A528 Cov 1584 AWS A5 28 1996

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Specification for

Low-Alloy Steel

Electrodes and

Rods for Gas

Shielded Arc

Welding

ANSI/AWS A5.28-96

An American National Standard

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550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126

ANSI/AWS A5.28-96

An American National Standard

Approved by

American National Standards Institute

March 29, 1996

Specification for

Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods

for Gas Shielded Arc Welding

Supersedes AWS A5.28-79

Prepared by

AWS Committee on Filler Metal

Under the Direction of

AWS Technical Activities Committee

Approved by

AWS Board of Directors

Abstract

Classification requirements are specified for solid low-alloy steel electrodes and rods, composite stranded low-alloy

steel electrodes, and composite metal cored low-alloy steel electrodes for gas shielded arc welding.

The requirements for electrodes include chemical composition of the electrode for solid electrodes and rods, and of

the weld metal for composite stranded and composite metal cored electrodes.

Key Words — Filler metal specifications, low-alloy

steel welding electrodes, gas metal

arc welding, plasma arc welding,

low-alloy steel welding rods, metal

cored electrodes, high-strength steel,

solid electrode, gas tungsten arc

welding, stranded electrodes

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Statement on Use of AWS American National Standards

All standards (codes, specifications, recommended practices, methods, classifications, and guides) of the American

Welding Society (AWS) are voluntary consensus standards that have been developed in accordance with the rules of the

American National Standards Institute (ANSI). When AWS standards are either incorporated in, or made part of, docu-

ments that are included in federal or state laws and regulations, or the regulations of other governmental bodies, their

provisions carry the full legal authority of the statute. In such cases, any changes in those AWS standards must be ap-

proved by the governmental body having statutory jurisdiction before they can become a part of those laws and regula-

tions. In all cases, these standards carry the full legal authority of the contract or other document that invokes the AWS

standards. Where this contractual relationship exists, changes in or deviations from requirements of an AWS standard

must be by agreement between the contracting parties.

International Standard Book Number: 0-87171-469-8

American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126

Printed in the United States of America

Second Printing

AWS American National Standards are developed through a consensus standards development process that brings

together volunteers representing varied viewpoints and interests to achieve consensus. While AWS administers the process

and establishes rules to promote fairness in the development of consensus, it does not independently test, evaluate, or

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This standard may be superseded by the issuance of new editions. Users should ensure that they have the latest edition.

Publication of this standard does not authorize infringement of any patent. AWS disclaims liability for the infringement

of any patent resulting from the use or reliance on this standard.

Finally, AWS does not monitor, police, or enforce compliance with this standard, nor does it have the power to do so.

On occasion, text, tables, or figures are printed incorrectly (errata). Such errata, when discovered, are shown on the

American Welding Society web page (www.aws.org) under “Technical” in the Departments column.

Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained by sending a request, in writing,

to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL

33126 (see Annex B). With regard to technical inquiries made concerning AWS standards, oral opinions on AWS standards

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These individuals do not speak on behalf of AWS, nor do these oral opinions constitute official or unofficial opinions or inter-

pretations of AWS. In addition, oral opinions are informal and should not be used as a substitute for an official interpretation.

This standard is subject to revision at any time by the AWS A5 Committee on Filler Metal. It must be reviewed every

five years, and if not revised, it must be either reapproved or withdrawn. Comments (recommendations, additions, or de-

letions) and any pertinent data that may be of use in improving this standard are required and should be addressed to

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all meetings of the AWS A5 Committee on Filler Metal to express their comments verbally. Procedures for appeal of

an adverse decision concerning all such comments are provided in the Rules of Operation of the Technical Activities

Committee. A copy of these Rules can be obtained from the American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road,

Miami, FL 33126.

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appropriate fee is paid to the Copyright Clearance Center, 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, Tel: 978-750-8400;

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iii

*Advisor

**Deceased

Personnel

AWS Committee on Filler Metal

D. J. Kotecki, Chairman The Lincoln Electric Company

R. A. LaFave, 1st Vice Chairman Elliott Company

J. P. Hunt, 2nd Vice Chairman Inco Alloys International, Incorporated

J. C. Meyers, Secretary American Welding Society

B. E. Anderson AlcoTec Wire Company

R. L. Bateman* Electromanufacturas S. A.

R. Bonneau U.S. Army Research Laboratory

R. S. Brown Carpenter Technology Corporation

R. A. Bushey ESAB Welding and Cutting Products

J. Caprarola, Jr. Consultant

L. J. Christensen* Consultant

R. J. Christoffel Consultant

D. J. Crement Precision Components Corporation

D. D. Crockett The Lincoln Electric Company

R. A. Daemen Hobart Brothers Company

D. A. DelSignore Westinghouse Electric Corporation

H. W. Ebert Exxon Research and Engineering

J. G. Feldstein Foster Wheeler Energy Corporation

S. E. Ferree ESAB Welding and Cutting Products

D. A. Fink The Lincoln Electric Company

G. Hallstrom, Jr. Hallstrom Consultants

R. L. Harris* Consultant

D. C. Helton Consultant

W. S. Howes National Electrical Manufacturers Association

R. W. Jud Chrysler Corporation

R. B. Kadiyala Techalloy Company

G. A. Kurisky Maryland Specialty Wire

N. E. Larson Consultant

A. S. Laurenson Consultant

G. H. MacShane MAC Associates

L. M. Malik* Arctec Canada Limited

M. T. Merlo Consultant

S. J. Merrick McKay Welding Products

A. R. Mertes Ampco Metal, Incorporated

J. W. Mortimer Consultant

C. L. Null Department of the Navy

Y. Ogata* Kobe Steel Limited

J. J. Payne Sverdrup Technology Incorporated

R. L. Peaslee Wall Colmonoy Corporation

E. W. Pickering, Jr. Consultant

M. A. Quintana The Lincoln Electric Company

H. F. Reid* Consultant

S. D. Reynolds, Jr.* Consultant

L. F. Roberts Canadian Welding Bureau

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AWS Committee on Filler Metal (continued)

D. Rozet** Consultant

P. K. Salvesen Det Norske Veritas (DNV)

O. W. Seth Chicago Bridge and Iron Company

W. A. Shopp* Consultant

M. S. Sierdzinski ESAB Group, Incorporated

R. G. Sim The Lincoln Electric Company

L. R. Soisson** Welding Consultants, Incorporated

R. W. Straiton* Bechtel Corporation

R. A. Sulit Sulit Engineering

R. D. Sutton ESAB Group, Incorporated

R. A. Swain Euroweld, Limited

J. W. Tackett Consultant

R. D. Thomas, Jr. R. D. Thomas and Company

R. Timerman* Conarco, S. A.

R. T. Webster** Consultant

H. D. Wehr Arcos Alloys

A. E. Wiehe* Consultant

W. L. Wilcox* Consultant

F. J. Winsor* Consultant

K. G. Wold Siemens Power Corporation

AWS Subcommittee on Carbon and Low-Alloy Steel

Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding

D. A. Fink, Chairman The Lincoln Electric Company

J. C. Meyers, Secretary American Welding Society

J. C. Bundy Hobart Brothers Company

P. R. Grainger* Continental Steel Corporation

R. B. Kadiyala Techalloy Company

R. H. Kratzenberg Edison Welding Institute

R. A. LaFave Elliott Company

W. A. Marttila Chrysler Corporation

M. T. Merlo Consultant

Y. Ogata* Kobe Steel Limited

C. F. Padden Ford Motor Company

M. P. Parekh Hobart Brothers Company

D. M. Parker MAO/Westinghouse

L. J. Privoznik* Consultant

L. F. Roberts Canadian Welding Bureau

R. B. Smith ESAB Group, Incorporated

R. Timerman* Conarco, S. A.

C. R. Webb Caterpillar, Incorporated

W. L. Wilcox* Consultant

D. W. Yonker, Jr. National Standard Company

*Advisor

**Deceased

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Foreword

(This Foreword is not a part of ANSI/AWS A5.28-96, Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas

Shielded Arc Welding, but is included for information purposes only.)

The first edition of A5.28 was issued in 1979 as an American Welding Society (AWS) standard. This current docu-

ment is the first revision issued. The format of this standard has been changed to conform to that being used for all filler

metal specifications revised since 1984.

The history of the A5.28 document may be summarized as follows:

AWS A5.28-79 Specification for Low Alloy Steel Filler Metals for Gas Shielded Metal Arc Welding

Comments and suggestions for the improvement of this standard are welcome. They should be sent to the Secretary,

Filler Metal Committee, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL

33126.

Official interpretations of any of the technical requirements of this standard may be obtained by sending a request, in

writing, to the Managing Director, Technical Services Division, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road,

Miami, FL 33126. A formal reply will be issued after is has been reviewed by the appropriate personnel following estab-

lished procedures.

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Table of Contents

Page No.

Personnel.................................................................................................................................................................... iii

Foreword ................................................................................................................................................................... v

List of Tables ..............................................................................................................................................................vii

List of Figures ............................................................................................................................................................vii

1. Scope.................................................................................................................................................................. 1

Part A—General Requirements

2. Classification ..................................................................................................................................................... 1

3. Acceptance ......................................................................................................................................................... 1

4. Certification ....................................................................................................................................................... 1

5. Units of Measure and Rounding-Off Procedure ................................................................................................ 1

Part B—Tests, Procedures, and Requirements

6. Summary of Tests............................................................................................................................................... 5

7. Retest.................................................................................................................................................................. 5

8. Weld Test Assemblies ........................................................................................................................................ 7

9. Chemical Analysis ............................................................................................................................................. 7

10. Radiographic Test............................................................................................................................................... 9

11. Tension Test .......................................................................................................................................................12

12. Impact Test.........................................................................................................................................................12

13. Diffusible Hydrogen Test...................................................................................................................................12

Part C—Manufacture, Identification, and Packaging

14. Method of Manufacture .....................................................................................................................................15

15. Standard Sizes ....................................................................................................................................................15

16. Finish and Uniformity........................................................................................................................................15

17. Standard Package Forms ....................................................................................................................................15

18. Winding Requirements.......................................................................................................................................15

19. Filler Metal Identification ..................................................................................................................................17

20. Packaging ...........................................................................................................................................................20

21. Marking of Packages..........................................................................................................................................20

Annex—Guide to AWS Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding

A1. Introduction......................................................................................................................................................21

A2. Classification System ......................................................................................................................................21

A3. Acceptance.......................................................................................................................................................23

A4. Certification .....................................................................................................................................................23

A5. Ventilation During Welding.............................................................................................................................23

A6. Welding Considerations...................................................................................................................................23

A7. Description and Intended Use of Electrodes and Rods ...................................................................................25

A8. Special Tests ....................................................................................................................................................28

A9. Discontinued Classifications ...........................................................................................................................28

A10. General Safety Considerations ........................................................................................................................29

AWS Filler Metal Specifications and Related Documents ........................................................................................33

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vii

List of Tables

Table Page No.

1 Chemical Composition Requirements for Solid Electrodes and Rods ........................................................ 2

2 Chemical Composition Requirements for Weld Metal from Composite Electrodes ................................... 3

3 Tension Test Requirements .......................................................................................................................... 4

4 Impact Test Requirements............................................................................................................................ 5

5 Required Tests.............................................................................................................................................. 6

6 Base Metal for Test Assemblies...................................................................................................................10

7 Preheat, Interpass, and Postweld Heat Treatment Temperatures ................................................................. 11

8 Optional Diffusible Hydrogen Requirements ..............................................................................................12

9 Standard Sizes ..............................................................................................................................................16

10 Packaging Requirements..............................................................................................................................17

List of Figures

Figure Page No.

1 Groove Weld Test Assembly for Mechanical Properties and Soundness .................................................... 8

2 Pad for Chemical Analysis of Weld Metal from Composite Electrodes...................................................... 9

3 Radiographic Acceptance Standards............................................................................................................13

4 Tension Test Specimen.................................................................................................................................14

5 Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Specimen.......................................................................................................14

6A Standard Spools—Dimensions of 4 in. Spools............................................................................................18

6B Standard Spools—Dimensions of 8, 12, and 14 in. Spools.........................................................................18

6C Standard Spools—Dimensions of 22, 24, and 30 in. Spools.......................................................................19

A1 Classification System...................................................................................................................................22

A2 Optional GTAW Groove Weld Test Assembly for Mechanical Properties and Soundness .........................24

A3 Optional Tension Test Specimen for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding................................................................26

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1. Scope

This specification prescribes requirements for the

classification of low-alloy steel electrodes (solid, com-

posite stranded, and composite metal cored) and rods

(solid) for gas metal arc welding (GMAW), gas tungsten

arc welding (GTAW), and plasma arc welding (PAW).

Part A

General Requirements

2. Classification

2.1 The solid electrodes (and rods) covered by this speci-

fication are classified according to the chemical compo-

sition of the electrode, as specified in Table 1, and the

mechanical properties of the weld metal, as specified in

Tables 3 and 4. The composite metal cored and stranded

electrodes covered by this specification are classified

according to the chemical composition and mechanical

properties of the weld metal, as specified in Tables 2, 3,

and 4, and the shielding gas employed.

2.2 Electrodes and rods under one classification shall not

be classified under any other classification in this specifi-

cation, except that ER80S-D2 may also be classified as

ER90S-D2, provided that classification requirements for

both are met.

2.3 The welding electrodes and rods classified under this

specification are intended for gas shielded arc welding,

but that is not to prohibit their use with any other process

(or any other shielding gas or combination of shielding

gases) for which they are found suitable.

3. Acceptance

Acceptance1 of the electrodes and rods shall be in

accordance with the provisions of ANSI/AWS A5.01,

Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines.2

4. Certification

By affixing the AWS specification and classification

designations to the packaging or the classification to the

product, the manufacturer certifies that the product meets

the requirements of this specification.3

5. Units of Measure and Rounding-

Off Procedure

5.1 U.S. customary units are the standard units of mea-

sure in this specification. The SI units are given as equiv-

alent values to the U.S. customary units. The standard

sizes and dimensions in the two systems are not identical

and, for this reason, conversion from a standard size or

dimension in one system will not always coincide with a

standard size or dimension in the other. Suitable conver-

sions, encompassing standard sizes of both, can be made,

however, if appropriate tolerances are applied in each

case.

1. See Section A3, Acceptance (in the Annex), for further

information concerning acceptance, testing of the material

shipped, and ANSI/AWS A5.01, Filler Metal Procurement

Guidelines.

2. AWS standards can be obtained from the American Welding

Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road, Miami, FL 33126.

3. See Section A4, Certification (in the Annex) for further

information concerning certification and the testing called for

to meet this requirement.

Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes

and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding

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Table 1

Chemical Composition Requirements for Solid Electrodes and Rods

Weight Percenta, b

AWS

ClassificationcUNS

NumberdCMnSiPSNiCrMoVTiZrAlCu

Other

Elements

Total

Carbon–Molybdenum Steel Electrodes and Rods

ER70S-A1 K11235 0.12 1.30 0.30–0.70 0.025 0.025 0.20 — 0.40–0.65 — — — — 0.35 0.50

Chromium–Molybdenum Steel Electrodes and Rods

ER80S-B2 K20900 0.07–0.12 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.70 0.025 0.025 0.20 1.20–1.50 0.40–0.65 — — — — 0.35 0.50

ER70S-B2L K20500 0.05 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.70 0.025 0.025 0.20 1.20–1.50 0.40–0.65 — — — — 0.35 0.50

ER90S-B3 K30960 0.07–0.12 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.70 0.025 0.025 0.20 2.30–2.70 0.90–1.20 — — — — 0.35 0.50

ER80S-B3L K30560 0.05 0.40–0.70 0.40–0.70 0.025 0.025 0.20 2.30–2.70 0.90–1.20 — — — — 0.35 0.50

ER80S-B6fS50280 0.10 0.40–0.70 0.50 0.025 0.025 0.604.50–6.00 0.45–0.65 — — — — 0.35 0.50

ER80S-B8gS50480 0.10 0.40–0.70 0.50 0.025 0.025 0.508.00–10.5 0.8–1.2 — — — — 0.35 0.50

ER90S-B9h,i S50482 0.07–0.13 1.25 0.15–0.30 0.010 0.010 1.00 8.00–9.50 0.80–1.10 0.15–0.25 — — 0.04 0.20 0.50

Nickel Steel Electrodes and Rods

ER80S-Ni1 K11260 0.12 1.25 0.40–0.80 0.025 0.025 0.80–1.10 0.15 0.35 0.05 — — — 0.35 0.50

ER80S-Ni2 K21240 0.12 1.25 0.40–0.80 0.025 0.025 2.00–2.75 — — — — — — 0.35 0.50

ER80S-Ni3 K31240 0.12 1.25 0.40–0.80 0.025 0.025 3.00–3.75 — — — — — — 0.35 0.50

Manganese–Molybdenum Steel Electrodes and Rods

ER80S-D2j

ER90S-D2 K10945 0.07–0.12 1.60–2.10 0.50–0.80 0.025 0.025 0.15 — 0.40-0.60 — — — — 0.50 0.50

Other Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods

ER100S-1 K10882 0.08 1.25–1.80 0.20–0.55 0.010 0.010 1.40–2.10 0.30 0.25–0.55 0.05 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.25 0.50

ER110S-1 K21015 0.09 1.40–1.80 0.20–0.55 0.010 0.010 1.90–2.60 0.50 0.25–0.55 0.04 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.25 0.50

ER120S-1 K21030 0.10 1.40–1.80 0.25–0.60 0.010 0.010 2.00–2.80 0.60 0.30–0.65 0.03 0.10 0.10 0.10 0.25 0.50

ERXXS-G — Not Specifiedk

Notes:

a. The filler metal shall be analyzed for the elements for which values are shown in this table. If the presence of other elements is indicated in the course of this work, the amount of those elements shall

be determined to ensure that their total (excluding iron) does not exceed the limits specified for “Other Elements, Total.”

b. Single values are maximums.

c. The suffixes B2, Ni1, etc., designate the chemical composition of the electrode and rod classification.

d. SAE/ASTM Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys.

e. Copper due to any coating on the electrode or rod plus the copper content of the filler metal itself, shall not exceed the stated limit.

f. Similar to former class ER502 in AWS Specification A5.9-81.

g. Similar to former class ER505 in AWS Specification A5.9-81.

h. Niobium (Columbium) 0.02–0.10%

i. Nitrogen 0.03–0.07%

j. This composition was formerly classified E70S-1B in AWS Specification A5.18-69.

k. In order to meet the requirements of the “G” classification, the electrode must have a minimum of one or more of the following: 0.50 percent nickel, 0.30 percent chromium, or 0.20 percent molybde-

num. Composition shall be reported; the requirements are those agreed to by the purchaser and supplier.

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Table 2

Chemical Composition Requirements for Weld Metal from Composite Electrodesa

Weight Percentb, c

AWS

ClassificationdUNS

NumbereCMnSiPSNiCrMoVTiZrAlCu

Other

Elements

Total

Manganese–Molybdenum Weld Metal

E90C-D2 W19230 0.12 1.00–1.90 0.90 0.025 0.030 — — 0.40–0.60 — — — — 0.35 0.50

Chromium–Molybdenum Weld Metal

E70C-B2L W52130 0.05 0.40–1.00 0.25–0.60 0.025 0.030 0.20 1.00–1.50 0.40–0.65 — — — — 0.35 0.50

E80C-B2 W52030 0.05–0.12 0.40–1.00 0.25–0.60 0.025 0.030 0.20 1.00–1.50 0.40–0.65 — — — — 0.35 0.50

E80C-B3L W53130 0.05 0.40–1.00 0.25–0.60 0.025 0.030 0.20 2.00–2.50 0.90–1.20 — — — — 0.35 0.50

E90C-B3 W53030 0.05–0.12 0.40–1.00 0.25–0.60 0.025 0.030 0.20 2.00–2.50 0.90–1.20 — — — — 0.35 0.50

Nickel Steel Weld Metal

E80C-Ni1 W21030 0.12 1.50 0.90 0.025 0.030 0.80–1.10 — 0.30 — — — — 0.35 0.50

E70C-Ni2 W22030 0.08 1.25 0.90 0.025 0.030 1.75–2.75 — — — — — — 0.35 0.50

E80C-Ni2 W22030 0.12 1.50 0.90 0.025 0.030 1.75–2.75 — — — — — — 0.35 0.50

E80C-Ni3 W23030 0.12 1.50 0.90 0.025 0.030 2.75–3.75 — — — — — — 0.35 0.50

Other Low-Alloy Weld Metal

EXXC-G Not Specifiedf

Notes:

a. Chemical requirements for composite electrodes are based on analysis of their weld metal in the as-welded condition and using the shielding gas specified in Table 3.

b. The weld metal shall be analyzed for the specific elements for which values are shown in this table. If the presence of other elements is indicated in the course of this work, the amount of these elements

shall be determined to ensure that their total (excluding iron) does not exceed the limit specified for “Other Elements, Total.”

c. Single values shown are maximums.

d. Solid electrodes are generally recommended for gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) or plasma arc welding (PAW).

e. SAE/ASTM Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys.

f. In order to meet the requirements of the G classification, the electrode must have as a minimum of one or more of the following: 0.50 percent nickel, 0.30 percent chromium, or 0.20 percent molybde-

num. Composition shall be reported; the requirements are those agreed to by the purchaser and supplier.

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Table 3

Tension Test Requirements

AWS

Classification Shielding Gasa

Tensile Strength (minimum) Yield Strength (minimum) Elongation

Percent

(minimum)

Testing

Conditionpsi MPa psi MPa

ER70S-B2Lf

E70C-B2Lf

ER70S-A1

Argon/1–5% O2

75 000 515 58 000 400 19

PWHTc

ER80S-B2

E80C-B2 80 000 550 68 000 470 19

ER80S-B3Lf

E80C-B3Lf80 000 550 68 000 470 17

ER90S-B3

E90C-B3 90 000 620 78 000 540 17

ER80S-B6

ER80S-B8 80 000 550 68 000 470 17

ER90S-B9 Argon/5% CO290 000 620 60 000 410 16

E70C-Ni2

Argon/1–5% O2

70 000 480 58 000 400 24 PWHTc

ER80S-Ni1

E80C-Ni1 80 000 550 68 000 470 24 As-Welded

ER80S-Ni2

E80C-Ni2

ER80S-Ni3

E80C-Ni3

80 000 550 68 000 470 24 PWHTc

ER80S-D2 CO280 000 550 68 000 470 17 As-Welded

ER90S-D2

E90C-D2 Argon/1–5% O290 000 620 78 000 540 17 As-Welded

ER100S-1

Argon/2% O2

100 000 690 88 000 610 16

As-WeldedER110S-1 110 000 760 95 000 660 15

ER120S-1 120 000 830 105 000 730 14

ER70S-G

E70C-G (d) 70 000 480 (e) (e) (e) (e)

ER80S-G

E80C-G (d) 80 000 550 (e) (e) (e) (e)

ER90S-G

E90C-G (d) 90 000 620 (e) (e) (e) (e)

ER100S-G

E100C-G (d) 100 000 690 (e) (e) (e) (e)

ER110S-G

E110C-G (d) 110 000 760 (e) (e) (e) (e)

ER120S-G

E120C-G (d) 120 000 830 (e) (e) (e) (e)

Notes:

a. The use of a particular shielding gas for classification purposes shall not be construed to restrict the use of shielding gas mixtures. A filler metal

tested with other gas blends, such as Argon/O2 or Argon/CO2 may result in weld metal having different strength and elongation. Classification with

other gas blends shall be as agreed upon between the purchaser and supplier.

b. Yield strength at 0.2% offset and elongation in 2 in. (51 mm) gage length.

c. Postweld heat-treated condition in accordance with Table 7.

d. Shielding gas shall be as agreed to between purchaser and supplier.

e. Not specified (As agreed to between purchaser and supplier).

f. These classifications were previously ER80S-B2, E80C-B2, ER90S-B3L, and E90C-B3L respectively in AWS A5.28-79. The strength levels have

been adjusted downward as shown, in order to accurately reflect the capability of the classification’s chemical composition ranges.

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5.2 For the purpose of determining conformance with

this specification, an observed or calculated value shall

be rounded to the nearest 1000 psi for tensile and yield

strength, and to the “nearest unit” in the last right-hand

place of figures used in expressing the limiting value for

other quantities in accordance with the rounding-off

method given in ASTM E29, Recommended Practice for

Using Significant Digits in Test Data to Determine Con-

formance with Specifications.4

Part B

Tests, Procedures, and Requirements

6. Summary of Tests

6.1 The tests required for each classification are speci-

fied in Table 5. The purpose of these tests is to determine

the chemical composition, the mechanical properties,

and soundness of the weld metal. The base metal for the

weld test assemblies, the welding and testing procedures

to be employed, and the results required are given in Sec-

tions 8 through 12.

6.2 The optional test for diffusible hydrogen in Section

13, Diffusible Hydrogen Test, is not required for classifi-

cation [see note (a) of Table 5].

7. Retest

If the results of any test fail to meet the requirement,

that test shall be repeated twice. The results of both

retests shall meet the requirement. Specimens for retest

may be taken from the original test assembly or from one

or two new test assemblies. For chemical analysis, retest

need be only for those specific elements that failed to

meet the test requirement. If the results of one or both

retests fail to meet the requirement, the material under

test shall be considered as not meeting the requirements

of this specification for that classification.

In the event that, during preparation or after comple-

tion of any test, it is clearly determined that prescribed or

proper procedures were not followed in preparing the

weld test assembly or test specimen(s), or in conducting

the test, the test shall be considered invalid, without

regard to whether the test was actually completed, or

whether test results met, or failed to meet, the require-

ment, that test shall be repeated, following proper

prescribed procedures. In this case, the requirement

for doubling the number of test specimens does not

apply.

Table 4

Impact Test Requirements

AWS

Classification

Average Impact Strengtha

(minimum)

Testing

Condition

ER70S-A1

ER70S-B2L

E70C-B2L

ER80S-B2

E80C-B2

ER80S-B3L

E80C-B3L

ER90S-B3

E90C-B3

ER80S-B6

ER80S-B8

ER90S-B9

Not Required —

ER80S-Ni1

E80C-Ni1 20 ft⋅lbf at –50°F (27 J @ –46°C) As-Welded

ER80S-Ni2

E70C-Ni2

E80C-Ni2

20 ft⋅lbf at –80°F (27 J @ –62°C) PWHTb

ER80S-Ni3

E80C-Ni3 20 ft⋅lbf at –100°F (27 J @ –73°C) PWHTb

ER80S-D2

ER90S-D2

E90C-D2

20 ft⋅lbf at –20°F (27 J @ –29°C) As-Welded

ER100S-1

ER110S-1

ER120S-1

50 ft⋅lbf at –60°F (68 J @ –51°C) As-Welded

ERXXXS-G

EXXC-G

As agreed between

purchaser and supplier. —

Notes:

a. Both the highest and lowest of the five test values obtained shall be

disregarded in computing the impact strength.

For classifications requiring 20 ft⋅lbf (27 J): Two of the remaining

three values shall equal or exceed 20 ft⋅lbf (27J); one of the three

remaining values may be lower than 20 ft⋅lbf (27J) but not lower

than 15 ft⋅lbf (20J). The average of the three shall not be less than

the 20 ft⋅lbf (27 J) specified.

For classifications requiring 50 ft⋅lbf (68 J): Two of the remaining

three values shall equal or exceed 50 ft⋅lbf (68 J); one of the three

remaining values may be lower than 50 ft⋅lbf (68 J) but not lower

than 40 ft⋅lbf (54 J). The average of the three shall not be less than

the 50 ft⋅lbf (68 J) specified.

b. Postweld heat treated in accordance with Table 7.

4. ASTM specifications may be obtained from the American

Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM), 100 Barr Harbor

Drive, Conshohocken, PA 19428-2959.

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Table 5

Required Tests

AWS

Classification

Chemical Analysis

Radiographic Test Tension Test Impact Test

Diffusible

Hydrogen TestElectrode Weld Metal

Solid Electrodes

ER70S-A1

ER70S-B2L

ER80S-B2

ER80S-B3L

ER90S-B3

ER80S-B6

ER80S-B8

ER90S-B9

Required Not Required Required Required Not Required a

ER80S-Ni1

ER80S-Ni2

ER80S-Ni3

Required Not Required Required Required Required a

ER80S-D2

ER90S-D2 Required Not Required Required Required Required a

ER100S-1

ER110S-1

ER120S-1

Required Not Required Required Required Required a

ERXXS-G RequiredbNot Required Required Required Not Required a

Composite Metal Cored Electrodes

E70C-B2L

E80C-B2

E80C-B3L

E90C-B3

Not Required Required Required Required Not Required a

E70C-Ni2

E80C-Ni1

E80C-Ni2

E80C-Ni3

Not Required Required Required Required Required a

E90C-D2 Not Required Required Required Required Required a

EXXC-G Not Required RequiredbRequired Required Not Required a

Notes:

a. Optional diffusible hydrogen test is required only when specified by the purchaser and the manufacturer puts the diffusible hydrogen designator on

the label (See A2.2 and A8.2 in the Annex).

b. To be reported. See A7.15 in the Annex.

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8. Weld Test Assemblies

8.1 At least one weld test assembly is required, and two

may be required (depending on the electrode—solid as

opposed to composite—and the manner in which the

sample for chemical analysis is taken), as specified in

Table 5. They are as follows:

(1) The groove weld in Figure 1 for mechanical prop-

erties and soundness of the weld metal for both compos-

ite and solid electrodes

(2) The weld pad in Figure 2 for chemical analysis of

the weld metal from composite stranded and composite

metal cored electrodes

The sample for chemical analysis of weld metal from

composite electrodes may be taken from the reduced sec-

tion of the fractured all-weld-metal tension test specimen

or from the corresponding location in the groove weld in

Figure 1, thereby avoiding the need to make a weld pad.

Alternatively, the sample from the groove weld may be

taken from any location in the weld metal above the ten-

sion test specimen. In case of dispute, the weld pad in

Figure 2 shall be the referee method.

8.2 Preparation of each weld test assembly shall be as

prescribed in 8.3, 8.4, and 8.5. The base metal for each

assembly shall be as required in Table 6, and shall meet

the requirements of the ASTM specification shown

there, or an equivalent specification. Testing of the

assembly shall be as prescribed in 9.2, 9.3, and Sections

10 through 12.

8.3 Groove Weld

8.3.1 For all classifications, a test assembly shall be

prepared and welded as specified in Figure 1, using base

metal of the appropriate type specified in Table 6, and

the preheat and interpass temperature specified in

Table 7. The electrode used shall be 0.045 in. (1.1 mm)

or 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) size (or the size that the manufac-

turer produces that is closest to one of these, if these

sizes are not produced).

Welding shall be in the flat position, and the assembly

shall be restrained (or preset) during welding to prevent

warpage in excess of 5 degrees. An assembly that has

warped more than 5 degrees from plane shall be dis-

carded. It shall not be straightened. The test assembly

shall be tack welded, and welding shall begin at the pre-

heat temperature specified in Table 7.

This interpass temperature shall be maintained for the

remainder of the weld. Should it be necessary to interrupt

welding, the assembly shall be allowed to cool in still air

to room temperature. The assembly shall be preheated to

the temperature shown in Table 7 before welding is

resumed. When welding has been completed and the

assembly has cooled, the assembly shall be prepared and

tested as specified in Sections 10, 11, and 12 in the as-

welded or postweld heat-treated condition, as specified

in Tables 3 and 4.

8.3.2 When required, the test assembly shall be

postweld heat-treated before removal of mechanical test

specimens. This postweld heat treatment may be done

either before or after the radiographic examination.

8.3.2.1 The furnace shall be at a temperature not

higher than 600°F (320°C) when the test assembly is

placed in it. The heating rate, from that point to the spec-

ified holding temperature in Table 7, shall not exceed

400°F per hour (220°C per hour).

8.3.2.2 The test assembly shall be maintained at

the temperature specified in Table 7 for 1 hour (–0, +15

minutes).

8.3.2.3 When the one hour holding time has been

completed, the assembly shall be allowed to cool in the

furnace to a temperature below 600°F (320°C) at a rate

not exceeding 350°F (190°C) per hour. The assembly

may be removed from the furnace at any temperature

below 600°F (320°C) and allowed to cool in still air to

room temperature. Testing of the assembly shall be as

specified in Sections 10 through 12.

8.4 Weld Pad. A weld pad shall be prepared using com-

posite stranded and composite metal cored electrodes as

shown in Figure 2, except when, as permitted in 8.1, the

sample for analysis is taken from the groove weld (Fig-

ure 1) or the fractured tension test specimen. Base metal

of any convenient size which will satisfy the minimum

requirements of Figure 2, and is of a type specified in

Table 6, shall be used as the base for the weld pad. The

surface of the base metal on which the filler metal is

deposited shall be clean. The pad shall be welded in the

flat position with multiple layers to obtain undiluted

weld metal (4 layers minimum thickness). The electrode

size shall be 0.045 in. (1.1 mm) or 1/16 in. (1.6 mm), or

the size that the manufacturer produces that is closest to

one of these, if these sizes are not produced. The preheat

temperature shall not be less than 60°F (16°C) and the

interpass temperature shall not exceed that specified in

Table 7. Any slag shall be removed after each pass. The

pad may be quenched in water between passes (tempera-

ture of the water is not specified). The dimensions of the

completed pad shall be as shown in Figure 2. Testing of

this assembly shall be as specified in 9.2 and 9.3. The

results shall meet the requirements of 9.4.

9. Chemical Analysis

9.1 A sample of the solid electrode or rod shall be

prepared for chemical analysis. Solid filler metal, when

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Test Conditions for Solid Electrodes (i)

Standard Size (h) 0.045 in. (1.1 mm) 1/16 in. (1.6 mm)

Shielding Gas (g) See Table 3 See Table 3

Wire Feed Rate 450 in./min (190 mm/sec) ±5% 240 in./min (102 mm/sec) ±5%

Nominal Arc Voltage 27 to 32 V 25 to 30 V

Approx. Resulting Current, DCEP (d)

(DCEP = electrode positive) 300 to 360A (e) 340 to 420A (e)

Tip-to-Work Distance (f) 7/8 ± 1/8 in. (22 ± 3 mm) 7/8 ± 1/8 in. (22 ± 3 mm)

Travel Speed 13 ± 2 in./min (5.5 ± 1.0 mm/sec) 13 ± 2 in./min (5.5 ± 1.0 mm/sec)

Preheat and Interpass Temperature See Table 7 See Table 7

Notes:

a. All dimensions (excluding angles) are in inches.

b. Prior to welding, the assembly may be preset as shown so that the welded joint will be sufficiently flat to facilitate test specimen

removal. As an alternative, restraint or a combination of restraint and preset may be used.

c. When required, edges of the grooves and the contacting face of the backing shall be buttered as shown. Any size of the electrode

being tested may be used for buttering. See Table 6, Note (a).

d. The required combinations of electrode feed rate, arc voltage, and tip-to-work distance should produce welding currents in the ranges

shown. Currents substantially outside these ranges suggest errors in feed rate, tip-to-work distance, voltage settings, or in instrumentation.

e. For ER80S-D2 classification, the amperage range for 0.045" (1.1 mm) shall be 260 to 320A and for 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) dia., 330 to 410A.

f. Distance from the contact tip to work, not from the shielding gas cup to the work.

g. If shielding gases or blends other than those shown in Table 3 are used, the wire feed speed (and resulting current), arc voltage, and

travel speed are to be as agreed to between purchaser and supplier.

h. If sizes other than 0.045 in. (1.1 mm) and 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) are tested, wire feed speed (and resulting current), arc voltage, and tip-to-

work distance shall be changed as needed.This joint configuration is not recommended for sizes smaller than 0.035 in. (0.9 mm).

i. Test conditions for composite stranded and metal cored electrodes shall be as recommended by the manufacturer. Preheat and inter-

pass temperature shall be in accordance with Table 7.

Figure 1—Groove Weld Test Assembly for Mechanical Properties and Soundness

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analyzed for elements that are present in a coating (cop-

per flashing, for example), shall be analyzed without

removing the coating. When the filler metal is analyzed

for elements other than those in the coating, the coating

shall be removed if its presence affects the results of the

analysis for the other elements.

9.2 Composite stranded and metal cored electrodes shall

be analyzed in the form of weld metal, not filler metal.

The sample for analysis shall be taken from weld metal

obtained with the electrode and a shielding gas as speci-

fied in Tables 2 and 3. The sample may be taken from the

weld pad prepared in accordance with 8.4, from an area

of the groove weld as specified in 8.1, or from the

reduced section of the fractured tension test specimen. In

case of dispute, the weld pad is the referee method.

The top surface of the pad described in 8.4 and shown

in Figure 2 shall be removed and discarded. A sample for

analysis shall be obtained from the underlying metal, no

closer than 3/8 in. (9.5 mm) to the surface of the base

metal in Figure 2, by any appropriate mechanical means.

The sample shall be free of slag.

When the sample is taken from the groove weld or the

reduced section of the fractured tension test specimen,

that material shall be prepared for analysis by any suit-

able mechanical means.

9.3 The sample obtained as specified in 9.1 or 9.2 shall

be analyzed by accepted analytical methods. The referee

method shall be ASTM E350, Standard Method for

Chemical Analysis of Carbon Steel, Low Alloy Steel, Sili-

con Electrical Steel, Ingot Iron and Wrought Iron.

9.4 The results of the analysis shall meet the require-

ments of Table 1 for solid electrode or Table 2 for com-

posite electrodes for the classification of electrode under

test.

10. Radiographic Test

10.1 The groove weld described in 8.3.1 and shown in

Figure 1 shall be radiographed to evaluate the soundness

of the weld metal. In preparation for radiography, the

backing shall be removed, and both surfaces of the weld

shall be machined or ground smooth. Both surfaces of

the test assembly, in the area of the weld, shall be smooth

enough to avoid difficulty in interpreting the radiograph.

10.2 The weld shall be radiographed in accordance with

ASTM E142, Standard Method for Controlling Quality

of Radiographic Testing. The quality level of inspection

shall be 2-2T.

Notes:

a. Base metal of any convenient size, of any type, specified in Table 6, shall be used as the base metal for the weld pad.

b. The surface of the base metal on which the filler metal is to be deposited shall be clean.

c. The pad shall be welded in the flat position with successive layers to obtain weld metal of sufficient height.

d. The number and size of the beads will vary according to the size of the electrode and the width of the weave, as well as the amperage

employed.

e. The preheat temperature shall not be less than 60°F (16°C) and the interpass temperature shall not exceed 325°F (164°C).

f. Any slag shall be removed after each pass.

g. The test assembly may be quenched in water between passes to control interpass temperature.

h. The minimum completed pad size shall be at least four layers in height (H). Length (L), after allowance for start and stop areas, and

width (W) shall be sufficient to perform analysis. The sample for analysis shall be taken at least 3/8 in. (9 mm) above the original base

metal surface.

Figure 2—Pad for Chemical Analysis of Weld Metal from Composite Electrodes

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Table 6

Base Metal for Test Assemblies

AWS Classification Base Metal ASTM StandardaBase Metal UNS Numberb

ER70S-B2L

E70C-B2L

ER80S-B2

E80C-B2

A387 Grade 11 K11789

ER80S-B3L

E80C-B3L

ER90S-B3

E90C-B3

A387 Grade 22 K21590

ER80S-B6 A387 Grade 5 S50200

ER80S-B8 A387 Grade 9 S50400

ER90S-B9 A387 Grade 91 S50460

ER80S-Ni1

E80C-Ni1

A516 Grade 60, 65, or 70 K02100, K02403, or K02700

A537 Class 1 or 2 K12437, K21703, or K22103

A203 Grade A or B, or HY-80 steel

in accordance with MIL-S-16216 J42015

E70C-Ni2

ER80S-Ni2

E80C-Ni2

A203 Grade A or B or HY-80 steel

in accordance with MIL-S-16216 K22103, K21703, or J42015

ER80S-Ni3

E80C-Ni3

A203 Grade D or E or HY80 steel

in accordance with MIL-S-16216

K31718 or K32018

J42015

ER70S-A1

ER80S-D2

E90C-D2

ER90S-D2

ASTM A36, A285 Grade C,

A515 Grade 70, or

A516 Grade 70

K02600,

K03101,

K02700,

ER100S-1

ER100S-G

E100C-G

ER110S-1

ER110S-G

E110C-G

ER120S-1

ER120S-G

E120C-G

HY-80 or HY100 steel

in accordance with MIL-S-16216 J42015 or J42240

ERXXS-G

EXXC-G See notea

Notes:

a. For any weld metal classification in this specification, ASTM A36, A285 Grade C, A515 Grade 70, or A516 Grade 70 may be used. In that case, the

groove faces and the contacting face of the backing shall be buttered, as shown in Figure 1, using the electrode being classified or an electrode of the

same weld metal composition as that specified for the electrode being tested, or using an electrode of the specified composition classified in another

AWS low-alloy steel filler metal specification. Alternately, for the indicated weld metal classification, the corresponding base metals may be used

for weld test assemblies without buttering. In case of dispute, buttered A36 steel shall be the referee material.

b. ASTM/SAE Unified Numbering System for Metals and Alloys.

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Table 7

Preheat, Interpass, and Postweld Heat Treatment Temperatures

AWS Classification

Preheat and Interpass TemperatureaPWHT Temperaturea

°F °C °F °C

ER70S-A1

ER80S-B2

ER70S-B2L

E80C-B2

E70C-B2L

275–325 135–165 1150 ± 25 620 ± 15

ER90S-B3

ER80S-B3L

E90C-B3

E80C-B3L

375–425 185–215 1275 ± 25 690 ± 15

ER80S-B6 350–450 177–232 1375 ± 25 745 ± 15

ER80S-B8 400–500 205–260 1375 ± 25 745 ± 15

ER90S-B9 300–500 150–260 1375 ± 25 745 ± 15

ER80S-Ni2

ER80S-Ni3

E70C-Ni2

E80C-Ni2

E80C-Ni3

275–325 135–165 1150 ± 25 620 ± 15

ER80S-D2

ER90S-D2

E90C-D2

ER80S-Ni1

E80C-Ni1

ER100S-1

ER110S-1

ER120S-1

275–325 135–165 NonebNoneb

ERXXXS-G

EXXC-G Conditions as agreed upon between supplier and purchaser

Notes:

a. These temperatures are specified for testing under this specification and are not to be considered as recommendations for preheat, interpass, and

postweld heat treatment in production welding. The requirements for production welding must be determined by the user. They may or may not

differ from those called for here.

b. These classifications are normally used in the as-welded condition.

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10.3 The soundness of the weld metal meets the require-

ments of this specification if the radiograph shows no

cracks, no incomplete fusion, and no rounded indications

in excess of those permitted by the radiographic stan-

dards in Figure 3. In evaluating the radiograph, 1 in.

(25 mm) of the weld on each end of the test assembly

shall be disregarded.

10.3.1 A rounded indication is an indication (on the

radiograph) whose length is no more than 3 times its

width. Rounded indications may be circular, elliptical,

conical, or irregular in shape, and they may have tails.

The size of a rounded indication is the largest dimension

of the indication, including any tail that may be present.

The indication may be of porosity or slag. Indications

whose largest dimension does not exceed 1/64 in.

(0.4 mm) shall be disregarded. Test assemblies with indi-

cations larger than the largest indications permitted in the

radiographic standards (Figure 3) do not meet the

requirements of this specification.

11. Tension Test

11.1 One all-weld-metal tension test specimen shall be

machined from the groove weld described in 8.3.1 and

shown in Figure 1 as required in Table 5. The dimensions

of the specimen shall be as shown in Figure 4.

11.2 Before testing, the specimen may be aged at 200 to

220°F (93 to 104°C) for up to 48 hours, then allowed to

cool to room temperature. Refer to A8.3 for a discussion

on the purpose of aging treatments.

11.3 The specimen shall be tested in the manner

described in the tension test section of ANSI/AWS B4.0,

Standard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds.

11.4 The results of the all-weld-metal tension test shall

meet the requirements specified in Table 3. Test reports

shall indicate if the specimen was tested in the aged

condition.

12. Impact Test

12.1 Five Charpy V-notch impact test specimens (Fig-

ure 5) shall be machined from the test assembly shown in

Figure 1, for those classifications for which impact test-

ing is required in Table 5.

12.2 The five specimens shall be tested in accordance

with the impact test section of ANSI/AWS B4.0, Stan-

dard Methods for Mechanical Testing of Welds. The test

temperature shall be that specified in Table 4 for the clas-

sification under test.

12.3 In evaluating the test results, the lowest and the

highest values obtained shall be disregarded. For classifi-

cations requiring 20 ft⋅lbf (27 J), two of the remaining

three values shall equal, or exceed, the specified 20 ft⋅lbf

(27 J) energy level. One of the three may be lower, but

not lower than 15 ft⋅lbf (20 J), and the average of the

three shall be not less than the required 20 ft⋅lbf (27 J)

energy level. For classifications requiring 50 ft⋅lbf (68 J),

two of the remaining three values shall equal, or exceed,

the specified 50 ft⋅lbf (68 J) energy level. One of the

three may be lower, but not lower than 40 ft⋅lbf (54 J),

and the average of the three shall be not less than the

required 50 ft⋅lbf (68 J) energy level.

13. Diffusible Hydrogen Test

13.1 For each electrode to be identified by an optional

diffusible hydrogen designator, the 0.045 in. (1.1 mm) or

1/16 in. (1.6 mm) size (or the size that the manufacturer

produces that is closest to one of these, if these sizes are

not produced) shall be tested according to one of the

methods given in ANSI/AWS A4.3, Standard Methods

for Determination of the Diffusible Hydrogen Content of

Martensitic, Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal Pro-

duced by Arc Welding. The optional supplemental diffus-

ible hydrogen designator may be added to the

classification according to the average test value as com-

pared to the requirements of Table 8. If the actual test

results for an electrode meet the requirements for the

lower or lowest hydrogen designator as specified in

Table 8, the electrode also meets the requirements for all

higher hydrogen designators in Table 8 without the need

for retest.

Table 8

Optional Diffusible Hydrogen

Requirementsa

AWS

Electrode

Classification

Optional

Supplemental

Diffusible Hydrogen

Designatorb

Average Diffusible

Hydrogen, Maximum

(ml/100g Deposited

Metal)c

All

H16

16.0

8.0

4.0

2.0

Notes:

a. See Note a to Table 5.

b. This designator is added to the end of the complete electrode classi-

fication designation.

c. Some classifications may not meet the lower average diffusible hy-

drogen levels (H8, H4, and H2).

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(A) ASSORTED ROUNDED INDICATIONS

SIZE 1/64 in. (0.4 mm) TO 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) IN DIAMETER OR IN LENGTH.

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF INDICATIONS IN ANY 6 in. (150 mm) OF WELD = 18, WITH THE FOLLOWING RESTRICTIONS:

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF LARGE 3/64 in. (1.2 mm) TO 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) IN DIAMETER OR IN LENGTH INDICATIONS = 3.

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF MEDIUM 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) TO 3/64 in. (1.2 mm) IN DIAMETER OR IN LENGTH INDICATIONS = 5.

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SMALL 1/64 in. (0.4 mm) TO 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) IN DIAMETER OR IN LENGTH INDICATIONS = 10.

(B) LARGE ROUNDED INDICATIONS

SIZE 3/64 in. (1.2 mm) TO 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) IN DIAMETER OR IN LENGTH.

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF INDICATIONS IN ANY 6 in. (150 mm) OF WELD = 8.

SIZE 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) TO 3/64 in. (1.2 mm) IN DIAMETER OR IN LENGTH.

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF INDICATIONS IN ANY 6 in. (150 mm) OF WELD = 15.

(D) SMALL ROUNDED INDICATIONS

SIZE 1/64 in. (0.4 mm) TO 1/32 in. (0.8 mm) IN DIAMETER OR IN LENGTH.

MAXIMUM NUMBER OF INDICATIONS IN ANY 6 in. (150 mm) OF WELD = 30.

Notes:

1. In using these standards, the chart which is most representative of the size of the rounded indications present in the test specimen

radiograph shall be used for determining conformance to these radiographic standards.

2. Since these are test welds specifically made in the laboratory for classification purposes, the radiographic requirements for these test

welds are more rigid than those which may be required for general fabrication.

3. Indications whose largest dimension does not exceed 1/64 in. (0.4 mm) shall be disregarded.

4. These standards are equivalent to the Grade 1 standards of ANSI/AWS A5.1, Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Shielded

Metal Arc Welding.

Figure 3—Radiographic Acceptance Standards

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Figure 4—Tension Test Specimen

Notes:

1. The notched surface and the surface to be struck shall be parallel within 0.002 in. (0.05 mm) and have at least 63 µin. (1.6 µm) finish.

The other two surfaces shall be square with the notched or struck surface within ±10 minutes of the degree and have at least 125 µin.

(3.2 µm) finish.

2. The notch shall be smoothly cut by mechanical means and shall be square with the longitudinal edge of the specimen within one

degree.

3. The geometry of the notch shall be measured on at least one specimen in a set of five specimens. Measurement shall be done at

minimum 50 times magnification on either a shadowgraph or a metallograph.

4. The correct location of the notch shall be verified by etching before or after machining.

5. If a specimen does not break upon being struck, the value for energy absorbed shall be reported as the capacity of the impact testing

machine followed by a plus sign (+).

Figure 5—Charpy V-Notch Impact Test Specimen

Dimensions of Specimen, in.

DGCBF, min.

0.500 ± 0.010 2.000 ± 0.005 2-1/4 3/4 0.375

Dimensions of Specimen, mm

DGCBF, min.

12.7 ± 0.2 50.8 ± 0.1 57 19 9.5

Notes:

a. Dimensions G and C shall be as shown, but ends may be of any shape to fit the testing machine holders as long as the load is axial.

b. The diameter of the specimen within the gage length shall be slightly smaller at the center than at the ends. The difference shall not

exceed one percent of the diameter.

c. When the extensometer is required to determine yield strength, dimension C may be increased. However, the percent of the elonga-

tion shall be based on dimension G.

d. The surface finish within the C dimension shall be no rougher than 63 µin. (1.6 µm).

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13.2 Testing shall be done without rebaking, or otherwise

conditioning the electrode, unless the manufacturer rec-

ommends otherwise. If the electrode is rebaked, that fact,

along with the method used for rebaking, shall be noted

on the test report.

13.3 For purposes of certifying compliance with optional

diffusible hydrogen requirements, the reference atmo-

spheric condition shall be an absolute humidity of 10

grains of water vapor per pound (1.43 g/kg) of dry air at

the time of welding. The actual atmospheric conditions

shall be reported, along with the average value for the

test according to ANSI/AWS A4.3.5

13.4 When the absolute humidity equals or exceeds the

reference condition at the time of preparation of the test

assembly, the test shall be acceptable as demonstrating

compliance with the requirements of this specification,

provided the actual test results satisfy the diffusible

hydrogen requirements for the applicable optional sup-

plemental designator.

Part C

Manufacture, Identification, and

Packaging

14. Method of Manufacture

The electrodes and rods classified according to this

specification may be manufactured by any method that

will produce electrodes and rods that meet the require-

ments of this specification.

15. Standard Sizes

15.1 Standard sizes for electrodes and rods in the differ-

ent package forms (straight lengths, coils with support,

coils without support, drums and spools—see Section

17, Standard Package Forms) are shown in Table 9.

16. Finish and Uniformity

16.1 All electrodes and rods shall have a smooth finish

which is free from slivers, depressions, scratches, scale,

seams, laps (exclusive of the longitudinal joint in com-

posite metal cored electrodes), and foreign matter that

would adversely affect the welding characteristics, the

operation of the welding equipment, or the properties of

the weld metal.

16.2 Each continuous length of filler metal shall be from

a single heat or lot of material, and welds, when present,

shall have been made so as not to interfere with the uni-

form, uninterrupted feeding of the filler metal on auto-

matic and semiautomatic equipment.

16.3 The components in composite electrodes (including

the core ingredients in metal cored electrodes) shall be

distributed with sufficient uniformity throughout the

length of the electrode so as not to adversely affect the

performance of the electrode or the properties of the

weld metal.

16.4 A suitable protective coating may be applied to any

filler metal in this specification. Copper may be used as a

coating for any classification.

17. Standard Package Forms

17.1 Standard package forms are straight lengths, coils

with support, coils without support, spools, and drums.

Standard package dimensions and weights for each form

are given in Table 10. Package forms, sizes, and weights

other than these shall be as agreed between purchaser

and supplier.

17.2 The liners in coils with support shall be designed

and constructed to prevent distortion of the coil during

normal handling and use and shall be clean and dry

enough to maintain the cleanliness of the filler metal.

17.3 Spools shall be designed and constructed to prevent

distortion of the filler metal during normal handling and

use and shall be clean and dry enough to maintain the

cleanliness of the filler metal.

18. Winding Requirements

18.1 Electrodes on spools and in coils (including drums

and reels) shall be wound so that kinks, waves, sharp

bends, overlapping or wedging are not encountered,

leaving the filler metal free to unwind without restric-

tion. The outside end of the filler metal (the end with

which welding is to begin) shall be identified so it can be

readily located and shall be fastened to avoid unwinding.

18.2 The cast and helix of electrodes in coils, spools, and

drums shall be such that the electrode will feed in an

uninterrupted manner in automatic and semiautomatic

equipment.

18.3 The cast and helix of solid filler metal in 4 in.

(100 mm) spools shall be such that a specimen long

5. See A8.2 (in the Annex).

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Table 9

Standard Sizesa

Standard Package Form

Diameter

Tolerance (±)

Solid Composite

in. mm in. mm in. mm

Straight Lengthsb

0.045 1.1 0.001 0.02 0.002 0.05

1/16 0.062 1.6 0.002 0.05 0.002 0.05

5/64 0.078 2.0 0.002 0.05 0.003 0.08

3/32 0.094 2.4 0.002 0.05 0.003 0.08

1/8 0.125 3.2 0.002 0.05 0.003 0.08

5/32 0.156 4.0 0.002 0.05 0.003 0.08

3/16 0.188 4.8 0.002 0.05 0.003 0.08

Coils with and without Support

0.030 0.8 0.001 0.02 0.002 0.05

0.035 0.9 0.001 0.02 0.002 0.05

0.045 1.1 0.001 0.02 0.002 0.05

0.052 1.3 0.002 0.05 0.002 0.05

1/16 0.062 1.6 0.002 0.05 0.002 0.05

5/64 0.078 2.0 0.002 0.05 0.003 0.08

3/32 0.094 2.4 0.002 0.05 0.003 0.08

7/64 0.109 2.8 0.002 0.05 0.003 0.08

1/8 0.125 3.2 0.002 0.05 0.003 0.08

Drums

0.035 0.9 0.001 0.02 0.002 0.05

0.045 1.1 0.001 0.02 0.002 0.05

0.052 1.3 0.002 0.05 0.002 0.05

1/16 0.062 1.6 0.002 0.05 0.002 0.05

5/64 0.078 2.0 0.002 0.05 0.003 0.08

3/32 0.094 2.4 0.002 0.05 0.003 0.08

7/64 0.109 2.8 0.002 0.05 0.003 0.08

1/8 0.125 3.2 0.002 0.05 0.003 0.08

Spools

0.020 0.5 0.001 0.02 0.002 0.05

0.025 0.6 0.001 0.02 0.002 0.05

0.030 0.8 0.001 0.02 0.002 0.05

0.035 0.9 0.001 0.02 0.002 0.05

0.045 1.1 0.001 0.02 0.002 0.05

0.052 1.3 0.002 0.05 0.002 0.05

1/16 0.062 1.6 0.002 0.05 0.002 0.05

5/64 0.078 2.0 0.002 0.05 0.003 0.08

3/32 0.094 2.4 0.002 0.05 0.003 0.08

7/64 0.109 2.8 0.002 0.05 0.003 0.08

1/8 0.125 3.2 0.002 0.05 0.003 0.08

Notes:

a. Dimensions, sizes, tolerances, and package forms other than those shown shall be as agreed by purchaser and supplier.

b. Length shall be 36 in. ± 1/2 in. (approximately 900 mm ± 15 mm).

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enough to produce a single loop, when cut from the spool

and laid unrestrained on a flat surface, will:

(1) form a circle not less than 4 in. (100 mm) nor

more than 9 in. (230 mm) in diameter, and

(2) rise above the flat surface no more than 1/2 in.

(13 mm) at any location.

18.4 The cast and helix of solid filler metal on all other

package forms shall be such that a specimen long enough

to produce a single loop, when cut from the package and

laid unrestrained on a flat surface, will:

(1) form a circle not less than 12 in. (305 mm) for

0.030 in (0.8 mm) and smaller sizes; or not less than

15 in. (380 mm) for 0.035 in. (0.9 mm) and larger sizes,

and

(2) rise above the flat surface no more than 1 in.

(25 mm) at any location.

Certain bulk packages may contain wire that has been

elastically twisted or otherwise mechanically treated in

order to provide straighter wire feed. The wire from

these packages will not form a circle when cut. Tradi-

tional cast and helix measurements may have no rele-

vance. Wire thus treated shall conform to the winding

requirements of 18.1 and 18.2. Any method of wire form

inspection shall be as agreed between purchaser and

supplier.

19. Filler Metal Identification

19.1 The product information and the precautionary

information required in Section 21 for marking each

package shall also appear on each coil, spool, and drum.

Table 10

Packaging Requirementsa

Type of Package

Package Size Net Weight of Electrodeb

in. mm lb. kg (approx.)

Coils without Support As Specified by Purchaserc

Coils with Support

(See below)

6-3/4

170

300

25, 30, 50, and 60

6.4

11, 14, 23, and 27

Spoolsd

100

200

300

360

560

610

760

1-1/2 and 2-1/2

10, 12, and 15

25, 30, 35 and 44

50 and 60

250

300

600, 750, and 1000

0.7 and 1.1

4.5, 5.5, and 6.8

11, 14, 16, and 20

23 and 27

110

140

270, 340, and 454

Drums

15-1/2

400

500 As Specified by Purchaserc

OD 23 600 300 and 600 140 and 270

Straight Lengths 36 (long) 900 (long) 10 and 50 4.5 and 22.7

Coils with Support—Standard Dimensions and Weights

Electrode Size

Coil Net Weight Inside Diameter of Liner Width of Wound Electrode

lb kg (approx.) in. mm in., max. mm, max.

All

25 and 30

50, 60, and 65

6.4

11 and 14

23, 27, and 30

6-3/4 ± 1/8

12 ± 1/8

170 ± 3

305 ± 3

2-1/2 or 4-5/8

4-5/8

65 or 120

120

Notes:

a. Sizes and net weights other than those specified may be supplied as agreed between supplier and purchaser.

b. Tolerance on net weight shall be ±10 percent.

c. As agreed between supplier and purchaser.

d. See Figure 6.

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Notes:

a. Dimension B, outside diameter of barrel, shall be such as to permit proper feeding of the filler metals.

b. Dimension C, inside diameter of barrel, shall be such that swelling of the barrel or misalignment of the barrel and flanges will not

result in the inside diameter of the barrel being less than the inside diameter of the flanges.

Figure 6(a)—Standard Spools—Dimensions of 4 in. Spools

Note: Dimension B, outside diameter of barrel, shall be such as to permit proper feeding of the filler metals.

Figure 6(b)—Standard Spools—Dimensions of 8, 12, and 14 in. Spools

Dimensions

Spool Size, in. C, in. D, maximum, in.

2-5/32 ± 1/32

0-0/04 ± 1/16

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Figure 6(c)—Standard Spools—Dimensions of 22, 24, and 30 in. Spools

Dimensions

Spool Size, in. D, in. C, maximum, in.

22 ± 1/2

24 ± 1/2

30 ± 1/2

12-0/0

13-1/2

Notes:

1. All dimensions are in inches.

2. Dimension B, outside diameter of barrel, shall be such as to permit proper feeding of the electrode.

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19.2 Coils without support shall have a tag containing

this information securely attached to the filler metal at

the inside end of the coil.

19.3 Coils with support shall have the information

securely affixed in a prominent location on the support.

19.4 Spools shall have the information securely affixed

in a prominent location on the outside of at least one

flange of the spool.

19.5 Drums shall have the information securely affixed

in a prominent location on the side of the drum.

20. Packaging

Filler metal shall be suitably packaged to ensure

against damage during shipment and storage under nor-

mal conditions.

21. Marking of Packages

21.1 The following product information (as a minimum)

shall be legibly marked so as to be visible from the out-

side of each unit package:

(1) AWS specification (year of issue may be

excluded) and AWS classification numbers, along with

any optional supplemental designators, if applicable

(2) Supplier’s name and trade designation

(3) Size and net weight

(4) Lot, control, or heat number

21.2 The following precautionary information (as a mini-

mum) shall be prominently displayed in legible print on

all packages of electrodes and rods, including individual

unit packages enclosed within a larger package:

WARNING:

• Protect yourself and others. Read and understand

this information. FUMES AND GASES can be

hazardous to your health. ARC RAYS can injure

eyes and burn skin. ELECTRIC SHOCK can kill.

• Before use, read and understand the manufac-

turer’s instructions, Material Safety Data Sheets

(MSDSs), and your employer’s safety practices.

• Keep your head out of the fumes.

• Use enough ventilation, exhaust at the arc, or both,

to keep fumes and gases away from your breathing

zone and the general area.

• Wear correct eye, ear, and body protection.

• Do not touch live electrical parts.

• See American National Standard Z49.1, Safety in

Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published

by the American Welding Society, 550 N.W.

LeJeune Road, Miami, Florida 33126; OSHA

Safety and Health Standards, 29 CFR 1910, avail-

able from the U.S. Government Printing Office,

Washington, DC 20402.

DO NOT REMOVE THIS INFORMATION

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A1. Introduction

The purpose of this guide is to correlate the electrode

and rod classifications with their intended applications so

the specification can be used effectively. Reference to

appropriate base metal specifications is made whenever

that can be done and when it would be helpful. Such ref-

erences are intended only as examples rather than com-

plete listings of the materials for which each filler metal

is suitable.

A2. Classification System

A2.1 The system for identifying the electrode classifica-

tions in this specification follows the standard pattern

used in other AWS filler metal specifications as shown in

Figure A1.

A2.2 The prefix “E” designates an electrode as in other

specifications. The letters “ER” indicate that the filler

metal may be used either as an electrode or a rod. The

digits following (70, 80, 90, 100, 110, or 120) indicate

the required minimum tensile strength of the weld metal

in multiples of 1000 psi [6.9 MPa]; the minimum tensile

strength is determined from a test weld made using the

electrode in accordance with the welding conditions in

the specification. The letter “S” designates a solid elec-

trode or rod. The letter “C” designates a composite

stranded or metal cored electrode. The suffix following

the hyphen indicates the chemical composition of the

filler metal itself, in the case of solid electrodes and rods,

or the weld metal under certain test conditions, in the

case of the composite stranded or metal cored electrodes.

An optional supplemental diffusible hydrogen desig-

nator (H16, H8, H4, or H2) may follow, indicating

whether the electrode will meet a maximum diffusible

hydrogen level of 16, 8, 4, or 2 ml/100 g of weld metal

when tested as outlined in this specification.

A2.3 “G” Classification and the Use of “Not Specified”

and “Not Required”

A2.3.1 This specification includes filler metals classi-

fied as ERXXS-G, and EXXC-G. The “G” indicates that

the filler metal is of a general classification. It is “gen-

eral” because not all of the particular requirements speci-

fied for each of the other classifications are specified for

this classification. The intent in establishing these classi-

fications is to provide a means by which filler metals that

differ in one respect or another (chemical composition,

for example) from all other classifications (meaning that

the composition of the filler metal, in the case of the

example, does not meet the composition specified for

any of the classifications in the specification) can still be

classified according to the specification. The purpose is

to allow a useful filler metal, one that otherwise would

have to await a revision of the specification, to be classi-

fied immediately under the existing specification. This

means, then, that two filler metals, each bearing the same

“G” classification, may be quite different in some partic-

ular respect (chemical composition, again, for example).

A2.3.2 The point of difference (although not neces-

sarily the amount of the difference) referred to above will

Annex

Guide to AWS Specification for Low-Alloy Steel

Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding

(This Annex is not a part of ANSI/AWS A5.28-96, Specification for Low-Alloy Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded

Arc Welding, but is included for information only.)

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be readily apparent from the use of the words “not

required” and “not specified” in the specification. The

use of these words is as follows:

Not Specified is used in those areas of the specifica-

tion that refer to the results of some particular test. It

indicates that the requirements for that test are not speci-

fied for that particular classification.

Not Required is used in those areas of the specifica-

tion that refer to the tests that must be conducted in order

to classify a filler metal. It indicates that the test is not

required because the requirements (results) for the test

have not been specified for that particular classification.

Restating the case, when a requirement is not specified, it

is not necessary to conduct the corresponding test in

order to classify a filler metal to that classification. When

a purchaser wants the information provided by that test,

in order to consider a particular product of that classifica-

tion for a certain application, the purchaser will have to

arrange for that information with the supplier of the

product. The purchaser will have to establish with that

supplier just what the testing procedures and the accep-

tance requirements are to be for that test. The purchaser

may want to incorporate that information (via

ANSI/AWS A5.01, Filler Metal Procurement Guide-

lines) into the purchase order.

A2.3.3 Request for Filler Metal Classification

A2.3.3.1 When a filler metal cannot be classified

according to some classification other than a “G” classi-

fication, the manufacturer may request that a classifica-

tion be established for that filler metal. The manufacturer

may do this by following the procedure given here.

When the manufacturer elects to use the “G” classifica-

tion, the Filler Metal Committee recommends that the

manufacturer still request that a classification be estab-

lished for that filler metal, as long as the filler metal is of

commercial significance.

A2.3.3.2 A request to establish a new filler metal

classification shall be a written request, and it needs to

provide sufficient detail to permit the Filler Metal Com-

mittee or the Subcommittee to determine whether a new

classification or the modification of an existing classifi-

cation is more appropriate, and whether either is neces-

sary to satisfy the need. The request shall state the

variables and their limits for such a classification or

modification. The request should contain some indica-

tion of the time by which completion of the new classifi-

cation or modification is needed.

A2.3.3.3 The request should be sent to the Secre-

tary of the Filler Metal Committee at AWS Headquarters.

Upon receipt of the request, the Secretary will:

(1) Assign an identifying number to the request. This

number shall include the date the request was received.

(2) Confirm receipt of the request and give the identi-

fication number to the person who made the request.

(3) Send a copy of the request to the Chairman of the

Filler Metal Committee and to the Chairman of the par-

ticular Subcommittee involved.

Indicates use as both an electrode or rod (ER), or use only as an electrode (E).

Indicates, in 1000 psi (6.9 MPa) increments, the minimum tensile strength of the

weld metal produced by the electrode when tested according to this specification.

Three digits are used for weld metal of 100 000 psi (690 MPa) tensile strength and

higher (see Table 3). (Note that in this specification the digits “70” may represent

75 000 psi (515 MPa) rather than 70 000 psi (480 MPa) (see Table 3).

Indicates whether the filler metal is solid (S) or composite stranded or metal cored (C).

ERXXS-XXXHZ (for solid wire)

EXXC-XXXHZ (for composite wire)

Optional supplemental diffusible hydrogen designator (see Table 8), where Z repre-

sents 16, 8, 4, or 2.

Indicates the chemical composition of a solid electrode or the chemical composition of

the weld metal produced by a composite stranded or metal cored electrode (see Tables

1 and 2).

Figure A1—Classification System

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(4) File the original request.

(5) Add the request to the log of outstanding requests.

A2.3.3.4 All necessary action on each request will be

completed as soon as possible. If more than 12 months

lapse, the Secretary shall inform the requestor of the sta-

tus of the request, with copies to the Chairman of the

Committee and the Subcommittee. Requests still out-

standing after 18 months shall be considered not to have

been answered in a “timely manner” and the Secretary

shall report these to the Chairman of the Filler Metal

Committee, for action.

A2.3.3.5 The Secretary shall include a copy of the

log of all requests pending and those completed during

the preceding year with the agenda for each Filler Metal

Committee meeting. Any other publication of requests

that have been completed will be at the option of the

American Welding Society, as deemed appropriate.

A3. Acceptance

Acceptance of all welding materials classified under

this specification is in accordance with ANSI/AWS

A5.01 Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines, as the spec-

ification states. Any testing a purchaser requires of the

supplier, for material shipped in accordance with this

specification, shall be clearly stated in the purchase

order, according to the provisions of ANSI/AWS A5.01

Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines. In the absence of

any such statement in the purchase order, the supplier

may ship the material with whatever testing the supplier

normally conducts on material of that classification, as

specified in Schedule F, Table 1, of ANSI/AWS A5.01

Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines. Testing in accor-

dance with any other schedule in that table must be spe-

cifically required by the purchase order. In such cases,

acceptance of the material shipped will be in accordance

with those requirements.

A4. Certification

A4.1 The act of placing the AWS specification and clas-

sification designations on the packaging enclosing the

product, or the classification on the product itself, con-

stitutes the supplier’s (manufacturer’s) certification that

the product meets all of the requirements of the

specification.

The only testing requirement implicit in the certifica-

tion is that the manufacturer has actually conducted the

tests required by the specification on material that is rep-

resentative of that being shipped, and that the material

met the requirements of the specification.

Representative material, in this case, is any produc-

tion run of that classification using the same formulation.

“Certification” is not to be construed to mean that tests of

any kind were necessarily conducted on samples of the

specific material shipped. Tests on such material may or

may not have been made. The basis for the certification

required by the specification is the classification test of

“representative material” cited above, and the “Manufac-

turer’s Quality Assurance System” in ANSI/AWS A5.01

Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines.

A4.2 (Optional) At the option and expense of the pur-

chaser, acceptance may be based on the results of any or

all of the tests required by this specification made on the

gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) test assembly

described in Figure A2, with tension specimen as

described in Figure A3 (and the impact specimen

described in Figure 5). Solid Electrodes are generally

recommended for GTAW and PAW.

A5. Ventilation During Welding

A5.1 Five major factors govern the quantity of fumes in

the atmosphere to which welders and welding operators

are exposed during welding:

(1) Dimensions of the space in which welding is done

(with special regard to the height of the ceiling)

(2) Number of welders and welding operators work-

ing in that space

(3) Rate of evolution of fumes, gases, or dust, accord-

ing to the materials and processes used

(4) The proximity of the welders or welding operators

to the fumes as the fumes issue from the welding zone,

and to the gases and dusts in the space in which they are

working

(5) The ventilation provided to the space in which the

welding is done

A5.2 American National Standard Z49.1, Safety in Weld-

ing, Cutting, and Allied Processes (published by the

American Welding Society), discusses the ventilation

that is required during welding and should be referred to

for details. Attention is particularly drawn to the section

entitled “Health Protection and Ventilation.”

A6. Welding Considerations

A6.1 Gas metal arc welding (GTAW) can be divided into

four categories based on the mode of metal transfer: (1)

spray, (2) pulsed spray, (3) globular, and (4) short circuit-

ing transfer. In the spray, pulsed spray, and globular

modes, transfer occurs as distinct droplets that are

detached from the electrode, transferring along the arc

column into the weld pool. In the short circuiting mode,

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Test Conditions

Standard Size 3/32 in. (2.4 mm) 1/8 in. (3.2 mm)

Shielding Gas Argon Argon

Travel Speed 4 to 6 in./min (0.17 to 0.25 mm/sec) 4 to 6 in./min (0.17 to 0.25 mm/sec)

Nominal Arc Voltage 13 to 16 V 16 to 19 V

Nominal Current, DCEN)

(DCEN = electrode negative) 220 to 250 A 250 to 280 A

Preheat and Interpass Temperature See Table 7 See Table 7

Notes:

a. All dimensions (excluding angles) are in inches.

b. Prior to welding, the assembly may be preset as shown so that the welded joint will be sufficiently flat to facilitate test specimen

removal. As an alternative, restraint or a combination of restraint and preset may be used.

c. When required, edges of the grooves and the contacting face of the backing shall be buttered as shown. Any size of the electrode or

rod being tested may be used for buttering. See Table 6, Note (a).

d. If sizes other than those shown above are used, nominal current and arc voltage shall be changed as needed.

e. Postweld heat treatment shall be as specified in Table 7 for the classification under test.

Figure A2—Optional GTAW Groove Weld Test Assembly for

Mechanical Properties and Soundness

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the metal is deposited during frequent short circuiting of

the electrode in the molten pool.

A6.2 Spray Transfer

A6.2.1 The spray transfer mode, for low-alloy steel, is

most commonly obtained with argon shielding gas mix-

tures with up to 5 percent oxygen or carbon dioxide. A

characteristic of these shielding gas mixtures is the

smooth arc plasma through which hundreds of very fine

droplets are transferred to the weld pool each second.

A6.2.2 Spray transfer with argon-oxygen or argon-

carbon dioxide shielding gas is, primarily, a function of

current density, polarity, and resistance heating of the

electrode. The high droplet rate (approximately 250

droplets per second) develops suddenly above a critical

current level, commonly referred to as the transition cur-

rent (for each size electrode). Below this current, the

metal is transferred in drops generally larger in diameter

than the electrode at a rate of from 10 to 20 per second

(globular transfer). The transition current is also depen-

dent, to some extent, on the chemical composition of the

electrode. For 1/16 in. (1.6 mm) diameter low-alloy steel

electrodes, a transition current of 270 amperes (direct

current electrode positive [DCEP]) is common. Alternat-

ing current is not recommended for this type of welding

because it does not produce a stable arc.

A6.2.3 Pulsed Spray Transfer. Metal transfer in

pulsed spray welding is similar to that of the spray trans-

fer described above, but it occurs at a lower average cur-

rent. The lower average current is made possible by rapid

pulsing of the welding current between a high level,

where metal will transfer rapidly in the spray mode, and

a low level, where no transfer will take place. At a typi-

cal rate of 60 to 120 pulses per second, a melted drop is

formed by the low-current arc, which is then “squeezed

off” by the high-current pulse. This permits all-position

welding.

A6.3 Globular Transfer. The mode of transfer that char-

acterizes 100 percent CO2 as a shielding gas is globular.

Common practice with globular transfer is to use low arc

voltage to minimize spatter. This buries the arc and pro-

duces deep penetration. Electrodes of 0.045 and 1/16 in.

(1.1 and 1.6 mm) diameter normally are used at welding

currents in the range of 275–400 amperes (DCEP), for

this type of transfer. The rate at which droplets (globules)

are transferred ranges from 20 to 70 per second, depend-

ing on the size of the electrode, the amperage, polarity,

and arc voltage.

A6.4 Short Circuiting Transfer. This mode of transfer

is obtained with small diameter electrodes (0.030 to

0.045 in. [0.8 to 1.1 mm]) using low arc voltages and

amperages, and a power source designed for short cir-

cuiting transfer. The electrode short-circuits to the weld

metal, usually at a rate of from 50 to 200 times per sec-

ond. Metal is transferred with each short circuit, but not

across the arc. Short circuiting gas metal arc welding of

low-alloy steel is done most commonly with mixtures of

argon and CO2 as the shielding gas, with CO2 alone, and

occasionally with mixtures of helium-argon-CO2. Pene-

tration of welds made with CO2 shielding gas is greater

than with argon-CO2 mixtures, but mixtures containing

substantial amounts of argon or helium generally result

in superior weld metal impact properties. Shielding gas

mixtures of 50 to 90 percent argon-remainder CO2 or 50

to 90 percent helium-remainder CO2 result in higher

short circuiting rates and lower minimum currents and

voltages than does CO2 shielding alone. This can be an

advantage when welding thin plate or in the achievement

of superior impact properties.

A7. Description and Intended Use of

Electrodes and Rods

A7.1 The following is a description of the characteristics

and intended use of the filler metals classified by this

specification. The designations and the chemical compo-

sition requirements for all classifications are given in

Tables 1 and 2 of this specification. The mechanical

properties of weld metals from filler metals of the vari-

ous classifications will conform to the minimum require-

ments stated in Tables 3 and 4 of the specification.

A7.2 It should be noted that weld properties may vary

appreciably depending on filler metal size and current

used, plate thickness, joint geometry, preheat and inter-

pass temperatures, surface conditions, base-metal com-

position and extent of alloying with the filler metal, and

shielding gas. For example, when filler metals having an

analysis within the range of Table 1 are deposited, the

weld metal chemical composition will not vary greatly

from the as-manufactured composition of the filler metal

when used with argon-oxygen shielding gas. However,

they will show a considerable reduction in the content of

manganese, silicon, and other deoxidizers when used

with CO2 as the shielding gas.

A7.3 ER70S-A1 Classification (1/2 Mo). Filler metal of

this classification is similar to many of the carbon steel

filler metals classified in ANSI/AWS A5.18, except that

1/2 percent molybdenum has been added. This addition

increases the strength of the weld metal, especially at

elevated temperatures, and provides some increase in

corrosion resistance; however, it will likely reduce the

notch toughness of the weld metal. Typical applications

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include the welding of C-Mo base metals such as ASTM

204 plate and A335-P1 pipe.

A7.4 ER80S-B2 and E80C-B2 Classifications (1-1/4

Cr-1/2 Mo). Filler metals of these classifications are

used to weld 1/2Cr-1/2Mo, 1Cr-1/2Mo, and 1-1/4Cr-

1/2Mo steels for elevated temperatures and corrosive

service. They are also used for joining dissimilar combi-

nations of Cr-Mo and carbon steels. All transfer modes

of the GMAW process may be used. Careful control of

preheat, interpass temperatures, and postheat is essential

to avoid cracking. These electrodes are classified after

postweld heat treatment. Special care must be used when

using them in the as-welded condition due to higher

strength levels.

A7.5 ER70S-B2L and E70C-B2L Classifications

(1-1/4 Cr-1/2 Mo). These filler metals are identical to

the types ER80S-B2 and E80C-B2 except for the low-

carbon content (0.05 percent maximum) and thus the

lower strength levels. This alloy exhibits greater resis-

tance to cracking and is more suitable for welds to be left

in the as-welded condition or when the accuracy of the

postweld heat treatment operation is questionable. These

classifications were previously ER80S-B2L and E80C-

B2L in the previous edition of this specification. The

strength requirements and classification designator have

been changed to reflect the true strength capabilities of

the chemical composition.

A7.6 ER90S-B3 and E90C-B3 Classifications (2-1/4

Cr-1 Mo). Filler metals of these classifications are used

to weld the 2-1/4Cr-1Mo steels used for high-tempera-

ture/high-pressure piping and pressure vessels. These

may also be used for joining combinations of Cr-Mo and

carbon steel. All GMAW modes may be used. Careful

control of preheat, interpass temperatures, and postweld

heat treatment is essential to avoid cracking. These elec-

trodes are classified after postweld heat treatment. Spe-

cial care must be used when using them in the as-welded

condition due to higher strength levels.

A7.7 ER80S-B3L and E80C-B3L Classifications

(2-1/4 Cr-1 Mo). These filler metals are identical to the

types ER90S-B3 and E90C-B3 except for the low-carbon

content (0.05 percent maximum) and, therefore, the

lower strength levels. These alloys exhibit greater resis-

tance to cracking and are more suitable for welds to be

Dimensions of Specimen, in.

DGCBF, min.

0.350 ± 0.007 1.400 ± 0.005 1-3/4 1/2 0.25

Dimensions of Specimen, mm

DGCBF, min.

8.90 ± 0.1 35.5 ± 0.1 44 12.7 6.4

Notes:

a. Dimensions G and C shall be as shown, but ends may be of any shape to fit the testing machine holders as long as the load is axial.

b. The diameter of the specimen within the gage length shall be slightly smaller at the center than at the ends. The difference shall not

exceed one percent of the diameter.

c. When the extensometer is required to determine yield strength, dimension C may be increased. However, the percent of the elonga-

tion shall be based on dimension G.

d. The surface finish within the C dimension shall be no rougher than 63 µin. (1.6 µm).

Figure A3—Optional Tension Test Specimen for Gas Tungsten Arc Welding

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left in the as-welded condition. These classifications

were previously ER90S-B3L and E90C-B3L in the pre-

vious edition of this specification. The strength require-

ments and classification designator have been changed

to reflect the true strength capabilities of the chemical

composition.

A7.8 ER80S-Ni1 and E80C-Ni1 Classifications (1.0

Ni). These filler metals deposit weld metal similar to

E8018-C3 covered electrodes, and are used for welding

low-alloy high-strength steels requiring good toughness

at temperatures as low as –50°F (–46°C).

A7.9 ER80S-Ni2, E70C-Ni2, and E80C-Ni2 Classifi-

cations (2-1/4 Ni). These filler metals deposit weld

metal similar to E8018-C1 electrodes. Typically, they are

used for welding 2-1/2 percent nickel steels and other

materials requiring good toughness at temperatures as

low as –80°F (–62°C).

A7.10 ER80S-Ni3 and E80C-Ni3 Classifications

(3-1/4 Ni). These filler metals deposit weld metal similar

to E8018-C2 electrodes. Typically they are used for

welding 3-1/2 percent nickel steels for low-temperature

service.

A7.11 ER80S-D2, ER90S-D2, and E90C-D2 Classifi-

cations (1/2 Mo). The ER80S-D2 and ER90S-D2 classi-

fications have the same chemical requirements as the

E70S-1B classification of AWS A5.18-69. The differ-

ences between the ER80S-D2 and the ER90S-D2 classi-

fications are the change in shielding gas and the

mechanical property requirements specified in Table 3.

Filler metals of these classifications contain molybde-

num for increased strength and a high level of deoxidiz-

ers (Mn and Si) to control porosity when welding with

CO2 as the shielding gas. They will give radiographic

quality welds with excellent bead appearance in both

ordinary and difficult-to-weld carbon and low-alloy

steels. They exhibit excellent out-of-position welding

characteristics with the short circuiting and pulsed arc

processes.

The combination of weld soundness and strength makes

filler metals of these classifications suitable for single

and multiple-pass welding of a variety of carbon and

low-alloy, higher strength steels in both the as welded

and postweld heat-treated conditions. The chemical

composition of these classifications differs from those

of the “-D2” type electrodes in AWS A5.5.

A7.12 ER100S-1, ER110S-1, and ER120S-1 Classifi-

cations. These filler metals deposit high-strength, very

tough weld metal for critical applications. Originally

developed for welding HY80 and HY100 steels for mili-

tary applications, they are also used for a variety of struc-

tural applications where tensile strength requirements

exceed 100 ksi (690 MPa), and excellent toughness is

required to temperatures as low as –60°F (–51°C).

Mechanical properties obtained from weld deposits made

with electrodes of these classifications will vary depend-

ing on the heat input used.

A7.13 ER80S-B6 Classification (5 Cr-1/2 Mo). This

classification contains 4.0 to 6.0 percent chromium and

about 0.50 percent molybdenum. It is used for welding

material of similar composition, usually in the form of

pipe or tubing. The alloy is an air-hardening material

and, therefore, when welding with this filler metal, pre-

heat and postweld heat treatment are required. This elec-

trode is similar to that previously classified as ER502 in

AWS A5.9-81.

A7.14 ER80S-B8 Classification (9 Cr-1 Mo). This clas-

sification contains 8.0 to 10.5 percent chromium and

about 1.0 percent molybdenum. Filler metal of this clas-

sification is used for welding base metal of similar com-

positions, usually in the form of pipe or tubing. The alloy

is an air-hardening material and, therefore, when welding

with this filler metal, preheating and postweld heat treat-

ment are required. This electrode is similar to that previ-

ously classified as ER505 in AWS A5.9-81.

A7.15 ER90S-B9 Classification (9 Cr-1 Mo-0.2V-

0.07Nb(Cb)). ER90S-B9 is a 9Cr-1Mo solid wire modi-

fied with niobium (columbium) and vanadium designed

to provide strength, toughness, fatigue life, oxidation

resistance and corrosion resistance at elevated tempera-

tures. Due to the higher elevated temperature properties

of this alloy, components that are now fabricated from

stainless and ferritic steels may be fabricated from a sin-

gle alloy, eliminating problems associated with dissimi-

lar welds.

In addition to the classification requirements in this

specification, either impact toughness or high-tempera-

ture creep strength properties should be determined. Due

to the influence of various levels of carbon and niobium

(columbium), specific values and testing must be agreed

to by the supplier and purchaser.

A7.16 ERXXS-G and EXXC-G Classifications. Elec-

trodes and rods of the ERXXS-G and electrodes of the

EXXC-G classifications are those filler metals not

included in the preceding classes and for which only cer-

tain mechanical property requirements are specified. The

electrodes are intended for single and multiple-pass

applications. The filler metal supplier should be con-

sulted for the composition, properties, characteristics,

and intended use of these classifications (see A2.3 for

further information).

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A8. Special Tests

A8.1 It is recognized that supplementary tests may be

required to determine suitability of these filler metals for

certain applications involving properties not considered

in this specification. In such cases, additional tests to

determine specific properties of the weld metal, such as

hardness, corrosion resistance, mechanical properties at

higher or lower service temperatures, may be required.

Those tests may be conducted as agreed between sup-

plier and purchaser. ANSI/AWS A5.01 contains provi-

sions for ordering such tests.

A8.2 Diffusible Hydrogen. Solid, composite stranded,

and composite metal cored GMAW electrodes are gener-

ally considered to be low hydrogen consumables. When

joining carbon steels containing 0.30 percent or less car-

bon, hydrogen-assisted cracking is unlikely to be of con-

cern. However, when joining high-strength, low-alloy

steel, weld metal or heat-affected-zone cracking associ-

ated with diffusible hydrogen tends to become more of a

problem. Crack susceptibility increases as does the alloy

content, weld metal strength, heat-affected-zone hardness,

and diffusible hydrogen content. Susceptibility to hydro-

gen cracking is also greater when the preheat and inter-

pass temperatures are decreased, or the time at or above

the interpass temperature is shortened during welding.

The appearance of hydrogen cracking is usually delayed

some hours after cooling. It may appear as transverse weld

cracks, longitudinal cracks (especially in root beads), and

toe or underbead cracks in the heat-affected zone.

Since the available diffusible hydrogen level strongly

influences the tendency towards hydrogen-assisted

cracking, it may be desirable to measure the diffusible

hydrogen content resulting from a particular electrode.

Accordingly, the use of optional supplemental designa-

tors for diffusible hydrogen is introduced to indicate the

maximum average value obtained under a clearly defined

test condition in ANSI/AWS A4.3, Standard Methods for

Determination of the Diffusible Hydrogen Content of

Martensitic, Bainitic, and Ferritic Steel Weld Metal Pro-

duced by Arc Welding. Electrodes that are designated as

meeting the lower or lowest hydrogen limits, as specified

in Table 8, are also understood to be able to meet any

higher electrode hydrogen limits, even though these are

not necessarily designated along with the electrode clas-

sification. Therefore, as an example, an electrode being

designated as “H4” also meets “H8” requirements with-

out being designated as such.

The user of this information is cautioned that actual

fabrication conditions may result in different diffusible

hydrogen values than those indicated by the designator.

The use of a reference atmospheric condition during

welding is necessary because the arc always is imper-

fectly shielded. Moisture from the air, distinct from that

in the electrode or gas, can enter the arc and subse-

quently the weld pool, contributing to the resulting

observed diffusible hydrogen. This effect can be mini-

mized by maintaining a suitable gas-flow rate and as

short an arc length as possible, consistent with a steady

arc. At times, some air will mix with the gas and add its

moisture to the other sources of diffusible hydrogen. It is

possible for this extra diffusible hydrogen to signifi-

cantly affect the outcome of a diffusible hydrogen test.

For this reason, it is appropriate to specify a reference

atmospheric condition. The reference atmospheric condi-

tion of 10 grains of moisture per pound (1.43 grams per

kilogram) of dry air is equivalent to 10 percent relative

humidity at 70°F (21°C) at 29.92 in. Hg (760 mm) baro-

metric pressure. Actual conditions, measured using a cal-

ibrated psychrometer that equal or exceed this reference

condition, provide assurance that the conditions during

welding will not diminish the final results of the test.

A8.3 Aging of Tensile Specimens. Weld metals may

contain significant quantities of hydrogen for some time

after they have been made. Most of this hydrogen gradu-

ally escapes over time. This may take several weeks at

room temperature or several hours at elevated tempera-

tures. As a result of this eventual change in hydrogen

level, ductility of the weld metal increases towards its

inherent value, while yield, tensile, and impact strengths

remain relatively unchanged. This specification permits

the aging of the tensile test specimens at elevated temper-

atures up to 220°F (104 °C) for up to 48 hours before sub-

jecting them to tension testing. The purpose of this

treatment is to facilitate removal of hydrogen from the

test specimen in order to minimize discrepancies in

testing.

Aging treatments are sometimes used for low-hydro-

gen electrode deposits, especially when testing high-

strength deposits. Note that aging may involve holding

test specimens at room temperature for several days or

holding at a higher temperature for a shorter period of

time. Consequently, users are cautioned to employ ade-

quate preheat and interpass temperatures to avoid the

deleterious effects of hydrogen in production welds.

A9. Discontinued Classifications

The following classifications have been discontinued

over the life of this specification:

Discontinued

Classification Published Replaced With

ER100S-2 1979 —

ER80S-B2L 1979 ER70S-B2L

E80C-B2L 1979 E70C-B2LS

ER90S-B3L 1979 ER80S-B3L

E90C-B3L 1979 E80C-B3LS

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A10. General Safety Considerations

A10.1 Burn Protection. Molten metal, sparks, slag, and

hot-work surfaces are produced by welding, cutting, and

allied processes. These can cause burns if precautionary

measures are not used. Workers should wear protective

clothing made of fire-resistant material. Pant cuffs, open

pockets, or other places on clothing that can catch and

retain molten metal or sparks should not be worn. High-

top shoes or leather leggings and fire-resistant gloves

should be worn. Pant legs should be worn over the out-

side of high-top shoes. Helmets or hand shields that pro-

vide protection for the face, neck, and ears, and a head

covering to protect the head should be used. In addition,

appropriate eye protection should be used.

When welding overhead or in confined spaces, ear

plugs to prevent weld spatter from entering the ear canal

should be worn in combination with goggles or equiva-

lent to give added eye protection. Clothing should be

kept free of grease and oil. Combustible materials should

not be carried in pockets. If any combustible substance

has been spilled on clothing, a change to clean, fire resis-

tant clothing should be made before working with open

arcs or flame. Aprons, cape-sleeves, leggings, and shoul-

der covers with bibs designed for welding service should

be used.

Where welding or cutting of unusually thick base

metal is involved, sheet metal shields should be used for

extra protection. Mechanization of highly hazardous pro-

cesses or jobs should be considered. Other personnel in

the work area should be protected by the use of noncom-

bustible screens or by the use of appropriate protection as

described in the previous paragraph.

Before leaving a work area, hot workpieces should be

marked to alert other persons of this hazard. No attempt

should be made to repair or disconnect electrical equip-

ment when it is under load.

Disconnection under load produces arcing of the con-

tacts and may cause burns or shock, or both. Note: Burns

can be caused by touching hot equipment such as elec-

trode holders, tips, and nozzles. Therefore, insulated

gloves should be worn when these items are handled,

unless an adequate cooling period has been allowed

before touching.

The following sources are for more detailed informa-

tion on personal protection:

(1) American National Standards Institute. ANSI

Z41.1, Safety-Toe Footwear. New York: American

National Standards Institute.6

(2) ——. ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting,

and Allied Processes. Miami, FL: American Welding

Society.

(3) ——. ANSI Z87.1, Practice for Occupational and

Educational Eye and Face Protection. New York: Amer-

ican National Standards Institute.

(4) Occupational Safety and Health Administration.

Code of Federal Regulations, Title 29 Labor, Chapter

XVII, Part 1910. Washington, DC: U.S. Government

Printing Office.7

A10.2 Electrical Hazards. Electric shock can kill; how-

ever, it can be avoided. Live electrical parts should not

be touched. The manufacturer’s instructions and recom-

mended safe practices should be read and understood.

Faulty installation, improper grounding, and incorrect

operation and maintenance of electrical equipment are all

sources of danger.

All electrical equipment and the workpieces should

be grounded. The workpiece lead is not a ground lead.

It is used only to complete the welding circuit. A sepa-

rate connection is required to ground the workpiece.

The workpiece should not be mistaken for a ground

connection.

The correct cable size should be used, since sustained

overloading will cause cable failure and result in possible

electrical shock or fire hazard. All electrical connections

should be tight, clean, and dry. Poor connections can

overheat and even melt. Further, they can produce dan-

gerous arcs and sparks. Water, grease, or dirt should not

be allowed to accumulate on plugs, sockets, or electrical

units. Moisture can conduct electricity.

To prevent shock, the work area, equipment, and

clothing should be kept dry at all times. Welders should

wear dry gloves and rubber-soled shoes, or stand on a dry

board or insulated platform. Cables and connections

should be kept in good condition. Improper or worn elec-

trical connections may create conditions that could cause

electrical shock or short circuits. Worn, damaged, or bare

cables should not be used. Open-circuit voltage should

be avoided. When several welders are working with arcs

of different polarities, or when a number of alternating

current machines are being used, the open-circuit volt-

ages can be additive. The added voltages increase the

severity of the shock hazard.

In case of electric shock, the power should be turned

off. If the rescuer must resort to pulling the victim from

the live contact, nonconducting materials should be used.

If the victim is not breathing, cardiopulmonary resuscita-

tion (CPR) should be administered as soon as contact

with the electrical source is broken. A physician should

6. ANSI documents are available from the American National

Standards Institute, 11 West 42 Street, New York, NY 10036

7. OSHA documents are available from U.S. Government

Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402

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be called and CPR continued until breathing has been

restored, or until a physician has arrived. Electrical burns

are treated as thermal burns; that is, clean, cold (iced)

compresses should be applied. Contamination should be

avoided; the area should be covered with a clean, dry

dressing; and the patient should be transported to medi-

cal assistance.

Recognized safety standards such as ANSI/ASC

Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes,

and NFPA No. 70, National Electrical Code, should be

followed.8

A10.3 Fumes and Gases. Many welding, cutting, and

allied processes produce fumes and gases which may be

harmful to health. Fumes are solid particles which origi-

nate from welding filler metals and fluxes, the base

metal, and any coatings present on the base metal. Gases

are produced during the welding process or may be pro-

duced by the effects of process radiation on the surround-

ing environment. Management personnel and welders

alike should be aware of the effects of these fumes and

gases. The amount and composition of these fumes and

gases depend upon the composition of the filler metal

and base metal, welding process, current level, arc

length, and other factors.

The possible effects of over-exposure range from irri-

tation of eyes, skin, and respiratory system to more

severe complications. Effects may occur immediately or

at some later time. Fumes can cause symptoms such as

nausea, headaches, dizziness, and metal fume fever. The

possibility of more serious health effects exists when

especially toxic materials are involved. In confined

spaces, the shielding gases and fumes might displace

breathing air and cause asphyxiation. One’s head should

always be kept out of the fumes. Sufficient ventilation,

exhaust at the arc, or both, should be used to keep fumes

and gases from your breathing zone and the general area.

In some cases, natural air movement will provide

enough ventilation. Where ventilation may be question-

able, air sampling should be used to determine if correc-

tive measures should be applied.

More detailed information on fumes and gases pro-

duced by the various welding processes may be found in

the following:

(1) The permissible exposure limits required by

OSHA can be found in Code of Federal Regulations,

Title 29, Chapter XVII, Part 1910.

(2) The recommended threshold limit values for

fumes and gases may be found in Threshold Limit Values

for Chemical Substances and Physical Agents in the

Workroom Environment, published by the American

Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

(ACGIH).9

(3) The results of an AWS-funded study are available

in a report entitled, Fumes and Gases in the Welding

Environment, available from the American Welding

Society.

(4) Manufacturer’s Material Safety Data Sheet for the

product.

A10.4 Radiation. Welding, cutting, and allied operations

may produce radiant energy (radiation) harmful to

health. One should become acquainted with the effects of

this radiant energy.

Radiant energy may be ionizing (such as x-rays), or

nonionizing (such as ultraviolet, visible light, or infra-

red). Radiation can produce a variety of effects such as

skin burns and eye damage, depending on the radiant

energy’s wavelength and intensity, if excessive exposure

occurs.

A10.4.1 Ionizing Radiation. Ionizing radiation is

produced by the electron beam welding process. It is

ordinarily controlled within acceptance limits by use of

suitable shielding enclosing the welding area.

A10.4.2 Nonionizing Radiation. The intensity and

wavelengths of nonionizing radiant energy produced

depend on many factors, such as the process, welding

parameters, electrode and base-metal composition,

fluxes, and any coating or plating on the base metal.

Some processes such as resistance welding and cold

pressure welding ordinarily produce negligible quantities

of radiant energy. However, most arc welding and cutting

processes (except submerged arc when used properly),

laser welding and torch welding, cutting, brazing, or sol-

dering can produce quantities of nonionizing radiation

such that precautionary measures are necessary.

Protection from possible harmful effects caused by

nonionizing radiant energy from welding include the fol-

lowing measures:

(1) One should not look at welding arcs except

through welding filter plates which meet the require-

ments of ANSI Z87.1, Practice for Occupational and

Educational Eye and Face Protection, published by

American National Standards Institute. It should be

noted that transparent welding curtains are not intended

as welding filter plates, but rather are intended to protect

a passerby from incidental exposure.

(2) Exposed skin should be protected with adequate

gloves and clothing as specified in ANSI Z49.1, Safety in

8. NFPA documents are available form the National Fire Pro-

tection Association, 1 Batterymarch Park, Quincy, MA 02269.

9. ACGIH documents are available form the American Con-

ference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists, Kemper Woods

Center, 1330 Kemper Meadow Drive, Cincinnati, OH 45240.

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Welding, Cutting, and Allied Processes, published by

American Welding Society.

(3) Reflections from welding arcs should be avoided,

and all personnel should be protected from intense

reflections. (Note: Paints using pigments of substantially

zinc oxide or titanium dioxide have a lower reflectance

for ultraviolet radiation.)

(4) Screens, curtains, or adequate distance from

aisles, walkways, etc., should be used to avoid exposing

passersby to welding operations.

(5) Safety glasses with UV protective side shields

have been shown to provide some beneficial protection

from ultraviolet radiation produced by welding arcs.

A10.4.3 Ionizing radiation information sources

include the following:

(1) AWS F2.1, Recommended Safe Practices for Elec-

tron Beam Welding and Cutting, available from the

American Welding Society.

(2) Manufacturer’s product information literature.

A10.4.4 The following include nonionizing radiation

information sources:

(1) American National Standards Institute. ANSI

Z136.1, Safe Use of Lasers, New York, NY: American

National Standards Institute.

(2) ——. ANSI Z87.1, Practice for Occupational and

Educational Eye and Face Protection. New York, NY:

American National Standards Institute.

(3) ——. ANSI Z49.1, Safety in Welding, Cutting,

and Allied Processes. (published by AWS) Miami, FL:

American Welding Society.

(4) Hinrichs, J. F. “Project committee on radiation-

summary report.” Welding Journal, January 1978.

(5) Moss, C. E. “Optical radiation transmission levels

through transparent welding curtains.” Welding Journal,

March 1979.

(6) Moss, C. E. and Murray, W. E. “Optical radiation

levels produced in gas welding, torch brazing, and oxy-

gen cutting.” Welding Journal, September 1979.

(7) Marshall, W. J., Sliney, D. H. and others. “Optical

radiation levels produced by air-carbon arc cutting

processes.” Welding Journal, March 1980.

(8) National Technical Information Service. Non-

ionizing radiation protection special study no. 42-0053-

77, “Evaluation of the potential hazards from actinic

ultraviolet radiation generated by electric welding and

cutting arcs.” Springfield, VA: National Technical Infor-

mation Service. ADA-033768.

(9) ——. Non-ionizing radiation protection special

study no. 42-0312-77, “Evaluation of the potential retina

hazards from optical radiation generated by electrical

welding and cutting arcs.” Springfield, VA: National

Technical Information Service, ADA-043023.

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AWS Filler Metal Specifications Listed by Material and Welding Process

Relationships of A5

Documents OFW SMAW

GTAW

GMAW

PAW FCAW SAW ESW EGW Brazing

Carbon Steel A5.2 A5.1 A5.18 A5.20 A5.17 A5.25 A5.26 A5.8, A5.31

Low-Alloy Steel A5.2 A5.5 A5.28 A5.29 A5.23 A5.25 A5.26 A5.8, A5.31

Stainless Steel — A5.4 A5.9 A5.22 A5.9 A5.9 A5.9 A5.8, A5.31

Cast Iron A5.15 A5.15 A5.15 A5.15 — — — A5.8, A5.31

Nickel Alloys — A5.11 A5.14 — A5.14 — — A5.8, A5.3

Aluminum Alloys —A5.3A5.10————A5.8, A5.3

Copper Alloys —A5.6A5.7————A5.8, A5.3

Titanium Alloys ——A5.16————A5.8, A5.31

Zirconium Alloys ——A5.24————A5.8, A5.31

Magnesium Alloys ——A5.19————A5.8, A5.31

Tungsten Electrodes ——A5.12———— —

Brazing Alloys and Fluxes ———————A5.8, A5.31

Surfacing Alloys ,A5.13,

A5.21

,A5.13,

A5.21

,A5.13,

A5.21 ———— —

Consumable Inserts A5.30

Shielding Gases A5.32 A5.32 A5.32

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For ordering information, contact the Order Department, American Welding Society, 550 N.W. LeJeune Road Miami,

FL 33126. Phone: 1-800-334-9353.

AWS Filler Metal Specifications and Related Documents

AWS Designation Title

FMC Filler Metal Comparison Charts

A4.2 Standard Procedures for Calibrating Magnetic Instruments to Measure the Delta Ferrite Content of Austenitic and

Duplex Austenitic-Ferritic Stainless Steel Weld Metal

A4.3 Standard Methods for Determination of the Diffusible Hydrogen Content of Martensitic, Bainitic, and Ferritic

Steel Weld Metal Produced by Arc Welding

A5.01 Filler Metal Procurement Guidelines

A5.1 Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding

A5.2 Specification for Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Rods for Oxyfuel Gas Welding

A5.3 Specification for Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding

A5.4 Specification for Stainless Steel Welding Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding

A5.5 Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding

A5.6 Specification for Covered Copper and Copper Alloy Arc Welding Electrodes

A5.7 Specification for Copper and Copper Alloy Bare Welding Rods and Electrodes

A5.8 Specification for Filler Metals for Brazing and Braze Welding

A5.9 Specification for Bare Stainless Steel Welding Electrodes and Rods

A5.10 Specification for Bare Aluminum and Aluminum Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods

A5.11 Specification for Nickel and Nickel Alloy Welding Electrodes for Shielded Metal Arc Welding

A5.12 Specification for Tungsten and Tungsten Alloy Electrodes for Arc Welding and Cutting

A5.13 Specification for Solid Surfacing Welding Rods and Electrodes

A5.14 Specification for Nickel and Nickel Alloy Bare Welding Electrodes and Rods

A5.15 Specification for Welding Electrodes and Rods for Cast Iron

A5.16 Specification for Titanium and Titanium Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods

A5.17 Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding

A5.18 Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding

A5.19 Specification for Magnesium Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods

A5.20 Specification for Carbon Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding

A5.21 Specification for Composite Surfacing Welding Rods and Electrodes

A5.22 Specification for Stainless Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding and Stainless Steel Flux Cored Rods for

Gas Tungsten Arc Welding

A5.23 Specification for Low Alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Submerged Arc Welding

A5.24 Specification for Zirconium and Zirconium Alloy Welding Electrodes and Rods

A5.25 Specification for Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Electrodes and Fluxes for Electroslag

A5.26 Specification for Carbon and Low Alloy Steel Electrodes for Electrogas Welding

A5.28 Specification for Low-Alloy Steel Electrodes and Rods for Gas Shielded Arc Welding

A5.29 Specification for Low Alloy Steel Electrodes for Flux Cored Arc Welding

A5.30 Specification for Consumable Inserts

A5.31 Specification for Fluxes for Brazing and Braze Welding

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A528 Cov 1584 AWS A5 28 1996

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