Radio Shack Hardware Manual Color Computer Disk System Owners 1981 Tandy Text

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Radio /haeK

O ©MMS
©©MPonnsiR

Owners Manual

CUSTOM MANUFACTURED

& Programming Guide

IN U.S.A.

BY RADIO SHACK, A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION

Important Notice: Your computer must be off when you connect the
disk interface. Otherwise, you could damage the system.

"wwSgS^fij^lsSwwwSjgji^

TERMS AND CONDITIONS OF SALE AND LICENSE OF RADIO SHACK COMPUTER EQUIPMENT AND SOFTWARE
PURCHASED FROM A RADIO SHACK COMPANY-OWNED COMPUTER CENTER. RETAIL STORE OR FROM A
RADIO SHACK FRANCHISEE OR DEALER AT ITS AUTHORIZED LOCATION

LIMITED

WARRANTY

CUSTOMER OBLIGATIONS
A.

CUSTOMER assumes

full responsibility that this Radio Shack computer hardware purchased (the "Equipment"), and any copies ot Radio
Shack software included with the Equipment or licensed separately (the "Software") meets the specifications, capacity, capabilities,
versatility, and other requirements of CUSTOMER.
CUSTOMER assumes full responsibility for the condition and effectiveness of the operating environment in which the Equipment and Software

are to function, and for

II.

its

installation

RADIO SHACK LIMITED WARRANTIES AND CONDITIONS OF SALE
A.

For a period of ninety (90) calendar days from the date of the Radio Shack sales document received upon purchase of the Equipment, RADIO
SHACK warrants to the original CUSTOMER that the Equipment and the medium upon which the Software is stored is free from manufacturing

THIS WARRANTY IS ONLY APPLICABLE TO PURCHASES OF RADIO SHACK EQUIPMENT BY THE ORIGINAL CUSTOMER FROM
RADIO SHACK COMPANY-OWNED COMPUTER CENTERS, RETAIL STORES AND FROM RADIO SHACK FRANCHISEES AND DEALERS AT ITS
AUTHORIZED LOCATION. The warranty is void if the Equipment's case or cabinet has been opened, or if the Equipment or Software has been
defects.

If a manufacturing defect is discovered during the stated warranty period, the defective Equipment
Shack Computer Center, a Radio Shack retail store, participating Radio Shack franchisee or Radio Shack dealer
along with a copy of the sales document or lease agreement The original CUSTOMER'S sole and exclusive remedy in the event of
limited to the correction of the defect by repair, replacement, or refund of the purchase price, at RADIO SHACK'S election and sole

subjected to improper or abnormal use.

must be returned
for repair,

a defect

to a Radio

RADIO SHACK has no obligation to
RADIO SHACK makes no warranty as to the
paragraph. Software is licensed on an "AS

expense.
B.

III.

design, capability, capacity, or suitability for use of the Software, except as provided

IS" basis, without warranty. The original

CUSTOMER'S

exclusive remedy,

this

the event of a

Shack sales document
is its
received upon license of the Software, The defective Software shall be returned to a Radio Shack Computer Center, a Radio Shack retail store,
participating Radio Shack franchisee or Radio Shack dealer along with the sales document.
Except as provided herein no employee, agent, franchisee, dealer or other person is authorized to give any warranties of any nature on behalf

Software manufacturing defect,

replace or repair expendable items.

repair or replacement within thirty (30) calendar days of the date of the Radio

RADIO SHACK.

Except as provided herein,

PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
Some states do not allow

RADIO SHACK MAKES NO WARRANTIES, INCLUDING WARRANTIES OF MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A
limitations

on how long an implied warranty

lasts,

so the above limitation(s)

may

not apply to

CUSTOMER.

LIMITATION OF LIABILITY
A.

EXCEPT AS PROVIDED HEREIN, RADIO SHACK SHALL HAVE NO LIABILITY OR RESPONSIBILITY TO CUSTOMER OR ANY OTHER PERSON
OR ENTITY WITH RESPECT TO ANY LIABILITY, LOSS OR DAMAGE CAUSED OR ALLEGED TO BE CAUSED DIRECTLY OR INDIRECTLY BY
"EQUIPMENT" OR "SOFTWARE" SOLD, LEASED, LICENSED OR FURNISHED BY RADIO SHACK, INCLUDING, BUT NOT LIMITED TO. ANY
INTERRUPTION OF SERVICE, LOSS OF BUSINESS OR ANTICIPATORY PROFITS OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES RESULTING FROM THE
USE OR OPERATION OF THE "EQUIPMENT" OR "SOFTWARE". IN NO EVENT SHALL RADIO SHACK BE LIABLE FOR LOSS OF PROFITS, OR
ANY INDIRECT, SPECIAL, OR CONSEQUENTIAL DAMAGES ARISING OUT OF ANY BREACH OF THIS WARRANTY OR IN ANY MANNER
ARISING OUT OF OR CONNECTED WITH THE SALE, LEASE, LICENSE, USE OR ANTICIPATED USE OF THE "EQUIPMENT" OR "SOFTWARE".

NOTWITHSTANDING THE ABOVE LIMITATIONS AND WARRANTIES, RADIO SHACK'S LIABILITY HEREUNDER FOR DAMAGES INCURRED BY
CUSTOMER OR OTHERS SHALL NOT EXCEED THE AMOUNT PAID BY CUSTOMER FOR THE PARTICULAR "EQUIPMENT" OR "SOFTWARE"
B.
C.

INVOLVED.
RADIO SHACK shall not be liable for any damages caused by delay in delivering or furnishing Equipment and/or Software.
No action arising out of any claimed breach of this Warranty or transactions under this Warranty may be brought more than two (2) years
after the cause of action has accrued or more than four (4) years after the date of the Radio Shack sales document for the Equipment or
Software, whichever

Some

occurs.
limitation or exclusion of incidental or consequential

damages, so the above

limitation(s) or exclusion(s)

may

CUSTOMER.

not apply to
IV.

first

do not allow the

states

RADIO SHACK SOFTWARE LICENSE
RADIO SHACK grants

CUSTOMER

a non-exclusive, paid-up license to use the

RADIO SHACK Software on one computer,

subject to the following

provisions:

Software License, applicable copyright laws shall apply to the Software.
on which the Software is recorded (cassette and/or diskette) or stored (ROM) is transferred to

Except as otherwise provided

Title to

the

medium

this

•Ji.\

CUSTOMER,

but not

title

the Software.
C.

CUSTOMER may

use Software on one host computer and access that Software through one or more terminals

the Software permits this

function.

CUSTOMER

not use, make, manufacture, or reproduce copies of Software except for use on one computer and as is specifically
Software License. Customer is expressly prohibited from disassembling the Software.
make additional copies of the Software only for backup or archival purposes or if additional copies are required in
the operation of one computer with the Software, but only to the extent the Software allows a backup copy to be made. However, for
TRSDOS Software, CUSTOMER is permitted to make a limited number of additional copies for CUSTOMER'S own use.
CUSTOMER may resell or distribute unmodified copies of the Software provided CUSTOMER has purchased one copy of the Software for each

All

provided

shall

this

CUSTOMER

one sold or

permitted to

distributed.

The provisions

of this Software License shall also be applicable to third parties receiving copies of the Software

from

CUSTOMER.

APPLICABILITY OF
A.

all

copies of the Software.

WARRANTY

The terms and conditions
Software License to

of this

CUSTOMER

Warranty are applicable as between RADIO SHACK and CUSTOMER to either a sale of the Equipment and/or
or to a transaction whereby RADIO SHACK sells or conveys such Equipment to a third party for lease to

CUSTOMER.
B.

The

limitations of liability

and Warranty provisions herein

shall inure to the benefit of

RADIO SHACK,

the author,

owner and/or

licensor of the

Software and any manufacturer of the Equipment sold by RADIO SHACK.
VI.

STATE LAW RIGHTS
The warranties granted herein give the original
from state to state.

WW®
"Una

CUSTOMER

specific legal rights, and the original

CUSTOMER may

have other rights which vary

£•?•»:

:•'•:•;

The FCC wants you to know:
This equipment generates and uses radio frequency energy. If it is not installed and used properly,
that is, in strict accordance with the manufacturer's instructions, it may cause interference to radio
and television reception. It has been type tested and found to comply with the limits for a Class B
computing device in accordance with the specifications in Subpart J of Part 15 of FCC Rules, which
are designed to provide reasonable protection against such interference in a residential installation. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If
this equipment does cause interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by
turning the equipment off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one
or more of the following measures:
•
•
•
•

reorient the receiving antenna
relocate the computer with respect to the receiver
move the computer away from the receiver
plug the computer into a different outlet so that computer

and receiver are on

different

branch

circuits.

the user should consult the dealer or an experienced radio / television technician for
additional suggestions. The user may find the following booklet prepared by the Federal Communications Commission helpful: How to Identify and Resolve Radio-TV Interference Problems. This
booklet is available from the United States Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 20402,
If necessary,

Stock No. 004-000-0035-4.

TRS-80 Disk Extended Color

Color Computer Disk System:
Copyright © 1981 Tandy Corporation,
Fort Worth, Texas 76102, U.S.A.

BASIC System Software: Copyright ©
1981 Tandy Corporation and Microsoft.
All rights reserved.

The system software in the disk system

retained in a read-only
memory (ROM) format. All portions of this system software,
whether in the
format or other source code format, and the
circuitry, are copyrighted and are the proprietary and trade
secret information of Tandy Corporation and Microsoft. Use,
reproduction, or publication of any portion of this material, without the prior written authorization by Tandy Corporation, is

ROM

Reproduction or use, without express written permission from
Tandy Corporation, of any portion of this manual, is prohibited.
While reasonable efforts have been taken in the preparation of the
manual to assure its accuracy, Tandy Corporation assumes no
liability resulting from any errors or omissions in this manual or
from the use of the information obtained herein.

strictly prohibited.

98765432

Printed in the United States of America
10

WHY A DISK IS FAST
A disk is

for storing your information. The precise
term for it is a "mini-diskette," but in this book we'll
just call it a disk. It is far superior to tape, the other
alternative.

disk is especially designed to "file" your information so the Computer can immediately get the
information you want. For you, this means storing
and retrieving information
which takes a long

time on tape
efficiently.

— now

—

can be done quickly and

ABOUT THIS BOOK
how to read and write on a disk. When
we had three different groups of people in

This book shows

we wrote
mind.

it,

The first group includes all of you accomplished Radio
Shack programmers. We are referring, of course, to
those of you who learned to program by reading Getting
Started with Color BASIC and Going Ahead with
Extended Color BASIC. You'll find Sections I and II of
this book another delightful experience. If you're especially

ambitious, you'll also enjoy Section

III.

about those of you who have never programmed
and intend to use application programs written by
Radio Shack or someone else? You're the second
group. Read Chapter 1, "To Get Started." Then, if you're
interested in and want to take full advantage of your
disk system, go on to Section I, "The Disk." You don't
need to know anything about programming to under-

How

stand

it.

you don't belong to either of these two groups, you
probably already know how to program disk systems.
Read Chapter 1 first to find out how to connect your system. Then, go straight to the "BASIC Summary" at the
end of the book. Everything is summarized there with
page number references, for the things you want to read
more about.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Chapter

To Get Started

SECTION I. The Disk
Chapter 21 Meet Your Disk
Chapter 31 A Garbled Up Disk
Chapter 41 You're the Boss

13
19

SECTION II. The Disk Program
51

One Thing

Chapter

(Sequential Access to a File)
Changing It All Around
(Updating a Sequential Access File)

Chapter

A More Direct Approach

Chapter

at a

Time

(Direct Access to a File)

SECTION III. The Refined Disk Program
Chapter 81 How Much Can One Disk Hold?
Chapter 91

(What the Computer Writes in a Disk File)
Trimming the Fat Out of Direct Access

(Formatting a Direct Access File)
Chapter 101 Shuffling Disk Files
(Merging Programs, Using Many File Buffers)
Chapter 111 Technical Information

47
53

(Machine-Language Input/Output)

Appendixes
Appendix Al Programming Exercise Answers
Appendix Bl Chapter Checkpoint Answers
Appendix CI Sample Programs
Appendix Dl ASCII Character Codes
Appendix El Memory Map
Appendix Fl Specifications
Appendix Gl Error Messages
Appendix HI BASIC Summary

64
66
68
79
81
82
83
85

TO GET STARTED
Before you install your Disk System, you need to
connect your Color Computer to the T.V. If you

haven't done it yet, refer to the Color
Operation Manual.

Note: the dotted

Computer

CONNECT DISK SYSTEM
is easy to connect. Do it
you turn on your Computer by simply
plugging in all the parts:

Your Disk System
before

lines represent tke connection of additional

add-on drive

TO GET STARTED

Connect Plug B of your Disk Cable to
the plug on back of your Disk Drive.
Plug in the power cord to a standard

Connect the Disk Interface to the plug
in the opening of your Computer.

IMPORTANT NOTICE: YOUR COMPUTER MUST BE OFF WHEN YOU
CONNECT THE DISK INTERFACE.
OTHERWISE, YOU COULD DAMAGE

(120 V) electrical outlet.

THE SYSTEM.

You Have Additional

Disk Drives
you have more than one disk drive, do
step 3 differently. Connect the 26-3023

Drive to the inside plug (Plug B). If you
have more 26-3023 Drives and an expanded
2.

Connect Plug

cable, connect these Drives to inside plugs

A of the Disk Cable to the

also.

Disk Interface.

The 26-3029 Drive must be connected

to the last

plug in the

number your

You'll also need to

Number them from
with Drive

drive

Drives.

the inside out. starting

The Drive connected

B is drive number 0,
Plug C

series.

Plug
the Drive connected to

number

etc.

POWER IT UP
Since your Disk System has several parts, you
need to turn ON several buttons to power-up
the entire system;

ON your television set.

•

Turn

•

Select

•

Set the antenna switch on the

Channel 3 or

TV.

COMPUTER.
•

Turn

the Computer. (The power buton the back left-hand side of your

ton is
keyboard.)

TO GET STARTED

•

ON the Disk Drives. (The
buttons are on the rear.)
Turn

power

Gently insert the disk until
Close the

Have you turned ON all the buttons? This
message should appear on your screen:
DISK EXTENDED COLOR BASIC

stops-

DRIVE DOOR.

Note: You cannot use a blank disk until you "format"
it. The next chapter shows how.

v.r,

Now

two numbers specifying which version
and release you have.)
(v.r, is

If not,

that your system

connected and poweredBegin what? Well, if you
want to know how to take full advantage of your
disk system, we'd like you to read Section I. You'll
find a lot of helpful information there.
is

up, you're ready to begin.

turn off the Computer, check your con-

nections,

and power

up again.

you're in a hurry to run your application prothat's O.K., too. But please read these
guidelines first. We want your disks to last a long
If

gram,
C.

INSERT A DISK

time.

After powering the system up, you can insert

a disk. If you plan to go through Section I, use
the blank, unformatted disk which comes
with your disk system. Otherwise, you can
insert your "application program" disk, (If
you have more than one drive, insert, the disk

•

When

storing the disk, keep

in its storage

envelope
•

•

not turn the system
disk in the drive.

Keep disks away from magnetic
(transformers,

in drive 0).

ON or OFF with the

fields

motors, magnets, TVs,

radios, etc.)

Handle disks by the jacket only. Don't touch
any of the exposed surfaces, even to dust
them.
•

^
•

of direct sunlight

and away

from heat.
Avoid contamination of disks with cigarette
ashes, dust, or other particles.

Use a felt-tipped pen only to write on the
disk label.
•

•

Keep disks out

Open the DRIVE DOOR.
Position the disk with the notch on top,
as we show in the picture above.

Store disks upright in a vertical

file.

Note: Your disk drives should be on the right side of
your television set.

IMPORTANT NOTE!
you have an earlier model of the Color Computer, the disk system might cause
interference on your screen. If so, bring the computer to a Radio Shack Repair
Center for additional grounding connections. (There will be no charge for this
If

service.)

SECTION I

TMH2

BMK

disk is like a filing system. Everything on
organized.

it is

This makes disks easy to work with. In this section,
we'll show you how your Computer organizes

everything on your disk, and
advantage of this.

how you can

take

invite all of you to read this section. You don't
need to know anything about computers to under-

stand

it.

MEET YOUR DISK
A LOOK INSIDE OF IT

Note: To be precise, there are 35 tracks on a disk, 18
sectors in each track, 256 bytes in each sector, and 8;
bits in

Although your disk looks like a record, it is really
more like a multitude of tiny magnets. One disk
can hold more than a million magnetic charges.
1,290,240 of them are for your information. That's
what we mean when we say a disk will hold
1,290,240 bits or 161,280 bytes of information
(there are eight bits in a byte).

Some

of these bits are magnetically charged

some

aren't.

and

The pattern formed by these mag-

netic charges is what's important. It

forms a code

each

byte.

After creating this filing system, the Computer
puts a master directory on the disk. There, it
indexes where everything is stored. Whenever it
a program, a mailing
wants to find something
it uses the directory to find the
list, your letters
tracks and sectors where it is stored. It can then
go directly to that spot.

—

This whole filing system is, of course, what makes
the disk system so powerful. You can quickly find
anything you have stored on your disk.

which the Computer can read.

With more than a million of these bits on a disk,
you can appreciate how your Computer must organize them in order to find anything. It does this by
building a massive disk filing system. First it creates the file cabinets by dividing your disk into
"tracks." Then it puts drawers in the cabinets by
dividing each track into "sectors"

not finished yet

and each byte

each sector

divided into

Then

FORMATTING A DISK

we're

divided into bytes

bits.

Putting this filing system on your disk is called
it. The last thing we had you do in
Chapter 1 was to insert an "unformatted" disk.
Before you can use it, you must format it into
tracks and sectors.

"formatting"

How do you format a disk? Well why not just tell
your Computer to do it? If you went through the
.

MEET YOUR OISK

instructions in the last chapter, you have already
powered-up your system and inserted an "unformatted" disk. Be sure you have your DRIVE

DOOR closed.
Now, type any

ing the appropriate drive

number

for drive 0.

example, DSKINI1 formats the disk in drive

For
1.

PUTTING A FILE ON YOUR DISK
letters

and press the

(ENTER)

key so

that:

the last line on your screen. (OK means "OK,
I'm ready to do something") Now type what you

—

can contain any kind of information
a program, a mailing list, an essay, some checks.
We'll make your first file contain a BASIC program, since it's the simplest thing to store.
disk

file

want

to do. Type:

you don't know how to program in BASIC, type
program anyway. Type each line exactly as it
is shown below. Press the (ENTER) key after typing
If

this

DSKINI0

each

and press the

CENTER) key.

Type:

line.

Your Computer might

print ?SN ERROR. If so, don't let this bother you.

This "error" simply means you typed the command incorrectly. Type it again.

PRINT "STORE ME IN

DISK FILE" (ENTER)
20 PRINT "AND YOU'LL NEUER LOSE ME" (ENTER]
10

Finished?

Whenever anything goes wrong, the Computer
will let you know immediately with an error message. This way you can correct the error right
away. If you get any other error message besides
SN, look it up in Appendix G. It lists all the error
messages and what to do about them.
After typing DSKINI0

(ENTER),

come

on.

Sounds promising

you'll

and

noises from your disk drive
.

its

hear some

red light will

After about 40 seconds of noises, your Computer
will then print OK. It has finished formatting the
disk.

You can now store your information.

Now that you've typed the program into

your Computer's "memory," you can put it on a
To do this, we'll call it a file and name the file
"SIMPLE/PRO" (all files have a name). To store it,

disk.

type:

SAME "SIMPLE/PRO"

[ENTER)

Once you press the (ENTER) key, your disk drive
whirr and grind some and the red light on it
come on. Your Computer is:
•

finding a place on the disk to store

will

"SIMPLE/

PRO"
•

telling the directory

where "SIMPLE/PRO"

will

be stored.

Remember that you cannot store anything on an
unformatted disk. Whenever you get a new, unformatted disk, you need to format
use

•

storing

"SIMPLE/PRO" on your

disk.

before you can
Note: The Computer stores

it.

way

Later on, you might not remember if a disk has
been formatted. A quick way to find out is to check
the directory. (See "Checking the Master Directory" at the end of this Chapter.) If you get an
"error message'' the disk is not formatted.

"SIMPLEPRO" the same

stores everything else

— in

a code of magnetic

charges.

this point, we must warn you about something.
Do not remove your disk while you see the red

It might disyou are presently storing, but of other things you have stored
on the disk.

light on. This confuses the

Computer.

tort the contents, not only of the file
Note:

does no

common way

harm

to erase

reformat a disk. Thin

everything on

it.

have more than one disk drive, you can format a disk in one of the other drives by substitutIf you

When

your Computer finishes storing "SIMPLE/
PRO," it prints the OK message on your screen.

MEET YOUR DISK

Note: Upgrading your tape system? Note the difference: SAVE stores a program on disk; CSAVE stores

RUN CENTER)
LIST ENTER)
[

on tape

NEW erased the program from memory,

Although

MEMORY VS DISK STORAGE
To those of you new to computers, we would
expound a little on computer "memory."
already
heading

know what

it is,

skip

down

— "Loading a File from Disk!'

like to
If

to the

you

Whenever you type a BASIC program line and
press (ENTER) the Computer automatically puts it
in its memory. Once it's in memory, you can do

"SIMPLE/PRO" is still safely stored on your disk.
You can put "SIMPLE/PRO" back into memory
anytime you want by "loading" it from disk. To do
this,

it.

PRO"

stored.

going to that location on the disk and reading the
contents of "SIMPLE/PRO."
putting

•

Your Computer PRINTs:

reading the directory to find where "SIMPLE/

•

For example, type:

RUN [INTER]

[ENTER]

Again, you'll hear some promising noises from
your disk drive. The Computer is:

things with

type LOAD "SIMPLE/PRO"

"SIMPLE/PRO"

into its

memory.

You can now type one or both of these commands
to verify that "SIMPLE/PRO" is in memory:

STORE ME IN ft DISK FILE
AND YOU'LL NEVER LOSE ME

LIST (ENTER)
RUN (ENTER
)

list

the program as you have

above, type:

LIST dNTEFD

where the Computer keeps track of
everything you tell it. Once you put your information in its memory, the Computer can print it,
rearrange it, combine it, or any of the other things
you want done with it.

Memory

Later on, you'll probably want to put other things,
such as your mailing list, in memory. To do this,
you'll need to write or purchase a program written
especially for that application. This "application
program" will get the Computer to put the information you type into memory.

The important thing

remember about memory

that turning off your Computer erases it. Once
memory has been erased, there's no way to recover
it. The only way to keep a permanent copy of what
you've typed into memory is by storing it on a disk
is

(or tape).

LOADING A FILE FROM DISK
[ENTER) to erase everything in your Commemory. To make sure everything's erased,
you can type one or both of these commands:

MORE ABOUT MEMORY VS DISK
STORAGE

Type NEW
puter's

If you're still

little

and what's on your

fuzzy about what's in

memory

disk, try this exercise. You've
9

MEET YOUR DISK

just
into

LOADed a program called "SIMPLE/PRO"
memory, right? Change it by typing:

NEW

[INTEH]

PRINT "CHANGED FILE"

SfliJE

"SIMPLE/PRO"

(ENTER]

(ENTER)

20 PRINT "WITH THIS CHANGE" (ENTER]

LIST the program again to see that the Computer
has registered the changed line 20 in its memory:

FILENAMES
You have already used one filename:

PRINT "STORE ME IN A DISK FILE"

"SIMPLE/PRO"

"WITH THIS CHANGE"

20 PRINT

Store it in a different
"CHANGE" [ENTER) ...

file

by typing SAME

you did our memory

"CHANGE"

PRO" and "CHANGE" What do you think each

them contains? Try LOADing and then LISTing
both of them.

—

gave the name "SIMPLE" an "extension"
"PRO." You must give everything you store a
name. The extension is up to you. It's optional.

What names can you

[Note: You don't need to type NEW (EBTER] before LOADnew program

disk storage exercise,

you've used a second filename:

Hear the whirring and grinding from your disk
drive? You have two disk files now: "SIMPLE/

memory. The Computer will
automatically erase everything you presently have in
memory before LOADing the new program.
ing a

vs.

into

give your

files?

you want, as long as you follow these
1.

Anything

rules:

The name may have no more than eight
characters.

??????????????????????????????????????????????????

"CHANGE"

you give it an extension, the extension may
have no more than three characters.

2. If

contains the changed program:
3.

PRINT "STORE ME IN A DISK FILE"
20 PRINT "WITH THIS CHANGE"
10

However, "SIMPLE/PRO"

There must be a slash (/) or a period
the name and the extension.

PRINT "STORE ME IN

contains the old
Note: You may use any characters in the filename
except a colon (:) or a zero (0). You can only use a
slash (I) or a period (.) to separate the name from th

DISK FILE"
20 PRINT "AND YOU'LL NEUER LOSE ME"
A

extension.

The only way to change a disk file is by
well,
you answer it. How can you make the file "SIM.

PLE/PRO"
10

contain:

FILENAMES WHEN YOU HAVE
MORE THAN ONE DRIVE

PRINT "CHANGED FILE"

have more than one disk drive, you can add
the drive number to your filename. (Remember,
you numbered all of your drives in Chapter 1 ), For
If you

??????????????????????????????????????????????????

Answer:

example:

T>pe:

LOAD "SIMPLE/PRO:!"

between

Fair enough? Good.
still

program:
10

(.)

MEET YOUR DISK

LOADs "SIMPLE/PRO" from
number

BASIC program

the disk in drive

data created by a BASIC program
data created by a machine-language program
a source program created by an editor/
assembler

"CHANGE:1"

SAVE

stores

"CHANGE"

If you

don't include a drive

assumes you want

on the disk in drive number
it

number, the Computer

to use drive

number

Note: An eriitnrtasxembler ix a program you can buy
to help you create a machine-language program.

The fourth column

CHECKING THE MASTER
DIRECTORY

stored

lists

the format the

file is

in:

A ASCII
As we've said earlier, a disk has a master directory
which the Computer can use to find out what's on
the disk. If the Computer can use it, you can use
tEHTEH
it, too. TypeDlR
).

Binary

We'll explain the

meaning

of this in Chapter 10.

fifth column shows how many "granules" each
consumes. "SIMPLE/PRO" and "CHANGE/
BAS" consume one granule each. (The Computer

The
The Computer prints information on all the
you have stored on your disk. If the only

files

you've stored so far are

"SIMPLE/PRO" and

"CHANGE," the Computer

prints this:

file

uses "granules" to allocate file space on a disk.
disk contains 68 of these "granules").
If

SIMPLE

PRO

CHANGE

BAS

you have disks inserted and formatted in other
you can check their directories also. For

drives,

and second columns list the filename.
first is the name and the second is the extension. Notice that even though you did not assign
"CHANGE" an extension when you stored it, the
Computer still assigned it the extension "BAS."

The
The

instance DIRl fjNTEl) displays the directory of the
disk in drive number 1.

first

The Computer prefers for all filenames to have an
extension. If you do not give a file an extension
when you store it, the Computer will automatically assign

Impressed? You'll be even more impressed when
you see how fast you can SAVE and LOAD long
programs. But before you get too involved, please
read the next chapter. It'll help ensure that your
experience with your Disk System is smooth and
enjoyable.
Note: To stop the directory from

one of these extensions:

SHIFT)

scrolling, press the

and (W) keys simultaneously. Then press

MB®.

"BAS"
"DAT"

if it's

"BIN"

if it's

a BASIC program
data (such as names, numbers,
a machine-language program)

CHAPTER CHECKPOINT

etc.)

Note: A machine-language program is a highly technical program which talks directly to the Computer.

Why can't you store things on an unformat-

ted disk?
What is the disk's directory?

3.
4.

The next three columns contain information
which is primarily for the use of technical programmers. Interested? Then read on
.

What is a disk Sle?
What is the difference between what's in
memory and what's on the disk?
How do you change the contents of a disk
Sie?

Do you
The

third

column

lists

the type of file

it is:

like quizzes?

The answers are

Appendix B.

A GARBLED UP DISK
With more than a million magnetic charges on a
disk, you can see why it is so delicate. Any small
particle such as a piece of dust or a cigarette ash
could distort its contents.

scratch could ruin

why we suggest that you keep
its envelope when you're not using it
That's

felt-tipped

pen when labeling

... If you're in the middle of running a disk program, and need to switch disks, we
recommend that you type this command:

it.

the disk in

— preferably

upright in a dust-free container

One more thing

— and only use a

it.

To help protect the disk, we encased most of it in
a black plastic container. However, as you can see,
we weren't able to cover the entire disk. The mid-

UNLOAD

before you switch disks. This

might put this information on the wrong disk and
garble the contents of both disks.

and two other small areas are exposed
Computer can read and write to it. Be care-

touch the exposed areas, not even to dust
them. They scratch very easily.

Note for BASIC programmers; All open files must
be closed before switching disks,

open

ful not to

Since the disk

made up

way

the Computer
can put its closing information on the proper disk.
If you don't type this command, the Computer

dle section
so the

fIRTER)

UNLOAD closes al,'

files.

BACK IT UP

of magnetic charges,

putting it next to another magnetic device, such as
your television set, could completely rearrange its
magnetic code. Your information would be lost.
Heat and sunlight could have the same effect. The
same goes for turning your Computer ON or OFF
while the disk is in its drive.

All of this might sound a
if

little gloomy to you, even
you are a careful person. This is why we've

command called BACKUP. BACKUP
enable you to make a duplicate or "backup"

included a
will

copy of any of your disks by copying the contents
of one disk to another.
13

A GARGLED UP DISK

suggest you regularly make a backup copy of
any disk which contains important programs or
data. This way you won't have to worry about los-

After

ing them.

INSERT DESTINATION DISKETTE AND PRESS

can actually get worn out from
a good idea to make a backup
too
copy of an old disk on a new, unused disk. Then,
when the Computer begins having its problems
reading and writing to the disk, you can use your
backup copy.
Also, since a disk

much

use,

it's

making some

noise while

reads a portion

your "source" disk, the Computer

will print:

Take the "source" disk out and insert the "destination" disk. Shut the DRIVE DOOR. Then press
(ENTER). You'll hear some more noise while the
Computer "writes" some things on the "destination" disk.

Then

will print:

INSERT SOURCE DISKETTE AND PRESS

Want

make

The Computer

Your "source" disk
to duplicate.

— This

will

have you continue switching

disks until you have copied everything from your
is

the disk you

Use any disk which has

files

want

stored

on it. If you're just getting started, use the disk
which you worked with in Chapter 2.
2.

CENTER)

a backup copy? Get your two disks

ready:

CENTER;

—

Your "destination" disk This is the disk which
you want to be your duplicate copy. Use a blank
disk or, if you've been using your disk system
for a while, use any disk which contains files
you won't need anymore.

source disk. During this process,

make

sure you

and insert it properly. When
the Computer will print the OK

insert the correct disk

you've finished,

message on your screen.
To make sure BACKUP worked, you can insert
your "destination" disk and type D I R (ENTER)
.

Backup with More Than One Disk
Drive

\'ote Everything preciously on your destination dish
:

it-

ill

be erased.

will be replaced with all the data

your source disk.

your "destination" disk is blank, you must
first format it. Remember how? Insert it in your
disk drive, shut the door, and type DSKINio

you have more than one disk drive, backing up
a disk is much easier. It will take about two

minutes.

tination" disk in drive 1
CENTER)

and your "des(Chapter 1 shows how to

Insert your "source" disk in drive

label your drives).

Then

type:

Now make the backup copy. The procedure you follow depends on whether you have one disk drive

BACKUP

(

ENTER)

or several.

You will hear some noise as the Computer backs
up the contents of the disk in drive to the disk in

Backup with One Disk Drive
you have only one disk drive, it will take you
about five minutes to make a backup copy. Insert
your "source" disk in your disk drive and shut the
DRIVE DOOR. Type OIR (ENTER) to see which files
you will be copying.
If

start the

BACKUP
14

will print the OK

sage.

You can then make sure

by typing DIRi

You can use

CENTER)

BACKUP

mes-

worked

different drives,

you want. For

instance:

BACKUP

Now

When it's finished,

drive

(INTER)

backup procedures. Type:

CENTER)

backs up the contents of the disk in drive
one in drive 0.

1 to

the

A GARBLED UP DISK

SALVAGE IT

You have Problems During
Backup
If

you get an error message while you're backing
up a disk, it's probably because you've inserted the
disk incorrectly or there is something wrong with
If

the disk. At the end of this chapter, we discuss
error messages to help you determine the problem. If you have a bad disk, you will need to try

BACKUP with another disk.
After determining the problem, press the

RESET

button to get out of BACKUP. Then start the
BACKUP procedure all over again.

mentioned earlier that a disk doesn't live foryou throw away an old disk, though,
see if you can salvage it. You may be able to do this
by formatting it all over again as if it were a blank
ever. Before

disk.

Although

this might salvage the disk, it will not
salvage the contents of the disk. By reformatting
the disk, you will erase everything on it. However,
it will save you the expense of purchasing a new
disk.

you get an 10 error while trying to reformat it
Messages" at the end of this chapter),
the disk has probably reached its limit. If you have
a "bulk-eraser," you can try "bulk-erasing" the
disk and reformatting it. Otherwise, throw it
away and use another one.
If

Note: The RESET button is ore the right-hand rear
of your Computer (when you're facing it).

"WRITE" PROTECT IT

(see "Error

"Write-protecting" is one more way to protect your
disk files. Let's assume you have a disk which con-

—

some valuable information
such as a good
program
which you don't plan to change. You
plan to "read" its contents daily, by loading the
program into memory, yet you never plan to
"write" (store information) on it.
tains

—

Putting a

little

Note:Ifyou have more than one disk drive, you might
be able to COPY some of the files on a bad disk to a
good disk. We discuss COPY in the next chapter.

gummed

label on the

WRITE-

VERIFY IT
The Computer "writes" data on your disk at a very
fast speed. In almost all cases, it can do this
flawlessly.

PROTECT NOTCH

will enable the Computer to
read the disk, but not to write on it. Any gummed

There is one which comes with your
new, unformatted disk:
label will do.

There might be times when you want to be absolutely certain that there are no flaws in what the
Computer is writing. If so, you can turn ON the
Computer's VERIFY command. To do this, type:
VERIFY ON

(ENTER)

Now

the Computer will notify you, whenever it is
writing on a disk, if there are any flaws in what it
is writing. The only catch is that it will take twice
as long for the Computer to write.

For example,

let's

assume you now make

BACKUP

copy of your disk. The Computer will
take twice as long doing this, but will notify you
if

there

This
turn

a flaw in the

BACKUP copy.

VERIFY command will remain ON until
it off.

To do

VERIFY OFF

you

this, type:

(ENTER)

A GARBLED UP DISK

WHEN THINGS GO WRONG

— The Computer

or Outputting information to the disk.
(1)

Your Computer realizes nobody's perfect. When
you make a mistake, it'll try to notify you immediately and tell you what kind of "error" you

(2)

Make

sure there is a disk inserted
properly in the indicated drive and the
drive door is closed.
If you still get this error, there might

be something wrong with your disk.
Try reinserting the disk first. Then try
using a different one or reformatting
it. (Remember that reformatting a

made.

You've probably already been notified that you
made a "SN ERROR." If you haven't, type DIIR
[ENTER)

having trouble Inputting

disk erases

its contents.)

you still get this error, you probably
have a problem with the Computer
System itself. Call the Radio Shack

(3) If

deliberately mispelling DIR.

Repair Center.

SN means "Syntax" error. It's the Computer's way
you that "DIIR" doesn't make sense to it.
The word is not in its vocabulary. An SN error
usually means you made a typographical error.

of telling

— You are trying to RENAME a

file

(discussed

in the next chapter) to a filename

which

Already Exists.
DF

— The Disk you are trying to store your
is

Full.

Use another

You

— You used an unacceptable format to name
Chapter explains which
File Names are acceptable to the Computer.

— There
file.

file.

The

last

— You are trying to store information on a disk
which

Write Protected. Either take the

ferent disk. If your disk is not Write Protected, then there is an input/output problem. See 10 for instructions on what to do

about

something wrong with your disk
See 10 for instructions on what to do.

label off the write protect notch or use a dif-

this.

— Technically, this means you have asked the
to divide a number by 0, which is
impossible. However, you might also get
this error when you don't enclose a filename
in quotation marks.

Computer

— You will only get the error when you have
ON

you do not

number when using DSKINI
or BACKUP. If you have only one drive
with these two commands
specify drive
(DSKINIO or BACKUP 0)

your

is caused by a program
which mixes "strings" with "numbers."
However, you might get this error if you

and are writing
the VERIFY command
to a disk. The Computer is informing you
that there is a flaw in what it wrote. See 10
for instructions on what to do.

specify a drive

— Technically this

disk.

will also get this error if

you

don't enclose a filename in quotation marks.
file

— You are using a Drive Number higher than
3.

file

want. Check the disk's directory to see if the
file is there. If you have more than one disk
drive, you might not have included the
appropriate drive number in the filename. If
you are using COPY, KILL, or RENAME
(discussed in the next chapter), you might
have left off the extension.

Here are some other error messages you're likely
to get with your disk system:
AE

— The Computer can't find the disk

All other errors you might get are errors in the

program you are using. If you did not write the
program and get one of these errors, you need to
contact the people who wrote it. If you did write it,
check Appendix G, where you'll find an explanation of all the error messages.

A GARBLED UP DISK

your disk might seem a little awkward
should. You've spent most of your life
protecting your papers and now you're dealing
Caring
at

for

first. It

with a different medium.

\Z
1.

Why
or

After awhile, though, protecting your disk from
dust and magnetic devices will seem as natural to
you as protecting your papers from a strong gust
of wind. And once you get used to keeping your
disk "ungarbled," you'll never want to go back to
pencils and paper again (we hope).

CHAPTER CHECKPOINT

shouldn't you turn the Computer

OFF while the disk is in its drive?

What type of pen can you use

to write

the disk's label?
3.
4.

What are error messages?
What does write-protect mean?
you do it?
How do you backup a disk?

How do

YOU'RE THE BOSS
Thanks

command

your disk filing system, you are able to
the Computer to do a lot of very helpful

things. For example,

you can rename a

file. If

you've taken your formatted disk out, re-insert

RENAME is easy to use, but there is one thing you
need
sion

to remember. Save a file without an extenand then try to rename it. Type:

it.

PRINT "FILE NUMESER TWO
"AFILE" (E NTER)
rei*JAME "AFILE" TO
BFILE"
13

Note: Can't remember if your disk's formatted?
Check the directory by typing DIB (EBBS) (or DIBB or
DIRi if you have more than one drive).

Type this to put a
PRINT "THIS

file

FILE"

SAVE "ORIGINAL/NAM"

(ENTER)

NE error.

This means

file.

When you RENAME

(ENTER)

Check the directory to see that the program file is
stored on your disk under the name ''ORIGINAL/
NAM" Now rename it. Type:
.

The Computer gives you an
the Computer can't find the

on your disk:

Sfli IE

a file, you must type in the
complete name of the file so that the Computer can
find it. This includes the name and the extension.
As we discussed in Chapter 2, whenever you SAVE
a file the Computer will make sure it has an extension. If you don't assign it one, the Computer will.

RENAME "ORIGINAL/NAM"

"NEW/NAM"

(ENTER)

Hear the disk drive working? Check your DIRectory again. If you'd like, LOAD and LIST "NEW/
NAM." The program file has simply been renamed.
Everything else

the same.

You can check the directory to find out the extension of "AFILE." Then RENAME it. Type:
RENAME "AFILE/BAS" TO "BFILE/BAS"

(ENTER)

you're renaming a program file, be sure that
your new filename has an extension. In other
If

YOURE THE BOSS

words, don't type RENAME "AFILE/BAS" TO "BFILE"

better do one of the following: start using another

The Computer would RENAME the file,
however "BFILE" would not have an extension.
This would cause a problem when you try to
LOAD "BFILE," since all files you LOAD must

disk or "KILL"

have an extension.

your disk

This might seem to conflict with what we said
above. You were able to SAVE "AFILE" without
assigning it an extension because the Computer
automatically assigned it one when it saved it.
RENAME works differently The Computer won't
automatically assign an extension to a program
you rename.

KILL "CHANGE/BAS"

[INTER)

KILLing

one way

extension. This

toLOAD "BFILE" wlthoutan

by indicating that there

why we

you always assign

suggest,

Chapter 2, type:
(ENTER)

ing on your disk. "CHANGE/BAS" is no longer on
your disk. The space it occupied is now FREE for

new files.
we had

in order to

include

KILL

it.

CHANGE'S

extension,

The Computer

insists

you type the complete filename as one extra pre-

(ERIEE). This is awkwhen renaming a file,

sion by typing LOAD "BFILE/"

ward. That's

does just what the name
if you put "CHANGE" on

file

Check your directory and the FREE space remain-

"BAS"

no exten-

a disk

files.

implies. For example,

Notice,
NotesThere

some of your disk

want

caution. It doesn't

KILL

file

you don't

want destroyed.

extension.

Note: Want to get very technical? The data will still
exist on the disk after you KILL a file. However, the

Multi-Disk Drives

Computer won't know

RENAME a file on another disk drive,
simply by typing the appropriate drive number.
Insert a formatted disk in drive 1 {if it's not
already inserted). Store a file on it:

all reference to

You can

it's

there because

KILL

deletes

in the dish's directory. Therefore,

no longer be able to access the data and the
Computer will be able to write over it with a new file.

you'll

Multi-Disk Drives
10

PRINT "ACCOUNTING"

SAME "0LDACC/DAT:1"

and

RENAME

ENTER]

(INTER]

You can use FREE and KILL on other disk drives,
as you can with RENAME, by typing the drive

by typing:

number. Examples:

RENAME "0LDACC/DAT:1" TO "NEWACC/DAT

PRINT FREE(l) INTER)

(enteB)

Nate: If you want your renamed file on a different
drive, you can't use RENAME. Use COPY.

tells

ALMOST OUT OF DISK SPACE?
Sooner or later, you'll want to know how
space you have left on your disk. Type:
PRINT FREE(0)

much

FREE

space

on the disk

KILL "NEWACC/DAT:
deletes

(ENTER]

"NEWACC/DAT"

from the disk in drive

COMMANDS
of

FREE

"gran-

There are 68 granules in all. If the Computer tells
you that you have only one granule FREE, you'd
20

you how much

SPECIAL MULTI-DRIVE

(ENTER]

The Computer prints the number
ules" remaining on your disk.

drive

In the rest of this chapter, we'll talk about two

commands which you can use if you have a multidrive system. If you don't have one, go on to
"Chapter Checkpoint" at the end of this chapter.

YOU'RE THE BOSS

The

first

point,

drive

one copies a disk

have a program

file.

file

You

should, at this

stored in the disk in

named "NEW/NAM." Make

COPY

This makes the Computer assume you want
use DRIVE 1, unless you tell it otherwise.

it.

"NEW/NAM:

(ENTER).

you want, you can rename the file when you
copy it. For instance, COPY " NEW/NAM 1" TO
"ANOTHER/NAM :0" (ENTER) copies "NEW/NAM"
from the disk in drive 1 to the file "ANOTHER/
If

DRIVE

assumption, the Computer will respond differently to the same command. By typing SAUE "ANYTHING/EX" (ENTER) the
Computer will store "ANYTHING/EX" on the
disk in drive 1. You would now need to type SAVE
"ANYTHING/EX 0" (ENTER] to SAVE it in drive 0.
After changing this

Type:

COPY "NEW/NAM:0"

it to

NAM"

on the disk in drive

The second command changes the drive number
the Computer goes to if you do not specify one. Up
to now, this has been drive 0. For example, by typing SAOE "ANYTHING/EX" (ENTER), the Computer
will assume you want to use drive 0. It will then
SAVE this program on the disk in drive 0.

CHAPTER CHECKPOINT
1.

How do you rename
have

file?

Why do you

to specify the file's extension?

What can you do when you think you're
running out of disk space?
more than one disk drive and
do not specify the drive number, which
drive will the Computer use? How can you
change this?

If you have

To change this assumption, you can type:
DRIVE

CENTER)

Congratulations. You are now a bonafide disk system operator. You should now have a good understanding of how your disk system works and how
to take full advantage of it.

SECTION II
TTDDIE

IMSBS IPMDCSIEA

Storing a BASIC program is easy. You only need to
use the SAVE command. Storing data takes a little
more effort. You need a program.

Some of you might prefer to buy a ready-made proyou want more control and are
willing to invest a little time, you will enjoy writing
your own.
gram. However,

In this section, we'll show you how to write a BASIC
program which stores data on disk. We are assuming you already know some BASIC. If you don't,
read Section I of Getting Started with Color BASIC.
It will give you all the background you need.

ONE THING AT A TIME
(Sequential Access to a File)

is simple. There's only one way to put data
and one way to read it off. A disk is more complex. There are several ways to "file" your data on

tape
it

it.

and the next, we'll show how to
program which stores data in a "sequential
access" disk file. It's the simplest file to create and
In this chapter

would then index where, on the
is

disk,

"FRIENDS"

stored.

There is, of course, a good reason for all of this.
Using the disk filing system, the Computer will be
able to immediately find any file on the disk.

write a
is

actually very similar to a tape "file" In Chapter

we'll introduce "direct access,"

of disk

WRITING A DISK FILE

an alternate type
Let's

file.

assume you want

your checks on

to "write"

the disk:
In

showing how

to store things

quently use the words disk

file

on disk,

we'll fre-

and disk

directory.

CHECKS
DR. HORN
SAFEWAY

We discussed these concepts in Chapter 2, but we'll
summarize them now.
Everything you store on disk must go in a disk file
and be assigned a filename. Your Computer will
index the location of the disk file in the disk's
directory. For example, if you want to store the
names of your friends, you could put them in a
disk

file

named "FRIENDS'' Your

disk's directory

FIRST CHRISTIAN
OFFICE SUPPLY

Weil

start with a short, simple

writes the first check, "DR.

program which

HORN|' on

the disk.

Insert a formatted disk in your disk drive. (If you

have more than one disk drive, use drive

0.)

ONE THING AT A TIME

Note: Chapter 2 shows
DIB

JN.TEE- ifyou can't

matted.) Chapter

how

format a

very important that you CLOSE communication with buffer #1. Why? Well, let's leave
buffer #1 OPEN. Delete line 30 and RUN the pro-

(Type

di-sk.

remember whether a disk

It is

for-

explains the drive numbers.

gram
Then

several times.

type:

The program appears to work the same every time
OPEN "0"t *lr "CHECKS/DAT"
20 WRITE »1
"DR. HORN"
38 CLOSE »1
10

you

RUN

it.

This

ers you've left

RUN

the program. You'll hear the motor of the
disk drive and see the red light. The Computer is
at work, doing several tasks.

OPENs communication to

the disk so you

can send your checks out to it. Then, it finds an
empty location to store the checks and notes the
beginning location of that disk file in the directory.

happens in line 10. Notice the meaning
and "CHECKS/DAT":

All of this

of the "O", #1,

OPENed.

let's

LOAD

a program.

doing this, it will send out its closing information
to the new disk (thinking it's the old one). This
will very possibly garble the contents of both
disks.

Now

that we've warned you of the importance of

memory

called

communicates with the disk

drive.

a special "buffer" area in

buffer #1. It

Line 10

OPENs

your program and
what the program writes on

line 30, re-insert this line in

RUN it again. This is
1.

RUN

because every time you

assume you switch disks and RUN or
The Computer will automatiCLOSE communication with buffer #1. In

Now,
cally

First, it

LOAD) a program, the Computer will automatically CLOSE communication with any buff(or

your disk:

this buffer. (If you've been

using tape, you might remember that buffer
• - 1 communicates with the tape recorder.)
2.

"0"

the letter "O" not a zero.

stands for output. It tells the Computer that buffer #1 will be
sending out data to the disk.
is

"CHECKS/DAT"
The

the

name of the disk file.
name to index its

disk's directory uses this

TO READ THEM"! At
alt "CHECKS/DAT"
120 OPEN "I"
=
-1 THEN 170
130 IF E0F( 1
140 INPUT *li At
Bt Ct
150 PRINT a$; b; Ct
1G0 GOTO 130
170 CLOSE »1
5

DETAILS...
So

"CHECKS/DAT" has been

easy to handle,
but not very useful. You would probably like to
add more details:
far,

CHECKS
AMOUNT

PAYABLE TO

HORN
SAFEWAY
DR.

lines

MEDICAL

45.78
22.50
20.00
13.67

FIRST CHRISTIAN
OFFICE SUPPLY

Change

EXPENSE

FOOD
CONTRIB.

BUSINESS

25 and 115, and add some lines by

typing:
25 WRITE

ttl

27 WRITE #1

ft$i

115 PRINT At

B»

LIST the program. This

"0"

20 WRITE *1

25 WRITE «1

27 WRITE «1

"DR.

)

"I"

the

way

should look

"CHECKS/DAT"
HORN"

110

INPUT #1

115 PRINT A$
120 GOTO

#1
=

"CHECKS/DAT

-1

#5.1

THEN 130

Write a program which will print
only those checks which were for
JAR expenses.

A$i Bt C$
Bi

105

The answers

to all the

"Programming Exercises"

are in Appendix A.
it.

CHAPTER CHECKPOINT
1.

if you need to store a whole list of checks?
Continue to plod along with this program, and it'll
soon be unbearable.

(INTER)

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE
»

A GOOD TIGHT PROGRAM
What

When you want to quit,

"MEDICAL"

130 CLOSE *1

Now RUN

Input any checks.

YOUR CHECKS ARE STORED ON DISK
PRESS (ENTER) TO READ THEM? (ENTER)
GOODY BANK 230.87 CAR

a5. 78

E0F(1)

105

it.

CHECK PAYABLE TO :? GOODY BANK
AMOUNT :$? 230.97 (ENTER)
EXPENSE
CAR (ENTER)
CHECK PAYABLE TO :? (ENTER)

30 CLOSE «1
100 OPEN

now:
10 OPEN

)

simply press (ENTER in answer to the check payable to
prompt. For example:

"MEDICAL"

INPUT #1

110

RUN

^5. 78

2.
3.
4.

What is a buffer #1?
Why must you OPEN a disk Hie?
Why must you CLOSE it?
What is the difference between a file
for input and output?

OPEN

Try saving many different graphics

programs on disk and calling them
from one main program. Sample

Program
how.

7 in

Appendix C shows

You can quickly store, organize, and
update all your financial information with
a disk system. See Sample Program 1, 2,
and 8 in Appendix C for program listings.

°°«

izr
^k

;«^

"-,.

CHANGING IT ALL AROUND
(Updating a Sequential Access
Everything you put on the disk and take off of it
goes through a spot in memory called a buffer.
When we told you how to put data on tape in Getting Started With Color BASIC, we didn't talk
about these buffers. We didn't need to. There is
only one buffer which communicates with the tape
recorder

— buffer #-

at the

same

RUN

"0",

«1

"ANIMALS/DAT"
"HORSE"

"COW"

Now, let's assume you want to change
"COW" to "GIRAFFE!' First, you need to read the
it.

data items into memory with an input program.
Erase memory. Type NEW (ENTEffl and then type:

With your disk system, you can use up to 15 buffers. This means you can have up to 15 spots in
memory communicating with 15 different disk
files

OPEN
20 WRITE
30 WRITE
am CLOSE
10

File)

10 OPEN "I"
M, "ANIMALS/DAT"
20 IF E0F(1) = -1 THEM 110
30 INPUT «1
A$
40 CLS
PRINT @ LOG
"DATA ITEH
109 GOTO 20
112 CLOSE «1
i

time.

The reason we brought this subject up is that we
want to demonstrate how to change some of the
data in your

file.

Tb do

this, it is

very helpful to use

two buffers.

Note: In Chapter

10, we'll

demonstrate how

to take

Then you need to add lines which will allow you to
change one of these data items and store the
change in the disk

advantage of more of these buffers

file.

Type:

"PRESS IF NO
CHANGE"
"
G0 PRINT % 2G3, "CHANGE
70 INPUT X%
50 PRINT @ 451

;

Type this program:

CHANGING

SO IF X*

90 WRITE *1

RUN

THEN X$

As soon

?FM ERROR

as the

Computer gets

prints:

IN 90

LIST the program. Line 10 opens buffer #1

attempting to output data to buffer #1. The Computer won't output
data to a buffer opened for input.
input data. Line 90, however,

This

ALL AROUND

Line 110 CLOSEs communication to buffer #1
and line 120 CLOSEs communication to #2.

the program.

to line 90,

where the additional buffer becomes

handy. To output your changed data to the disk,
you can open another buffer for output. Add these

you have two files. "ANIMALS/DAT" contains the old data and "NEW/DAT" contains the
new. Add these lines to the program and RUN it:

Now

"ANIMALS/DAT"

130 KILL

140 RENAME "NEW/DAT"

"ANIMALS/DAT"

Now the old "ANIMALS/DAT"

file is

the disk and the

"NEW/DAT"

10 OPEN

"ANIMALS/DAT"
THEN B0

deleted from

has been
renamed to "ANIMALS/DAT." To see what this
updated file contains, SAVE this program if you
want, erase memory, and type and RUN:
file

lines:

*2,
OPEN "0"
90 WRITE »2* X*
120 CLOSE »2
15

"NEW/DAT"

"I") 81

20 IF E0F(1)

30 INPUT 81

-1

40 PRINT A*

RUN the program. Change "COW" to "GIRAFFE"
This

way

the

10 OPEN

"I".
15 OPEN "0"

20 IF EOFt

the entire program looks:

"ANIMALS/DAT"
«2. "NEW/DAT"
=
-1 THEN 110
«1

30 INPUT

40 CLS

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE #0.1

10E, "DATA ITEM :" A$
"PRESS IF NO

S0 PRINT @ 2G3»

INPUT X*

IF X$

"CHANGE

program which will allow
add animals to "ANIMALS/

Write a

you

;

G0 CLOSE «1

Understand? Try these exercises:

50 PRINT @ 451.

CHANGE"

50 GOTO 20

DAT'

—

Hint
You must add them
end of the file.

THEN X* = A*

90 WRITE 82. K$

to the

100 GOTO 20
110 CLOSE »1

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE #6.2

120 CLOSE *2

Line 10 OPENs communication to buffer #1 for
input from a disk file named "ANIMALS/DAT."
Line 15 OPENs communication to buffer #2 for
output to a disk

file

named "NEW/DAT:

Line 30 inputs A$ from buffer #1. Line 70 allows
you to INPUT X|, which will replace A$. If you
input X$, line 90 outputs it. Line 90 outputs X$ to
buffer #2, which, in turn, WRITEs it to "NEW/
DAT!'
30

Write a program which will allow
you to delete animals from "ANIMALS/DATT'

Ready

for the big

gram many

time? Our next exercise

—

a pro-

a mailing list proof you will want
gram. We'll start you out with these lines which
input the names, addresses, and phone numbers of
your club members:

CHANGING

"0". »lf

BO OPEN

"MEMBERS/DAT"

110 WRITE *1

ALL AOUND

All of this

works quite well on a small

scale,

but

how would it work in a large file? What if you had
500 members in your "MEMBERS/DAT" file and
you wanted to change only the address of the
453rd member?

90 GOSUB 430

100 IF N*=""

THEM CL0SE«1:END
N$t A*. P*

120 GOTO 90

PRINT "PRESS WHEN
FINISHED" :PRINT
INPUT "NAME OF MEMBER: "iN$
IF N$ = "" THEN 480
INPUT "ADDRESS
"
A*
INPUT "PHONE NUMBER :"! P$
RETURN

430 CLS:
440
450
4G0

470
480

Now

The process would

still be the same. You would
have to input each of the 500 members from one
file and then output them all to another file. All of
this just to change one record. There must be an
easier way!

Programming Exerbut we think you can do it.
Remember, no one's watching. If you get bogged
down, refer to the answer in Appendix A for help.
finish

cise. It'll

by solving

this

difficult,

The easier way is
of programming.

called the direct access
It

makes your

faster to update, but in

many

them take up more space
is

files

cases

method

easier and
will

make

your disk. The choice

yours. We'll talk about direct access in the next

chapter.

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE #6.3
Write a
1.

3.
4.

program in which you

Note: We've demonstrated short example programs.
There are many ways you could improve them. See
the "Sample Programs" in Appendix C for ideas.

can:

See the names, addresses, and
phone numbers of your club's
members.
Change the addresses of some of
the members.
Add new members.
Delete some of the members.

CHAPTER CHECKPOINT
Why can 't you input and output data to the
same buffer at the same time?
Can you input data from a file OPENed for

"O"— output?

DISK FILE

STORAGE

AftEA

Mo MxwTMice u>mwor HumeeR

A MORE DIRECT APPROACH
(Direct Access to a File)

now, we haven't been concerned with how
your data is stored on the disk. For example, you
might have put this in a disk file:

sequential access

file,

the Computer

must

start at

the beginning and search through each item.

can't go directly to the item. In short, a sequential

access

file

does not take

full

advantage of your

disk's "filing system."
it

h/DAT
USING THE DISK FILING SYSTEM

/
"MARIE
E

ALEXANDER*" "J* DO
"MARK JONES*" "BILL S

In Chapter 2

disk creates this filing system. In our analogy, the

MITH

cabinets are the disk "tracks" and the file
drawers are the disk "sectors!' You can use tracks
file

*S'jtout

o£>

MME5/DAT

you want to change "J. DOE," to
"ELLIOTT HOBBS"? You could not ask the Computer to go directly to "J. DOE" The Computer
does not know where it is.

What

we talked about how formatting your

All the files we've created so far

have been

"sequential access!' To find a particular item in a

and sectors

immediately

find

any item you

want.

you can divide your file into something
which we call "records." You can then write a program which stores each record in a sector and
allows you to put data in the records. The next
page shows how your new disk file will look:
To do

this,

A MORE DIRECT APPR O AC H

PUTTING A RECORD ON DISK
Enough

"MARIE ALEXANDER"
record
"

Since

theory! Let's put one record in a disk

be a direct access

it'll

start with the
1

Erase

DOE"

memory and

don't have to

type:

OPEN "D"

til,

"NAMES/DAT"

"J.

DOE"

30 PUT *1

40 CLOSE *1

JONES"

"MARK

file,

We'll start with the second.

20 WRITE *1

record 2

first.

file.

The program

record 3

looks familiar

except for the word

PUT in line 30 and the "D" in line 10. More on that
later

"BILL SMITH"
record 4

Now
//

add some lines

let's

read this record back into
34 GET 81

3G INPUT #1

With each record the same length (the length of a
sector), the Computer can go directly to "J. DOE!'
All

has to do

We call

count down to the second record.

a "direct access" file. By direct access,
we mean you can directly access any record you

want

this

Note that

Hmmm

file.

direct access file

record

has one shortcoming. Each

the size of a sector

— 256 bytes. Since one

one character of data, each
large enough to hold 256 characters.

of these bytes holds

record

This means that our drawing above is a little misleading. If we illustrated all the empty space in
each record, they would each have to be nearly ten
times as long. We simply don't have enough room
on the page.

a beginner, all this empty space probably
won't bother you. An empty disk can hold up to
612 records
each 256 bytes long. Later on, when
you become more comfortable with programming,
you'll probably want to pack more records into a
disk file. You can then progress to Chapter 9,
where we will demonstrate how to make smaller
If you're

—

records.

—

another new word
GET
any ideas? Let's look at the entire

line 34 uses

program:

2(3

38 PRINT A$

in the

Computer will
main memory. Type:

so the

its

OPEN "D"i »1
WRITE »1
"J.
,

30 PUT *1

GET «1

INPUT »1

"NAMES/DAT"
DOE"

38 PRINT A$
40 CLOSE *1

RUN it

You'll hear the now familiar sound from
your disk drive. The Computer is writing "J.
DOE" in the disk file and then reading it back into
memory. Here's how
.

Line 10 OPENs buffer #1 which will communicate with a disk file named "NAMES/DAT." As we
said in the last two chapters, buffer #1 is one of
the 15 "buffer" areas which can communicate with
your disk.
being OPENed for "D." "D"
stands for direct access. Unlike sequential access,
you don't have to specify whether you're OPENing

Communication

A MORe DIRECT APPROACH

communication

for

output or input. The "D" suf-

fices for

both.

Line 20

WRITEs "J. DOE" to buffer

#1. Since this

program is open for direct access, "J. DOE" will
remain in buffer #1 until the program sends it
elsewhere.

Line 30 does just that.
buffer

Notice our drawing shows only two records in the
GET record 4. Type:

file.

into the disk file

PUTs

the contents of
as record 2:

34 GET »1

RUN

The Computer gives you an IE (Input
past the End of the File) error. This is because the
last record the program PUT in the file was record
number 2. Hence, record 2 became the end of the
and

file.

Note: Didn't get

You must already have
on your disk with three or mo.

this error?

"NAMES/DAT" file

records.

PUT

Then

WRITE »1

record

more records

32 PUT si

in the

file,

add these

lines.

RUN the program:
,

"BILL SMITH"

Now your "NAMES/DAT" file will have these four
"

DOE"

records:

record 2

W^MES/DAT"
At

this point, "J.

It is

DOE"

in record 2 of the disk

no longer in buffer #1.

^
record

file.

GETs record 2 and reads it back into
#1. Now "J. DOE" is in both the disk file

Line 34
buffer

DOE"

record 2

and buffer #1.

INPUTs

the record from buffer #1 into
main memory and labels it A$. Now "J. DOE" is
in both the disk file and main memory. It is no
longer in buffer #1.

Line 36

record 3

"BILL SMITH"
record 4

With

"J.

DOE"

main memory,

line

38 can

it.

Note: In the sequential access programs in Chapters
5 and 6, you didn't need PUT and GET. The Computer did this automatically. The OPEN line specified

JtMdb

5/DA7
W/)M£S

whether the buffer should output (PUT) data into the
file or input (GET) data from the disk file.

disk

A MORE DIRECT APPROACH

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE 7.1

"NO

record 2

Change lines 32 and 34 so that your
Computer will use record 3 to PUT
and GET "BILL SMITH."
:

itV-,

*W ;*&*&&*

NAME"

"NO

NAME"

record 3

DEALING WITH GARBAGE
"NO
PUT anything in record 1 Ask
GET record 1 and see what hap-

You have not yet
the

Computer

record 4

and RUN:

pens. Type this

"NO
34 GET »1

Since the Computer didn't PUT anything in
record 1, record 1 contains whatever "garbage" is
already there.

ask the Computer to GET and INPUT
"garbage" or give you an
OS (Out of String Space) error. The OS error simply means the garbage consumes more than 200
will either get the

bytes (characters).

empty records will contain garbage
until you fill them with something, it's a good idea
to put some kind of data in all of them in advance.

memory and

"NO

NAME"

record 7

"NO

Since your

Erase

"NO

record 6

When you
it, it

NAME"

record 5

NAME"

record 8

"NO

type this program:

NAME"

record 9
10

OPEN "D"

20 FOR

;;

30 WRITE *1
40

PUT »l

"NAMES/DAT"
10

"NO NAME"

"NO

NAME"

record 10

juhjL

50 NEXT X
G0 CLOSE «1
x

RUN

This program sets up a disk file named
"NAMES/DAT" which has ten records. Each
it.

record contains

"NO NAME":

Now erase memory

Mtie$fD#r"
NAME

record
36

and type

this:

#1
"NAMES/DAT"
OPEN "D"
INPUT "RECORD NO. (1-10) "i R
30 IF R > 10 THEN 20
40 IF R < 1 THEN 130
50 GET «1
R
G0 INPUT «1
A$
70 PRINT A$ "-- IS THE NAME IN RECORD" R
10

"NO

WfiM5S/D#T"

A MORE OIRECT APPROACH

MORE POWER TO A RECORD

INPUT "TYPE NEW NAME ELSE PRESS
"; At

90 if

fi*

100 WRITE »1
110 PUT *1

So far, we have been PUTting only one "field" of
data in each record. We can make the file more
organized by subdividing each record into several

THEN 20
A*

fields.

120 GOTO 20
130 CLOSE *1

Erase memory, type, and

RUN it. See how all your records initially contain
"NO NAME." Then, you can change

the data in
times as you

any of the records at will, as many
want. (To end the program, type a
RECORD NO.)

as the

READING ALL THE RECORDS
At

this point,

More on

this later

Before going on to the next

ft*

40 LSET B*

50 PUT *1

program, try writing your own FIELDed program:

60 LSET At

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE

70 LSET Bt

80 PUT *1

#9.1

"OFFICE/DAT"

AS A*

AS Bt

MKNt<5)
"PEN"

MKN$t-iG)
"PAPER"

90 CLOSE »1

Write a direct access program to
put a mailing list in a disk Hie.
Make each record 57 bytes with

The only difference between this program and program 7 is lines 10, 20, 30, and 60. This is what it

these six fields:

stores in your disk

file:

THIMMING THE FAT OUT OF DIRECT ACCESS

Jfi€JUM*U*Utf' off

To read this program
string.

/ bFF!C£/DAT"

make

in,

you need

these changes to

decode the

INPUT Program" and

the "Fielded
it:

10 OPEN "D"
#1
"OFFICE/DAT"
10
20 FIELD *i
5 AS A*
5 AS B$
50 PRINT "RECORD" R " "
CYN(A$)i B$
,

S
record

LOAD

;

and

APER

Coda, ^&tr/6

RUN it

number

CVN (in line 50) decodes A$ to the

represents.

Note: The Computer only sees the
number. It rounds the rent off.

first

digits of a

*office:/dat
MKN$

converts a number to a coded string.
Regardless of how long the number is, MKN$ will
always convert it to a string that is five bytes long.
For example, change line 30 to
with more than five digits:
30 LSET A$

LSET

PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE #0.3

Write a fielded direct access prowill store the populations of all the countries. Make
each record contain 15 bytes with
these two fields:

number

gram which

MKN$(12345G7B9)

Erase memory, KILL "OFFICE/DAT," and type
and RUN the program. This is what it stores in
your disk file:

—

country 10 bytes
population
5 bytes

—

WBPI^^^H^BOWi^PBBB

PROGRAMMING
EXERCISE #9.4

^CfcflCE/mT

9
'

Write a program which will input
the Hie you created in Exercise

--— 5 Jswbu
Ofdc j*v /23f56>7&7

#9.3.

CHAPTER CHECKPOINT
Ifyou do not specify the record length, how
many bytes will each record contain?
2. Why must you include a FIELD line when
you LSET your data?
3. Howmanybytes will MKN$ convert a num1.

"OFFICE/OfiT"

ber into?

•t
t

%
I
*

SHUFFLING DISK FILES
(Merging programs, using many buffers)
Because storing and retrieving disk files is so easy,
you will want to use them as much as you can. In
this chapter, we're going to talk about some special ways you can use them.

Be sure

With the

method, you can build a program
out of related program "modules" SAVEd on disk.
You can then MERGE any of these program files
with whatever program you have in memory.
Type and

first

SAVE

these two related programs:

AGE CONVERSION TO MONTHS

10 REM

20 N = N * 12
30 A* = STR*(N)
SAUE

REM

20 N
30 A*

=
=

(ENTER)

AGE CONVERSION TO WEEKS
* 52
STRt(N) + " WEEKS"

SAVE "WEEKS/AGE", A

these pro-

INPUT "TYPE YOUR AGE"

40 PRINT "YOU HAVE LIVED"

and combine
SAVEd. Type:

with one of the programs you

MERGE "MONTHS/AGE"

LIST the program

"MONTHS/AGE"

(ENTERl

The Computer has MERGEd
with the program you have in

memory. Notice the line numbers are the same as
they were in each individual program.

MONTHS"

"MONTHS/AGE",

when you SAVE
.

MERGING PROGRAM FILES

to type the A

grams. We'll explain why later
Erase memory.
Now put this program in memory:

(ENTER)

At this point, this
memory:

the program you have in

INPUT "TYPE YOUR AGE"
N
10 REM AGE CONVERSION TO MONTHS

20 N

SHUFFLING DISK FILES

to now, that's all we've used
buffers #1 and
#2. But, as we've said earlier, you can use up to 15
disk buffer areas.

MERGE "WEEKS/AGE"
"WEEKS/AGE"
program.

(ESTER)

with

—

STR*(N) + " MONTHS"
40 PRINT "YOU HAVE LIVED ABOUT'
30 A*

by typing MERGE

Then LIST the

MERGEd

Notice that lines 10, 20, and 30 of the program you
had in memory were replaced by lines 10, 20, and
30 of the "WEEKS/AGE" program.

To use more than 2 buffers, you must first reserve
space in memory for them. To do this, use the word
FILES. For example, FILES 3 reserves 3 buffers.

Making use

of all these buffers will greatly sim-

your programs. For example, let's assume
you own a computer school. To organize it, you
first put all your students in a file named "COMPUTER/SCHr Erase memory, type and RUN:
plify

the Computer how to merge
the two programs. When there is a conflict of line
numbers (two line 10s) the line from the disk file

The

numbers

line

tell

prevails.

"0". *1

10 OPEN

Now

we'll get technical (for those of

you who

are
the Computer normally writes
in your disk file is the ASCII code for each character of data. For example, it writes the word AT
with two codes
the ASCII code for "A" (65) and
the ASCII code for *T" (84). (The ASCII codes are
interested).

What

—

all listed in

Appendix D).

20 FOR X

"C0NPUTER/SCH"

TO B

30 READ At
40 PRINT *1

50 NEXT X
G0 CLOSE #1
70 DATA JON

SCOTT CAROLYN
80 DATA DONNA. BILL
BOB
i

it SAVEs a program, it writes the
BASIC words differently. To save space, it compresses each BASIC word into a one-byte "binary"

However, when

code.

Now you can write this program to assign the students to a BASIC or assembly-language class.
Erase memory and type this "Class Assignment
Program":

MERGE

You can't
a file which contains these
binary codes. This is why we had you type the A
when you SAVEd the two programs above. The A
tells the Computer to write the ASCII codes for
each BASIC word rather than the binary code.

By checking the

directory, you can see if the data
are in ASCII or binary codes. If there
is an "A" in the fourth column, it's all in ASCII
codes. A "B" indicates that some of the words are
in

your

files

in binary codes.

Note: Try typing MERGE "MONTHS/AGE"

The
it's

tells

the

Computer

^HTFffi.

RUN the program after

MERGEd.

USING MORE BUFFER SPACE

CLASS ASSIGNMENT PROGRAM

FILES

20 OPEN "0"
30 OPEN "0"

"BA5IC/CLS"
"ASSEMBLY/CLS"
OPEN "I"
"C0MPUTER/SCH"
1 THEN 120
50 IF E0F(3)
G0 INPUT «3. ST4
70 PRINT
PRINT ST$
80 INPUT
(IS BASIC
LANGUAGE"! R
90 IF R > 2 THEN 80
100 WRITE 8R
ST$
110 GOTO 50
120 CLOSE 8 1
130 CLOSE 82
140 CLOSE 83
»l

*Z
»3

When you

start-up your disk system, it sets aside
two buffer areas in memory for disk communication. You can use either or both of them for reading or writing data to a disk file.
54

RUN

it.

After assigning

all

the students to a class,

you can print a class roster with this program.
Erase memory, type, and RUN:

SHUFFLING DISK FILES

CLASS ROSTER PROGRAM

CLEAR

20 files

28 PRINT "BASIC/CLS"
PRINT
30 OPEN "I". «1» "BASIC/CLS"
:

38 IF EOFU) = -1 THEN 80
50 INPUT »1» A*
S0 PRINT A$
70 goto aa
B0 CLOSE »1
Note: Substitute "ASSEMBLY /CLS" for "BASIC/
CLS" in lines 20 and 30 to print the class roster of the
assembly language class.

The "Class Assignment Program" has three buffers open at the same time. Because of this, you are
able to communicate with three disk files at the
same time.
Line 10 reserves memory for these three buffers.
Lines 20-40 OPENs the three buffers. Then, line

INPUTs

a student

from

"COMPUTER/SCH"

into buffer #3.

Line 100 WRITEs the name of the student to
either buffer #1 ("BASIC/CLS") or buffer #2

200
210
220
230
240

OPEN
INPUT
CLS
PRINT
CLOSE

"I"

"WORD/DAT"

At, Bt, Ct,

At; Bt; Cti

Note: You can make the buffer as targe as you want

the students from buffer #3 ("STUinput, line 50 sends the
Computer to lines 120-140, which CLOSEs the

CHAPTER CHECKPOINT
How must you SAVE a program which yo,
wUl want to MERGE?

three buffers.
2.

When the two programs you're mergin
both have the same line numbers, whic.
lines prevail?

How many
reserve

more thing you'll like about FILES.
Erase memory, type, and RUN:

Want to input this paragraph? Add these lines and
RUN:

all

There's one

DENT/SCH") have been

CROWDING THE BUFFER

("ASSEMBLY/CLS").

When

"NORMALLY
YOU WILL NOT BE ABLE TO
PUT ALL OF THESE SENTENCES IN A DISK
FILE AT THE SAME TIME. "
£10 B$ =
"THIS IS BECAUSE, WITHOUT USING
FILES, YOU WILL ONLY HAVE A TOTAL OF
25G BYTES OF BUFFER SPACE. "
50 C$ = "IN THIS PROGRAM* WE'VE RESERVED
£100 BYTES OF BUFFER SPACE, "
E0 D$ = "THIS WAY YOU CAN SEND ALL OF
THESE SENTENCES TO THE BUFFER AT THE
SAME TIME. "
70 E* = "WHICH WILL OUTPUT THEM ALL TO THE
DISK FILE AT ONCE, "
80 OPEN "0"
»1
"WORD/DAT"
90 WRITE #1
A*. B$
C$
Dt
Et
100 CLOSE #1
30 A$

10 cls

£100

buffers does the

when

Compute

starts-up?
hunter space does it reserve?
it

How much

What does FILES 3, 3000 mean ?

HtvttT^Ci^

<5^

^/
"PR^ck

•:

TECHNICAL INFORMATION
(Machine-Language Input/Output)
In this chapter, we'll discuss the technical details

TVacks

which are happening "behind the scenes" You
don't need to know this information when you are
programming in BASIC. In fact, you won't even be
aware that these details are happening.

The Computer organizes the disk into 35 tracks,
numbered 0-34. Each track contains approximately 6,250 bytes* 6,084 of them are divided into
sectors; the

However, if you plan to write machine-language
disk programs or are simply interested in knowing all you can, you'll definitely want to read this
chapter. We'll begin by discussing how the Computer organizes all the bytes on the disk. Then,
we'll show how to access them through machinelanguage programming and other advanced

remaining are

for

system

Byte#

Contents

0-31

System controls

32-6115
6116-6249*

Sectors

The system

controls.

System controls
control bytes all contain the value of

(hexadecimal).

techniques.

number

of system control bytes at the end of
each track might vary slightly due to slight speed

*the

WHAT A DISK CONTAINS
When you power-up

the Computer, it organizes
the bytes on the disk into tracks and sectors. Some
of these bytes control the system. The great majority of them are for data.

variations.
Note: One byte contains 8 bits. Each bit contains
we express the contents of
these bits as a hexadecimal (base 16) number. For
example, if we say a byte contains the value of hexadecimal 4B, it contains this bit pattern — 0100110.
can find more information on hexadecimal and
kYou
binary number systems in a math textbook.
either a 1 or a 0. Normally,

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

Sectors

9 sectors in V2 track
x 256 data bytes per sector

Each track contains 18 sectors, numbered 1-18.
Each sector contains 338 bytes. 256 of them are for
data. The remaining bytes are for system controls.

2,304 bytes in a granule

The Computer uses granules

Byte#

Contents

disk

0-55

System controls
Data
System controls

tains 4,700 bytes, the

56-311
312-337

to allocate space for

in 2,304-byte clusters. Thus, if a

files

Computer

ules (6,912 bytes) of disk space for

The hexadecimal contents of the system control

The

location of the 68 granules,

file

con-

allocates 3 granit.

numbered 0-67,

as follows:

bytes are:

Byte#

Hexadecimal Contents
00
F5

0-7

8-10
11
12

Track
Track
Track

Sectors 1-9

Sectors 10-18

Sectors 1-9

Track
Track
Track

16,

Granule
Granule 1
Granule 2

FE
Track
00

Number

14
15
16-17
18-39
40-51
52-54
55

Sector Number
01
Cyclic Redundancy Check

&H5FFF

1H500A

through 38FF:

To load

back into memory, you could use the

LDX

$C00B

SET X AS A POINTER TO THE

LOADM command:

LDA
STA

PARAMETERS
DCOPC = 2 FOR READ

LOADM "PROG/MAC"

SECTOR

CLR

LDA

«3

SELECT DRIVE
SELECT TRACK

STA
LDA

2,X
*17

SELECT SECTOR 17

STA

3.X

LDU

**3B00

STU

a,x

JSR

[*C004]

LDA

»$00

STA

SFF40

TST

BtX

BNE

ERRORS

This would load
3

executing
If you

DCBPT=3B00(HEX) FOR
STORING DATA
CALL DSKCON
TURN OFF THE DRIVE MOTOR

CHECK FOR ERRORS
GO REPORT THE ERRORS

"PROG MAC"

locations 5000-5FFF.
it

want

back into memory

The Computer would begin

at location 500A.

to load

into a different

you could specify an

memory loca-

address to add to
the program's loading address. For example:
tion,

LOADM "PROG/MAC"

offset

1000

would load "PROG/MAC" into memory locations
6000-6FFF. The Computer would begin executing
it at address 600A.
61

TECHNICAL INFORMATION

SPECIAL INPUT/OUTPUT

50 EXT$(0)

COMMANDS

70 NAM*(N)

BASIC offers two special input/output commands.
These commands input and output data directly to
a particular sector. They do this through bypass-

80 EXT$(N)

ing the entire disk's filing system.

110

DSKI$, inputs the data from the

The

first,

you

specify.

DSKI$

This

MID*(C*,9,3)

60 FOR N=l TO 7

is its

sector

format:

MID$(C*»N*32+1 ,8)
MID$(C$,9+N*32»3)

90 NEXT N
100 FOR N=0 TO 7
IF EXT$(N) = "DAT" AND
LEFT*(NAM$(N) ,1)<>CHR$(0) THEN PRINT
NAM$(N)
120 NEXT N
130 NEXT X

drive number, track, sector, string vari-

The second command, DSKO$, outputs data

ablel, string variable2

you specify. Since it bypasses
the disk filing system, it will output data without
opening a file and listing its location in the directory. For this reason you need to be careful:
directly to the sector

The

128 bytes of the sector are input into
The second 128 bytes are input
into string variable2. For example:
first

string variablel.

DSKI$ 0, 17,

A*, B$

(ENTER)

inputs the contents of sector

A$ and

the second 128 bytes into B$. After typing this
command, you can display the contents of this sector with:

DSKI$

10 FOR

X=3

will read

TO 11

20 DSKI$ 0,17»X»A$»B$
30 C$

A$ + LEFT$(B$»127)

40 NAH$(0)

not to output data over other data you presently
have stored on the disk.

The format

DSKO$
(ENTER)

any sector on the disk, it is
the only BASIC command which will read the
directory sector. This sample program uses DSKI$
to search the directory for filenames with the
extension "DAT":
Since

not to output data over the directory sectors
unless you no longer plan to use the directory.

track 17 of the disk

in drive 0. It inputs the first 128 bytes into

PRINT A$i B$

LEFT$(C$,8)

of DSKO$

is:

drive number, track, sector, stringl,

string2

Stringl will go in the first 128 bytes of the sector.
String2 will go in the next 128 bytes. For example:

DSKO* 0, 1. 3, "FIRST STRING", "SECOND
STRING" (ENTER)
to sector 3, track 1, on the disk in
drive 0. "FIRST STRING" will go in the first 128
bytes of this sector. "SECOND STRING" will go in
the second 128 bytes.

Outputs data

AIPDPEMMIXEi

APPENDIX A.

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE
ANSWERS
PROGRAMMING EXERCISE #5-1

PRINT: PRINT "CHECKS FOR CAR EXPENSES"
OPEN "I" ,*1 ."CHECKS"
IF E0F( 1) = -1 THEN 100
INPUT *1 ,A$,B,C$
IF C$ = "CAR" THEN 70
GOTO 90
PRINT: PRINT "CHECK PAYABLE T0:"iA$
PRINT "AMOUNT:" SB
GOTO 30

20
30

40
50
60
70

80
90

130 OPEN "I"
140 OPEN "0"
150
160
170

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE #6.1

200

190

210
220

230
240

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE #6.2
10

OPEN "I"

"0"

#2.

20 OPEN

30 IF EOF(l)

40 INPUT *1

50 PRINT:

THIS"

90 GOTO 30

CLOSE *1
CLOSE *2
120 KILL "ANIMALS/DAT"
130 RENAME "1NEW/DAT" TO "ANIMA
102

2G0
270
280
290
300
310
320

THEN CLOSE *1:
N$, A$. P$

GOTO 10

"MEMBERS/DAT"
"TEMP/DAT"
CLS
INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE THE
FILE"! 02$
IF EOF(l) = -1 THEN 320
INPUT *li N$. A*
P$
PRINT: PRINT "NAME :" N$
PRINT "ADDRESS :" A$
PRINT "TELEPHONE :" P$
IF 02$ = "NO" THEN 300
PRINT: PRINT "DO YOU WISH TO:"
PRINT "1) CHANGE THE ADDRESS?"
PRINT "2) DELETE THE MEMBER?"
PRINT "3) GO ON TO THE NEXT MEMBER?"
INPUT N
ON N GOTO 290. 160, 300
GOTO 230
INPUT "INPUT NEW ADDRESS"! A$
WRITE *2, N$» A$, P$
GOTO 160
PRINT: INPUT "DO YOU WISH TO ADD A NEW
MEMBER"
03$
IF 03$ = "NO" THEN 380
GOSUB 430
IF N$ = "" THEN 380
WRITE #2, N$, A$, P$
GOTO 340
CLOSE *1
*2
KILL "MEMBERS/DAT"
RENAME "TEMP/DAT" TO "MEMBERS/DAT"
GOTO 10
END
CLS: PRINT "PRESS WHEN FINISHED
PRINT
INPUT "NAME OF MEMBER:"
N$
IF N$ = "" THEN 480
INPUT "ADDRESS:"! A$
INPUT "PHONE NUMBER:"
P$
RETURN
,

*2i

330
340

350
360

390
400

PRINT A$

60 INPUT "DO YOU WISH TO DELET
70 IF R$ = " YES" THEN 90
80 WRITE *2, A$

250

370
380

"ANIMALS/DAT"
"NEW/DAT"
THEN 100

120 GOTO 90

180

OPEN "I"
«1
"ANIMALS/DAT"
20 OPEN "0"
»2
"NEW/DAT"
30 IF EOF(l) = -1 THEN 70
40 INPUT *1
A*
50 WRITE «2i A*
G0 GOTO 30
70 CLOSE «1: CLS
80 PRINT "INPUT ANIMALS YOU WANT TO ADD"
90 PRINT "PRESS WHEN FINISHED"
100 INPUT A*
110 IF A* = "" THEN 140
120 WRITE «2, A$
130 GOTO 80
140 CLOSE *2
150 KILL "ANIMALS/DAT"
160 RENAME "NEW/DAT" TO "ANIMALS/DAT"

110 WRITE *1

100 CLOSE *1

:OSUB 430

100 IF N$

410
420
430

440

450
460
470
480

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE #6.3

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE 7.1
10

PRINT "DO YOU WISH TO -PRINT "(1) STORE A NEW FILE"
PRINT "(2) SEE THE FILE"
PRINT " (3) END"
INPUT 01
ON 01 GOTO 80. 130, 420
GOTO 10
OPEN "0". tli "MEMBERS/DAT"

10 CLS:

20
30

40
50
60
70
80

OPEN "D"

20 WRITE «1
30 PUT *1
31

WRITE *1

34 GET «1

38 PRINT A$
40 CLOSE *1

"NAMES/DAT

"J.

DOE"

32 PUT *1

36 INPUT *1

«1.

"BILL SMITH"

.APPENDIX A

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE 7.2
FD — Bad

This produces an
36.

The

first field

INPUTs

File

Data

— error in line

in record 2 is "FLIES," a string. Line

into N, a

numeric variable.

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE 7.3
10

OPEN "D"

«1

"NAMES/DAT"

20 GOTO 70
30 FOR X

160 LSET ZIP*

170 PUT #1 ,R
180 PRINT
190 INPUT "MORE DATA( Y/N)
200 IF AN* = "Y" THEN 30
210 CLOSE *1

10 OPEN

50 GOSUB 180

"D"i «1.

20 FIELD *1.

G0 NEXT X

RECORDd-10)"

80 IF X

10 THEN

80 IF X

100 GET #1

AN*

"MAIL/DAT". 57

15 AS LAST*,

ADDRESS*. 10 AS CITY*.

70 INPUT "WHICH

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE #9.2

PRINT "RECORD"

40 PRINT:

140 LSET CITY* = C*
150 LSET STATE* = S*

170

30 R

R +

10 AS FIRST*:
2

15 AS

AS STATE*, 5 AS ZIP*

40 CLS

THEN END

50 GET *1

60 PRINT LAST* " ," FIRST*
70 PRINT ADDRESS*

110 INPUT *li N*. A*. C»i S$i

Z$
PRINT "RECORD" X
130 PRINT N*, ,A*,.C*,,S*,,Z*
140 INPUT "DO YOU WANT TO CHANGE THIS"! R*
150 IF R* = "YES" THEN GOSUB 180
1B0 GOTO 70
170 CLOSE «1: END
180 INPUT "NAME"
N*
190 INPUT "ADDRESS "i A$
200 INPUT 'CITY :"i C$
210 INPUT 'STATE: '! S*
220 INPUT 'ZIP :"i Z*
230 WRITE »1
N*. A*. C$i S*: 1$
120 PRINT:

80 PRINT CITY*
90 PRINT ZIP*

STATE*

100 PRINT

110 IF LOF(l)=R THEN 140
120 INPUT "PRESS FOR NEXT NAME"'!E*
130 GOTO 30
140 CLOSE #1

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE #9.3

240 PUT «1

250 RETURN

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE #9.1
10 OPEN

"D" ,81

"MAIL/DAT" ,57

20 FIELD 81,15 AS LAST*. 10 AS FIRST*, 15 AS

ADDRESS* .10 AS CITY*
30 R

40 CLS

LAST NAME'SL*
FIRST NAME" iF*
70 INPUT
ADDRESS" !A*
80 INPUT
CITY" iC*
90 INPUT
STATE" iS*
100 INPUT "ZIP CODE"iZ*
110 LSET LAST*
L*
120 LSET FIRST*
F*
130 LSET ADDRESS*
A*

AS STATE* .5 AS ZIP*

10 OPEN 'D" ,#1 ."POP" .15
20 FIELD *1 ,10 AS COUNTRY*
30 R = R + 1
'

AS POP*

40 CLS
50 INPUT "COUNTRY" !C*
60 INPUT "POPULATION" !P
70 LSET COUNTRY* = C*
80 LSET POP* = MKN*(P)
85 PUT *1 ,R
90 PRINT
100 INPUT "MORE DATA(Y/N)' iAN*
110 IF AN* = "Y" THEN 30
120 CLOSE *1

50 INPUT
G0 INPUT

PROGRAMMING EXERCISE #9.4
10 OPEN

20
30
40
50
60
70

"POP"

"D"

FIELD «1

10 AS COUNTRY*,

R +

15
5

AS POP*

GET 81
R
PRINT COUNTRY*, CON (POP*)
IF LOFUJOR THEN 30
CLOSE 81
,

APPENDIX

CHAPTER CHECKPOINT ANSWERS
CHAPTER 4

CHAPTER 2
no way

A file can be renamed with the RENAME command.
For example, RENAME "OLDFILE/NAM" TO
"NEWFILE/NAM" renames OLDFILE/NAM to

Unless the disk has been formatted, there
to locate any given area on the disk.

The disk directory

NEWFILE/NAM. You must specify the extension for

tions,

both filenames so the Computer can find them.

is an index of the names, locaand types of all the files on the disk.

disk

file is

an individual block of information
2.

stored on the disk, under a filename.
4.

Information stored in

memory

find out

how much

ing on the disk by typing PRINT FREE

Computer

)

(ENTER)

This

disk.

Unless otherwise specified, the Computer always
uses Drive 0. This can be changed by typing DRIVE
1, which enables you to access Drive 1 without having to specify the number in your command, (i.e.,
now DIR and DIR1 would both get you the directory
of the disk in Drive

The only way to change the contents of a disk file is
by storing different information under the same
filename.

CHAPTER 5
1.

CHAPTER 3
1.

(

you the number of granules left on the disk
in Drive 0. If you are running out of granules, you
might want to KILL a few files or switch to another

turned OFF or if you execute a NEW, LOAD, DISKINI, BACKUP, or COPY command. (We'll discuss
BACKUP and COPY in the next chapters). Information stored on disk will be there permanently. It
won't be destroyed if the Computer's turned off or if
memory is cleared. (Don't leave a disk in the drive
when you turn the Computer off. We'll explain why
in the next chapter.)
5.

space you have remain-

will tell

will only be there

temporarily. It will be destroyed if the

You can

tion going

Turning the Computer
in its drive

Buffer

may damage the

OFF while

the disk

is a temporary storage area for informabetween the disk and memory.

disk.

A disk file must be OPENed before any information
can go between the disk and memory.

Only

felt tip

pens

may

be used to write on the disk's

Hard point pens and pencils
disk and garble the information on
label.

may damage

the

it.

end up where it's supposed to and
can be reopened. All files must be
closed before you switch disks.
in the buffer will

so that the

Error messages tell you that something is wrong
with either the program you are running or the last

command that you used.
4.
4.

"Write-protecting"

way

file

OPENed

file

for input allows information to go

file

OPENed

into the

CHAPTER 6

and type BACKUP0 (ENTER) The Computer will
ask you to insert the destination disk and press
(ENTER) This procedure is repeated until the Com-

memory

of the Computer.

for output allows information to go

from memory to the disk

On a one-drive system, insert the source disk into the
drive

file.

OK. On a multi-drive system, type the
specifying the drive number
with the source disk and the destination disk. For

puter prints

BACKUP command

example,
(in Drive
66

file

from the disk

of protecting your disks

from alteration. It is done by putting a gummed label
over the write-protect notch. You can read from a
"write-protected" disk, but you can't write to it.
5.

A disk must be CLOSEd so that the information still

BACKUP TO
0)

backs up the source disk
to the destination disk (in Drive 1).
1

OPEN a "sequential access" file, you can
only OPEN it for "I" or "O"— not both. You can't outWhen

you

nor can you input from a

put to a file opened for
file opened for "O."

"I,"

No. The

be closed and then reopened

file

for input.

must

first

.APPENDIX B

CHAPTER 7
1.

Records are equal-sized divisions in your disk file
where you can put your data. Since each is the same
size, the Computer can use them to access your data

A comma

A string is printed simply as the string itself. It is not

causes the Computer to space over to the
next print column before printing another data item.

semicolon causes the Computer to print the data
items immediately next to each other.

directly.

Fields are subdivisions of records.

In a sequential access file, the only locations the
Computer knows are the beginning and ending of
the

file.

In a direct access

each individual record
4.

file, it

enclosed in quotation marks.

(by the size of the records).

Since each record of the file has a known location, the
Computer can access it without going through the
preceding parts of the file, as it would if the file was
sequential.

The minimum

The Computer will

The data must have a
it

file

to be

LSET

set the record length at
field

This length

256 bytes.

with a
is

specific length for
assigned in the FIELD

line.

MKN$ converts a number into a 5-byte coded string.

CHAPTER 10
size of a disk file is 2,304 bytes (one

granule). Since the

granules, a

CHAPTER 8
1.

CHAPTER 9

can determine where

Computer

allocates disk space in

can be no smaller than one granule.

The Computer first WRITEs the number's sign (a
minus sign if it's negative or a blank space if it's positive). Then it WRITEs the number itself. Immediately following the

number,

WRITEs on

You must type an A at the end of your SAVE command if you plan to ever MERGE it with a program
in memory.

The

line

number

of the

program saved on disk

prevails.
3.

trailing

The Computer reserves two buffers when you powerup.

blank space.
3.

The Computer reserves a total
space when you power-up.

FILES

A string is written with quotation marks around it.
INPUT inputs only the data items listed, while LINE
INPUT inputs everything up to the (ENTER) character.

256 bytes of buffer

3, 3000 get the Computer to reserve 3 buffers
with a total of 3000 bytes of buffer space.

APPENDIX

)

SAMPLE PROGRAMS
SAMPLE PROGRAM #1
BALANCING YOUR CHECKBOOK
This program creates a master disk file which contains
all your checks and deposits for the entire year. You can
print them out by the month or the year. If you want to
use your printer, change the appropriate PRINT lines
to PRINT #-2. (See Chapter 21 in Getting Started
with Color BASIC).

20
30

Checkbook Program
This program provides a

record

yo u r c heck s

40
deposits? and balances.
The checks can be labeled
50
with an account number to
show to what expense
60
they were paid* such as
medical rent food? etc
70
The program uses direct
addressing? each file record
80
being 40 bytes long? and
formatted as follows!
8
90
bytes for the date? 4 bytes
for the check or deposit
100
slip number? 20 bytes for
the recipient of the check
110
3 bytes for the account
number? and 5 bytes for the
120
amount of the check or
deposi t
130
140 CLEAR 1000
150 DIM CHK*<50)
160 CLS
170 PRINT 3 107? "SELECTIONS:"
180 PRINT a 162? "1) ADD CHECKS
TO YOUR FILE"
190 PRINT a 194? "2) LIST YOUR
CHECKS? DEPOSITS?
200 PRINT a 229? "AND BALANCES"
230 PRINT 3 322? "3) END JOB?"
240 PRINT a 394? "(1?2? OR 3>"
250 AN*= INKEY*
260 IF AN*="" THEN 250
270 ON VAL(AN*) GOSUB 310? 700?
1080? 1560
280 GOTO 160
290
300
31
This s u b r o u t i n e inputs
'

the data.

320
68

330 OPEN "D" #1 " CHECKS/DAT" 40
340 FIELD #1?8 AS DATE*? 4 AS CHNO*?
20 AS PDTO*? 3 AS ACNO*? 5 AS AMT*
350 REC = L0F<1)
360 REC = REC + 1
370 CLS
380 PRINT a 64? "CHECK OR
DEPOSIT (C/D)"
390 AN* = INKEY*
400 IF AN* = "D" THEN 430
410 IF AN* = "C" THEN 490
420 GOTO 390
430 INPUT "DEPOSIT DATE
(MM/DD/YY)";D*
440 INPUT "DEPOSIT SLIP NUMBER
NNNN " C*
450 P* = "
460 INPUT "ACCOUNT NUMBER* NNN) "? A*
470 INPUT "AMOUNT OF DEPOSIT" AMT
480 GOTO 550
490 INPUT "CHECK DATE (MM/DD/YY) " ;D*
500 INPUT "CHECK NUMBER NNNN >"? C*
510 INPUT "PAID TO" P*
520 INPUT "ACCOUNT NUMBER NNN) " A*
530 INPUT "AMOUNT OF CHECK"; AMT
540 AMT = -AMT
550 LSET DATE* = D*
560 LSET CHNO* = C*
570 LSET PDTO* = P*
580 LSET ACNO* = A*
590 LSET AMT* = MKN* AMT
600 PUT #1?REC
61.0 PRINT 3 320? "MORE INPUT(Y/N)"
620 AN* = INKEY*
630 IF AN* = "N" THEN 660
640 IF AN* = "Y" THEN 360
650 GOTO 620
660 CLOSE #1
670 RETURN
680
690
700
This subroutine balances the
checkbook and outputs the results.
710
720 OPEN " D" #1 " CHECKS/DAT" 40
730 FIELD #1,8 AS DATE*? 4 AS CHNO*?
20 AS PDTO*? 3 AS ACNO*? 5 AS AMT*
740 CLS
750 PRINT 3 160? "DO YOU WANT A
LISTING FOR A MONTH OR FOR THE"
760 PRINT 3 192? "WHOLE YEAR? (Y/M)"
770 INPUT A*
780 IF A* = "M" THEN PRINT 3 254?
?

)

;

(

'
'

)

-APPENDIX C
"WHAT MONTH(MM)" INPUT MN*
790 BAL =
800 FOR REC = 1 TO LOF
810 GET #1,REC
820 BAL = BAL + CVN(AMT*)
830 IF A* = "M" AND LEFT*< DATE** 2)
<> MN* THEN 1030
840 CLS
850 IF PDTO* = "
THEN 930
860 PRINT a 645 "DATE OF CHECK:":
PRINT a 84, DATE*
870 PRINT "CHECK NUMBER: ": PRINT
3 116,CHN0*
880 PRINT "PAID TO:" ."PRINT a
148, PDTO*
890 PRINT a 160> "ACCOUNT NUMBER:":
PRINT 3 180,ACNO*
900 PRINT "AMOUNT OF CHECK: ": PRINT
3 211, USING "**###.##" ;-CVN
910 PRINT "BALANCE:" PRINT a 243,
USING "**###„##"*; BAL
920 GOTO 980
930 PRINT:PRINT:PRINT "DATE OF
DEPOSIT:" SPRINT 3 85, DATE*
940 PRINT "DEPOSIT SLIP NUMBER:":
PRINT 3 117,CHN0*
950 PRINT "ACCOUNT NUMBER: ": PRINT
3 149,ACN0*
960 PRINT "AMOUNT OF DEPOSIT:":
PRINT a 180, USING "**###.##";
CVN
970 PRINT "BALANCE:" PRINT a
2 1 2 US I NG " **### .##''; BAL
980 PRINT a 256, "PRESS
FOR NEXT RECORD OR TO RETURN
TO 'SELECTIONS'"
990 AN* = INKEY*
1000 IF AN* = CHR*(13) THEN 1030
1010 IF AN* = "R" THEN 1040
1020 GOTO 990
1030 NEXT REC
1040 CLOSE #1
1050 RETURN
1540
1550
1560
This subroutine terminates
the pro gram.

Program #1" and sorts

(

'
'

1580 END

SAMPLE PROGRAM #2

SORTING YOUR CHECKS.
This subroutine will be especially helpful at tax time.
It takes the checks file which you created in "Sample

know

(or

)

15 70

exactly

all the checks by account. Want
how much you spent on medical bills

business expenses, contributions, etc.)? This prowill let you know right away.

gram

210 PRINT a 258, "3) SORT YOUR
CHECKS BY"
220 PRINT 3 293, "ACCOUNT NUMBER?"
230 PRINT a 322, "4) END JOB?"
240 PRINT 3 394, "(1,2, 3, OR 4)"
270 ON VAL(AN*> GOSUB 310,700.
1080, 1560
1060
1070
1080
This subroutine sorts the
checks from those with the
1090
smallest account numbers
to the largest account numbers
1100
using a "bubble sort".
Each check is handled as one
1110
data string to make the
swaps easier.
1120
1130 OPEN "D",#l, "CHECKS/DAT", 40
1140 FIELD #1,40 AS INFO*
1150 FOR
TO LOF(l)
1160 GET #1,
1170 CHK*(I) = INFO*
1180 NEXT I
1190 CNT =
1200 FOR I = 1 TO LOFU) - 1
1210 IF MID*(CHK*(I),33,3> <=
MID* THEN 1260
1220 TEMP* = CHK*(I)
1230 CHK* "ALL" AND AN* <>
MID*(CHK*,33,3) THEN 1510
1330 CLS
1340 PRINT 3 66, "ACCOUNT NUMBER:"
:PRINT a 85,MID*(CHK*(I),33,3>
1350 IF MID*(CHK*(I ), 13,20) =
"
THEN 1410
1360 PRINT a 98, "DATE OF CHECK:":
PRINT a 117,LEFT*

PRINT a 181, MID*, 13,20)
1390 PRINT 3 194 "AMOUNT OF CHECK:
PRINT a 212, USING "**###.##";
-CVN,5)
1400 GOTO 1440
1410 PRINT a 98? "DATE OF DEPOSIT:"
PRINT a 117,LEFT*,8)
1420 PRINT 3 130, "DEPOSIT NUMBER:"
PRINT a 149,MID*
1430 PRINT 3 162* "AMOUNT
OF DEPOSIT: "
PRINT 3 1 80 USING "**###. ##"
CVN,5>
1440 PRINT 3290, "(PRESS < ENTER
TO SEE NEXT"
1450 PRINT 3322? "RECORD OR TO
RETURN TO"
1460 PRINT 3 354, "'SELECTIONS' )"
1470 A2* = INKEY*
1480 IF A2* = CHR*<13> THEN 1510
1490 IF A2* = "R" THEN 1520
1500 GOTO 1470
1510 NEXT I
1520 CLOSE #1
1530 RETURN
i

120
130
140
150
160
170
180
190
to

program #4)

CLEAR 1050
DIM ARRAY*<30)
OPEN "D",#l, "NAMES/NOS", 35
FIELD #1,35 AS INFO*
•}

2:.ee

First the file is checked
if there are any
records currently on it.

200
210
THEN 1=1: GO TO 310
220 IF L0F(1) =
1=1
TO LOF(l)
230 FOR
240 GET #1,1
250 ARRAY* U) = INFO*
260 NEXT I
270
The new names and numbers
280
are input and then concatenated
into 1 stringi ARRAY* (I)
290
300
310 CLS
320 PRINT a 64
330 INPUT "LAST NAME"?L*
340 INPUT "FIRST NAME" F*
350 INPUT "MIDDLE INITIAL" M*
360 INPUT "AREA CODE" A*
370 INPUT "PHONE NUMBER" P*
380 ARRAY*(I) = LEFT*?"
Want to store the names and telephone numbers of all
400 AN* = INKEY*
your club members? This program puts them all in a
410 IF AN* = "Y" THEN 1=1+1
disk file in alphabetical order. Add a few lines to it, and
GOTO 310
it will store their addresses and phone numbers also.
420 IF AN* = "N" THEN 470
430 GOTO 400
10
Create list and alphabetize.
440
20
Then, ARRAY*(I) is put into
450
30
The object of this program
al ptiabetical order.
is to create a file of
460
alphabetically arranged names
40
470 FOR J=l TO I
The
and phone numbers.
480 FOR K=J TO I
50
names and numbers are first
ARRAY* (K)
490 IF ARRAY* (J)
input into an array, ARRAY* I
THEN 530
60
then put into alphabetical
500 TEMP* = ARRAY* J)
order, and finally put into
510 ARRAY*(J) = ARRAY*(K)
70
a disk file called "NAMES/NOS". 520 ARRAY* = TEMP*
The file is 35 bytes
530 NEXT K
80
lor.9, all of it allotted to
540 NEXT J
The
55
one variab e, INFO*.
t rans560
Fi nal y
the list
90
file can be added to anytime
f e r r e d into "NAMES/NOS".
a f t e r i t s c r e a t i o n a n d will
570
100
automatically be alphabetised.
580 FOR N=l TO
The program can be used
ARRAY* (N)
110
in conjunction with the "Search 590 L.SET INFO*
t
600 PUT #1,N
a
i s
p r o g r a m (sampl
"
'

)

•J

;

•>

(

)

'
'

.APPENDIX C
610 NEXT N
620 CLOSE #1
630 END

320 IF NAME* = NM* THEN 450
330
340
Program keeps comparing NM*
with NAME* from record MID
350
until NM* is found or enough
records have been seen
360
to show that it isn't in
the file
370
380 GET #1,MID
390 IF CNT > (L0F(l)+l)/2 THEN 710
400 IF NAME* < NM* THEN 570
410 IF NAME* > NM* THEN 640
420
430
When NM* is found it is
printed out
440
450 CLS
460 PRINT 3 104, NAME*
470 PRINT a 136, " (" AREA* 5" )" PHONE*
480 PRINT 3 195, "PRESS
TO CONTINUE,
490 PRINT 3 227, "ELSE PRESS
TO QUIT"
500 AN* = INKEY*
510 IF AN* = "Q" THEN CLOSE: END
520 IF AN* = CHR*(13) THEN 140
530 GOTO 500
540
550
Subprogram for when NAME* < 24 THEN 800
220 IF LEN(NM*) > 24 THEN 820
230 FIRST = 1
240 MID - INT( (L0F(l)+l)/2)
250 LAST = LOF(l)
260 CNT =
270
280
Program checks the last
record first because it won't
290
be checked in the regularsearch
300
310 GET #1,LAST
10

—
—

;

6.1.0

620
630
640
650
660
670
680
690

LAST = MID
MID = NM*

Subprogram for when NM*

700
710 CLS
720 PRINT 3 100, Nl*;" NOT FOUND"
730 PRINT 3 132, "TO TRY AGAIN
PRESS "
740 AN* = INKEY*
750 IF AN* = " " THEN 740
760 GOTO 140
770
780
Subprograms for modifving
NM* to a 20 bvte string
'

)

APPENDIX C.
790
800
810
820
830

NM* = NM*+" "
GOTO 210
NM* = LEFT* (NM*, 24)
GOTO 220

SAMPLE PROGRAM #5
UPDATE THE LIST
Update anything you want in the file you created in
"Sample Program #3." You can do it in a hurry with
this program.

300 IF AN* = "N" THEN 560
310 GOTO 280
320 PRINT 3 260, "EDIT NAME? (Y/N)"
330 AN*= INKEY*
340 IF AN* = "N" THEN NM* = NAME*:
GOTO 400
350 IF AN* = "Y" THEN 370
360 GOTO 330
370 LINE INPUT "
NEW NAME" ;NM*
380 IF LEN(NM*) < 24 THEN NM* =
NM*+
GOTO 380 ELSE 390
390 IF LEN(NM*> > 24 THEN NM* =
LEFT* (NM*, 24)
400 PRINT 3 292, "EDIT AREA
CODE? (Y/N)"
410 AN* = INKEY*
420 IF AN* = "Y" THEN 450
430 IF AN* = "N" THEN A* = AREA*
GO TO 460
440 GOTO 410
450 INPUT "
NEW AREA CODE"; A*
460 PRINT 3 324, "EDIT PHONE
NUMBER? (Y/N)"
470 AN* = INKEY*
480 IF AN* = "Y" THEN 510
490 IF AN* = "N" THEN P* = PHONE*
GOTO 520
500 GO TO 470
510 INPUT,"
NEW PHONE NUMBER" P*
520 LSET NAME* = NM*
530 LSET AREA* = A*
540 LSET PHONE* = P*
550 PUT #1,1
560 NEXT I
570 CLOSE #1
580 RETURN
590 OPEN "D",#l, "NAMES. NOS", 35
600 FIELD #1,24 AS NAME*, 3 AS AREA*,
8 AS PHONE*
610 OPEN "D" ,#2, "TEMP/FIL",35
620 FIELD #2,24 AS TNAME*,3 AS
TARE A*, 8 AS T PHONE*
630 FOR 1=1 TO LOF( 1
640 GET #1,1
650 CLS
6/.0 PRINT 3 68, "RECORD #";I
670 PRINT a 100, "NAME: " 5NAMF*
600 PRINT 3 132, "AREA CODE:"; AREA*
690 PRINT a 164, "PHONE NUMBER:";
PHONE*
700 PRINT 3 228, "DELETE THIS
RECORD? (Y/N)"
710 AN* = INKEY*
720 IF AN* = "Y" THEN 800
730 IF AN* = "N" THEN 750
740 GOTO 710
:

20
30

Edit your names file

The object of this program
edit the "NAMES/NOS" file
40
from "Create list and alphabetize" (Sample program #3). The
50
program can either retain a
record v change one of the variables
60
in that record? or delete the
record entirely from the file.
70
80 CLS
90 PRINT 3 106, "SELECTIONS:"
100 PRINT 3 I685 " 1) EDIT RECORD"
110 PRINT a 200, "2) DELETE RECORD"
120 PRINT 3 232, "3) END JOB"
130 PRINT 3 298, "1,2, OR 3"
140 AN* = INKEY*
150 IF AN*="" THEN 140
160 ON VAL(AN*) GOSUB 180,590,850
170 GOTO 80
1 80
OPEN " D " # 1 " NAMES NOS " 35
190 FIELD #1,24 AS NAME*, 3 AS AREA*,
8 AS PHONE*
200 FOR 1=1 TO LOF(l)
210 GET #1,
220 CLS
230 PRINT 3 68, "RECORD NUMBER:" ;I
240 PRINT a 100, "NAME:" ;NAME*
250 PRINT a 132, "AREA CODE:"; AREA*
260 PRINT 3 164,
"PHONE NUMBER";
PHONE*
270 PRINT 3 228, "EDIT THIS
RECORD? (Y/N)"
280 AN* = INKEY*
290 IF AN* ~ "Y" THEN 320
'

is to
'

;

•

.APPENDIX C
750
760
770
780
790
800
810
820
830
840
850

LSET TNAME* = NAME*
LSET TAREA* = AREA*
LSET TPHONE* = PHONE*
J=J+1
PUT #2, J
NEXT I
CLOSE
KILL "NAMES/NOS"
RENAME "TEMP/FIL" TO "NAMES/NOS"
RETURN
END

SAMPLE PROGRAM #6
GRADING TESTS
This program is ideal for teachers. It creates several
files of students and their test score. You can then
immediately find averages and standard deviation for
the entire class or for each individual student.
disk

20
30

Test pros ram

290 OPEN "0",#1,"NAME/FIL"
300 CLS
310 PRINT a 96, "ENTER NAME OF
STUDENT
320 LINE INPUT NAME*
330 WRITE #1,NAME*
340 PRINT 3 196, "(PRESS TO
ENTER" :PRINT 3 228, "ANOTHER NAME,
PRESS <0>": PRINT a 260, "TO QUIT)"
350 AN*=INKEY*
360 IF AN*="" THEN 350
370 IF AN*O"0" THEN 300
380 CLOSE #1
390 RETURN
400
410 '
This subroutine builds test
:

files.

420 '
430 CLS
440 PRINT 3 64
450 INPUT "NUMBER OF NEW TEST
FILE";TF*
460 IF TF* = " THEN 450
470 TF* = "TEST" + TF*
480 OPEN "I",#1,"NAME/FIL"
490 OPEN "0",#2,TF*
500 IF EOF(l) THEN 560
510 INPUT #1,NAME*
520 PRINT "NAME:"?NAME*

The object of this, program
input several
40
files a names file and several
test files.
50
The files can then he accessed
as desired and the
60
test scores processed to find
averages and standard
70
deviations.
The files are all
530 INPUT "SCORE" ; SCORE
sequential access files.
540 WRITE #2, SCORE
80
550 GOTO 500
90
560 CLOSE #1,#2
100 '
Main module of program
570 RETURN
110
580
120 DIM NAME* 30), GRADE <6, 30)
590 '
This subroutine inputs the
130 CLS
"NAMES" file and the
140 PRINT a 107," SELECT IONS"
600 '
desired test files and then
160 PRINT a 164, M 1) CREATE A
processes them either
'NAMES' FILE"
610
on a class basis or an
170 PRINT a 196, H 2) ADD A NEW
individual basis, and
TEST FILE"
620
then prints out the results.
180 PRINT a 228, "3) PROCESS SCORES"
630 »
190 PRINT a 260, H 4) END"
640 OPEN "I",#1,"NAME/FIL"
210 PRINT a 331, "1,2,3 OR 4"
650 IF EOF(l) = -1 THEN 690
220 AN*=INKEY*
660 Y = Y + 1
230 IF AN*="" THEN 220
670 INPUT #1,NAME*(Y)
240 ON VALNAME*(Y)
930 PRINT a 1 37 "SCORES:"
940 STUTOT =
950 FOR X=l TO N
960 PRINT TAB(10) GRADE
970 STUTOT = STUTOT + GRADE(X»Y)
980 NEXT X
990 AVE(Y) = STUTOT / N
1000 NUM =
1010 FOR X=l TO N
1020 NUM = +2
+ NUM
1030 NEXT X
1040 SD = SOR(NUM / N)
1050 PRINT USING ""/.
/.##.##";
"AVERAGE: "?AVE(Y)
1060 PRINT USING "V.
##.##";» STANDARD DE V I AT I ON " SD
1070 PRINT "PRESS TO SEE
NEXT NAME"
1080 AN* = INKEY*
1090 IF AN* = CHR*<13) THEN 1100
ELSE 1080
1100 NEXT Y
1110 CLS
1120 PRINT 3 105? "NO MORE NAMES"
1130 GOTO 1350
1140
1150
This portion processes the
scores bv the test number
1160
for the whole class.
1170
1180 INPUT "
WHICH TEST NUMBER" ?X
1190 CLS
1200 PRINT 3 4»"DATA FOR TEST

NUMBER "
1210 PRINT » NAME" STAB 25) "SCORE"
1220 TTOT =
1230 FOR Y=l TO YEND
1240 TTOT = TTOT + GRADED Y>
1250 PRINT TABU) NAME*( Y) ;TAB<25)
GRADE(X»Y>
1260 NEXT Y
1270 AVE
TTOT / YEND
1280 NUM =
1290 FOR Y=l TO YEND
1300 NUM = NUM + (AVE - GRADE X,Y)
1310 NEXT Y
1320 SD = SQR(NUM / (YEND - 1))
1330 PRINT: PRINT USING
;

""/

;

'
'

'/.

SAMPLE PROGRAM #7
CREATE-A-GAME

—

a house
These four programs will display 3 scenes
and two rooms. Each scene is stored on disk as a pro-

gram file.
10

20
30

"DISPLAY/BAS"

The ob-Ject of this program
show you how you can
40
access another program from
It uses
Your main program.
50
a main program called
"DISPLAY/BAS" and three graphics
6(3
p r o g ram s c a 1 e d " HOUSE / B AS "
"FOYER/BAS'S and "STAIRS/BAS"
(Natural 1y thev must be on
70
'

is to
'

•/.#•/.•/.##.##"?

"AVERAGE FOR TEST #" ;X " " ?AVE
1340 PRINT USING "7.
##.##"; "STANDARD DEVIATION: "!SD
1350 PRINT: PRINT "
PRESS
FOR MORE"
1360 PRINT "
PROCESSING*
TO QUIT"
1370 AN* = INKEY*
1380 IF AN* = CHR*(13) THEN 820
1390 IF AN* = "Q" THEN 1400
ELSE 1370
1400 RETURN
1410
1420
This subroutine terminates
the program.
1430
1440 END

bef ore

you

can

"/.

) ,

4444
444

" 1

-APPENDIX C
80
program.
90
100
110 CLS
120 PRINT
106? "SELECTIONS:"
130 PRINT
170, "1) HOUSE"
140 PRINT
202, "2) FOYER"
150 PRINT
"3) STAIRS"
234
160 PRINT
266, "4) END JOB"
170 PRINT
330, "1,2,3, OR 4"
=
180 AN*
INKEY*
190 IF AN* =
THEN 180
200 IF AN* = u ^i THEN 250
210 CLS
220 PRINT 3 98, 'TO RETURN FROM
THIS SELECTION
230 PRINT 3 130, "PRESS ANY KEY"
240 FOR 1=1 TO 40: NEXT I
250 ON VAL (AN*) GOTO 260,270,280,290
260 LOAD " HOUSE /B AS ",R
270 LOAD "FOYER/BAS",R
280 LOAD "STAIRS/BAS" ,R
290 END
'

40 PMODE 3,
50 SCREEN 1,0
60 DRAW "BM104,60;D92;R48;U92;L48"
70 DRAW "BM44,20;R16B;D132;L132;
BL4 ;L12?BL4?L16;BM44, 102;U82"
80 DRAW "BM220,60;D100;
BM2 44,58?D126"
90 DRAW " BM42 ,102; D38 R8 ; U38 L8
100 DRAW "BM16, 148;D40;R4;U40"
110 DRAW "BM64, 14B;D40;L4;U40"
120 DRAW " BM80 ,124; D40 L4 U36
130 CIRCLE (144, 108),
140 CIRCLE (238, 117),
150 CIRCLE (45, 140), 15,4, .3,0, .7
160 CIRCLE (45,140), 15,4, .3, .95,
170 CIRCLE (53, 136),
180 LINE (0, 192) -< 16, 176), PSET
190 LINE (20, 172)-(44, 152), PSET
200 LINE (256, 192)-(212, 152), PSET
210 PAINT (28, 8), 3,
220 LINE (0,0) -(44, 20), PSET
230 LINE 256,
- 212, 20
PSET
240 LINE (220,60)-(244,59) PSET
250 LINE
16, 148>-(44, 124) PSET
260 LINE (16, 148)-(64, 148) PSET
270 LINE (64, 148)-(80, 124) PSET
280 LINE (80, 124)-(52, 124) PSET
290 PAINT (10, 10), 3,
300 PAINT (60, 32), 3,
310 PAINT (240, 20), 3,
320 PAINT1 28 64
2
330 PAINT (228, 70), 2,
340 PAINT (62, 156) ,4,4
350 PAINT (78, 150), 4,
360 PAINT
18, 156), 4,
370 PAINT (68, 128), 1,4
380 PAINT (128, 156), 2,
390 PAINT (40, 140), 4,
400 PAINT (48, 120), 2,
410 CIRCLE (46, 98), 5, 2,;
420 AN* = INKEY*
430 I F AN* = " " THEN 420
440 LOAD "DISPLAY/BAS'SR
;

;

)

(

)

(

HOUSE /B AS"

30 PMODE 3, 1
40 PCLS
50 SCREEN 1,0
60 DRAW " BM66 1 08 D48 ; R32 U48 L32
70 DRAW "BM66,68;R132;BM46,96;R132;
BM50, 156;R128"
80 DRAW "BM50,96;D60;BM178,96?D60;
"

;

BM206,88;D50"
;

"FOYER/BAS"

20
30 PCLS
'

) ,

(

90 DRAW "BM0, 136 R50; BM206, 136;R50"
100 LINE (46,96)-(66,68>,PSET
110 LINE
178, 96>-< 198,68) PSET
120 LINE (198, 68) -(206, 88), PSET
130 LINE (174, 156)~<206, 136), PSET
140 CIRCLE (92, 130), 5,0
150 PAINT (0,0), 3,
160 PAINT (0, 149), 1,4
170 PAINT (67,70) ,4,4
180 PAINT (55, 105), 2*
190 PAINT (194, 96), 2,
200 PAINT (82, 128) ,3,4
210 AN* = INKEY*
220 IF AN* = "" THEN 210
230 LOAD "DISPLAY/BAS'SR

(

"STAIRS/BAS"

20
30
40
50
60

PCLS
PMODE 3,
SCREEN 1,0
DRAW "BM60,20;R140;D120;L40?U32;
L4;D52;R4;U20;BM160, 160-L128;U150"
70 DRAW "BM4,62;D130;BM28, 166?U102;
BM144, 148; R12"
80 DRAW "BM40,72;D24;R36;U24;L36;
75

4
44 4

1
"

)

APPENDIX CBM44,76;D16;R2S;U16;L28"

LINE <0,0)-(60,20),PSET
120 LINE <200,20)-<255,0>,PSET
130 LINE (200, 140) -(255? 192), PSET
140 LINE (0, 192>-(32, 160),PSET
150 LINE <4,62>-<28,64),PSET
160 PAINT (120,4), 2,
170 PAINT (20, 20), 2,
180 PAINT (230, 20), 2,
190 PAINT (120, 40), 2,
200 PAINT (60, 16), 3,
210 PAINT (20, 64), 3,
220 PAINT (158, 124) ,4,4
230 PAINT (42, 74), 4,
240 LINE (28,8)-( 144, 148), PSFT
250 LINE (64, 12) --(156, 122),PSET
260 LINE (68, 12)-(156, 116),PSET
270 DRAW "BM144, 148;U38"
280 FOR 1=0 TO 9
290 DRAW "BM~8,28?U38"
300 NEXT I
310 DRAW "BM56,40;U28?BM48,31 111 8
BM40,22"U10"
320 PAINT (56, 84), 2,
330 CIRCLE(56,86),10,3, .4,0, .5
340 LINE (51,86)-(63,86) PSET
350 DRAW "BM56,84;L4;E7?D8"
360 FOR 1=1 TO 32
370 CIRCLE (120, 176), 1*2, 1/4, .25
380 NEXT I
382 DRAW " BM232 1 76 U 1 00 R2 D 1 00
383 CIRCLE 232, 180) 15 4, 1
5,
384 CIRCLE (232, 178) 6, 4, 2, 55
385 CIRCLE 232, 80) 15 4, 1 0,
386 CIRCLE 232, 82) 6, 4, 2, 1
55
390 AN* = INKEY*
400 IF AN* = "" THEN 390
410 LOAD "DISPLAY/BAS'SR
11.0

(

;

'
'

;

(

50
of transactions, and the
third, a listing of the updated
60
budget.
The program allows
for carryover from the previous
70
period's budget.
A Journal
can be printed out giving a list
of the budget expenses, and
80
balances.
(NOTE:
As written,
this program requires a printer
90
for outputting the Journal.
100
However, with slight modification, it could be used without
110
a printer.
120
130
140
Main module of program
150
160 CLS
170 PRINT 3 106, "SELECTIONS:"
180 PRINT 3 165, "1) BUILD BUDGET"
190 PRINT a 197, "2) UPDATE AN
ACCOUNT"
200 PRINT 3 229, "3) PRINT OUT A
JOURNAL"
210 PRINT 3 261, "4) END JOB"
220 PRINT 3 329, "1,2,3, OR 4?"
230 AN*= INKEY*
240 IF AN*="" THEN 230
250 ON VAL(AN*) GOSUB 360,950,
1450, 1970
260 GOTO 160
270
280
This subroutine builds the
budget file (cal led
290
BUDGET.ORG), and builds or
updates the file BUDGET. UPD
300
It allows you to input the
start date of the budget
310
and the total amount yolt
have to divide up to accounts.
320
Tentative amounts are entered
for each account and a
330
running balance is kept to
advise you of the amount
340
left in Your total budget.
350
360 OPEN " D" #1 " BUDGET/ORG"
370 OPEN "D",#2, "BUDGET/UPD" ,5
380 FIELD #1,5 AS OAMT*
390 FIELD #2,5 AS UPDAMT*
400 GOSUB 1810
410 IF L0F(2) =
THEN 470
420 FOR 1=1 TO 9
430 GET #2,
440 AMT(I) = CVN( UPDAMT*)
'

90 LINE (32, 12)-(92, 12),PSET
100 LINE (92, 12)~(100,20),PSET

SAMPLE PROGRAM #8
BUDGETING
This organizes your finances and prints out a journal on
your printer. You need a line printer with a line length
of at least 80 characters to run it.

20
30

Budget program

'
The object of this program
to build three direct access
40 ' files, one a listing of a
balanced budget, another, a listing

I
1

)

.APPENDIX C
450 PTOT =PTOT + AMT(I)
460 NEXT I
470 CLS
480 PRINT a 130. "DATE(MM/DD/YY) :"
490 PRINT 3 162, "PROJECTED INCOME
FROM:"
500 PRINT a 196, "SALARY:"
510 PRINT a 228, "OTHER:"
520 PRINT a 96
530 INPUT "
DATE(MM/DD/YY> :";DATE*
540 PRINT 3 162, "PROJECTED INCOME
FROM:"
550 INPUT "
SALARY: " SAL
560 INPUT "
OTHER:" OTHER
570 BTOT = SAL + OTHER
580 CLS
600 PRINT 3 9, "CURRENT BUDGET"
610 PRINT "ACCT# DESCRIPTION
BALANCE"
620 SUMBUD =
630 FOR 1=1 TO 9
640 PRINT USING "####7. 7.
7.####. ##-" ACNO< I
SPACE* DESC* (I AMT I
650 SUMBUD = SUMBUD + AMT(I)
660 NEXT I
670 PRINT 3 86, USING "*####.##-"
?AMT(1)
680 PRINT 3 419, USING
"7.
7.**###.##";
"REMAINING MONEY: " BTOT - (SUMBUD
;

;

"/.

;

)

;

(

- PTOT)

690 PRINT a 451, "ENTER ACCT# OF
ITEM TO BE"
700 INPUT "
CHANGED (000 TO
QUIT)" ;AN
710 IF AN =
THEN 790
720 CLS
730 N = AN / 100
740 PRINT a 105,ACNO(N)
750 PRINT 3 138,DESC*(N>
760 PRINT a 170, "*" ;AMT(N)
770 PRINT: INPUT »
NE W
AMOUNT" ;AMT(N)
780 GO TO 580
790 DATE = VAL( LEFT* (DATES, 2) +
M:i.'D*(DATE*,4,2) + RIGHT* (DATE*, 2)
800 LSET OAMT* = MKN*(DATE)
810 PUT #1,
820 FOR 1=1 TO 9
8;<0 LSET OAMT* = MKN* AMT I
840 LSET UPDAMT* = MKN*(AMT(I))
850 PUT #1,1+1
860 PUT #2,
8/0 NEXT I
(

(

)

880 CLOSE
890 RETURN
900
910
This subroutine builds a
transaction file called TFILE.DAT
920
which contains anv updates
to the budget, and updates the
930
file BUDGET. UPD .
940
950 OPEN "D",#l, "BUDGET/UPD-,5
960 OPEN "D",#2,"TFILE/DAT",36
970 FIELD #1,5 AS UPDAMT*
980 FIELD #2,3 AS ACN0*,8 AS DATE*,
20 AS DESC*,5 AS TAMT*
990 FOR 1=1 TO 9
'

1000 GET #1,
1010 AMT(I) = CVN(UPDAMT*>
1020 NEXT I
1030 GOSUB 1810
1040 CLS
1050 SUMBUD =
1060 PRINT a 9, "CURRENT BUDGET"
1070 PRINT "ACCT# DESCRIPTION
BALANCE"
1080 FOR 1=1 TO 9
1090 PRINT USING "####7. 7.
7.####.##-" ;ACNO(I)
SPACES* DESC* I AMT I
1100 SUMBUD = SUMBUD + AMT(I)
;

11.1.0

(

)

;

(

1120 PRINT 3 86, USING
"*####.##-" 5AMT(1)
1130 PRINT a 419, USING "7.
**### ## " » TOTAL BALANCE " SUMBUD
1140 PRINT a 451, "ENTER ACCT# OF
ITEM TO BE
1150 INPUT "
UPDATED (000 TO QUIT)"; AN
1160 IF AN =
THEN 1350
1170 CLS
1180 N = AN / 100
1190 PRINT a 95, AN
1200 PRINT DESC*(N)
1210 PRINT USING "7.
%
**###.##" ;» CURRENT BALANCE" AMT (N)"
1220 PRINT: INPUT "DATE MM/DD/YY) " ;DT*
1230 PRINT "DESCRIPTION OF
'/.

;

(

)

TRANSACTION:"
1240 INPUT DS*
1250 PRINT "AMOUNT OF TRANSACTION:"
1260 PRINT "(NEGATIVE NUMBER FOR A
CREDIT)"
1270 INPUT TRANS
1280 AMT(N) = AMT(N) - TRANS
1290 LSET ACNO* = RIGHT* STR* AN) 3)
(

(

)
)

APPENDIX
1300
1310
1320
1330
1340
1350
1360
1370
1380
1390
1400
1410
1420

)

(

)

(

)

;

(

;

)

This subrout i ne prints o u
listing the
1430
budget transact i cms, and
balances.
1440
1450 OPEN "D",#l, "BUDGET/0RG",5
1460 FIELD #1,5 AS AMT*
1470 OPEN "D",#2, "TFILE/DAT",36
1480 FIELD #2,3 AS T ACNO*, 8 AS
TDATE*,20 AS TRDESC*,5 AS TMT*
1490 GOSUB 1810
1500 CLS
1510 PRINT 3 172, "PRINTING"
1520 Get #1, I
1530 DATE* = STR*(CVN(AMT*)
1540 IF LEN(DATE*) < 6 THEN DATE*
= " " + DATE*
1550 DATE* = LEFT* (DATE*, 2) +
"/" + MID*(DATE*,3,2) + " / " +
RIGHT* (DATE*, 2)
1560 PRINT #-2, TAB (30) "BUDGET FOR
THE PERIOD"
1570 PRINT #-2, TAB (31)
"STARTING " ;DATE*
1580 PRINT #-2: PRINT #-2
1590 PRINT #-2 TAB 28 " ACCOUNT OR"
1600 PRINT #-2, TAB (10)
"ACCOUNT" ?TAB(27) "TRANSACTION"
1610 PRINT #-2, TAB (10) "NUMBER"
TAB (14)" DATE " TAB 27 " DESCR I PT I ON
TAB 47 " TRANSACTION" TAB 61
"BALANCE"

;

;
)

1620 FOR 1=2 TO LOF(l)
1630 GET #1,
1640 PRINT #-2
1650 PRINT #-2,TAB(12)ACN0(I-l>
TAB (17) DATE* TAB 27 DESC* I - 1

a J our-nal

(

LBET DATE* = DT*
LSET DESC* = DS*
LBET TAMT* = MKN* TRANS)
PUT #2,L0F<2)+1
GOTO 1040
FOR 1=1 TO 9
LSET UPDAMT* = MKN*(AMT(
PUT #1,1
NEXT I
CLOSE
RETURN

(

)

TAB(61)CVN(AMT*)
1660 BAL=CVN(AMT*)
1670 FOR J=l TO L0F(2)
1680 GET #2,
I
1 690
I F ACNO
-1
< > VAL T ACNO*
THEN 1730
1700 BAL=BAL - CVN(TMT*>
1710 IF CVN(TMT*) <,0 THEN CR*="CR"
ELSE CR*=""
1720 PRINT #-2,TAB(17)TDATE*?TAB(27)
CR*
TRDESC* TAB 47 ABS CVN TMT*
TAB (61 )BAL
1730 NEXT J
1740 NEXT I
1750 CLOSE
1760 RETURN
(

)

(

)

1770
1780

This subroutine sets the
values of the account numbers,
1790
ACNO(I), and account
de s c r i Pt i o n s DESC* I
1800
1810 FOR 1=1 TO 9
1820 ACNO(I) = I * 100
1830 NEXT I
1840 DESC*( 1)
"FOOD"
"RENT"
1850 DESC*<2)
"CAR"
1860 DESC*(3)
1870 DESC* (4)
"UTILITIES"
1880 DESC*(5)
"INSURANCE"
"TAXES"
1890 DESC*(6)
"CLOTHING"
1900 DESC* (7)
"ENTERTAINMENT"
1910 DESC*(8)
1920 DESC* (9)
"MISCELLANEOUS"
1930 RETURN
1940
1950
This subroutine terminates
the program.
1960
1970 END
'

(

)

-APPENDIX D

ASCII CHARACTER CODES
These are the ASCII codes for each of the characters on your keyboard. The first column is the character; the second
is the code in decimal notation; and the third converts the code to a hexadecimal Q6-based number).

Chapter 15 shows how

CHARACTER

use these codes with

DECIMAL
CODE

CHR$

HEXADECIMAL
CODE

produce a character.

CHARACTER

DECIMAL
CODE

HEXADECIMAL
CODE

SPACEBAR

*If shifted, the codes for these characters are as follows: (CLEAR) is

CD is 21

(hex 15);

and CD

92 (hex 5C);

95 (hex 5F);

91 (hex SB);

93 (hex 5D).

APPENDIX D

LOWER-CASE CODES
These are the ASCII codes for lower-case

letters.

You can produce these characters by pressing the

(SHIFT!

and

® keys simultaneously to get into an upper/lower case mode. The lower case letters will appear on your screen in
reversed colors (green with a black background).

CHARACTER

DECIMAL
CODE

HEXADECIMAL
CODE

97
98
99

101

65
66
67

102
103
104
105

107

108
109

b^^H
c

WflaBfiHHHHflBi
69

6B
ec
6D

DECIMAL
CODE

HEXADECIMAL
CODE

^APPENDIX E

MEMORYMAP
DECIMAL
0-255

HEX
0000-00FF

256-1023

0100-03FF

1024-1535

0400-05FF
0600-0988

1536-2440

CONTENTS
System Direct
Page RAM
Extended Page
Video Text

DESCRIPTION
See Section IV of Getting Started with

BASIC for

RAM

Memory

Additional System

This

RAM
2441-top

0989-top of

RAM

ofRAM

used exclusively by

DISK BASIC.

These Random Access Memory locations are allocated dynamically and
contain the following:

RAM is

top of

RAM is

16383 for 16K

3FFF

for

systems;

32767 for
32K systems

for

top of

COLOR

detailed information.

16K

Random File Buffer
Area

7FFF
32K systems
2.

File Control Blocks

(FCBs)

Total buffer space for random access files, 256
bytes are reserved for this on start-up. This value
can be reset by the FILES statement.

Control data on each user buffer. 843 bytes are
reserved for this on start-up. This value can be
reset by the FILES statement: (number of buffers
set

Graphics Video

by FILES +

x 281 bytes.

Space reserved for graphics video pages. 6144
bytes or 4 pages are reserved for this on start-up.
This value can be reset by the PCLEAR
statement: number of pages reserved by PCLEAR
X 1,536 bytes per page. (Note: All pages must
start at a 256-byte page boundary
i.e., a
memory location divisible by 256.)
Space reserved for BASIC Programs and
Variables. 6455* bytes (16K systems) or 22,839*
bytes (32K systems) are reserved for this on startup. This value can be reset by different settings of
Random File Buffers, FCBs, Graphics Video
Memory, String Space or User Memory.

Memory

—

BASIC Program
Storage

BASIC

Variable

Storage

Stack

String Space

Total space for string data. On start-up, 200 bytes
are reserved, but this can be reset by the CLEAR

statement.
8.

User Memory

Total space for user machine-language routines.

space is reserved for this on start-up, but this
can be reset by the CLEAR statement.

32768-40959

8000-9FFF

Extended

BASIC
40960-49151

49152-57343

A000-BFFF
C000-DFFF

COLOR

Read Only Memory

ROM

COLOR BASIC ROM
COLOR DISK BASIC

ROM
57344-65279
65280-65535

E000-FEFF
FF00-FFFF

MEM

Read Only Memory
Read Only Memory

Unused
Inp ut/Output

*Ifyou execute a PRINT
command, on start-up, you
overhead necessary to execute this command.

will,

get a

number a

little

lower than this because of the

APPENDIX

SPECIFICATIONS
Type of disks

5V4" mini-diskettes

Radio Shack Catalog
Number 26-305
26-405 (package of three)
or 26-406 (package of 10)

Disk Organization
(Formatted disk)

Single-sided

Operating Temperature

18 to 113 degrees Fahrenheit

Double-density
35 tracks
18 sectors per track
256 data bytes per sector
Directory on track 17

10 to 45 degrees Centigrade

Memory Capacity
Unformatted
Soft sector
(I/O sector/track)

218.8 kilobytes per disk
6.2 kilobytes per track
179.1 kilobytes per disk
5.1 kilobytes per track

Data transmission speed

250 kilobits per second

Access Time
Track to track
Average

Settling time

m sec.

100 m sec.
15 m sec.

Number of indexes

Weight of Disk Drive

3.8 kg.

Disk Controller

WD1793

APPENDIX G

ERROR MESSAGES
/O

Division by zero. The Computer was asked to
divide a number by 0, which is impossible. You
could also get this error message if you do not
enclose a filename in quotation marks.

File Already Exists.

COPY

file

You are trying to RENAME
a filename which Already

Exists.

Attempt

open a data

file

which

Already

too low (less

on the

than

1) or too

high (higher than the

disk).

Use a

number in the
a smaller record

different record

GET line, or assign
length in the OPEN line.
or

when you use
BASIC word that is

Function Call. This happens

FD Bad File Data. This error occurs when you PRINT
data to a file, or INPUT data from the file, using
the wrong type of variable for the corresponding
data. For example, INPUT # 1, A, when the data
in the file is a string, causes this error.

BS Bad Subscript. The

subscripts in an array are out
DIM to dimension the array. For

of range. Use
example, if you have A(12) in your program, without a preceding DIM line which dimensions array
A for 12 or more elements, you will get this error.

Illegal

SOUND (260,260) or
CLS(IO) will cause this error. Also RIGHT$(S$,20),
when there are only 10 characters in S$, would
cause it. Other examples are a negative subscript,
such as A( - 1), or a USR call before the address
has been POKEd in.

maximum number of records the Computer can fit

PUT

contains.

a parameter (number) with a
out of range. For example

Bad Record Number. You have used an impossible
record number in your PUT or GET line. Either it
is

file.

Write or Input past End of Record (direct access
only). You are attempting to PUT more data in the
record than it can hold or INPUT more data than
it

Open.

is a direct statement in
This could be caused if you load a
program with no line numbers.

the data

ER
AE

Direct Statement. There

Bad File Mode. You have specified the wrong file
mode ("O," "I," or "D") in your OPEN line for what

Can't continue. If you use the command CONT
END of the program, you will

you are attempting

and you are at the

attempting to

get this error.

for "I"

to do.

For example, you are

GET a record from a file OPENed
(use "D") or WRITE data to a file OPENed

for "I" (use "O").

redimension an array. An array can
only be dimensioned once. For example, you cannot have DIM A(12) and DIM A(50) in the same

Attempt

Bad File Name. You used an unacceptable format
name your file.

program.

FO
DF

Disk Full. The Disk you are trying to store your
file on is Full. Use another disk.

This

FS
is

either a Drive

Number

or Device

Number

DSKINI

BACKUP.

you have only one drive
with these two commands

File Structure.

There

something wrong

file.

Illegal Direct statement.

You can only use INPUT

as a line in the program, not as a

to see

End of file. Use EOF or LOF to check
when you've reached the end of the file.

When you have, CLOSE
IO

command line.

Input past

0).

Device Number error. You are using more buffers
than the Computer has reserved. Use FILES to
reserve more. You might also get this error if you
use a nonexisting buffer number (such as buffer
# - 3) or omit the buffer (such as FIELD 1 AS A$
rather than FIELD #1, 1 AS A$).

The field length is longer than the

Either the data was written
incorrectly or the directory track on the disk is
bad. See IO for instructions on what to do.

specify drive
(DSKINIO or BACKUP

Bad

with your disk

error.

Drive Number Error. You are using a drive number higher than 3. You will also get this error if
you do not specify a drive number when using

Field Overflow.
record length.

it.

Input/Output error. The Computer is having trouble inputting or outputting information to the
disk.

APPENDIX G.
Make

(1)

sure there

a disk inserted properly
and the drive door is

not enough space in

closed.

at the beginning of your

get this error, there might be
something wrong with your disk. Try reinserting the disk first. Then try using a dif-

you

you still get this error, you probably have
a problem with the Computer System itself.
Call the Radio Shack Repair Center.
This error could also be caused by input/output
problems with another device, such as the tape
(3) If

string

may

only be 255

to reserve

Overflow. The number
puter to handle.

too large for the

Com-

RG RETURN without GOSUB. A RETURN line is in
your program with no matching

GOSUB.

Set to non-fielded string. The field in which you
are attempting to LSET or RSET data in has not
yet been FIELDed. Check the FIELD line.

Syntax

recorder.

String too Long,

program

string space.

still

ferent one or reformatting it. (Remember
that reformatting a disk erases its contents.)

of String Space. There

memory to do your string operations. Use CLEAR

(2) If

Out

in the indicated drive

This could result from a misspelled

error.

characters.

command, incorrect punctuation, open parenthesis, or an illegal character. Type the program line

The Computer can't find the disk file you want.
Check the disk's directory to see if the file is there.
If you have more than one disk drive, you might
not have included the appropriate drive number
in the filename. If you are using COPY, KILL, or
RENAME (discussed in the next chapter), you

might have

left off the

A string operation

into shorter steps.

NF NEXT without FOR. NEXT is being used without
a matching FOR statement. This error also occurs
when you have the

String formula too complex.

was too complex to handle. Break up the operation

extension.

command over.

lines reversed in a

Type Mismatch. This occurs when you try to
assign numeric data to a string variable (A$ = 3)
or string data to a numeric variable (A =
"DATA"). This could also occur if you do not
enclose a filename in quotes.

nested loop.

File

Out of Buffer

Not Open. You cannot input or output data
a file until you have OPENed it.
space.

Use FILES

to reserve

Undefined Line. You have a GOTO, GOSUB, or
other branching line in the program asking the
Computer to go to a nonexisting line number.

Verification.

have the

space.

to a disk.

Out

A READ was executed with insuffiDATA for it to READ. A DATA statement

there

of Data.

cient

tions on

You will only

get the error

VERIFY command ON and
The Computer

a flaw in what

what

when you

are writing

informing you that

wrote. See 10 for instruc-

to do.

may have been left out of the program.

WP
OM

Out

Memory. All available memory has been

used or reserved.

Write Protected. You are trying to store information on a disk which is Write Protected. Either
take the label off the write protect notch or use a
different disk. If your disk is not Write Protected,
then there is an input/output problem. See 10 for
instructions on what to do about this.

.APPENDIX H

DISK BASIC SUMMARY
is a short summary on each new DISK BASIC "command." You may also use any of the EXTENDED COLOR
BASIC commands. (See Getting Started with Extended Color BASIC or the Color Computer Quick Reference Card

This
for

a complete

listing.)

The first line gives the format to use in typing the command. The
which you can specify with the command.
This

the

meaning of some of the parameters you may

italicized

words represent "parameters"

— values

specify:

filename

must have a filename. The filename should be
number
mandatory. It must have 1 to 8 characters.

All information stored on a disk

in this format:

name/extension:drive

The name is
The extension is optional. It can have 1 to 3 characters.
The drive number is optional. If you do not use it when opening a disk
the drive specified in the DRIVE command).

file,

the Computer will use drive

(or

number
This
(5

may be

a number

(1, 5.3),

a numeric variable (A, BL), a numeric function (ABS(3)), or a numeric operation

+ 3, A-7).

string

This

may be

characters ("B," "STRING"), a string variable (A$, BL$), a string function (LEFT$(S$,
+ A$).

5)),

or a string

operation ("M"

data

This

may be number or string.

BASIC

WORD

BACKUP source drive TO destination drive

PAGES
DISCUSSED
13-15

Duplicates the contents of the source drive to the destination drive. If you only
have one drive, specify it as the source drive. The Computer will prompt you to
switch disks as it makes the backup copy. Executing this command will erase

memory.
BACKUP

CLOSE #

BACKUP

buffer,

26-27

Closes communication to the buffers specified. (See OPEN for buffer numbers).
If you omit the buffer, the Computer will close all open files.
CLOSE «1
*2
CLOSE *1
,

COPY filenamel TO filename2

Copies the contents of filenamel to filename2. Each filename must include an
extension. (See format for filenames above.) Executing this command will erase

memory.
COPY "FILE/BAS" TO "NEWFILE/BAS"
COPY "ORG/DAT:0" TO "ORG/DAT: 1"

APPENDIX

BASIC

WORD

CVNistring variable)
Converts a 5-byte coded string (created by

DISCUSSED
50

MKN$)

back

to the

number

represents.
x=cvnia$)

DIRdrive number

Displays a directory of the disk in the drive number you specify. If you omit the
drive number, the Computer will use drive 0. (Unless you use the DRIVE command to change this default.) This is a typical directory display:
BAS
B 3
MYPROG
BAS
A 1
Y0URPR0G
A 5
DATA
1
HERDATA
BIN
2 B 2
USRPROG
The first column is the name of the file. The second column is its extension. The

type (0 = BASIC program, 1 = BASIC data file, 2 = machine lan= editor source file). The fourth column is the storage format
(A = ASCII, B = Binary). The fifth column is the file length in granules.

third is the

file

guage

file,

DIR

DIR0

DRIVE

drive

11-15

number

Changes the drive default to the drive number you

DRIVE command,
DRIVE

specify. If you

the Computer will default to drive

do not use the

DSKINIdriue number
Formats a disk in the drive number you
erase memory.

8
specify.

Executing this

command will

DSKINI1

DSKINI0

DSKI$

drive number, track, sector, string variablel, string variable2
Inputs data from a certain sector within a certain track on the disk in drive
number. The first 128 bytes of data are input into string variablel; the second

61-62

128 bytes into string variable2.
DSKI$ 0. 12

DSKO$

3i M*

61-62

drive^number, track, sector, stringl, string2

Outputs stringMata into the sector, track, and drive number you specify, stringl
is output into the first 128 bytes of the sector; string2 is output into the second
128 bytes. Used improperly, this command could garble the contents of the disk.
"FIRST DATA", "SECOND DATA"
DSK0$ 0, 2, 1
,

EOF (buffer)

Returns a if there is more data to be read in the buffer and a more data in it. (See OPEN for buffer numbers.)
IF

EOFU)

FIELD #

-1

1 if there is

THEN CLOSE «1

buffer, field size

AS field name,

48-49

Organizes the space within a direct access buffer into fields. (See
buffer numbers.) You specify the size and name of each field.
5 AS C$
FIELD »1» 10 AS A*. 12 AS B$
86

OPEN for

.APPENDIX H

BASIC
FILES

PAGES

WORD

DISCUSSED

buffer number, buffer size

Tells the

54-55

Computer how many buffers

to reserve in

memory

(buffer number),

and the total bytes to reserve for these buffers (buffer size). If you do not use
FILES, the Computer will reserve enough memory space for buffers 1 and 2,
and will reserve a total of 256 bytes for those buffers.
FILES

FILES

1000

FREE(drive number)
Returns the number of free granules on the disk in the drive number you

specify.

PRINT FREE(0)

GET #

buffer, record number
Gets the next record or the record number you specify, and puts
(See OPEN for buffer numbers).

GET «1

GET *2.

34-36
it

in the buffer.

INPUT #

buffer, variable name,
Inputs data from the buffer you specify and assigns each data item in the buffer
to the variable name you specify. (See OPEN for buffer numbers.)
.

26-28

INPUT «1. A$. B$

KILL filename

you specify from the disk directory. (See the format for filenames above.) You must include the extension with the filename.

Deletes the filename

"KILL FILE/DAT:1"

KILL "FILE/BAS"

LINE INPUT #

data
the data up to the
for buffer numbers).

Inputs a line

(See OPEN
LINE INPUT «1

42-43

buffer,

(all

(ENTER)

character) from the buffer you specify.

LOAD filename, R
BASIC program file you

specify from a disk into memory. By includthe program immediately after loading it. If
your filename does not have an extension, the Computer assumes it is BAS. (See
the format for filenames above.) Executing this command will erase memory.
LOAD "PROGRAM", R
LOAD " ACCTS/BAS: 1"

Loads the

ing R, the

Computer

will

RUN

LOADM filename, offset address

Loads a machine-language program file from disk. You can specify an offset
address to add to the program's loading address. If your filename does not have
an extension, the Computer assumes it is BIN. (See the format for filenames
above.)
LOADM "PROG/BIN. 3522

LOC(buffer)
Returns the current record
buffer numbers.)

number

of the buffer you specify. (See

OPEN

for

PRINT L0C(1)

APPENDIX

basic
LOF(buffer)
Returns the highest

word

magnSro
37

numbered record

of the buffer

you

specify. (See

OPEN for

buffer numbers.)
FOR R = 1 TO L0F(1)

LSET field name = data

48-50

Left justifies the data within the field

than the

the RIGHT
"BANANAS"

field,

LSET A$

name you

the data
characters will be truncated (chopped off).
LSET B$ = T$
specify. If

larger

MERGE filename, R

53-54

Loads a program file from disk and merges it with the existing program in
memory. If you include R, the Computer will immediately run the program
after merging it. (See the format for filenames above.) The disk program file
cannot be MERGEd unless it was SAVEd with the A (ASCII) option.
MERGE "SUB/BAS"

MERGE "NEW". R

MKN$(number)
Converts a number to a 5-byte coded string,
LSET B$

50
for storage in

a formatted disk

file.

MKN*(53B78310)

OPEN

"mode" # buffer, filename, record length
Opens a place in memory called a buffer which will communicate data to and
from a certain device. The buffers and the devices they communicate with are:
screen or printer (it is not necessary to open this buffer)

—
- 1 — tape recorder
-2 — printer
1-15 — disk drive
The communication modes you can use are:
— inputting data from a sequential access
O — Outputting data to a sequential access
D — Inputting or outputting data to a direct access
I

26-28,
29-31,

33-38

file

The filename you use should be in the format defined above. If you do not give
filename an extension, the Computer will give it the extension DAT.
If you are opening communication to a direct access file, you can also specify
the record length. If you don't, the record length will be 256 bytes.
OPEN "D"
OPEN "I"

"FILE"

«1

*2 "CHGE/DAT"

PRINT # buffer, data list
PRINTs the data to the buffer. (See OPEN for buffer numbers.) You may use a
comma or a semi-colon to separate each item in the data list.
PRINT «1

PRINT #

"DATA"

buffer,

USING format; data list

Prints data to the buffer using the format you specify.
which can either specify a numerical or string format,

numerical formats

may consist of any

sets the field of a

of the following:

number

formats a decimal point

27-28

45-46

The format

a string

.APPENDIX H

BASIC

WORD

DlIcufsED

formats a comma every third number
fills leading spaces with asterisks
places $ ahead of number

floating dollar sign

in first position, causes sign to be printed before number; in last

-•-•"•

position causes sign to be printed after the number
prints number in exponential notation
prints a-minus sign after negative numbers

"*«.*"; 53.76
PRINT USING *1
PRINT USING #2. "#*$#.«*-"! -3.G78
.

string formats

may consist of either:

% % fields the length of a string.
prints the first character of the string
PRINT USING *1
"!"i "WHITE"
PRINT USING *1. "X Z"i "YELLOW"
!

See Going

Ahead With Extended Color BASIC

for

more information on the

formats.

PUT #

buffer, record number
Assigns a record number to the data in the buffer. If you do not specify a record
number, the Computer will assign it to the current record. (See OPEN for buffer
numbers.)

PUT *2. 3

PUT «1

RENAME old filename TO new filename

19-20

Renames a file on disk to a new filename. You must specify the extension of both
filenames.

RENAME "MFILE/DAT:1" TO "BFILE/DAT:

RSET field name = data
Right justifies the data within the field name you specify. If the data is larger
than the field, the RIGHT characters will be truncated (the same as with
LSET).
RSET M$

"SOAP"

RUN filename, R

Loads filename from disk and runs it. If R is included,
open. (See the format for filenames above.)
RUN "FILE'

RUN "PROG/BAS"

all

open files will remain

SAVE filename, A

Saves filename on disk. If you do not give filename an extension, the Computer
will give it the extension BAS. By using the A option, your program will be
saved in ASCII format. (See the format for filenames above.)
SAVE "PROG/BAS"

SAVE "TEST:1"

SAVEM filename, first address,

last address, execution address
Saves filename
a machine language program beginning at first address (in
memory) and ending at last address. You also specify the address in which it
will be executed. If you do not give filename an extension, the Computer will
give it the extension BIN. (See the format for filenames above.)
SAVEM "FILE/BIN: 1"
&H5200 &H5800 &H5300

—

APPENDIX

BASIC

WORD

PAPFS
DISCUSSED
13

UNLOAD drive number
Closes any open files in the drive number you specify. If you don't specify a drive
number the Computer will use drive (or the drive number you specified with

DRIVE).
UNLOAD

UNLOAD

VERIFY ON
VERIFY OFF
Turns the verify function

ON or OFF. When VERIFY is ON, the Computer will

verify all disk writes.

WRITE #

data list
Writes the data to the buffer you specify. (See OPEN for buffer numbers.) Use
a comma to separate each item in the data list.
WRITE *1

buffer,

B$i C

25 " 26
34-35

JNDEX
PAGES

SUBJECT

54, 59, 78, 79

ASCII

1 1

BACKUP

84
1 1
54
7, 57
26, 29, 54, 55, 84
7, 41 57, 58, 59

Bits

Bytes

26, 27, 34,

Connections

1,2

COPY
CRC
CVN

21,84
58
50, 85

DCBPT
DCDRV

60
60
60
60
60
60
78, 79
14
33-38, 47, 48
11,85
1 1
25, 58
58
48

DCODC
DCSEC
DCSTA
DCTRK
DECIMAL CODE
Destination Disk

Access

File

DIR
Directory

43,61,86
2

Interface

Direct Input

Disk

Care

KILL

LINE INPUT
LIST

13-17

of disk

7-8

Formatting
Inserting

Disk Drive

Disk System

Logical Sector

LSET
Machine-Language

57, 60, 61

Memory

MERGE

87
50, 87
20

53, 54,

MKN$
Multi-Disk Drives

NEW

Numerical Formats

OPEN
OUTPUT

26, 27, 34,

PRINT
PRINT FREE
PRINT USING

PUT

RENAME

1 1

RESET

RMB
RSET
RUN

85
82, 83

Salvage a Disk

SAVE

SAVEM
Sector

Field

FIELDED INPUT
Table

Files

Filename

Filename Extension

GET
Granule

Hexadecimal

60
88
20
45, 88
34, 35, 36, 88
59,

19, 27, 43, 44, 45, 48,

33, 34, 36, 37,
1

54
55
88

15
60
89
9,89

Messages

FREE

26, 27, 61

Physical Sector

Records

27, 45,

FORMAT

86
61 87
87
37, 87
59, 60
48, 49, 50, 87

LOC
LOF

READ

EOF

DSKINIO
DSKI$

number

42, 43,

LOADM

DSKO$

DSKCON

File

LOAD

57
85
60, 60
8,14,85
61,62
61 62, 85

Number

File Allocation

20,

Directory Entries

Error

26, 27, 34, 36, 37, 42,

Buffer

Drive

INPUT

13, 14,

Binary

Direct

PAGES

SUBJECT

86
49
59
25, 54, 55, 58, 86
1 0, 59, 84
59, 84
84
7, 8, 47
86
86
58, 59

34, 35, 36,

Sequential Access File

SKIP

FACTOR

Source Disk
Specifications
Start-up

8,19,89
61,89
7, 57, 58
29-31

,.14
81
2-3

Storing on Disk

A BASIC Program
A Data File
A Machine-Language Program
Machine-Language Routine
String

Format
System Controls
String

8
23-39
61

60
84
88
57
91

INDEX

SUBJECT

PAGES

Technical Information

57-62

Tracks

57,

UNLOAD

13,89

VERIFYOFF
VERIFYON

15,

WRITE
WRITE PROTECT

15,

89
89

25, 34, 35, 37, 42,

89
15

SERVICE POLICY
Radio Shack's nationwide network

and

of service facilities provides quick,

conve-

computer products, in most
instances. Warranty service will be performed in accordance with Radio
Shack's Limited Warranty. Non-warranty service will be provided at reasonable
parts and labor costs.
nient,

reliable repair services for

all

its

Because of the sensitivity of computer equipment, and the problems which can
result

from improper servicing, the following limitations also apply to the

services offered by Radio Shack:
1

If any of the warranty seals on any Radio Shack computer products are
broken, Radio Shack reserves the right to refuse to service the equipment or
to void any remaining warranty on the equipment.

any Radio Shack computer equipment has been modified so

that

within manufacturer's specifications, including, but not limited

to,

not

the

in-

any non-Radio Shack parts, components, or replacement
boards, then Radio Shack reserves the right to refuse to service the equipment, void any remaining warranty, remove and replace any non-Radio
Shack part found in the equipment, and perform whatever modifications are
necessary to return the equipment to original factory manufacturer's specistallation of

fications.
3.

The cost for the labor and parts required to return the Radio Shack computer equipment to original manufacturer's specifications will be charged to
the customer in addition to the normal repair charge.

RADIO SHACK, A DIVISION OF TANDY CORPORATION
CANADA

U.S.A.
FORT WORTH, TEXAS 76182

BARRIE, ONTARIO,

L4M4W5

TANDY CORPORATION
91

AUSTRAUA
KURRAJONG ROAD

MOUNT

874947OBC0

DRUITT, N.S.W. 2770

BELGIUM

PARC

INDUSTRIE!. NANINNE

5140 NANINNE

UNITED KINGDOM
BILSTON ROAD, WEDNESBURY
WEST MIDLANDS WS1B 7JN

PRINTED

IN U.S.A.

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