Long Range Digital Radio (LRDR) The Case For HF White Paper Codan LRDR Ebook Critical Comms

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Long-range digital radio –
the case for HF

• HF radio – a backgrounder
• HF – the reliable choice for voice
• Digital voice for HF

ebook

Contents

Image credit: Codan Radio Communications

From the editor ...

W

hen you’re far from home and
cut off from communications infrastructures, HF radio is still the
technology you can rely on to keep
you in touch with the outside world.

HF is used extensively by militaries, disaster relief agencies, emergency services, security services, NGOs, exploration companies and
particularly by aviation and maritime agencies and operators.
Modern HF technology is a far cry from that of its humble beginnings. Automatic frequency selection has taken the hard work out of
making contact, and the arrival of digital technology and advanced
signal processing has overcome the voice quality issues of the past.
One of HF’s main strengths is that it doesn’t depend on infrastructure such as towers, repeaters, cable networks and so on. It’s
an independent communication medium that can be operated from
anywhere - including the harshest and most remote corners of the
globe - and can be set up within minutes and used by operators
who have had minimal training.

As a former radio operator myself - accustomed to listening to
scratchy, noisy HF comms - I can tell you that having seen and heard
demonstrations of the new digital voice technologies, long-distance
radio will never be the same again. HF is definitely here to stay.
Jonathan Nally
Editor
Critical Comms magazine

ebook

This eBook explains the concept of HF radio and describes the
modern techniques that are being employed to keep it at the forefront
of resilient, reliable communications networks.

Image credit: Codan Radio Communications

HF radio - a backgrounder
Mike Smyth

HF radio has been with us from the start, and technological advances promise to keep
it relevant for years to come.

H

igh frequency (HF) radio was one of the first parts
of the spectrum to be opened up in the pioneering
days of radio. With frequencies stretching all the way
from 3 to 30 MHz, there is almost always an ‘open’
channel with which to ensure reliable communications. In practice,
most HF radios use from 1.6 to 30 MHz with the majority of longdistance communications being in the 4 to 18 MHz range, although
higher frequencies may be used depending on the time of day and
ionospheric conditions.
Unlike short-range VHF and UHF communications, which are
line of sight (LOS) transmission technologies that can be blocked by
mountains and buildings, and which cannot reach far (if at all) over
the horizon, HF is far less unconstrained by terrain and distance.

It was soon realised that satellites can be easily jammed or destroyed,
and can irretrievably break down. Mobile phones depend on vulnerable land-based infrastructure, as do VHF and UHF radio systems.
But all an HF network requires is a transceiver at both ends - there’s
no need for intervening infrastructure. HF, coupled with component
miniaturisation (which has reduced the size of transceivers), has taken
on a new lease of life as an inexpensive and very reliable form of
communication. With the adaption of modern techniques, HF has
become an essential means of long-range communication - especially
in times of disasters when more traditional communication systems
are either destroyed or overloaded.

Long-range HF communications rely on refraction of signals by
the ionosphere. The ionosphere is an ionised region of the upper
atmosphere between about 80 and 600 km in altitude. This region
can be visualised as several distinct layers, most commonly referred
to as the D-Layer, the E-Layer and the F-Layer.

The inherent problems of HF - such as interference from other
users, atmospheric noise, limited bandwidth - are being addressed
with modern technologies. Link quality analysis is one technique
where transmitting and receiving stations cooperate to assess the
quality of the channels available and then select the best one. Another is automatic link establishment (ALE), which is a system that
takes the guesswork out of selecting a suitable operating frequency.

Also often known as shortwave radio, HF was the backbone of
most long-distance radio traffic right up until the 1990s. With the
advent of satellite communications and the internet, HF became
regarded by some as being yesterday’s technology.

Red Cross societies in New Zealand, Denmark, Spain and the
USA are establishing HF emergency response units, designed to be
easily operated by non-expert volunteers who can be deployed to a
disaster area within 48 hours.

Image credit: Codan Radio Communications

The restricted range reduces adjacent interference and makes possible
high data rate transmission.
Radio signals in the HF band can travel distances of between
50 and 300 kilometres by being refracted from the bottom of the
ionosphere and reflected from the ground - known as ground wave
propagation. In certain circumstances such as over the ocean, multiple hops may result from this phenomenon, leading to distances
of up to about 300 kilometres. Ground waves are usually used for
analog voice; high data rates may be limited, although ground waves
over water may lead to higher data rates. The effective range of this
propagation mode is affected by factors including terrain, operating frequency, transceiver power output and directionality of the
transmitting and receiving antennas.
Beyond-LOS, near-vertical-incidence skywave (NVIS) range can
be increased to about 400 kilometres because terrain obstruction is
not a problem when the frequency range is restricted to less than
10 MHz. When most of the radio signal propagates vertically it is
refracted back to earth. A relatively large proportion of the signal is
returned and as such NVIS is often used for high data rates.
The effective propagation range is influenced by factors such
as transceiver power output, antenna directionality and frequency
selection. ALE can help in solving frequency selection.
Long-range communications out to 4000 kilometres and beyond
rely on the effective combination of antennas, power levels and
atmospheric conditions. ALE can be very useful in this situation
by sorting out suitable frequencies which often require directional
antennas. Long-range skywave propagation is characterised by only
a small proportion of the signal arriving at the receiver, hence is
primarily used for voice and lower data rates. The effective propagation range is influenced by factors such as transceiver power output,
antenna directionality and frequency selection.

During times of natural disasters, from tsunamis to typhoons to
bushfires, the value of HF is recognised by and increasingly used by
utilities. And militaries have used HF since before World War II for
both tactical and strategic communications.
Even at low power levels, HF can be used for LOS communications with a range of typically 30 kilometres depending on terrain,
obstructions and earth curvature. Longer ranges will also be affected
by operating frequency, power output and the height of the antenna.

HF is widely used by military and other governmental organisations, aviation air-to-ground (particular for oceanic and remote
continental areas), shortwave services, amateur radio operators and
some radar systems.
The latest technology is digital voice HF, which almost entirely
does away with the often poor quality of reception due to static
and other kinds of interference. Digital voice is commonly used to
produce high-quality voice communications over LOS, ground wave
and NVIS channels. Digital voice is also effective over long-range
channels with only a slight reduction in voice quality.

Image credit: Codan Radio Communications

HF - the reliable choice for
voice

Jonathan Nally

Whether in time of peace or war, natural disaster or humanitarian crisis, you can always rely
on HF radio communications.

I

n all parts of the world - metropolitan or rural, baking desert
or frigid poles - HF radio proves its worth every day. In use
with security forces, humanitarian organisations, militaries,
aviation agencies, maritime services and more, HF is often the
only means of communication with the outside world.
HF’s traditional advantages of long-range, non-reliance on infrastructure and ruggedness are today supplemented by technologies
such as automatic link establishment (ALE) that take the guesswork
out of establishing communications, improving ease of use.
Add to that the voice quality benefits that the latest digital voice
technology brings and it’s easy to see why HF remains such a potent
communications medium.

In the field
More and more organisations are turning to HF to provide their backup, or primary, means of staying in touch with agents and operators
in the field, and with headquarters or regional command centres.
The Red Cross makes extensive use of HF, which is hardly
surprising considering some of the remote areas the organisation

reaches - regions that very often have no reliable communications
with the wider world, either through lack of infrastructure or because
of damage caused by natural disasters.
With ALE taking the hard work out of choosing frequencies and
making contact, it is easy to quickly train unskilled operators to
take control of communications. The Red Cross often leaves entire
HF radio set-ups behind for locals to use, once the agency’s main
mission is done.
The clarity of digital voice also makes it easy for operators to hear
what others are saying - a skill that can take some time to acquire
when working with scratchy traditional analog HF.

When disaster strikes
It has been shown time and time again - Hurricane Katrina, the
London bombings, the Christchurch earthquakes - that commercial
communications cannot be relied on when a disaster hits. Consumergrade mobile phones, the internet, even landlines can be put out of
service by an earthquake, flood, fire or cyclone. Or, they become so
overwhelmed with the public making calls that emergency services
personnel cannot get through.

This is when you need a technology that is simple and reliable.
With HF, all you need is a radio, a battery and an antenna - and
within seconds you can be talking with colleagues tens, hundreds or
thousands of kilometres away. There is zero reliance on vulnerable
infrastructure. This is the beauty of HF.

US government goes HF
The US Department of Veterans Affairs recognises this, and so has
announced its intention to deploy a resilient emergency HF network
to connect medical centres spread throughout the USA.
The network will have 400-watt backbone stations designed to
provide communications among 125-watt stations and 125-watt
mobile vehicle-based stations located at approximately 200 Veterans
Health Administration (VHA) facilities.
The network is to provide voice and data communications, as
well as patching into land and cellular telephone services, using ALE.
Other US departments have similar HF systems. The Department of Homeland Security has a network known as SHARES and
the Federal Emergency Management Agency, Army National Guard
and Centers for Disease Control and Prevention all have their own
emergency HF networks.

When all else fails
When a natural disaster strikes, standard communication with the
outside world is one of the first things to go. Sometimes the only
communications that remain are amateur radio set-ups operated
by enthusiasts. Amateur radio uses HF for long-range comms, and
while this eBook is not concerned with amateur or ‘ham’ radio, it
is worth recalling how the experience of amateur operators perfectly
illustrates the benefits of having standalone communications networks.

Time and again, amateur radio HF operators have stepped in to
provide the only comms with the outside world. They were vital in
the early stages of the Falklands Islands war, the Haiti earthquake,
Hurricane Katrina and the terrible Indian Ocean tsunami.
US politician Mike Ross, a member of the House of Representatives, is one of only a handful of congressmen who is also an amateur
radio operator. Commenting on the role of HF communications in
the aftermath of Hurricane Katrina, he said: “Citizens throughout
America dedicated to this hobby - a hobby that some people consider old-fashioned or obsolete - were true heroes in the aftermath
of Hurricane Katrina as they were often the only line of communication available into the storm-ravaged areas. Flashier means of
communication and technology are highly vulnerable. Ham radios,
entirely self-contained transmitters, require no cell towers or satellites,
simply a battery and a strip of wire as an antenna.”
The Wall Street Journal said: “With Hurricane Katrina having
knocked out nearly all the high-end emergency communications
gear, 911 centers, cell phone towers and normal fixed phone lines
in its path, ham-radio operators have begun to fill the information
vacuum. 99.9% of normal communications in the affected region
is nonexistent.”
If amateurs can achieve all of this with simple gear at home, think
of what a professional organisation such as yours could achieve with
industrial-grade HF radio equipment - yet at relatively low cost,
given that there is no need for extensive and expensive infrastructure.
The moral of this story is that HF communications are unencumbered by reliance on vulnerable networks, are able to reach virtually
anywhere in the world and, with modern technologies incorporated,
are as dependable, easy to use and clear as every other radio system.

Image credit: Codan Radio Communications

Digital voice for HF
Jonathan Nally

The last great drawback of HF radio - frequent poor voice quality - has now been overcome
with digital technology.

H

F radio has always had some weaknesses, such as
susceptibility to interference, fading and dropouts due
to ionospheric effects and frequent poor voice quality.
But each of these has now largely been overcome.

Following experimental work in the 1980s, automatic link establishment (ALE) has become the de facto standard for HF communications. With ALE, radio units continually scan a number of
predefined frequencies, known as channels, and periodically send small
transmissions, known as soundings. Other radios on the network
receive these soundings and use them to learn which stations can
be contacted using which channel. When a call is initiated, the ALE
controller automatically selects the best channel and sends a request
signal to the recipient unit to establish a link. Once established, the
two units can then communicate with each other. ALE can also support text messaging, and for higher bandwidth applications such as
email, ALE can be used in conjunction with special modem waveforms
which can reliably transfer larger amounts of information over HF.
ALE has greatly diminished the difficulties of selecting appropriate,
reliable frequencies, and thus has reduced the problem of fadeouts
and interference.
Perhaps the main weakness cited of HF, though, is poor voice
quality that comes as a result of all manner of atmospheric effects

(eg, lightning, the influence of solar flares and so on) and manmade
interference from other equipment and radio transmissions. But
with the arrival of digital HF voice technology and advanced signal
processing, this too is becoming a thing of the past.

Loud and clear
Clear, intelligible HF voice communications is not only desirable …
it can be the difference between life and death. The user might be a
military unit in the field, calling for backup. Or an aircraft lost in a
remote area, calling for assistance. Or a humanitarian mission 200
kilometres from the nearest hospital, calling for urgent medical aid.
Reliable, clear comms are vital - you can’t afford for your message
to not be understood.
Digital voice technology is the answer. As operators of the digital
VHF/UHF professional mobile radio (PMR) networks can attest,
having upgraded from analog, the clarity that digital brings results
in better communications, the virtual elimination of repeat calls
(because the recipient didn’t understand you the first time) and
therefore more efficiency and responsiveness.
The same is now true of HF.
Digital voice works by taking an analog voice signal from a radio’s
microphone, digitising it and processing it using a vocoder. This

compresses the data stream to make it practical to send over the
typically narrow frequency range being used. After the vocoder, the
digital signal typically flows through a cryptography unit to ensure
the signal cannot be eavesdropped on once it makes it to the final
step, the transmitter and broadcast.
At the other end, modern receiver technology is employed to
pick up weak signals that might have been sent from hundreds
or thousands of kilometres away. The signal is then equalised, demodulated, decrypted and turned back into voice using an inverse
function within the vocoder.
In addition to the modem technology allowing transmission of
data over HF, the vocoder is the function which is responsible for
the high-quality voice. A vocoder technology known as MELPe is
most commonly used over HF, and supports voice coding rates of
2400, 1200 and 600 bits per second (bps).The MELPe algorithm
was derived using several enhancements to the original MELP
(mixed-excitation linear prediction) standard; it is also known as

NATO STANAG 4591. MELPe also supports compressed bit-stream
transcoding between the different rates. A noise pre-processor
helps to reduce background noise; a post-filter provides further
increase in the quality of speech reproduction.
MELPe is regarded as the industry benchmark; however, Australian company Codan Radio Communications now offers new
technology, based on a vocoder known as TWELP, which provides
improved voice quality using the same bandwidth. In quantitative
tests of voice intelligibility, conventional analog voice has been
shown to be intelligible down to below 10 dB signal-to-noise ratio
(SNR). Codan’s digital voice technology operates down to just 2
dB SNR at full rate (2400 bps) and at the lowest rate (600 bps)
it operates below the noise floor, down to below -3 dB SNR. This
practically translates to increased operating range and reliability,
with reduced requirement to repeat messages.
This shows the power of digital voice HF radio.

resources
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Codan MRAY Transportable Transceiver
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History When                    : 2012:05:03 10:58:04+10:00, 2012:05:03 10:58:25+10:00, 2012:05:03 10:58:25+10:00, 2012:05:03 11:40:51+10:00, 2012:05:03 11:51:36+10:00, 2012:05:03 11:51:46+10:00, 2012:05:03 12:03:31+10:00, 2012:05:18 11:51:04+10:00, 2012:05:18 11:53:46+10:00, 2012:05:18 12:05:44+10:00, 2012:05:18 12:17:19+10:00, 2012:05:18 12:22:27+10:00, 2012:05:18 12:30:13+10:00, 2012:05:21 15:47:14+10:00, 2012:05:21 15:47:36+10:00, 2012:05:21 15:48+10:00, 2012:05:21 15:52:25+10:00, 2012:05:21 15:58:46+10:00, 2012:05:21 15:59:19+10:00, 2012:05:22 11:35:25+10:00, 2012:05:22 11:38:52+10:00, 2012:05:22 11:39:50+10:00, 2012:05:22 11:41:58+10:00, 2012:06:01 09:13:09+10:00, 2012:06:01 09:56:37+10:00, 2012:06:01 12:06:22+10:00, 2012:06:01 12:06:22+10:00, 2012:06:01 12:16:21+10:00, 2012:06:01 12:25:36+10:00, 2012:07:03 09:29:52+10:00, 2012:07:03 09:29:52+10:00, 2012:07:03 10:02:17+10:00, 2012:07:03 10:02:49+10:00, 2012:07:03 11:27:06+10:00, 2012:07:03 11:35:24+10:00, 2012:07:03 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Derived From Instance ID        : xmp.iid:67A15A5F00A8E411A598BD87C72B97DD
Derived From Document ID        : xmp.did:0286CF8C4CA7E4118D1CFE5709FB6C59
Derived From Original Document ID: xmp.did:E715F882BA94E11195C6B13ED11674F1
Derived From Rendition Class    : default
Doc Change Count                : 5033
Format                          : application/pdf
Producer                        : Adobe PDF Library 9.9
Trapped                         : False
Page Count                      : 9
EXIF Metadata provided by EXIF.tools

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