory correction constants may result if the spectrum analyzer is powered while connecting or disconnecting th

rear-panel AUX INTERFACE cable.

You may notice the test set’s front-panel PORT 2 connector has a small amount of movement. This is

nor

a mechanical fault. The

movement is designed to make connecting semirigid cables easier.

!Place the two stacking support shoes on the top of the HP

85630A.

STACK I NG

SUPPORT

SHOES

l-4

Quick Start Guide

Step 1. Connect the optional HP 8563OA test set

I Connect the front-panel semirigid cables.

3Set the spectrum analyzer on top of the stacking support shoes.

PV23A

CABLES

l-5

Buick

Start Guide

Step 1. Connect the optional HP

85630A

test set

5 Connect the rear-panel auxiliary interface cable.

AUX

INTERFACE

CABLE

l-6

Connect the line-power cord to the spectrum analyzer, end turn the power on.

Step

Load

the

personality

locate the arrow printed on the HP

85714A

card’s label.

,RROW

2Insert the card into the spectrum analyzer with its arrow matching the raised arrow on the bezel around the card-insertion slot.

1-7

Chick

Start Guide

Step 2. load the personality

On the spectrum analyzer, press

Cm).

Press the INTRNL

CRD

softkey so that

CRD

is underlined.

PY28A

Press the following

softkeys

to load the HP

85714A:

CATALOG CARD ,

1 OF 2, CATALOG DLP

, end

LOAD FILE.

This step takes about 1 minute to complete. If INVALID SYMTAB ENTRY:

SYMTAB OVERFLOW

is displayed, refer

to Chapter 10, “If You Have a Problem.”

REF

dBm

ATTEN

press

load

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

PEAK

HPB59X

128

scalar

analyzer

:i”

!lLP

105

09:16:49

JAN

ii,

1991

dB/

DELETE

FILE

scalar

analyzer

personality

EXIT

CORR CATALOG

CENTER

900

MHz

RES BW 3 MHz

PREU

SPhN

1.800

GHz

UBW 1

MHz

SWP 28

M5eC

1-8

Quick

Start Guide

Step 2. load the personality

Press

Cm]

and then

SCALAR ANALYZER.

i Press the TEST SET YES NO softkey so that YES is underlined.

$7;,,HP

1998,1991,1992

SCALRR ANALYZER

A.Bl.01

8.8

dBm

ATTEN

SMPL

LOO

press to

ii/

TEST SET underline YES

YES

,.. .:

.:..

.:.

HP86714f(

SCALAR ANALYZER :

(c)HP

i99@.199i>1992

SCRLfiR

REVISION

;

.,,

(,,,,,,,,

:,,

,,,,,,

I,,,

,,,.,;

..,.....,

OISPOS~

.:...

. . . . . .

:..

SCRLAR

: :

,.,,

.,,

,,,,,..,......

,,.

SEalaP

CORR

ncnu

-10.0 nore

d0m

3af3

CENTER 900 MHz SPAN

i.#00

0Hz

RRES

kHz UBN

kHz SWP

50.8

lh5ce

The scalar measurements personality is now configured for the test set. Turning the spectrum analyzer off or removing the line

power does not alter this configuration.

l-9

Quick Start Guide

Step 2. load the personality

9 Remove the card from the spectrum analyzer.

$&b,HP

1989>199G,1991

SCALAR ANALYZER l/11/91

0.E dBm

ATTEN

LOG

dB/

CORI

dBs'

CENTI

:::

PRESET

SCRLAR

Anptd

Cal

scalar

analyzer

main

softkeys

Measure

Display

IISPLAY

UNDER-RANGE

900

MHz SPAN

1.800

GHz

BW 18 kHz UBW

kHz SWP

15ec

l-10

Step

Calibrate

transmission

measurement

This step calibrates the scalar measurements personality for measuring

transmission through a filter.

1. Connect a short, low-loss cable between the input and output

If you are using the HP

85630A,

connect between Port 1 and Port 2.

If you are using a spectrum analyzer, connect between RF OUT and

INPUT.

2. Press @?ZGKiWJ, and set the center frequency. Our example is 50 MHz.

3. Press

ISPANJ,

and set the spanwidth. Our example is 50 MHz.

Press the

ICAL)

key and then the CAL

THRU

softkey.

This enters a guided calibration routine. This routine normalizes the

system response thus eliminating system errors from any measurements.

5. Press the STORE

THRU

softkey.

1-11

Step

Display

the

response

full

screen

FILTER

SPECTRUM ANALYZER

FILTER

PV210A

1. Connect a bandpass

iilter

between the input and output.

If you are using the HP

85630A,

connect between Port 1 and Port 2.

If you are using a spectrum analyzer, connect between RF OUT and

INPUT.

1-12

Quick Start Guide

Step 4. Display the response full screen

The response should appear similar to the following figure.

~;c)HP

1989,199t3,1991 SCALAR ANALYZER 2/68/91

8.0

RTTEN

SMPL

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LOG

*%.

dB/

0.11

dBm

CENTER 50.00 MHz

#RES

kliz

SPAN 50.00 MHz

'JBW

kHz SWP 50 msec

2. Press the

@LiKiKK)

key.

CAL

OPN/SHRT

CAL

THRU

CAL ST0

OEVICE

NORMLIZE

OFF

TRACKING

PERK

MbI-C

of 2

1-13

Quick

Start Guide

Step 4. Display the response full screen

Press the AUTO SCALE

softkey.

The response peak is automatically placed at the normalized reference

level, and the vertical log scale is adjusted to view the response as large

as possible.

Amplitude

autoscaled

$&WHP

1989,1998,1991

SCALAR ANALYZER

2/88/91

-3.5 d8 RTTEN

CENTER

50.00

MHz

SPAN

50-00

MHz

#RES

8W 18

kHz U8W

kHz GWP 58

lSec

ATTEN

MRN

LOG

SCALE

AUTO

SCRLE

NORR

REF

POSN

NbPc

1 of 2

l-14

Step

Measure

the

filter’s

passband

1. Press the

fjMEAS/USER]

key followed by the Device BW

Meas

softkey.

Press the BW

MEAS

ON OFF

softkey

so that ON is underlined.

3. The display shows the

titer’s

center frequency, insertion loss, 3

bandwidth, and Q.

/@(c)HP

1989>1998>1991 SCALAR

F1KR

49.88 MHz

REF

SMPL

Center:

,.:".:5...?

. . . .

il.;.;.F!;F!.;.$.+.

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

?.!8...~

ElARKER

49.88 MHz

ES BW

kH UBW IO kHz SWP 58

15ec

measurement

results

UPPER 8W

TRRGET

LOWER BW

TARGET

haln

Previbus

1-15

I-

4. Press the SF

MEAS

ON OFF

softkey

so that ON is underlined.

hick

Start Guide

Step 5. Measure the filter’s

passband

5. The display shows the filter’s shape factor (lower bandwidth divided by

upper bandwidth).

dBj

$;c,HP

1989,1998,1991

SCALAR MKR

22.88 MHz

-3.5 dB RTTEN IB

)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.I6

dB 8W

flEAS

SMPL

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LOG Shape Fabtbr

(L/U):

5.88:1

,,-y

'1-

Upper BW: -3 SF NEA

LbWer BW: -68

MARKER

22.88 MHz

LOWER BW

TflRGET

Nain

Previaus

UBW 18

kHz SWP

m5ec

Shape

factor

measurement

results

6. Press the SF

MEAS

ON OFF

softkey

so that OFF is underlined.

7. To turn the markers off,

l If you are using an HP

8590B,

8591A,

5893A,

8594A,

8595A,

press the

IrV1KR)

then MARKERS OFF

softkey.

If you are using an HP

8590D,

HP 85913, HP 85933, HP 85943,

HP 85953, or HP 85963, press the

(MKR),

then More, 1 of 2 , and

then the MARKERS ALL OFF

softkey.

l-16

-1

Step

Set

standard

device

testing

Standard device testing automatically creates and displays test limits for a

“standard” device. Similar devices can then be compared to the standard

response. This feature is very useful in repetitive production-line testing.

Press the

ICAL)

key followed by the CAL STD

DEUICE

softkey.

2. With the filter still connected to the spectrum analyzer, press the

STORE STD

DEV

softkey.

The spectrum analyzer displays upper and

lower limit traces that are parallel to the standard devices response.

$;c,HP

1989,1998.---e

-3.5 d8 RTTEN IS

.1991

SCALAR ANALYZER

Z/88/91

d8 UPPER

LIMIT

LOWER

LIMIT

kHz

__...___

!$-$TiH:.58..i&.iil

\Lower

VBW

kHz

SUP

y15ec

limit

trace

hick

Start Guide

Step 6. Set up standard device testing

3. Remove the filter and observe the limit traces displayed on the screen.

The UPPER LIMIT and LOWER LIMIT

softkeys

define the placement of

the limit traces.

$+$&HP

1989>1938.1991 SCALAR ANALYZER

2/08/91

-3.5

RTTEN

SMPL

LOG

dB/

tRES BW

kHz UBW

kHz SUP 58

nt5ec

UPPER

LIMIT

LOWER

LIMIT

STORE

ST0 OEU

LINITEST

OFF

TRACKING

PERK

CANCEL

4. Press the LIMITEST

OFF

softkey

so that OFF is underlined.

l-18

Step

Calibrate

transmission

measurement

1. Connect a short, low-loss cable between the input and output.

If you are using the HP

85630A,

connect between Port 1 and Port 2.

If you are using a spectrum analyzer, connect between RF OUT and

INPUT.

2. Press

[

FREQUENCY

and set the center frequency. Our example is 50 MHz.

3. Press

LSPAN),

and set the span width. Our example is 50 MHz.

Press the (CAL) key and then the CAL THRU

softkey.

Press the STORE

THOU

softkey.

l-19

Step

Calibrate

reflection

measurement

SPECTRUM ANALYZER

OUT

INPUT

DIRECTIONAL

COUPLER

(OR BRIDGE)

PV21

SHORT

OPEN

SHORT

OPEN

l-20

Buick

Start Guide

Step 8. Calibrate a reflection measurement

Reflection Measurements

In order to measure reflection, a directional signal splitting device, such as a coupler, bridge, or the

85630A

test set is required.

1. Press the CAL

OPN/SHRT

softkey.

Connect an

OJWZ

to the measurement port, and then press STORE OPEN

The measurement port may be from the coupler, bridge, or the

85630A

test set.

It is good practice to place the

OJXYZ

at the end of any cable used to

connect PORT 1 to the device being tested. This moves the calibration

to the plane of measurement.

3. Remove the

OJWZ

and replace it with a short.

Press the STORE SHORT

softkey.

5. Remove the short.

Step

Measure

reflection

coefficient

and

VSWR

FILTER

SPECTRUM ANALYZEF

FILTER

PVZIOA

1. Connect the bandpass filter between the input and output.

If you are using the HP

85630A,

connect between Port 1 and Port 2.

If you are using a spectrum analyzer, connect between RF OUT and

INPUT.

2. Press the

[AMPLITUDE)

key.

Press the AUTO SCALE

softkey.

Press the

(j-3

key, and then Marker Convert

softkey.

Press the

MAC

Sll

ON OFF

softkey

so that ON is underlined.

Press the

VSWR

ON OFF

softkey

so that ON is underlined.

7. The reflection coefficient and VSWR at the marker is displayed on the

screen.

Use the front-panel knob to move the marker and read the value at

any point.

l-22

Chick Start Guide

Step 9. Measure reflection coefficient and VSWR

ReflectIon

coefficient

and

VSWR

marker

REF 8.8 dB

ATTEN

20 dB

NAG Sll

OFF

USWR

OFF

NAG S21

OFJ

main

nenu

_________:

__.._.___:

_________:

.____....:

. . . . . . . . . . .

CENTER 50.00 MHz SPAN 50.00 MHz

#RES

kHz UBW

IB kHz SWP 58

M5eC

8. Press the

MAC

Sll

ON OFF

softkey

so that OFF is underlined.

Press the VSWR ON OFF

softkey

so that OFF is underlined.

lo.

Press the

(j-1

key and then the LOG SCALE

softkey.

11. Set the log scale back to 10

per division.

1-23

Step

10.

View

transmission

and

reflection

results

ReflectIon

Transmission

response

OFF

120 dB

CENTER

50.00

HHz

. .

SPAN

50.00

MHz

XRES BW

kHz UBW 18

1-24

Quick Start Guide

Step 10. View transmission and reflection results

Simultaneous Results

In order to simultaneously view reflection and transmission results, an HP

85630A

is required.

1. Press the

(MEAS/USER)

key, and view the reflection response.

Press the

TRANS

softkey

to view the transmission response.

Press the

@iGiX)

key followed by the DUAL DSP

OFF

softkey

view both the reflection and transmission responses at the same time.

If the

Iilter

is adjustable, you can adjust it while observing the resulting

transmission and reflection responses in near real time. The scalar

measurements personality updates the traces on alternating sweeps.

Press the DUAL DSP

OFF

softkey

so that OFF is underlined.

Configuration Error

If the error message

“85630A

TEST SET CONFIGURATION

REOUIRED”

is displayed, the scalar

personality must be configured. Press

CZFiFJ

More 1 of 3 , More 2 of 3 , then

TEST SET YES MO so that YES is underlined.

l-25

Preparing for

Measurements

Preparing for Measurements

This chapter teaches the basic controls for the scalar measurements

personality. To use the scalar measurements personality, you must first install

it, refer to Chapter 1, then change to scalar analyzer mode.

2-2

Changing

scalar

analyzer

mode

In this section, you’ll learn how to start, preset, exit, and remove the scalar

measurements personality. Information on finding the HP

85714A’s

revision

number is also included. If you followed the instructions in Chapter 1, the

scalar measurements personality should already be installed and in the active

mode.

‘lb

use the scalar measurements personality, you must first change the

spectrum analyzer to scalar analyzer mode. You can switch your instrument

between signal analyzer and scalar analyzer operation at any time. This

is accomplished by pressing the front-panel

IIVIODE)

key, and using

softkeys

displayed shown below:

REF 0.0 dBm RTTEN 10

SPECTRUM

press

for

spectrum

. .

. . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . .

ANIILY*ER

analyzer

mode

LOG

: :

dB/ :

SCALAR

AHRLYZER

press

for

scalar

analyzer

mode

: :

UBW 10 kHz

Main menu

Enter the scalar measurements personality’s Main menu at any time by pressing

[m)

SCALAR ANALYZER.

2-3

Preparing for Measurements

Changing scalar analyzer mode

The HP

85714A

scalar measurements personality does

not

need to be

reinstalled after switching between the two modes of operation. However, if

you remove the HP

85714A

scalar measurements personality as shown in this

section, you’ll need to reinstall it using the procedure in Chapter 1.

Presetting the scalar measurements personality returns it to a known start-up

state. PRESET SCALAR in Chapter 8 provides information on the preset

state.

enter

scalar

analyzer

mode

1. Press the front-panel

(rvroDEl)

key.

If the SCALAR ANALYZER mode softkey does not appear, press

Ijjj

again.

Press the SCALAR ANALYZER

softkey.

return

spectrum

analyzer

mode

2-4

1. Press the front-panel

[MODE)

key.

Press the SPECTRUM ANALYZER

softkey.

I-

Preparing for Measurements

Changing scalar analyzer mode

preset

the

scalar

measurements

personality

1. Press the

(MODE)

key.

Press Scalar Analyzer to enter the main menu.

Press the PRESET SCALAR

softkey.

remove

the

85714A

1. Press the front-panel

(CONFIG)

key.

Press the MORE

of 3 and then MORE 2 of 3 softkeys.

Press the DISPOSE SCALAR

softkey

twice.

This procedure removes the HP 857148 from the spectrum analyzer’s

memory. You must reinstall the HP

85714A

to use it again.

2-5

Viewing

the

revision

number

The scalar measurements personality’s revision number is available via

softkeys. It is used by the factory to indicate the vintage of the program. You

may be asked for this number when requesting help from Hewlett-Packard.

2-6

Preparing for Measurements

Viewing the revision number

view

the

85714A

revision

number

Revision

number

$;o)HP

1990>1991

SCALAR ANALYZER

A.EB.BE

8.8 dBm

ATTEN

SMPL

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LO0

dlgB/

.._

. . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . .

.._

,,,,....

TEST SET

;

: :

YES

dB:"li

. . . . . .

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

,:;...::..i.;.,

. . . . . . . . . .

____..

CENTER 900 MHz

SPhN

1.800 GHz

lRES BW

kHz

UBW

kHz SWP

M5eC

01SP0SE

SChLAR

MOPC

3 of 3

1. Press the front-panel

(jCONFIG)

key.

Press

the

and

then

softkeys.

Press the SCALAR REVISION

softkey.

4. The revision number is displayed at the top of the display.

2-7

Controlling

the

frequency

The scalar measurements personality uses the spectrum analyzer’s built in

tracking generator as the RF source. The tracking generator’s output tracks

the scalar analyzer’s input frequency.

Set the scalar analyzer’s frequency using the front-panel

[

FREQUENCY

)

and

LSPAN_)

keys. The tracking generator’s output frequency tracks the scalar

analyzer’s frequency. So, by setting the scalar analyzer’s frequency you

control the tracking generator.

2-8

Preparing for Measurements

Controlling the frequency

sweep

the

frequency

1. Press the front-panel

CFREQUENCY)

key.

2. Use the front-panel knob or numeric keypad to set the center frequency.

3. Press the (SPAN] key.

4. Use the front-panel knob or numeric keypad to set the frequency span.

2-9

Controlling

the

amplitude

The Amplitude menu allows you to control the scalar analyzer’s vertical scale,

reference level, and normalized trace position. To enter the Amplitude menu,

press the front-panel

@KiKiKK]

key or press the main menu’s Amptd

softkey.

/;o

REF 6.0 dBm RTTEN 10 dB

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

“‘.’

.....

“’

“““”

..““““““.‘.

..-..........:......

-....:......

dB/

CENTER

#RI

: :

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . .

900

MHz SPAN

kHz UBW 10 kHz SWP

Reference

level

LEVEL

Scalar

analyzer

ATTEN/input

attenuation

MhN

ScEYVertrcaI

log

scale

hUT0

SCALE

NORN

REF

POSN

Mare

RT \

,Automatically

sets

log

scale

for

proper

display

‘Normalized

reference

Page One of Amplitude Menu

position

Any changes in the reference level should be made before measurement

calibration. To change the reference position after calibration, use

NORM

REF

POSN Refer to Chapter 3 for information on calibrating for

measurements.

For best measurement accuracy, place the peak signal response at the

reference level. The AUTO SCALE

softkey

automatically sets the vertical

scale to show a displayed response. Use this

softkey

after calibration.

2-10

Preparing for Measurements

Controlling the amplitude

&h,HP

1990>1991,1992 SCALAR ANALYZER

A.O1.O1

0.0 dBm

ATTEN

SMPL

COlJPLE/~~"

iyi\it

8594AIE

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,:

,,,,,,,,,:,,,,,,,I,,,..,......,........:

. . .

. . . . . .

..I

8595AIE

,........ MaIn

8598E

:...

mare

2 of 2

CENTER 900 MHz SPAN

i.800

GHz

I)RES

BW 10 kHz UBW 10 kHz SWP 50.0

msec

Page Two of Amplitude Menu

2-11

Preparing for Measurements

Controlling the amplitude

change

the

reference

level

1. Press the front-panel

[

AMPLITUDE

)

key.

Press the

REF

LEVEL

softkey.

3. Use the front-panel knob or numeric keypad to set the new reference

level.

change

the

amplitude

scale

1. Press the front-panel

@KiKKKK]

key.

Press the LOG SCALE

softkey.

3. Use the front-panel knob or numeric keypad to change the amplitude scale.

The default log scale is set to 10

per division.

2-12

Changing

the

input

attenuation

The scalar analyzer’s input attenuator can be set in 10

increments. For

8590B

and HP

8591A

spectrum analyzers, the range is from 0

to 60

dB.

For HP

8593A,

8594A,

and HP

8595A

spectrum analyzers, the range is

from 0

to 70

dB.

To protect the scalar analyzer, 0

attenuation can only

be set using the numeric keypad (not the front-panel knob).

Input attenuation can be controlled automatically by the scalar analyzer

personality or manually from the front-panel. Automatic coupling adjusts the

attenuator to prevent compression of the input signal. Attenuation that is

set manually is uncoupled from the reference level. (The reference level is

limited at the high end by the manual attenuation setting. This limit is equal

to -10

dBm

plus the amount of RF attenuation.)

change

the

input

attenuation

1. Press the front-panel

CAMPL’TUDE]

key.

Press the

ATTEN

AUTO MAN

softkey

to activate the input attenuation.

Press the

ATTEN

AUTO MAN

softkey

until MAN is underlined.

4. Use the front-panel knob or numeric keypad to set the input attenuation.

2-13

Controlling

the

source’s

frequency

and

power

You control the built-in tracking generator through the Source menu. To

enter the source menu, press the front-panel

(AUXCTRL)

key or use the scalar

analyzer’s main menu.

$f7;c,HP

1989,1998>1991 SCALAR ANALYZER

l/11/91

0.8

dBm

fITTEN

lb3

. . .

..*..............

. . .

. . . . .

. .

. . . . .

. .

. . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . .

. .

LOG

dBr'

TRACKING

PEAK

activate

source

and

set

power

level

optimize

source

frequency

tracking

IRWIN

TRK

manually

adjust

RDJUST

source

tracking

PWR SWP

j3FJ

ATTEN

PORT

r-lore

of 2

sweep

the

source’s

output

power

set

optional

test

set’s

PORT

attenuator

Page One of Source Menu

The source frequency tracks the input frequency of the scalar analyzer. To

ensure accurate frequency tracking between the scalar analyzer and its

tracking generator, press the TRACKING PEAK softkey in the CAL menu.

Peaking the source is especially important at these times:

Before a calibration.

After temperature changes.

After any resolution bandwidth changes.

2-14

8.8 dBm

RTTEN

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Preparing for Measurements

Controlling the source’s frequency and power

SRC

,q*~

-set

automatic or manual

MAN control of source attenuator

SRC PWR

offset

?.ource

power

OFFSET

_....._..

.__.._.__:

_._______:

_________~

________.~

. .

.._____.

_________:

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...! . . . . . . .

NOPC

of 2

CENTER 900 MHz SPAN 1.800 GHz

#RES BW 10 kHz UBW 18 kHz SWP 58 15co

Page Two of Source Menu

2-15

Preparing for Measurements

Controlling the source’s frequency and power

The amount of control over the source’s output power depends on the

spectrum analyzer used. See the following table for a summary of the

options, power ranges and attenuations.

HP 8590 Series Source Power Range and Attenuation

Model Number

Option Power Range

Attenuation

HP 85908, HP 8590D

010

to -15

dBm

None

011 -6 to -21

dBm

None

8691A.

8591E010 0 to -70

dBm

to ‘60

011 -6 to -70

dBm

to 60

HP 8593A. HP 8594A. HP 8595A

010

to -10

dBm

None

HP 8593E, HP

8594L

HP 8595E. HP

8698E

010

-1 to -66

dBm

to 56

Attenuation on the HP

8591A,

HP 85933, HP 85943, HP 85953, and

HP 85963 can be changed from 0 to 60

dB.

With automatic control, the scalar

analyzer sets the attenuation as necessary to maintain a calibrated display.

The default setting is AUTO with 0

of attenuation and

dBm

source

power.

The default setting after presetting the scalar analyzer is power on.

Activating the SRC PWR

OFF

softkey

makes the output power the active

function.

2-16

Preparing for Measurements

Controlling the source’s frequency and power

turn

and

set

source

power

1. Press the

[AUX]

key to enter the scalar analyzer’s Source menu

Press SRC

ON OFF so that ON is underlined.

3. Use the front-panel knob or numeric keypad to set the source output

power.

2-17

Changing

the

source’s

attenuation

8591A,

HP 85933, HP 85943, HP 85953, and HP 85963 spectrum

analyzers have output attenuators for the tracking generator. HP

8590B,

8590D,

8593A,

8594A,

and HP

8595A

spectrum analyzers do not

have output attenuators.

Attenuation can be changed from 0 to 60

dB.

In automatic mode, the scalar

analyzer sets the attenuation as necessary to maintain a calibrated display.

The default setting is AUTO with 0

of attenuation.

change

source

attenuation

1. Press the

@KZKj

key.

Press the More 1 of 2

softkey.

Press the SRC ATM AUTO MAN softkey to activate the function.

Press the SRC ATM AUTO MAN again so that MAN is underlined.

5. Use the front-panel knob or numeric keypad to set the source attenuation.

2-18

Compensating

for

external

gain

loss

Compensating for external gain or loss ensures that display readouts reflect

the true power levels at the input to the device being tested.

For example, if the source power is 0

dBm,

and 3

of loss occurs between

the RF OUT connector and the device being tested, the display readouts show

the power at the RF OUT connector. With the source power offset set to 3

dB,

the displayed source power annotation indicates the power at the device

being tested: -3

dBm.

Because output power is specified over a finite range, certain combinations

of source power and source power offset can produce an uncalibrated or

unleveled source output.

compensate

for

external

gain

attenuation

1. Press the

(AUXj

key to enter the scalar analyzer’s Source menu.

Press the More 1 of 2

softkey.

Press the

SIX!

PWR OFFSET

softkey.

4. Enter the amount of offset in

dB.

(Press the

[ENTER)

key to complete the

entry.)

2-19

Power

sweeps

You can configure the scalar measurements personality for swept-power

measurements. Power sweeps can be used in a zero frequency span or with

frequency sweeps. As an example, use power sweeps to measure the 1

gain compression of a limiter. Or, use a power sweep to remove the slope

from cable related losses. (You can compensate for roll off, but not roll up,

with power sweeps.) Refer to the spectrum analyzer’s operating manual for

more information on power sweeps.

sweep

the

power

1. Press the

(AUX]

key to enter the scalar measurements personality’s

Source menu.

2. Use the front-panel knob or numeric keypad to enter the starting power

for the sweep.

3. Press TRACKING PEAK

softkey.

Press the PWR SWP

IIN

OFF

softkey

twice so that ON is underlined.

5. Use the front-panel knob or numeric keypad to enter the amount in

sweep the power.

2-20

Preparing for Measurements

Power sweeps

remove

slope

from

the

test

setup

The scalar analyzer’s power sweeps can be used to remove slope from the

test setup. By sweeping the source’s power level we can compensate for the

system loss. The following figure illustrates slope caused by the frequency

response of the system.

14:40:36

FEB

09,

1991

$'Fh,HP

1989,1990>1991

SCALAR ANALYZER

Z/88/91

-13.9 dBm

ATTEN

SMPL

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LOG

:e/ :

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

.,.......,..........,...........,......:

..I

I,:

II.......:

,,......1................~~~~.........

. . . .

not-e

_________:

___._____:

.._._____:

_________:

_________

CENTER 900 MHz

SPAN

1.300 GHz

XRES

kHz VBW

kHz SWP

lasec

1. Press the

key, and place the marker at the start of the displayed

response. This is the start power level.

Press the MARKER DELTA

softkey,

and place the delta marker at the other

end of the display.

The delta marker now reads the amount of loss or gain in the response

over the entire viewed frequency range.

3. Press the

[AUX]

key to enter the Source menu.

Press the PWR SWP ON OFF

softkey

so that ON is underlined.

5. Enter the power gain or loss required at the end of the sweep relative to

the start of the sweep.

REF

LEVEL

ATTEN

MRN

LOG

SCRLE

AUTO

SCALE

NORII

REF

POSN

2-21

Preparing for Measurements

Power sweeps

This is equal to the negative of the value determined using the marker

keys in the above steps. For example, if the delta marker reads -2.6

dB,

enter

+2.6

for the power sweep.

14:43:27

FEB

09,

1991

$&MiP

1989>1998a1991

SCRLAR

ANALYZER

2/08/91

-13.9 dBm

ATTEN

10 dB

Set

starting

power

OFF

;

Mare

of 2

CENTER 900 MHz SPAN

1.800

GHz

XRES

BW 10 kHz VBW 10

kHz

SWP 50

bsec

2-22

Controlling

the

85630A

test

set

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection test set with Option 001 includes an

output attenuator at PORT 1. You can change the attenuation from 0 to 70

in 10

steps.

&h,HP

1989,1990,1991

SGALRR

ANALYZER l/11/91

8.0 d8n RTTEN

SRC PYR

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

OFF

. . . . . . . . . . . . .

:...

dB/ ,

:TRACKING

PEbK

RTTEN PORT 1

.,,,,,,,,:

,,,,.,,...,,..,....,.....,...:

MAN TRK

AOJUST

PWR SUP

psOsftd;u;

attenuation

..I

Piore

._.______:

_____._____________:

__.......:

of 2

CENTER 900 MHz

SPAN

i-800

GHz

XRES BW 10 kHz VBW 10 kHz SWP 59

I!.CC

You must inform the scalar analyzer if you have the optional HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection test set connected. Refer to the following

procedure. The scalar analyzer controls the test set through the auxiliary

interface on the spectrum analyzer’s rear panel.

2-23

Preparing for Measurements

Controlling the HP

85830A

test set

turn

the

test

set

1. Press the front-panel

(m]

key.

Press the MORE 1 of 3 and then MORE 2 of 3 softkeys.

Press the TEST SET YES NO

softkey

so that YES is underlined.

Turning the test set on informs the scalar analyzer that the optional

85630A

test set is attached.

change

the

test

set’s

attenuation

1. Press the

(AUXCTRL)

key.

Press the More 1 of 2

softkey.

Press the

ATTEN

PORT 1

softkey.

4. Use the front-panel knob or numeric keypad to set the source attenuation

from 0 to 70

dB.

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection test set must include Option 001.

Standard test sets do not have the PORT 1 attenuator.

2-24

AC/DC

coupling

With HP

8594A,

HP 85943, HP

8595A,

HP 85953, and HP 85963

spectrum analyzers, you can select either AC or DC coupling between the

INPUT connector and the internal circuits. Use the Amplitude menu’s

COUPLE AC DC softkey to select AC or DC coupling.

2-25

Calibrating for

Measurements

Calibrating for Measurements

Measurement calibration is required before performing accurate reflection

or transmission measurements. Calibration “normalizes” the test setup by

canceling system frequency response.

3-2

Using

self-guided

calibrations

The calibration procedures described in this chapter are self guided. They

prompt you to make the necessary equipment connections. Using the

Calibration menu you can:

Calibrate reflection measurements.

Calibrate transmission measurements.

Calibrate standard device measurements.

Turn normalization on or off.

Save and recall calibrations.

Show calibration ranges using display lines.

Peak the tracking generator.

To enter the Calibration menu, press the front-panel

ICAL)

key or press the

Main menu’s Cal

softkey.

Calibration data

Until saved, calibration data is stored in volatile memory and can be lost.

3-3

Calibrating

for

maximum

dynamic

range

Maximum dynamic range is the amplitude range between the largest and

smallest signal that can be measured simultaneously. Maximum dynamic

range is especially important during transmission measurements.

ensure

maximum

dynamic

range

1. Display the uncalibrated response of the device.

2. Reduce the spectrum analyzer’s input attenuation and tracking generator’s

output attenuation to the lowest level possible. Use the maximum tracking

generator power without causing signal compression.

3. Change the reference level so that the response is at the top of the display.

4. Perform the calibration as described in this chapter.

3-4

Peaking

the

tracking

generator

Peaking optimizes the source’s frequency tracking. This ensures optimum

frequency tracking between the RF OUT and the scalar analyzer’s input

frequency. Remember to peak the tracking generator before calibration.

peak

the

tracking

generator

1. Press the front-panel

key.

Press the TRACKING PEAK

softkey.

3-5

Calibrating

transmission

measurements

During transmission calibrations, the device being tested is replaced with

a through-line (cable). The resulting calibration cancels out the frequency

response of the system including the cable. Use a low-loss cable with low

VSWR to avoid introducing errors.

calibrate

transmission

measurement

1. Set the scalar analyzer’s frequency, span, output power, output

attenuation, resolution bandwidth, and reference level for the desired

response.

2. Connect a low-loss, low-VSWR, cable (thru line) between the front-panel

RF OUT and INPUT connectors.

If using the HP

85630A

test set, connect the cable between the test set’s

PORT 1 and PORT 2 connectors.

3. Press the front-panel

ICAL)

key.

Press the TRACKING PEAK

softkey.

The scalar analyzer performs a short routine to optimize the frequency

tracking of the tracking generator.

5. Press the CAL THRU

softkey.

Press the

STORE

THRU

softkey.

Notice the “NORM” annotation in the lower-left corner of the display

indicating the display is normalized.

3-6

Calibrating

reflection

measurements

During Reflection calibrations, you terminate the line at the plane of reflection

using an

OJXX

and

short

connection. The plane of reflection is typically

located at the input to the device being tested. Simply remove the device and

replace it with the

short

OJXVZ

as directed by the calibration routine.

Calibration kit

Reflection calibration requires both

open

and

shurr

standards. The HP 850328 Option 001 Calibration

Kit supplies

5OQ

type N

open

and

short

standards for calibration.

calibrate

reflection

measurement

You must use an external bridge (test set) to make reflection measurements.

The optional HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection test set is the

recommended test set.

1. Set the scalar analyzer’s frequency, span, output power, output

attenuation, resolution bandwidth, and reference level for the desired

response.

2. Press the front-panel

key.

3. Connect a cable (thru line) between PORT 1 and PORT 2 of the

85630A

test set.

4. Press the TRACKING PEAK softkey.

-1

The scalar analyzer performs a short routine to optimize the frequency

tracking of the tracking generator.

3-7

Calibrating for Measurements

Calibrating reflection measurements

5. Remove the cable from the path between the PORT 1 and PORT 2

connectors.

6. Press the

CAL

OPN/SHRT

softkey.

7. Place an

OJXX

connector on PORT 1 of the HP

85630A.

This is the output

of the bridge.

PV222

8. Press the

STORE

OPEN

softkey.

9. Replace the

connector with a

short

connector.

10.

Press the STORE SHORT

softkey.

Notice the NORM annotation in the lower-left corner of the display

indicating the display is normalized.

3-8

Calibrating

for

standard

device

The scalar measurements personality provides a standard device calibration

routine. Standard device calibration allows you to make repeated pass/fail

testing based on the response of a standard device-under-test. During

calibration, instead of using a through line, your standard device is placed in

the path between the RF output and the RF input connectors. The scalar

analyzer personality then creates special limit-line traces above and below the

response of the standard device.

The following figure shows the response of a 50 MHz bandpass filter. You

could save this response as a standard device against which to test similar

bandpass filters.

REF

SMPL

LOG

dB/

0.0

ATTEN

CENTER

56.66

MHz

SPAN

58.66

MHz

tRES

BW 10 kHz UBW 10 kHz SWP 50

ld5ec

CAL

OPN/SHRT

CAL

THRU

CAL ST0

DEVICE

NORMLIZE

OFF

TRACKING

PEAK

Limit-line testing is turned on (and upper and lower limit traces displayed)

after pressing the

ICAL)

key and then the CAL STD DEVICE

softkey.

3-9

Calibrating for Measurements

Calibrating for a standard device

(c)HP

1989,199B,1991

SCALAR ANALYZER Z/88/91

REF -3.5 dG

ATTEN

‘,

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

SMPL

LOG

UPPER

LINIT

#RES

kHz UBW

kHz SWP 58

15ec

Upper

limit

trace

Response

standard

device

Lower

limit

trace

You define the

window

between the upper and lower limit traces using the

UPPER LIMIT and LOWER LIMIT softkeys. Enter the amount of deviation

between the response of the standard device and the limit trace. The

default value is 3

dB.

Standard device calibrations can be performed after a normal open/short

or thru calibration. Limit traces created by the standard device calibration

cannot

be edited or stored. To turn off a standard device calibration,

press the Calibration menu’s LIMITEST ON OFF

softkey

so that OFF is

underlined.

3-10

Calibrating for Measurements

Calibrating for a standard device

calibrate

standard

device

1. Connect the device between the front-panel RF OUT and INPUT

connectors.

If you are using the HP

85630A

test set, connect the device between the

test set’s PORT 1 and PORT 2 connectors.

2. Set the scalar analyzer’s frequency, span, output power, output

attenuation, resolution bandwidth, and reference level for the desired

response.

3. Press the front-panel

ICAL)

key.

Press the TRACKIWG PEAK softkey.

The scalar analyzer performs a short routine to optimize the frequency

tracking of the tracking generator.

5. Press the CAL STD DEVICE

softkey.

Press the UPPER LIMIT

softkey,

and enter the amount of deviation in

that is acceptable above the displayed response.

Press the LOWER LIMIT

softkey,

and enter the amount of deviation in

that is acceptable below the displayed response.

Press the STORE STD DEV

softkey

9. Replace the standard device with the device to be tested.

3-11

I-

Saving

and

recalling

calibrations

Transmission, reflection, and standard device calibrations can be saved and

recalled for later use. (Turning the scalar analyzer off or presetting it will

not effect the calibration data.) However, if a calibration is not saved, the

calibration data can be lost if one of the following occurs:

the spectrum analyzer is turned off

the front-panel [PRESET) key is pressed

another calibration is performed

Saving

calibrations

When saving calibration data, keep in mind that reflection and transmission

calibrations are saved in the same operation as a group of data. Two separate

save and recall operations are not needed.

CAUTION

Calibration data is saved in trace memory registers. Use caution to avoid

deleting any previously saved traces.

Calibrations are saved in CAL groups starting with number 1. Each group

requires two trace memory registers and is saved starting at trace register

51. (Trace register 52 is used by the program and is not available.) Trace

CAL group 1 corresponds to trace memory registers 50 and 51. As more

calibrations are saved, calibration memory grows towards trace memory

catalog trace memory.

3-12

Before being saved, calibration data is temporarily stored in CAL group

0. Unlike the CAL groups used for saving calibrations, this storage area is

temporary. Calibration data in CAL group 0 can be lost if it is not saved as

described in this section.

Calibrating for Measurements

Saving and recalling calibrations

limit lines

Limit lines, as described in Chapter 5, are also saved in trace memory Limit lines are saved starting at

memory register 0 and increasing towards calibration memory As the number of saved calibrations and

limit lines grows, the possibility of overwriting limit line or calibration data increases.

catalog

trace

memory

1. Press the [RECALL) key.

Press the INTRNL CRD

softkey

so that INTRNL is underlined.

Press the CATALOG INTRNL

softkey.

Press the CATALOG REGISTER

softkey.

5. Use the front-panel knob to scroll the display of trace memory.

save

calibration

data

1. Perform a calibration.

2. Press the More 1 of 2

softkey.

Press the SAVE

CAL

softkey.

4. Enter a register number.

5. Press [ENTER) to store the calibration data.

3-13

Calibrating for Measurements

Saving and recalling calibrations

Recalling

calibrations

When recalled, calibration data automatically sets the scalar analyzer’s

frequency, amplitude, and scale parameters appropriate to the calibration.

When recalling calibration data, remember the following:

Normalization remains off until you turn it on.

Both transmission and reflection calibration data is recalled (if both saved).

Measurement type (transmission/reflection) is not selected.

recall

calibration

data

1. Press the front-panel

key.

Press the More 1 of 2

softkey.

Press the RECALL

--+

CAL

softkey,

4. Enter the register number.

5. Press

@KKK)

to recall the calibration data.

3-14

Viewing

calibration

limits

Display calibration has a finite amplitude range. This is due to 70

of log

fidelity and because normalization shifts the response.

llKR

321.4

NH,?

REF

'3.8

ATTEN

-2.37

SAVE

+CRL

LOG

dB/ RECALL

rCRL

MAX RNG

OFF

. . . . . . . .

,,.....

.,,.,

:: :

Wh-SB

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

dBa

0ISP:LAY

UNDER-:RtoNGE:

. . . .

CENTER 321.4 MHz

SPhN

468.8

MHz

XRES BW

kHz UBW 1 kHz SWP 568 M5eC

HIN RNG

OFF

n0re

2 of 2

press

show

minimum

calibrati

display

line

calibration

limit

warning

display

Line

showing

minimum

calibration

range

To view the limits of calibration, use the MAX RNG ON OFF and

MIN RNG ON OFF softkeys. Horizontal calibration lines are displayed

indicating the limits of display calibration. (The lines may not be visible if

their amplitude is beyond the displayed scale.) Normally, the calibration lines

are turned off.

3-15

Calibrating for Measurements

Viewing calibration limits

When a response goes beyond the calibrated limit, the scalar analyzer

displays one of the following two messages:

DISPLAYUNDER-RANGE

DISPLAYOVER-RANGE

Portions of the trace displayed outside the calibration limit lines do not show

an accurate response. The portion of the response that falls between the two

display lines remains calibrated. Portions which cross the displayed line are

uncalibrated. Changing the log scale does not affect calibration.

view

the

calibrated

limits

the

display

1. Press the front-panel

@ZJ

key.

Press the More 1 of 2

softkey.

To show the maximum level of calibrated display, press MAX RNG ON OFF

so that ON is underlined.

To show the minimum level of calibrated display, press MIN RNG ON OFF

so that ON is underlined.

3-16

Changing

the

normalized

position

and

reference

level

The default normalized reference position is at the display’s top graticule line.

(It is represented on screen by an angle bracket at each end of a horizontal

graticule line.) NORM

REF

POSN sets the reference position to any of the

eight major horizontal graticule lines. Position eight is the top graticule;

position zero is the bottom graticule.

The reference position is

always

the top graticule line when normalization is

turned off.

The scalar analyzer places the normalized reference level at the normalized

reference position. (The default is at top horizontal line of the graticule.)

change

the

normalized

reference

position

1. Press the front-panel

(-J

key.

Press the NORM

RRF

POSN

softkey.

3. Use the front-panel knob or numeric keypad to place the normalized

reference position at any of the eight major horizontal graticules.

Measuring

Reflection/Transmission

Parameters

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Param-

eters

The HP

85714A

scalar measurements personality not only displays device

reflection and transmission, but in addition provides automatic measurements

for device characterization. These include VSWR, transmission/reflection

coefficients, bandwidth, and shape factor parameters. This chapter includes

information on swept-power measurements which allow you to characterize

distortion related to input power.

4-2

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters

Changing the normalized position and reference level

To enter the Measure menu, press the front-panel

[MEAS/USER)

key or press

the Main menu’s Measure

softkey.

REF 0.0 dB

flTTEN

.tB

CENTER

321.4

MHz SPAN

500.8

MHz

#RES

BW 18

kHi!

UBW

kHz

SWP

nt5ec

View

reflection

REFL

Device

Mear

Measure

bandwidth

parameters

C~~::::\Meas”re

Sil.

s21.

and

VSWR

nbPt

1 of 2

Page One of Measure Menu

4-3

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters

Changing the normalized position and reference level

For information on using the DELTA

MEAS

, PK-PK

MEAS

, and

Limit Lines softkeys, refer to Chapter 5.

REF B.B dB RTTEN IB dB

SMPL

LOG

dB/

CENTER

321.4

RHz SPAN

500.0

MHz

XRES BW

kHz

'JEW

kHz

SW,'

M5tb

DELTA

nfhs

Main

MbPt

2 of 2

Page Two of Measure Menu

4-4

Viewing

transmission

and

reflection

After normalizing the display, the scalar measurements personality offers

extensive control for viewing the response on the screen.

If an HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection test set is used, you can easily

switch between transmission and reflection measurements. The test set also

provides the ability to simultaneously display both responses. The scalar

analyzer automatically controls the HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection

test set for the two measurement setups.

Reflection

Transmission

response

CENTER

50.00

MHz

#RES

BW 18 kHz UEW 18 kHz SPAN 50.00

MHz

s!dP

M5tb

DSP LINE

OFF

DUAL OSP

OFF

120

@-J

Tabular

Display

NbPt

of 2

NOTE

If you don’t have the test set, you must manually use external cabling and couplers to view reflection.

4-5

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters

Viewing transmission and reflection

view

device

transmission

1. Calibrate the measurement as explained in “To Calibrate a Transmission

Measurement” in this chapter.

2. If you are

not

using the HP

85630A

test set, connect the device being

measured (for example

INPUT connectors.

PV28

FILTER

3. If you are

using the HP

85630A

test set, connect the device being

measured

between the PORT 1 and PORT 2 connectors.

Iilter)

between the scalar analyzer’s RF OUT and

SPECTRUM ANALYZER

PORT 2

cviiv

FILTER

4-6

Measuring

Reflectionflransmission

Parameters

Viewing transmission and reflection

4. Press the

(jMEAS/USER]

key.

Press the TRAWS

softkey

so that it is underlined.

view

device

reflection

You must use an external bridge (test set) to view device reflection. The

optional HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection test set is the recommended

test set.

1. Calibrate the measurement as explained in “To Calibrate a Reflection

Measurement” in Chapter 3.

2. Connect the device being measured (for example a

filter)

between the

PORT 1 and PORT 2 connectors of the HP

85630A

test set.

PV220

FILTER

3. Press the

(jMEAS/USER)

key.

Press the

REFL

softkey

so that it is underlined.

PORT 2

4-7

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters

Viewing transmission and reflection

view

transmission/reflection

simultaneously

Viewing both the transmission and reflection response simultaneously

requires an HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection test set.

Make sure the HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection test set is turned

on as described in Chapter 2.

Calibrate the measurement as explained in “To calibrate a Transmission

measurement” and “To calibrate a reflection measurement” in Chapter 3.

Connect the device being measured (for example a filter) between the

PORT 1 and PORT 2 connectors of the HP

85630A

test set.

PV220

FILTER

Press the

c-1

key.

Press the DUAL DSP ON OFF

softkey

so that ON is underlined.

4-8

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters

Viewing transmission and reflection

turn

normalization

off

1. Press the front-panel

ICALl

key.

Press the

NORMLIZE

ON OFF

softkey

so that OFF is underlined.

Use this feature to temporarily turn normalization on or off.

4-9

Viewing

120

measurement

range

The scalar analyzer can display a 120

measurement range not available

with the normal 15

per division log scale.

REF

8.8

ATTEN

1B dB

CENTER

321.4

MHz

SPAN

500.0

MHz

#RES

18 kHz

UBW

kHz

SUP

15ec

OSP

LINE

JIFJ

Tabular

Display

The 120

calibrated measurement range is achieved by splicing two

separate traces. For each visible sweep, the scalar analyzer first saves the top

of trace data. Then, the reference level is set up to 50

below the

current reference level and another reading is taken. Finally, these two traces

are spliced together and displayed on the screen.

To achieve greater than 85

of dynamic range, perform the measurement

without the HP

85630A

Scalar Transmission/Reflection Test Set.

In dual display mode

You cannot view 120

measurement range in the dual display mode.

Klual

display refers to

simultaneously displaying both transmission and reflection responses.)

4-10

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters

Viewing 120

of measurement range

Use the

120

ON OFF

softkey

to turn on the 120

measurement range

feature. This feature places the spectrum analyzer in single sweep mode.

Press the

(j-1

key to remeasure a device.

view

120

measurement

range

1. Press the front-panel

I-J

key.

Press the 120

dE!

ON OFF

softkey

so that ON is underlined.

3. Press the

[HOLD]

key to remove the displayed measurement message

4. Press the

CsGLSWP)

key each time you need an updated display.

4-11

Automatically

scaling

the

response

The scalar analyzer provides one-button scaling. To scale the response for

full screen, simply press the Amplitude menu’s AUTO SCALE

softkey.

course, you can still manually scale the response by changing the normalized

reference level and log scale.

CENTER

321.40

MHz SPAN

75.00

MHz

tRES

kHz VBW

ktiz

SWP 58

m5ec

~IUTO

SCRLE

NORN REF

POSN

Response before Automatic Scaling

Press

scale

autom

atically

Auto scaling is a one-time adjustment. The log scale does not continually

update when the response amplitude changes.

4-12

Adjuste

log

sea

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters

Automatically scaling the response

. . . . .

CENTER

321.40

MHz SPAN

75.00

MHz

tRES

kHz

UBW

kHz

SWP

15ec

Response after Automatic Scaling

REF

LEVEL

ATTEN

&UTJ

MAN

LOG

SCALE

AUTO

SC~ILE

NORN

REF

POSN

Mare

of 2

automatically

scale

the

response

1. Press the front-panel

(XiKiKKJ

key.

Press the AUTO SCALE

softkey.

4-13

Measuring

VSWR,

transmission,

and

reflection

The scalar measurements personality can display the VSWR, transmission

coefficient (&r), or reflection coefficient

(&I)

at any point along the displayed

response. (VSWR and reflection coefficient measurements require the use of

the HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection test set.)

llKR

318.6 MHz

ATTEN

-18.65

,tAG

SII-

*ET

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . :..

;

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

;

view

Elion

icient

REF

-1.B

LO0

dB/

CENTER

321.4

MHz

SPAN

150.0

MHz

XRES

1 kHz

U8W

I kHr

SWP

588

15.e

MeFlu

reflection

coefficient

readout

marker

The scalar measurements personality displays a

moveable

marker showing

the value at the marker position. The displayed values are continuously

updated. This is true even in single sweep and view modes.

Softkeys

for

these measurements are available from the Measure menu’s Marker Convert

selection.

4-14

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters

Measuring VSWR, transmission, and reflection

measure

transmission

coefficient

1. Display the desired response on the scalar analyzer’s display.

Press the

fjMEAS/USER)

key and then the Marker Convert

softkey.

Press the NAG

S21

ON OFF

softkey

so that ON is underlined.

4. Move the marker to the desired trace position, and read the displayed

transmission coefficient.

measure

reflection

coefficient

1. Display the desired response on the scalar analyzer’s display.

Press the

C-1

key and then the Marker Convert

softkey.

Press the MAG

Sll

ON OFF

softkey

so that ON is underlined.

4. Move the marker to the desired trace position, and read the displayed

reflection coefficient.

4-15

Measuring Reflectionilransmission Parameters

Measuring VSWR, transmission, and reflection

measure

VSWR

1. Display the desired response on the scalar analyzer’s display.

Press the

(j-1

key and then the Marker Convert

softkey.

Press the VSWR ON OFF

softkey

so that ON is underlined.

4. Move the marker to the desired trace position, and read the displayed

voltage standing wave ratio.

4-16

Measuring

insertion

loss

and

bandwidth

parameters

The scalar analyzer performs the following bandwidth measurements:

center frequency

insertion loss in

bandwidth

$V:o,HP

1989~1998>1991

SCALfiR

-3.5 dB

ATTEN

18 dB

ilKR

49.68 MHz

-4.48

dB BW

MERS

SMPL

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Center: 4q

,BBB MHz

LOG

!,"r

Loss:

4.48

. . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

OFF

dB/

3 dB BW: 4.588 NH

(Fa/BW)Q:

..n

18.88 ;:

"2;

MARKER UPPER BW

TARGET

SPAN

50.0G

'JBW 18

kHr SWP

CENTER

#RE

measurement

results

Bandwidth measurements are updated after each sweep. The bandwidth

measurement uses a 3

default bandwidth (upper bandwidth). The default

bandwidth used can be changed using the UPPER BW TARGET

softkey.

For example, you could change the bandwidth from 3

to 6

dB.

Lower

bandwidth is not defined for this measurement.

4-17

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters

Measuring insertion loss and bandwidth parameters

The Q indicates the frequency selectivity of a response. The narrower

the bandwidth at a given frequency, the higher the

It is

deEned

by the

following formula:

where:

is the center frequency of the displayed response

BW is the bandwidth of the displayed response.

measure

insertion

loss

and

bandwidth

parameters

1. Display the desired response on the scalar analyzer’s display.

Press the

[MEAWJSER)

key and then the Device

Meas

softkey.

Press the

MEAS

ON OFF

softkey

so that ON is underlined.

The measurement continually repeats until the BW

MEAS

ON OFF

softkey

is pressed so that OFF is underlined.

The response’s center frequency, insertion loss, bandwidth, and Q is

displayed on the screen.

4-18

Measuring

filter

shape

factor

Shape factor characterizes the slope of a bandpass filter’s skirts.

f&WHP

1989,1996>1991

SCALAR

-3.5 dE

ATTEN

fG dG

FlKR

22.88 MHz

.f6 dB RW

IF(IS

Sl4PL

LOG

dB1

Shape

Factor

<L/U):

_..

..-.,_

OFF

MERS

OFF

SPhN

50.00 MHz

UEW

kHr SWP

lSCC

LOWER BW

TARGET

Shape

factor

measurement

results

Shape factor is the ratio of upper and lower bandwidths of the response. The

larger the shape factor, the less selective the filter.

shape factor = lower response bandwidth

upper response bandwidth

The default bandwidths used are:

upper bandwidth . . . . . . . . 3

lower bandwidth

. . . . . . . 60

Default bandwidths for shape factor measurements can be changed using the

UPPER

TARGET and LOWER BW TARGET softkeys. For example, using

4-19

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters

Measuring filter shape factor

the UPPER BW TARGET

softkey,

you could change the upper bandwidth from

to 6

dB.

Shape factor measurements are updated after each sweep.

measure

shape

factor

1. Display the desired response on the scalar analyzer’s display.

2. Press the

(j-1

key and then the Device BW

Meas

softkey.

Press the SF

MEAS

ON OFF

softkey

so that ON is underlined.

The measurement continually repeats until the SF

MEAS

ON OFF

softkey

is pressed so that OFF is underlined.

4-20

Performing

fast

fourier

transforms

Fast fourier transforms

(FFTs)

convert zero-span data into the frequency

domain. Use

FFTs

to observe signal distortion caused by a device. During

an FFT, the scalar analyzer is in single sweep with a 10

dB/division

log

amplitude scale.

&h,HP

1998,199l

SChLAR

ANAL\

8.8 dBn

ATTEN

PMPL

LOO

ii/

MKR 60 HZ

-47.35 dBn EXIT

FFT

NARKER

DELTA

PEAK

NEXT PK

RIGHT

NEXT PK

LEFT

PEAK

EXCURSN

CENTER 49.1094 MHz SPhN 0 Hz

#RES BW 18 kHz UBW 10 kHz lSWP 2.0 5ec

Performing an FFT turns on the marker for locating signal peaks on the FFT.

The

FFT’s

frequency span is related to the sweep time. (The slower the

sweep time, the narrower the span.) Set the sweep time according to the

following formula:

200

sweep

time

frequency span

4-21

Measuring

ReflectionRransmission

Parameters

Performing fast fourier transforms

perform

fast

fourier

transforms

1. Press the front-panel [FREQUENCY] key, and enter the frequency at which

to perform the FFT.

2. Press the front-panel (SPAN) key and enter 0 Hz.

3. Press the front-panel

CSWEEP)

key.

4. Enter the sweep time required to achieve the desired FFT frequency span.

200

sweep

time

= frequency span

Press the

(jj)

key and then the More 1 of 2

softkey.

Press the FFT

MEAS

softkey

to display the FFT.

4-22

To exit from the FFT display, press the EXIT FFT

softkey

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters

Performing fast fourier transforms

Example:

Measuring

hum

from

amplifier

One measure of an amplifier’s performance is 60 Hz hum. This measures the

amount of 60 Hz amplitude-modulation distortion placed on the amplified

signal.

1. Connect the

ampliEer

between the scalar analyzer’s front-panel RF OUT

and INPUT connectors.

CAUTION

Make sure the input power level is not above the spectrum analyzer’s

maximum input value.

2. Press the front-panel

CFREQUENCY]

key, and enter the frequency at which

to perform the FFT.

3. Press the front-panel [SPAN) key and enter 0 Hz. In the following

figure,

the amplitude modulation can be seen on the

ampliEed

signal.

REF

SMPL

LOG

dB/

.~_I

LEVEL

ATTEN

MAN

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...'

LOG :

dB/

SC F!

CORI

dBm'

CENTI

AUTO

SCALE

,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,,.,.,,,;

,...,....:

..I.................~.

NORM REF

POSN

. . . . .

Mb?@

of 2

49.1084 MHz SPhN 0 Hz

18 kHz UBW 18 kHz

I~SWP

2.0 set RT

Zero-span response before

FFT

4. Press the front-panel

C-1

key.

5. Enter a sweep time of 2.0 seconds.

A 2.0 second sweep time gives an FFT frequency span of 100 Hz

4-23

I-

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters

Performing fast fourier transforms

6. Press the

[MEAS/USER)

key and then the More 1 of 2

softkey.

Press the FFT

MRAS

softkey

to display the FFT.

c$7;o,HP

1990>1991

SCALAR ANAL\

0.0 dBa

ATTEN

10 dB mKR 60 Hz

-47.35 dBa EXIT

FFT

mARKER

OELTh

PEAK

XRES BW

kHi!

VBW 10 kHz #SWP 2.0 5ec

NEXT PK

RIGHT

NEXT PK

LEFT

PEAK

EXCURSN

FFT showing

Hz amplitude modulation

Press the MARKER DELTA

softkey.

9. Use the front-panel knob to scroll the marker to the 60 Hz peak.

10. Read the marker value, and determine the percent of amplitude

modulation by substituting the value as

dBc

in the following formula.

(Notice the minus sign indicating

dBc

is a negative value.)

Percent AM = (200)

lo(*)

For example, if 60

separates the 60 Hz modulation from the carrier, the

percent of amplitude modulation is 0.2 %

4-24

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters

Making swept-power measurements

perform

swept-power

measurements

1. Connect the source’s output to the scalar analyzer’s input.

2. Set the scalar analyzer to the desired center frequency. Set the

spanwidth to 0 Hz.

3. Press the

(AUX)

key, then enter the source’s power.

This is the sweep’s start power.

4. Press the

PWR

SWP

OFF

softkey

twice so that ON is underlined.

5. Enter the amount of power change in

of the power sweep. (Press the

CENTER)

key to complete the entry.)

6. Set the reference level so that when the device to be tested is inserted in

the line, any gain will not cause the response to be off screen.

Press the (CAL) key, CAL

THRU

, and STORE THRU softkeys.

8. Place the device to be tested between the source’s output and the scalar

analyzer’s input.

9. Press the

[W)

key, and then set the normalized reference level so

that the response is displayed.

10.

Press the AUTO SCALE

softkey.

4-26

I-

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters

Making swept-power measurements

Example:

measuring

amplifier

compression

Reference

Delta

marker

-1

CENTER

200.0806

MHz

#RES

18 kHz

lVBW

1 kHz

tlKNOISE

ON OFF

MARKERS

OFF

NORE

of 2

Horizontal

scale

dB/

dlvlslon

(Source

power

from

-20

-10

dBm)

This example measures the 1

compression point of an HP

8447A

Dual

Amplifier. The measurement requires placing the scalar analyzer in a zero

frequency span and sweeping the input power to the amplifier.

The HP

8447A

Dual Amplifier has 20

of gain 100

kHz

to 400 MHz. We’ll

locate its 1

compression point at 200 MHz. Because the amplifier’s output

compression point is typically greater than 6

dBm,

we need to sweep its

output power from 0 to + 10

dBm.

The amplifier’s 20

of gain requires

4-27

-1

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters

Making swept-power measurements

that we sweep its input power from -20 to -10

dBm

to meet our output

requirements.

The example does

not

use the HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection test

set. If you use the test set, you’ll need to compensate for the power loss of

the test set.

CAUTION

Be sure that the spectrum analyzer’s input power does not exceed

+30

dBm

or damage will result.

Press the PRESET SCALAR

softkey

in the scalar analyzer’s Main menu.

2. Use a BNC cable to connect the scalar analyzer’s RF OUT and INPUT

connectors.

3. Press the [FREQUENCY) key and enter a center frequency of 200 MHz.

4. Press the

key and enter a frequency span of 0 Hz.

The scalar analyzer is now a fixed-tuned receiver at 200 MHz.

5. Press the

[AUX]

key.

Press the TRACKING PEAK

softkey.

7. Enter a source power level of -20

dBm.

This sets the starting power level for the power sweep.

Press the PWR

SUP

ON OFF

softkey

twice so that ON is underlined.

9. Enter 10

dB.

This sets the amount of the power sweep. The scalar analyzer is now

sweeping the source’s output power from -20 to -10

dBm.

10. Press the (AMPLITUDE] key and enter a reference level of 10

dBm.

This step places the stop power level 20

below the displayed

reference level. This is necessary to ensure a calibrated display with

the amplifier’s 20

of gain.

4-28

-1

REF

SMPL

LOG

dB/

CORI

dBn'

CENTI

lB.O dBm

ATTEN

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters

Making swept-power measurements

;

:.,

ATTEN

MhN

LOG

SCRLE

AUTO

SCRLE

NORFl

REF

POSN

of 2

200.0000 MHz

SPhN

0 Hz

ES BW

kHz

'JEW

10 kHz SWP

h5eC

11. Press the (CAL) key followed by the CAL

TMRU

softkey.

12.

Press the STORE TWRU

softkey.

The scalar analyzer’s display is now normalized for the power sweep.

13. Connect the scalar analyzer’s RF OUT to the amplifier’s INPUT connector,

14. Connect the

ampliEer’s

OUTPUT connector to the scalar analyzer’s

INPUT connector.

15. Press the

(AMPLITUDE)

key.

l6.

Press the

REF

LEVEL

softkey.

Enter a reference level of 20

dB.

This places the

ampliEer’s

response on the screen. However, changing

the reference level introduces error caused by reference level accuracy.

This is indicated on screen by the

? character displayed after the NORM

annotation.

4-29

Measuring

Reflection~ransmission

Parameters

Making swept-power measurements

ATTEN

MAN

LOG

SCALE

AUTO

SCALE

CENTER

#RI

‘7

. . . . . . . . .

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..__.....: . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

..___..

. . . . .

.._.

200.0000 MHZ SPAN 0

BW 10 kHz UBW

kHz SWP 58

se0

NORfl

REF

POSN

flare

of 2

17. Press the AUTO SCALE

softkey.

The AUTO SCALE function reduces the scalar analyzer’s log scale as

necessary to

fill

the complete display with the response.

18.

Press the

key. Press the VID BW AUTO MAN

softkey

twice so that

MAN is underlined.

19. Reduce the video bandwidth to 1

kHz

not

change the resolution bandwidth or additional measurement

uncertainties will be introduced. Reducing the video bandwidth

reduces the noise displayed on the trace.

20. Press the

(SGLSWP)

key to stop the trace.

21. Press the

INIKR]

key, and use the front-panel knob to place the marker at

the peak of the response.

22. Press the MARKER DELTA

softkey

and move the delta marker on the

response so that it reads -1

dB.

This is the 1

compression point of the

ampliEer at 200 MHz.

4-30

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters

Making swept-power measurements

Reference

Delta

marker

-1

19.5 dB

ATTEN

48 dB

:...

. .

..I.

IKNOISE

..I.

ON OFF

W*-$B

;

MARKERS

OFF

;

i'lORE

. . .

of 2

CENTER

20G.0000

MHz

XRES BW 18

kHz #WBW

1 kHz SWP 58

15ec

Horizontal

scale

dB/

dlvislon

(Source

power

from

-20

to -10

dBm)

23. Press the MARKER NORMAL softkey.

The marker readout now indicates the device gain at the 1

compression point. In this case 18.4

dB.

See the Egure at the end of

this procedure.

4-31

Measuring Reflection/Transmission Parameters

Making swept-power measurements

24. Based on the horizontal power scale of 1

per division, calculate the

input power level at the 1

compression point.

Pinput

= start power + power sweep range

horr,

divisions

(number of divisions)

pinput

= -20

dBm

Pinput

= -10.2 dBm

25. To calculate the output power at the 1

compression point, add the

input power level determined in the previous step to the gain at the

compression point (marker value).

output

Pinput

+ compressed gain

output

= -10.2

dBm

+ 18.4 dB

output

= 8.2 dBm

llKR

43.7499986 MS~C

REF 19.5

ATTEN

18.44

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

CENTER 200.0000 MHz

#RES

10 kHz #UBW 1 kHz SPAN 0 Hz

SWP 50

15ec

MARKER

DELTA

MKR CNT

RKNOISE

MARKER5

OFF

of 2

4-32

Using Markers and Limit

Lines

Using Markers and Limit Lines

Peak-to-peak markers and delta markers enable you to quickly measure

absolute and relative amplitude and frequencies of a response. Limit lines

enable you to perform repeatable production-line testing.

5-2

Using

markers

REF

SMPL

LOG

dB/

CORl

Multiple Markers and Marker Tables

Multiple markers, which are available with the HP

8591E,

8593E,

8594E,

8595E,

and

8596E,

are not available when in Dual Display Mode.

The MK TABLE function is not available when in the Scalar personality mode.

Enter the second page of the Measure menu to use markers. (Press the

front-panel

c-1

key, or press the Main menu’s Measure softkey.)

B.B

dBm

ATTEN

1B dB

Peak-to-peak

markers

..i.........i.........i.........i.....~.........~.........

!bPe

CENTER

32104

MHz

SPAN

10G.G

MHz

#RES

kHz UBW

kHz

SWP 58

M5eC

Second Page of Measure Menu

5-3

Using Markers and Limit Lines

Using markers

After selecting DELTA

MEAS

or PK-PK

MEAS

use the NEXT

PEAK ,

NEXT PK RIGHT , and NEXT PK LEFT softkeys to place the displayed

marker on a signal peak. Marker frequency and amplitude are directly read

from the display. The MARKER DELTA softkey displays the relative amplitude

and frequency between two displayed markers.

When searching for a signal peak, the scalar analyzer recognizes signals that

rise and fall by a predehned excursion value. This default excursion value

is 6

dB.

You can change the excursion value by using the PEAK EXCURSN

softkey.

use

peak

and

delta

markers

1. Display the desired response on the scalar analyzer’s display.

Press the

CMEAS/USER)

key and then the More 1 of 2

softkey.

Press the PK-PK

MEAS

softkey

to perform peak marker measurements.

Press the DELTA

MEAS

softkey

to perform relative marker measurements.

Press the EXIT PK-PK or EXIT DELTA

softkeys

to turn the markers off

and return to the Measure menu.

define

what

valid

peak

Press the

[MEAS~USER)

key and then the More 1 of 2

softkey.

Press either the PK-PK

MEAS

or DELTA

MEAS

softkeys.

Press the PEAK EXCURSN

softkey,

enter the value in

that represents

the smallest acceptable peak excursion.

5-4

Creating

limit

lines

Limit lines are displayed lines showing acceptable limits for a displayed

response. In production settings, limit lines can be used for pass/fail testing.

Enter the second page of the Measure menu to use limit lines. (Press the

front-panel

C-1

key, or press the Main menu’s Measure softkey.)

You define the shape (including upper and lower limits) of the limit lines. If

the response is outside the limit lines, a failure message is displayed.

REF

B.B

dBn

ATTEN

1B dB

SMPL

LOG

dEI

.._......

...I

. . . . .

.;.

..I.,

,........

0.B

;

dBm

CENTER 321.4 MHz SPAN 100.0 MHz

XRES

kHz

'JBW

kHz

SWP 58

m5ec

Second Page of Measure Menu

DELTA

MERS

FFT

MEAS

:::::\,imit

line

ila1n

mare

2 of 2

You define the shape (including upper and lower limits) of the limit lines. If

the response is outside the limit lines, a failure message is displayed as shown

in the following figures.

5-5

Using Markers and Limit Lines

Creating limit lines

limit line

limit pass

message

10:56:4

OEC 25, 1990

/tz

ATTEN

it3

LIMITEST

OFF

EOIT

LIMIT

l.........:.........i.....................~........~........~........~.........:........~.........l

L Ii::

CENTER 50.80 MHz SPAN 50.00 MHz

#RES

kHz

UBW 18 kHZ

SWP

M5eC

limit line with LIMIT PASS message

ii:37:

&(c)HF

SHPL

LOG

ii,

SC F

COR

CENT

OEC 06. 1990

.989,1990 SCALAR ANALYZER

11/12/98

RTTEN

IO dB

I.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIrIT

F;I

NEW

LIMIT

..___

_____:

____..._.:

.._____.

_________:

________.

50.00 MHz

I SPAN 50.00 MHz

ES BW 18 kHz

UB 18

kHz SWP

MS~C

limit line with LIMIT FAIL message

RECALL

LIMIT

SAVE

LIMIT

CHANGE

TITLE

.INITEST

OFF

EOIT

LIMIT

5-6

Using Markers and Limit Lines

Creating limit lines

You can create Iimit lines that:

1. Define the upper limit of a response.

2. Define the lower limit of a response.

3. Define both lower and upper response limits.

4. Display relative to the center frequency and reference level.

5. Display at a fixed center frequency and reference level.

You create limit lines that are either fixed or relative with respect to the

scalar analyzer’s frequency and reference level. After being displayed,

relative limit lines do not change screen position if the frequency or reference

level is changed. However, fixed limit lines do change screen position if the

frequency or reference level is changed.

The two tutorials, located at the end of this, chapter give step-by-step

instructions for creating limit lines. Be prepared to spend about twenty

minutes on the tutorials. Both tutorials draw the same limit lines using two

alternate methods.

limit-line amplitude units

After display normalization, the amplitude units displayed for limit lines and entered using the front

panel are in

dEIm

(decibels relative to 1

mW1.

However, because of display normalization, the units

actually used are decibels

Idt3).

The power levels are relative to the normalized reference level.

limit lines and the normalized reference position

When editing or creating limit lines (the EDIT LIMIT or

NEX

LIMIT

softkey

is pressed),

the scalar measurements personality sets the normalized reference position to eight. This is the default

normalized reference position at the top of the screen. The original position is restored when the

EDIT DONE

softkey

is pressed.

5-7

Using Markers and Limit Lines

Creating limit lines

enter

the

limit

line

1. Press the

fjj]

key.

Press the More 1 of 2

softkey.

Press the Limit; Lines

softkey.

make

limit-line

relative

fixed

1. With a limit line displayed on the screen, press the

CMEAS/USER)

key.

Press the More 1 of 2

softkey.

Press the Limit Lines

softkey

followed by the EDIT LIMIT

softkey.

Press the LIMITS FIX REL

softkey

so that desired selection is

underlined.

Limit-line

segments

Limit lines are made by “drawing” lines between frequency/amplitude points.

Each line is called a segment. Segments begin at a starting frequency and

continue to the next segment.

Segments can be one of three types: SLOPE, FLAT, or POINT. With slope

types, segments with different amplitudes are connected using sloping lines.

With Flat types, segments remain constant in amplitude until the next

segment’s starting frequency is reached. With point types, a segment’s

starting frequency is not connected to the next segment.

5-a

Using Markers and Limit Lines

Creating limit lines

The following figures illustrate the difference between the three slope types.

The limit lines in each figure are identical except for the segment’s type.

ii:39:5

DEC

06,

1990

(c)HP SCALAR ANALYZER

llCl2/90

ATTEN

SELECT

SEGMENT

SELECT

FRED

SELECT

MID RMPL

SELECT

OLT

AMPL

SELECT

TYPE

SMPL

LOG

COR

,;.

CENT

xii

of 2

50.00 NHz

'ES BW IE kNz

__........._...............................

SPAN 50.00 MHz

IHZ

SWP

R5eC

SLOPE Segment Types

13:55:54

DEC

06,

1990

~$7

(c)HP 1989,1990 SCALAR ANALYZER 11/12/98

ATTEN

RECALL

LIMIT

SAVE

LIMIT

CHANGE

TITLE

LIIIITEST

OFF

EDIT

LIMIT

NEW

LIMIT

CENTEl(.5i..~i..iHr

XRES

kHz

..:

. . . . . . . . . .

SPAN 30.00 MHz

SWP

m5e.c

FLAT Segment Types

5-9

Using Markers and Limit Lines

Creating limit lines

i4:0

:33

DEC 06,

HP 1989,1990 S

B I

SMPL

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

LIMI.

PRSS

LOG

RECALL

LIMIT

SAVE

LIMIT

CHANGE

TITLE

LIllITEST

OFF

EDIT

LIMIT

. NEW

LIMIT

CENTER 50.00 MHz SPAN 30.00 MHz

URES

BW 10 kHz SWP 50

lh5eo

POINT Segment Types

enter

edit

limit-line’s

title

1. If you are creating or editing a limit line, press the EDIT DONE

softkey

after all data has been entered.

2. In the Limit Line menu, press the CHANGE TITLE

softkey.

3. Use the front-panel

softkeys

to select the desired characters.

You can also press the

1 af 2 then RPG TITLE

softkeys

and

use the front-panel knob to select the desired characters.

4. Press the front-panel

cm)

key to backspace over a character.

To erase a title, press the

YX,#

SPC CLEAR

softkey

and then the CLEAR

softkey.

5-10

-1

Using Markers and Limit Lines

Creating limit lines

turn

limit

testing

In order to turn limit testing on, you must first create a limit line.

1. Create a limit line.

2. Press the limit-line menu’s LIMITEST ON OFF

softkey

so that ON is

underlined.

Saving

and

recalling

limit

lines

Limit lines can be saved and recalled for later use. (Presetting or turning the

scalar measurements personality off will not effect the limit line data.)

CAUTION

Limit line data is saved in trace memory registers. Use caution to avoid

deleting any previously saved traces.

Each limit line requires one trace memory register and is saved starting at

trace register 0. Limit line 0 corresponds to trace memory registers 0. As

more limit lines are saved, limit line memory grows towards trace memory

Catalog trace memory if you need to determine availability and use of trace

registers.

Calibration data

Calibrations are also saved in trace memory starting at memory register 51 and growing towards

memory increases.

5-12

Using Markers and Limit tines

Saving and recalling limit lines

catalog

trace

memory

1. Press the

[RECALL)

key.

Press the INTRNL CRD

softkey

so that INTRNL is underlined.

Press the CATALOG INTRNL softkey.

Press the CATALOG REGISTER

softkey.

5. Use the front-panel knob to scroll the display of trace memory.

save

limit

line

1. Create a limit line.

2. Press the limit-line menu’s SAVE LIMIT

softkey.

3. Press a number representing a memory register.

4. Press the (Z?FK] key.

recall

limit

line

1. Press the limit-line menu’s RECALL LIMIT

softkey.

2. Press a number representing a memory register between 0 and 51.

3. Press the

CENTER]

key.

Tutorial:

Creating

upper/lower

limit

lines

This procedure should take you about 10 minutes to complete. It shows the

basics of creating limit lines.

11:39:1

DEC

06,

1990

(c)HP SCALAR ANALYZER

11/12/9B

f?TTEN

SELECT

SEGMENT

CENTER 50.00 MHz

#RES

8W 10 kHz

SPAN 50.00 MHz

kHz SUP 50

!a5ec

SELECT

FREQ

SELECT

UPR AMPL

SELECT

LWR

~IMPL

SELECT

TYPE

NORE

of 2

Upper/lower limit lines

The following procedure guides you through the task of creating a limit

line centered at 50 MHz. The limit line contains both upper and lower

limits. Limit lines are divided into segments, with each segment defining an

amplitude limit for a range of frequencies.

limit-line amplitude units

After display normalization, the amplitude units displayed for limit lines and entered using the front

panel are in

dBm

(decibels relative to 1

mW1.

However, because of display normalization, the units

actually used are decibels

IdfN.

The power levels are relative to the normalized reference level.

Using Markers and Limit tines

Tutorial: Creating upper/lower limit lines

The data entered to create the limit line is shown in the following table.

Upper/Lower limit line Example Data

Segment

Start

Upper

Frequency

Amplitude

28.00 MHz -55.0 dBm

40.00 MHz -55.0 dBm

48.00 MHz -5.0 dBm

52.00 MHz -5.0 dBm

60.00 MHz -55.0

dBm

72.00 MHz -55.0

dBm

lower

Amplitude

*a*

I(“”

-20.0

dBm

-20.0 dBm

“”

**(I

Type

SLOPE

Step

Set

the

DISPLAY

SETTINGS

When creating a limit line it is convenient to view the limit lines as you

create them. Set the frequency and span so that the desired frequency range

is viewed.

1. Press the

CFREQUENCY)

key and enter 50 MHz.

2. Press the

key and enter 50 MHz.

5-15

Using Markers and Limit Lines

Tutorial: Creating upper/lower limit lines

Step

Enter

the

1. Press the

(j-1

key.

Press the More 1 of 2 then Limit Lines softkeys.

Press the LIMITEST ON OFF

softkey

so that ON is underlined.

Turning limitest on allows you to view the limit lines as you create

them.

4. Press the NEW LIMIT

softkey

twice.

Any previously entered limit line data is lost. Pressing the

softkey

twice prevents accidental erasure. Data previously saved using the

SAVE LIMIT

softkey

is not erased.

You’ll notice the LIMITS FIX

REL

softkey

has FIX underlined.

This indicates that the limit lines are fixed with respect to the center

frequency and span. (This means you can change the center frequency

such that the limit lines is no longer displayed.) If you want the limit

line to track the center frequency, press the LIMITS FIX REL

softkey

so that

REL

is underlined.

When NEW LIMIT is pressed, the normalized reference position is

automatically set to 8.

5. Press the EDIT UP/LOW

softkey.

5-16

Using Markers and Limit Lines

Tutorial: Creating upper/lower limit lines

Step

Enter

the

first

segment

A total of five segments will be used to define the limit line. This step enters

the starting frequency for the first limit-line segment.

Press the SELECT SEGMENT

softkey.

2. Enter 1 to select the first segment.

3. Press SELECT FREQ and enter 30 MHz.

Press SELECT UPR AMPL and enter -55

dBm.

Step

Enter

the

second

segment

Press the SELECT SEGMENT softkey.

2. Enter 2 to select the second segment.

Press SELECT FREQ and enter 40 MHz.

Press SELECT UPR AMPL and enter -50

dBm.

5-17

Using

Markers and Limit Lines

Tutorial: Creating upper/lower limit lines

Step

Enter

the

third

segment

Press the SELECT SEGMENT

softkey.

2. Enter 3 to select the third segment.

3. Press SELECT FREQ and enter 48 MHz.

Press SELECT

UPR

AMPL and enter -5

dB.

Press SELECT

LWR

AMPL and enter -20

dBm.

Step

Enter

the

fourth

segment

Press the SELECT SEGMENT

softkey.

2. Enter 4 to select the fourth segment.

3. Press SELECT FREQ and enter 52 MHz.

Press SELECT UPR AMPL and enter -5

dBm.

Press SELECT LWR AMPL and enter -20

dB.

Step

Enter

the

fifth

segment

Press the SELECT SEGMENT

softkey.

2. Enter 5 to select the fifth segment.

3. Press SELECT FREQ and enter 60 MHz.

Press SELECT UPR AMPL and enter -50

dBm.

5-18

Using Markers and Limit Lines

Tutorial: Creating upper/lower limit lines

Step

Enter

the

sixth

segment

Press the SELECT SEGMENT

softkey.

2. Enter 6 to select the sixth segment.

Press SELECT FREQ and enter 70 MHz.

Press SELECT

UPR

AMPL and enter -50

dBm.

Step

Exjt

and

save

the

limit

lines

Press the More

of 2

softkey

Press the EDIT DONE

softkey.

When you leave the limit line editing menu, limit line testing is

automatically turned off and the limit lines are not longer displayed on

the screen. The limit line data is now stored in

volatile

RAMmemmy.

Press the SAVE LIMIT

softkey.

You must save the limit line data in

non-volatile

RAM to protect loss

from an instrument preset, power disruption, or creating another limit

line.

4. Press 1 and the

@?i@

key to select memory register 2.

5. Press the

[ENTER]

key.

5-19

Tutorial:

Creating

mid/delta

limit

lines

This procedure should take you about 10 minutes to complete. It shows the

basics of creating limit lines.

11:39:1

DEC 06, 1990

(c)HP

P1989,199&i

SCALAR ANALYZER

11/12/9!3

ATTEN

dtl

SMPL

LOG

dB/

CORI

CENTI

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

50.00 MHz SPAN 50.00 MHz

'ES

10 kHz SWP 50 MSeE

Mid/Delta limit lines

SELECT

SEGMENT

SELECT

FREQ

SELECT

UPR

AtlPL

SELECT

LWR AMPL

SELECT

TYPE

of 2

The following procedure guides you through the task of creating a limit

line centered at 50 MHz. The limit line contains both upper and lower

limits. Limit lines are divided into segments, with each segment defining an

amplitude limit for a range of frequencies.

Limit-line amplitude units

After display normalization, the amplitude units displayed for limit lines and entered using the front

panel are in

dHm

(decibels relative to 1

mW).

However, because of display normalization, the units

actually used are decibels

idHI.

The power levels are relative to the normalized reference level.

5-20

Using Markers and Limit Lines

Tutorial: Creating mid/delta limit lines

The data entered to create the limit line is shown in the following table.

Mid/Delta limit line Example Data

Segment

Start

Frequency

28.00 MHz

40.00 MHz

48.00 MHz

52.00 MHz

60.00 MHz

72.00 MHz

Middle

Amplitude

-55.0 dBm

-12.5 dBm

-55.0 dBm

Delta

Rmplitude

“f”

x*x

-7.5 dBm

XXI

XX”

Type

SLOPE

Step

Set

the

display

settings

1. Press the [FREQUENCY) key and enter 50 MHz.

2. Press the (SPAN) key and enter 50 MHz.

When creating a limit line it is convenient to view the limit lines as you

create them. These steps set the frequency and span so that the desired

frequency range is viewed.

5-21

Using Markers and Limit tines

Tutorial: Creating mid/delta limit lines

Step

Enter

the

1. Press the

(-1

key.

Press the More

of 2 then Limit Lines softkeys.

Press the LIMITEST

OFF

softkey

so that ON is underlined.

Turning limitest on allows you to view the limit lines as you create

them.

4. Press the NEW LIMIT

softkey

twice.

Any previously entered limit line data is lost. Pressing the

softkey

twice prevents accidental erasure. Data previously saved using the

SAVE LIMIT

softkey

is not erased.

You’ll notice the LIMITS FIX REL

softkey

has FIX underlined.

This indicates that the limit lines are fixed with respect to the center

frequency and span. (This means you can change the center frequency

such that the limit lines is no longer displayed.) If you want the limit

line to track the center frequency, press the LIMITS FIX REL

softkey

so that REL is underlined.

When NEW LIMIT is pressed, the normalized reference position is

automatically set to 8.

5. Press the EDIT UP/LOW

softkey.

5-22

Using Markers and Limit Lines

Tutorial: Creating mid/delta limit lines

Step

Enter

first

segment

A total of five segments will be used to define the limit line. This step enters

the starting frequency for the first limit-line segment.

1. Press the SELECT SEGMENT

softkey.

2. Enter 1 to select the first segment.

3. Press SELECT FREQ and enter 30 MHz.

Press SELECT MID AMPL and enter -50

dBm.

Step

Enter

the

second

segment

Press the SELECT SEGMENT softkey.

2. Enter 2 to select the second segment.

3. Press SELECT FREQ and enter 40 MHz.

Press SELECT MID AMPL and enter -50

dBm.

5-23

Using Markers and Limit tines

Tutorial: Creating mid/delta limit lines

Step

Enter

the

third

segment

Press the SELECT SEGMENT

softkey.

2. Enter 3 to select the third segment.

3. Press SELECT FREQ and enter 48 MHz.

Press SELECT MID AMPL and enter -12.5

dBm.

Press SELECT DLT AMPL and enter -7.5

dBm.

Step

Enter

the

fourth

segment

Press the SELECT SEGMENT

softkey.

2. Enter 4 to select the fourth segment.

3. Press SELECT FREQ and enter 52 MHz.

Press SELECT MID AMPL and enter -12.5

dBm.

Press SELECT DLT AMPL and enter -7.5

dBm.

Step

Enter

the

fifth

segment

Press the SELECT SEGMENT

softkey.

2. Enter 5 to select the fifth segment.

3. Press SELECT FREQ and enter 60 MHz.

Press SELECT

UFR

AMPL and enter -50

dBm.

5-24

Using Markers and Limit tines

Tutorial: Creating mid/delta limit lines

Step

Enter

the

sixth

segment

Press the SELECT SEGMENT

softkey.

2. Enter 6 to select the sixth segment.

3. Press SELECT FREQ and enter 70 MHz.

Press SELECT UPR AMPL and enter -50

dBm.

Step

Exit

and

save

the

limit

lines

Press the More 1 of 2

softkey.

Press the EDIT DONE

softkey.

When you leave the limit line editing menu, limit line testing is

automatically turned off and the limit lines are no longer displayed on

the screen. The limit line data is now stored in

volatile RAM

memxxy.

Press the SAVE LIMIT

softkey.

You must save the limit line data in

non-volatile

RAM to protect loss

from an instrument preset, power disruption, or creating another limit

line.

4. Press 2 and the

Cm)

key to select memory register 2.

5. Press the

(ENTER)

key.

5-25

Displaying Results in a

7hble

Displaying Results in a

Yhble

The scalar measurement personality’s

Tabular

Display feature displays

transmission and reflection results in a table. The displayed results consist of

the values of each of the 401 trace measurement points. The table can then

be printed on a Hewlett-Packard printer. A compress feature is available for

reducing the number of table entries.

6-2

Creating

table

Tabular Display is located in the Display menu, and is reached by pressing

the

@iSFiX]

key and then the Tabular Display

softkey.

When turned on,

Tabular

Display places the scalar measurements personality in single-sweep

mode.

FREQUENCY

TRANSMISSION

RETURN

USWR

(ilHz) (dB)

LOSS

(CIB)

CENTER

50.00

MHz

-62.49

-62.64

-62.62

-62.66

-62.63

-63.14

-62.93

-62.64

I;;*;;

-62185

-62.89

-62.96

-63.14

-62.78

-62.54

-62.87

e.2e 86.863:I

0.20

86.863:I

0.16

10s.577:1

-0.02

-868.578:1

0.08

217.152:1

0.16

108.577:1

0.15

115.817:1

0.21

82.728:I

0.14

124.088~1

-K

0:18 -579.086:1

144.768:I

96.514:l

0.14

124.088:1

0.28

86.863:l

0.06

289.525:i

0.85

347.436:1

0.15

115.317:1

8.89

193.021:1

Pa3e

SPhN

50,00

MHz

Turns

table

off

OFF

TI%

Enters

number

table

entries

PhGE

Selects

data

VIEW

NEXT PG \

for

printing

VIEW

PREV PG

-4

hanges

display

page

table

flare

I of 2

Page one of Tabular Display menu

Results are displayed only for normalized transmission and return loss

(reflection) responses. The scalar measurements personality’s dual display

feature must be turned on in order to fill the table with both transmission and

return loss results.

Table

entries are listed as UNCAL if a calibration has not

been performed.

6-3

Displaying Results in a Table

Creating a table

FREQUENCY

TRANSMISSfON

RETURN

(MHz) (dB) LOSS (dB)

USWR

25.00

-62.49

0.20

25.13

-62.49

0.20

25.25 -62.64 0.16

25.38 -62.62 -0.02

25.50 -62.66

0.08

25.63 -62.63

0.16

25.75 -63.14

0.15

25.88 -62.93 0.21

26.00 -62.64 0.14

26.13

26.25

I;;*;; -:-i:

26.38

-62185 0:18

26.50

-62.89

0.14

26.63

-62.96 8.20

26.75 -63.14 0.06

26.88 -62.78 0.05

27.00 -62.54

0.15

27.13 -62.87

0.09

85714R

CENTER

50.00

MHz SPAN

50.00

MHz

C0mprc55

Function

Main

uore

2 of 2

Selects

compression

for

reduced

table

Page two of Tabular Display menu

view

table

1. Display a normalized transmission and/or reflection response as described

in the previous chapters.

2. Press the front-panel

cm)

key.

Press the Tabular Display

softkey.

Press the TABULAR ON OFF

softkey

so that ON is underlined.

Use the VIEW NEXT PG and VIEW PREV PG

softkeys

to scroll through

the table.

6-4

Printing

table

In order to print the table, you must first connect a graphics printer, and

then configure the scalar analyzer for the printer. For detailed information

on configuring the printer and spectrum analyzer, refer to the printer and

spectrum analyzer manuals.

Examples of graphics printers include the following Hewlett Packard printers:

ThinkJet

QuietJet

LaserJet

PaintJet

configure

the

printer

1. Configure the printer for the interface used. This will vary depending on

RS-232

or HP-IB interfaces.

Refer to the printer manual for any switch settings. Refer to the

spectrum analyzer manual for information on

RS-232

interfacing.

2. Connect the printer.

3. Press the scalar analyzer’s front-panel

[CONFIG)

key.

Press the COPY DEV PRNT PLT

softkey

so that PRNT is underlined.

Press the PRINT

CONFIG

softkey.

6. Press the

softkey

to select the appropriate printer.

7. If an HP-IB interface is used to connect the printer, press

PRINTER ADDRESS , and enter the address of the printer.

6-5

Displaying Results in a Table

Printing a table

the

table

1. View the table on the screen as previously described in this chapter.

2. To indicate that the complete table should be printed, press the

PRINT PAGE ALL

softkey

so that ALL is underlined. To indicate only the

displayed table page should be printed, press the

softkey

so that PAGE is

underlined.

3. Press the front-panel [copy) key.

6-6

Reducing

the

number

table

entries

Transmission and reflection response traces are displayed using 401

measurement points. This results in 401 table entries. The number of

table entries can be compressed while retaining the relative frequency and

amplitude characteristics of the original response.

The source trace data is divided into intervals equal to the number desired

table entries. The data in each interval is compressed to obtain a table entry.

Tabular display offers five data compression methods: AVERAGE, NORMAL,

NEGATIVE, POSITIVE, and SAMPLE.

25.80 -62.49 0.20

25.13 -62.49 0.20

25.25 -62.64 0.16

25.38 -62.62 . -0.02

25.50 -62.66 0.08

25.63 -62.63 0.16

25.75 -63.14 0.15

25.88 -62.93 0.21

AVERAGE

NORMAL

OFF

108.577:1

115.817:1

NEGATIVE

82.728:i

OFF

26.00 -62.64 0.14

26.13 -62.38 -0.03

26.25 -62.96 0.12

26.38 -62.85

0.i8

26.50 -62.89 0.14

26.63 -62.96

e.2e

26.75 -63.14 0.06

26.88 -62.78 3.05

27.00 -62.54 0.15

27.18 -62.87 0.09

124.088:i

-579.086:1

144.768:l

POSITIVE

96.514:i

OFF

124.088:1

86.863:1

289.525:1

SAIIPLE

347.436:l

g4 OFF

115.817:1

IHP

85714A

CENTER

50.00

MHz

193.021:1

Page

of 23

PreVi0Us

SPAN

50.00

MHz

6-7

Displaying Results in a Table

Reducing the number of table entries

With AVERAGE compression, the data in each interval is averaged to obtain

the table entry.

With NORMAL compression, the data in each interval is obtained using a

Rosenfell algorithm. The Rosenfell algorithm is a mathematical operation that

selectively chooses between positive and negative peak values in the interval.

With NEGATIVE compression, the lowest value data in each interval is placed

in the table entry.

With POSITIVE compression, the highest value data in each interval is placed

in the table entry.

With SAMPLE compression, the last value in each interval is placed in the

table entry.

reduce

tabular

entries

1. Press

(-1

and then the Tabular Display

softkey

to enter the

Tabular Display menu.

Press the

NUMBER

POINTS

softkey,

and enter the desired number of table

entries.

select

the

compression

method

Press

(jj)

and then the Tabular Display

softkey

to enter the

Tabular

Display menu.

Press the More 1 of 2

softkey.

Press the Compress Function

softkey.

4. Press the

softkey

corresponding to the desired compression method.

6-8

I-

Programming

This chapter presents programming techniques for sending commands

and receiving data. You can program the HP

85714A

scalar measurements

personality using the programming commands listed in Chapter 8, Reference.

For information on programming the spectrum analyzer, refer to the spectrum

analyzer’s programming manual.

7-2

Sending

commands

Always place the spectrum analyzer in the scalar analyzer mode

befie

sending any scalar measurement commands. To place the spectrum analyzer

in the scalar measurements personality mode, press

c-1

and then

SCALAR ANALYZER.

All scalar analyzer commands begin with the characters ns,. For example,

the command to preset the scalar analyzer is

ns-MP.

Chapter 8 documents all

available scalar measurements personality commands. Chapter 8 also contains

a table grouping all commands according to function.

While the scalar measurements personality is operating, some spectrum

analyzer commands should not be used. For example, instead of the

analyzer’s FFT command, use the ns-FFT command documented in Chapter

8. Refer to Chapter 8 for a list of all replaced spectrum analyzer commands.

Output

examples

Send commands as ASCII strings. The method used depends on the

programming language and environment used. Using an HP 9000 Series 300

technical computer with the HP-BASIC language, send the command to the

spectrum analyzer as follows:

OUTPUT 718; “ns_MP;”

Using an HP Vectra computer with the HP-IB Interface and Command Library

(and programming in

c),

the same command could be sent as follows:

iooutputs(718L,“ns_MP;“,6);

7-3

Programming

Sending commands

Using

the

MOV

command

It is recommended that the MOV command be used to execute all

programming commands that take number parameters. Using the MOV

command is faster and avoids displaying text on the analyzer screen. For

example, to set the reference level using the BASIC language, send the

following:

OUTPUT

718;“MOV

ns-RL,-10;”

send

scalar

analyzer

command

1. Connect the spectrum analyzer to the computer using either the HP-IB or

RS-232

interface.

Refer to the spectrum analyzer’s programming manual for information

on connecting the interface.

2. Locate the appropriate command in Chapter 8.

3. Use your programming language’s output statement to send the command

as an ASCII string to the spectrum analyzer.

7-4

I-

Receiving

data

Measurement Variables

Variable

ns-VSWF

transmission coefficient

ns_MTC

reflection coefficient ns-MRC

ns-DEW

ns-OCF

ns-DSF

ns-DBQ

ns-OIL

Zsertion

loss

Many programming commands can be sent as queries requesting the state

of the scalar measurements personality. For example, ns-NORM? requests

whether normalization is turned on or off. The command reference in

Chapter 8 documents available command queries.

Automatic measurement results are stored in spectrum analyzer variables.

The contents of these variables can be requested by your application program

to obtain measurement results. The measurements and their variables are

listed in the following table.

Queries and variables are normally sent from the spectrum analyzer in the

form of ASCII strings. It is your responsibility to allocate memory for them in

your application.

Programming

Receiving data

return

measurement

value

1. Send to the spectrum analyzer an ASCII string consisting of the variable

name with the ? character appended.

For example, to return the shape factor, send

ns_DSF?.

7-6

Reference

This chapter gives you quick access to information on the scalar

measurements personality. The chapter contains four sections: menu maps,

definitions of keys, programming commands, and characteristics. Within each

section, the material is organized alphabetically.

8-2

maps

Menu maps illustrate how

softkeys

are located relative to each other; they

help you form a “mental” map of instrument functions. The five menu maps

in this section graphically represent

softkey

paths and include front-panel

keys used to access the menus.

8-3

SPLAYj

Reference

Menu maps

DISPLAY MENU

DSP LINE, ON OFF

DUAL

DSP.

ON OFF

120

dB,

ON OFF

From Map l’s Tabular,

D~sploy

MAIN MENU

Display

softkey

CHANG, PREFIX

ANNOT.

ON OFF

Main, Menu

VIEW. NEXT PG

VIEW. PRE” PG

Main, Menu

AVERAGE,

ON OFF

NORMAL, ON OFF

NEGATIVE, ON OFF

POSITIVE, ON OFF

SAMPLE, ON OFF

PV25A

Map 2. Display and Tabular Display Menus

8-5

Reference

Menu maps

Additional

redefined

front-panel

keys

The HP

85714A

scalar measurements personality redefines the

softkeys

associated for several front-panel keys not listed in the scalar analyzer menu.

The

softkey

maps for these redefined keys are shown on this page.

SPAN

SPAN. ZOOM

FULL, SPAN

ZERO. SPAN

PEAK, ZOOM

RES

AUTO MAN

“ID

AUTO MAN

“BW,RSW.

RATIO

“ID AVG. ON OFF

MARKER, NORMAL

MARKER, DELTA

MKNO, SE, ON OFF

MARKERS. OFF

MKPAUSE.

ON OFF

MARKER, AMPTD

PK-PK.

MEAS

MARKER. NORMAL

MARKER, DELTA

MARKER.

AMF’TD

SELECT

2 3 4

MARKER

ON OFF

“SWR,

Oi4

OFF

MAG

S21 ON OFF

TRACE,

AVTO

ABC

READ,

Mo,n.

MARKER. ALL OFF

3 Of 3

“SWR.

OFF

MAG

s21,

OFF

Map 5. Redefined Front-Panel Keys

8-8

Definitions

keys

This section lists in alphabetical order the definitions of all HP

85714A

scalar

measurements personality keys. Alphabetically listed definitions give you a

quick access to information concerning any key or

softkey.

Some front-panel

keys have been redefined to allow quick access of scalar analyzer functions.

Refer to the spectrum analyzer’s operating manual for information on any key

not affected by the personality.

120

OFF

The 120

ON OFF

softkey

displays 120

of calibrated measurement

range.

This feature provides 120

of measurement range not available with the

normal 15

per division log scale. The 120

calibrated measurement

range is achieved by splicing two separate traces. For each visible sweep, the

scalar analyzer first saves the top 50

of trace data. Then, the reference

level is set up to 50

below the current reference level and another reading

is taken. Finally, these two traces are spliced together and displayed on the

screen.

You cannot use this feature in the dual display mode. (Dual display refers to

simultaneously displaying both transmission and reflection responses.)

The default setting for this measurement is OFF.

Related Programming

Command

ns-EDR

8-9

I-

Reference

Definitions of keys

The front panel

(AMPLITUDE)

key presents the scalar analyzer’s Amplitude

menu.

This key is identical to pressing the scalar analyzer’s Amptd

softkey.

Use this

menu to control the log scale, reference level, and input attenuation.

Amptd

The Amptd

softkey

enters a menu used for controlling the log scale, reference

level, and input attenuation. This

softkey

is identical to pressing the scalar

analyzer’s

@LiKiEK]

key.

ANNOT

OFF

The

ANNOT

ON OFF

softkey

turns the displayed annotation text on or off.

Related Programming

Command

ns-ANNOT

8-10

Reference

Definitions of keys

ATTEN

AUTO

MAN

The

ATTEN

AUTO MAN softkey selects automatic or manual RF input

attenuation control.

Signal levels above +30

dBm

will damage the spectrum analyzer.

AUTO.

The RF input attenuator is coupled to the reference level. When a continuous

wave signal is displayed with its peak at or below the reference level,

attenuator coupling keeps the signal level at the internal RF mixer at or

below the specified level.

MAN.

The RF input attenuator is not coupled to the reference level. Its value can

be set independently. In certain situations, increasing the input attenuation

may reduce signal compression in the presence of broadband signals.

See Also

MEAS

OFF

in this chapter.

The

key presents the scalar analyzer’s calibration menu.

The scalar analyzer provides guided calibration routines for both transmission

and reflection measurements.

Cal

The Cal

softkey

presents the scalar analyzer’s calibration menu.

The scalar analyzer provides guided calibration routines for both transmission

and reflection measurements.

8-15

I-

Reference

Definitions of keys

CAL

OPN/SHRT

The CAL

OPN/SHRT

softkey

preforms a guided calibration for reflection

measurements.

Reflection calibration requires both

and

short

standards. The HP

85032B

Option 001 Calibration Kit supplies

5061

type N

and

short

standards for

calibration.

After calibration, normalization is turned on as indicated by the screen

annotation NORM displayed on the lower left side of the screen. Turn

normalization on or off using the NORMALIZE ON OFF

softkey.

Related Programming

Command

ns_CALR

See Also

NORMALIZE

OFF

in this chapter.

CAL

STD

DEV

The CAL STD DEV

softkey

preforms a guided calibration for transmission

measurements using a standard device.

After calibration of the standard device, a limit line is created around the

response of the device. This feature allows repeated response testing in

production-line environments.

Standard device calibration requires a through-line. After calibration,

normalization is turned on as indicated by the screen annotation “NORM”

displayed on the lower left side of the screen. Turn normalization on or off

using the Cal, NORMALIZE ON OFF

softkey.

Related Programming

Command

ns_CALS

8-16

Reference

Definitions of keys

CAL

THRU

The CAL

THRU

softkey

preforms a guided calibration for transmission

measurements.

Transmission calibration requires a through-line. After calibration,

normalization is turned on as indicated by the screen annotation “NORM”

displayed on the lower left side of the screen. Turn normalization on or off

using the NORMALIZE UN OFF

softkey.

Related Programming

Command

ns-CALT

See Also NORMALIZE ON OFF in this chapter.

CANCEL

The CANCEL

softkey

cancels the current calibration routine and returns to

the Cal menu.

NS-CAN

CHANGE

TITLE

The CHANCE TITLE

softkey

presents a menu for writing titles on the screen.

8-17

Reference

Definitions of keys

CHANGE

PREFIX

The CHANGE PREFIX

softkey

changes the prefix used in saving and recalling

data to and from the memory card. You can also catalog by prefix. The

default preEx is SCALAR.

The prefix can be from one to seven characters long. The longer the prefix,

the shorter the register number must be. The total length of the prefix and

character; however, the underscore should not be the first character of the

prefix.

Pressing CHANGE PREFIX accesses a menu containing the letters of the

alphabet, the underscore symbol (-), the number symbol

(ty),

a space, and the

clear function. To select a character, press the

softkey

that displays the group

of characters that contains the desired character. The

softkey

menu changes

to allow you to select an individual character. If you make a mistake, press

to space back over the incorrect character. Additional characters are

available by pressing

YZ,#

SPC CLEAR , MORE

2 Numbers may be

selected with the numeric keypad.

A prefix can be cleared with the clear function. Press

CDISPLAYI),

CHANGE PREFIX ,

YZ,%

SPC CLEAR, CLEAR to clear the current prefix.

Compress

Function

The Compress Function

softkey

presents a menu for compressing the data

in a tabular display.

8-18

Reference

Definitions of keys

CONFIG

The

(-1

key presents the scalar analyzer’s Configuration Menu.

The first two menu pages are identical to the spectrum analyzer

CONFIG

menu. Page three provides the following features specific to the scalar

analyzer:

Turn the HP

85630A

test set on or off.

Remove the HP

85714A

from the spectrum analyzer.

Display the HP

85714A

revision number.

COUPLE

The COUPLE DC AC softkey selects either AC or DC RF input coupling

on HP

8594A,

HP 85943, HP

8595A,

HP 85953, and HP 85963 spectrum

analyzers.

DELETE

SEGMENT

The DELETE SEGMENT softkey deletes the current limit-line segment from

the table.

This function removes unwanted limit lines and their values from the

currently active limit-line table.

8-19

Reference

Definitions of keys

DELTA

MEAS

The DELTA

MEAS

softkey

presents a menu for measuring delta amplitude and

frequency values using the delta marker delta marker function.

The marker is placed on the peak of the response.

Device

MEAS

The Device

MEAS

softkey

presents a menu for measuring response

bandwidth and shape factor in transmission measurements.

For bandwidth measurements, the display shows the following measurement

values :

center frequency

insertion loss

bandwidth

For shape factor measurements, the display shows the following measurement

values :

shape factor

upper bandwidth

lower bandwidth

See Also

MEAS

OFF

and

MEAS

OFF

in this chapter.

8-20

Reference

Definitions of keys

The

c-1

front-panel key presents the scalar analyzer’s menu for

controlling the display of information.

The scalar analyzer redefines the

softkeys

for this spectrum analyzer key with

functions unique to the scalar analyzer.

Display

The Display

softkey

presents a menu for controlling the display of

information. From this menu, you can perform the following tasks:

View a display line.

The display line is an adjustable horizontal line used as a visual

reference line.

View reflection/transmission results simultaneously.

Simultaneous viewing requires the HP

85630A

scalar

transmission/reflection test set.

of measurement range.

View a table of measurement results.

Add a screen title.

Turn on or off the graticule and/or annotation.

DISPOSE

SCALAR

The DISPOSE SCALAR removes the scalar analyzer personality from the

spectrum analyzer.

Related Programming

Command

ns-DISPOSE

8-21

Reference

Definitions of keys

DSP

LINE

OFF

The DSP LINE ON OFF

softkey

displays an adjustable horizontal line that

can be used as a visual reference.

The viewed display line is identical to the display line used by the spectrum

analyzer. The line can be used for trace arithmetic and has amplitude values

that correspond to its vertical position when compared to the reference level.

The display line can be adjusted using the step keys, knob, or numeric

keypad.

DUAL

DSP

OFF

The DUAL DSP ON OFF

softkey

allows you to view both reflection and

transmission measurements at the same time.

This feature requires the optional HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection

test set. The HP

85714A

controls the test set allowing you to see either

reflection and transmission results in real time.

Related Programming

Command

ns-DDM

See Also

RER.

and TRANS and TEST SET ON OFF in this chapter.

8-22

Reference

Definitions of keys

EDIT

DONE

The EDIT DONE

softkey

ends the editing or creating of a limit-line table.

This function returns you to the limit-lines menu and removes limit lines

from the display. However, limit lines are not saved until you save them

with the SAVE LIMIT

softkey.

Limit lines may be viewed by pressing

LIMITEST ON OFF.

See Also

SAVE LIMIT

and

LIMIEST

OFF

in this chapter.

EDIT

LIMIT

The EDIT LIMIT

softkey

allows you to edit limit lines.

This softkey’s selections are identical to the NEW LIMIT

softkey,

with the

exception that NEW LIMIT erases any currently active limit lines from

memory. Be sure to save edited or created limit lines using the SAVE LIMIT

softkey.

See Also

SAVE LIMIT

in this chapter.

8-23

Reference

Definitions of keys

EDIT

LOWER

The EDIT LOWER

softkey

presents a menu for editing a limit line table by

specifying lower amplitude segments.

Although this menu is optimized for editing lower limit-line segments, you

can edit all limit-line values. The menu’s EDIT

UPR

LWR

softkey

is selected

for lower (LWR) segment editing. You can easily edit upper (UPR) segments

by pressing this

softkey

so that UPR is underlined.

EDIT

MID/DELT

The EDIT MID/DELT

softkey

presents a menu for editing a limit-line table by

specifying the distance between upper and lower limits lines centered around

a midpoint power level.

EDIT

UP/LOW

The EDIT UPPER

softkey

presents a menu for editing limit-line tables.

Editing is accomplished by specifying upper and lower amplitude segments.

Although this menu is optimized for editing upper limit-line segments, you

can edit all limit-line values. The menu’s EDIT

UPR

LWR

softkey

is selected

for upper (UPR) segment editing. You can easily edit lower (LWR) segments

by pressing this

softkey

so that LWR is underlined.

8-24

Reference

Definitions of keys

EDIT

UPPER

The EDIT UPPER

softkey

presents a menu for editing a limit-line table by

specifying a upper segment’s amplitude.

Although this menu is optimized for editing upper limit-line segments, you

can edit all limit-line values. The menu’s EDIT

UPR

LWR

softkey

is selected

for upper (UPR) segment editing. You can easily edit lower (LWR) segments

by pressing this

softkey

so that LWR is underlined.

EDIT

UPR

LWR

The EDIT

UPR

LWR

softkey

selects a segment’s upper or lower limit line for

editing.

The SELECT AMPLITUD softkey changes the amplitude of the limit line

specified by the EDIT

UPR

LWR

softkey.

EXIT

DELTA

The EXIT DELTA softkey removes the DELTA

MEAS

menu and returns the

scalar analyzer to the Measure menu.

8-25

Reference

Definitions of keys

EXIT

FFT

The EXIT FFT

softkey

removes the FFT

MEAS

menu and returns the scalar

analyzer to the Measure menu.

The FFT performed by the FFT menu is removed when the EXIT FFT is

pressed.

EXIT

PK-PK

The EXIT PK-PK

softkey

removes the PK-PK

MEAS

menu and returns the

scalar analyzer to the Measure menu.

FFT

MEAS

The FFT

MEAS

softkey

enters the FFT menu.

The scalar analyzer transforms zero span data into the frequency domain

using an FFT (Fast Fourier Transform). After using the FFT function the

following conditions are set:

the display is in log mode (10 dB/division)

triggering is single sweep

markers are available as FFT markers

Any markers must be turned off before attempting to use them in the usual

manner.

8-26

Related Programming

Command

ns_FFT

Reference

Definitions of keys

FLAT

The FLAT

softkey

deEnes

a limit-line segment type. A zero-slope line

is drawn between the coordinate point of the current segment and the

coordinate point of the next segment. This produces limit-line values equal in

amplitude for all frequencies between the two points.

See Also

MEAS

OFF

in this chapter.

LOWER

LIMIT

The LOWER LIMIT

softkey

is used when calibrating standard devices. It sets

the acceptable deviation in

between the lower limit trace and the response

of the standard device.

Related Programming

Command

ns-SDLL

8-29

Reference

Definitions of keys

MAG

Sll

OFF

The MAG Sll ON OFF

softkey

measures the reflection coefficient during a

reflection measurement.

The display must be normalized. A

moveable

marker is activated for

measuring the reflection coefficient at any point on the displayed response.

The reflection coefficient is

deEned

as the ratio of the reflected signal voltage

from a device being tested to the incident signal voltage. It is shown by the

following formula:

Ereflected

Eineident

The MAG

Sll

ON OFF function does not give measurement results during

transmission measurements.

Related Programming

ns-MCT

Command

ns-MCM

See Also

VSWR

OFF

in this chapter,

B-30

Reference

Definitions of keys

MAG

S21

OFF

The MAG

S21

ON OFF

softkey

measures the transmission coefficient during a

transmission measurement.

The display must be normalized. A

moveable

marker is activated for

measuring the transmission coefficient at any point on the displayed response.

The transmission coefficient is

deEned

as the ratio of the voltage at the

output of a device to the voltage at the input of a device. It is shown by the

following formula:

output

T=--.----

haput

The MAG

S21

ON OFF function does not give measurement results during

reflection measurements.

Related Programming

ns-MCT

Command

ns-MCM

8-31

Reference

Definitions of keys

Main

The Main Menu

softkey

returns the scalar analyzer to the main menu.

MAN

TRK

ADJUST

The MAN TRK ADJUST softkey manually adjusts the source’s tracking.

This function allows you to manually adjust the frequency tracking between

the scalar analyzer and the built-in tracking generator. The frequency

tracking is correctly set when the displayed response is peaked for maximum

amplitude.

See Also

MAX

RLVG

OFF

in this chapter.

8-35

-1

Reference

Definitions of keys

NEGATIVE

OFF

The NEGATIVE ON OFF

softkey

selects negative compression for the

‘lobular

Display feature.

Tabular display lists each transmission and/or reflection measurement point as

an entry in a table. Traces comprise 401 measurement points resulting in 401

table entries. The number of table entries can be compressed while retaining

the relative frequency and amplitude characteristics of the original response.

If the table is compressed, the source trace data is divided into intervals equal

to the number desired table entries. The data in each interval is compressed

to obtain a table entry. With negative compression, the lowest value data in

each interval is placed in the table entry.

Related Programming

Command

ns-TCA

NEW

LIMIT

The NEW LIMIT

softkey

allows you to create a limit line table.

The selections with this

softkey

are identical to EDIT LIMIT with the

exception that NEW LIMIT erases any currently active limit-line table.

See Also

PEAK

EXCURSN

in this chapter.

See Also

NEXTPKLEFT

The NEXT PK LEFT

softkey

locates the next signal peak to the left of the

current marker position.

The next peak must meet the current peak excursion criteria in order to be

located.

PEAK EXCURSN in this chapter.

The NEXT PK RIGHT

softkey

locates the next signal peak to the left of the

current marker position.

The next peak must meet the current peak excursion criteria in order to be

located.

See Also

PEAK

EXCURSN

in this chapter.

8-37

I-

Reference

Definitions of keys

NORM

REF

POSN

The NORM REF POSN softkey sets the normalized reference position.

This is the position of the normalized reference level after a calibration. It is

indicated by an angle bracket at each end of a horizontal graticule line. The

normalized reference position can be set to any of the eight major horizontal

graticule lines. (Position eight is the top graticule; position 0 is the bottom

graticule.) The default normalized reference position is at the display’s top

graticule line.

Related Programming

Command

ns-NRP

NORMAL

OFF

The NORMAL ON OFF softkey selects normal compression for the

‘Ihbular

Display feature.

Tabular

display lists each transmission and/or reflection measurement point

as an entry in a table. Traces comprise 401 measurement points resulting

in 401 table entries. The number of table entries can be compressed while

retaining the relative frequency and amplitude characteristics of the original

response. If the table is compressed, the source trace data is divided into

intervals equal to the number desired table entries. The data in each interval

is compressed to obtain a table entry. With normal compression, the data in

each interval is obtained using a Rosenfell algorithm. The Rosenfell algorithm

is a mathematical operation that selectively chooses between positive and

negative peak values in the interval.

8-38

Reference

Definitions of keys

NORMALIZE

OFF

The NORMALIZE ON OFF softkey turns normalization on or off.

After transmission or reflection calibration, normalization is turned on. Use

this function to disable normalization.

Related Programming

Command

ns-NORM

NUMBER

POINTS

The NUMBER POINTS

softkey

speciEes

the number of measurements in the

tabular display.

The default value is the same as the normal number of points in a trace: 401.

The trace points can be compressed to

a reduced number of table points.

Related Programming

Command

ns-TDP

PEAK

EXCURSN

The PEAK

EXCUESN

softkey

determines the minimum signal excursion

needed to identify a signal peak.

The NEXT PEAK , NEXT PK RIGHT , and

,NEXT

PEAK LEFT functions use

this value to locate signal peaks. The default peak excursion value is 6

dB.

8-39

I-

Reference

Definitions of keys

PK-PK

MEAS

The PK-PK

MEAS

softkey

presents a menu for measuring peak-to-peak values

using the delta marker function.

POINT

The POINT

softkey

specifies a limit value for a single limit-line segment

frequency.

See Also

SAVECAL

and CAL

OPN/SHRT

and CAL THRU in this chapter

8-42

Reference

Definitions of keys

RECALL

LIMIT

The RECALL LIMIT

softkey

recalls a limit-line table from memory.

The selected limit-line table is recalled, and limit testing is turned on.

Limit-line tables can be recalled from any of 53 registers numbered 0 through

52.

See Also

SAVE LIMIT

in this chapter.

REF

LEVEL

The REF LEVEL

softkey

sets the reference level.

The reference level is the power in

represented at the display’s top

horizontal graticule line. The scalar analyzer’s input attenuator and step gains

are coupled to the reference level and automatically adjusts to avoid signal

compression. Because of this, changing the reference level after calibration

(normalization) introduces measurement uncertainties. However, changing the

reference level can be used to shift the measurement range. Changing the

reference level with normalization on causes a

‘I?”

character to be displayed

after the NORM annotation. This indicates that measurement accuracy may

have been compromised.

Related Programming

ns-RL

Command

ns-NRL

8-43

-1

Reference

Definitions of keys

REFL

The REFL

softkey

configures the scalar analyzer for displaying the reflection

response of the device under test.

Related Programming

Command

ns-REFL

See Also

CAL OPN/SHRT

in this chapter.

SAMPLE

OFF

The SAMPLE ON OFF softkey selects sample compression for the Tabular

Display feature.

Tabular display lists each transmission and/or reflection measurement point as

an entry in a table. Traces comprise 401 measurement points resulting in 401

table entries. The number of table entries can be compressed while retaining

the relative frequency and amplitude characteristics of the original response.

If the table is compressed, the source trace data is divided into intervals equal

to the number desired table entries. The data in each interval is compressed

to obtain a table entry. With sample compression, the last value in each

interval is placed in the table entry.

Related Programming

Command

ns-TCA

8-44

Reference

Definitions of keys

SAVE

CAL

The SAVE GAL

softkey

saves normalization data.

To reduce measurement setup times, recall the saved calibration at a later

date. Recalling the data sets the scalar analyzer’s measurement settings and

turns on the saved normalization.

Related Programming

ns-RCI

Command

ns-SC1

See Also

MEAS

OFF

in this chapter.

B-50

Reference

Definitions of keys

SLOPE

The SLOPE

softkey

defines a limit-line segment type. A straight line is drawn

between the coordinate point of the current segment and the coordinate point

of the next segment.

See Also

CAL

TmU

in this chapter.

UPPER

TARGET

The UPPER BW TARGET softkey changes the default bandwidth used in filter

measurements.

The default upper bandwidth value is used in both shape factor and

bandwidth measurements. Entered values affect both measurements.

Related Programming

Command

ns-UBW

See Also

MEAS

OFF

and

MEAS

OFF

in this chapter.

8-56

Reference

Definitions of keys

UPPER

LIMIT

The UPPER LIMIT

softkey

is used when calibrating standard devices. It

sets the acceptable deviation in

between the upper limit trace and the

response of the standard device.

Related Programming

Command

ns-SDUL

VIEW

The VIEW NEXT PG

softkey

displays the next Tabular Display table’s page.

VIEW

The VIEW PREV PG

softkey

displays the previous

Tabular

Display table’s

page.

8-57

Reference

Definitions of keys

VSWR

OFF

The VSWR ON OFF

softkey

measures the voltage standing-wave ratio during

a reflection measurement.

Normalization must be turned on. A

moveable

marker is activated for

measuring the VSWR at any point on the displayed response. The VSWR

is defined as the ratio of the minimum and maximum voltage values on a

transmission line caused by reflections from a mismatch.

1 + reflection coefficient

VSWR

= 1 -reflection coefficient

The VSWR ON OFF function does not give measurement results during

transmission measurements.

Related Programming

Command

ns-MCT

See also

OUTPUT

718;“ns-ANNOT

1;”

OANNO

The

ns-ANNOT

command, does not have any effect in the tabular display

mode. This command is functionally equivalent to the ANNOTATION ON OFF

softkey.

ns_AUTOSC

8-68

Reference

Programming commands

ns-AT

attenuation

number

AUTO

XATTE

The ns-AT command sets the spectrum analyzer’s RF input attenuation.

The parameters are as follows:

0 to 60 db in 10

increments (HP

8590B,

8590D,

8591A,

HP 85913).

0 to 70 db in 10

increments (HP

8593A,

HP 85933, HP

8594A,

HP 85943,

8595A,

HP 85953, HP 85963).

Couples the input attenuator to the reference level or normalized referenced

level.

OUTPUT

718;“ns-AT

10;”

8-69

Reference

Programming commands

Query Response

See also

output

’

terminator

---+

OATTE

The

ns_AT

command is functionally equivalent to the

ATTEN

AUTO MAN

softkey.

ns-RL, ns-NRL

S-70

Reference

Programming commands

ns_AUTOSC

XAUTO

The

ns_AUTOSC

command performs an immediate autoscale of trace A by

adjusting the peak response to the top graticule, and setting the log scale to

El1

as much of the graticule as possible.

Example

See also

OUTPUT 718;

“ns_AUTOSC;

”

The

ns_AUTOSC

command is ignored if the dual display mode is currently

active. This command is functionally equivalent to the

AUTDSCALE

softkey.

LG,

ns_RL,

ns-NRL, ns-NRP

8-71

Reference

Programming commands

ns-BMT

XBMTK

The ns-BMT command performs indicated marker measurement and displays

the data.

The parameters are as follows:

Example

No bandwidth measurement.

Measure and display center frequency, bandwidth, loss, and Q.

Measure and display shape factor.

OUTPUT

718;"ns-BMT

1;"

8-72

Reference

Programming commands

lluery

Response

See also

OBMTK

The ns-BMT command continues measurement at the end of every sweep, as

long as a marker remains active. The default value is 0 (zero). This command

is related to the BANDWIDTH ON OFF and SHAPE FACTOR ON OFF softkeys.

ns_BWM,

ns-SFM, ns-UBW, and

ns_LBW

8-73

Reference

Programming commands

ns-BWM

XBWMK

The

ns_BWM

command performs an immediate center frequency, bandwidth,

insertion loss, and Q measurement regardless of the setting of

ns_BMT.

Example

See also

OUTPUT 718;“ns-BWM;”

The ns-BWM command’s resulting data is both displayed on screen and

available remotely. The insertion loss data is only measured if normalization

is active (Transmission calibration performed and normalization on).

Scalar Measurement Variables

Variable Stored Value

ns-060

11 bandwidth measurement

ns-DBW bandwidth measurement

ns_DCF

center frequency bandwidth measurement

ns-OIL insertion loss bandwidth measurement

ns-UBW,

ns_SFM,

and

nsXMB.

8-74

Reference

Programming commands

nsXALR

s-CALR

XCALR

The ns-CALR command initializes an open/short (reflection) calibration

Example

See also

OUTPUT 7 18

9-m

CALR

”

The ns-CALR command causes the display to prompt the user to connect an

open to the appropriate test port. Following the connection, An

ns_OPEN

(store open) should be immediately performed to store the measured data.

This command is functionally equivalent to the CAL

OPN/SHRT

softkey.

ns_OPEN,

ns-SHRT, and ns-CAN.

8-75

Reference

Programming commands

nsXALS

s-CALS

XCALS

The ns-CALS command initializes a standard device calibration

Example

See also

OUTPUT 718

“ns

CALS

”

The ns-CALS command causes the display to prompt the user to connect

a standard device to the appropriate port(s) for measurement and storage.

Following the connection, an immediate ns-STD should be performed in order

to store the measured data. This command is functionally equivalent to the

CAL STD DEVICE

softkey.

ns-STD.

8-76

Reference

Programming commands

ns-CALT

XCALT

The ns-CALT command initializes a thru (transmission) calibration.

Example

See also

OUTPUT 718;

“ns_CALT;

”

The

ns_CALT

command causes the display to prompt the user to connect

a thru line to the appropriate ports for measurement. Following the

connection, an immediate

ns_THRU

should be performed in order to save the

measured data. This command is functionally equivalent to the CAL THRU

softkey.

ns-THRU, ns-CAN.

Reference

Programming commands

ns-CAN

XCANK

The ns-CAN command cancels an open/short or thru calibration in process.

The

ns_CAN

command activates any valid prior calibration. This command is

functionally equivalent to the CANCEL

softkey.

Example

See also

OUTPUT

718;“ns-CAN;”

ns_CALR,

ns_CALT,

ns_OPEN,

ns-SHRT, and

ns_THRU.

8-78

Reference

Programming commands

Example

ns-DDM

XDDMK

The ns-DDM command immediately turns the dual display mode on or off.

The parameters are as follows:

Dual display mode off

Dual display mode on

OUTPUT 718

;

“ns_DDM

I’

8-79

I-

Reference

Programming commands

(luery

Response

The

ns_DDM

command requires an HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection

test set. This mode is not allowed in conjunction with the extended display

range

(ns_EDR)

mode. The default value is off. This command is functionally

equivalent to the DUAL DSP ON OFF

softkey.

8-80

I-

Reference

Programming commands

ns_DISPOSE

ns-DISPOSE

The

ns_DISPOSE

command immediately purges the scalar personality from

the instrument’s memory.

Examule

OUTPUT

718;"ns-DISPOSE;"

The

ns_DISPOSE

command is final. The personality is not recoverable, except

by re-installing from the HP

85714A

personality card. This command is

related to the DISPOSE SCALAR

softkey.

8-81

Reference

Programming commands

ns-EDR

Examule

XEDRK

The

ns_EDR

command immediately turns on or off the extended display mode

with 120

of measurement range.

The parameters are as follows:

Extended display mode off.

Extended display mode on

OUTPUT

718’5s

EDR

1;”

8-82

Reference

Programming commands

lluery

Response

QEDRK

The ns-EDR command, when activating extended display mode, causes two

complete sweeps to be taken at different reference levels, and a composite

display with up to 120

range is constructed. The analyzer will be left in a

state that allows marker use or hardcopy (printing or plotting). Continuous

sweeps are not allowed, except by repeatedly executing “MOV

ns_EDR,

1))

or “ns-TAKESWP”. When deactivated, the analyzer is returned to the state

previous to entering extended display. Extended display is not allowed if the

dual display mode is active. The default value is off.

This command is functionally equivalent to the 120

OFF

softkey.

See also

ns-DDM.

8-83

Reference

Programming commands

ns-EXATN

attenuation

XEXAT

The ns-EXATN command sets the input attenuation in the HP 85630 Option

001 test set.

The parameters are as follows:

Example

lluery

Response

See also

0 to 70 db in 10

increments.

OUTPUT

718;"ns,EXATN

10;"

output

’

terminator

OEXAT

The ns-EXATN command, if the test set is not present, is ignored. This

command functionally equivalent to the

ATTEN

PORT

softkey.

ns-SRCPWR,

ns-SRCPOFS,

and

ns-SRCOFF.

8-84

Reference

Programming commands

ns-FFT

Example

XFFTK

The

ns_FFT

command turns the FFT mode off or on.

The parameters are as follows:

FFT mode off.

FFT mode on.

OUTPUT 718;

“ns_FFT

‘I

Query Response

OFFTK

8-85

Reference

Programming commands

The ns-FFT command, when on, performs an FFT on the current trace

and the results displayed on screen. ns-FFT is designed to be used in

transforming zero span information into the frequency domain. Performing

ns-FFT on a frequency sweep will not provide time-domain results. When

turned off, the current measurement mode is restored. The frequency span

of the FFT and the sweep time are related. To determine the sweep time to

achieve a certain span width, use the following formula:

200

sweep

time

frequency span

The ns-FFT command is similar to the spectrum analyzer’s FFT command

with the exception the ns-FFT always applies a

FLATTOP

Iilter

window

to the fast Fourier transform. (Refer to the FFT command in the spectrum

analyzer’s programming manual for more information.) The spectrum

analyzer’s TWNDOW command cannot be used to change the window to

UNIFORM or HANNING. The

FLATTOP

filter simulates a

passband

that

represents a give-and-take between amplitude uncertainty, sensitivity, and

frequency resolution.

8-86

Reference

Programming commands

ns-LBW

lowef

ns-LBW

bandwidth

XLBWK

The

ns_LBW

command defines the lower (wider) target bandwidth for a shape

factor measurement.

The parameters are as follows:

number

Negative integer defining bandwidth in

dB.

Example

OUTPUT 718;

“ns_LBW

-6;

‘I

Query Response

output

’

terminator

----+

QLBWK

The

ns_LBW

command’s default value is -60. The bandwidth shape factor

is defined as the ratio (ns-UBW/ns-LBW). This command is functionally

equivalent to the LOWER BW TARGET

softkey.

See also

ns-BMT, ns-SFM, and ns-UBW.

8-87

Reference

Programming commands

ns-LIMITEST

XLIMI

The ns-LIMITEST command turns the limit-line display and testing on and

Off.

The parameters are as follows:

Turns limit-line display and testing off.

Turns limit-line display and testing on.

Example

OUTPUT 718 ; “ns_LIMITEST 1;

‘I

Query

Response

OLIMI

The ns-LIMITEST command assumes limit lines are loaded and valid. (To

ensure proper placement of the limit line, be sure to set the normalized

reference position to eight before loading the limit line.) The default for

this command is off. This command is functionally equivalent to the

LIMITEST ON OFF

softkey.

8-88

Reference

Programming commands

ns_LRNG

Example

ns-LRNG

XLRNG

The ns-LRNG command draws and displays a trace marking the lower

calibrated display limit.

The parameters are as follows:

Calibrated display limits off.

Calibrated display limits on.

OUTPUT

718;"ns-LRNG

1;"

8-89

Reference

Programming commands

Ouery

Response

QLRNG

The

ns_LRNG

command is not available with the dual display or extended

display range mode active. The default is off.

this level is below the

bottom graticule, it may not be visible unless the display is re-scaled

(Log

dB/division).

This command is functionally equivalent to the MIN

RNG

ON OFF

softkey.

See also

ns-URNG.

8-90

Reference

Programming commands

ns_MCM

XMCMK

The ns-MCM command immediately performs all appropriate marker

conversions and displays the results.

Example

See also

OUTPUT 718;

“ns_MCM;

‘I

The ns-MCM command resulting data is available remotely. A valid thru

(transmission) calibration is necessary for MAG

S21

conversion, as a

valid

open/short (reflection) calibration is necessary for MAG

Sll

or VSWR

conversion to be performed.

This command is related to the

WAG

S21

OFF , MAG

Sil

OFF and

VSWR

ON OFF softkeys.

Scalar Measurement Variables

ns-MCT.

8-91

Reference

Programming commands

ns_MCT

marker

conversfon

ns-MCT

XMCTK

The

ns_MCT

command defines the type of amplitude marker conversions to

be performed.

8-92

Example

Reference

Programming commands

The parameters are as follows:

All conversions off.

Convert to MAG

Sll

(Magnitude of reflection co-efficient).

Convert to VSWR (Voltage standing- wave ratio).

Convert marker to MAG

1 and VSWR.

Convert to MAG

S21

(Magnitude of reflection co-efficient).

Convert to MAG

1, MAG

1 (Dual display only).

Convert to MAG

S21,

VSWR (Dual display only).

Convert to MAG

MAG S 11, VSWR (Dual display only).

OUTPUT

718;“ns-MCT

1;”

8-93

Reference

Programming commands

Query

Response

See also

OMCTK

The

ns_MCT

command marker conversions are performed only during

valid measurement conditions and calibrations as outlined for the

ns_MCM

command. The appropriate conversions will be made at the end of each

sweep, provided the marker is turned on (active). The default value is 0

(zero, all conversions off).

This command is related to the MAG

Sll

ON OFF , VSWR ON OFF , and

MAG

S21

ON OFF softkeys.

ns_MCM

8-94

Reference

Programming commands

ns-MP

XMPKK

The

ns_MP

command presets the spectrum analyzer and scalar measurements

personality to a known state.

Example

OUTPUT 718;

“ns_MP;

”

The

ns_MP

command should be used in place of a spectrum analyzer

IP.

This is because IP exits the scalar measurements mode. This command is

functionally equivalent to the SCALAR PRESET

softkey.

8-95

Reference

Programming commands

r-s-NORM

Example

The ns-NORM command turns normalization off or on.

The parameters are as follows:

Normalization off.

Normalization on.

OUTPUT 7 18

;

“ns_NORM

‘I

Turn normalization on.

XNORM

8-96

Reference

Programming commands

Query

Response

‘?a““

output

terminator

See also

The ns-NORM command cannot be used to turn on normalization if a valid

calibration has not been completed or recalled. Normalization is automatically

turned on at the completion of a calibration (open/short or thru). Note that

normalization is independent between the two main measurement modes

(transmission or reflection), and will be recalled appropriately when shifting

between the modes. The default for normalization is off.

This command is functionally equivalent to the NORM ON OFF

softkey.

ns-CALT and

ns_CALR.

8-97

Reference

Programming commands

ns-NRL

reference

level

number

Example

XNRLK

The ns-NRL command changes the reference level after normalization.

The parameters are as follows:

Valid number is -200 to 200

dB.

Range is dependent on the initial reference

level setting when the calibration is performed.

OUTPUT 718;

“ns,NRL

10;

”

8-98

Reference

Programming commands

Ouery

Response

See also

ONRLK

The ns-NRL command’s default parameter is 0

dB.

After a calibration is

complete, the reference level and markers change from an absolute power

(dBm)

to relative power

(dB)

readout. The normalized reference level can be

set or changed remotely if normalization is turned off, however it will not

affect the instrument state until normalization is turned on.

This command is functionally equivalent to the

REF

LEVEL

softkey

when

normalization is on.

ns-NORM and

ns-NRP.

8-99

Reference

Programming commands

ns-NRP

ns_NRP

reference

position

number

Integer from 0 and 8.

Example

OUTPUT 7 18

“ns

NRP

‘I

Set position to middle screen.

Ouery

Response

See also

The

ns_NRP

command sets the reference position on screen.

The parameters are as follows:

output

’

terminator

ONRPK

The ns-NRP command is only valid if normalization is turned on. The valid

range is from 0 (zero, or bottom of graticule) to 8 (eight, or top of graticule).

The default value is 8, or top of the graticule.

This command is functionally equivalent to the NORM

REF

POSN

softkey.

ns_NRL

and ns-NORM.

S-100

Reference

Programming commands

ns-OPEN

XOPEN

The

ns_OPEN

command stores the reflection response on an open circuit

Example

See also

OUTPUT 718; “ns,OPEN;

”

The ns-OPEN command causes the display to prompt the operator to connect

a short circuit to the reflection measurement port in order to complete

a reflection calibration. This command is functionally equivalent to the

STORE OPEN

softkey.

ns_CALR,

ns-SHRT,

ns_NORM

S-101

Reference

Programming commands

number

Example

ns_RCI

calibration

,,,-

XRCIK

The ns-RCI command recalls a calibration set from internal memory

The parameters are as follows:

Integer value for valid register.

OUTPUT

718;“ns-RCI

1;”

S-102

Reference

Programming commands

Ouery

Response

output

’

terminator

--+

ORC

The

ns_RCI

command recalls a complete set of transmission and reflection

calibration and instrument states are recalled. Normalization is restored,

if valid when stored. The valid range of register numbers is from 0 (zero)

to a maximum dependent on the total number of trace storage memory

available. Register zero is a special case, which recalls the instrument state

that the current cal is valid at, or the frequency span and reference level

settings which the instrument is currently calibrated for. This command is

functionally equivalent to the SAVE

CAL

softkey.

See also

nsSC1,

TRCMEM

S-103

Reference

Programming commands

ns_REFL

XREFL

The

ns_REFL

command sets the reflection measurement mode.

Example

See also

OUTPUT 718; “ns_REFL;

‘I

The

ns_REFL

command restores all amplitude and frequency parameters to

the values associated with the reflection measurement, and normalization is

turned on or off appropriately. If the instrument is in the transmission mode

prior to executing this command, all frequency, amplitude and normalization

parameters are stored for future return to that mode.

This command functionally equivalent to the REFL

softkey.

ns_TRANS

and

ns_CALR

S-104

Reference

Programming commands

ns-RL

reference

level

number

Example

Ouery

Response

See also

XRLKK

The ns-RL command sets the reference level before normalization.

The parameters are as follows:

Real number expressed in integer, decimal, or exponential form.

OUTPUT 718;

“ns_RL

5DB;

‘I

Ofsets

normalized reference

level

dI3

output

’

terminator

--*

ORLKK

The

ns_RL

command’s range is hard limited dependent on the instrument in

use, typically

140 to + 50 or + 60

dBm.

If executed after normalization is

turned on, it will have no affect until normalization is turned off. The default

value is 0

dBm.

This command is functionally equivalent to the

REF

LEVEL

softkey

when

normalization is turned off.

ns-LG,

ns_NRL,

ns-NORM, and ns-NRP

8-105

Reference

Programming commands

nsSC1

calibration

XSC

The

ns-SC1

command stores the current calibration set and instrument state

for both transmission and reflection measurements in the register specified.

The parameters are as follows:

number

Integer value for valid register.

Example

OUTPUT

718*"ns

SC1

1."

Ouery

Response

See also

QSC

The nsSC1 command stores the frequency and amplitude parameters for

each measurement mode independently. The valid range of registers is from

1 (one) to a maximum dependent on the total number of available trace

registers. This command is functionally equivalent to the SAVE

CAL

softkey.

ns-RCI and TRCMEM.

8-106

Reference

Programming commands

nsSDLL

lower

limit

XSDLL

The ns-SDLL command sets the lower limit for a standard device calibration

and limit test.

The parameters are as follows:

number

Negative real number between 0 to 200

inclusive.

Example

OUTPUT 718;

“ns_SDLL

-60.0;

”

(luery

Response

output

’

terminator

OSDLL

The ns-SDLL command can set the lower limit before or after performing a

standard device calibration. The lower limit is added to the standard device

response and then transferred to the lower limit line. The default value

is -3

dB.

This command is functionally equivalent to the LOWER LIMIT

softkey.

See also

ns-SDUL and ns-STD

8-107

Reference

Programming commands

ns.SDUL

upper

limit

The

ns-SDUL

command sets the upper limit for a standard device calibration

and limit test.

The parameters are as follows:

number

Example

Ouery

Response

See also

Positive real number between 0 to 200

dB,

inclusive.

OUTPUT 718;“ns,SDUL 10.0;”

output

’

terminator

OSDUL

The

ns_SDUL

command can set the upper limit before or after performing a

standard device calibration. The upper limit is added to the standard device

response and then transferred to the upper limit line. The default value

dB.

This command is functionally equivalent to the UPPER LIMIT

softkey.

ns_SDLL,

nsSTD

B-108

Reference

Programming commands

ns-SFM

XSFMK

The ns-SFM command immediately performs a single bandwidth shape factor

measurement.

Example

See also

OUTPUT 7 18

“ns

SFM

”

The

ns_SFM

measurement results are displayed on screen as well as being

available remotely. The shape factor is defined as the ratio

ns-LBW/ns-UBW.

Scalar Measurement Variables

ns-UBW, ns-LBW, ns-BMF, and ns-CMB

8-109

Reference

Programming commands

ns-SHRT

XSHRT

The ns-SHRT command stores the reflection response of a short circuit.

Example

See also

OUTPUT 718

“ns

SHRT

I’

The

ns_SHRT

command causes the scalar measurement personality to

perform an average with the previously stored open circuit response, then

stores the results for reflection normalization purposes. Normalization is

turned on.

This command is functionally equivalent to the STORE SHORT

softkey.

ns_CALR,

ns-OPEN, ns-NORM

8-110

Reference

Programming commands

ns-SRCOFF

XCOFF

Example

See also

The

ns_SRCOFF

command immediately turns the source RF output power off.

OUTPUT 718 ; “ns,SRCOFF

;

”

ns-SRCPWR

a-111

Reference

Programming commands

nsSRCPOFS

ns-SRCPOFS

power

offset

number

XCPOF

number

Real number expressed in integer, decimal, or exponential form.

Example

OUTPUT 718;

“ns_SRCPOFS

”

(luery

Response

The nsSRCPOFS command allows the displayed source output power to be

offset from the actual source output power.

The parameters are as follows:

OCPOF

The ns-SRCPOFS command adds the offset to the current source level and is

displayed. Once set, the offset is subtracted from any incoming source power

level adjustment before setting the actual output power level. The default is

(no offset).

This command is functionally equivalent to the SRC PWR OFFSET

softkey.

8-112

Reference

Programming commands

nsSRCPWR

power

level

number

XCPWR

The ns-SRCPWR command sets the source output power to the level

specihed.

The parameters are as follows:

number

Example

tluery

Response

See also

Real number expressed in integer, decimal, or exponential form.

OUTPUT 718;

“ns_SRCPWR

-5.5;

‘I

Source power to -5.5

dBm.

The

ns_SRCPWR

command turns the source on if the source is turned off.

The range is dependent on the instrument, and is hard limited accordingly,

This command is functionally equivalent to the SRC PWR

OFF

softkey.

nsSRCOFF and ns-SRCPOFS.

8-113

Reference

Programming commands

ns-STD

XSTDK

The

nsSTD

command stores the response of a standard device.

Example

See also

OUTPUT

718;“ns-STD;”

The ns-STD command causes the scalar measurement personality to add the

upper and lower test limits, and transfer the results to upper and lower limit

line traces. Limit test is then activated. Note that the stored limit lines are

traces, and therefore cannot be edited as normal limit lines can.

This command is functionally equivalent to the STORE STD DEV

softkey.

ns-CALS,

nsSDLL,

ns-SDUL, and LIMITLINES.

8-114

Reference

Programming commands

ns_TAKESWP

ns-TAKESWP

XTAKE

The ns-TAKESWP command replaces the instrument’s TS command.

Example

See also

OUTPUT 718;“ns-TAKESWP;”

The ns-TAKESWP command properly completes sweeps if the extended

display range (ns-EDR) or dual display mode (ns-DDM) are active. If these

modes are not active, a normal TS is generated.

ns-DDM, ns-EDR

8-115

Reference

Programming commands

ns-TCA

Average

Normal

Negative

Positive

compression

type

XTCAK

The

ns_TCA

command sets the compression algorithm to be used when

compressing the tabular data trace.

The parameters are as follows:

The average of the points within an interval are used. Equivalent to the

AVERAGE ON softkey.

The compressed value of the interval is computed using a Rosenfell algorithm.

If the data within the interval is continuously rising, the compressed value

taken is the maximum (last) value within the interval. If the data within the

interval is continuously falling, the compressed value taken is the minimum

(last) value within the interval. If the data within the average is not

continuously rising OR falling, the compressed value will alternate between

the maximum and minimum value detected within the intervals. Equivalent

to the NORMAL ON softkey.

The compressed value taken is the lowest value from the interval. Equivalent

to the NEGATIVE ON

softkey.

The compressed value taken is the highest value from within the interval.

Equivalent to the POSITIVE ON

softkey.

8-116

Sample

Example

Query

Response

See also

Reference

Programming commands

The compressed value taken is the last value from the interval. Equivalent to

the SAMPLE ON

softkey.

OUTPUT 718

“ns

TCA

I’

output

l terminator

QTCAK

The

ns_TCA

command changes the compression type from the default of

sample. As the number of displayed tabular data points can be fewer than

the actual data trace length (401 points), the compression algorithm defines

how the data is compressed.

ns-TDD and ns-TDP.

8-117

-1

Reference

Programming commands

ns-TDD

Example

Cluery

Response

The

ns_TDD

command turns the tabular data display off or on.

The parameters are as follows:

XTDDK

Tabular data display off.

Tabular data display on.

OUTPUT

718;"ns-TDD

1;"

OTDDK

8-118

See also

Reference

Programming commands

The ns-TDD command is equivalent to the TABULAR ON OFF

softkey.

When

tabular data is activated, a sweep is taken and the resulting data compressed

as per the setting of

ns_TCA.

After compression, the data is displayed on

screen. Continuous sweeps are not allowed except by repeatedly executing

MOV

ns_TDD,

1 or

ns_TAKESWP.

ns_TCA,

ns_TDP

8-119

Reference

Programming commands

ns-TDP

data

points

number

XTDPK

The

ns_TDP

command sets the number of points available for a tabular data

display.

The parameters are as follows:

number

Example

lluery

Response

Integer from 3 through 401.

OUTPUT

718;“ns-TDP

256;”

output

terminator

----+

B-120

See also

Reference

Programming commands

The

ns_TDP

command can be used to change the default of 401 trace

points. The actual data trace (401 points) is compressed, via the algorithm

determined by ns-TCA, into a trace of length ns-TDP. Only 18 points can be

displayed simultaneously on screen, but the whole trace (ns-TDP in length)

is output to a printer if the copy key is pressed and tabular data display is

turned on.

This command is functionally equivalent to the NUMBER POINTS

softkey.

ns-TCA and

ns_TDD.

B-121

Reference

Programming commands

ns-THRU

XTHRU

The

ns_THRU

command stores the thru transmission measurement for

normalization purposes.

Example

See also

OUTPUT 718;

“ns_THRU;

”

The

ns_THRU

command causes normalization to be turned on. This command

is functionally equivalent to the STORE THRU

softkey.

ns-CALT, ns-NORM

8-122

I-

Reference

Programming commands

ns-TRANS

ns_TRANS

XTRAN

The ns-TRANS command sets the transmission measurement mode.

Example

See also

OUTPUT

718;“ns-TRANS;”

The

ns-TRANS

command restores all amplitude and frequency parameters to

the values associated with the transmission measurement, and normalization

is turned on or off appropriately. If the instrument is in the reflection mode

prior to executing this command, all frequency, amplitude and normalization

parameters are stored for future return to that mode.

This command functionally equivalent to the TRANS

softkey.

ns-REFL and

ns_CALT

8-123

Reference

Programming commands

ns-UBW

upper

bandwidth

number

Example

Query

Response

See also

XUBWK

The

ns_UBW

command sets the target bandwidth used for either a bandwidth

measurement or shape factor measurement (upper bandwidth).

The parameters are as follows:

Negative real.

OUTPUT 718;

"ns_UBW

-6;"

OUBWK

The ns-UBW command is functionally equivalent to the UPPER BW

softkey.

The default bandwidth is -3.

ns-BMT, ns-BWM, ns-SFM, and ns-LBW.

8-124

Reference

Programming commands

Example

ns_URNG

ns-URNG

-GYP

XURNG

The ns-URNG command draws and displays a trace marking the upper

calibrated display limit.

The parameters are as follows:

Calibrated display limit off.

Calibrated display limit on.

OUTPUT

718;“ns-URNG

1;”

8-125

Reference

Programming commands

Ouery

Response

See also

The

ns_URNG

command is not available with the dual display or extended

display range mode active. If this level is above the top graticule, it may not

be visible unless the display is re-scaled (Log dB/division) or the reference

level adjusted. The default is off.

This command is functionally equivalent to the MAX RNG ON OFF

softkey.

ns_LRNG

8-126

Characteristics

Characteristics provide information about non-warranted instrument

performance in the form of nominal values. These values are bases

on estimated worst-case system performance. Characteristics are

not

specifications. The characteristics in this section are for systems which

include the following:

a spectrum analyzer (Option 010)

an HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection test set

an HP

85714A

scalar measurements personality

8-127

Reference

Characteristics

HP 8590 A and B Series

System Characteristics

Configuration: PORT 1 Source Match

PORT 2 Input Match*

HP g5714A. HP g5630A.

and spectrum analyzer Attenuation (where applicable)

with

tracking

generator

test

set:

test

set:

option

source: 0

or source: 10

85908

Opt. 003

0.3 - 1200 MHz 16.3

18.2

15.3

1200

1800 MHz 15.7

17.5

12.0

8591A

0.3 - 1200 MHz 16.3

18.2

15.3

1200

1800 MHz 15.7

17.5

12.0

8593A

0.3 . 1200 MHz 16.9

19.2

14.6

1200

2900 MHz 16.3

18.5

11.8

8594A*

0.3

1200 MHz 16.9

19.2

15.3

1200

2900 MHz 16.3

18.5

12.0

8595A*

0.3

1200 MHz 16.9

19.2

15.3

1200 - 2900 MHz 16.3

18.5

12.0

DC coupled signal analyzer input

signal analyzer

input attenuation

8-128

Reference

Characteristics

HP 8590 D and E Series

System Characteristics (2 of

Configuration:

PORT 1 Source Match PORT 2 Input Matcht

B5714k

BlNOA,

and spectrum analyzer Attenuation (where applicable)

with

tracking

generator

test set: 0

test set: 10

test set: 0

option

source: 0

source:

source: 10

HP 85900 Opt. 003

0.3

1200 MHz 16.3

20.9

N/A 15.3

1200

1800

MHz 15.7

19.9

N/A 12.0

859OL

Opt. 003

0.3 - 1200 MHz 16.3

20.9

N/A 15.3

1200 .

1800

MHz 15.7

19.9

N/A 12.0

859IE

0.3 - 1200 MHz 16.3

20.9

18.2

15.3

1200 - 1800 MHz 15.7

19.9

17.5

12.0

8593E

0.3 - 1200 MHz 15.3

20.7

18.5

dB$

14.6

1200

2900 MHz 14.7

19.8

17.7

11.8

8594E*

0.3 - 1200 MHz 15.3

20.7

18.5

dB$

15.3

1200 - 2900 MHz 14.7

19.8

17.7

12.0

DC coupled signal analyzer input

signal analyzer input attenuation

$ Source attenuation =

dB.

8-129

Reference

Characteristics

HP 8590

and E Series

System Characteristics

of 8 continued)

Configuration:

PORT 1 Source Match PORT 2 Input

Match7

HP 65714A. HP 65630A,

and spectrum analyzer Attenuation (where applicable)

with

tracking

generator

test set: 0

test set: 10

test set: 0

option

source: 0

source: 10

6595E*

0.31200 MHz

1200 - 2900 MHz

6596E*

0.31200 MHz

1200

2900 MHz

15.3

14.7

20.7

19.8

16.5

dB$

15.3

17.7

12.0

16.5

dB$

17.7

15.3

12.0

DC coupled signal analyzer input

signal analyzer input attenuation

Source attenuation =

dB.

8-130

Reference

Characteristics

HP 9590 A and B Series

System Characteristics

~ Configuration:

HP 66714A. HP 65630A,

and spectrum analyzer

with tracking generator

option

85908

Opt. 003

0.3 - 1200 MHz

1200 - 1800 MHz

0.1

1800 MHz

8591A

0.3 - 1200 MHz

1200 - 1800 MHz

0.1

1800

MHz

8593A

0.3 -1200 MHz

1200 - 2900 MHz

0.3

2900 MHz

8594A*

0.3 -1200 MHz

1200 - 2900 MHz

0.3

2900 MHz

8595A*

0.3 -1200 MHz

1200 - 2900 MHz

0.3 . 2900 MHz

Dynamic Range

Test Set Isolation

dBt

100

dBt

106 dB**

dBt

IO6

dB**

100

dB$

II3

dB**

100

dBt#

dB$

113

dB**

100

dB$

II3

dB**

100

DC coupled signal analyzer input

:o:r~~~~~~~.Dn,l:~~~h.

dmplayed

average

nome

dommates

0.4.5.0

MHz

This range available when bypassing the HP

65630A

and connecting DUT between tracking

generator output and spectrum analyzer input.

8-131

Reference

Characteristics

HP 8590

and E Series

System Characteristics

Configuration: Dynamic Range

Test Set Isolation

HP 66714A, HP

6563OA.

and spectrum analyzer

with tracking generator

option

HP 85900 Opt. 003

0.3

1200 MHz 86

dBt

100

1200 . 1800 MHz 83

dBt

0.1 - 1800 MHz

IO6

dB**

859OL

Opt. 003

0.3

1200 MHz 86

dBt

100

1200 -

Ii300

MHz 83

dBt

0.1 - 1800 MHz 106 dB**

8591E

0.3 - 1200 MHz 86

dBt

100

1200 - 1800 MHz 83

dBt

0.1 - 1800 MHz 106 dB**

8593E

0.3

1200 MHz 93

dB$

100

1200 - 2900 MHz 92

dB$

0.3 - 2900 MHz 111 dB**

8594E*

0.3 . 1200 MHz 89

dBt#

100

1200 - 2900 MHz 93

dB$

0.3 . 2900 MHz 111 dB**

DC coupled signal analyzer input

kHz

resolution bandwidth

: 1

kHz

resolution bandwidth

displayed average noise dominates

0.4.5.0

MHz

This range available when bypassing the HP

65630A

and connecting DUT between tracking

generator output and spectrum analyzer input.

8-132

Reference

Characteristics

HP 8590

and E Series

System Characteristics (4 of

continued)

Configuration: Dynamic Range

Test Set Isolation

HP 65714A. HP 65630A.

and spectrum analyzer

with tracking generator

option

6595E*

0.3 -1200 MHz 92

dB$

100

1200 - 2900 MHz 92

dB$

0.3 -2900 MHz 111

dR**

8596E*

0.3

1200 MHz 92

dB$

100

1200 - 2900 MHz 92

dB$

0.3 -2900 MHz III

dB**

DC coupled signal analyzer input

10 kHr resolution bandwidth

kHz

resolution bandwidth

#displayed average noise dominates

0.4.5.0

MHz

*c*

This range available when bypassing the HP 6563OA and connecting DUT between tracking

generator output and spectrum analyzer input.

8-133

Reference

Characteristics

System Characteristics

Configuration:

HP 66714A, HP 66630A.

and spectrum analyzer

with tracking generator

option

frequency Readout Accuracy

(Start, Stop, Center, Marker)

HP 66908 Opt. 003, HP 6690D Opt. 003

all frequency spans

f15

MHz + 1% of frequency

span1

6591A.

6693A.

6594A.

659fiA

freq. span

IO MHz flfreq. readout x freq. reference error*

+ 3.0% of span + 20% of RBW +

100

Hz1

freq. span > 10 MHz

flfreq.

readout x freq. reference error* + 3.0% of span + 20% of

RBW]

659OD

Opt. 013, HP 65901, HP

6593E,

6694E.

HP 6595E, HP 6596E

freq. span

IO MHz

kf(freq.

readout x freq. reference error*

+ span accuracy + 1.0% of span + 20% of RBW + 100

Hz11

Refer to spectrum analyzer specification.

$ See drift under stability in spectrum analyzer characteristics

System Characteristics

Configuration: Sweeptime

HP 65714A, HP

6563OA,

and spectrum analyzer

(10

kHz

resolution bandwidth

with tracking generator option 10

kflz

video bandwidth)

85908

Opt. 003, HP 85900 Opt. 003 50

ms1401

points

8590L,

8591A,

8591E

ms1401

points

85934

8593E

ms1401

points

8594A,

8594E

8595A.

8595E

ms1401

points

ms1401

points

8596E

ms1401

points I

8-134

Reference

Characteristics

HP 8590 A and B Series

System Characteristics (7 of

Configuration: Amplitude Accuracy

HP 6514A. HP

6563OA,

and spectrum analyzer (After normalization, with

prenormalized

with tracking generator option reference trace starting at reference level.)

HP 65908. HP 6591A. HP 6593A, HP 6594A. HP 6595A

log incremental

log max. cumulative

f0.2

dB12

dB,

0 to -70

from ref. level

kO.75

dB,

0 to -60

from ref. level

fI.O

dB,

0 to -70

from ref. level

HP 8590

and E Series

System Characteristics (8 of

Configuration: Amplitude Accuracy

HP 65714A. HP 65630A. and spectrum analyzer

(After normalization, with pre-normalized

with tracking generator option reference trace starting at reference level.)

659013.

HP 65901, HP

g691E,

HP 6593E, HP 6594E, HP

6595E,

HP 6596E

log incremental

f0.4

dB14

dB,

0 to -70

from ref. level

0 to -70

from ref. level

f0.4

+O.OI

xldB

from ref. level1

3 kHz to 3 MHz RBW

f0.3

+O.OI

xldB

from ref. level1

8-135

Concepts

The concepts discussed in this chapter help you evaluate the measurement

uncertainties inherent in scalar test setups. The information is technical in

nature and is

not

necessary for operating the scalar analyzer. It is provided

for those who wish a more in-depth understanding of scalar measurements.

9-2

Transmission

measurement

uncertainty

Transmission measurement uncertainty is composed primarily of relative

amplitude accuracy (flatness, display fidelity) and the external circuit

mismatch.

Normalization removes flatness uncertainties. Display

fidelity

in the

HP 8590 Series spectrum analyzers is good (greater than

f0.2

dB/2

but

not more than a maximum of fl.O

over a 70

range). The major

causes of transmission measurement uncertainties, then, result from external

mismatch among

source,

receiver, and DUT. These external mismatch

uncertainties arise at calibration and measurement.

Basic

calculation

review

You should be familiar with the relationships among reflection coefficient (I’),

standing wave ratio (VSWR), and return loss:

pLe

VS~=I+e

l--P

VSWR-I

p =

VSWR+l

Return Loss = -2010gp

Maximum mismatch error in

is expressed by

MME

= 20 log( 1

plpz),

where..

and

are the scalar reflection coefficients at the points of connection.

9-3

Concepts

Transmission measurement uncertainty

Reflectometer calculator

The HP Reflectometer Calculator

IHP

Part Number

5952-0948)

makes it easy to determine equivalents

among

VSWR, and return loss.

Reflection coefficient is a vector (complex) quantity. In a scalar system like

the HP

85714A,

we cannot measure phase of a particular

and then account

for it in our error analysis and correct for it in the measurement. We can,

however, ignore phase, determine worst case caused by interaction of two

reflection coefficients (two

p’s),

then know that actual measurement error is

between zero and worst case. Worst case is the same as MME in the above

expression.

In the following example, all results are maximum possible errors. We want

to calculate the maximum mismatch error of a filter measurement at its 3

point. The

Enal

error window

wilI

combine the MME at calibration and the

MME at measurement. Assume a source with

= 0.2 (or 1.5 VSWR) and

a receiver with a

0.13 (or 1.3 VSWR). Given these two

p’s,

our MME

equation yields a possible calibration

(thou

measurement) error window of

kO.23

dI3.

Now we must calculate possible errors with the DUT inserted between the

source and receiver. The source

will interact with the DUT input

Pdi;

the receiver

will interact with the DUT output

P&z.

Therefore, we must

calculate two

MME’s,

then add them together to arrive at the measurement

error window.

At the 3

point the filter reflects half of the input power, so reflection

coefficients

pdl

and

Pd2

equal

0.707 (or 5.8 VSWR).

Our

MME equation

yields the input and output mismatch errors, respectively: + 1.15/- 1.3

and +

0.76/-0.84

dB.

We now add these error windows to get the MME at

measurement (+

1.91/-2.14

dB):

1.15 + 0.76 =

+1.91

-1.3 + (-0.84) = -2.14 dB.

9-4

Concepts

Transmission measurement uncertainty

To get the total uncertainty of the measurement, we subtract the negative

measurement number from the positive calibration number, and we subtract

the positive measurement number from the negative calibration number (We

subtract because measurement error was the denominator of a linear equation

before converting to

dB.):

+.23

(-2.14) =

+2.37

-.23

(+ 1.91) = -2.14 dB

Thus, for our 3

point filter measurement, our MME is +

2.37/-2.14

dB-

we might measure anything from 0.86 to 5.37

dB.

The error can be worse if hardware constraints necessitate additional cables

and/or adapters between source and/or receiver and the DUT. The source

is at the end of its cable/adapter; the receiver input is at the end of its

cable/adapter, so we must consider the mismatches at these points rather

than at the panel connectors. Effective mismatch becomes worse.

To determine effective mismatches, multiply the VSWR values. For example, if

the

losskss

cables and adapters each have

VSWR’s

of 1.1, the source VSWR

becomes

1.5 x 1.1 x 1.1 = 1.8

(OT

0.29p)

and the receiver VSWR becomes

1.3 x 1.1 x 1.1 = 1.57

(07‘

0.22p).

With these numbers, the maximum mismatch errors at calibration and at

DUT input/output at measurement are +0.54/-0.58, + 1.6/-2.0, and

1.27/-

1.5

dB,

respectively.

low-loss devices

When the OUT is a low-loss device, we must also account for the interaction between source and

receiver when the DUT is connected. We ignore this interaction at the 3

point of our filter,

because it would add only about 0.2

dB.

Also, we assume that the OUT input and output connectors are the same type, opposite sex. If not,

you must insert an adapter at calibration, then remove it when you insert the OUT. A high quality

adapter’s effect on uncertainty is small, thus it is not included here.

9-5

Concepts

Transmission measurement uncertainty

Enhancing

transmission

measurement

accuracy

Attenuators

(pads)

The simplest way to improve the situation is to place well-matched Exed

attenuators (with DUT compatible connectors) at the source output and at the

receiver input. Connect the attenuators at the ends of the cables/adapters

discussed above,

not

at the tracking generator and analyzer panel connectors.

For example, given 10

pads with

p’s

of 0.05 (or 1.1 VSWR), the source

and receiver reflection coefficients (assuming the above cables and adapters)

become 0.078 (or 1.17 VSWR) and 0.071 (or 1.16 VSWR) respectively. The

maximum calibration, input, and output mismatch errors then become

f0.05,

0.48/-0.5,

0.43/-0.44

dB,

respectively-dramatic improvements.

If we need accurate measurement of points farther down the filter skirts, e.g.

the 6, 10, 20

points, the reflection coefficient of the Elter approaches

unity

(inEnite

VSWR). In such cases our 10

pads may not give us enough

isolation, leaving us with errors in excess of 1

dB.

Fortunately, the HP

85714A

has plenty of dynamic range, so we can often afford to use some of it to

enhance accuracy. Using 20

pads totally masks source and receiver

mismatches, for all practical purposes, and leaves just the

p’s

of the pads

themselves.

Directional coupler/detector Another way to improve source match, with essentially no loss of power, is to

use a directional coupler/detector in an external leveling loop. In this case the

output of the coupler becomes the output of the source. The effective source

match in this case becomes

where..

PSOUPce

= ,/d2 + (0.75 x

P,)~

d equals the coupler directivity

equals coupler main line reflection coefficient

0.75 is empirically derived

For a coupler with 30

directivity (equivalent to 0.03

and 0.07

(1.15 VSWR), source mismatch becomes 0.06

(or 1.13 VSWR), a little better

than we achieved using the 10

pad above.

9-6

Concepts

Transmission measurement uncertainty

Two-resistor splitter

Instead of a coupler, we could use a two-resistor splitter in the leveling loop.

Such a splitter has no resistors in the input arm and a series

50-ohm

resistor

in each of the output arms. The leveling detector connects to one of the

resistive arms. The output connector on the other resistive arm becomes the

effective source port at which we measure source mismatch. The leveling

action makes the junction of the input and output arms a virtual RF ground.

As a result, the source mismatch is dependent upon the quality of the resistor

in the output arm. For example, the HP

11667A

has an equivalent source

VSWR of 1.1 from dc to 4

GHz,

1.2 up to 8

GHz,

and 1.33 up to 18

GHz.

Note the wide frequency range of the splitter-a significant advantage over a

coupler. In terms of source power, the splitter does cost 6

dB,

which is more

than a coupler but less than a pad.

9-7

Reflection

measurement

uncertainties

Instrumentation contributes the same uncertainties to reflection

measurements as indicated above for transmission measurements. In this

section, we shall focus on the uncertainties caused by the external circuit.

However, there is more than just mismatch to consider. The error expression

for reflection is

where..

Ap = A +

Bpd

Cp;,

Ap equals the measurement uncertainty

A equals the directivity of the coupler or bridge

B equals the calibration error and frequency response

C equals the source mismatch

is the reflection coefficient of the DUT

The coefficients in the above expression are linear terms, but coupler or

bridge directivity is usually expressed in

dB,

as is frequency response,

and source mismatch is often expressed in VSWR, so all of these must

be converted to linear values. In addition, measurement results from

reflectometer systems such as the HP

85714A

are in

of return loss, and it

is common to express uncertainty in

dB:

Uncertainty = 20

log(

Ap).

The HP Reflectometer Calculator (HP Part Number

5952-0948)

makes it easy

to determine equivalents among p, VSWR, and return loss.

9-8

Concepts

Reflection measurement uncertainties

The

term

Let’s look at the A term in the error expression first. If the measurement

port of a directional coupler or bridge is terminated with a perfect load, there

should be no signal at the detector port because there is no reflection from

the load. (In this case the spectrum analyzer is the detector.) However, since

no coupler or bridge is perfect, there is always some signal at the detector

port. The level of this signal is a measure of the directivity of the coupler or

bridge and is generally expressed in

dB.

For example, if we put a perfect load

on our coupler and measure a 30

return loss, that really means that our

coupler has 30

directivity.

The directivity signal is thus a constant signal at the detector port that adds

vectorially to the desired reflection signal that we wish to measure, producing

an error in the measurement. To produce an error of no more than 1

dB,

the

directivity signal must be at least 20

below the signal to be measured. In

other words, the directivity of the coupler or bridge must be at least 20

better than the return loss of the device to be measured. If we were testing

devices with return losses of about 10

(1.92 VSWR), we would need a

coupler or bridge with 30

directivity for no more than 1

of error just

due to directivity.

The error expression tells us that the B and C terms become small as the

match of the DUT improves. So directivity of the coupler or bridge becomes

the limiting factor when measuring high-return-loss devices. Unless we take

extra-ordinary steps in the measurement process that are beyond the scope

of this discussion, the only thing that we can do to improve measurement

results is to use a better coupler or bridge.

A word of caution-Use a coupler/bridge with a test-port connector that

matches the DUT. Any adapters have their own reflections and degrade the

directivity of the coupler/bridge. For example, a perfect coupler with an

adapter having a 1.065 VSWR (30

return loss, 0.032

has an effective

directivity of 30

dB.

A coupler with 30

directivity would have an effective

directivity ranging anywhere from infinity to 24

dB,

depending upon the

phase of the reflection from the adapter relative to that of the directivity

signal of the coupler itself.

9-9

Concepts

Reflection measurement uncertainties

The

term

Next, let’s look at the source match term, C. As far as the DUT is concerned,

the source port is the measurement port of the coupler or bridge, i.e. the port

to which the DUT is attached. Any reflection from the DUT (the signal that

we wish to measure) flows back toward the source, and, unless the match of

the source is perfect, a part of this signal is re-reflected back toward the DUT.

The DUT reflects part of this re-reflected signal just as it did part of the

original signal. If

is the reflection of the DUT and C is the reflection

coefficient of the source, then a first-order approximation of the measured

signal

=pdXCXPd=CP;.

This term becomes important when measuring devices with high reflection

coefficients (low return losses). For example, we might want to measure the

return-loss points. In this case reflection coefficient is 0.5, so

pd2

is 0.25.

For a good measurement, then, we need to minimize the mismatch of the

source. When using a coupler for reflection measurements, we usually use a

dual coupler (two couplers in the same physical package) and use one of the

couplers in a leveling loop. We can then calculate effective source match just

as was done in the transmission discussion above. Using the same numbers

as in the transmission example (0.06

1.13 VSWR), the uncertainty in

determining the 6

return loss point due to source mismatch is

Ap = 0.06 x 0.25 = 0.015,

201og(l

*Ap) =

f0.13

dB.

Once again, it is best to use a coupler/bridge with a measurement port

that matches the connector type of the DUT because an adapter degrades

source match. We get effective source mismatch by multiplying source VSWR

without the adapter by the VSWR of the adapter. Using the same adapter that

we used above to determine effective directivity, we get a source mismatch of

9-10

Concepts

Reflection measurement uncertainties

source mismatch = VSWR, x VSWR,

source mismatch = 1.13 x 1.065

source mismatch = 1.2 VSWR (or 0.09 p)

The effective source match characteristic of the HP

85630A

is 1.46 VSWR

(0.19

p),

and the uncertainty due to source mismatch only is

= 0.19

0.25 = 0.047, or

201og(l

Ap) =

+0.38/

0.40 dB.

The

term

Finally, let’s look at the B term. This term includes calibration uncertainty

and frequency response (as well as instrument uncertainty, which we are

ignoring in this discussion). As was the case in transmission, frequency

response can be removed with trace arithmetic. The calibration uncertainty

also can be removed with trace arithmetic, but we must take a few extra

steps to insure that it is.

In a reflection measurement, we compare the signal reflected from a DUT to

the signal incident upon the DUT. To get a measure of the incident signal, we

connect a device that reflects all of the incident signal to the measurement

port of our coupler or bridge and use this reflected signal as our reference

that represents a reflection coefficient of unity (1.0). The usual calibration

device is a short circuit.

If our system were perfect, we would indeed get an exact measure of the

unity reflection from the short. However, from the above, we know that there

are two other signals that add vectorially to the unity signal: a directivity

signal and a multiple-reflection signal resulting from source mismatch. So

the calibration uncertainty part of the B term is somewhere between zero

and the algebraic sum of A and C, depending upon the phase angles of A

and C relative to the unity (actually

1) reflection from the short. Since

the HP

85714A

is a scalar system, it measures the absolute value of the

combination:

9-11

Concepts

Reflection measurement uncertainties

I--l+A+CI,or

+1-A-C

In most analyzer/tracking-generator systems, we must live with the

calibration uncertainty because there is no provision for removing it.

The HP

85714A

allows us to use a second standard, an open, to eliminate A

and C from the calibration trace. The reflection from an open is also unity,

but in this case it is + 1 because the reflected signal is in phase with the

incident signal rather than 180 degrees out of phase as it is for the short

(hence the -1). As is the case with the short, a calibration trace based on an

open also includes A and C:

I+l+A+CJ

To eliminate A and C we can average the two calibration traces and end up

with just the unity value that we wanted. Thus the two step calibration

process for the HP

85714A:

first calibrate with an open and store that

trace; then replace the open with a short and recalibrate. The HP

85714A

automatically calculates the mean of the short and open calibrations and

stores the result.

The stored open/short average also includes the inherent system frequency

response, so we can eliminate the B term completely, and the error

expression becomes

Ap = A + Cp$.

Still, coupler/bridge directivity (A) is critical for accurate measurement

of well matched devices (high return loss, low VSWR or

p),

while source

match (C) becomes the critical factor for low return-loss (high VSWR or

measurements, for example, the 3

point of our filter.

9-12

If You Have a Problem

Your spectrum analyzer, with its scalar measurements personality, is built to

provide dependable service. It is unlikely you will experience a problem, but

in the event something goes wrong, refer to the following sections:

If you can’t install the HP

85714A

If you suspect a problem with the test set

If DISPLAY UNDER-RANGE or DISPLAY OVER-RANGE is displayed

If you can’t use dual-display mode

If you can’t measure MAG

Sll,

VSWR, or MAG

S21

If BW

MEAS

measurement shows UNCAL

10-2

Start

here

Perform the following steps to isolate any problem. If the problem still is not

resolved, call your nearest HP Sales and Service Office.

1. Be sure that the spectrum analyzer’s hrmware date code is 10.26.90 or

later. This is not the revision number of the HP

85714A.

2. Reinstall the HP

85714A

scalar measurements personality using the

instructions in Chapter 1.

3. Refer to the contents of this chapter for common problems and their

solutions.

4. Complete all the basic checks for the spectrum analyzer listed in the

spectrum analyzer’s installation and verihcation manual.

10-3

I-

you

can’t

install

the

85714A

Check that the card is correctly installed.

The arrow on the card must line up with the arrow on the card slot

Check the available user memory.

The following message is displayed if available memory is not enough to

hold the HP

85714A:

INVALID SYMTABENTRY: SYMTAB OVERFLOW

10-4

-1

If You Have a Problem

If you can’t install the HP

85714A

check

available

user

memory

1. Press the

(RECALL]

key.

Press the INTRNL CRD

softkey

so that INTRNL is underlined.

Press the CATALOG INTRNL then CATALOG ALL softkeys.

4. The user memory information is shown at the top of the screen after

the text INTERNAL : .

Available memory is the total memory minus the

memory already used. See the following figure. Available memory must be

at least 47000 bytes.

;

peodr

Total

memory

REF

G.E

dBm

. . . . . . .

. . . . . . . .

.._..........

. . .

. . . . . . . . . . . .

.._._............................................

INTtRNALI

142

<i$fG

-I

0.0

dBm

.................................................................................

................

DELETE

FILE

SELECT

PREFX

EXIT

CRTRLOG

PREU

10-5

If You Have a Problem

If you can’t install the HP 857 14A

increase

user

memory

To make available all user memory, press the

[WI

key followed by the

of 3 and DISPOSE USER

MEM

softkeys.

If you use this quick method of increasing memory, all user entered data,

downloadable programs, and any other measurement personalities will be

erased.

To make available user memory by erasing selected downloadable programs,

do the following:

1. Press the

(jj)

key.

Press the INTRNL CRD

softkey

so that INTRNL is underlined.

Press the CATALOG INTRNL then MORE 1 of 2 softkeys.

Press the CATALOG DLP

softkey.

5. Use the front-panel knob to select the downloadable program for erasure

then, press the DELETE FILE

softkey.

10-6

you

suspect

problem

with

the

test

set

Check that the TEST SET YES NO

softkey

is pressed so that YES is

underlined. Press

(CONFIG),

MORE 1 of 3 , and MORE 2 of 3 to locate

the

softkey.

Check the rear-panel AUX INTERFACE and RF cables are correctly

connected. Always remove line power before connecting the AUX

INTERFACE cable.

Check that the spectrum analyzer and tracking generator operate

correctly without the HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection test set or

85714A

scalar measurements personality.

Check the HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection test set’s manual for

information on verifying test set operation.

check

proper

cable

installation

Refer to Chapter 1, and perform Step 1 “Connect the optional HP

85630A

Test Set”.

check

spectrum

analyzer

operation

The following procedure tests the spectrum analyzer and tracking generator

by running the tracking generator’s self-calibration routine. For more

information on the routine, refer to the spectrum analyzer’s operation

manual.

1. Press the front-panel

C-1

key.

Press the SPECTRUM ANALYZER softkey.

10-7

-1

If You Have a Problem

If you suspect a problem with the test set

This exits the scalar measurements personality mode.

3. Connect a cable between the front-panel RF OUT and INPUT connectors.

4. Press the (CAL) key.

Press the MORE 1 of 3 , MORE 2 of 3 , and then CAL TRK GEM

softkeys.

Towards the end of the calibration routine, the display should look similar to

the following figure. Notice the level response near the top of the display.

This shows a level tracking generator output at the proper power level for the

test.

If the calibration runs without any errors, refer to the HP

85630A

scalar

transmission/reflection test set’s manual for information on verifying the test

set’s operation and service.

SERVICE

DIAG

OEFAULT

CRL

OATR

CAL

TRK GEN

VERIFY

TIMEBRSE

3 of 3

10-8

DISPLAY

UNDER-RANGE

DISPLAY

OVER-RANGE

displayed

Display calibration has a finite amplitude range. When a response goes

beyond the calibrated limit, the scalar analyzer displays these messages.

solve

this

problem

Change the amplitude scale and recalibrate the measurement.

View the Calibration Limits

1. Press the front-panel

ICAL)

key.

Press the More 1 of 2

softkey.

3. To show the maximum level of calibrated display, press

MAX RNG ON OFF so that ON is underlined.

4. To show the minimum level of calibrated display, press

MIN RNG ON OFF so that ON is underlined.

10-9

you

can’t

use

dual-display

mode

Check that the HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection test set is properly

installed.

Viewing both the transmission and reflection response simultaneously

requires an HP

85630A

scalar transmission/reflection test set.

Check that the scalar analyzer is configured for the test set.

The following message is displayed if the scalar analyzer is not

configured for the test set:

85630A

Test Set Configuration Required

install

the

test

set

Perform the installation instructions included in step 6 of Chapter 1.

configure

the

scalar

analyzer

for

the

test

set

Press the

IhnoDE)

and then the SCALAR ANALYZER

softkey

to enter the

scalar analyzer mode.

2. Press the

C-j

key.

Press the

1 of 3 and then MORE 2 of 3 softkeys.

Press the TEST SET YES NO

softkey

so that YES is underlined.

10-10

you

can’t

measure

MAG

Sll,

VSWR,

MAG

S21.

Check that you’ve calibrated the response.

These measurements require a normalized display.

Check (for MAG

Sll

and VSWR measurements) that the HP

85630A

scalar

transmission/reflection test set is properly installed.

Measuring MAG

Sll

and VSWR requires an HP 856308 scalar

transmission/reflection test set.

Check (for MAG

Sll

and VSWR measurements) that the scalar analyzer is

configured for the test set.

The following message is displayed if the scalar analyzer is not

configured for the test set:

85630ATestSetConfigurationRequired

install

the

test

set

Perform the installation instructions included in step 6 of Chapter 1.

10-11

If You Have a Problem

If you can’t measure MAG

Sll,

VSWR, or MAG

S21.

check

that

you’ve

calibrated

the

response

If the display is normalized, the text NORM appears at the lower-left corner of

the display.

NOR

REF

SHPL

LOG

dBI

MKR 47.88

FlHz

8.8

ATTEN

18 dB -2.72 d8

CENTER

5G.GG

MHz

tRES

kHz

SPAN

58.08

MHz

U8W

kHz

SUP 58

hdCC

NAG

$11

OFF

USWR

OFF

RAG S21

OFF

nenu

configure

the

scalar

analyzer

for

the

test

set

Press the (MODE) and then the SCALAR ANALYZER softkey to enter the

scalar analyzer mode.

2. Press the

@XKj

key.

Press the MORE 1 of 3 and then MORE 2 of 3 softkeys.

Press the TEST SET YES NO

softkey

so that YES is underlined.

10-12

-1

MEAS

measurement

shows

UNCAL

The insertion loss results of an automatic bandwidth measurement requires

the displayed response to be calibrated.

UNCAL

NKR

47.88

MHz

REF -3.08

dBm

~~05

SMPL

OFF

LOG

dB/

RARKER

47.08 MHz UPPER

TARGET

CENTER 50.00 MHz

SPhN

50.08 MHz

#RES

kHz

U8W

18 kHz SUP 58

MSCE

solve

this

problem

Calibrate the display as described in Chapter 3.

10-13

Glossary

absolute amplitude accuracy

The degree of correctness or uncertainty (expressed in either volts or

power). It includes relative uncertainties plus calibrator uncertainty. For

improved accuracy, some spectrum analyzers specify frequency response

relative to the calibrator as well as relative to the midpoint between

peak-to-peak extremes.

active function

The active function is the instrument’s feature currently selected for use.

It may be a key selection or remote-programming command.

active function readout

The area of a display screen where the active function and its state are

displayed. The active function is the one that was completed by the last

key selection or remote-programming command.

active marker

The marker on a trace that can be repositioned by front-panel controls or

programming commands.

active trace

The trace (commonly A, B, or C) that is being swept (updated) with

incoming signal information.

amplitude accuracy

The general uncertainty of a spectrum analyzer amplitude measurement,

whether relative or absolute.

ASCII

The acronym for American Standard Code for Information Interchange. It

is an eight-part code (7 bits plus parity check) used for data (information)

interchange. An ASCII value is a specific combination of bits ranging from

0 to 255 that represent characters in machine language that computers

and controllers can understand.

Glossary-2

If BW

MEAS

measurement shows

UNCAL

attenuation

A general term used to denote a decrease of signal magnitude in

transmission from one point to another. Attenuation may be expressed as

a scalar ratio of the input to the output magnitude in decibels.

auxiliary interface

A spectrum analyzer rear-panel connector that provides control lines and

power for external equipment.

bandwidth selectivity

This is a measure of the analyzer’s ability to resolve signals unequal in

amplitude. It is the ratio of the 60

bandwidth to the 3

bandwidth

for a given resolution filter (IF). Bandwidth selectivity tells us how steep

the hlter skirts are. Bandwidth selectivity is sometimes called shape

factor.

battery-backed RAM

Random access memory (RAM) data retained by a battery. RAM memory

cards can contain data that is maintained with a battery. Refer also to

nonvolatile memory.

broadband response

A signal whose spectrum is wider than the resolution bandwidth of a

spectrum analyzer, and whose repetition frequency is lower than the

bandwidth of the spectrum analyzer. Notice that it is a combination

of signal and receiver characteristics that determines when a signal is

classified as broadband. For refining incoming signal responses, select

narrower spans and bandwidths. The following checks can help verify

whether or not the response is broadband:

Change the resolution bandwidth. The displayed amplitude should

change.

Change the sweep time. The spacing of the responses on the display

should change as you change the sweep time.

Change the span. The spacing of the responses should not change.

They should be independent of frequency span.

Change the video bandwidth. If the video bandwidth is made narrower

than the resolution bandwidth, the displayed amplitude of the

responses should decrease.

Glossary-3

If BW

MEAS

measurement shows

UNCAL

card reader

See memory card

character set

The set of elementary symbols. These normally include both alpha and

numeric codes, plus punctuation or any other symbol which may be read,

stored, or written and used for organization, control, or representation of

data.

command

A set of instructions that are translated into instrument actions. The

actions are usually made up of individual steps that together can execute

an operation. Generally, for spectrum analyzers it is a sequence of code

that controls some operation of a spectrum analyzer. These codes can be

keyed in via a controller, or computer. Refer also to function.

continuous sweep mode

The analyzer condition where traces are automatically updated each time

trigger conditions are met.

default

The preset conditions, options, or parameters of an instrument. The

default state may be changed by choosing key selections or writing

programming commands to use other conditions.

delta marker

An analyzer mode in which a fixed reference marker is established, then

a second active marker becomes available so it can be placed anywhere

along the trace. A readout indicates the relative frequency separation and

amplitude difference between the reference and active markers.

display dynamic range

The maximum dynamic range over which both the larger and smaller

signal can be viewed simultaneously on the display. For analyzers with a

maximum logarithmic display of 10

dB/division,

the actual dynamic range

may be greater than the display dynamic range. Refer also to dynamic

range.

Glossary-4

If BW

MEAS

measurement shows

UNCAL

display fidelity

The measurement uncertainty of relative differences in amplitude on a

spectrum analyzer. On purely analog analyzers (those analyzers that

display trace information immediately and do not store, then recall the

data to the screen), these differences are displayed on the screen and

the graticule is used to evaluate the measurement. Many analyzers with

digital displays (refer to digital display) have markers that can be used

to measure the signal. As a result, measurement differences are stored

in memory, and the ambiguity of the display is eliminated from the

measurement.

display range

The calibrated range of the display for a particular display mode or scale

factor. Refer also to log display and scale factor.

DLP

The abbreviation for downloadable program. A single programming

command or a sequence of programming commands used to perform

specific operations.

DLPs

can be made up of several functions, variables,

and traces defined by the program creator. The DLP can be downloaded

from one electronic storage medium into another and executed without a

controller.

dynamic range

The power ratio

(dB)

between the smallest and largest signals

simultaneously present at the input of an analyzer that can be measured

with some degree of accuracy. Dynamic range generally refers to

measurement of distortion or inter-modulation products.

error message

A message displayed on the screen indicating missing or failed hardware,

improper user operation, or other conditions that require additional

attention. Generally, the requested action or operation cannot be

completed until the condition is resolved.

FFT

The abbreviation for fast Fourier transform. It is a mathematical operation

performed on a time-domain signal to yield the individual spectral

components that constitute the signal.

Glossary-5

If BW

MEAS

measurement shows

UNCAL

firmware

An assembly made up of hardware and instruction code that are

integrated to form a functional set which cannot be altered during normal

operation. The instruction code, permanently installed in the circuitry of

the instrument, is classified as ROM (read-only memory). The firmware

determines the operating characteristics of the instrument or equipment.

Each firmware version is

identihed

by a revision code number, or date

code.

frequency accuracy

The uncertainty with which the frequency of a signal or spectral

component is indicated, either in an absolute sense or relative to some

other signal or spectral component. Absolute and relative frequency

accuracies are specified independently.

frequency range

The range over of frequencies which the spectrum analyzer performance

is specified. The maximum frequency range of many microwave analyzers

can be extended with the application of external mixers.

frequency resolution

The ability of a spectrum analyzer to separate closely spaced spectral

components and display them individually. Resolution of equal amplitude

components is determined by resolution bandwidth. Resolution of

unequal amplitude signals is determined by resolution bandwidth and

bandwidth selectivity.

frequency response

The peak-to-peak variation in the displayed signal amplitude over a

specified center frequency range. Frequency response is typically

specified in terms of

fdB

relative to the value midway between the

extremes. It also may be specified relative to the calibrator signal.

frequency span

The magnitude of the displayed frequency component. Span is

represented by the horizontal axis of the display. Generally, frequency

span is given as the total span across the full display. Some analyzers

represent frequency span (scan width) as a per-division value.

Glossary-6

If BW

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frequency stability

The stability of a frequency component to remain unchanged in frequency

or amplitude over short- and long-term periods of time. Stability refers to

the local oscillator’s ability to remain fixed at a particular frequency over

time. The sweep ramp that tunes the local oscillator influences where a

signal appears on the display. Any long-term variation in local oscillator

frequency (drift) with respect to the sweep ramp causes a signal to shift

its horizontal position on the display slowly. Shorter-term local oscillator

instability can appear as random FM or phase noise on an otherwise

stable signal.

front-panel key

Keys, typically labeled, and located on the front panel of an instrument.

The key labels identify the function the key activities. Numeric keys and

step keys are two examples of front- panel keys.

full span

A mode of operation in which the spectrum analyzer scans the entire

frequency band of an analyzer.

function

The action or purpose which a

specific

item is intended to perform or

serve. The spectrum analyzer contains functions that can be executed

via front-panel key selections, or through programming commands. The

characteristics of these functions are determined by the

firmware

in the

instrument. In some cases, a DLP (downloadable program) execution

of a function allows you to execute the function from front-panel key

selections.

gain compression

The signal level at the input mixer of a spectrum analyzer where the

displayed amplitude of the signal is a

speciEc

number of

too low due

just to mixer saturation. The signal level is generally

speciEed

for 1

0.5

compression and is usually between -3

dBm

and -10

dBm.

hard copy

Information or data printed onto paper as opposed to its being stored on

disk or in the instrument’s memory.

Glossary-7

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HP-IB

The abbreviation for Hewlett-Packard Interface Bus. It is a

Hewlett-

Packard proprietary parallel interface that allows you to “daisy-chain”

more than one device to a port on a computer or instrument.

input attenuator

An attenuator between the input connector and the Erst mixer of a

spectrum analyzer (also called an RF attenuator). The input attenuator is

used to adjust the signal level incident to the Erst mixer, and to prevent

gain compression due to high-level or broadband signals. It is also used to

set the dynamic range by controlling the degree of internally-generated

distortion. For some analyzers, changing the input attenuator settings

changes the vertical position of the signal on the display, which

then changes the reference level accordingly. In Hewlett-Packard

microprocessor-controlled spectrum analyzers, the IF gain is changed to

compensate for changes in input attenuator settings. Because of this, the

signals remain stationary on the display, and the reference level is not

changed.

input impedance

The terminating impedance that the analyzer presents to the signal

source. The nominal impedance for RF and microwave analyzers is

usually

5062.

For some systems, such as cable TV,

75Q

is standard. The

degree of mismatch between the nominal and actual input impedance is

called the VSWR (voltage standing wave ratio).

limit line

A test limit made up of a series of line segments, positioned according to

frequency and amplitude within the spectrum analyzer’s measurement

range. Two

deEned

limit lines may be displayed simultaneously. One sets

an upper test limit, the other sets a lower test limit. Trace data can be

compared with the limit lines as the spectrum analyzer sweeps. If the

trace data exceeds either the upper or lower limits, the spectrum analyzer

displays a message or sounds a warning, indicating that the trace failed

the test limits.

Glossary-8

limit-line file

The user-memory Ele that contains the limit-line table entries. Limit lines

are composed of frequency and amplitude components that make up a

trace array and this data is stored in the Ele. The limit-line Ele feature is

available on spectrum analyzers that are capable of limit-line operation.

Refer also to limit line.

If BW

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limit-line table

The line segments of a limit line are stored in the limit-line table. The

table can be recalled to edit the line segments, then restored in the

limit-line

file.

Refer also to limit line.

log display

The display mode in which vertical deflection is a logarithmic function of

the input-signal voltage. Log display is also referred to as logarithmic

mode. The display calibration is set by selecting the value of the top

graticule line (reference level), and scale factor in volts per division. On

Hewlett-Packard analyzers, the bottom graticule line represents zero volts

for scale factors of 10 dB/division or more. The bottom division, therefore,

is not calibrated for those analyzers. Analyzers with microprocessors

allow reference level and marker values to be indicated in

dBm,

dBmV,

dBpV,

volts, and occasionally in watts. Nonmicroprocessor-based

analyzers usually offer only one kind of unit, typically

dBm.

marker

A visual indicator we can place anywhere along the displayed trace. A

marker readout indicates the absolute value of the trace frequency and

amplitude at the marked point. The amplitude value is displayed with the

currently selected units. Refer also to delta marker.

maximum input level

The maximum signal power that may be safely applied to the input of

a spectrum analyzer. Typically 1 W (-30

dBm)

for Hewlett-Packard

spectrum analyzers.

measurement range

The ratio, expressed in

dB,

of the maximum signal level that can be

measured (usually the maximum safe input level) to the lowest achievable

average noise level. This ratio is almost always much greater than can be

realized in a single measurement. Refer also to dynamic range.

memory

A storage medium, device, or recording medium into which data can be

stored and held until some later time, and from which the entire original

data may be retrieved.

Glossary-9

If BW

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memory card

A small, credit-card-shaped memory device that can store data or

programs. The programs are sometimes called personalities and give

additional capabilities to your instrument. Typically, there is only one

personality per memory card. Refer also to personality.

The spectrum analyzer functions that appear on the display and are

selected by pressing front-panel keys. These selections may evoke a series

of other related functions that establish groups called menus.

nonvolatile memory

Memory data that is retained in the absence of an ac power source. This

memory is typically retained with a battery. Refer also to battery-backed

RAM.

normalized reference level

An amplitude level representing 0

deviation from a calibrated system’s

response. It is obtained’by subtracting the system’s response from itself.

normalized reference position

The position on a network analyzer’s display of the normalized reference

level.

parameter units

Standard units of measure, which include the following:

Measured Unit

Parameter Name

frequency hertz

power level decibel relative to milliwatts

power ratio decibel

voltage volt

time second

electrical current ampere

impedance Iresistance) ohm

Unit

Abbreviation

dBm

Glossary- 10

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personality

Applications available as Hewlett Packard products on a memory card or

other electronic media that extends the capability of an instrument for

speciEc

uses. Examples include digital radio personalities and cable TV

personalities.

preamplifier

An external, low-noise-Egure

ampliEer

that improves system

[~;rnpliEer/spectrum

analyzer) sensitivity over that of the analyzer

Q indicates the frequency selectivity of a response. The narrower the

bandwidth at a given frequency, the higher the Q. It is defined by the

following formula:

where:

is the center frequency of the displayed response.

BW is the bandwidth of the displayed response.

query

Any spectrum analyzer programming command having the distinct

function of returning a response. These commands may end with a

question mark

(?).

Query commands return information either to the

computer or to the analyzer display.

random-access memory

RAM (random-access memory) or read-write memory, is a storage area

allowing access to any of its storage locations. Data can be written to or

retrieved from RAM, but data storage is only temporary. When the power

is removed, the information disappears. User-generated information

appearing on a display is RAM data.

read-only memory

ROM (read-only memory) that is encoded into the analyzer’s Ermware.

The data can be accessed (read) only; it cannot be altered by the user.

-1

Glossary- 11

MEAS

measurement shows

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reference level

The calibrated vertical position on the display used as a reference for

amplitude measurement in which the amplitude of one signal is compared

with the amplitude of another regardless of the absolute amplitude of

either.

reflection coefficient

A scalar measurement defined as the ratio of the reflected signal voltage

to the incident signal voltage on a transmission line not terminated in its

characteristic impedance. The reflected signal is typically reflected from

the input of a device under test. The reflection coefficient is also referred

to as the scattering parameter

&I.

The reflection coefficient is defined by

the following formula:

reflection measurement

Refer to reflection coefficient.

relative-marker mode

The active marker is positioned relative to the position of the reference

marker. Marker readout shows amplitude, frequency, or time differences

between the two markers.

resolution

Refer to frequency resolution.

resolution bandwidth

The ability of a spectrum analyzer to display adjacent responses discretely

(hertz, hertz decibel down). This term is used to identify the width of the

resolution bandwidth filter of a spectrum analyzer at some level below the

minimum insertion-loss point (maximum deflection point on the display).

The 3

resolution bandwidth is specified; for others, it is the 6

resolution bandwidth.

return loss

A scalar measurement on a transmission line with a mismatched load.

Return loss indicates how much less the reflected power is from the

incident power on the line. This is shown in the following formula:

return loss = incident power

reflected power

Glossary- 12

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Sll

Refer to reflection coefficient

s21

Refer to transmission coefficient

scalar-analyzer mode

The operating state that allows a spectrum analyzer to make

network-analysis measurements. Spectrum analyzers with this ability

use tracking generator functions. Measurement results are displayed in a

relative-amplitude scale resulting from a variation, plus or minus, from a

reference (normalized) value stored in a trace.

scale factor

The per-division calibration of the vertical axis of the display.

shape factor

Refer to bandwidth selectivity.

single-sweep mode

The spectrum analyzer sweeps once when trigger conditions are met.

Each sweep is initiated by pressing an appropriate front-panel key, or by

sending a programming command.

softkey

Key labels displayed on a screen or monitor which are activated by

mechanical keys surrounding the display, or located on a keyboard.

Softkey

selections usually evoke menus that are written into the program

software. Front-panel key selections determine which menu (set of

softkeys) appears on the display.

span

Span equals the stop frequency minus the start frequency. The span

setting determines the horizontal-axis scale of the spectrum analyzer

display.

span accuracy

The uncertainty of the indicated frequency separation of any two signals

on the display.

Glossary- 13

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spectrum analyzer

A device that effectively performs a Fourier transform and displays the

individual spectral components (sine waves) that constitute a time-domain

signal.

stop/start frequency

Terms used in association with the stop and start points of the

frequency measurement range. Together they determine the span of the

measurement range.

sweep time

The time it takes the local oscillator to tune across the selected span.

Sweep time directly affects how long it takes to complete a measurement.

It does not include the dead time between the completion of one sweep

and the start of the next. It is usually a function of frequency span,

resolution bandwidth, and video bandwidth. Resolution affects sweep

time in that the IF filters are band-limited circuits requiring finite times to

charge and discharge. The amount of time the mixing product remains in

the IF hlter passband is directly proportional to the bandwidth; inversely

proportional to the sweep in Hz per unit of time. The rise time of a

Iilter

is inversely proportional to its bandwidth, and if the proportionality

constant “k” is included, then we can make the rise time equal the “k”

divided by resolution bandwidth. Mathematically, this is represented as:

Time in

Passband

= resolution bandwidth

(spansweep time)

(resolution bandwidth x sweep time)

=span

Rise Time =

resolution bandwidth

Solving for sweeptime:

Sweep Time = k x span

resolution

bandwidth2

syntax

The grammar rules that specify how commands must be structured for an

operating system, programming language, or applications.

Glossary- 14

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test set

A device used to measure scattering parameters on two-port or multiport

devices. Test sets include couplers and optionally contain transducers and

RF switches.

trace

A trace is made up of a series of data points containing frequency and

amplitude information. The series of data points is often referred to as an

array. Traces A, B, and C are the typical names of traces that analyzer

displays. The number of traces is specific to the instrument.

transmission coefficient

A scalar measurement of a signal transmitted through a device. It is

de&ted

as the ratio of the output signal voltage over the input signal

voltage of a device. (The transmission line must be terminated in its

characteristic impedance.) The transmission coefficient is also referred to

as the scattering parameter

Szi.

The transmission coefficient is defined

as the ratio of the voltage at the output of a device to the voltage at the

input of a device. It is shown by the following formula:

&apt

transmission measurement

Refer to transmission coefficient

units

Dimensions on the measured quantities. Units usually refer to amplitude

quantities because they can be changed. In spectrum analyzers with

microprocessors, available units are

dBm

(dB

relative to 1

(milliwatt)

dissipated in the nominal input impedance of the analyzer),

dBmV

(dB

relative to 1

(millivolt)),

dB,uV

(dB

relative to 1

pV>,

volts, and in

some analyzers watts.

update

To make existing information current; to bring information up to date.

Glossary 15

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video

A term describing the output of a spectrum analyzer’s envelope detector.

The frequency range extends from 0 Hz to a frequency that is typically

well beyond the widest resolution bandwidth available in the analyzer.

However, the ultimate bandwidth of the video chain is determined by the

setting of the video

Iilter.

video average

The digital averaging of spectrum analyzer trace information. It is

available only on analyzers with digital displays. Each point on the

display is averaged independently and the average is computed based

on the number of sweeps selected by the user. The averaging algorithm

applies a factor to the amplitude value of a given point on the current

sweep

(l/n,

where

is the number of the current sweep); applies another

factor to the previously stored average

[(n

l/n)]

;

and combines the

two for a current average. After the designated number of sweeps are

completed, the factors remain constant, and the display becomes a

running average.

video bandwidth

The cut-off frequency (3

point) of an adjustable low-pass filter in the

video circuit. When the video bandwidth is equal to or less than the

resolution bandwidth, the video circuit cannot fully respond to the more

rapid fluctuations of the output of the envelope detector. The result is

a smoothing of the trace, or a reduction in the peak-to-peak excursion,

of broadband signals such as noise and pulsed RF when viewed in

broadband mode. The degree of averaging or smoothing is a function of

the ratio of the video bandwidth to the resolution bandwidth.

video filter

A post-detection, low-pass filter that determines the bandwidth of the

video amplifier. It is used to average or smooth a trace. Refer also to

video bandwidth.

Glossary-16

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VSWR

The VSWR (voltage standing-wave ratio) is the ratio of the minimum and

maximum voltage values on a transmission line caused by reflections from

a mismatch. VSWR values range from 1 (representing no reflection) to

infinity (representing 100% reflection from the load). Examples of 100%

reflection occurs when the transmission line is terminated with a short or

open.

VSWR is related to return loss

(dB)

as shown in the following formula:

u-l

return loss = -20

log(x)

zero span

The case in which a spectrum analyzer’s local oscillator remains fixed at a

given frequency so that the analyzer becomes a fixed-tuned receiver. In

this state, the bandwidth is equal to the resolution bandwidth. Signal

amplitude variations are displayed as a function of time. To avoid loss of

signal information, the resolution bandwidth must be as wide as the signal

bandwidth.

avoid any smoothing, the video bandwidth must be set

wider than the resolution bandwidth.

Glossary 17

Index

Special

8-60

characters

120

ON OFF, 4-11, 8-9

AC/DC coupling, 2-25

amplitude,

2-10

AMPLITUDE, 8- 10

Amplitude menu, 8-4

Amptd,

2-10,

8-10

annotation, vii, 8-68

ANNOT

ON OFF,

ATTEN

AUTO MAN,

ATTEN

PORT

attenuation

input,

output,

2-16

source,

attenuator, 8-69, 8-84

AUTO,

8-11

autoscale, 8-71

AUTO SCALE,

2-10,

4-13, 8-12

AUX CTRL, 2-14, 8-12

AUX INFERFACE, 1-3

AVERAGE ON OFF. 8- 13

bandwidth,

4-17,

8-124

bandwidth measurement,

8-74

bandwidth type, 8-72

BW, 8-13

MEAS

ON OFF,

4-18,

8-14

Index-2

I-

Cal,

8-15

CAL, 3-3, 8-15

calibrated limit

8-88,

8-89,

range,

8-125

calibrate reflection, 8-75

calibrate standard device, 8-76

calibration, 3-2

limits,

memory,

3-12,

5-12

recalling,

reflection, 3-7

saving,

3-12

standard device, 3-9

transmission, 3-6

calibration kit, vi, 3-7

Calibration menu, 3-3, 8-4

CAL

OPN/SHRT,

3-7,

CAL STD DEV, 8-16

CAL STD DEVICE, 3-9

CAL THRU,

8-17

CANCEL, 8- 17

card, 1-7

center frequency,

CHANGE PREFIX, 8- 18

CHANGE TITLE, 5-10, 8-17

Command Mnemonic, 8-59

Command Terminators,

8-60

Compress Function,

compression, 4-27

CONFIG,

correction constants, 1-3

COUPLE DC AC. 8-19

DELETE SEGMENT, 8- 19

deleting, 2-5

DELTA

MEAS,

5-4, 8-20

Device BW

Meas,

4-18,

4-20

Device BW

MEAS,

8-20

Display, 8-21

DISPLAY, 8-21

Display menu, 8-5

DISPLAY OVER-RANGE,

3-15,

10-9

DISPLAY UNDER-RANGE,

l-14,

3-15,

IO-9

DISPOSE SCALAR, 8-21

Dotted Lines,

8-60

DSP LINE ON OFF, 8-22

dual display mode, 8-79

DUAL DSP ON OFF, 4-8, 8-22

dynamic range, 3-4

Index-3

EDIT DONE, 5-8, 8-23

EDIT LIMIT, 5-8, 8-23

EDIT LOWER, 8-24

EDIT

MID/DELT,

8-24

EDIT UP/LOW, 8-24

EDIT UPPER, 8-25

EDIT UPR LWR, 8-25

EXIT DELTA, 8-25

EXIT FFT, 8-26

EXIT

PK-PK.

8-26

extended display range, 8-82

external gain,

2-19

fast fourier transforms,

4-21

FFT

MEAS,

4-22, 8-26

FLAT, 5-9, 8-27

frequency range, iii

frequency tracking,

GRAT ON OFF, 8-27

85630A

test set, 2-23

insertion loss,

installation, 1-2

INVALID SYMTAB ENTRY, 10-4

keys

redefined. 8-8

LIMITEST ON OFF, 3-10,

5-11, 8-28

LIMIT FAIL, 5-5

limit lines

amplitude units, 5-7

creating, 5-5

fixed, 5-7

recalling,

relative, 5-7

saving,

segments, 5-8

title,

5-10

tutorial,

5-14,

5-20

Limit Lines, 5-8, 8-28

Limit Lines menu, 8-7

Index-4

LIMIT PASS, 5-5

LIMITS FIX REL, 5-8, 8-27

LOG SCALE, 8-28

LOWER BW TARGET,

19, 8-29

LOWER LIMIT, 3-10, 8-29

MAG

Sll

ON OFF,

4-15,

8-30

MAG

S21

ON OFF, 4-15, 8-31

Main 8-4menu,

Main Menu, 8-32

MAN TRK ADJUST, 8-32

marker,

4-14

Marker Convert,

4-15,

4-16,

8-32

MARKER DELTA, 8-33

markers, 5-3

Marker Tables, 5-3

maximum dynamic range, 3-4

MAX RNG ON OFF,

3-15,

8-33

Measure, 8-34

measurement, 8-9 1

bandwidth,

4-17

center frequency,

FFT, 4-21

FFT example, 4-23

insertion loss,

4-17

range,

4-10

reflection, 4-7,

4-15

simultaneous, 4-8

swept power,

2-20,

4-25

table,

6-2

transmission, 4-6,

4-15

uncertainty, 9-3, 9-8

VSWR,

4-16

measurement type, 8-92

Measure 4-3, 8-6menu,

measuremetn

shape factor,

4-19

MEASAJSER, 4-3, 8-34

memory,

10-4

available,

10-5

increasing,

10-6

MIN RNG ON OFF,

15, 8-35

MODE, vii, 2-3

MOV command, 7-4

Multiple Markers, 5-3

Index-5

NEGATIVE ON OFF, 8-36

NEW LIMIT, 5-8, 8-36

NEXT PEAK, 8-37

NEXT PK LEFT, 8-37

NEXT PK RIGHT, 8-37

NORM, 3-6, 3-8

normalization, 3-2, 4-9

normalized position,

3-17

normalized reference level, 8-98

normalized reference position, 5-7

NORMALIZE ON OFF, 8-39

NORMAL ON OFF, 8-38

NORM REF POSN, 2-10, 3-17, 5-7,

8-38

ns...ANNOT,

8-68

ns-AT, 8-69

ns-AUTOSC, 8-7 1

ns-BMT, 8-72

ns-BWM, 8-74

ns-CALR, 8-75

ns-CALS, 8-76

ns-CALT, 8-77

ns-CAN.8.78

ns-DDM, 8-79

ns-DISPOSE, 8-81

ns_EDR,

8-82

ns-EXATN, 8-84

ns-FFT, 8-85

ns-LBW, 8-87

ns-LIMITEST, 8-88

ns-LRNG, 8-89

ns-MCM,

8-91

ns-MCT,

8-92

ns-MP, 8-95

ns-NORM, 8-96

ns-NRL, 8-98

ns-NRP,

100

ns-OPEN,

8-101

ns-RCI,

102

ns-REFL,

104

ns-RL,

105

ns-SCI,

106

ns-SDLL,

8-107

ns-SDUL, 8-108

ns-SFM,

109

ns-SHRT,

8-l

ns_SRCOFF,

111

ns-SRCPOFS, 8-112

ns-SRCPWR,

113

ns-STD.

8-114

Index-6

ns_TAKESWP,

8-115

ns-TCA,

8-116

ns-TDD,

118

ns-TDP,

8-120

ns-THRU,

8-122

ns-TRANS,

123

nsSJBW,

8-124

nsJJRNG,

125

NUMBER POINTS, 6.8, 8-39

open, vi

PEAK EXCURSN, 5-4, 8-39

peaking, 3-5

PK-PK

MEAS,

5-4,

8-40

POINT, 5-9, 8-40

POSITIVE ON OFF, 8-40

power sweep,

2-20

preset condition, 2-5

PRESET SCALAR, 2-4, 8-41

printer configuration, 6-5

printing results, 6-5

PRINT PAGE ALL, 8-41

programming, 7-2

programming commands, 8-59

programming variables, 7-5

PURGE LIMITS, 8-42

PWR SWP ON OFF, 2-20, 4-26, 8-42

4-17

RECAL CAL, 8-42

recall calibration,

102

recalling

calibrations,

limit lines,

5-12

RECALL LIMIT, 8-43

Recommended Path,

8-60

reference level,

2-10,

3-17

REFL, 8-44

reflection,

4-7

reflection calibration, 3-7

reflection coefficient,

REF LEVEL, 8-43

removing, 2-5

removing slope, 2-21

Index-7

Repeating Syntax Element,

8-60

Reserved Words,

8-60

revision number, 2-6

RF input attenuator, 8-69

SAMPLE ON OFF, 8-44

SAVE CAL, 8-45

save calibration,

8-106

SAVE LIMIT, 8-45

saving

calibrations,

limit lines,

5-12

scalar analyzer, 2-3

calibrate transmission, 8-77

cancel calibration routine, 8-78

dispose DLP, 8-81

fast Fourier transform, 8-85

mode preset, 8-95

normalization, 8-96

normalized reference position,

8-100

reflection measurement and calibration,

8-104

source power offset,

8-l

transmission measurement,

123

Scalar Analyzer

reference level,

105

source power,

8-l

source power off,

111

store open,

8-101

store short,

110

store thru,

8-122

sweep,

8-115

SCALAR ANALYZER, 8-45

SCALAR REVISION, 8-46

scale,

4-12

Secondary Keywords,

8-60

SELECT AMPLITUD, 8-46

SELECT DLT AMPL, 8-46

SELECT FREQ, 8-47

SELECT LWR AMPL, 8-47

SELECT MID AMPL, 8-47

SELECT SEGMENT, 8-47

SELECT TYPE, 8-48

SELECT UPR AMPL, 8-49

MEAS

ON OFF,

4-20,

8-49

shape factor,

4-19,

8-109

shape factor bandwidth, 8-87

short, vi

slope, 2-21

Index-8

SLOPE, 5-9,

8-51

software product license agreement, xi

source

attenuation,

frequency,

2-14

frequency tracking,

2-14

power, 2-14,

2-16

Source, 8-51

Source menu,

2-14,

8-4

SPAN, 8-51

Special Numbers and Characters,

8-60

spectrum analyzer, 2-3

SRC ATN AUTO MAN, 8-52

SRC PWR OFFSET, 8-52

SRC PWR ON OFF, 2-16, 8-53

standard device calibration, 3-9

standard device limit,

8.107,

8.108

STORE OPEN, 8-53

STORE SHORT, 8-53

store standard device,

114

STORE STD DEV, 8-54

STORE THRU, 3-6, 8-54

swept power, 4-25

SYMTAB OVERFLOW, 10-4

syntax conventions, 8-59

Syntax Elements,

8-60

table, 6-2

reducing, 6-7

tabular data,

118,

8-120

tabular data compression,

8-116

Tabular Display, 6-3, 8-54

Tabular Display menu, 6-3, 8-5

TABULAR ON OFF, 6-4, 8-55

temperature changes,

2-14

test set, viii, 2-23

85630A,

1-4

TEST SET YES NO, 2-24, 8-55

TRACKING PEAK, 2-14, 8-55

TRANS, 8-56

transmission, 4-6

transmission calibration, 3-6

transmission coefficient,

Index-9

UNCAL,

6-3, lo-13

UPPER Bw

TARGET, 4-17, 4-19, 8-56

UPPER

LIMIT, 3-10, 8-57

VIEW NEXT PG, 8-57

VIEW PREV PG, 8-57

VSWR,

4-16

VSWR

ON OFF,

4- 16,

8-58

warranty, xiii

Index- 10

HP 85714A Scalar Measurements Personality User's Guide A_85630A A 85630A

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