9900000000001 AR 80 00080
User Manual: AR-80
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Compilation of Financial Statements 2521 AR Section 80 Compilation of Financial Statements Issue date, unless otherwise indicated: December 2009 See section 9080 for interpretations of this section. Source: SSARS No. 19 .01 This section establishes standards and provides guidance on compilations of financial statements. The accountant is required to comply with the provisions of this section whenever he or she is engaged to report on compiled financial statements or submits financial statements to a client or to third parties. Establishing an Understanding .02 The accountant should establish an understanding with management regarding the services to be performed for compilation engagements1 and should document the understanding through a written communication with management. Such an understanding reduces the risks that either the accountant or management may misinterpret the needs or expectations of the other party. For example, it reduces the risk that management may inappropriately rely on the accountant to protect the entity against certain risks or to perform certain functions that are management's responsibility. The accountant should ensure that the understanding includes the objectives of the engagement, management's responsibilities, the accountant's responsibilities, and the limitations of the engagement. In some cases, the accountant may establish such understanding with those charged with governance. .03 An understanding with management and, if applicable, those charged with governance, regarding a compilation of financial statements should include the following matters: • The objective of a compilation is to assist management in presenting financial information in the form of financial statements. • The accountant utilizes information that is the representation of management (owners) without undertaking to obtain or provide any assurance that there are no material modifications that should be made to the financial statements in order for the statements to be in conformity with the applicable financial reporting framework. • Management is responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework. • Management is responsible for designing, implementing, and maintaining internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements. • Management is responsible to prevent and detect fraud. 1 See paragraph .29 of QC section 10, A Firm's System of Quality Control. [Footnote revised, December 2012, to reflect conforming changes necessary due to the issuance of SQCS No. 8.] ©2016, AICPA AR §80.03 2522 Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services • Management is responsible for identifying and ensuring that the entity complies with the laws and regulations applicable to its activities. • Management is responsible for making all financial records and related information available to the accountant. • The accountant is responsible for conducting the engagement in accordance with Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services (SSARSs) issued by the AICPA. • A compilation differs significantly from a review or an audit of financial statements. A compilation does not contemplate performing inquiry, analytical procedures, or other procedures performed in a review. Additionally, a compilation does not contemplate obtaining an understanding of the entity's internal control; assessing fraud risk; testing accounting records by obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence through inspection, observation, confirmation, or the examination of source documents (for example, cancelled checks or bank images); or other procedures ordinarily performed in an audit. Accordingly, the accountant will not express an opinion or provide any assurance regarding the financial statements. • The engagement cannot be relied upon to disclose errors, fraud,2 or illegal acts.3 • The accountant will inform the appropriate level of management of any material errors and of any evidence or information that comes to the accountant's attention during the performance of compilation procedures that fraud or an illegal act may have occurred.4 The accountant need not report any matters regarding illegal acts that may have occurred that are clearly inconsequential and may reach agreement in advance with the entity on the nature of any such matters to be communicated. • The effect of any independence impairments on the expected form of the accountant's compilation report, if applicable. These matters should be communicated in the form of an engagement letter. Examples of engagement letters for a compilation of financial statements are presented in Compilation Exhibit A, "Illustrative Engagement Letters." .04 An understanding with management or, if applicable, those charged with governance, also may include other matters, such as the following: • Fees and billings 2 For purposes of the SSARSs, fraud is an intentional act that results in a misstatement in compiled financial statements. 3 For purposes of the SSARSs, illegal acts are violations of laws or government regulations, excluding fraud. 4 Whether an act is, in fact, fraudulent or illegal is a determination that is normally beyond the accountant's professional competence. An accountant, in reporting on financial statements, presents himself or herself as one who is proficient in accounting and compilation services. The accountant's training, experience, and understanding of the client and its industry may provide a basis for recognition that some client acts coming to his or her attention may be fraudulent or illegal. However, the determination about whether a particular act is fraudulent or illegal would generally be based on the advice of an informed expert qualified to practice law or may have to await final determination by a court of law. AR §80.04 ©2016, AICPA Compilation of Financial Statements 2523 • Any limitation of or other arrangements regarding the liability of the accountant or the client, such as indemnification to the accountant for liability arising from knowing misrepresentations to the accountant by management (regulators may restrict or prohibit such liability limitation arrangements) • Conditions under which access to compilation documentation may be granted to others • Additional services to be provided relating to regulatory requirements .05 If the compiled financial statements are not expected to be used by a third party and the accountant does not expect to issue a compilation report on the financial statements, the accountant should include in the engagement letter an acknowledgment of management's representation and agreement that the financial statements are not to be used by a third party. The engagement letter also should address the following additional matters if applicable: • Material departures from the applicable financial reporting framework may exist, and the effects of those departures, if any, on the financial statements may not be disclosed. • Substantially all disclosures (and statement of cash flows, if applicable) required by the applicable financial reporting framework may be omitted. • Reference to supplementary information. Compilation Performance Requirements Understanding of the Industry .06 The accountant should possess an understanding of the industry in which the client operates, including the accounting principles and practices generally used in the industry sufficient to enable the accountant to compile financial statements that are appropriate in form for an entity operating in that industry. .07 The requirement that the accountant possess a level of knowledge of the industry in which the client operates does not prevent the accountant from accepting a compilation engagement for an entity in an industry with which the accountant has no previous experience. It does, however, place upon the accountant a responsibility to obtain the required level of knowledge. The accountant may do so, for example, by consulting AICPA guides, industry publications, financial statements of other entities in the industry, textbooks and periodicals, appropriate continuing professional education, or individuals knowledgeable about the industry. Knowledge of the Client .08 The accountant should obtain knowledge about the client, including • • an understanding of the client's business and an understanding of the accounting principles and practices used by the client. .09 In obtaining an understanding of the client's business, the accountant should have a general understanding of the client's organization; its operating ©2016, AICPA AR §80.09 2524 Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services characteristics; and the nature of its assets, liabilities, revenues, and expenses. The accountant's understanding of the entity's business is ordinarily obtained through experience with the entity or its industry and inquiry of the entity's personnel. .10 The accountant should obtain an understanding of the accounting principles and practices used by the client in measuring, recognizing, recording, and disclosing all significant accounts and disclosures in the financial statements. The accountant's understanding also may include matters such as changes in accounting practices and principles and differences in the client's business model as compared with normal practices within the industry. .11 In obtaining this understanding of the client's accounting policies and practices, the accountant should be alert to unusual accounting policies and procedures that come to the accountant's attention as a result of his or her knowledge of the industry. Reading the Financial Statements .12 Before submission, the accountant should read the financial statements and consider whether such financial statements appear to be appropriate in form and free from obvious material errors. In this context, the term error refers to mistakes in the preparation of financial statements, including arithmetical or clerical mistakes, and mistakes in the application of accounting principles, including inadequate disclosure. Other Compilation Procedures .13 The accountant is not required to make inquiries or perform other procedures to verify, corroborate, or review information supplied by the entity. However, the accountant may have made inquiries or performed other procedures. The results of such inquiries or procedures, knowledge gained from prior engagements, or the financial statements on their face may cause the accountant to become aware that information supplied by the entity is incorrect, incomplete, or otherwise unsatisfactory or that fraud or an illegal act may have occurred. The accountant should request that management consider the effect of these matters on the financial statements and communicate the results of such consideration to the accountant. Additionally, the accountant should consider the effect of management's conclusions regarding these matters on the accountant's compilation report. In circumstances when the accountant believes that the financial statements may be materially misstated, the accountant should obtain additional or revised information. If the entity refuses to provide additional or revised information, the accountant should withdraw from the engagement. Documentation in a Compilation Engagement .14 The accountant should prepare documentation in connection with each compilation engagement in sufficient detail to provide a clear understanding of the work performed. Documentation provides the principal support for the representation in the accountant's compilation report that the accountant performed the compilation in accordance with SSARSs. The accountant is not precluded from supporting the compilation report by other means in addition to the compilation documentation. Such other means might include written documentation contained in other engagement files or AR §80.10 ©2016, AICPA Compilation of Financial Statements 2525 quality control files (for example, consultation files) and, in limited situations, oral explanations. .15 The form, content, and extent of documentation depend on the circumstances of the engagement, the methodology and tools used, and the accountant's professional judgment. The accountant's documentation should include the following: a. b. c. The engagement letter documenting the understanding with the client Any findings or issues that, in the accountant's judgment, are significant (for example, the results of compilation procedures that indicate that the financial statements could be materially misstated, including actions taken to address such findings and, to the extent that the accountant had any questions or concerns as a result of his or her compilation procedures, how those issues were resolved) Communications, whether oral or written, to the appropriate level of management regarding fraud or illegal acts that come to the accountant's attention Reporting on the Financial Statements .16 When the accountant is engaged to report on compiled financial statements or submits financial statements that are reasonably expected to be used by a third party, the financial statements should be accompanied by a written report. The accountant's objective in reporting on the financial statements is to prevent misinterpretation of the degree of responsibility the accountant is assuming when his or her name is associated with the financial statements. .17 The basic elements of the report are as follows: a. b. c. d. Title. The accountant's compilation report should have a title that clearly indicates that it is the accountant's compilation report. The accountant may indicate that he or she is independent in the title, if applicable. Appropriate titles would be "Accountant's Compilation Report" or "Independent Accountant's Compilation Report." Addressee. The accountant's report should be addressed as appropriate in the circumstances of the engagement. Introductory paragraph. The introductory paragraph in the accountant's report should i. identify the entity whose financial statements have been compiled; ii. state that the financial statements have been compiled; iii. identify the financial statements that have been compiled; iv. specify the date or period covered by the financial statements; and v. include a statement that the accountant has not audited or reviewed the financial statements and, accordingly, does not express an opinion or provide any assurance about whether the financial statements are in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework. Management's responsibility for the financial statements and for internal control over financial reporting. A statement that ©2016, AICPA AR §80.17 2526 Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services management (owners) is (are) responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with the applicable financial reporting framework and for designing, implementing, and maintaining internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements. e. Accountant's responsibility. A statement that the accountant's responsibility is to conduct the compilation in accordance with SSARSs issued by the AICPA. A statement that the objective of a compilation is to assist management in presenting financial information in the form of financial statements without undertaking to obtain or provide any assurance that there are no material modifications that should be made to the financial statements. f. Signature of the accountant. The manual or printed signature of the accounting firm or the accountant, as appropriate. g. Date of the accountant's report. The date of the compilation report (the date of completion of the compilation should be used as the date of the accountant's report). Procedures that the accountant might have performed as part of the compilation engagement should not be described in the report. See Compilation Exhibit B, "Illustrative Compilation Reports," for illustrative compilation reports. .18 Each page of the financial statements compiled by the accountant should include a reference, such as "See accountant's compilation report" or "See independent accountant's compilation report." .19 Financial statements prepared in accordance with an other comprehensive basis of accounting (OCBOA) are not considered appropriate in form unless the financial statements include a. b. a description of the OCBOA, including a summary of significant accounting policies and a description of the primary differences from generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP). The effects of the differences need not be quantified. informative disclosures similar to those required by GAAP if the financial statements contain items that are the same as, or similar to, those in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. Reporting on Financial Statements That Omit Substantially All Disclosures .20 An entity may request the accountant to compile financial statements that omit substantially all the disclosures required by an applicable financial reporting framework, including disclosures that might appear in the body of the financial statements.5 The accountant may compile such financial statements, provided that the omission of substantially all disclosures is not, to his or her knowledge, undertaken with the intention of misleading those who might reasonably be expected to use such financial statements. When reporting 5 See paragraphs .27–.29 for the accountant's responsibilities when he or she is aware of other departures from an applicable financial reporting framework. However, see section 300, Compilation Reports on Financial Statements Included in Certain Prescribed Forms, for guidance when such financial statements are included in a prescribed form, and the prescribed form or related instructions do not request the disclosures required by an applicable financial reporting framework. AR §80.18 ©2016, AICPA Compilation of Financial Statements 2527 on financial statements that omit substantially all disclosures, the accountant should include, after the paragraph describing the accountant's responsibility, a paragraph in the compilation report that includes the following elements: a. A statement that management has elected to omit substantially all the disclosures (and the statement of cash flows, if applicable) required by the applicable financial reporting framework (or ordinarily included in the financial statements if the financial statements are prepared in accordance with an OCBOA) b. A statement that if the omitted disclosures (and statement of cash flows, if applicable) were included in the financial statements, they might influence the user's conclusions about the company's financial position, results of operations, and cash flows (or equivalent for presentations other than accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America) c. A statement that, accordingly, the financial statements are not designed for those who are not informed about such matters When the entity wishes to include disclosures about only a few matters in the form of notes to such financial statements, such disclosures should be labeled "Selected Information—Substantially All Disclosures Required by [identify the applicable financial reporting framework (for example "Accepted Accounting Principles Generally Accepted in the United States of America")] Are Not Included." See Compilation Exhibit B for examples of compilation reports when substantially all disclosures required by an applicable financial reporting framework are omitted. Reporting When the Accountant Is Not Independent .21 When the accountant is issuing a report with respect to a compilation of financial statements for an entity, with respect to which the accountant is not independent, the accountant's report should be modified. In making a judgment about whether he or she is independent, the accountant should be guided by the AICPA's Code of Professional Conduct. The accountant should indicate his or her lack of independence in a final paragraph of the accountant's compilation report. An example of such a disclosure would be I am (We are) not independent with respect to XYZ Company. The accountant is not precluded from disclosing a description about the reason(s) that his or her independence is impaired. The following are examples of descriptions the accountant may use: a. I am (We are) not independent with respect to XYZ Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 20XX, because I (a member of the engagement team) had a direct financial interest in XYZ Company; b. I am (We are) not independent with respect to XYZ Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 20XX, because an individual of my immediate family (an immediate family member of one of the members of the engagement team) was employed by XYZ Company; or c. I am (We are) not independent with respect to XYZ Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 20XX, because I (we) performed certain accounting services (the accountant may include a specific description of those services) that impaired my (our) independence. ©2016, AICPA AR §80.21 2528 Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services If the accountant elects to disclose a description about the reasons his or her independence is impaired, the accountant should ensure that all reasons are included in the description. See Compilation Exhibit B for illustrative examples of accountant's compilation reports when the accountant's independence has been impaired. Accountant’s Communications With the Client When the Compiled Financial Statements Are Not Expected to Be Used by a Third Party .22 When the accountant submits compiled financial statements to his or her client that are not expected to be used by a third party, he or she is not required to issue a compilation report. .23 The accountant should include a reference on each page of the financial statements restricting their use, such as "Restricted for Management's Use Only," or "Solely for the information and use by the management of [name of entity] and not intended to be and should not be used by any other party." .24 If the accountant becomes aware that the financial statements have been distributed to third parties, the accountant should discuss the situation with the client and determine the appropriate course of action, including considering requesting that the client have the statements returned. If the accountant requests that the financial statements be returned and the client does not comply with that request within a reasonable period of time, the accountant should notify known third parties that the financial statements are not intended for third party use, preferably in consultation with his or her attorney. Emphasis of a Matter .25 The accountant may emphasize, in any report on financial statements, a matter disclosed in the financial statements. Such explanatory information should be presented in a separate paragraph of the accountant's report. Emphasis paragraphs are never required; they may be added solely at the accountant's discretion. Examples of matters that the accountant may wish to emphasize are • • • uncertainties. • • unusually important subsequent events. that the entity is a component of a larger business enterprise. that the entity has had significant transactions with related parties. accounting matters affecting the comparability of the financial statements with those of the preceding period. .26 Because an emphasis of matter paragraph should not be used in lieu of management disclosures, the accountant should not include an emphasis paragraph in a compilation report on financial statements that omit substantially all disclosures unless the matter is disclosed in the financial statements. The accountant should refer to paragraph .20 if he or she believes that a disclosure is necessary to keep the financial statements from being misleading. AR §80.22 ©2016, AICPA 2529 Compilation of Financial Statements Departures From the Applicable Financial Reporting Framework .27 An accountant who is engaged to compile financial statements may become aware of a departure from the applicable financial reporting framework (including inadequate disclosure) that is material to the financial statements. Paragraph .20 provides guidance to the accountant when the departure relates to the omission of substantially all disclosures in the financial statements that he or she has compiled. section 300, Compilation Reports on Financial Statements Included in Certain Prescribed Forms, provides guidance when the departure is called for by a prescribed form or related instructions. In all other circumstances, if the financial statements are not revised, the accountant should consider whether modification of the standard report is adequate to disclose the departure. .28 If the accountant concludes that modification of the standard report is appropriate, the departure should be disclosed in a separate paragraph of the report, including disclosure of the effects of the departure on the financial statements if such effects have been determined by management or are known as the result of the accountant's procedures. The accountant is not required to determine the effects of a departure if management has not done so, provided that the accountant states in the report that such determination has not been made. See Compilation Exhibit B for examples of compilation reports that disclose departures from the applicable financial reporting framework. .29 If the accountant believes that modification of the standard report is not adequate to indicate the deficiencies in the financial statements as a whole, the accountant should withdraw from the compilation engagement and provide no further services with respect to those financial statements. The accountant may wish to consult with his or her legal counsel in those circumstances. Restricting the Use of an Accountant’s Compilation Report General Use and Restricted Use Reports .30 The term general use applies to accountants' reports that are not restricted to specified parties. Accountants' reports on financial statements prepared in conformity with an applicable financial reporting framework ordinarily are not restricted regarding use. However, nothing in this section precludes the accountant from restricting the use of any report. .31 The term restricted use applies to accountants' reports intended only for one or more specified third parties. The need for restriction on the use of a report may result from a number of circumstances, including, but not limited to, the purpose of the report and the potential for the report to be misunderstood when taken out of the context in which it was intended to be used. .32 The accountant should restrict the use of a report when the subject matter of the accountant's report or the presentation being reported on is based on measurement or disclosure criteria contained in contractual agreements6 or regulatory provisions that are not in conformity with an applicable financial reporting framework. 6 A contractual agreement, as discussed in this section, is an agreement between the client and one or more third parties other than the accountant. ©2016, AICPA AR §80.32 2530 Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services Reporting on Subject Matter or Presentations Based on Measurement or Disclosure Criteria Contained in Contractual Agreements or Regulatory Provisions .33 When reports are issued on subject matter or presentations based on measurement or disclosure criteria contained in contractual agreements or regulatory provisions that are not in conformity with an applicable financial reporting framework, the accountant should restrict the report because the basis, assumptions, or purpose of such presentations (contained in such agreements or regulatory provisions) are developed for, and directed only to, the parties to the agreement or regulatory agency responsible for the provisions. The report also should be restricted because the report, the subject matter, or the presentation may be misunderstood by those who are not adequately informed of the basis, assumptions, or purpose of the presentation. Combined Reports Covering Both Restricted Use and General Use Subject Matter or Presentations .34 If the accountant issues a single combined report covering both (a) subject matter or presentations that require a restriction on use to specified parties and (b) subject matter or presentations that ordinarily do not require such a restriction, the use of such a single combined report should be restricted to the specified parties. Inclusion of a Separate Restricted Use Report in the Same Document With a General Use Report .35 When required by law or regulation, a separate restricted use report may be included in a document that also contains a general use report. The inclusion of a separate restricted use report in a document that contains a general use report does not affect the intended use of either report. The restricted use report remains restricted regarding use, and the general use report continues for general use. Adding Other Specified Parties .36 Subsequent to the completion of an engagement resulting in a restricted use report, or in the course of such an engagement, the accountant may be asked to consider adding other parties as specified parties. .37 If the accountant is reporting on subject matter or a presentation based on measurement or disclosure criteria contained in contractual agreements or regulatory provisions, as described in paragraph .33, the accountant may agree to add other parties as specified parties based on the accountant's consideration of factors such as the identity of the other parties, their knowledge of the basis of the measurement or disclosure criteria, and the intended use of the report. If the accountant agrees to add other parties as specified parties, the accountant should obtain affirmative acknowledgment, preferably in writing, from the other parties of their understanding of the nature of the engagement, the measurement or disclosure criteria used in the engagement, and the related report. If the other parties are added after the accountant has issued his or her report, the report may be reissued, or the accountant may provide other written acknowledgment that the other parties have been added as specified parties. If the report is reissued, the report date should not be changed. If the accountant provides written acknowledgment that the other parties have been added as specified parties, such written acknowledgment ordinarily should state that no procedures have been performed subsequent to the date of the report. AR §80.33 ©2016, AICPA 2531 Compilation of Financial Statements Limiting the Distribution of Reports .38 Because of the reasons presented in paragraph .31, the accountant should consider informing his or her client that restricted use reports are not intended for distribution to nonspecified parties, regardless of whether they are included in a document containing a separate general use report. 7 This section does not preclude the accountant, in connection with establishing the terms of the engagement, from reaching an understanding with the client that the intended use of the report will be restricted and from obtaining the client's agreement that the client and the specified parties will not distribute the report to parties other than those identified in the report. However, the accountant is not responsible for controlling a client's distribution of restricted use reports. Accordingly, a restricted use report should alert readers to the restriction on the use of the report by indicating that the report is not intended to be and should not be used by anyone other than the specified parties. Report Language—Restricted Use .39 An accountant's report that is restricted should contain a separate paragraph at the end of the report that includes the following elements: a. b. c. A statement indicating that the report is intended solely for the information and use of the specified parties. An identification of the specified parties to whom use is restricted. The report may list the specified parties or refer the reader to the specified parties listed elsewhere in the report. A statement that the report is not intended to be and should not be used by anyone other than the specified parties. An Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern .40 During the performance of compilation procedures, evidence or information may come to the accountant's attention indicating that an uncertainty may exist about the entity's ability to continue as a going concern for a reasonable period of time, not to exceed one year beyond the date of the financial statements being compiled (hereinafter referred to as a reasonable period of time). In those circumstances, the accountant should request that management consider the possible effects of the going concern uncertainty on the financial statements, including the need for related disclosure. .41 After management communicates to the accountant the results of its consideration of the possible effects on the financial statements, the accountant should consider the reasonableness of management's conclusions, including the adequacy of the related disclosures, if applicable. .42 If the accountant determines that management's conclusions are unreasonable or the disclosure of the uncertainty regarding the entity's ability to continue as a going concern is not adequate, he or she should follow the guidance in paragraphs .27–.29 with respect to departures from an applicable financial reporting framework. .43 The accountant may emphasize an uncertainty about an entity's ability to continue as a going concern, provided that the uncertainty is disclosed in the 7 In some cases, restricted use reports filed with regulatory agencies are required by law or regulation to be made available to the public as a matter of public record. Also, a regulatory agency, as part of its oversight responsibility for an entity, may require access to restricted use reports in which they are not named as a specified party. ©2016, AICPA AR §80.43 2532 Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services financial statements. In such circumstances, the accountant should follow the guidance in paragraphs .25–.26. Subsequent Events .44 Evidence or information that a subsequent event that has a material effect on the compiled financial statements has occurred may come to the accountant's attention in the following ways: a. b. During the performance of compilation procedures Subsequent to the date of the accountant's compilation report but prior to the release of the report 8 In either case, the accountant should request that management consider the possible effects on the financial statements, including the adequacy of any related disclosure, if applicable. .45 If the accountant determines that the subsequent event is not adequately accounted for in the financial statements or disclosed in the notes, he or she should follow the guidance in paragraphs .27–.29. .46 Occasionally, a subsequent event has such a material impact on the entity that the accountant may wish to include in his or her compilation report an explanatory paragraph directing the reader's attention to the event and its effects. Such an emphasis of matter paragraph may be added at the accountant's discretion, provided that the matter is disclosed in the financial statements. See paragraphs .25–.26 for additional guidance with respect to emphasis of matter paragraphs. Subsequent Discovery of Facts Existing at the Date of the Report .47 Subsequent to the date of the report on the financial statements that the accountant has compiled, he or she may become aware that facts may have existed at that date that might have caused him or her to believe that information supplied by the entity was incorrect, incomplete, or otherwise unsatisfactory had the accountant then been aware of such facts.9 Because of the variety of conditions that might be encountered, some of the procedures contained in this section are necessarily set out only in general terms; the specific actions to be taken in a particular case may vary with the circumstances. The accountant would be well advised to consult with his or her legal counsel when he or she encounters the circumstances to which this section may apply because of legal implications that may be involved in actions contemplated herein. .48 After the date of the accountant's compilation report, the accountant has no obligation to perform other compilation procedures with respect to the financial statements, unless new information comes to his or her attention. However, when the accountant becomes aware of information that relates to financial statements previously reported on by him or her, but that was not known to the accountant at the date of the report, (and that is of such a nature and from such a source that the accountant would have investigated it had it come to his or her attention during the course of the compilation), the 8 For purposes of this section, with respect to compiled financial statements in which the accountant does not report, the submission of the compiled financial statements is the equivalent of the accountant's compilation or review report date. 9 See footnote 8. AR §80.44 ©2016, AICPA Compilation of Financial Statements 2533 accountant should, as soon as practicable, undertake to determine whether the information is reliable and whether the facts existed at the date of the report. The accountant should discuss the matter with his or her client at whatever management levels the accountant deems appropriate and request cooperation in whatever investigation may be necessary. In addition to management, the accountant may deem it appropriate to discuss the matter with those charged with governance. If the nature and effect of the matter are such that (a) the accountant's report or the financial statements would have been affected if the information had been known to the accountant at the accountant's compilation report date and had not been reflected in the financial statements and (b) the accountant believes that persons are currently using or are likely to use the financial statements, and those persons would attach importance to the information, the accountant should obtain additional or revised information. Consideration should be given to, among other things, the time elapsed since the financial statements were issued. .49 When the accountant has concluded that action should be taken to prevent further use of the accountant's report or the financial statements, the accountant should advise his or her client to make appropriate disclosure of the newly discovered facts and their impact on the financial statements to persons who are known to be currently using or who are likely to use the financial statements. When the client undertakes to make appropriate disclosure, the method used and the disclosure made will depend on the circumstances. For example a. if the effect of the subsequently discovered information on the accountant's report or the financial statements can promptly be determined, disclosure should consist of issuing, as soon as practicable, revised financial statements and, when applicable, the accountant's report. The reasons for the revision usually should be described in a note to the financial statements and, when applicable, referred to in the accountant's report. Generally, only the most recently issued compiled financial statements would need to be revised, even though the revision resulted from events that had occurred in prior years. b. when issuance of financial statements for a subsequent period is imminent, so that disclosure is not delayed, appropriate disclosure of the revision can be made in such statements instead of reissuing the earlier statements, pursuant to subparagraph (a). c. when the effect on the financial statements of the subsequently discovered information cannot be promptly determined, the issuance of revised financial statements would necessarily be delayed. In this circumstance, when it appears that the information will require a revision of the statements, appropriate disclosure would consist of notification by the client to persons who are known to be using or who are likely to use the financial statements that the statements should not be used; that revised financial statements will be issued; and, when applicable, that the accountant's report will be issued as soon as practicable. .50 The accountant should take whatever steps he or she deems necessary to satisfy himself or herself that the client has made the disclosures specified in paragraph .49. .51 If the client refuses to make the disclosures specified in paragraph .49, the accountant should notify the appropriate personnel at the highest levels within the entity, such as the manager (owner) or those charged with governance, of such refusal and of the fact that, in the absence of disclosure by the ©2016, AICPA AR §80.51 2534 Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services client, the accountant will take steps as outlined subsequently to prevent further use of the financial statements and, if applicable, the accountant's report. The steps that can appropriately be taken will depend upon the degree of certainty of the accountant's knowledge that persons exist who are currently using or who will use the financial statements and, if applicable, the accountant's report and who would attach importance to the information and the accountant's ability as a practical matter to communicate with them. Unless the accountant's attorney recommends a different course of action, the accountant should take the following steps to the extent applicable: a. Notification to the client that the accountant's report must no longer be associated with the financial statements. b. Notification to the regulatory agencies having jurisdiction over the client that the accountant's report should no longer be used. c. Notification to each person known to the accountant to be using the financial statements that the financial statements and the accountant's report should no longer be used. In many instances, it will not be practicable for the accountant to give appropriate individual notification to stakeholders whose identities ordinarily are unknown to him or her; notification to a regulatory agency having jurisdiction over the client will usually be the only practicable way for the accountant to provide appropriate disclosure. Such notification should be accompanied by a request that the agency take whatever steps it may deem appropriate to accomplish the necessary disclosure. .52 The following guidelines should govern the content of any disclosure made by the accountant in accordance with paragraph .51, to persons other than his or her client: a. The disclosure should include a description of the nature of the subsequently acquired information and its effect on the financial statements. b. The information disclosed should be as precise and factual as possible and should not go beyond that which is reasonably necessary to accomplish the purpose mentioned in the preceding subparagraph (a). Comments concerning the conduct or motives of any person should be avoided. If the client has not cooperated, the accountant's disclosure need not detail the specific information but can merely indicate that the client has not cooperated with the accountant's attempt to substantiate information that has come to the accountant's attention and that, if the information is true, the accountant believes that the compilation report must no longer be used or associated with the financial statements. No such disclosure should be made unless the accountant believes that the financial statements are likely to be misleading and that the accountant's compilation report should not be used. Supplementary Information .53 When the basic financial statements are accompanied by information presented for supplementary analysis purposes, the accountant should clearly indicate the degree of responsibility, if any, he or she is taking with respect to such information. When the accountant has compiled both the basic financial statements and other data presented only for supplementary analysis purposes, the compilation report should refer to the other data, or the accountant can issue a separate report on the other data. If a separate report is issued, the report AR §80.52 ©2016, AICPA Compilation of Financial Statements 2535 should state that the other data accompanying the financial statements are presented only for the purposes of additional analysis, and that the information has been compiled from information that is the representation of management, without audit or review, and that the accountant does not express an opinion or provide any assurance on such data. Communicating to Management and Others .54 When evidence or information comes to the accountant's attention during the performance of compilation procedures that fraud or an illegal act may have occurred, that matter should be brought to the attention of the appropriate level of management. The accountant need not report matters regarding illegal acts that are clearly inconsequential and may reach agreement in advance with the entity on the nature of such items to be communicated. When matters regarding fraud or an illegal act involve senior management, the accountant should report the matter to an individual or group at a higher level within the entity, such as the manager (owner) or those charged with governance. The communication may be oral or written. If the communication is oral, the accountant should document it. When matters regarding fraud or an illegal act involve an owner of the business, the accountant should consider resigning from the engagement. Additionally, the accountant should consider consulting with his or her legal counsel whenever any evidence or information comes to his or her attention during the performance of compilation procedures that fraud or an illegal act may have occurred, unless such illegal act is clearly inconsequential. .55 The disclosure of any evidence or information that comes to the accountant's attention during the performance of compilation procedures that fraud or an illegal act may have occurred to parties other than the client's senior management (or those charged with governance, if applicable) ordinarily is not part of the accountant's responsibility and, ordinarily, would be precluded by the accountant's ethical or legal obligations of confidentiality. The accountant should recognize, however, that in the following circumstances, a duty to disclose to parties outside of the entity may exist: a. b. c. To comply with certain legal and regulatory requirements To a successor accountant when the successor decides to communicate with the predecessor accountant in accordance with section 400, Communications Between Predecessor and Successor Accountants, regarding acceptance of an engagement to compile or review the financial statements of a nonissuer In response to a subpoena Because potential conflicts between the accountant's ethical and legal obligations for confidentiality of client matters may be complex, the accountant may wish to consult with legal counsel before discussing matters covered by paragraph .54 with parties outside the client. Change in Engagement From Audit or Review to Compilation .56 The accountant who has been engaged to audit the financial statements of a nonissuer in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America or the accountant who has been engaged to review the financial statements of a nonissuer in accordance with SSARSs may, before the completion of the audit or review, be requested to change the engagement to a compilation of financial statements. A request to change the engagement may ©2016, AICPA AR §80.56 2536 Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services result from a change in circumstances affecting the entity's requirement for an audit or review; a misunderstanding regarding the nature of an audit, review, or compilation; or a restriction on the scope of the audit or review, whether imposed by the client or caused by circumstances. .57 Before the accountant, who was engaged to perform an audit in accordance with auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America or a review in accordance with SSARSs, agrees to change the engagement to a compilation, at least the following should be considered: a. The reason given for the client's request, particularly the implications of a restriction on the scope of the audit or review, whether imposed by the client or by circumstances b. The additional audit or review effort required to complete the audit or review c. The estimated additional cost to complete the audit or review .58 A change in circumstances that affects the entity's requirement for an audit or review or a misunderstanding concerning the nature of an audit, review, or compilation would ordinarily be considered a reasonable basis for requesting a change in the engagement. .59 In considering the implications of a restriction on the scope of the audit or review, the accountant should evaluate the possibility that information affected by the scope restriction may be incorrect, incomplete, or otherwise unsatisfactory. Nevertheless, when the accountant has been engaged to audit an entity's financial statements and has been prohibited by the client from corresponding with the entity's legal counsel, the accountant ordinarily would be precluded from issuing a compilation report on the financial statements. If in an audit or a review engagement, a client does not provide the accountant with a signed representation letter, the accountant would ordinarily be precluded from issuing a compilation report on the financial statements. .60 In all circumstances, if the audit or review procedures are substantially complete or the cost to complete such procedures is relatively insignificant, the accountant should consider the propriety of accepting a change in the engagement. .61 If the accountant concludes, based upon his or her professional judgment, that reasonable justification exists to change the engagement, and if he or she complies with the standards applicable to a compilation engagement, the accountant should issue an appropriate compilation report. The report should not include reference to (a) the original engagement, (b) any audit or review procedures that may have been performed, or (c) scope limitations that resulted in the changed engagement. Effective Date .62 This section is effective for compilations of financial statements for periods ending on or after December 15, 2010. Early implementation of the requirements and guidance in paragraph .21 is permitted. AR §80.57 ©2016, AICPA Compilation of Financial Statements 2537 .63 Compilation Exhibit A—Illustrative Engagement Letters Standard Engagement Letter for a Compilation [Appropriate Salutation] This letter is to confirm our understanding of the terms and objectives of our engagement and the nature and limitations of the services we will provide. We will perform the following services: We will compile, from information you provide, the annual [and interim, if applicable] financial statements of XYZ Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 20XX, and issue an accountant's report thereon in accordance with Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services (SSARSs) issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants (AICPA). The objective of a compilation is to assist you in presenting financial information in the form of financial statements. We will utilize information that is your representation without undertaking to obtain or provide any assurance that there are no material modifications that should be made to the financial statements in order for the statements to be in conformity with [the applicable financial reporting framework (for example, accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America)]. You are responsible for a. the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with [the applicable financial reporting framework (for example, accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America)]. b. designing, implementing, and maintaining internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements. c. preventing and detecting fraud d. identifying and ensuring that the entity complies with the laws and regulations applicable to its activities. e. making all financial records and related information available to us. We are responsible for conducting the engagement in accordance with SSARSs issued by the AICPA. A compilation differs significantly from a review or an audit of financial statements. A compilation does not contemplate performing inquiry, analytical procedures, or other procedures performed in a review. Additionally, a compilation does not contemplate obtaining an understanding of the entity's internal control; assessing fraud risk; testing accounting records by obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence through inspection, observation, confirmation, or the examination of source documents (for example, cancelled checks or bank images); or other procedures ordinarily performed in an audit. Accordingly, we will not express an opinion or provide any assurance regarding the financial statements being compiled. Our engagement cannot be relied upon to disclose errors, fraud, or illegal acts. However, we will inform the appropriate level of management of any material errors, and of any evidence or information that comes to our attention during the performance of our compilation procedures that fraud may have occurred. ©2016, AICPA AR §80.63 2538 Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services In addition, we will report to you any evidence or information that comes to our attention during the performance of our compilation procedures regarding illegal acts that may have occurred, unless they are clearly inconsequential. If, during the period covered by the engagement letter, the accountant's independence is or will be impaired, insert the following: We are not independent with respect to XYZ Company. We will disclose that we are not independent in our compilation report. If, for any reason, we are unable to complete the compilation of your financial statements, we will not issue a report on such statements as a result of this engagement. Our fees for these services. . . We will be pleased to discuss this letter with you at any time. If the foregoing is in accordance with your understanding, please sign the copy of this letter in the space provided and return it to us. Sincerely yours, [Signature of accountant] Acknowledged: XYZ Company President Date AR §80.63 ©2016, AICPA 2539 Compilation of Financial Statements Engagement Letter for a Compilation of Financial Statements Not Intended for Third Party Use [Appropriate Salutation] This letter is to confirm our understanding of the terms and objectives of our engagement and the nature and limitations of the services we will provide. We will perform the following services: We will compile, from information you provide, the [monthly, quarterly, or other frequency] financial statements of XYZ Company as of and for the year ended December 31, 20XX. The objective of a compilation is to assist you in presenting financial information in the form of financial statements. We will utilize information that is your representation without undertaking to obtain or provide any assurance that there are no material modifications that should be made to the financial statements in order for the statements to be in conformity with [the applicable financial reporting framework (for example, accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America)]. You are responsible for a. the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with [the applicable financial reporting framework (for example, accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America)]. b. designing, implementing, and maintaining internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements. c. preventing and detecting fraud. d. identifying and ensuring that the entity complies with the laws and regulations applicable to its activities. e. making all financial records and related information available to us. We are responsible for conducting the engagement in accordance with Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. A compilation differs significantly from a review or an audit of financial statements. A compilation does not contemplate performing inquiry, analytical procedures, or other procedures performed in a review. Additionally, a compilation does not contemplate obtaining an understanding of the entity's internal control; assessing fraud risk; testing accounting records by obtaining sufficient appropriate audit evidence through inspection, observation, confirmation, or the examination of source documents (for example, cancelled checks or bank images); or other procedures ordinarily performed in an audit. Accordingly, we will not express an opinion or provide any assurance regarding the financial statements being compiled. Our engagement cannot be relied upon to disclose errors, fraud, or illegal acts. However, we will inform the appropriate level of management of any material errors, and of any evidence or information that comes to our attention during the performance of our compilation procedures that fraud may have occurred. In addition, we will report to you any evidence or information that comes to our attention during the performance of our compilation procedures regarding illegal acts that may have occurred, unless they are clearly inconsequential. ©2016, AICPA AR §80.63 2540 Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services The financial statements will not be accompanied by a report and are for management's use only and are not to be used by a third party. If, during the period covered by the engagement letter, the accountant's independence is or will be impaired, insert the following: We are not independent with respect to XYZ Company. Our fees for these services. . . We will be pleased to discuss this letter with you at any time. If the foregoing is in accordance with your understanding, please sign the copy of this letter in the space provided and return it to us. Sincerely yours, [Signature of accountant] Acknowledged: XYZ Company President Date AR §80.63 ©2016, AICPA Compilation of Financial Statements 2541 .64 Compilation Exhibit B—Illustrative Compilation Reports Standard compilation report on financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America Accountant’s Compilation Report [Appropriate Salutation] I (we) have compiled the accompanying balance sheet of XYZ Company as of December 31, 20XX, and the related statements of income, retained earnings, and cash flows for the year then ended. I (we) have not audited or reviewed the accompanying financial statements and, accordingly, do not express an opinion or provide any assurance about whether the financial statements are in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Management (owners) is (are) responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and for designing, implementing, and maintaining internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements. My (our) responsibility is to conduct the compilation in accordance with Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. The objective of a compilation is to assist management in presenting financial information in the form of financial statements without undertaking to obtain or provide any assurance that there are no material modifications that should be made to the financial statements. [Signature of accounting firm or accountant, as appropriate] [Date] Standard accountant's compilation report on financial statements prepared in accordance with the cash basis of accounting Accountant’s Compilation Report [Appropriate Salutation] I (we) have compiled the accompanying statement of assets and liabilities arising from cash transactions of XYZ Company as of December 31, 20XX, and the related statement of revenue collected and expenses paid for the year then ended. I (we) have not audited or reviewed the accompanying financial statements and, accordingly, do not express an opinion or provide any assurance about whether the financial statements are in accordance with the cash basis of accounting. Management (owners) is (are) responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with the cash basis of accounting and for designing, implementing, and maintaining internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements. My (our) responsibility is to conduct the compilation in accordance with Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. The objective of a compilation is to assist management in presenting financial information in the form of financial statements without undertaking to obtain or provide any assurance that there are no material modifications that should be made to the financial statements. ©2016, AICPA AR §80.64 2542 Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services [Signature of accounting firm or accountant, as appropriate] [Date] Paragraph the accountant may add after the conclusion paragraph when management has elected to omit substantially all disclosures, but the financial statements are otherwise in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America Management has elected to omit substantially all of the disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. If the omitted disclosures were included in the financial statements, they might influence the user's conclusions about the company's financial position, results of operations, and cash flows. Accordingly, the financial statements are not designed for those who are not informed about such matters. Paragraph the accountant may add after the conclusion paragraph when management has elected to omit substantially all disclosures, but the financial statements are otherwise in conformity with the income tax basis of accounting Management has elected to omit substantially all of the disclosures ordinarily included in financial statements prepared in accordance with the income tax basis of accounting. If the omitted disclosures were included in the financial statements, they might influence the user's conclusions about the company's assets, liabilities, equity, revenue, and expenses. Accordingly, the financial statements are not designed for those who are not informed about such matters. Accountant's compilation report on financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America when the accountant's independence has been impaired, and the accountant determines to not disclose the reason for the independence impairment Accountant’s Compilation Report [Appropriate Salutation] I (we) have compiled the accompanying balance sheet of XYZ Company as of December 31, 20XX, and the related statements of income, retained earnings, and cash flows for the year then ended. I (we) have not audited or reviewed the accompanying financial statements and, accordingly, do not express an opinion or provide any assurance about whether the financial statements are in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Management (owners) is (are) responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and for designing, implementing, and maintaining internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements. My (our) responsibility is to conduct the compilation in accordance with Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. The objective of a compilation is to assist management in presenting financial information in the form of financial statements without undertaking to obtain or provide any assurance that there are no material modifications that should be made to the financial statements. I am (we are) not independent with respect to XYZ Company. [Signature of accounting firm or accountant, as appropriate] [Date] AR §80.64 ©2016, AICPA Compilation of Financial Statements 2543 Accountant's compilation report on financial statements prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America when the accountant's independence has been impaired due to the accountant having a financial interest in the client, and the accountant decides to disclose the reason for the independence impairment Accountant’s Compilation Report [Appropriate Salutation] I (we) have compiled the accompanying balance sheet of XYZ Company as of December 31, 20XX, and the related statements of income, retained earnings, and cash flows for the year then ended. I (we) have not audited or reviewed the accompanying financial statements and, accordingly, do not express an opinion or provide any assurance about whether the financial statements are in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Management (owners) is (are) responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and for designing, implementing, and maintaining internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements. My (our) responsibility is to conduct the compilation in accordance with Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. The objective of a compilation is to assist management in presenting financial information in the form of financial statements without undertaking to obtain or provide any assurance that there are no material modifications that should be made to the financial statements. I am (we are) not independent with respect to XYZ Company as during the year ended December 31, 20XX, I (a member of the engagement team) had a direct financial interest in XYZ Company. [Signature of accounting firm or accountant, as appropriate] [Date] Accountant's compilation report on financial statements disclosing a departure from accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America Accountant’s Compilation Report [Appropriate Salutation] I (we) have compiled the accompanying balance sheet of XYZ Company as of December 31, 20XX, and the related statements of income, retained earnings, and cash flows for the year then ended. I (we) have not audited or reviewed the accompanying financial statements and, accordingly, do not express an opinion or provide any assurance about whether the financial statements are in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Management (owners) is (are) responsible for the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America and for designing, implementing, and maintaining internal control relevant to the preparation and fair presentation of the financial statements. My (our) responsibility is to conduct the compilation in accordance with Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services issued by the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants. The objective of a compilation is to assist management in presenting financial information ©2016, AICPA AR §80.64 2544 Statements on Standards for Accounting and Review Services in the form of financial statements without undertaking to obtain or provide any assurance that there are no material modifications that should be made to the financial statements. During our compilation, I (we) did become aware of a departure (certain departures) from accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America that is (are) described in the following paragraph. As disclosed in Note X to the financial statements, accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America require that land be stated at cost. Management has informed me (us) that the company has stated its land at appraised value and that, if accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America had been followed, the land account and stockholders' equity would have been decreased by $500,000. or A statement of cash flows for the year ended December 31, 20XX, has not been presented. Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America require that such a statement be presented when financial statements purport to present financial position and results of operations.1 [Signature of accounting firm or accountant, as appropriate] [Date] 1 If a statement of cash flows is not presented, the first paragraph of the accountant's compilation report should be modified accordingly. AR §80.64 ©2016, AICPA
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