GCC 8.2 Manual

User Manual:

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Introduction
Programming Languages Supported by GCC
Language Standards Supported by GCC
- C Language
- C++ Language
- Objective-C and Objective-C++ Languages
- Go Language
- HSA Intermediate Language (HSAIL)
- References for Other Languages
GCC Command Options
- Option Summary
- Options Controlling the Kind of Output
- Compiling C++ Programs
- Options Controlling C Dialect
- Options Controlling C++ Dialect
- Options Controlling Objective-C and Objective-C++ Dialects
- Options to Control Diagnostic Messages Formatting
- Options to Request or Suppress Warnings
- Options for Debugging Your Program
- Options That Control Optimization
- Program Instrumentation Options
- Options Controlling the Preprocessor
- Passing Options to the Assembler
- Options for Linking
- Options for Directory Search
- Options for Code Generation Conventions
- GCC Developer Options
- Machine-Dependent Options
  - AArch64 Options
    - -march and -mcpu Feature Modifiers
  - Adapteva Epiphany Options
  - ARC Options
  - ARM Options
  - AVR Options
    - EIND and Devices with More Than 128 Ki Bytes of Flash
    - Handling of the RAMPD, RAMPX, RAMPY and RAMPZ Special Function Registers
    - AVR Built-in Macros
  - Blackfin Options
  - C6X Options
  - CRIS Options
  - CR16 Options
  - Darwin Options
  - DEC Alpha Options
  - FR30 Options
  - FT32 Options
  - FRV Options
  - GNU/Linux Options
  - H8/300 Options
  - HPPA Options
  - IA-64 Options
  - LM32 Options
  - M32C Options
  - M32R/D Options
  - M680x0 Options
  - MCore Options
  - MeP Options
  - MicroBlaze Options
  - MIPS Options
  - MMIX Options
  - MN10300 Options
  - Moxie Options
  - MSP430 Options
  - NDS32 Options
  - Nios II Options
  - Nvidia PTX Options
  - PDP-11 Options
  - picoChip Options
  - PowerPC Options
  - PowerPC SPE Options
  - RISC-V Options
  - RL78 Options
  - IBM RS/6000 and PowerPC Options
  - RX Options
  - S/390 and zSeries Options
  - Score Options
  - SH Options
  - Solaris 2 Options
  - SPARC Options
  - SPU Options
  - Options for System V
  - TILE-Gx Options
  - TILEPro Options
  - V850 Options
  - VAX Options
  - Visium Options
  - VMS Options
  - VxWorks Options
  - x86 Options
  - x86 Windows Options
  - Xstormy16 Options
  - Xtensa Options
  - zSeries Options
- Specifying Subprocesses and the Switches to Pass to Them
- Environment Variables Affecting GCC
- Using Precompiled Headers
C Implementation-Defined Behavior
- Translation
- Environment
- Identifiers
- Characters
- Integers
- Floating Point
- Arrays and Pointers
- Hints
- Structures, Unions, Enumerations, and Bit-Fields
- Qualifiers
- Declarators
- Statements
- Preprocessing Directives
- Library Functions
- Architecture
- Locale-Specific Behavior
C++ Implementation-Defined Behavior
- Conditionally-Supported Behavior
- Exception Handling
Extensions to the C Language Family
- Statements and Declarations in Expressions
- Locally Declared Labels
- Labels as Values
- Nested Functions
- Constructing Function Calls
- Referring to a Type with typeof
- Conditionals with Omitted Operands
- 128-bit Integers
- Double-Word Integers
- Complex Numbers
- Additional Floating Types
- Half-Precision Floating Point
- Decimal Floating Types
- Hex Floats
- Fixed-Point Types
- Named Address Spaces
  - AVR Named Address Spaces
  - M32C Named Address Spaces
  - RL78 Named Address Spaces
  - SPU Named Address Spaces
  - x86 Named Address Spaces
- Arrays of Length Zero
- Structures with No Members
- Arrays of Variable Length
- Macros with a Variable Number of Arguments.
- Slightly Looser Rules for Escaped Newlines
- Non-Lvalue Arrays May Have Subscripts
- Arithmetic on void- and Function-Pointers
- Pointers to Arrays with Qualifiers Work as Expected
- Non-Constant Initializers
- Compound Literals
- Designated Initializers
- Case Ranges
- Cast to a Union Type
- Mixed Declarations and Code
- Declaring Attributes of Functions
  - Common Function Attributes
  - AArch64 Function Attributes
    - Inlining rules
  - ARC Function Attributes
  - ARM Function Attributes
  - AVR Function Attributes
  - Blackfin Function Attributes
  - CR16 Function Attributes
  - Epiphany Function Attributes
  - H8/300 Function Attributes
  - IA-64 Function Attributes
  - M32C Function Attributes
  - M32R/D Function Attributes
  - m68k Function Attributes
  - MCORE Function Attributes
  - MeP Function Attributes
  - MicroBlaze Function Attributes
  - Microsoft Windows Function Attributes
  - MIPS Function Attributes
  - MSP430 Function Attributes
  - NDS32 Function Attributes
  - Nios II Function Attributes
  - Nvidia PTX Function Attributes
  - PowerPC Function Attributes
  - RISC-V Function Attributes
  - RL78 Function Attributes
  - RX Function Attributes
  - S/390 Function Attributes
  - SH Function Attributes
  - SPU Function Attributes
  - Symbian OS Function Attributes
  - V850 Function Attributes
  - Visium Function Attributes
  - x86 Function Attributes
  - Xstormy16 Function Attributes
- Specifying Attributes of Variables
  - Common Variable Attributes
  - ARC Variable Attributes
  - AVR Variable Attributes
  - Blackfin Variable Attributes
  - H8/300 Variable Attributes
  - IA-64 Variable Attributes
  - M32R/D Variable Attributes
  - MeP Variable Attributes
  - Microsoft Windows Variable Attributes
  - MSP430 Variable Attributes
  - Nvidia PTX Variable Attributes
  - PowerPC Variable Attributes
  - RL78 Variable Attributes
  - SPU Variable Attributes
  - V850 Variable Attributes
  - x86 Variable Attributes
  - Xstormy16 Variable Attributes
- Specifying Attributes of Types
  - Common Type Attributes
  - ARC Type Attributes
  - ARM Type Attributes
  - MeP Type Attributes
  - PowerPC Type Attributes
  - SPU Type Attributes
  - x86 Type Attributes
- Label Attributes
- Enumerator Attributes
- Statement Attributes
- Attribute Syntax
- Prototypes and Old-Style Function Definitions
- C++ Style Comments
- Dollar Signs in Identifier Names
- The Character ESC in Constants
- Inquiring on Alignment of Types or Variables
- An Inline Function is As Fast As a Macro
- When is a Volatile Object Accessed?
- How to Use Inline Assembly Language in C Code
  - Basic Asm --- Assembler Instructions Without Operands
  - Extended Asm - Assembler Instructions with C Expression Operands
  - Constraints for asm Operands
  - Controlling Names Used in Assembler Code
  - Variables in Specified Registers
    - Defining Global Register Variables
    - Specifying Registers for Local Variables
  - Size of an asm
- Alternate Keywords
- Incomplete enum Types
- Function Names as Strings
- Getting the Return or Frame Address of a Function
- Using Vector Instructions through Built-in Functions
- Support for offsetof
- Legacy __sync Built-in Functions for Atomic Memory Access
- Built-in Functions for Memory Model Aware Atomic Operations
- Built-in Functions to Perform Arithmetic with Overflow Checking
- x86-Specific Memory Model Extensions for Transactional Memory
- Object Size Checking Built-in Functions
- Pointer Bounds Checker Built-in Functions
- Other Built-in Functions Provided by GCC
- Built-in Functions Specific to Particular Target Machines
  - AArch64 Built-in Functions
  - Alpha Built-in Functions
  - Altera Nios II Built-in Functions
  - ARC Built-in Functions
  - ARC SIMD Built-in Functions
  - ARM iWMMXt Built-in Functions
  - ARM C Language Extensions (ACLE)
  - ARM Floating Point Status and Control Intrinsics
  - ARM ARMv8-M Security Extensions
  - AVR Built-in Functions
  - Blackfin Built-in Functions
  - FR-V Built-in Functions
    - Argument Types
    - Directly-Mapped Integer Functions
    - Directly-Mapped Media Functions
    - Raw Read/Write Functions
    - Other Built-in Functions
  - MIPS DSP Built-in Functions
  - MIPS Paired-Single Support
  - MIPS Loongson Built-in Functions
    - Paired-Single Arithmetic
    - Paired-Single Built-in Functions
    - MIPS-3D Built-in Functions
  - MIPS SIMD Architecture (MSA) Support
    - MIPS SIMD Architecture Built-in Functions
  - Other MIPS Built-in Functions
  - MSP430 Built-in Functions
  - NDS32 Built-in Functions
  - picoChip Built-in Functions
  - PowerPC Built-in Functions
  - PowerPC AltiVec Built-in Functions
  - PowerPC Hardware Transactional Memory Built-in Functions
    - PowerPC HTM Low Level Built-in Functions
    - PowerPC HTM High Level Inline Functions
  - PowerPC Atomic Memory Operation Functions
  - RX Built-in Functions
  - S/390 System z Built-in Functions
  - SH Built-in Functions
  - SPARC VIS Built-in Functions
  - SPU Built-in Functions
  - TI C6X Built-in Functions
  - TILE-Gx Built-in Functions
  - TILEPro Built-in Functions
  - x86 Built-in Functions
  - x86 Transactional Memory Intrinsics
  - x86 Control-Flow Protection Intrinsics
- Format Checks Specific to Particular Target Machines
  - Solaris Format Checks
  - Darwin Format Checks
- Pragmas Accepted by GCC
  - AArch64 Pragmas
  - ARM Pragmas
  - M32C Pragmas
  - MeP Pragmas
  - RS/6000 and PowerPC Pragmas
  - S/390 Pragmas
  - Darwin Pragmas
  - Solaris Pragmas
  - Symbol-Renaming Pragmas
  - Structure-Layout Pragmas
  - Weak Pragmas
  - Diagnostic Pragmas
  - Visibility Pragmas
  - Push/Pop Macro Pragmas
  - Function Specific Option Pragmas
  - Loop-Specific Pragmas
- Unnamed Structure and Union Fields
- Thread-Local Storage
  - ISO/IEC 9899:1999 Edits for Thread-Local Storage
  - ISO/IEC 14882:1998 Edits for Thread-Local Storage
- Binary Constants using the 0b Prefix
Extensions to the C++ Language
- When is a Volatile C++ Object Accessed?
- Restricting Pointer Aliasing
- Vague Linkage
- C++ Interface and Implementation Pragmas
- Where's the Template?
- Extracting the Function Pointer from a Bound Pointer to Member Function
- C++-Specific Variable, Function, and Type Attributes
- Function Multiversioning
- Type Traits
- C++ Concepts
- Deprecated Features
- Backwards Compatibility
GNU Objective-C Features
- GNU Objective-C Runtime API
  - Modern GNU Objective-C Runtime API
  - Traditional GNU Objective-C Runtime API
- +load: Executing Code before main
  - What You Can and Cannot Do in +load
- Type Encoding
- Garbage Collection
- Constant String Objects
- compatibility_alias
- Exceptions
- Synchronization
- Fast Enumeration
- Messaging with the GNU Objective-C Runtime
  - Dynamically Registering Methods
  - Forwarding Hook
Binary Compatibility
gcov---a Test Coverage Program
- Introduction to gcov
- Invoking gcov
- Using gcov with GCC Optimization
- Brief Description of gcov Data Files
- Data File Relocation to Support Cross-Profiling
gcov-tool---an Offline Gcda Profile Processing Tool
- Introduction to gcov-tool
- Invoking gcov-tool
gcov-dump---an Offline Gcda and Gcno Profile Dump Tool
- Introduction to gcov-dump
- Invoking gcov-dump
Known Causes of Trouble with GCC
- Actual Bugs We Haven't Fixed Yet
- Interoperation
- Incompatibilities of GCC
- Fixed Header Files
- Standard Libraries
- Disappointments and Misunderstandings
- Common Misunderstandings with GNU C++
- Certain Changes We Don't Want to Make
- Warning Messages and Error Messages
Reporting Bugs
- Have You Found a Bug?
- How and Where to Report Bugs
How To Get Help with GCC
Contributing to GCC Development
Funding Free Software
The GNU Project and GNU/Linux
GNU General Public License
GNU Free Documentation License
- ADDENDUM: How to use this License for your documents
Contributors to GCC
Option Index
Keyword Index

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