DEC 10 OTSCA A D Decsystem10 Getting Started With TOPS Commands

GETTING

STARTED

WITH

TOPS-10

COMMANDS

GETTING STARTED WITH

TOPS-10

COMMANDS

DEC-10-0TSCA-A-D

digital

equipment

corporation • maynard. massachusetts

First

Printing

June

1971

Second

Printing

July

1972

Third

Printing

March

1975

Fourth

Printing

June

1975

The

information

in

this

document

is

subject

to

change

without

notice

and

should

not

be

construed

as

a

commitment

by

Digital

Equipment

Corporation.

Digital

Equipment

Corporation

assumes

no

responsibility

for

any

errors

that

may

appear

in

this

manual.

The

software

described

in

this

document

is

furnished

to

the

purchaser

under

a

license

for

use

on

a

single

computer

system

and

can

be

copied

(with

inclusion

of

DIGITAL's

copyright

notice)

only

for

use

in

such

system,

except

as

may

otherwise

be

provided

in

writing

by

DIGITAL.

Digital

Equipment

Corporation

assumes

no

responsibility

for

the

use

or

reliability

of

its

software

on

equipment

that

is

not

supplied

by

DIGITAL.

copyright

~

1971,

1972,

1973, 1974,

1975

by

Digital

Equipment

Corporation

The

HOW

TO

OBTAIN

SOFTWARE

INFORMATION

page,

located

at

the

back

of

this

document,

explains

the

various

services

available

to

DIGITAL

software

users.

The

postage

prepaid

READER'S

COMMENTS

form

on

the

last

page

of

this

document

requests

the

user's

critical

evaluation

to

assist

us

in

preparing

future

documentation.

The

following

are

trademarks

of

Digital

Equipment

Corporation:

CDP

COMPUTER

LAB

COMSYST

COMTEX

DDT

DEC

DECCOMM

DECTAPE

DIBOL

DIGITAL

DNC

EDGRIN

EDUSYSTEM

FLIP

CHIP

FOCAL

GLC-8

IDAC

IDACS

INDAC

KAID

LAB-8

LAB-8/e

LAB-K

OMNIBUS

OS/8

PDP

PHA

PS/8

QUICKPOINT

RAD-8

RSTS

RSX

RTM

RT-ll

SABR

TYPESET 8

UNIBUS

6/75-15

CONTENTS

Page

1 .0 GETTING

ON

THE

SYSTEM

1.

2.0

FILES

3

3.0 CREATING

FILES

4

3.1

The

CREATE

Command

5

3.2

The

MAKE

Command

6

4.0 EDITING

FILES

6

4.1

The

EDIT

Command

6

4.2

The

TECO

Command

7

5.0

MANIPULATING

FILES

7

5.1

The

DIRECT

Command

7

5.2

The

TYPE

Command

7

5.3

The

DELETE

Command

9

5.4

The

RENAME

Command

9

6.0

TRANSLATING,

LOADING,

EXECUTING, DEBUGGING 9

PROGRAMS

6.1

The

COMPI

LE

Command

9

6.2

The

LOAD

Command

10

6.3

The

EXECUTE

Command

10

6.4

The

DEBUG

Command

11

7.0

GETTING INFORMATION

FROM

THE

SYSTEM

12

7.1

The

P

JOB

Command

13

7.2

The

DAYTIME

Command

13

7.3

The

TIME

Command

13

8.0

LEAVING

THE

SYSTEM

14

8.1

The

KJOB

Command

14

9.0 HOW

TO

LIVE

WITH

THE

TERMINAL

15

9.1

Control -C

15

9.2

The

RETURN

Key

16

9.3

The

RUBOUT

Key

16

9.4 Control

-U

16

9.5

The

ALTMODE

Key

17

9.6 Control

-0

17

10.0

PERIPHERAL

DEVICES

17

11

.0 COMMANDS

TO

ALLOCATE

SYSTEM

RESOURCES

19

11

.1

The

ASSIG

N

Command

19

iii

CONTENTS (Cont) Page

11

.2

The

MOUNT

Command

20

11

.3

The

DEASSIGN

Command

21

11.4

The

DISMOUNT

Command

21

11

.5

The

REASSIGN

C;ommand

21

11

.6

The

FINISH

Command

22

11

.7

The

CORE

Command

22

12.0 COMMANDS

TO

MANIPULATE

TERMINALS

22

12.1

The

SEND

Command

22

12.2

The

DETACH

Command

23

12.3

The

ATJ

ACH

Command

23

13.0 COMMANDS

TO

REQUEST

LINE

PRINTER

OUTPUT

23

13.1

The

PRINT

Command

23

13.2

The

CREF

Command

24

13.3

The

DIRECT

Command

24

14.0 COMMANDS

TO

MANIPULATE

CORE

IMAGES

25

14.1

The

SAVE

Command

25

14.2

The

RUN

Command

25

14.3

The

R

Command

25

14.4

The

GET

Command

26

15.0 COMMANDS

TO

START

A

PROGRAM

26

15.1

The

START

Command

26

15.2

The

HALT

(tC)

Command

26

15.3

The

CONTINUE

Command

26

16.0

ADDITIONAL

COMMANDS

TO

GET

INFORMATION

FROM

THE

SYSTEM

27

16.1

The

RESOURCES

Command

27

16.2

The

SYSTAT

Command

27

TABLES

Table No. Title

Peripheral Devices

17

iv

FOREWORD

Getting

Started

With

TOPS-l,0

Commands

is

a simplified

guide

for

the

timesharing user of

the

DECsystem-l,0. The commands

described

in this document

are

the subset

of

monitor commands

that

are

most useful to

the

beginning

user.

With

the

commands

described

herein,

the

user

can

create,

edit,

and

manipulate

files;

translate,

execute,

save,

and

start

programs; use

devices;

and

obtain

information from

the

system.

The

complete

reference

document

for

the

command

repertoire

is

DECsystem-l,0

Operating

System Commands

(DEC-l0-oSCMA-A-D);

this manual

should

be

referred

to for

additional

information.

Another

manual

written

for

the

beginning

user is

Getting

Started With DECsystem-l,0

(DEC-l,0-XGSDA-A-D).

This manual

is

a

procedural-oriented

document

and

describes

how to use

the

language

translators

and

the

editor

in

addition

to

the

basic monitor commands.

Complete

examples

are

given for FORTRAN, BASIC,

and

ALGOL

languages.

March,1975

Programs are typed directly. into

the

computer by means

of

the terminal.

By

typing in programs, you

establish communication with

other

programs

already

resident in

the

computer. The first resident

pro-

gram you communicate with

is

the

monitor, the

most

important program in the computer. The monitor

is

the

master program

that

plays an important role in the

efficient

operation

of

the computer. Just as

the

terminal

is

your link with

the

computer, the monitor

is

your link with

the

programs within

the

com-

puter.

The monitor has many functions to perform, like keeping a record of what

each

user

is

doing and

de-

ciding what user should

be

serviced next and for how long. The one function of the monitor

that

is

of

greatest concern

at

this point

is

that

the monitor retrieves any resident programs

that

you

need.

This

retrieval happens only

if

the monitor "understands" what

is

expected

of

it.

The commands to the mon-

itor which

are

explained in the following sections are sufficient for

the

terminal

to

be the

device

by

which information

is

inputted into the system and by which the system outputs its results.

See section

9.0

for a discussion

on

How

to

Live With

the Terminal.

1.0

GETTING

ON

THE

SYSTEM

In order to gain access to the timesharing system, you

must

say hello to the system by "logging

in".

The first move

is

to make

contact

with

the

computer

facility

by

whatever

means

the

facility

has

estab-

lished

(e.g.,

acoustic coupler,

telephone,

or dataphone).

Next,

notice

the

plastic knob (the power

switch) on the lower right-hand side

of

the

terminal. This knob has

three

positions:

ON,

OFF, and

LOCAL (turning clockwise). When

the

knob

is

in

the

LOCAL

position, the terminal

is

like a typewriter;

it

is

not communicating with the system

at

all.

The knob

must

be turned

to

the

ON

position in order

to

establish communication with

the

computer. When

the

terminal

is

turned

ON,

type a fC (depress

the

CTRL

key and type

C).

This

action

establishes communication with the monitor. The monitor

We wish

to

express appreciation

to

Stanford University for the use of

their

Stanford A-1 Project User's

Manual,

Chapter

1,

SAILON

No.

54,

as a guide

in

writing

the

material in this

section.

signifies its readiness to

accept

commands by responding with a period

(.).

All

the

commands discussed

in this document can only be typed to

the

monitor. They are operative when the monitor has typed a

period, signifying

that

it

is

waiting for a command.

The first program

the

monitor should call

in

for you

is

the LOGIN program. This

is

accomplished by

typing LOGIN followed

by

a

carriage-return

(depress

the

RETURN

key).

All commands to the monitor

should be terminated with a

carriage-return.

When the monitor "sees" a

carriage-return,

it

knows

that

a command has been typed and

it

begins

to

execute

the

command.

In the

text,

underscoring

is

used

to

desi gnate terminal

output.

A

carriage-return

is

designated by a ) .

By

typing

LOGIN,

you cause

the

monitor to read the LOGIN program

from

the

disk into core memory

and it

is

this program

that

is

now in control of your terminal. Before the

LOGIN

program

is

called

in,

the monitor assigns you a job number for system bookkeeping pl/rposes. The system responds with an

information message simi lar

to

the following.

JOB

23

.!!..

H57ATA

SYS

~

In

the first

line,

the system has assigned your job number (23) and has given the name of the monitor,

the name of the system, and the number of your terminal

line.

In

the

second

line,

the

number sign

(#), which

is

typed

out

by

the

LOGIN

program, signifies

that

it

wants your

identification.

The standard identification code

is

in

the

form

of

project

numbers and programmer numbers, but

indi-

vidual installations

may

have different

codes.

The numbers, or whatever code

each

installation uses,

are assigned to

each

user by the

installation.

The LOGIN program waits for you to type in your

project

number and your programmer number, separated by a comma and terminated with a

carriage-return,

following the number sign.

JOB

23

.11.27,235)

R57ATA

sys

~

II..Y1l

An

alternate

method

of

typing in your project number and programmer number

is

to type your

identifica-

tion

on

the

same line as the LOGIN command and to follow

it

with a

carriage

return. The system

re-

sponds with

the

information message, and

the

LOGIN program does not type out

the

number sign. For

example,

.LOGIN

27,235)

JOB

23

R57ATA

ill

~

2

The LOGIN program needs one more item to complete its analysis

of

your

identification.

This

it

requests in

the

by asking for your password.

JOB

2~

R57ATA

SYS

'40/2

TTY73

PASSWORD:

Type in your password, which

is

also

assigned by the

installation,

followed by a

carriage-retum.

To

maintain password

security,

the LOGIN program does

not

print

the

password.

If

the

identification

typed

in

matches

the

identification stored

in

the accounting file in the monitor,

the

LOGIN

program signifies its

acceptance

by responding with

the

time,

date,

day

of the

week,

the

message

of

the

day

(if

any),

and a

period.

.LOGIN

)

JOB

23

R57ATA

SYS

#40/2

TTY73

!.27 ,235 )

PASSWORD:

)

1850

30-0CT-§,4

TUE

11-

SEP

WE

AR

E

NOW

.LOGIN

27,235

)

JOB

23

R5

7

ATA

sys

#40/2

TTY73

PASSWORD:

)

1854

30-0CT-84

TUE

TT=SEp

WE

AR

E

NOW

RUNNING

OUR

DATE75 TEST.

RUNNING

OUR

DATE75 TEST.

This typeout indicates

that

the

LOGIN program has

exited

and returned control to the monitor. You

have successfully logged

in

and may now have the monitor call in

other

programs

for

you.

If

the

iden-

tification

typed

in

does not match the

identification

in the

accounting

file,

the monitor types out

the

error message

?LGNIET

INVALID

ENTHY

-

THY

AGAIN

!..

If

th

is

error message occurs, type in

the

correct project-programmer numbers and password.

2.0

FILES

When you want

to

run a program, first type in the program and

decide

on a name

for

it.

The program

is stored

on

the disk with the

specified

name. Then

translate

the program by

calling

in

a translator

and giving

it

the name

of

the program you wish to

translate.

A program, or

data,

is

stored on

the

disk

in

files.

If

a program

is

being typed

in

to a text

editor

(for

example,

TEeO),

the

editor

is

busy

accepting

the characters being typed in and generating a disk file

for them. Then, when

the

program

is

to be

translated,

the translator reads this

file

just

created

and

generates a

relocatable

binary

file.

Since you may have many files and

the

other

users

on

the computer

may have files, there must be a method for keeping

all

of

these files

separate.

This

is

accomplished by

3

giving

each

user a unique

area

on

the

disk. This

area

is

identified by your project and programmer

numbers. For

example,

if

your project and programmer numbers

are

27,235,

you have a disk

area

by

that

name. Each

fi

Ie

you

create

goes to your disk

area

and

must

be

uniquely named.

Files

are

named with a

certain

convention, the same

as

a person

is

named. The first name,

the

file-

name,

is

the actual name of the

file,

and

the

last name,

the

filename

extension,

indicates what group

the

file

is

associated

with.

The filename and the filename extension

are

separated by a

period.

Filenames are

from

one

to

six letters

or

digits. All letters

or

digits

after

the

sixth

are

ignored. The

filename extension

is

from

one

to

three

letters

or

digits.

It

is

generally

used

to

indicate

the

type

of

information in

the

file.

The following

are

examples

of

standard filename extensions.

.TMP

.MAC

.F4

.FOR

.

BAS

.AlG

.CBl

.REL

.SAV

Temporary

fiI

e

Source file in MACRO language

Source file in

FORTRAN

IV

(F40)

language

Source file in FORTRAN-l0 language

Source file in

BASIC

language

Source file in ALGOL language

Source file in COBOL language

Relocatable binary file

A saved

core

image

Since files

are

identified by

the

complete name and the project

and

programmer numbers, two users

may use

the

same filename as long as

they

have different project and programmer numbers; the files

would be distinct and

separate.

The following

are

examples

of

filenames with filename extensions.

MAIN .FOR A

FORTRAN

file named MAIN

SAMPLE.

BAS

A

BASIC

file named

SAMPLE

TESTl

.

TMP

A temporary file named

TEST

1

NAME.REl A

relocatable

binary file named NAME

3.0

CREATING

FILES

The two commands mentioned in this section use two editors to

create

a new disk

file.

One

of

the

editors

is

LINED, a

line-oriented

editor,

and the other

is

TECO, the Text Editor and Corrector {refer

to the LINED and

TECO

documents in the DECsystem-10 Software Notebooks}. Each command

re-

quires a filename as its argument and should have a filename extension. A new file may be

created

with

either

of these commands, depending on the editor desired.

4 March 1975

3.1

The

CREATE

Command

The

CREATE

command

is

used only to

create

a new disk

file.

When this command is

executed,

the

monitor

calls

in

LINED

to

initialize

a disk file with the specified name and

to

accept

input

from

the

terminal. At this

point,

begin

to

type in your program, line by

line.

LINED

types a line number

at

the beginning

of

each

line so

that

later

a reference

to

a given line may be made in order

to

make

cor-

rections. Below is a sample program using the commands discussed so

far.

tC

~LOGIN

27,235)

JOB

23

R57ATA

SYS

640/2

TTY73

PASS~!(1RD:

)

1856

30-0CI-B4

TUE

II-SEP

WE

ARE

NOW

RUNNING

OUR

DATE75

TEST.

.CREATE

MAIN.

FOR

)

1 )

TYPE

53)

Establish communication with

the

monitor.

Type C

while

depressing the

CTRL

key.

Begin the login procedure

and

type in your

identification.

The job number assigned, followed by the

monitor

and

system name and the terminal

I

ine number. The LOG I N program requests

identification

(project number and program-

mer number)

if

it

was not typed

on

the same

I ine as the

LOGIN

command.

The LOG I N program requests your password.

Type

it

in;

it

is

not

printed.

If

identification

matches

identification

stored in the system, the monitor responds

with

the

time,

date,

day

of

the

week,

mes-

sage

of

the

day,

and

a period.

A new

file

on the disk is to

be

created

and

called

MAIN

.FOR.

The extension .FOR

is

used because the program

is

to

be

a

FORTRAN-l0 source

file.

LINED is

called

in to

create

the

fi

Ie.

Response

from

LINED signifying

it

is

ready

to

accept

commands.

A command

to

LINED to insert line numbers

starting with

10

and incrementing by 10

(refer

to

the

LIN

ED

document).

Type in your

FORTRAN

PROGRAM.

53

F'OHMAT

C' THIS

IS

MY

PROGHAM'))

END)

$

E)

5

The

($)

(altmode)

is

a command to LINED

to

en'd1'he insert.

On

the terminal this

key

is labeled

ALT,

ESC, or

PREFIX.

Response

from

LINED signifying it is

ready

to

accept

another

command.

A command to LINED

to

end the

creation

of

the

file.

*

rC

Response

from

LINED

indicating

readiness

to

accept

a command.

Return to

the

monitor.

The monitor now has control

of

the program.

The

three

LINED commands (I, (!),

E)

shown in the examples are fully discussed in the LINED

document.

3.2

The

MAKE

Command

This command

can

also

be

used to open a new disk

file

for

creation.

It differs

from

the

CREATE

com-

mand

in

that

TECO is used instead

of

LINED.

(TECO

is discussed in the DECsystem-l0 Introduction

to TECO

Manual.)

Otherwise,

the

CREATE

and

MAKE

commands

operate

in

the

same manner •

•

MAKE

FILEA.F4)

~

I

(T

ext

input) $

~

EX$$

.!.

The altmode

($)

and

the

EX

command

are

commands

to

TECO and

are

explained

in

the

TECO document.

4.0

EDITING

FILES

After

creating

a

text

file,

you may wish

to

modify,

or

edit,

it.

The following two commands cause

an

existing file to

be

opened for

changes.

One

command

(EDIT)

calls

in LINED, and

the

other

(TECO)

calls

in TECO. In

general,

the

editor

used to

create

the

file

should be used for

editing.

Each

com-

mand requires, as its argument, the same

fi

lename and filename extension used

to

create

the

file.

4.1

The

EDIT

Command

The

EDIT

command causes LINED

to

be

called

in

and,

as

the

name implies, signifies

that

you wish

to

edit

the

specified

file.

LINED

responds with

an

asterisk and waits for

input.

The

file

specified must

be

an

already

existing sequence-numbered file

on

the disk. For

example,

in Paragraph

3.1,

the

file

MAl

N .FOR was

created.

If the command

.!.EDIT MAIM.FOR)

is

given to

edit

the

file,

the

computer responds with

an

error message (assuming

that

there was no

file

named MAIM

.FOR).

The command

6 March 1975

.EDIT

MAIN.

FOR

)

causes the right file to be opened

for

editing.

4.2

The

TECO

Command

The

TECO

command

is

similar

to

the

EDIT

command

except

that

it

causes

the

TECO

program

to

open an

already

existing file on the disk for editing purposes. The command sequence

.TECO

FILEA.r4)

! (editing)

$$

*FX.~%

causes TECO to open

FILEA.

F4

for editing and close the file upon completion, creating a backup file

out of the original

file.

Whenever one

of

the

commands used to create or

edit

a file

is

executed,

this

command with its arguments

(fi

lename and

fi

lename extension)

is

"remembered"

in

a temporary file on

the disk. Because of this,

the

file last edited may be recalled for the next

edit

without having the

filename specified

again.

For

example, if the command

.CRfATF.

PROGl

.MAC )

is

executed,

then you

may

type the command

:JDlT)

instead

of

.FDIT

PROGl.f:.'AC)

assuming that no other

CREATE,

TECO,

MAKE,

or

EDIT

command

that

changed

the

filename was used

in-between.

As

mentioned before,

if

a command tries to

edit

a file that has not been

created,

an error

message

is

given.

5.0

MANIPULATING

FILES

You may have many files saved

on

your disk

area.

(For discussion

on

how to save a file

on

your disk

area,

refer to Paragraph 14.

1.)

The list of your files, along with lists

of

other users I

fi

les,

is

kept on

the disk in what are

called

user directories. Suppose you cannot remember if you have created and

saved a particular

file.

The next command helps

in

just

that

type of situation.

7

5.1

The

DIRECT

Command

The

DIRECT

command requests

from

the monitor a listing of the directory of your disk

area.

The

monitor responds by typing on the terminal the names of your files, the length of

each

file in the num-

ber of DECsystem-10 disk blocks written (a block

is

128

10

words), and the date on which

each

file was

created.

The protection associated with

each

file

is

also output.

This

protection

is

a code that

indi-

cates

which users are allowed

to

access your files.

It

is

automatically assigned when you

create

the

file.

Refer to DECsystem-10 Monitor Calls

(DEC-I0-0MCMA-A-D)

for an explanation of file

protection.

Names of files not

explicitly

created by you may show up in

the

directory. These files were created

as intermediate files for storage

by

programs you may have used.

For

example, in translating a

file,

the translator generates a

fi

Ie with the same

fi

lename but with a filename extension of •

REL.

This

file contains the

relocatable

binary translation

of

the source

file.

You

may also notice filenames with

the

filename extension

of

. TMP. This extension signifies a temporary file created and used by

differ-

ent

system programs.

5.2

The

TYPE

Command

By

listing your directory on the terminal, you know

the

names

of

the

fi

les on your disk

area.

But

what

if

you have forgotten the information contained in a particular

file?

The

TYPE

command causes the

contents

of

source files specified in your command string to be typed

on

your terminal. For

example,

the

command

causes the file MAIN.

F4

to be typed

on

the terminal. Multiple files separated by commas may be

specified in one command string, and only source files, not binary files, may be listed.

This command allows the "asterisk construction" to

be

used. This means that the filename or the

file-

name extension may be replaced with an asterisk to mean

any

filename or filename extension. For

example, the command

.TYPF

FILEB.*)

causes all files named

FILEB,

regardless

of

filename extensions, to be

typed.

The command

causes all files with

the

filename extension of .MAC to be typed. The command

.=..TYPE

*. * )

causes all files to be

typed.

8

5.3

The

DELETE

Command

Having finished with a

file,

you may

erase

it

from

your disk

area

with

the

DELETE

command.

Multiple

files may

be

deleted

in

one

command string by

separating

the

files with commas.

For

example,

.DFLFTF:

LINEAR)

and

.:.DELETE

CHANGE.F4~

SINE.REL)

are

both legal commands. The asterisk convention discussed in

section

5.2

may also be used with

the

DELETE

command.

5.4

The

RE

NAME Command

The names

of

one

or

more files on your disk

area

may

be

changed with

the

RENAME

command. The old

filename on

the

right and

the

new filename

on

the left

are

separated

by an equal

(=)

sign.

In

renam-

ing more than

one

file,

each

pair

of

filenames (new= old)

is

separated

by commas. For

example,

the

command

.:.REI'MjIt,E

SALES

.C8L=GkOSS.CBL~F

ILE2

.F4=F

ILE

1

.F4)

changes

the

name

of

fi

Ie

GROSS.

CBL

to SALES.

CBL

and

fi

Ie

FILE

1.

F4

to

FILE2. F4. The old fj lename

no

longer appears in your

directory;

instead the new filenames

appear

containing

exactly

the

same

data

as

in

the

old files. The asterisk convention may

again

be used. For

example,

the

command

causes

all

files with no filename extension

to

have

the

extension

.F4.

6.0

TRANSLATING,

LOADING,

EXECUTING, DEBUGGING PROGRAMS

As

this point you know how

to

get

on

the

system, how

to

create

and

edit

a source file

of

a program,

and how

to

list your source

file

on the

terminal.

The program has not been

executed.

This

only

happens

after

it

has been

translated

into

the

binary

machine

language

understandable

to

the

computer and

loaded

into core memory. More often than not

the

program must

be

debugged.

6.

1 The COMPILE Command

This command has as its argument one or more filenames

separated

by commas.

It

causes

each

named

file

to

be

processed (translated)

if

necessary by the

appropriate

processor (translator).

It

is

considered

necessary to process a

file

if

no

.REL

file

of

the

source file exists,

or

if

the

.REL

file was

created

9 March 1975

before the last time

the

source file was

edited.

If

the

.REL

file

is

up-to-date,

no translation

is

done.

The appropriate processor

is

determined

by

examining

the

extension

of

the

file.

The following shows

which processor

is

used for various extensions.

.MAC

.F4

or .FOR

.ALG

.CBL

.REL

other

than

above,

or null

MACRO assembler

FORTRAN compiler

ALGOL compiler

COBOL compiler

No

processing is done

"Standard processor"

The standard processor

is

used

to

translate

programs with null

or

nonstandard

extensions.

The standard

processor is FORTRAN

at

the

beginning

of

the

command string,

but

may be changed by use of various

switches {refer

to

DECsystem-lO

Operating

System Commands}. Although

it

is

not necessary to

indi-

cate

the

extension of a

file

in

the

COMPILE command string,

the

standard processor

can

be disregarded

if all source files

are

kept with the appropriate

extension.

When the

appropriate

translator

has

translated

the

source

file,

there is a

file

on your disk

area

with

the

filename extension

.REL

and

the

same filename as

the

source

file.

This

file

is

where

the

translator

stores

the

results

of

its translation

(:md

is

called

the

relocatable

binary

of

the

program. The program

is

now translated into

binary

machine

language,

but

is

still on

the

disk.

Since

the

disk

is

used for storage

and not for

execution,

a

copy

of

the

binary

program must

be

loaded into core memory

to

form

a

core

image.

The core memory

of

the

computer

is

used for

execution;

it

is like a scratch

pad.

The COMPILE

command does not

generate

a

core

image,

but

the

following

three

commands

do.

6.2

The

LOAD

Command

The LOAD command performs the same operations as the COMPILE command

and

in addition causes

L1NK-10 to be

run.

L1NK-10

is

Q program

that

takes the

specified

REL

files,

links them

together,

and

generates

a

core

image.

The LOAD command does

not

cause

execution

of the program.

6.3

The

EXECUTE

Command

This command performs

the

functions

of

the

LOAD command and also begins

execution

of

the

loaded

programs, if no translation

or

loading errors

are

detected.

The compiled program

is

now in core mem-

ory and

running,

and

what

happens

the

program. More than

likely,

the

program

is

not retum ing

the

correct

answers, and you now

enter

the

magi c world

of

program debugging.

10 March 1975

6.4

The

DEBUG

Command

This command prepares for

the

debugging

of

a program in

addition

to performing

the

functions

of

the

COMPILE and LOAD commands. A system debugging program is

loaded

into

core

memory first,

followed by

the

progrom. Upon

completion

of

loading,

the

debugging program

is

started.

rather

than

the

user's

program.

A command to this debugging program may then

be

issued to

begin

the

program

execution.

The

DEBUG

command should

be

used by

the

experienced

programmer fami

liar

with the

debugging

programs on

the

DECsystem-l0.

The

above

four commands

have

extended

command

forms discussed in DECsystem-10

Operating

System Commands.

The following

is

an

example

showing

the

compi lation and

execution

of

a

FORTRAN-l0

main program

and

subroutine.

The login

procedure

is

not

shown.

.!,.CREATE

MYF'IL.FOn

)

!!)

TYPE

69

)

CREATE

a disk

file

•

Command to LINED

to

begin inserting on

line

10,

incrementing

by

10.

Statements

of

the

FORTRAN main program.

69

FORMAT

('

THIS

IS

THE

MAIN

PROGRAM')

)

CALL

SUBl

)

iN

D ) Altmode ends

the

insert.

*E)

.!,tC

.CREATE

PHOG.

FOR)

j;I

)

00012

00020

~

00060

!,E)

..!,tC

1~5

SUBROUTINE

TyPE

lC5)

FORMAT

('

RETur~N

)

END

$

LINED command to end

the

edit.

Return to the

mon

itor •

Create

a disk

file

for

the

subroutine.

Begin

inserting

at

line

10

incrementing

by

10.

Statements of

the

FORTRAN

Subroutine.

S

UBH

)

THIS

IS

THE

SUBROUTINE')

)

Altmode ends

the

insert.

LINED command

to

end

the

edit.

Return to

monitor.

• EXECUTE

MYFIL.FOR,PROG.FOR)

FORTH

AN:

MYFIL Request

executi

on

of

the

programs

created

.

FORTRAN reports its progress.

FORTH AN: PIWG

L1'1K:

LOADING

11

March 1975

7LNKUGS

I

UNDEFINED

GLOBAL

SYMBOL

SUB

1

156

There

is

no subroutine named

SUB

1.

[LNKXCT

MYF'IL

EXECUTION]

THIS

IS

THE

MAD

PROGRAM?

Only

the main program was

executed.

7ILLEGAL

UUO

AT

USER

PC

000000

.!oEDI

T)

Ask

to

edit

PROG .FOR;

filename

need

not

be

mentioned

since

it

was

the

last

file

named.

*PI0,20

)

00013

SUBROUTINE

SUBH

TYPE

1~5

Type lines 00010

and

00020 on

the

terminal.

Insert a new

line

10.

*ll~

00010

• S

UBf!O

UTI

N E

SUS

1..>

$

•

EXECUTE

MYFIL.

FOI{,

P~OG.

FOR)

F'ORTHAN:

PROG

LI

NK:

LOADING

[LNKXCT

MYFIL

EXECUTION

I

THIS

IS

THE

MAIN

PROGHAM

THIS

IS

THE

SUBROUTINE

Term i

nate

the

insert.

End

the

edit.

Request

execution

•

Only

the

subroutine

is

recompiled

since

only

it

has

been

edited.

Both MAIN

and

PROG

are

loaded.

Execution

begins.

END

OF

EXECUTIO~~

Execution

ends.

CPU

TIME:

0.05

ELAPSED

TIME:

0.05

EXIT

.:.

7.0

GETTING INFORMATION FROM

THE

SYSTEM

There

are

several monitor commands

that

are

used

to

obtain

information from

the

system. Three

com-

mands useful

at

this

point

are

discussed in this

section,

and

additional

commands

are

discussed in

Para-

graph

16.0.

12

7.1

The PJOB Command

If

you

have

forgotten

the

job number assigned

to

you

at

LOGIN

time,

you may use

the

P JOB command

to

obtain

it.

The system responds

to

this command by typing out your assigned job number. For

ex-

ample,

.PJ08

)

23

7.2

The

DAYTIME

Command

This command

gives

the

date

followed by

the

time of

day.

The time

is

presented

in

the

following

for-

mat:

hh:mm:ss

where

hh

represents

the

hours,

mm

represents

the

minutes,

and

ss

represents

the

seconds.

For

example,

.DAYTIME)

30-0CT-S4"

19:16:09

7.3

The

TIME

Command

The

TIME

command produces

three

lines

of

typeout.

The first

line

is

the

total

running time

since

the

last

TIME

command was

typed.

The second

line

is

the

total

running time

since

you logged

in.

The

third

line

is

used for

accounting

purposes. The time

is

presented in

the

following format:

hh:mm:ss.hh

where

hh

represents

the

hours,

mm

the

minutes, and

ss.hh

the

seconds to

the

nearest

hundreth.

For

ex-

ample,

.!.T

I

tVoE

)

52

•

L!

5

02:29.95

KILO-C(:f<E-SFC=57

In

the

first

two

lines,

you

are

told

that

you

have

been

running

52.45

seconds

since

the

last time you

typed

the

TIME

command,

and

a

total

of

2 minutes and

29.95

seconds

since

you logged

in.

The third

line

of

typeout

is

used by your

installation

for

accounting

and

is

the

integrated

product

of

running

time

and

core

size.

Refer

to

DECsystem-10

Operating

System Commands.

13

March 1975

8.0

LEAVING

THE

SYSTEM

Now

that

you know

how

to

log into

the

system and

create

and run a program, you might be wondering

how you leave

the

system. You have

to

tell

the

system you

are

leaving,

and you do this

by

the

KJOB

command.

8.1

The KJOB Command

The KJOB command

is

your way of saying goodbye

to

the

system. Many things happen when you type

the

command. The

job

number assigned

to

you

is

released and your terminal

is

now free for another

user.

An

automatic

TIME

command

is

performed. In

addition,

if

you have any files

on

your disk

area,

the

monitor responds with

CONFIRM:

and you have several options

available

to

you.

By

typing H and a

carriage

return

after

the

CONFIRM:

message,

the

monitor lists

the

options

available.

For

example,

the

following typeout occurs by

re-

sponding

to

the

CONFIRM: message with H and a

carriage

return.

IN

kESPONS~

TO

CONFIR~:,TYPE

ONE

OF:

BDFHIKLPQSUWX

B

TO

PFRFnR~

ALGORITHM

TO

GET

BELOW

LOGGED

OUT

QUOTA

D

TO

DELETE

ALL

FILES

(ASKS

ARE

YOU

SURE?,

TYPE

Y

Ok

CR)

F

TO

TkY

TO

LOGOUT

FAST

BY

LEAVING

ALL

FILES

ON

DSK

H

TO

TYPE

THIS

TEXT

TO

INDIVIDUALLY

C~T~RMINE

WHAT

TO

DO

WITH

ALL

FILES

AFTER

EACH

FILE

NAME

IS

TYPED

OUT,

TYPE

ONE

OF:

EKPQS

E

TO

SKIP

TO

STRUCTURE

AND

SAVE

THIS

FILE

IF

BELO'

..

)

LOGGED

OUT

('UOTA

0[\1

THIS

FIL[

STkUCTUj~E:

K

TO

DELETE

THE

FILE

P

TO

PR~SERVF

THE

FILE

Q

TO

REPORT

IF

STILL

OVER

LOGGED

OUT

0UOTA,

THEN

REPEAT

FILE

S

TO

SAVE

THE

FILE

WITH

PRESENT PROTECTION

K

TO

DELETE

ALL

UNPRESE~VFD

FILES

L T0

UST

ALL

FILES

P

TO

PkES~RVE

ALL

EXCEPT

TE~P

FILES

o

TO

REPORT

IF

OVER

LOGGED

OUT

QUOTA

S

TO

SAVE

ALL

EXCEPT

TEMP

FILES

U

SAt-iE

AS

I

BUT

AUTO~iAT

ICALlY

PRE:SEHVE

FILES

ALREADY

PkESERVED

',-)

TO

LIST

FILES

l'!HFN

DFLFTFO

X

Te-

SIIPpr~ESS

LISTING

FILES

WHEN

DEL.ETED

IF

~

LETTER

IS

FOLLOWED

BY

A

SPACE

AND

A LIST

OF

FILE

STKUCTUkE~

ONLY

THOSE

SPECIFIED

WILL

BE

AFFECTED

bY

THE:

COMMAND.

ALSO

CONFIRM

WILL

BE

TYPED

AGAIN.

NOTF.:

FILE

SIZE

IS

NO.

OF

BLOCKS

ALLOCATED

~.JHICH

r~jAY

bE

LAkGEk

THAI\'

THE'

NO.

OF

BLOCKS

WR~TTEN

(DIRECTORY

COM~AND).

A

FILE

IS

PRESERVED

IF

ITS

ACCESS

CODE

IS

GE

100

CONFIRM:

14

You may now use

the

options

available.

If

K was used as

the

option,

the

following is a sample of

what

is

output

to

your

terminal.

~~EE~~b

USER

[27,235)

LOGGED

OFF

TTY73

1923

30-0CT-64

RUNTIME

11.59

SEC

9.0

HOW TO

LIVE

WITH

THE

TERMINAL

On

the

terminal,

there

is

a

special

key marked

CTRL

called

the

Control

Key.

If

this key

is'held

down

and a

character

key

is

depressed,

the

terminal types what is known as a control

character

rather

than

the

character

printed on

the

key.

In

this

way,

more

characters

can

be

used

than

there

are keys on

the

keyboard.

Most of

the

control

characters

do not print on

the

terminal,

but

cause

special

functions

to

occur,

as described in

the

following

sections.

There

are

several. other

special

keys

that

are

recognized

by

the

system. The system constantly monitors

the

typed

characters

and,

most of the

time,

sends

the

characters

to

the

program being

executed.

The

important

characters

not passed

to

the

program

are

also

explained

in

the

following

sections.

(Refer

to

DECsystem-10 Monitor

Calls

for more

explanations

of special

characters.)

9.1

Control - C

Control - C (tC) interrupts

the

program

that

is

currently

running

and

takes

you

back

to

the

monitor.

The monitor responds

to

a control - C by typing a period on your

terminal,

and

you may

then

type

an-

other

monitor command. For

example,

suppose you

are

running a program in BASIC,

and

you now

decide

you

want

to

leave

BASIC

and run a program in AID. When

BASIC

requests input from your

terminal by typing

an

asterisk,

type

control - C

to

terminate

BASIC

and return

to

the

monitor. You

may now issue a command

to

the

monitor

to

initialize

AID (.R AID).

If

the

program

is

not requesting

input from your terminal (i

.e.,

the

program is in

the

middle of

execution)

when you

type

control -

C,

the

program is not stopped

immediately.

In

this

case,

type

control - C

twice

in a row

to

stop

the

execution

of

the

program

and

return control

to

the

monitor.

If

you wish

to

continue

at

the

same

place

that

the

program was

interrupted,

type

the

monitor command

CONTINUE.

As

an

example,

suppose

you want

the

computer

to

add

a million numbers

and

to

print

the

square root of

the

sum. Since you

are

charged

by

the

amount of processing time your program uses, you want

to

make sure your program does

15

not

take

an unreasonable amount of processing time

to

run.

Therefore,

after

the

computer

has

begun

execution of your program,

type

control - C

twice

to

interrupt your program. You

are

now communi-

cating

with

the

monitor and may issue the monitor command

TIME

to

find out

how

long your program

has been running.

If

you wish

to

continue your program, type CONTINUE and

the

computer begins

where it was

interrupted.

9.2

The

RETURN

Key

This key causes two operations

to

be

performed: (1) a

carriage-return

and (2) an automatic

line-feed.

This means

that

the

typing element returns

to

the

beginning of

the

line (carriage-return) and

that

the

paper

is

advanced one line

(line-feed).

Commands

to

the

monitor

are

terminated

by

depressing this

key.

9.3

The

RUBOUT

Key

The

RUBOUT

key permits correction of typing errors. Depressing this key once causes

the

last

charac-

ter

typed

to

be

deleted.

Depressing

the

key n times causes

the

last n characters typed

to

be

deleted.

RUBOUT

does not

delete

characters beyond the previous

carriage-return,

line-feed,

or

altmode.

Nor

does

RUBOUT

function if

the

program has

already

processed

the

characters you wish

to

delete.

The monitor types

the

deleted

characters,

delimited by backslashes. For

example,

if

you were typing

CREATE

and go as far as CRAT, you

can

correct

the

error by typing two

RUBOUTS

and then

the

correct

letters.

The typeout would be

CRAT\T A

\EATE

Notice

that

you typed only two

RUBOUTS,

but

\TA\was

printed.

This shows

the

deleted

characters,

but in reverse order. (Note

that

when using TECO,

deleted

characters

are

not enclosed

in

backslashes.)

9.4

Control - U

Control - U (tU)

is

used if you have completely mistyped

the

current line and wish

to

start over

again.

Once

you type a

carriage-return,

the

command

is

read by

the

computer, and

line-editing

features

can

no longer be used on

that

line.

Control - U causes

the

deletion of

the

entire

line,

back

to

the

last

carriage-return,

line-feed,

or

altmode.

The system responds with a

carriage-return,

line-feed

so you

may

start

again.

16

9.5

The ALTMODE Key

The ALTMODE

key,

which is

labeled

ALTMODE, ESC, or PREFIX, is used as a command terminator

for several programs, including TECO and LINED. Since

the

ALTMODE is a nonprinting

character,

the

terminal prints

an

ALTMODE as a

dollar

sign ($).

9.6

Control -0

(to)

tells

the

computer

to

suppress terminal

output.

For

example,

if

you issue a command

to

type

out 100 lines of

text

and

then

decide

that

you do not

want

the

typeout,

type

control -0

to

stop

the

output.

Another command may

then

be typed as

if

the

typeout

had terminated normally.

10.0

PERIPHERAL

DEVICES

The system controls many peripheral

devices,

such as

terminals,

magnetic

tape

drives,

DECtape

drives,

card

readers and

punches,

line

printers,

papertape

readers and

punches,

and disks. The monitor

is

responsible both for

allocating

these peripheral

devices,

as well as other system resources

(e.g.,

core

memory), and for maintaining a pool of such

available

resources from which you

can

draw.

Each

device

controlled

by

the

system has a physical name

associated

with

it.

The physical name

is

unique.

It consists of

three

letters and

zero

to

three

numerals specifying a unit number. The following

table

lists

the

physical names associated with various peripheral

devices.

Device

Terminal

Console

TTY

Paper Tape Reader

Paper Tape Punch

Plotter

Line Printer

Card

Reader

Card Punch

DECtape

Magneti c Tape

Disk

Display

Table 1

Peripheral Devices

Physical Name

TTYO,

TTY

1 ,

.••

, TTY77

CTY

PTR

PTP

PLT

LPT

CDR

CDP

DTAO,

DTA1,

•••

,

DTA7

MTAO,

MTA

1,

.••

,

MTA7

DSK

DIS

17

You may also

give

each

device

a logical

device

name. The logical

device

name

is

an

alias,

and

the

device

can

be referred

to

either

by

this

alias

or

by

the

physical name. The logical name consists of

one

to

six alphanumeric characters of your

choice.

The reason for logical

device

names

is

that in

writing a program you may use arbitrarily

selected

device

names (logical

device

names)

that

can

be

assigned

to

the

most convenient physical devices

at

runtime. However,

care

should be exercised in

assigning logical

device

names because these names have priority over physical

device

names. For

example,

if a DECtape

is

assigned

the

logical name DSK, then all of your programs attempting

to

use

the

disk

via

the

physical name

DSK

end up using

the

DECtape instead. It

is

wise not

to

give

any

de-

vice

the

logical name

DSK

because

certain

monitor commands (such as

the

COMPILE commands) make

extensive use of special features

that

the

disk has but other devices do not

have.

The following

ex-

amples show

the

use of logical and physical

device

names •

•

ASS

I

GN

OTA

ABC)

.ASSIGN

~TAI

XYZ)

• ASS

JGN

PH:

1'00)

Assign a DECtape

the

logical name ABC.

Assign magnetic

tape

drive

#1

the

logical name

XYZ •

Assign

the

papertape reader

the

logical name

FOO.

In

order

to

use most peripheral

devices,

you must assign

the

desired

device

to

your

job.

You may

as-

sign a

device

either

by a program or from

the

console.

The first kind of assignment occurs when you

write a program

that

uses a

particular

device.

When

the

program begins using

the

device,

it

is

assigned

to

you

on

a temporary basis and released

from

you when your program has finished with

it.

The second

kind of assignment occurs when

you

explicitly

assign the

device

by

means of the ASSIGN or MOUNT

monitor command. This

is

a permanent assignment

that

is

in

effect

until the device

is

released by a

DEASSIGN, DISMOUNT, or FINISH monitor command or

by

your logging off the system.

When you assign a

device

to

your job,

the

monitor associates your job number with

that

device.

This

means

that

no other user

may

use

the

device

while you

are

using

it.

The only exception

is

the

disk,

which

is

accessible

by

all users. When you assign

the

disk, you

are

allocated

a fraction of

the

disk,

not the

entire

unit.

When you deassign a

device

or kill your job,

the

device

is

returned

to

the

mon-

itor's pool of

available

resources.

Under normal circumstances, the spooling mechanism built into the system

is

used to output to slow-

speed

devices.

Spooling

is

the method by which output

to

these devices (usually

the

line

printer,

card

punch, paper tape punch, and plotter)

is

placed on the disk first and then output to the

device

at

a

later

time.

This

method of using a

device

saves you time because you do not have to

wait

for the

device

to

be freed if it

is

being used

by

another user nor do you have

to

wait

for your files to be output before you

18

can

perform

another

operation.

Once

your files have been

placed

on the disk, you

can

do another

task,

such as running a program or leaving the system by killing your

lob.

After you leave the system

(KJOB),

your files will be output whenever the

device

you

~equested

to output them

is

available.

The spooling

of

files

to

the line printer

is

described in Paragraph

13.0.

Refer to the DECsystem-lO

Operating

System Commands manual for a discussion

of

spooling

to

other

devices.

11.0

COMMANDS TO

ALLOCATE

SYSTEM

RESOURCES

11. 1 The ASSIGN Command

The ASSIGN command

is

used to assign a peripheral

device

on a permanent basis for the duration of

your lob or until you

explicitly

deassign

it.

This command

must

have as an argument the legal physical

device

name (see Table 1)

of

the

device

you wish to assign. For

example,

if you want to assign a

DECtape drive to your

lob,

type

:..ASS I

GN

OTA)

The monitor responds with the message

D\{\

n

ASS

I GNED

where n is the unit number of the DECtape drive assigned to your

lob.

If

all drives are

in

use, the

monitor responds with

and you

must

wait

until a drive becomes

available.

You may assign a specific DECtape drive as

fol-

lows:

.ASS

IGN

DTA3)

The monitor responds with

DTA3

ASSIGNED

if the drive

is

available,

or

?ALREADY ASSIGNED

TO

JOB

n

if lob n is

usin~

DECtape drive #3.

The ASSIG N command may also

have,

as an optional argument, a logical

device

name following the

physical

device

name. The logical

device

name may be used in

place

of the physical

device

name in

all references to the

device.

For

example,

if you want to use DECtape drive

#1

and have

it

named

SA

MPLE, type the command

.ASSIGN

DTAI

SAMPLE)

If

DECtape drive

#1

is

free,

the monitor responds with

DTAI

ASSIGNED

19

and

stores

the

logical

name you

typed.

You may

then

refer

to

the

DECtape by

the

name

SAMPLE

until

you

explicitly

release

the

device,

assign

the

name SAMPLE

to

another

device,

or

kill

your

iob.

Logical names

can

be

very

useful.

Suppose you

write

a program

that

uses DECtape

drive

#5

and

refers

to

it

by its

physical

name (DTA5). When you run

your

program,

you find

that

DECtape

drive

#3

is

the

only

drive

available.

Instead

of

rewriting

your

program

to

use DECtape

drive

#3,

type

:.ASSIGh!

DTA3

DTAS)

Thereafter,

whenever

your program refers

to

DTA5,

it

is

actually

referring

to

DTA3.

Since

logical

device

names

are

strictly

your

own,

they

are

different

from

the

logical

names

of

other

users. The

following

is

an

example

using

physical

and

logical

device

names .

• ASS

IGN

DTA

NAt"'E)

DEVICE

DTA.

ASSIGNED

.ASSIGN

DTA

LINE)

Assign a

DEC

tape

drive

the

logical

name

NAME.

DECtape

drive

#4

has

been

assigned.

Find

another

DECtape

drive;

assign

the

logical

name LINE.

ASS

IGNED

TO

JOBS

N)

~

N

~

•••

All DECtape

drives

are

in

use.

------------

__

~~-2----

.:..ASS

I

C?N

PTP

~

NAVE)

Reserve

paper

tape

punch.

%LOGICAL

NA~E

WAS

IN

USE~

DEVICE

PTP

ASSIGNED

.!.ASSIGN

DTA3

LINE)

ALREADY

ASSIGNFD

TO

JOB7

11.2

The MOUNT Command

Paper

tape

punch

is

assigned

and

NAME

now refers

to

PT

P •

Request

DECtape

drive

#3

and

give

it

the

logical

name LINE.

Another

user (job 7) has

DT

A3.

The

MOUNT

command is

similar

to

the

ASSIGN

command in

that

it

is used

to

assign a

peripheral

de-

vice

to

your

iob.

However,

unlike

the

ASSIGN

command,

it

requests

operator

intervention.

This

is

usefu I for users who

cannot

pi

ace

the

i r

devi

ces

on

the

computer

because

they

are

too

far

away.

These

users

are

called

remote users

because

they

are

connected

to

the

computer

via

communications

lines.

For

example,

if you

have

DECtapes

at

the

location

of

the

computer

(commonly

called

the

central

site)

but

are

using

the

computer

remotely,

you

can

use

the

MOUNT

command

to

assign a DECtape

drive

and

to

have

the

operator

place

the

DECtape on

the

drive.

Th

is

command must

have

as an

argument

the

legal

physical

device

name (see

Table

1)

of

the

device

you

wish

to

assign

and

may

have

a

logical

device

name.

These arguments

are

the

same as in

the

ASSIGN

command.

In

addition,

switches

can

be

used

to

specify

items

to

be

considered

by

the

operator.

Only

the

following

three

switches

are

applicable

in

this

manual;

the

remainder

are

described

in

DECsystem-10

Operating

System Commands

/RONLY

or

;WLOCK

20

Specifies

that

the

volume is

read

only

and

that

it

cannot

be

written

on.

/VID:name

,.A/VENABL

11

.3

The DEASSIG N Command

Specifies the name used to identify the

volume (storage medium) to the

operator.

The name

can

be in one of two forms:

1)

any

string

of

25

characters

or less

con-

taining

only

letters,

digits,

peoriods, and

hyphens or

2)

any string of

25

characters

or less

enclosed

in single

quotes.

The

string

cannot

contain

break

characters

or single

quotes.

Specifies

that

the

volume is

enabled

for

writing.

This

condition

is

assumed if

no switches

appear

in

the

MOUNT

com-

mand

string.

The DEASSIGN command

is

used

to

release

one

or more

devices

currently

associated

with your

iob.

This command may have as an argument a physical or logical

device

name.

If

an argument

is

given,

the

specified

devices

are

released.

If

an argument

is

not

specified,

all

devices

assigned to your

iob

are

released.

When

devices

are

released,

they

are

returned

to

the monitor's pool of

available

re-

sources for use by

other

users. The DEASSIGN command does not

affect

any

temporary assignments

your

iob

may

have

for

devices.

11.4

The DISMOUNT Command

The DISMOUNT command

is

similar

to

the

DEASSIGN command because

it

is used to return

devices

to

the

monitor. In

addition,

it notifies the

operator

to

remove

the

volume (storage medium) from

the

de-

vice

(i.e.,

DECtape from a DECtape

drive,

cards from a

card

reader,

and so forth). This command

takes

a physical

device

name as an

argument.

The

device

must have

been

previously assigned with

the

ASSIGN

or MOUNT command. The switch

/REMOVE

follows

the

device

name in order

to

tell

the

operator

to

physically

remove

the

volume from

the

device.

For

example,

.DIS~OUNT

DTA4:/kE~OVE

)

notifies

the

operator

to deassign

DTA4

and

remove

the

tape

from the

drive.

11.5

The REASSIGN Command

The REASSIGN command allows you

to

give a

device

assigned

to

you

to

another

user without having

the

device

returned to the monitor's pool of

available

resources.

Two

arguments

are

required with this

command:

the

name of

the

device

being reassigned and

the

iob

number of

the

user who

is

receiving

the

device.

For

example,

suppose you

have

finished with DECtape drive #6

and

the person who

is

iob

10 wants

it.

Type

the

command

.REASSIGN

DTA6

10)

This deassigns DECtape drive #6 from your

iob

and

assigns

it

to job

10,

just as

if

you had

typed

.DEASS

IGN

DTA6)

21

and iob 10 had typed

.ASS

IGN

DTA6)

immediately

thereafter.

All devices

except

the

iob's

terminal can be reassigned.

11.6

The

FINISH Command

The FINISH command

is

used to prematurely terminate a program

that

is

being

executed

while preserv-

ing as much output as possible.

If

th

is

command

is

not used, part or all

of

the

output file may be lost.

The FINISH command may be followed by a physical

or

logical

device

name,

in

which case

any

input

or output currently in progress in relation

to

that

device

is

terminated. If no

device

is

specified,

in-

put or output

is

terminated

on

all devices assigned to your

iob.

The monitor responds to this command

by terminating

output,

closing the

file,

and releasing the

device

for use by others.

This command could be used if you were

generating

an assembly listing of a program on your disk

area

and

decided

that

you wanted only the first part

of

the

listing, not the

entire

listing. Type

tC

.:F'INISH

DSK)

and the monitor completes the writing

of

your listing and releases the disk.

11.7

The CORE Command

The CORE command allows you to modify the amount

of

core

assigned to your

job.

The command is

followed by a decimal number representing

either

the

total

number

of

1 K blocks

(1024

word blocks)

or the total number

of

pages (512 word blocks)

that

you want the program to have

from

this point

on.

For

example,

if you want the program to

have

8K

blocks

of

core,

type

.!,.COf-iF:

R)

and the monitor gives the program

8K

blocks, if

available.

If

you request additional

core

and there

is

none

available,

the monitor responds with an error message.

If

the CORE command

is

followed by the

decimal number

0,

your program disappears

from

core because you are requesting

OK

blocks of

core.

If

the

decimal number following

the

command is

omitted,

the monitor types

out

the amount

of

core

used

and

does not

change

your core assignment.

12.0

COMMANDS TO MANIPULATE TERMINALS

12.1 The SEND Command

The SEND command allows you

to

send a line of

text

to another terminal in the system. The command

is

typed followed by the number of the terminal to which you

are

sending

the

message followed by

the

message and a

carriage

return. This message is printed on the receiving terminal

and

is

preceded

by

22 March 1975

the

number

of

your

terminal.

If

the

receiver

of

the

message

is

busy,

that

is, his terminal

is

not

commu-

nicating

with

the

monitor, you

receive

the

message BUSY and your message is not

sent.

If

you

are

sending a message

to

an

operator,

the

receiving

terminal

is

never

busy.

12.2

The

DETACH

Command

The

DETACH

command causes your terminal to be

disconnected

from your program and

released

to

con-

trol

another

iob.

This means

that,

while your program

is

disconnected,

you may log

in

again,

receive

a

new

iob

number, and do something

else.

The iob

that

was

disassociated

from your terminal

is

said

to

be

a

detached

job.

This means

that

it

is

not under control of

any

user's

console.

If

your

detached

iob

attempts

to

type something

to

the

terminal,

it

is

stopped,

for

there

is

no terminal

attached

to

it.

12.3

The ATTACH Command

The ATTACH command allows you

to

attach

a console to a

detached

iob.

You must

specify

the

number

of

the

iob

to

which you wish to

attach.

If

you

are

the

owner of

the

detached

iob,

your console

is

im-

mediately

detached

from your

current

iob and

attached

to your

detached

job.

After this command

is

executed,

the

console

is

in communication with

the

monitor.

If

the

iob

you iust

attached

to happens

to

be running,

type

CONTINUE

without

affecting

the

status

of

the

iob.

If

you

are

not

the

owner

of

the

detached

iob,

you must also

specify

the

proiect-programmer number of

the

owner.

The

proiect-programmer

number must be

enclosed

in

square

brackets

(e.g.,

[27,400])

for

this command to work.

If

the

iob

whose

iob

number you

typed

is

already

attached

to a

terminal,

you

cannot

attach

and

the

monitor responds with

?TTYn ALkEADY ATTACHED

where n

is

the

number

of

the

terminal

attached

to

the

iob.

Observe

that

only

one

terminal

can

be

attached

to a

iob

at

any

time.

13.0

COMMANDS

TO REQUEST LINE PRINTER OUTPUT

In

Paragraph

5.2,

the

TYPE command for I isting source

fi

les on your terminal was discussed. In

addi-

tion'

there

are

three

commands

that

may be used to list files on

the

line

printer

via

the

spooling

mechanism.

13.1

The PRINT Command

The PRINT command

is

used to list disk files on

the

line

printer

via

the

spooling mechanism. This

command

takes

a

filename,

or

many filenames

separated

by commas, as an

argument.

Switches

can

also be used with

the

PRINT command. Although many switches

are

available,

only

a few

pertinent

ones

are

mentioned

below.

The remainder

are

discussed in DECsystem-l0

Operating

System Commands.

/COPIES:n

23

Specifies

the

number of

copies

that

you

want

of

the

file.

This number must be

less than

64.

If

this switch

is

not

given,

one

copy

is

produced.

/UMIT:n

ISPACING:DOUBLE

/SPACING:SINGLE

/SPACING:TRIPLE

Specifies

the

maximum number of pages

you want

printed.

If

this switch is not

given,

the

maximum number is 200 pages.

Specifies

that

the

output

wi

II

be

double,

single,

or

triple

spaced.

If

the

/SPACING

switch

is

not

given,

the

output

is

single-spaced.

All files remain

in

your disk

area

except

for temporary files; these files

are

deleted

after

they

are

printed.

13.2

The CREF Command

The CREF command

is

used

to

list a

certain

type of

file

called

a

cross-reference

file.

This command

is

an

invaluable

aid

in program

debugging.

If

a COMPILE,

lOAD,

EXECUTE,

or

DEBUG

command string

(refer to Paragraph

6.

0) has a

/CREF

switch,

the

command string

generates

an

expanded

I isting

that

includes (1) the original

code

as

it

appears

in

the

file,

(2)

the

octal

values

the

code

represents, (3)

the

relative

locations into which

the

octal

values

go,

(4) a list of all

the

symbols your'program uses,

and (5)

the

numbers of

the

lines on which

each

symbol

appears.

This

is

called

a cross-reference listing.

To

print this listing

file,

you must

call

in

a special cross-reference lister with the

CREF

command. All

the

cross-reference listing files you have

generated

since

the

last CREF command are printed on

the

line

printer.

The

file

containing

the names of the

cross-reference

listing files

is

then

deleted

so

that

subsequent CREF commands will not list them

again.

13.3

The

DIRECT

Command

When a DTAn: argument

is

specified

with

the

DIRECT

command,

the

directory

of

DECtape n

is

typed

on the

terminal.

(Refer to Paragraph

5.1

for a discussion of

the

DIRECT

command when no argument

is

specified.)

For

example,

the command

.:D

Ii\ECTOj~Y

OTP2:)

types

the

directory

of DECtape drive #2 on

the

terminal.

Besides having optional

device

arguments, this command has several switch options.

One

switch

option is

/F.

Including

IF

in

the

command string causes

the

short form of

the

directory

to be listed

on

the

terminal.

The short form of

the

directory

consists of

the

names of your

files.

(The long form

of

the

directory

also lists the

creation

dates

and lengths

of

each

file.)

Another switch option is

fl.

Including

/L

in

the

command string causes

the

output of

the

directory to go

to

the

line printer

rather

than

to

the

terminal.

For

exampie,

the

command

:.0

IRECTOf(

Y

IL)

lists your directory of your disk

area

on

the

line

printer.

The line printer

is

assigned

to

you on a

temporary basis and

is

released when

the

output is finished.

24

14.0

COMMANDS TO MANIPULATE CORE IMAGES

By using one of

the

following commands, you

can

load

core

image files {refer

to

Paragraph

6.1

for

the

definition

of

a

core

image file} from disk, DECtapes, and

magnetic

tapes

into

core

and

then

later

save

the

core images. These files

can

be

retrieved

and

controlled

from

the

user's

console.

Files on

disk and DECtape

are

called

by

filename,

and if you have

any

files

on

magnetic

tape,

you must

posi-

tion

the

tape

to

the

beginning

of

the

file.

14.

1 The

SAVE

Command

The

SAVE

command causes your

current

core

image

to

be

saved

on

the

specified

device

with

the

specified

filename.

This command must be followed by several arguments. First, you must

tell

the

monitor

the

device

on which you want to save

the

core

image.

A

colon

must follow

the

device

name.

Second,

you must

give

a name

to

the

core

image

file.

If

the

filename

extension

is

not

specified,

the

monitor

designates

one.

You may

specify

the

amount

of

core

in which you

want

your

file

saved

by

specifying

a

decimal

number to

represent

the

number

of

1 K

blocks

or

the number

of

pages.

For

example,

if you

want

to save your

core

image on DECtape

drive

#2,

give

it

the

name

SALES,

and

a

II

ow 12 K

of

core

for

storage,

type

.SAVE

DTA2:

SALFS

12)

A

file

called

SALES

is

created

and

your

core

image

is

stored in

it.

If you list your DECtape

directory,

the

length of

the

file

is

slightly

over

12,000

words. After you use this command, you

cannot

continue

executing

the

program. The program

can

be restarted onl y from

the

beginning.

14.2

The RUN Command

The RUN command allows you

to

run programs you previously saved on

the

disk, DECtape, or

magnetic

tape.

This command reads

the

core

image

file

from a

storage

device

and starts its

execution.

You

must

specify

the

device

containing

the

core

image

file

and

the

name of

that

file.

The

file

must

have

been

saved previously with a

SAVE

command.

If

the

file

is

not a

saved

program,

the

monitor responds

with an error message.

If

the

core

image

file

you want to

execute

is

on

another

user's disk

area,

you

must

specify

his

proiect-programmer

number,

enclosed

in square

brackets.

Again,

you may

specify

the

amount of

core

to

be assigned

to

the

program if

different

from

the

minimum

core

needed

to

load

the

program

or

from

the

core

argument of

the

SAVE

command.

14.3

The R Command

The R command is a

special

form

of

the RUN command. This command runs programs

that

are

part

of

the

system,

rather

than

programs

that

are

your own. The R command

is

the usual way

to

run a system

program

that

does not

have

a

direct

monitor command

associated

with

it.

For

example,

the

only

way

to run BASIC and AID

is

by

the

commands

.R

BASIC)

25

March 1975

and

~

AID)

A

device

name or a

proiect

programmer number may not be

specified

for this command.

14.4

The GET Command

The GET command is

the

same as

the

RUN command

except

that

it

does not start

the

program; it merely

generates

a core image and

exits.

The monitor types

JOB

SETUP

and

is

ready

to

accept

another

command.

15.0

COMMANDS TO

START

A

PROGRAM

15.1 The

START

Command

The

START

command begins

execution

of

the

program

at

its

starting

address,

the

location specified

within

the

file,

and is

valid

only if you

have

a

core

image.

This command allows you

to

specify

an-

other

starting address by typing

the

octal

address

after

the

command. Normally,

to

start a program,

type

.:.STAfH)

but

to

start a program

at

the

specified

octal

location

347,

type

.START

347

~

A

GET

command followed by a

START

command

is

equivalent

to

a RUN command.

15.2

The

HALT

( t C) Command

Typing tc stops your program and

takes

you

back

to

the

monitor. The program

"remembers"

at

what

point

it

was interrupted so

that

it

may subsequently be

continued.

After typing tc, you may type

any

commands

that

do not

affect

the

status

of

your program

(e.g.,

PJOB,

DAYTIME, RESOURCES) and

still be

able

to

continue

the

execution

of

the

program with a CONTINUE command. However,

con-

tinuing

is

impossible

if

you issue

any

command

that

runs a new program, such as a RUN or R command.

15.3

The CONTINUE Command

If

you stop your program by a

HALT

(tC)

command, you may resume

execution

from

the

point

at

which

it

was interrupted by typing the CONTINUE command. You may

continue

the

program only if you

exit

by typing control -

C.

If

the

program

exited

on an error

condition

of some sort,

the

monitor does

not

let you

continue.

It

types

CAN'T

CONTINUE

26

if you

try.

However, you may

continue

your program

if

it

has

halted

and given

the

typeout

HALT

AT

USER

n

16.0

ADDITIONAL COMMANDS

TO

GET

INFORMATION FROM

THE

SYSTEM

16.1 The RESOURCES Command

The RESOURCES command types out a list of all

the

available

devices

(except

terminals) on your

ter-

minal.

For

example,

.:f/ESOURCFS ')

PTY1,CDR,PTR,MTA1,CDP,PLT

At

the

time of this command,

there

were six devi ces

available.

16.2

The

SYST

AT

Command

The

SYST

AT

command produces a summary of

the

current

status

of

the

system

and

may

be

typed

without

logging

in.

Included in

the

summary is a list

of

the

jobs

currently

logged

in,

along

with

their

project-

programmer numbers, program names being

run,

and

runtime.

The following

typeout

is

a

partial

exam-

ple

of

SYSTAT

output.

More information is

contained

in this program

and

can

be

obtained

by running

SYSTAT.

.!.SYSTAT)

STATUS

OF'

RV7ATC

KI10 SYS'514

AT

9:49:34

ON

31-0CT-84

UPTIME

31:50,

217.NULL

TIME:

117.IDLE

+

107.LOST

42

JOBS

IN

USE

OUT

OF'

5".

39

LOGGED

IN, 2

DETACHED

OUT

OF

50.

(LOGMAX>

JOB

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

2"

21

22

23

24

~HO

[OPR)

400,2202

[ SELF)

[OPR)

[OPR]

30,762

[OPR)

(OPR]

10,131

(OPR]

[OPR]

37,4005

30,3025

[OPR]

66,3024

[OPR)

[OPH]

400,3616

16,H17

30,3505

22,3545

14,2115

37,2072

LINE'

DET

1

12

36

PIJ8

DET

13

CTY

P0JB

22

P3J8

P4.E

32

23

P5J8

46

P6J8

P7J8

4

P10J8

45

35

31

33

WHAT

DAE~ON

DI:lECT

PIP

SYSTAT

SYSINF

SAVER

COBOL

OPSER

LPTSPL

QUEUE

BATCON

OPROMO

MANDEX

TECO

SPRINT

SYSTAT

JUSTIF

ALCOMP

PIP

SYSTAT

GLOB

TECO

MAIN

COPYED

SIZE(P)

14+SPy

6+19

3+9

12+SPy

7

11+SPY

46+100

2+5

6+7

5+18

6+6

6+12

24+17

5+7

9

12+SPY

18+28

6+16

3+9

13+SPy

11+3

5+7

134+13

5+19

27

STATE

HB

SW

TO

SW

RN

SW

RN

SW

HB

SW

RN

HB

SW

fC

SW

fC

SW

SL

SW

SL

SW

RN

SW

11

SW

SL

SIN

fC

SW

SL

SIN

SL

SW

TO

SIN

SL

SW

11

SW

11

SW

RN

SW

fC

SW

RUN

TIME

3

53

8

2 $

8

1

15

7

1

46

$#

23

3

2:39

10

3

24 $

10

1 1

5

4 $

8

7

46

8

25

31,2573

20

MACRO

5+14

RN

SIN

33

26

4121121,3547

11

SOS

11

+

15

RN

SIN

16

27

61214,3641

6~

VT55A

12+13

TO

SIN

31

28

37,772

5

DIRECT

6+19

fC

SW

11

29

6133,3633

321

MACRO

5+14 Rtl

SIN

17

3121

1121,21121121

42

DIRECT

6+19

TO

SIN

1

:27

31

[aPR 1 P2J8

LPTSPL

6

10

51

32

156,3565

163

VED

16+14

II

SW

14

#

33

35,3521

61

LOGIN

4+19

RN

SW

121

$

34

12,2166

17

SYSTAT

13+SPY

fC

SW

41

$

35

157,36~3

161

PIP

3+9

fC

SIN

19

36

12,2166

Pl1 J

11

COBOL

2121+21

RN

SIN

27 #

37

41212,

H!Jl2l1

7

TECO

5+7

TI

SW

21

38

156,3507

25

LOGIN

4+19

RN

SIN

0 $

39

37,772

27

COPYED

5+19

TI

3

4121

2,5

26

LOGIN

1+19

RN

SIN

0

45

1121,4077

16

DEBUG

2121+1121

TI

SW

7 #

5121

4121,4"21

34 PIP 2+9 TI

16

#

MEANS

NON-SYSTEM

HI-SEG

$

MEANS

EXEC~TE

ONLY

JNN

IS

THE

CONTROLLING

JOB,

PNN

CORRESPONDS

TO

TTY212+NN

28

A

Allocating

system

resources,

19

ASSIGN,

19

CORE, 22

DEASSI

GN,

21

DISMOUNT,

21

FINISH, 22

MOUNT,20

REASSIGN,

21

ALTMODE

key,

17

ASSIGN

command, 19

Assigning

devices,

18

ASSIGN,

19

MOUNT,20

Asterisk

construction,

8

ATTACH

command, 23

B

Block, 8

C

Central

site,

20

Changing

filenames,

9

COMPILE command, 9

CONTINUE

command, 26

Continuing

a program, 26

Control

characters,

15

Control-C,

15

Control-O,

17

Control-U,

16

Control

key,

15

CORE command, 22

Core

image,

10

Correcting

typing

errors,

16

CREATE

command, 5

Creating

files,

4

CREATE, 5

MAKE,6

INDEX

C (Cont)

CREF

command,

24

Cross

reference

listing,

24

DAYTIME command,

13

DDT

program,

11

DEASSIGN command,

21

DEBUG command,

11

Debugging programs, 9

DEBUG,

11

DELETE

command, 9

Deleting

characters,

16

DETACH

command,

23

Devices,

17

DIRECT

command,

8,

24

Disconnecting

a job,

23

Disk

area,

4

DISMOUNT command,

21

EDIT

command, 6

Editing

files,

6

EDIT, 6

TECO, 7

Erasing

files,

9

Examples,

D

E

assigning

devices,

20

compiling

and

executing,

11

creating

a

file,

5

logging

in,

3

KJOB CONFIRM

dialogue,

14

SYSTAT,

27

EXECUTE

command, 10

Executing

programs, 9

EXECUTE, 10

INDEX-1

Filename, 4

Filename extension, 4

Files, 3

FINISH

command,

22

GET

command,

26

F

G

Getting date and time,

13

Getting information, 12, 27

DAYTIME,

13

PJOB,

13

RESOURCES,

27

SYSTAT,

27

TIME,

13

Getting

job

number,

13

Getting on the system, 1

Getting running time,

13

HALT

command,

26

Identification code, 2

Job number, 2

KJOB

command,

14

Leaving the system,

14

LINED

program,

4,

6

Line

printer output, 23

CREF,24

DIRECT,

24

PRINT,

23

H

J

K

L

INDEX

(Cont)

L (Cont)

Listing directories,

8,

24

Listing files,

8,

23

LOAD

command,

10

LOADER

program,

10

Loading programs, 9

LOAD,

10

Logical device name,

18

LOGIN command, 2

LOGIN program, 2

M

MAKE

command, 6

Manipulating core images,

25

GET,

26

R,

25

RUN,

25

SAVE,

25

Manipulating files, 7

DELETE,

9

DIRECT,

8

RENAME,9

TYPE,

8

Manipulating terminals,

22

ATTACH,23

DETACH,

23

SEND, 22

Monitor, 1

MOUNT command, 20

N

Naming of files, 4

o

Obtaining information, 12, 27

DAYTIME,

13

PJOB,

13

RESOURCES,

27

SYSTAT,

27

TIME,

13

INDEX-2

o (Cont)

Operating

the

terminal,

15

Operator

communication,

20,

21

P

Password, 3

Peripheral

devices,

17

Physical

device

name,

17

PJOB command, 13

PRINT command, 23

Processors, 10

Project

and

programmer numbers, 2

Protection

code,

8

R

R command, 25

REASSIGN command,

21

Reassigning

devices,

21

Relocatable

binary,

10

Remembered

arguments,

7

Remote users,

20

RENAME

command, 9

RESOURCES

command,

27

Returning

devices

DEASSIGN,

21

DISMOUNT,

21

FINISH,

22

KJOB,

14

Returning to

the

monitor, 15

RETURN

key,

16

RUB

OUT

key,

16

RUN command, 25

Running programs,

3,

25

Running

time,

13

INDEX (Cont)

S

SAVE

command, 25

Saving

core

images, 25

SEND command, 22

Spool

ing,

18, 23

Standard

processor, 10

ST

ART

command, 26

Starting

a program, 26

Suppressing terminal

output,

17

SYSTAT

command,

27

System

status,

27

TECO command, 7

TECO program,

4,

7

Temporary

fi

les,

7

Terminal,

1,

15

T

Terminating commands, 16, 17

TIME

command, 13

Translating programs, 9

COMPILE, 9

TYPE

command, 8

Typing a

line

over,

16

Typing source

files,

8

User

directori

es,

7

INDEX-3

U

HOW

TO

OBTAIN

SOFTWARE

INFORMATION

SOFTWARE

NEWSLETTERS, MAILING

LIST

The

Software

Communications

Group,

located

at

corporate

headquarters

in

Maynard,

publishes

software

newsletters

for

the

various

DIGITAL

products.

Newsletters

are

published

monthly,

and

keep

the

user

informed

about

cus-

tomer

software

problems

and

solutions,

new

software

products,

documenta-

tion

corrections,

as

well

as

programming

notes

and

techniques.

There

are

two

similar

levels

of

service:

The

Software

Dispatch

The

Digital

Software

News

The

Software

Dispatch

is

part

of

the

Software

Maintenance

Service.

This

service

applies

to

the

following

software

products:

PDP-9/15

RSX-IID

DOS/BATCH

RSTS-E

DECsystem-lO

A

Digital

Software

News

for

the

PDP-II

and

a

Digital

Software

News

for

the

PDP-8/12

are

available

to

any

customer

who

has

purchased

PDP-II

or

PDP-8/12

software.

A

collection

of

existing

problems

and

solutions

for

a

given

software

system

is

published

periodically.

A

customer

receives

this

publication

with

his

initial

software

kit

with

the

delivery

of

his

system.

This

collection

would

be

either

a

Software

Dispatch

Review

or

Software

Per-

formance

Summary

depending

on

the

system

ordered.

A

mailing

list

of

users

who

receive

software

newsletters

is

also

main-

tained

by

Software

Communications.

Users

must

sign-up

for

the

news-

letter

they

desire.

This

can

be

done

by

either

completing

the

form

sup-

plied

with

the

Review

or

Summary

or

by

writing

to:

SOFTWARE

PROBLEMS

Software

Communications

P.O.

Box

F

Maynard,

Massachusetts

01754

Questtons

or

problems

relating

to

DIGITAL's

software

should

be

reported

as

follows:

North

and

South

American

Submitters:

Upon

completion

of

Software

Performance

Report

(SPR)

form

remove

last

copy

and

send

remainder

to:

Software

Communications

P.O.

Box

F

Maynard,

Massachusetts

01754

The

acknowledgement

copy

will

be

returned

along

with

a

blank

SPR

form

upon

receipt.

The

acknowledgement

will

contain

a DIGITAL

assigned

SPR

number

•.

The

SPR

number

or

the

preprinted

number

should

be

referenced

in

any

future

correspondence.

Additional

SPR

forms

may

be

obtained

from

the

above

address.

All

International

Submitters:

Upon

completion

of

the

SPR

form,

reserve

the

last

copy

and

send

the

re-

mainder

to

the

SPR

Center

in

the

nearest

DIGITAL

office.

SPR

forms

are

also

available

from

our

SPR

Centers.

PROGRAMS

AND

MANUALS

Software

and

manuals

should

be

ordered

by

title

and

order

number.

In

the

United

States,

send

orders

to

the

nearest

distribution

center.

Digital

Equipment

Corporation

Software

Distribution

Center

146

Main

Street

Digital

Equipment

Corporation

Software

Distribution

Center

1400

Terra

Bella

Maynard,

Massachusetts

01754

Mountain

View,

California

94043

Outside

of

the

United

States,

Digital

Field

Sales

Office

or

orders

should

be

directed

to

the

nearest

representative.

USERS SOCIETY

DECUS,

Digital

Equipment

Computers

Osers

Society,

maintains

a

user

ex-

change

center

for

user-written

programs

and

technical

application

infor-

mation.

The

Library

contains

approximately

1,900

programs

for

all

DIGITAL

computer

lines.

Executive

routines,

editors,

debuggers,

special

functions,

games,

maintenance

and

various

other

classes

of

programs

are

available.

DECUS

Program

Library

Catalogs

are

routinely

updated

and

contain

lists

and

abstracts

of

all

programs

according

to

computer

line:

PDP-B,

FOCAL-B,

BASIC-B,

PDP-12

PDP-7/9,

9,

15

PDP-II,

RSTS-ll

PDP-6/10,

10

Forms

and

information

on

acquiring

and

submitting

programs

to

the

DECUS

Library

may

be

obtained

from

the

DECUS

office.

In

addition

to

the

catalogs,

DECUS

also

publishes

the

following:

DECUSCOPE

PROCEEDINGS

OF

THE

DIGITAL

EQUIPMENT

USERS

SOCIETY

MINUTES

OF

THE

DECsystem-lO

SESSIONS

-The

Society's

technical

newsletter,

published

bi-monthly,

aimed

at

facilitating

the

interchange

of

technical

in-

formation

among

users

of

DIGITAL

computers

and

at

dis-

seminating

news

items

concerning

the

Society.

Circula-

tion

reached

19,000

in

May,

1974.

-Contains

technical

papers

presented

at

DECUS

Symposia

held

twice

a

year

in

the

United

States,

once

a

year

in

Europe,

Australia,

and

Canada.

-A

report

of

the

DECsystem-lO

sessions

held

at

the

two

United

States

DECUS

Symposia.

COPY-N-Mail

-A

monthly

mailed

communique

among

DECsystem-lO

users.

LUG/SIG

-Mailing

of

Local

User

Group

(LUG)

and

Special

interest

Group

(SIG)

communique,

aimed

at

providing

closer

communication

among

users

of

a

specific

product

or

application.

Further

information

on

the

DECUS

Library,

publications,

and

other

DECUS

activities

is

available

from

the

DECUS

offices

listed

below:

DECUS

Digital

Equipment

Corporation

146

Main

Street

Maynard,

Massachusetts

01754

DECUS

EUROPE

Digital

Equipment

Corp.

International

(Europe)

P.O.

Box

340

1211

Geneva

26

Switzerland

READER'S

COMMENTS

DECsystem-lO

Getting

Started

with

TOPS-IO Commands

DEC-lO-OTSCA-A-D

NOTE:

This

form

is

for

document

comments

only.

Problems

with

software

should

be

reported

on

a

Software

Problem

Repcrt

(SPR)

form

(see

the

HOW

TO

OBTAIN

SOFTWARE

INFORMATION

page)

•

Did

you

find

errors

in

this

manual?

If

so,

specify

by

page.

Did

you

find

this

manual

understandable,

usable,

and

well-organized?

Please

make

suggestions

for

improvement.

Is

there

sufficient

documentation

on

associated

system

programs

required

for

use

of

the

software

described

in

this

manual?

If

not,

what

material

is

missing

and

where

should

it

be

placed?

Please

indicate

the

type

of

user/reader

that

you

most

nearly

represent.

o

Assembly

language

programmer

o

Higher-level

language

programmer

o

Occasional

programmer

(experienced)

o

User

with

little

programming

experience

o

Student

programmer

o

Non-programmer

interested

in

computer

concepts

and

capabilitie!

Name

Date

____________

_

Organization

_______________________________

_

Street

__________________________________________

_

City

__________________________

State

____________

Zip

Code

____________

__

or

Country

If

you

do

not

require

a

written

reply,

please

check

here.

0

.------------------------------------------------------------Fold lIere------------------------------------------------------------

.-----------------------------------------------

Do

Not

Tear

-

Fold

lIere

and

Staple

-----------------------------------------------

BUSINESS REPLY MAIL

NO POSTAGE STAMP NECESSARY

IF

MAILED IN

THE

UNITED STATES

Postage

will

be paid

by:

Software

Communications

P.

O.

Box

F

Maynard,

Massachusetts

01754

FIRST CLASS

PERMIT NO. 33

MAYNARD, MASS.

READER'S

COMMENTS

DECsystem-lO

Getting

Started

with

TOPS-IO Commands

DEC-lO-OTSCA-A-D

NOTE:

This

form

is

for

document

comments

only.

Problems

with

software

should

be

reported

on

a

Software

Problem

Report

(SPR)

form

(see

the

HOW

TO

OBTAIN

SOFTWARE

INFORMATION

page).

Did

you

find

errors

in

this

manual?

If

so,

specify

by

page.

Did

you

find

this

manual

understandable,

usable,

and

well-organized?

Please

make

suggestions

for

improvement.

Is

there

sufficient

documentation

on

associated

system

programs

required

for

use

of

the

software

described

in

this

manual?

If

not,

what

material

is

missing

and

where

should

it

be

placed?

Please

indicate

the

type

of

user/reader

that

you

most

nearly

represent.

[]

Assembly

language

programmer

[]

Higher-level

language

programmer

[]

Occasional

programmer

(experienced)

[]

User

with

little

programming

experience

[]

Student

programmer

[]

Non-programmer

interested

in

computer

concepts

and

capabilities

Name

Date

________________________ __

Organization

______________________________________________________________ _

Street

____________________________________________________________________

__

City

___________________________

State

_____________

Zip

Code

____________

__

or

Country

If

you

do

not

require

a

written

reply,

please

check

here.

[]

-------------------------------------------------------------Fold lIere---------------------------------------------------- --------

----------------------------------------------.-

Do

Not

Tear

-

Fold

lIere

and

Staple

-----------------------------------------------

BUSINESS REPLY MAIL

NO POSTAGE STAMP NECESSARY

IF

MAILED IN

THE

UNITED STATES

Postage will be paid

by:

Software

Communications

P.

O.

Box

F

Maynard,

Massachusetts

01754

FIRST CLASS

PERM''''

NO. 33

MA

YI\ , MASS.

DEC 10 OTSCA A D Decsystem10 Getting Started With TOPS Commands

DEC-10-OTSCA-A-D decsystem10 Getting Started With TOPS-10 Commands DEC-10-OTSCA-A-D decsystem10 Getting Started With TOPS-10 Commands

Navigation menu

Versions of this User Manual:

Views

Navigation