U.S. Government Publishing Office Style Manual Printing (GPO)

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Style
Manual
An official guide to the form and style
of Federal Government publishing | 2016
Keeping America Informed | OFFICIAL | DIGITAL | SECURE
gpostyle@gpo.gov
ii
Production and Distribution Notes
is publication was typeset electronically using Helvetica and Minion Pro typefaces.
It was printed using vegetable oil-based ink on recycled paper containing 30% post
consumer waste.
e GPO S M will be distributed to libraries in the Federal Depository
Library Program. To nd a depository library near you, please go to the Federal
depository library directory at http://catalog.gpo.gov/fdlpdir/public.jsp.
e electronic text of this publication is available for public use free of charge at
https://www.govinfo.gov/gpo-style-manual.
Use of ISBN Prefix
is is the ocial U.S. Government edition of this publication and is herein
identied to certify its authenticity. ISBN 978–0–16–093601–2 is for U.S.
Government Publishing Oce ocial editions only. e Superintendent
of Documents of the U.S. Government Publishing Oce requests that any
reprinted edition be labeled clearly as a copy of the authentic work, and that a new ISBN be assigned.
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0081-215 )202( aera CD ;0081-215 )668( eerf llot :enohP vog.opg.erotskoob :tenretnI
notgnihsaW ,CCDI potS :liaM 4012-215 )202( :xaF1000-20402 CD ,
ublishing
ISBN 978-0-16-093601-2 (Paper)
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Names: United States. Government Publishing Oce, author.
Title: Style manual : an ocial guide to the form and style of federal
government publications / U.S. Government Publishing Oce.
Other titles: Ocial guide to the form and style of federal government
publications | Also known as: GPO style manual
Description: 2016; ocial U.S. Government edition. | Washington, DC : U.S.
Government Publishing Oce, 2016. | Includes index.
Identiers: LCCN 2016055634| ISBN 9780160936029 (cloth) | ISBN 0160936020
(cloth) | ISBN 9780160936012 (paper) | ISBN 0160936012 (paper)
Subjects: LCSH: Printing—United States—Style manuals. | Printing,
Public—United States—Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Publishers and
publishing—United States—Handbooks, manuals, etc. | Authorship—Style
manuals. | Editing—Handbooks, manuals, etc.
Classication: LCC Z253 .U58 2016 | DDC 808/.02—dc23 | SUDOC GP 1.23/4:ST
9/2016
LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2016055634
iii
THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE STYLE MANUAL
IS PUBLISHED UNDER THE DIRECTION AND AUTHORITY OF
THE DIRECTOR OF THE UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
Davita E. Vance-Cooks
Previous printings of the GPO S M: 1894, 1898, 1900, 1903, 1908, 1909, 1911, 1912, 1914,
1917, 1922, 1923, 1924, 1926, 1928, 1929, 1933, 1934, 1935, 1937, 1939, 1945, 1953, 1959, 1962, 1967,
1973, 1984, 2000, 2008
UNITED STATES GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
STYLE BOARD
Tony N. Gilbert, Chairman
James E. Bender Michelle R. Overstreet
Peter W. Binns David J. Robare
Kristina Bobe Margaret V. Ross-Smith
Mark C. Czajka Kathleen M. Swigert
Yalanda Johnson Charlotte E. Timmons
Carolyn B. Mitchell
Ex ocio
Andrew M. Sherman, Chief of Sta
John W. Crawford, Managing Director, Plant Operations
Gregory Estep, Deputy Managing Director, Plant Operations
Shelley N. Welcher, Production Manager, Plant Operations
Reneé Rosa, Manager of Operations, Pre-Press Division
Myra L. Taylor Darlene Rios-Bay Tracy D. Shields
Foreperson Foreperson Foreperson
Proof and Copy Markup Section Proof and Copy Markup Section Proof and Copy Markup Section
Shi 1 Shi 2 Shi 3
JOINT COMMITTEE ON PRINTING
Representative Gregg Harper, Chairman
Senator Roy Blunt, Vice Chairman
Representative Candice S. Miller Senator Pat Roberts
Representative Rodney Davis Senator John Boozman
Representative Robert A. Brady Senator Charles E. Schumer
Representative Juan Vargas Senator Tom Udall
iv
EXTRACT FROM THE
PUBLIC PRINTING LAW
(TITLE 44, U.S.C.)
§ 1105. Form and style of work for departments
e Director of the Government Publishing
Oce shall determine the form and style in which
the printing or binding ordered by a depart ment
is executed, and the material and the size of type
used, having proper regard to economy, work-
manship, and the purposes for which the work is
needed.
(Pub. L. 90–620, Oct. 22, 1968, 82 Stat. 1261; Pub.
L. 113–235, div. H, title I, § 1301(c)(1), Dec. 16, 2014,
128 Stat. 2537.)
H  R N
Based on 44 U.S. Code, 1964 ed., § 216 (Jan. 12,
1895, ch. 23, § 51, 28 Stat. 608).
A
2014—Pub. L. 113–235 substituted “Director
of the Government Publishing Oce” for “Public
Printer”.
v
About This Manual
e GPO S M, as it is popularly known, is issued under the
authority of section 1105 of title 44 of the U.S. Code, which requires the
Director of the GPO to “determine the form and style in which the printing
. . . ordered by a department is executed, . . . having proper regard to econ-
omy, workmanship, and the purposes for which the work is needed.” e
M is prepared by the GPO Style Board, composed of proofreading,
printing, and Government documents specialists from within GPO, where
all congressional publications and many other key Government documents
are prepared.
e rst GPO S M appeared in 1894. It was developed origi-
nally as a printer’s stylebook to standardize word and type treatment, and
it remains so today. rough successive editions, however, the M has
come to be widely recognized by writers and editors both within and outside
the Federal Government as one of the most useful resources in the edito-
rial arsenal. And now in the 21st century, writers and editors are using the
M in the preparation of the informational content of Government
publications that appear in digital formats.
Writers and editors whose disciplines have taught them aspects of style dif-
ferent from those found in the GPO S M will appreciate the
diculty of establishing a single standard. Users of this M should
consider it instead as a general guide. Its rules cannot be regarded as rigid, for
the printed word assumes many shapes and variations in nal presentation,
and usage changes over time as language evolves. Periodically the M
is updated, as this edition has been, to eliminate obsolete standards, update
form and usage, and adjust the guidance for document preparation and ap-
pearance to current custom.
Comments and suggestions from users of the GPO S M are wel-
comed. All such correspondence may be emailed to the GPO Style Board at
gpostyle@gpo.gov.
A digital version of this M appears on GPO’s govinfo at https://www.
govinfo.gov/gpo-style-manual. Revisions and updates are made to the on-
line version of this M periodically. Accordingly, that document rather
than the printed edition should be consulted as the most up-to-date version
available.
For the purposes of the GPO S M, examples provided through-
out both the printed and digital versions are to be given the same weight as
the enumerated rules.
Acknowledgments
e GPO Style Board would like to thank the following people for assistance
in the production of this edition of the GPO S M:
Special thanks go to Michael M. Shelton, Program Analyst, Oce of Policy,
National Park Service, and Member of the U.S. Board on Geographic
Names, for his wealth of knowledge, special consultation, and research dur-
ing the entire revision process of this M. He has, indeed, been a true
friend to the Board.
M. Michael Abramson, past Chair of the GPO Style Board, who acted as an
adviser to the present Style Board.
Elizabeth Appel, Bureau of Indian Aairs, U.S. Department of the Interior,
for advice on the issue of capitalization of “Tribe” and “Tribal.”
Douglas Caldwell, Geospatial Research Laboratory, U.S. Army Engineer
Research and Development Center and Jacqueline Nolan, Geography and
Map Division, Library of Congress, for information on acronyms and car-
tographic names.
e oces of Indiana Senators Dan Coats and Joe Donnelly and Indiana
Governor Mike Pence for information regarding the demonym “Hoosier.”
Rachel R. Creviston, Chief of Sta, Oce of the Secretary of the Senate;
Matthew P. McGowan, Senate Committee on Rules and Administration;
and Corey Plank, Lead Cartographer—Remote Sensing, Bureau of Land
Management, for consulting on the issue regarding compass directional
abbreviations.
vi About This Manual
Linda Crown, Administrative Specialist, Oce of Weights and Measures,
National Institute of Standards and Technology, for information on terms
of measures.
Robert W. Dahl, Cadastral Surveyor, U.S. Department of the Interior,
Bureau of Land Management, Minerals & Realty Management Directorate,
Division of Lands, Realty & Cadastral Survey (WO–350), for his contribu-
tion of the Principal Meridians and Base Lines of the United States tables,
Chapter 18.
Cynthia L. Etkin, Program Planning Specialist, Oce of the Superintendent
of Documents, Government Publishing Oce, for her assistance in the pro-
duction of this M.
Dean Gardei, Brand and Web Manager, Government Publishing Oce, for
the design of the cover and title page.
Solange A. Garvey, Foreign Aairs Ocer and Leo Dillon, Oce of the
Geographer and Global Issues, U.S. Department of State; and Trent Palmer,
Executive Secretary for Foreign Names, U.S. Board on Geographic Names,
for information on foreign countries and terms.
Jeremy Gelb, IT Specialist, Government Publishing Oce, for technical as-
sistance in the production of this M.
Christine Jones, Editorial Team Lead, Information Design and Publishing
Sta, National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention, for information on medical eponyms.
Library Services & Content Management Sta, including Patricia
A. Duplantis, Systems Librarian; Laurie B. Hall, Chief and Acting
Superintendent of Documents; James M. Mauldin, Manager, Oce of
Archival Management; and Kelly M. Seifert, Strategic Communications
Coordinator, for their feedback and support.
Christine McMahon, Program Planner, Programs, Strategy and Technology,
Government Publishing Oce, for her contribution in updating the GPO’s
Digital Information Initiatives.
James Moore, Gibbs & Cox, Inc., for information regarding technical
abbreviations.
About This Manual vii
Kirk Petri and Jon Quandt, Lead Program Planners, Programs, Strategy
and Technology, and John Foley and Jiang (John) Zheng, IT Specialists,
Information Technology, Government Publishing Oce, for their contri-
butions in updating the information technology acronyms and initialisms
section in the abbreviations and letter symbols chapter.
Kathleen Swiatek, IT Specialist, IT Product Support, for Bill language
assistance.
Marcia ompson, Chief, Congressional Record Index Oce, Government
Publishing Oce, for revisions to the pages relating to the Congressional
Record Index.
Louis Yost, Executive Secretary and Jennifer Runyon, Sta, U.S. Board on
Geographic Names, for help on a variety of names and geographic issues.
Employees of the Production Planning and Control Division, Government
Publishing Oce, for their contributions during the preproduction/produc-
tion process.
Employees of the Proof and Copy Markup Section, Government Publishing
Oce, for their constant contributions to the GPO S M.
Current users who have contributed many ideas and suggestions that were
incorporated into this edition of the GPO S M.
viii About This Manual
ix
GPO’s Digital Information Initiatives
In the digital age, GPO is responsible for providing public access to the digi-
tal versions of many of the ocial documents it prints, as well as—to the
greatest extent possible—the digital versions of Government publications
that are not printed but are otherwise made available on other Federal web-
sites. GPO recognizes that a Federal author today oen begins the content
creation process at a computer, and frequently publishes the nal document
to the web without creating a print version that will make its way to a user's
hands or a library's shelves.
GPO Access
To accommodate this transition in Federal publishing strategies while pre-
serving GPO’s core responsibility for ensuring public access to Government
publications, Congress enacted Public Law 103–40, the Government
Printing Oce Electronic Information Access Enhancement Act of 1993,
which required GPO to establish access to key Government publications in
digital format and provide a system of storage to ensure permanent public
access to the information they contain. Opened to the public in 1994, the
resulting website, GPO Access, was GPO's entrance into the digital age. In
2003, the National Archives and Records Administration formally recog-
nized GPO as an aliate archive for the digital content on the GPO Access
site. GPO Access operated for 15 years before it was retired following the
introduction of GPO’s Federal Digital System (FDsys).
Federal Digital System (FDsys)
To meet continued public demand for access to digital Government publi-
cations, provide for an increased range of search and retrieval options, and
ensure the preservation of ocial Government information content in the
21st century, GPO embarked on the construction of a more comprehensive
online capability, called the Federal Digital System, or FDsys, available at
www.fdsys.gov.
FDsys was launched as a beta website in 2009 and permanently replaced
GPO Access in 2011. FDsys provides free access to hundreds of thousands
of ocial Federal Government publications in digital format from all three
branches of the Federal Government, including congressional bills, the
Congressional Record, the Federal Register, the Compilation of Presidential
Documents, the U.S. Code, the Code of Federal Regulations, and opinions
from more than 100 Federal courts. In 2016, GPO reached a milestone of
two billion retrievals of digital Government information from FDsys (the
equivalent of nine retrievals per second over seven years of operation).
govinfo beta website
In February 2016, GPO launched the next generation of digital public access,
govinfo (at www.govinfo.gov) as a public beta website to eventually replace
the FDsys public website. govinfo is a redesign of FDsys featuring a modern,
easy-to-use look and feel that syncs with the need of today’s Government
information users for quick and eective digital access across a variety of
digital platforms. It was developed with a focus on implementing feedback
from users and improving overall search and access to FDsys content. e
redesigned, mobile-friendly website incorporates state-of-the-art innovative
technologies and includes several new features for an overall enhanced user
experience. govinfo is the new front door to accessing the same ocial, pre-
served content that GPO has made available through GPO Access and FDsys
for more than two decades.
e key new features of govinfo include the capability to link related content,
new ways to browse content, a new open-source search engine, enhance-
ments to the search lters, and more options for sharing pages and content
on social media.
Digital preservation
Content in FDsys and govinfo is preserved to ensure permanent availabil-
ity in electronic form. As a preservation repository, GPO follows archival
system standards to ensure long-term preservation and access to digital
content. GPO’s digital stewardship vision is to operate a standards-based
preservation repository and to implement user-friendly, responsive, and in-
novative technologies to ensure that all archived content information can
be obtained, rendered, used, and understood by the designated community
into the future.
x GPO’s Digital Information Initiatives
In 2015, GPO began pursuing certication of its agship system as a
Trustworthy Digital Repository for Government information under ISO
16363: Audit and Certication of Trustworthy Digital Repositories.
Authentication of digital documents
e increasing use of documents in digital format poses a special challenge
in verifying authenticity, because digital technology makes such documents
easy to alter or copy in unauthorized or illegitimate ways. GPO assures users
that the publications available from GPO websites are as ocial and authen-
tic as publications that have been printed by GPO for many years. GPO
digital systems operate with established trust relationships between all par-
ties in digital transactions. A visible digital signature, viewed as the GPO
Seal of Authenticity signied by an eagle, veries document integrity and
authenticity on GPO online Federal documents. e visible digital signature
on PDF documents on FDsys and govinfo signies a guarantee that the in-
formation in the document is ocial, authentic, and secure.
XML bulk data repository
Since the launch of FDsys, GPO has worked with partners in the legislative
and executive branches to expand the availability of Government informa-
tion content in support of an open and transparent government. One such
eort involves making content available in machine-readable Extensible
Markup Language (XML) format for bulk download. e eort began in
2009 and has grown to nine collections now available through GPO’s bulk
data repository at www.gpo.gov/fdsys/bulkdata. e repository features
data collections including text, summary, and status information for bills
introduced in the House of Representatives and the Senate, the annual of-
cial and unocial digital versions of the Code of Federal Regulations, the
Federal Register, the U.S. Government Manual, and the Public Papers of the
Presidents of the United States.
Information available on GPO’s XML bulk data repository helps maximize
the ways this data can be used or repurposed by users. Making informa-
tion available in XML permits data to be reused and repurposed for mobile
web applications, data mashups, and other analytical tools by third-party
providers, contributing to eorts supporting openness and transparency in
government.
GPO’s Digital Information Initiatives xi
Catalog of U.S. Government Publications (CGP)
GPO is responsible for creating a catalog and index for all public documents
published by the Federal Government that are not condential in character.
is work serves libraries and the public nationwide and enables people to
locate desired Government publications in all formats. e public interface
for accessing these cataloging records is the Catalog of U.S. Government
Publications (CGP), which is available in digital format at http://catalog.gpo.
gov. Using the CGP, anyone can freely access descriptive information for
historical and current Government publications as well as digital links to
their full content. Print versions of U.S. Government publications may be
found by contacting a Federal depository library: https://catalog.gpo.gov/
fdlpdir/FDLPdir.jsp.
Ben's Guide to the U.S. Government
Ben’s Guide, available at http://bensguide.gpo.gov, provides learning tools
for K–12 students, parents, and educators. e site provides age-specic ex-
planations about how the Federal Government works, explains the use of
the primary source materials available on FDsys and govinfo, and explains
GPO's role in the Federal Government.
Online U.S. Government Bookstore
Government information users may also locate and order publications avail-
able for sale in both print and digital—including eBook—formats through
GPO's Publication and Information Sales Program. Orders may be placed
online securely at https://bookstore.gpo.gov.
Applicability of the GPO STYLE MANUAL to digital publications
e rules of grammar, spelling, punctuation, and related matters, as stated
in this M, will serve well when preparing documents for digital
access. Most of the documents on FDsys and govinfo are derived from data-
bases used in the printing of Government publications. As the availability of
Government publications in digital formats continues to grow, the rules as
stated in this M will continue to be GPO’s standard for all document
preparation, whether for conventional printing or digital access.
xii GPO’s Digital Information Initiatives
xiii
Chapter Page
About is Manual ......................................................................... v
GPO’s Digital Information Initiatives .......................................... ix
1. Advice to Authors and Editors ...................................................... 1
2. General Instructions ....................................................................... 7
3. Capitalization Rules ........................................................................ 27
4. Capitalization Examples ................................................................. 45
5. Spelling .............................................................................................. 81
6. Compounding Rules ....................................................................... 97
7. Compounding Examples ............................................................... 111
8. Punctuation ...................................................................................... 193
9. Abbreviations and Letter Symbols................................................ 221
Standard word abbreviations .................................................... 238
Standard letter symbols for units of measure ......................... 248
Standard Latin abbreviations ................................................ 252
Information technology acronyms and initialisms ............... 256
10. Signs and Symbols ........................................................................... 263
11. Italic ................................................................................................... 269
12. Numerals........................................................................................... 273
13. Tabular Work ................................................................................... 285
14. Leaderwork ...................................................................................... 303
15. Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and Outlines ............................... 307
16. Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures ........................................... 313
17. Useful Tables .................................................................................... 325
U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents ......................................... 325
State Populations and eir Capitals ....................................... 326
Principal Foreign Countries ..................................................... 327
Demonyms: Names of Nationalities ........................................ 337
Currency ....................................................................................... 339
Metric and U.S. Measures .......................................................... 345
Common Measures and eir Metric Equivalents ............... 346
Measurement Conversion ......................................................... 347
18. Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions ................................ 349
19. Congressional Record ..................................................................... 377
Congressional Record Index ......................................................... 413
20. Reports and Hearings ..................................................................... 425
Index .................................................................................................. 441
Contents
1
1. Advice to Authors and Editors
e GPO S M is intended to facilitate the production of
Government publications. Careful observance of the following suggestions
will aid in expediting your publication and reduce costs.
1.1. Making changes aer submission of copy delays the production of
the publication and adds to the expense of the work; therefore, copy
must be carefully edited before being submitted to the Government
Publishing Oce.
1.2. Legible copy, not faint reproductions, must be furnished.
1.3. Copy should be on one side only with each sheet numbered con-
secutively. If both sides of copy are to be used, a duplicate set of copy
must be furnished.
1.4. To avoid unnecessary expense, it is advisable to have each page
begin with a new paragraph.
1.5. Proper names, signatures, gures, foreign words, and technical
terms should be written plainly.
1.6. Chemical symbols, such as Al, Cl, Tl are sometimes mistaken for
A1, C1, T1. Editors must indicate whether the second character is a
letter or a gure.
1.7. Footnote reference marks in text and tables should be arranged
consecutively from le to right across each page of copy.
1.8. Photographs, drawings, and legends being used for illustrations
should be placed in the manuscript where they are to appear in
the publication. ey should be on individual sheets, as they are
handled separately during typesetting.
1.9. If a publication is composed of several parts, a scheme of the desired
arrangement must accompany the rst installment of copy.
1.10. To reduce the possibility of costly blank pages, avoid use of new odd
pages and halitles whenever possible. Generally these renements
should be limited to quality bookwork.
2 Chapter 1
1.11. Samples should be furnished if possible. ey should be plainly
marked showing the desired type, size of type page, illustrations if
any, paper, trim, lettering, and binding.
1.12. In looseleaf or perforated-on-fold work, indicate folio sequence, in-
cluding blank pages, by circling in blue. Begin with rst text page
(title). Do not folio separate covers or dividers.
1.13. Indicate on copy if separate or self-cover. When reverse printing in
whole or in part is required, indicate if solid or tone.
1.14. Avoid use of oversize fold-ins wherever possible. is can be done
by splitting a would-be fold-in and arranging the material to appear
as facing pages in the text. Where fold-ins are numerous and can-
not be split, consider folding and inserting these into an envelope
pasted to the inside back cover.
1.15. Every eort should be made to keep complete jobs of over 4 pages to
signatures (folded units) of 8, 12, 16, 24, or 32 pages. Where possible,
avoid having more than two blank pages at the end.
1.16. Indicate alternative choice of paper on the requisition. Where pos-
sible, conne choice of paper to general use items carried in inventory
as shown in the GPO Paper Catalogue (https://www.gpo.gov/pdfs/
customers/GPOPaperCatalogue0614.pdf).
1.17. If nonstandard trim sizes and/or type areas are used, indicate head
and back margins. Otherwise, GPO will determine the margins.
1.18 . Customers should submit copy for running heads and indicate the
numbering sequence for folios, including the preliminary pages.
1.19. Corrections should be made on rst proofs returned, as later proofs
are intended for verication only. All corrections must be indicated
on the “R” (revise) set of proofs, and only that set should be returned
to GPO.
1.20. Corrections should be marked in the margins of a proof opposite
the indicated errors, not by writing over the print or between the
lines. All queries on proofs must be answered or no change will be
made.
Advice to Authors and Editors 3
1.21. e following GPO publications relate to material included in this
M.
Government Paper Specification Standards
e purpose of these standards is to achieve compliance with relevant
statutes regarding printing papers; address environmental, workplace
safety, and paper longevity issues; and achieve maximum savings in the
Government’s paper purchases. 2011 (https://www.gpo.gov/pdfs/customers/
sfas/vol12/vol_12.pdf).
GPO Paper Samples
is publication is a supplement to Government Paper Specication
Standards. It includes samples of papers used by GPO. Used as a planning
aid and guide in selecting an adequate grade, weight, and color of paper for
a job of printing. 2011.
4 Chapter 1
1.22. Corrections made to proofs should be indicated as follows:
1 In lieu of the traditional mark “tr” used to indicate letter or number transpositions, the striking out of the
incorrect letters or numbers and the placement of the correct matter in the margin of the proof is the preferred
method of indicating transposition corrections.
2 Corrections involving more than two characters should be marked by striking out the entire word or number
and placing the correct form in the margin. is mark should be reserved to show transposition of words.
3 e form of any query carried should be such that an answer may be given simply by crossing out the complete
query if a negative decision is made or the right-hand (question mark) portion to indicate an armative answer.
Advice to Authors and Editors 5
N.—e system of marking proofs can be made easier by the use of an imaginary vertical line
through the center of the type area. e placement of corrections in the le-hand margin for those
errors found in the le-hand portion of the proof and in the right-hand margin for right-side errors
prevents overcrowding of marks and facilitates corrections.
7
2. General Instructions
Job planning
2.1. New publications are evaluated by application specialists who re-
view their requirements and design the necessary formats. Each
format is made to conform exactly to the copy’s specications for
page dimensions, line length, indentions, typefaces, etc. Upon com-
pletion, sample pages are produced and submitted to the customer.
At this time, customer agencies are requested to indicate precise de-
tails of any style changes because this set of pages serves as a guide
for the copy preparer, the beginning of actual production.
2.2. Changes in the needs of the library community have led to a move
toward uniform treatment of the component parts of publications.
In developing standards to guide publishers of Government docu-
ments, consideration has been given to the changing needs of those
who seek to produce, reference, index, abstract, store, search, and
retrieve data. Certain identifying elements will be printed on all
publications in accordance with this M and with standards
developed by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
Publications such as books and pamphlets should contain:
(a) Title and other title information;
(b) Name of department issuing or creating the publication;
(c) Name of author(s) and editor(s) (department or individual);
(d) Date of issuance;
(e) Availability (publisher, printer, or other source and address);
(f) Superintendent of Documents classication and stock numbers,
if applicable; and
(g) International Standard Book Number (ISBN).
(See ANSI Standard Z39.15, Title Leaves of a Book.)
8 Chapter 2
Reports of a scientic or technical nature should contain:
(a) Title and other title information;
(b) Report number;
(c) Author(s);
(d) Performing organization;
(e) Sponsoring department;
(f) Date of issuance;
(g) Type of report and period covered;
(h) Availability (publisher, printer, or other source and address);
and
(i) Superintendent of Documents classication and stock numbers
if applicable.
(See ANSI/NISO Standard Z39.18—2005 (R2010), Scientic and
Technical Reports—Preparation, Presentation, and Preservation.)
Journals, magazines, periodicals, and similar publications should
contain:
(a) Title and other title information;
(b) Volume and issue numbers;
(c) Date of issue;
(d) Publishing or sponsoring department;
(e) Availability (publisher, printer, or other source and address);
(f) International Standard Serial Number; and
(g) Superintendent of Documents classication and stock numbers
if applicable.
(See ANSI Standard Z39.1, American Standard Reference Data and
Arrangement of Periodicals.)
General Instructions 9
Federal Aviation
Administration
DOT/FAA/AM–08/6
Office of Aerospace Medicine
Washington, DC 20591
Use of Weather Information
by General Aviation Pilots,
Part I, Quantitative:
Reported Use and Value of
Providers and Products
William R. Knecht
Civil Aerospace Medical Institute
Oklahoma City, OK 73125
March 2008
Final Report
Report
number
Availability
statement
Title
Sponsoring
organization
Author
Performing
organization
name and
address
Date
Type of
report
Notes:
(1) is sample report cover is reduced in size.
(2) In this sample, items are justied le. Other cover designs and
typefaces are acceptable.
(3) is sample page was prepared according to the guidelines of the
American National Standards Institute, www.ansi.org. Users of
ANSI standards are cautioned that all standards are reviewed pe-
riodically and subject to revision.
10 Chapter 2
Makeup
2.3. e design and makeup of a publication is the responsibility of
the publisher. However, when the following elements occur in
Government publications, they generally appear in the sequence
listed below. e designation “new odd page” generally refers to
bookwork and is not required in most pamphlet- and magazine-
type publications.
(a) False title (frontispiece, if any, on back).
(b) Frontispiece, faces title page.
(c) Title page (new odd page).
(d) Back of title, blank, but frequently carries such useful biblio-
graphic information as list of board members, congressional
resolution authorizing publication, note of editions and print-
ings, GPO imprint if departmental imprint appears on title
page, sales notice, etc.
(e) Letter of transmittal (new odd page).
(f) Foreword (new odd page), diers from a preface in that it is an
introductory note written as an endorsement by a person other
than the author. An introduction diers from a foreword or a
preface in that it is the initial part of the text; if the book is di-
vided into chapters, it should be the rst chapter.
(g) Preface (new odd page), by author.
(h) Acknowledgments (new odd page), if not part of preface.
(i) Contents (new odd page), immediately followed by list of illus-
trations and list of tables, as parts of contents.
(j) Halitle, new odd page preceding rst page of text.
(k) Text, begins with page 1 (if halitle is used, begins with p. 3).
(l) Glossary (new odd page).
(m) Bibliography (new odd page).
(n) Appendix (new odd page).
(o) Index (new odd page).
General Instructions 11
2.4. Preliminary pages use small-cap Roman numerals. Pages in the
back of the book (index, etc.), use lowercase Roman numerals.
2.5. Booklets of 32 pages or less can be printed more economically with
a self-cover. A table of contents, title page, foreword, preface, etc., is
not usually necessary with so few pages. If some of this preliminary
matter is necessary, it is more practical to combine them (e.g., con-
tents on cover; or contents, title, and foreword on cover 2).
2.6. Widow lines (lines less than full width of measure) at top of pages
are to be avoided, if possible, but are permitted if absolutely neces-
sary to maintain uniform makeup and page depth. Rewording to
ll the line is a preferred alternative.
2.7. Paragraphs may start on the last line of a page whenever necessary.
If it is found necessary to make a short page, the facing page should
be of approximate equal depth.
2.8. A blank space or sink of 6 picas should be placed at the head of
each new odd or even page of 46-pica or greater depth; pages with
a depth of from 36 to 45 picas, inclusive, will carry a 5-pica sink;
pages less than 36 picas, 4 picas.
2.9. When centered top folios are used, the folio on a new page is set 2
points smaller than the top folios, centered at the bottom, and en-
closed in parentheses.
2.10. When running heads with top folios are used, running heads are
included in overall page depth. However, rst pages of chapters and
other pages with bottom folios do not include the folios as part of
the overall page depth.
2.11. Jobs that have bottom folios will align them in the margin, including
those on preliminary pages. If at all possible, avoid use of running
heads in conjunction with bottom folios.
2.12. Contents, list of illustrations, preface, or any other matter that
makes a page in itself will retain normal 6-pica sink.
2.13. Footnote references are repeated in boxheads or in continued lines
over tables, unless special orders are given not to do so.
12 Chapter 2
2.14. When a table continues, its headnote is repeated without the word
Continued.
2.15. A landscape or broadside table that continues from an even to an
odd page must be positioned to read through the center (gutter) of
the publication when its size is not sucient to ll both pages.
2.16. A broadside table of less than page width will center on the page.
2.17. Centerheads, whether in boldface, caps, caps and small caps, small
caps, or italic, should have more space above than below. Uniform
spacing should be maintained throughout the page.
2.18. In making up a page of two or more columns, text preceding a
page-width illustration will be divided equally into the appropriate
number of columns above the illustration.
2.19. All backstrips should read down (from top to bottom).
Copy preparation
2.20. At the beginning of each job the proper formats must be plainly
marked. New Odd or New Page, Preliminary, Cover, Title, or Back
Title should also be plainly indicated.
2.21. Copy preparers must mark those things not readily understood
when reading the manuscript. ey must also mark the correct ele-
ment identier code for each data element, as well as indicate other
matters of style necessary to give the publication good typographic
appearance.
2.22. Preparers must indicate the proper subformat at the beginning of
each extension, verify folios, and plainly indicate references, foot-
notes, cut-ins, etc.
2.23. Quoted or extract matter and lists should be set smaller than text
with space above and below. Quotation marks at the beginning and
end of paragraphs should be omitted. If the same type size is used,
quoted matter should be indented 2 ems on both sides with space
top and bottom, and initial and closing quotes should be omitted.
2.24. In congressional hearings, the name of the interrogator or witness
who continues speaking is repeated following a head set in boldface,
General Instructions 13
a paragraph enclosed in parentheses, or a paragraph enclosed in
brackets.
In a head set in boldface, the title “Mr.” is not used, and “the
Honorable” preceding a name is shortened to “Hon.” Street ad-
dresses are also deleted. Example: “Statement of Hon. John P. Blank,
Member, American Bar Association, Washington, DC”.
2.25. Paragraph or section numbers (or letters) followed by gures or let-
ters in parentheses will close up, as “section 7(B)(1)(a),” “paragraph
23(a),” “paragraph b(7),” “paragraph (a)(2)”; but “section 9(a) (1) and
(2)”, “section 7 a and b”. In case of an unavoidable break, division
will be made aer elements in parentheses, and no hyphen is used.
Capitalization
2.26. e customer should indicate use of capital and lowercase letters.
Datelines, addresses, and signatures
2.27. Copy preparers must mark caps, small caps, italic, abbreviations,
indentions, and line breaks where necessary. (For more detailed in-
structions, see Chapter 16 “Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures.”)
Decimals and common fractions
2.28. In gure columns containing both decimals and common fractions,
such decimals and/or fractions will not be aligned. e columns
will be set ush right.
“Et cetera,” “etc.,” and “and so forth”
2.29. In printing a speaker’s language, the words and so forth or et ce-
tera are preferred, but in “FIC & punc.” matter etc. is acceptable.
If a quoted extract is set in type smaller than that of the preceding
text and the speaker has summed up the remainder of the quota-
tion with the words and so forth or et cetera, these words should be
placed at the beginning of the next line, ush and lowercase, and an
em dash should be used at the end of the extract.
14 Chapter 2
Folioing and stamping copy
2.30. Folios should be placed in the upper right corner, preferably half an
inch from the top.
Headings
2.31. e element identier codes to be used for all headings must be
marked. Caps, caps and small caps, small caps, caps and lowercase,
sentence case, or italic must be prepared. (See rule 3.53.)
Pickup
2.32. e jacket number of a job from which matter is to be picked up
must be indicated. New matter and pickup matter should conform
in style.
Sidenotes and cut-in notes
2.33. Sidenotes and cut-in notes are set each line ush le and ragged
right, unless otherwise prepared, and are always set solid. Sidenotes
are usually set in 6 point, 4½ picas wide. Footnotes to sidenotes and
text should be set 21½ picas.
An alleged violation of the rule relating to admission to the oor
S. 920. Abuse presents a question of privilege (III, 2624, 2625; VI, 579), but not a
of the rule. higher question of privilege than an election case (III, 2626). In one
case where an ex-Member was abusing the privilege . . . .
Signs, symbols, etc.
2.34. All signs, symbols, dashes, superiors, etc., must be clearly marked.
Names of Greek letters must be indicated, as they are frequently
mistaken for italic letters or symbols.
2.35. Some typesetting systems produce characters that look the same as
gures. A lowercase l resembles a gure 1 and a capital O looks like
a gure 0. Questionable characters will be printed as gures unless
otherwise marked.
Letters illustrating shape and form
2.36. Use the same font for text and capital letters that convey shape and
form, e.g., U-shape(d), A-frame, T-bone, and I-beam.
General Instructions 15
2. 37. Plurals are formed by adding an apostrophe and the letter s to letters
illustrating shape and form, such as T’s and Y’s. Golf tee(s) should be
spelled, as shape is not indicated.
2.38. A capital letter is used in U-boat, V–8, and other expressions which
have no reference to shape or form.
Fol. lit. and FIC & punc.
2.39. Aer submittal to GPO, manuscript copy is stamped “Fol. lit.” or
“FIC & punc.” e dierence between these two typesetting in-
structions is explained thus:
Copy is followed when stamped “Fol. lit.” (follow literally). Copy au-
thorized to be marked “Fol. lit.” must be thoroughly prepared by the
requisitioning agency as to capitalization, punctuation (including
compounding), abbreviations, signs, symbols, gures, and italic.
Such copy, including even obvious errors, will be followed. e lack
of preparation on copy so designated will, in itself, constitute prepa-
ration. “Fol. lit.” does not include size and style of type or spacing.
Obvious errors are corrected in copy marked “FIC & punc.” (follow,
including capitalization and punctuation).
2.40. Bill copy will be followed as supplied and treated as “FIC & punc.”
(See rule 2.39.) is data is transmitted to the GPO with formatting
codes in place, requiring minimal copy preparation.
2.41. Copy preparer’s instructions, which accompany each job, are writ-
ten to cover the general style and certain peculiarities or deviations
from style. ese instructions must be followed.
Abbreviations
2.42. In marking abbreviations to be spelled, preparers must show what
the spelled form should be, unless the abbreviations are common.
An unfamiliar abbreviation, with spelled-out form unavailable, will
not be changed.
16 Chapter 2
Type composition
2.43. Operators and revisers must study carefully the rules governing
composition.
2.44. In correcting pickup matter, the operator must indicate plainly on
the proof what portion, if any, was actually reset.
2.45. Every precaution must be taken to prevent the soiling of proofs, as it
is necessary for the reviser to see clearly every mark on the margin
of a proof aer it has been corrected.
2.46. Queries intended for the author are not to be corrected. Such que-
ries, however, are not to be carried on jobs going directly to press.
Leading and spacing
2.47. Spacing of text is governed by the leading, narrow spacing being
more desirable in solid than in leaded matter.
2.48. Solid matter (text) is dened as those lines set without horizontal
space between them. Leaded text is dened as lines separated by 1
or 2 points of space.
2.49. A single justied word space will be used between sentences (key
one space when typing). is applies to all types of composition.
2.50. Center or ush heads set in caps, caps and small caps, small caps, or
boldface are keyed with regular justied spaces between words.
2.51. Centerheads are set apart from the text by the use of spacing. More
space is always inserted above a heading than below. In 10-point
type, the spacing would be 10 points over and 8 points under a head-
ing; in 8- and 6-point type, the spacing would be 8 points above and
6 points below.
2.52. Unless otherwise marked, ush heads are separated from text by 4
points of space above and 2 points of space below in solid matter,
and by 6 points of space above and 4 points of space below in leaded
matter.
2.53. Full-measure numbered or lettered paragraphs and quoted extracts
are not separated by space from adjoining matter.
General Instructions 17
2.54. Extracts that are set o from the text by smaller type or are indented
on both sides or indented 3 ems on the le side (courtwork only) are
separated by 6 points of space in leaded matter and by 4 points of
space in solid matter.
2.55. Extracts set solid in leaded matter are separated from the text by 6
points.
2.56. Flush lines following extracts are separated by 6 points of space in
leaded matter and by 4 points in solid matter.
2. 57. Footnotes and legends are leaded if the text is leaded, and are solid
if the text is solid.
2.58. Leaderwork is separated from text by 4 points above and 4 points
below.
Indents
2.59. In measures less than 30 picas, the paragraph indent is 1 em.
Paragraph indents in cut-in matter are 3 ems, overs are 2 ems.
Datelines and signatures are indented in multiples of 2 ems.
Addresses are set ush le.
2.60. In measures 30 picas or wider, the paragraph indent is 2 ems.
Paragraph indents in cut-in matter are 6 ems, overs are 4 ems.
Datelines and signatures are indented in multiples of 2 ems.
Addresses are set ush le.
2.61. In measures less than 30 picas, overruns in hanging indents are 1
em more than the rst line. To avoid conict with an indent that
follows, such as a subentry or paragraph, the overrun indent is made
1 em more than the following line.
2.62. In measures 30 picas or wider, overruns in hanging indents are 2
ems more than the rst line. To avoid conict with an indent that
follows, such as a subentry or paragraph, the overrun indent is made
2 ems more than the following line.
2.63. Indents of matter set in smaller type should be the same, in points,
as that of adjoining main-text indented matter.
18 Chapter 2
2.64. Two-line centerheads are centered, but heads of three or more lines
are set with a hanging indent.
2.65. Overs in ush heads are indented 2 ems in measures less than 30
picas, and 3 ems in wider measures.
Legends for illustrations
2.66. It is preferred that legends and explanatory data consisting of one or
two lines are set centered, while those with more than two lines are
set with a hanging indent. Legends are set full measure regardless of
the width of the illustration. Paragraph style is acceptable.
2.67. Legend lines for illustrations that appear broad or turn page
(landscape) should be printed to read up; an even-page legend
should be on the inside margin and an odd-page legend on the out-
side margin.
2.68. Unless otherwise indicated, legends for illustrations are set in
8-point roman, sentence case.
2.69. Periods are used aer legends and explanatory remarks beneath il-
lustrations. However, legends without descriptive language do not
use a period. (See rule 8.116.)
2.70. At the beginning of a legend or standing alone, Figure preceding the
identifying number or letter is set in caps and small caps and is not
abbreviated.
F 5, not F. 5 F A, not F. A
2.71. If a chart carries both a legend and footnotes, the legend is placed
above the chart.
2.72. Letter symbols used in legends for illustrations are set in lowercase
italic without periods.
Proofreading
2.73. All special instructions, layouts, and style sheets must be included
with the rst installment of each job.
2.74. If the proofreader detects inconsistent or erroneous statements, it is
their responsibility to query them.
General Instructions 19
2.75. All queries appearing on the copy must be carried to the author’s set
of proofs.
2.76. Proofs that are illegible or are in any manner defective must be
called to the attention of the deskperson.
2.77. e manner in which correction marks are made on a proof is of
considerable importance. Straggling, unsymmetrical characters,
disconnected marks placed in the margin above or below the lines
to which they relate, irregular lines leading from an incorrect let-
ter or word to a correction, large marks, marks made with a blunt
pencil, indistinct marks, and frequent use of the eraser to obliter-
ate marks hastily or incorrectly made are faults to be avoided. e
transposition mark should not be used in little-known words or in
gures. It is better to cancel the letters or gures and write them in
the margin in the order in which they are to appear.
2.78. In reading proof of wide tables, the proofreader should place the
correction as near as possible to the error.
2.79. To assure proper placement of footnotes, the proofreader and re-
viser must draw a ring around footnote references on the proofs,
then check o each corresponding footnote number.
2.80. Proofreaders must not make important changes in indents or tables
without consulting the referee.
2.81. Follow the marks of the copy preparer, as they are in a position to
know more about the peculiarities of a job than one who reads but
a small portion of it.
2.82. Any proposed deviation from the prepared manuscript must be
queried to the referee.
2.83. All instructions on copy must be carried on proof by readers.
2.84. Folios of copy must be run by the proofreader and marked on the
proof.
2.85. All instructions, comments, and extraneous notes on both copy
and proofs that are not intended to be set as part of the text must be
circled.
20 Chapter 2
Revising galley proofs
2.86. e importance of revising proofs cannot be overemphasized.
Although a reviser is not expected to read proof, it is not enough to
follow the marks found on the proof. e reviser should detect er-
rors and inconsistencies and must see that all corrections have been
properly made and that words or lines have not been transposed or
eliminated in making the corrections.
2. 87. A reviser must not remodel the punctuation of the proofreaders or
make any important changes. If an important change should be
made, the reviser must submit the proposed change to the supervi-
sor for a decision.
2.88. In the body of the work, new pages must be properly indicated on
the proof. (For new-page information, see rule 2.3 “Makeup.”)
2.89. All instructions and queries on proofs must be transferred to the
revised set of proofs.
Revising page proofs
2.90. Page revising requires great diligence and care. e reviser must see
that the rules governing the instructions of previous workers have
been followed.
2.91. e reviser is responsible for marking all bleed and o-center pages.
2.92. A blank page must be indicated at the bottom of the preceding page.
2.93. Special care must be exercised in revising corrected matter. If it
appears that a correction has not been made, the reviser should
carefully examine each line on the page to see if the correction was
inserted in the wrong place.
2.94. e following rules must be carefully observed:
(a) See that the proof is clean and clear; request another if necessary.
(b) Verify that the galley proofs are in order and that the data on the
galleys runs in properly to facilitate continuous makeup.
General Instructions 21
(c) Make sure that dierent sets of proofs of the same job are cor-
rectly marked in series (“R,” “2R,” “3R,” etc.); where a sheet is
stamped “Another proof,” carry the same designating “R” on the
corresponding clean proof. Advance the “R,” “2R,” “3R,” etc., on
each set of page proofs returned from the originating oce.
(d) Run the page folios, make sure they are consecutive and that
the running heads, if used, are correct. Check connection pages.
Verify correct sequence for footnote references and placement.
It is imperative that footnotes appear or begin on the same page
as their reference, unless style dictates that all footnotes are to
appear together in one location.
(e) Watch for dropouts, doublets, and transpositions.
(f) Legend lines of full-page illustrations that appear broad should
be printed to read up—the even-page legend on the binding or
inside margin and the odd-page legend on the outside margin.
(g) If a footnote is eliminated, do not renumber the footnotes;
change footnote to read “Footnote eliminated.”
2.95. If a footnote is added in proof, use the preceding number with a
superior letter added, as 15a.
2.96. If a table (with or without footnotes) ends a page that has footnotes
to the text, the text footnotes fall at the bottom of the page, with a
50-point rule above them. (See rule 13.76.)
Press revising
2.97. Press revising calls for the exercise of utmost care. e press re-
viser must be thoroughly familiar with the style and makeup of
Government publications. ey are required to OK all forms that
go to press—bookwork, covers, jobwork, etc.—and must see that
all queries are answered. Knowledge of the bindery operations re-
quired to complete a book or job and familiarity with all types of
imposition, folds, etc., is helpful. e reviser must be capable of as-
certaining the proper head, back, and side margins for all work, to
ensure proper trimming of the completed job.
22 Chapter 2
2.98. Although speed is essential when forms reach the press reviser, ac-
curacy is still paramount and must not be sacriced.
Signature marks, etc.
2.99. Unless otherwise indicated, signature marks are set in 6-point low-
ercase and indented 3 ems.
2.100. Figures indicating the year should follow the jacket number in sig-
nature marks:
1 25–3 27—16——4 116 – 52 9 —16— vo l . 1 —— 3
116 – 52 9 —16— p t . 5 —— 3
2.101. When the allmark () and signature or the imprint and signature
appear on same page, the signature line is placed below the allmark
or imprint. (See rule 2.113.)
2.102. e allmark is placed below the page, bulletin, or circular number
but above the signature line, if both appear on the same page.
2.103. Imprints and signature lines appearing on short pages of text are
placed at the bottom of the page.
2.104. On a congressional job reprinted because of a change, the House
and Senate have approved the following styles:
House of Representatives: Senate:
17–2 3 4 —16 —— 2 17–2 35 —16 —— 2 (Star Print)
2.105. e following forms are used for signature marks in House and
Senate documents and reports printed on session jackets:
H. Doc. 73, 16–1—— 2 S. Doc. 57, 16–1—— 2
S. Doc. 57, 16–2, pt. 1—— 2 S. Doc. 57, 16–2, vol. 1—— 2
H. Rept. 120, 16–2—— 8 S. Rept. 100, 16–2—— 9
2.106. In a document or report printed on other than a session jacket, use
the jacket number, year, and signature number only, omitting the
document or report number. (See rule 2.100.)
General Instructions 23
2.107. For pasters or foldouts, the jacket number, the year, and the page
to be faced by the paster or foldout are used as follows (note
punctuation):
12–344—— 16 (Face p. 10)
2.108. On a paster or foldout facing an even page, the marks are placed on
the lower right-hand side; on a paster or foldout facing an odd page,
the marks are placed on the lower le-hand side.
2.109. If more than one paster or foldout faces the same page, they are
numbered as follows:
12–344—— 16 (Face p. 19) No. 1
12–344—— 16 (Face p. 19) No. 2
2.110. When a paster or foldout follows the text, the allmark is placed on
the last page of the text and never on the paster or foldout.
Imprints
2.111. Unless otherwise stipulated, the GPO imprint must appear on all
printed matter, with the exception of certain classied work.
2.112. e full GPO imprint is used on the title page of a congressional
speech.
2.113. e imprint and allmark are not used together on any page; if one is
used, the other is omitted.
2.114. e imprint is not used on a halitle or on any page of a cover, with
the exception of congressional hearings.
2.115. If there is a title page, the imprint is placed on the title page; but if
there is no title page, or if the title page is entirely an illustration, the
imprint is placed on the last page of the text 4 ems from ush right
and below the bottom folio.
2.116. e GPO logo is used only on GPO publications. If it is printed on
page , the full imprint is used on the title page; if it is printed on the
title page, use the half imprint only, thus—Washington : 2016.
24 Chapter 2
Imprint variations
2.117. is is one style of an imprint that can appear on the title page.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing Oce
· Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov · Phone: Toll Free 866–512–1800
· DC area 202–512–1800 · Fax: 202–512–2104
· Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001
· www.govinfo.gov
2.118. In the event that a title page is not used, the imprint is printed on the
last page and positioned ush le below the text.
For sale by the Superintendent of Documents, U.S. Government Publishing
Oce
· Internet: bookstore.gpo.gov · Phone: toll free 866–512–1800
· DC area 202–512–1800 · Fax: 202–512–2250
· Mail: Stop SSOP, Washington, DC 20402–0001
· www.govinfo.gov
2.119. Outside-purchase publications are identied by the GPO logo at the
beginning of the imprint line. ese lines are positioned 4 ems from
the right margin.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE: 2016—456–789
2.12 0. Publications purchased outside that are reprinted by the GPO use
an em dash in lieu of the GPO logo.
—U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE: 2016—456–789
2.121. Jobs set on outside purchase but printed by the GPO use an asterisk
in lieu of the GPO logo.
*U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE: 2016—456–789
2.122. Publications produced from camera copy supplied to the GPO are
identied by cc printed at the end of the line.
U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE: 2016—123–456–cc
General Instructions 25
Reprints
2.123. To aid bibliographic identication of reprints or revisions, the dates
of the original edition and of reprint or revision should be supplied
by the author on the title page or in some other suitable place. us:
First edition July 2000 Original edition May 2000
Reprinted July 2005 Reprinted May 2005
First printed June 2000 Revised July 2007
Revised June 2005
2.124. e year in the imprint on cover, title page, or elsewhere is not
changed from that in the original print, nor are the signatures
changed, unless other revisions are necessary.
Sales notices
2.125. e use of sales notices is discouraged.
2.12 6. If there is a cover but no title page, the sales notice is printed on the
cover. Unless otherwise indicated, if there is a title page, with or
without a cover, the sales notice is printed at the bottom of the title
page below a cross rule. If there is no cover or title page, any sales
notice is printed at the end of the text, below the imprint, and the
two are separated by a cross rule.
Franking
2.127. e franking (mailing) privilege on covers for Government publi-
cations should be at least 1⅛ inches from the trim.
Bibliographies or references
2.12 8. ere are many styles available to bibliographers, for there are many
classes of documents.
A Government bulletin citation, according to one authority, would
be treated as follows:
Author’s name (if the article is signed); title of article (in quotation marks);
the publication (usually in italic), with correct references to volume, number,
series, pages, date, and publisher (U.S. Govt. Pub. O.).
26 Chapter 2
erefore the example would read:
U.S. Department of the Interior, “Highlights in history of forest and re-
lated natural resource conservation,” Conservation Bulletin, No. 41 (serial
number not italic), Washington, U.S. Dept. of the Interior (or U.S. Govt. Pub.
O.), 1997. 1 p. (or p. 1).
Another Government periodical citation would read as follows:
Kirwan, Patrick S., “New Qualied Plug-in Electric Drive Motor Vehicle
Credit,” Internal Revenue Bulletin, No. 2009-48, pp. 713–717 (November 30,
2009), Internal Revenue Service.
Clarity may be maintained by capitalizing each word in book titles,
with only the rst word in the title of articles.
Other examples are:
Preston W. Slosson, e Great Crusade And Aer: 1914–1928 (New York:
Macmillan, 1930)
Edward B. Rosa, “e economic importance of the scientic work of the
government,” J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 10, 342 (1920)
or:
Preston W. Slosson, e Great Crusade and Aer: 1914–1928 (New York:
Macmillan, 1930)
Edward B. Rosa, “e Economic Importance of the Scientic Work of the
Government,” J. Wash. Acad. Sci. 10, 342 (1920)
Note in this that the principal words in both book titles and titles
of articles are capitalized. Consistency is more important in biblio-
graphic style than the style itself.
e science of bibliography is covered in many texts, and the follow-
ing references are available for study:
e Chicago Manual of Style, University of Chicago Press, Chicago, 2010
(www.chicagomanualofstyle.org/home.html).
Words Into Type, Prentice-Hall, New York, 1974.
27
3. Capitalization Rules
(See also Chapter 4 “Capitalization Examples” and Chapter 9 “Abbreviations and Letter Symbols”)
3.1. It is impossible to give rules that will cover every conceivable prob-
lem in capitalization, but, by considering the purpose to be served
and the underlying principles, it is possible to attain a considerable
degree of uniformity. e list of approved forms given in chapter 4
will serve as a guide. Obviously such a list cannot be complete. e
correct usage with respect to any term not included can be deter-
mined by analogy or by application of the rules.
Historic or documentary accuracy
3.2. Where historic, documentary, technical, or scientic accuracy is
required, capitalization and other features of style of the original
text should be followed.
Proper names
3.3. Proper names are capitalized.
Rome John Macadam Italy
Brussels Macadam family Anglo-Saxon
Derivatives of proper names
3.4. Derivatives of proper names used with a proper meaning are
capitalized.
Roman (of Rome) Johannean Italian
3.5. Derivatives of proper names used with acquired independent com-
mon meaning, or no longer identied with such names, are set
lowercased. Since this depends upon general and long-continued
usage, a more denite and all-inclusive rule cannot be formulated
in advance.
roman (type) macadam (crushed rock) italicize
brussels sprouts watt (electric unit) anglicize
venetian blinds plaster of paris pasteurize
28 Chapter 3
Common nouns and adjectives in proper names
3.6. A common noun or adjective forming an essential part of a proper
name is capitalized; the common noun used alone as a substitute for
the name of a place or thing is not capitalized.
Massachusetts Avenue; the avenue
Washington Monument; the monument
Statue of Liberty; the statue
Hoover Dam; the dam
Boston Light; the light
Modoc National Forest; the national forest
Panama Canal; the canal
Soldiers’ Home in Holyoke; the soldiers’ home
Johnson House (hotel); Johnson house (residence)
Crow Reservation; the reservation
Cape of Good Hope; the cape
Jersey City
Washington City
but city of Washington; the city
Cook County; the county
Great Lakes; the lakes
Lake of the Woods; the lake
North Platte River; the river
Lower California
but lower Mississippi
Charles the First; Charles I
Seventeenth Census; the 1960 census
3.7. If a common noun or adjective forming an essential part of a name
becomes separated from the rest of the name by an intervening
common noun or adjective, the entire expression is no longer a
proper noun and is therefore not capitalized.
Union Station: union passenger station
Eastern States: eastern farming States
United States popularly elected government
3.8. A common noun used alone as a well-known short form of a spe-
cic proper name is capitalized.
the Capitol building in Washington, DC; but State capitol building
the Channel (English Channel)
the Chunnel (tunnel below English Channel)
the District (District of Columbia)
Capitalization Rules 29
3.9. e plural form of a common noun capitalized as part of a proper
name is also capitalized.
Seventh and I Streets
Lakes Erie and Ontario
Potomac and James Rivers
State and Treasury Departments
British, French, and United States Governments
Presidents Washington and Adams
3.10. A common noun used with a date, number, or letter, merely to de-
note time or sequence, or for the purpose of reference, record, or
temporary convenience, does not form a proper name and is there-
fore not capitalized. (See also rule 3.39.)
abstract B gure 7 room A722
amendment 5 rst district (not rule 8
apartment 2 congressional) schedule K
appendix C ight 007 section 3
article 1 graph 8 signature 4
book II group 7 spring 1926
chapter III mile 7.5 station 27
chart B page 2 table 4
class I paragraph 4 title IV
collection 6 part I volume X
column 2 phase 3 ward 2
drawing 6 plate IV
exhibit D region 3
3.11. e following terms are lowercased, even with a name or number.
aqueduct irrigation project shipway
breakwater jetty slip
buoy levee spillway
chute lock turnpike
dike pier watershed
dock reclamation project weir
drydock ship canal wharf
Definite article in proper place names
3.12. To achieve greater distinction or to adhere to the authorized form,
the word the (or its equivalent in a foreign language) is capitalized
when used as a part of an ocial name or title. When such name or
30 Chapter 3
title is used adjectively, the is not capitalized, nor is the supplied at
any time when not in copy.
British Consul v. e Mermaid (title of legal case)
e Dalles (OR); e Weirs (NH); but the Dalles region; the Weirs streets
e Hague; but the Hague Court; the Second Hague Conference
El Salvador; Las Cruces; L’Esterel
e National Mall; e Mall (Washington, DC only)
e Gambia
but the Congo, the Sudan, the Netherlands
3.13. Rule 3.12 does not apply in references to newspapers, periodicals,
vessels, airships, trains, rm names, etc.
the Washington Post the U–3
the Times the Los Angeles
the Atlantic Monthly the Hotel Roanoke
the Mermaid the National Photo Co.
Particles in names of persons
3.14. In foreign names such particles as d’, da, de, della, den, du, van,
and von are capitalized unless preceded by a forename or title.
Individual usage, if ascertainable, should be followed.
Da Ponte; Cardinal da Ponte
Den Uyl; Johannes den Uyl; Prime Minister den Uyl
Du Pont; E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
Van Rensselaer; Stephen van Rensselaer
Von Braun; Dr. Wernher von Braun
but d’Orbigny; Alcide d’Orbigny; de la Madrid; Miguel de la Madrid
3.15. In anglicized names such particles are usually capitalized, even if
preceded by a forename or title, but individual usage, if ascertain-
able, should be followed.
Justice Van Devanter; Reginald De Koven
omas De Quincey; William De Morgan
Henry van Dyke (his usage)
Samuel F. Du Pont (his usage); Irénée du Pont
3.16. If copy is not clear as to the form of such a name (for example, La
Forge or Laforge), the two-word form should be used.
Capitalization Rules 31
3.17. In names set in capitals, de, von, etc., are also capitalized.
Names of organized bodies
3.18. e full names of existing or proposed organized bodies and their
shortened names are capitalized; other substitutes, which are most
oen regarded as common nouns, are capitalized only in certain
specied instances to indicate preeminence or distinction.
National governmental units:
U.S. Congress: 114th Congress; the Congress; Congress; the Senate; the House;
Committee of the Whole, the Committee; but committee (all other con-
gressional committees)
Department of Agriculture: the Department; Division of Publications, the
Division; similarly all major departmental units; but legislative, execu-
tive, and judicial departments
Bureau of the Census: the Census Bureau, the Bureau; but the agency
Environmental Protection Agency: the Agency
Geological Survey: the Survey
Government Publishing Oce: the Publishing Oce, the Oce
American Embassy, British Embassy: the Embassy; but the consulate; the con-
sulate general
Treasury of the United States: General Treasury; National Treasury; Public
Treasury; the Treasury; Treasury notes; New York Subtreasury, the
subtreasury
Department of Defense: Military Establishment; Armed Forces; All-Volunteer
Forces; but armed services
U.S. Army: the Army; All-Volunteer Army; the Infantry; 81st Regiment;
Army Establishment; the Army Band; Army ocer; Regular Army of-
cer; Reserve ocer; Volunteer ocer; but army shoe; Grant’s army;
Robinson’s brigade; the brigade; the corps; the regiment; infantryman
U.S. Navy: the Navy; the Marine Corps; Navy (Naval) Establishment; Navy
ocer; but naval shipyard; naval ocer; naval station
U.S. Air Force: the Air Force
U.S. Coast Guard: the Coast Guard
French Ministry of Foreign Aairs; the Ministry; French Army; British Navy
American Indian and Alaska Native federally recognized entities:
Shawnee Tribe, the Tribe; Cherokee Nation, the Nation; Alturas Indian
Rancheria, the Rancheria; Cahuilla Band of Indians, the Band; Takotna
Village, the Village; Akiak Native Community, the Community
International organizations:
United Nations: the Council; the Assembly; the Secretariat
32 Chapter 3
Permanent Court of Arbitration: the Court; the Tribunal (only in the proceed-
ings of a specic arbitration tribunal)
Hague Peace Conference of 1907: the Hague Conference; the Peace Conference;
the Conference
Common-noun substitutes:
Virginia General Assembly: the assembly
California State Highway Commission: Highway Commission of California;
the highway commission; the commission
Montgomery County Board of Health: the Board of Health, Montgomery
County; the board of health; the board
Common Council of the City of Pittsburgh: the common council; the council
Bualo Consumers’ League: the consumers’ league; the league
Republican Party: the party
Southern Railroad Co.: the Southern Railroad; Southern Co.; Southern Road;
the railroad company; the company
Riggs National Bank: the Riggs Bank; the bank
Metropolitan Club: the club
Yale School of Law: Yale University School of Law; School of Law, Yale Uni-
versity; school of law
3.19. e names of members and adherents of organized bodies are capi-
talized to distinguish them from the same words used merely in a
descriptive sense.
a Representative (U.S.) a Shriner a Boy Scout
a Republican a Socialist a Knight (K.C., K.P., etc.)
an Elk an Odd Fellow
a Federalist a Democrat
Names of countries, domains, and administrative divisions
3.20. e ocial designations of countries, national domains, and their
principal administrative divisions are capitalized only if used as
part of proper names, as proper names, or as proper adjectives.
(See Chapter 17, Principal Foreign Countries table.)
United States: the Republic; the Nation; the Union; the Government; also
Federal, Federal Government; but republic (when not referring speci-
cally to one such entity); republican (in general sense); a nation devoted
to peace
New York State: the State, a State (a denite political subdivision of rst rank);
State of Veracruz; Balkan States; six States of Australia; State rights; but
state (referring to a federal government, the body politic); foreign states;
church and state; statehood; state’s evidence
Capitalization Rules 33
Territory: territory of American Samoa, Guam, Virgin Islands; Yukon,
Northwest Territories; the Territory(ies), Terri torial
Dominion of Canada: the Dominion; but dominion (in general sense)
Ontario Province, Province of Ontario: the Province, Provincial; but prov-
ince, provincial (in general sense)
3.21. e similar designations commonwealth, confederation (federal),
government, nation (national), powers, republic, etc., are capitalized
only if used as part of proper names, as proper names, or as proper
adjectives.
British Commonwealth, Commonwealth of Virginia: the Commonwealth;
but a commonwealth government (general sense)
Swiss Confederation: the Confederation; the Federal Council; the Federal
Government; but confederation, federal (in general sense)
French Government: the Government; French and Italian Governments: the
Governments; but government (in general sense); the Churchill govern-
ment; European governments
Cherokee Nation: the Nation; but Greek nation; American nations
National Government (of any specic nation); but national customs
Allied Powers, Allies (in World Wars I and II); but our allies, weaker allies;
Central Powers (in World War I); but the powers; European powers
Republic of South Africa: the Republic; but republic (in general sense)
Names of regions, localities, and geographic features
3.22. A descriptive term used to denote a denite region, locality, or geo-
graphic feature is a proper name and is therefore capitalized; also
for temporary distinction a coined name of a region is capitalized.
the North Atlantic States
the Gulf States
the Central States
the Pacic Coast States
the Lake States
East North Central States
Eastern North Central States
Far Western States
Eastern United States
the West
the Midwest
the Middle West
the Far West
the Eastern Shore (Chesapeake Bay)
the Badlands (SD and NE)
the Continental Divide
Deep South
Midsouth
the Far East
Far Eastern
the East
Middle East
Middle Eastern
Mideast
Mideastern (Asia)
Near East (Balkans, etc.)
the Promised Land
the Continent (continental Europe)
the Western Hemisphere
the North Pole
34 Chapter 3
3.23. A descriptive term used to denote direction or position is not a
proper name and is therefore not capitalized.
north; south; east; west
northerly; northern; northward
eastern; oriental; occidental
east Pennsylvania
southern California
northern Virginia; but Northern Virginia (D.C. suburbs)
west Florida; but West Florida (1763–1819)
eastern region; western region
north-central region
east coast; eastern seaboard
northern Italy
southern France
but East Germany; West Germany (former political entities)
Names of calendar divisions
3.24. e names of calendar divisions are capitalized.
January; February; March; etc.
Monday; Tuesday; Wednesday; etc.
but spring; summer; autumn (fall); winter
Names of holidays, etc.
3.25. e names of holidays and ecclesiastic feast and fast days are
capitalized.
the North and South Poles
the Temperate Zone
the Torrid Zone
the East Side
Lower East Side (sections of a city)
Western Europe, Central Europe)
(political entities)
but
lower 48 (States)
the Northeast corridor
April Fools’ Day
Arbor Day
Armed Forces Day
Birthday of Martin Luther King, Jr.
Christmas Day, Eve
Columbus Day
Father’s Day
Feast of the Passover; the Passover
Flag Day
Fourth of July; the Fourth
Halloween
Hanukkah
Inauguration Day (Federal)
Independence Day
Labor Day
Lincoln’s Birthday
Memorial Day (also
Decoration Day)
Capitalization Rules 35
Trade names and trademarks
3.26. Trade names, variety names, and names of market grades and
brands are capitalized. Some trade names have come into usage
as generic terms (e.g., cellophane, thermos, and aspirin); when ref-
erence is being made to the formal company or specic product
name, capitalization should be used. (See Chapter 4 “Capitalization
Examples” trade names and trademarks.)
Choice lamb (market grade) Xerox (the company)
Red Radiance rose (variety) but photocopy (the process)
Scientific names
3.27. e name of a phylum, class, order, family, or genus is capitalized.
e name of a species is not capitalized, even if derived from a
proper name. (See rule 11.9.)
Arthropoda (phylum), Crustacea (class), Hypoparia (order), Agnostidae
(family), Agnostus (genus)
Agnostus canadensis; Aconitum wilsonii; Epigaea repens (genus and species)
3.28. In scientic descriptions coined terms derived from proper names
are not capitalized.
aviculoid menodontine
3.29. Any plural formed by adding s to a Latin generic name is capitalized.
Rhynchonellas Spirifers
3.30. In soil science the 12 soil orders are capitalized.
Alsols Gelisols Oxisols
Andisols Histosols Spodosols
Aridisols Inceptisols Ultisols
Entisols Mollisols Vertisols
Mother’s Day
New Year’s Day, Eve
Patriot Day
Presidents Day
Ramadan
Rosh Hashanah
St. Valentine’s Day
anksgiving Day
Veterans Day
Washington’s Birthday
Yom Kippur
but election day, primary day
36 Chapter 3
3.31. Capitalize the names of the celestial bodies as well as the planets.
Sun Mars Alpha Centauri
Moon the Big Dipper Orion
Saturn Ceres the Milky Way
Earth Kepler-1647b but the moons of Jupiter
3.32. In general, names of diseases, viruses, and syndromes are not capi-
talized. An exception is when the disease is named for the person
who discovered it or the geographic location where the disease
occurred.
Alzheimer(’s) disease Hodgkin lymphoma
cancer Lyme disease
diabetes measles
Down syndrome Parkinson(’s) disease
Ebola virus West Nile virus
group A strep infection; Zika virus
hepatitis C; herpes B virus
Historical or political events
3.33. Names of historical or political events used as a proper name are
capitalized.
Battle of Bunker Hill
Christian Era
Cold War
D-Day
Dust Bowl
Fall of Rome
Great Depression
Great Society
Holocaust, the
Middle Ages
New Deal
New Federalism
New Frontier
Prohibition
Restoration
Reformation
Renaissance
the American
Revolution; the
Revolution
V-E Day
War of 1812
War on Poverty
but Korean war; Vietnam war; Gulf war
Personification
3.34. A vivid personication is capitalized.
e Chair recognizes the gentlewoman from New York;
but I spoke with the chair yesterday.
For Nature wields her scepter mercilessly.
All of a sudden,
Time stood still.
Capitalization Rules 37
Religious terms
3.35. Words denoting the Deity except who, whose, and whom; names
for the Bible and other sacred writings and their parts; names of
confessions of faith and of religious bodies and their adherents; and
words specically denoting Satan are all capitalized.
Heavenly Father; the Almighty; Lord; ee; ou; He; Him; but himself; You,
Your; y, ine; [God’s] fatherhood
Mass; Communion
Divine Father; but divine providence; divine guidance; divine service
Son of Man; Jesus’ sonship; the Messiah; but a messiah; messiahship; messi-
anic; messianize; christology; christological
Bible, Holy Scriptures, Scriptures, Word; Koran; Talmud; also Biblical;
Scriptural; Koranic; Talmudic
New Testament; Ten Commandments
Gospel (memoir of Christ); but gospel music
Apostles’ Creed
Episcopal Church; an Episcopalian; Catholicism; a Protestant
Christian; also Christendom; Christianity; Christianize
Black Friars; Brother(s); King’s Daughters; Daughter(s); Ursuline Sisters;
Sister(s)
Satan; the Devil; but a devil; the devils; devil’s advocate
Titles of persons
3.36. Civil, religious, military, and professional titles, as well as those of
nobility, immediately preceding a name are capitalized.
President Obama Dr. Bellinger
Queen Elizabeth II Nurse Joyce Norton
Ambassador Acton Professor Leverett
Lieutenant Fowler Examiner Jones (law)
Chairman Williams Vice-Presidential candidate Smith
but baseball player Harper; maintenance person Flow; foreperson Taylor
3.37. To indicate preeminence or distinction in certain specied in-
stances, a common-noun title immediately following the name of a
person or used alone as a substitute for it is capitalized.
Title of a head or assistant head of state:
Barack Obama, President of the United States: the President; the President-
elect; the Executive; the Chief Magistrate; the Commander in Chief;
ex-President Bush; former President Reagan; similarly the Vice President;
the Vice-President-elect; ex-Vice-President Cheney
38 Chapter 3
Terry McAulie, Governor of Virginia: the Governor of Virginia; the
Governor; similarly the Lieutenant Governor; but secretary of state of
Idaho; attorney general of Maine
Title of a head or assistant head of an existing or a proposed National governmental
unit:
John Kerry, Secretary of State: the Secretary; similarly the Acting Secretary;
the Under Secretary; the Assistant Secretary; the Director; the Chief or
Assistant Chief; the Chief Clerk; but Secretaries of the military depart-
ments; secretaryship
Titles of the military:
General of the Army(ies): United States only; Supreme Allied Commander;
General Joseph F. Dunford, Jr., Chairman, Joint Chiefs of Sta; Joint
Chiefs of Sta; Chief of Sta, U.S. Air Force; the Chief of Sta; but the com-
manding general; general (military title standing alone not capitalized)
Titles of members of diplomatic corps:
Walter S. Giord, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary: the
American Ambassador; the British Ambassador; the Ambassador; the
Senior Ambassador; Her Excellency; similarly the Envoy Extraordinary
and Minister Plenipotentiary; the Envoy; the Minister; the Chargé
d’Aaires; the Chargé; Ambassador at Large; Minister Without Portfolio;
but the consul general; the consul; the attaché
Title of a ruler or prince:
Elizabeth II, Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern
Ireland: the Queen; the Crown; Her Most Gracious Majesty; Her Majesty;
similarly the Emperor; the Sultan
Charles, Prince of Wales: the Prince; His Royal Highness
Titles not capitalized:
Charles F. Hughes, rear admiral, U.S. Navy: the rear admiral
Steven Knapp, president of e George Washington University: the president
C.H. Eckles, professor of dairy husbandry: the professor
Barbara Prophet, chairwoman of the committee; the chairman; the chairper-
son; the chair
3.38. In formal lists of delegates and representatives of governments, all
titles and descriptive designations immediately following the names
should be capitalized if any one is capitalized.
3.39. A title in the second person is capitalized.
Your Excellency Mr. Chairman but not conversational salutations
Your Highness Madam Chairman my dear General
Your Honor Mr. Secretary my dear sir
Capitalization Rules 39
Titles of publications, papers, documents, acts, laws, etc.
3.40. In the full or short English titles of periodicals, series of publica-
tions, annual reports, historic documents, and works of art, the rst
word and all important words are capitalized.
Statutes at Large; Revised Statutes; District Code; Bancro’s History; Journal
(House or Senate) (short titles); but the code; the statutes
Atlantic Charter; Balfour Declaration; but British white paper
Chicago’s American; but Chicago American Publishing Co.
Reader’s Digest; but New York Times Magazine; Newsweek magazine
Monograph 55; Research Paper 123; Bulletin 420; Circular A; Article 15:
Uniform Code of Military Justice; Senate Document 70; House Resolution
45; Presidential Proclamation No. 24; Executive Order No. 24; Royal
Decree No. 24; Public Law 89–1; Private and Union Calendars; Calendar
No. 80; Calendar Wednesday; Committee Print No. 32, committee print;
but Senate bill 416; House bill 61; Congressional Record
Annual Report of the Government Publishing Oce, 2015; but seventh an-
nual report, 19th annual report
Declaration of Independence; the Declaration
Constitution (United States or with name of country); constitutional; but New
York State constitution: rst amendment, 12th amendment
Kellogg-Briand Pact; North Atlantic Pact; Atlantic Pact; Treaty of Versailles;
Jay Treaty; but treaty of peace, the treaty (descriptive designations); treaty
of 1919
United States v. Four Hundred Twenty-two Casks of Wine (law)
American Gothic, Nighthawks (paintings)
3.41. All principal words are capitalized in titles of addresses, albums, ar-
ticles, books, captions, chapter and part headings, editorials, essays,
headings, headlines, motion pictures and plays (including television
and radio programs), papers, short poems, reports, songs, subhead-
ings, subjects, and themes. e foregoing are also quoted.
3.42. In the short or popular titles of acts (Federal, State, or foreign) the
rst word and all important words are capitalized.
Revenue Act; Walsh-Healey Act; Freedom of Information Act; Classication
Act; but the act; Harrison narcotic law; Harrison narcotic bill; interstate
commerce law; sunset law
3.43. e capitalization of the titles of books, etc., written in a foreign
language is to conform to the national practice in that language.
40 Chapter 3
First words
3.44. e rst word following a comma or a colon that introduces a com-
plete sentence or a direct quotation is capitalized. (See also rule 3.45)
e question is, Shall the bill pass?
He asked, “And where are you going?’’
e following question came up for discussion: What policy should be adopted?
His only rule was this: Chickens are not allowed past the front parlor.
3.45. e rst word following a colon, an exclamation point, or a question
mark is not capitalized if the matter following is merely a supple-
mentary remark making the meaning clearer.
Revolutions are not made: they come.
Intelligence is not replaced by mechanism: even the televox must be guided
by its master’s voice.
But two months dead! nay, not so much; not two.
What is this? Your knees to me? to your corrected son?
3.46. e rst word of a fragmentary quotation is not capitalized.
She objected “to the phraseology, not to the ideas.’’
“e President,” he said, “will veto the bill.”
3.47. e rst word of a line of poetry is capitalized.
Lives of great men all remind us
We can make our lives sublime.
3.48. e rst word of a run-in list following a colon is not capitalized.
(For lists that are not run in, see rule 8.28.)
ere are three primary pigment colors: magenta, yellow, and cyan.
e vote was as follows: in the armative, 23; in the negative, 11; not voting, 3.
His goals were these: (1) learn Spanish, (2) see the Grand Canyon, and (3)
climb Mt. Everest.
3.49. e rst word following Whereas in resolutions, contracts, etc., is
not capitalized; the rst word following an enacting or resolving
clause is capitalized.
Whereas the Constitution provides . . . ; and
Whereas, moreover, . . . : erefore be it
Whereas the Senate provided for the . . . : Now, therefore, be it
Resolved,at . . . ; and be it further
Resolved (jointly), at . . .
Capitalization Rules 41
Resolved by the House of Representatives (the Senate concurring), at . . . .
(Concurrent resolution, Federal Government.)
Resolved by the Senate of Oklahoma (the House of Representatives concurring
therein), at . . . . (Concurrent resolution, using name of State.)
Resolved by the senate (the house of representatives concurring therein), at . . . .
(Concurrent resolution, not using name of State.)
Resolved by the Assembly and Senate of the State of California (jointly), at . . . .
(Joint resolution, using name of State.)
Resolved by the Washington Board of Trade, at . . .
Provided, at . . .
Provided further, at . . .
Provided, however, at . . .
And provided further, at . . .
Ordered, at . . .
Be it enacted, at . . .
Centerheads and sideheads
3.50. Unless otherwise marked, centerheads are set in capitals, and side-
heads are set in sentence case. In centerheads making two lines,
wordbreaks should be avoided. e rst line should be centered and
set as full as possible.
3.51. In heads set in caps, a small-cap c or ac, if available, is used in such
names as McLean or MacLeod; otherwise a lowercase c or ac is used.
In heads set in small caps, a thin space is used aer the c or the ac.
3.52. In such names as LeRoy, DeHostis, LaFollette, etc. (one-word forms
only), set in caps, the second letter of the particle is made a small
cap, if available; otherwise lowercase is used. In heads set in small
caps, a thin space is used.
3.53. In matter set in caps and small caps or caps and lowercase, capital-
ize all principal words, including parts of compounds which would
be capitalized standing alone. e articles a, an, and the; the prepo-
sitions at, by, for, in, of, on, per, to, and up; the conjunctions and, as,
but, if, or, and nor; and the second element of a compound numeral
are not capitalized. (See also rule 8.133.)
World en Route to All-Out War
Curfew To Be Set for 10 o’Clock (To capitalized in an innitive verb)
Man Hit With 2-Inch Pipe
No-Par-Value Stock for Sale
42 Chapter 3
Yankees May Be Winners in Zig-Zag Race
Ex-Senator Is To Be Admitted
Notice of Filing and Order on Exemption From Requirements
but Building on Twenty-rst Street (if spelled)
One Hundred Twenty-three Years (if spelled)
Only One-tenth of Shipping Was Idle
Many 35-Millimeter Films in Production
Built-Up Stockpiles Are Necessary (Up is an adverb here)
e Per Diem Was Increased (Per Diem is used as a noun here); Lower Taxes
per Person (per is a preposition here)
3.54. If a normally lowercased short word is used in juxtaposition with a
capitalized word of like signicance, it should also be capitalized.
Buildings On and Near the National Mall
3.55. In a heading set in caps and lowercase or in caps and small caps, a
normally lowercased last word, if it is the only lowercased word in
the heading, should also be capitalized.
All Returns Are In
3.56. Verbs and the rst element of an innitive are capitalized.
Controls To Be Applied
but Aid Sent to Disaster Area (to is a preposition here)
3.57. In matter set in caps and small caps, such abbreviations as etc., et al.,
and p.m. are set in small caps; in matter set in caps and lowercase,
these abbreviations are set in lowercase.
P, G, S, . I    .. M
Planes, Guns, Ships, etc. In re the 8 p.m. Meeting
J B.  .
James, Nelson, et al.
3.58. Paragraph series letters in parentheses appearing in heads set in
caps, caps and small caps, small caps, or in caps and lowercase are
to be set as in copy.
 1.580(f)(1)
Addresses, salutations, and signatures
3.59. e rst word and all principal words in addresses, salutations, and
signatures are capitalized. See Chapter 16 “Datelines, Addresses,
and Signatures.’’
Capitalization Rules 43
Interjections
3.60. e interjection “O” is always capitalized. Other interjections
within a sentence are not capitalized.
Sail on, O Ship of State!
For lo! the days are hastening on.
But, oh, how fortunate!
45
A
A-bomb
abstract B, 1, etc.
Academy:
Air Force; the Academy
Andover; the academy
Coast Guard; the Academy
Merchant Marine; the Academy
Military; the Academy
National Academy of Sciences; the
Academy of Sciences; the academy
Naval; the Academy
but service academies
accord, Paris peace (see Agreement)
accords, Helsinki
Act (Federal, State, or foreign), short or
popular title or with number; the act:
Aordable Care
Appropriations
Classication
Clear Skies
Economy
Flood Control
Military Selective Service
No Child Le Behind
Organic Act of Virgin Islands
Panama Canal
PATRIOT
Revenue
Sarbanes-Oxley
Stockpiling
Tari
Trademark
Walsh-Healey Act; but Walsh-Healey
law (or bill)
act, labor-management relations
Acting, if part of capitalized title
Active Duty
Adjutant General, the (seee)
Administration, with name; capitalized
standing alone if Federal unit:
Farmers Home
Food and Drug
Maritime
Transportation Security
but Obama administration;
administration bill, policy, etc.
Administrative Law Judge Davis; Judge
Davis; an administrative law judge
Admiralty, British, etc.
Admiralty, Lord of the
Adobe Acrobat Reader
Adviser, Legal (Department of State)
Africa:
east
East Coast
north
South
South-West (Territory of)
West Coast
African American (noun)
African-American (adjective)
Agency, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to
Federal unit:
Central Intelligence; the Agency
Agent Orange
Age(s):
Age of Discovery
Dark Ages
Elizabethan Age
Golden Age (of Pericles only)
Middle Ages
but atomic age; Cambrian age; copper
age; ice age; missile age; rocket age;
space age; stone age; etc.
Agreement, with name; the agreement:
General Agreement on Taris and
Trade (GATT); the general agreement
4. Capitalization Examples
46 Chapter 4
International Coee Agreement; the
coee agreement
North American Free-Trade
Agreement (NAFTA)
Status of Forces; but status-of-forces
agreements
United States-Canada Free-Trade
Agreement; the free-trade agreement
but the Geneva agreement; the Potsdam
agreement; Paris peace agreement
Air Force:
Air National Guard (see National)
Base (with name); Air Force base (see
Base; Station)
Civil Air Patrol; Civil Patrol; the patrol
Command (see Command)
One (Presidential plane)
Reserve
Reserve Ocers’ Training Corps
Airport: LaGuardia; Reagan National;
the airport
Alaska Native:
the Native; but Ohio native, a
native of Alaska, etc.
Al Jazeera
Alliance, Farmers’, etc.; the alliance
alliances and coalitions (see also powers):
Allied Powers; the powers (World
Wars I and II)
Atlantic alliance
Axis, the; Axis Powers; the powers
Benelux (Belgium, Netherlands,
Luxembourg)
Big Four (European); of the Pacic
Big ree
Central Powers; the powers (World
War I)
Coalition of the Willing
European Economic Community
Fritalux (France, Italy, Benelux
countries)
North Atlantic Treaty Organization
(see Organization)
Western Powers
Allied (World Wars I and II):
armies
Governments
Nations
peoples
Powers; the powers; but European
powers
Supreme Allied Commander
Allies, the (World Wars I and II); also
members of Western bloc (political
entity); but our allies; weaker allies,
etc.
al-Qaida
Alzheimer(’s) disease
Ambassador:
British, etc.; the Ambassador; the
Senior Ambassador; His Excellency
Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary;
the Ambassador; Ambassador at
Large; an ambassador
amendment:
Baker amendment
Social Security Amendments of 1983;
1983 amendments; the Social Security
amendments; the amendments
to the Constitution (U.S.); but First
Amendment, 14th Amendment, etc.;
the Amendment
American:
Federation of Labor and Congress of
Industrial Organizations (AFL−CIO);
the federation
Gold Star Mothers, Inc.; Gold Star
Mothers; a Mother
Legion (see Legion)
National Red Cross; the Red Cross
War Mothers; a Mother
AmeriCorps Program
Amtrak (National Railroad Passenger
Corporation)
Ancient Free and Accepted Masons; a
Mason; a Freemason
Capitalization Examples 47
Annex, if part of name of building; the
annex
Antarctic Ocean (see Arctic; Ocean)
appendix 1, A, II, etc.; the appendix; but
Appendix II (when part of title);
Appendix II: 1 Education Directory
appropriation bill (see also bill):
deciency
Department of Agriculture
for any governmental unit
independent oces
aquaculture; acquiculture
Arab States
Arabic numerals
Arboretum, National; the Arboretum
Archipelago, Philippine, etc.; the
archipelago
Architect of the Capitol; the Architect
Archivist of the United States; the Archivist
Arctic:
Circle
currents
Ocean
zone
but subarctic
arctic (descriptive adjective):
clothing
conditions
fox
grass
night
seas
Area, if part of name; the area:
Cape Hatteras Recreational
White Pass Recreation; etc.
but area 2; free trade area; Metropolitan
Washington area; bay area;
nonsmoking area
Arlington:
Memorial Amphitheater; the Memorial
Amphitheater; the amphitheater
Memorial Bridge (see Bridge)
National Cemetery (see Cemetery)
Arm, Infantry, etc. (military); the arm
Armed Forces (synonym for overall
Military Establishment):
British
Retirement Home (AFRH)
of the United States
armed services
armistice
Armory, Springeld, etc.; the armory
Army, American or foreign, if part of name;
capitalized standing alone only if
referring to U.S. Army:
Active; Active-Duty
Adjutant General, the
All-Volunteer
Band (see Band)
branches; Gordon Highlanders; Royal
Guards; etc.
Brigade, 1st, etc.; the brigade;
Robinson’s brigade
Command (see Command)
Command and General Sta College
(see College)
Company A; A Company; the company
Confederate (referring to Southern
Confederacy); the Confederates
Continental; Continentals
Corps, Reserve (see Corps)
District of Washington (military); the
district
Division, 1st, etc.; the division
Engineers (the Corps of Engineers); the
Engineers; but Army engineer
Establishment
Field Establishment
Field Forces (see Forces)
Finance Department; the Department
1st, etc.
General of the Army; but the general
General Sta; the Sta
Headquarters, 1st Regiment
e colon is preferred; a dash is permissible;
but a comma is too weak.
48 Chapter 4
Headquarters of the; the headquarters
Regiment, 1st, etc.; the regiment
Regular Army ocer; a Regular
Revolutionary (American, British,
French, etc.)
service
Surgeon General, the (see Surgeon
General)
Volunteer; the Volunteers; a Volunteer
army:
Lee’s army; but Clark’s 5th Army
mobile
mule, shoe, etc.
of occupation; occupation army
Red
Arsenal, Rock Island, etc.; the arsenal
article 15; but Article 15, when part of title:
Article 15: Uniform Code of
Military Justice
Articles:
of Confederation (U.S.)
of Impeachment; the articles
Asian American (noun)
Asian-American (adjective)
Assembly (see United Nations)
Assembly of New York; the assembly (see
also Legislative Assembly)
Assistant, if part of capitalized title; the
assistant
assistant, Presidential (see Presidential)
Assistant Secretary (see Secretary)
Associate Justice (see Supreme Court)
Association, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to
Federal unit:
American Association for the
Advancement of Science; the
association
Federal National Mortgage (Fannie
Mae); the Association
Young Women’s Christian; the
association
Astrophysical Observatory (see
Observatory)
Atlantic (see also Pacic):
Charter (see Charter)
coast
Coast States
community
Destroyer Flotilla; the destroyer otilla;
the otilla
Fleet (see Fleet)
mid-Atlantic
North
seaboard
slope
South
time, standard time (see time)
but cisatlantic; transatlantic
Attorney General (U.S. or foreign country);
but attorney general of Maine, etc.
attorney, U.S.
Authority, capitalized standing alone if
referring to Federal unit:
National Shipping; the Authority
Port Authority of New York and New
Jersey; the port authority; the
authority
Tennessee Valley; the Authority
Auto Train (Amtrak)
autumn
Avenue, Constitution, etc.; the avenue
Award:
Academy
Distinguished Service
Merit
Mother of the Year
the award (see also decorations, etc.)
Axis, the (see alliances)
Ayatollah; an ayatollah
B
baby boomer
Badlands (SD and NE)
Balkan States (see States)
Capitalization Examples 49
Baltic States (see States)
Band, if part of name; the band:
Army, Marine, Navy
Bank, if part of name; the bank; capitalized
standing alone if referring to
international bank:
Export-Import Bank of the United States;
Ex-Im Bank; the Bank
Farm Loan Bank of Dallas; Dallas Farm
Loan Bank; farm loan bank; farm loan
bank at Dallas
Farmers & Mechanics, etc.
Federal Land Bank of Louisville;
Louisville Federal Land Bank; land
bank at Louisville; Federal land bank
Federal Reserve Bank of New York;
Richmond Federal Reserve Bank;
but Reserve bank at Richmond;
Federal Reserve bank; Reserve
bank; Reserve city
First National, etc.
German Central; the Bank
International Bank for Reconstruction
and Development; the Bank
but blood bank, central reserve, soil bank
Bar, if part of name; Maryland (State) Bar
Association; Maryland (State) bar; the
State bar; the bar association
Barracks, if part of name; the barracks:
Carlisle
Disciplinary (Leavenworth)
Marine (District of Columbia)
but A barracks; barracks A; etc.
Base, Andrews Air Force; Air Force base;
the base (see also Naval); but Sandia
Base
Basin (see geographic terms)
Battery, the (New York City)
Battle, if part of name; the battle:
of Gettysburg; but battle at Gettysburg;
etc.
of Fallujah; of the Marne; of the
Wilderness; of Waterloo; etc.
battleeld, Bull Run, etc.
battleground, Manassas, etc.
Bay, San Francisco Bay area; the bay area
Belt, if part of name; the belt:
Bible
Farm
Rust
Sun
but money belt
Beltway, capitalized with name; the beltway
Bench (see Supreme Bench)
Benelux (see alliances)
Bible; Biblical; Scriptures; Ten
Commandments; etc. (see also book)
bicentennial
bill, Kiess; Senate bill 217; House bill 31 (see
also appropriation bill)
Bill of Rights (historic document); but GI
bill of rights
Bizonia; bizonal; bizone
Black (African American)
Black Caucus (see Congressional)
bloc (see Western)
block (grants)
Bluegrass region, etc.
Bluetooth
B’nai B’rith
Board, if part of name; capitalized standing
alone only if referring to Federal or
international board:
Employees’ Compensation Appeals
Federal Reserve (see Federal)
Military Production and Supply
(NATO)
National Labor Relations
of Directors (Federal unit); but board of
directors (nongovernmental)
of Health of Montgomery County;
Montgomery County Board of Health;
the board of health; the board
of Regents (Smithsonian)
of Visitors (Military and Naval
Academies)
on Geographic Names
Railroad Retirement
Boko Haram
bond:
Government
savings
series EE
Treasury
book:
books of the Bible
First Book of Samuel; etc.
Good Book (synonym for Bible)
book 1, I, etc.; but Book 1, when part of title:
Book 1: e Golden Legend
Boolean:
logic
operator
search
border, United States-Mexican
Borough, if part of name: Borough of the
Bronx; the borough
Botanic Garden (National); the garden (not
Botanical Gardens)
Bowl, Dust, Rose, Super, etc.; the bowl
Boy Scouts (the organization); a Boy Scout;
a Scout; Scouting; Eagle Scout;
Explorer Scout
Branch, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone only if referring to a
Federal unit:
Accounts
Public Buildings
but executive, judicial, or legislative
branch
Bridge, if part of name; the bridge:
Arlington Memorial; Memorial;
Francis Scott Key; Key
but Baltimore & Ohio Railroad bridge
Brother(s) (adherent of religious order)
budget:
department
estimate
Federal
message
performance-type
President’s
Budget of the United States Government,
the Budget (publication)
Building, if part of name; the building:
Capitol (see Capitol Building)
Colorado
House (or Senate) Oce
Investment
Russell Senate Oce
Cannon House Oce
Pentagon
the National Archives; the Archives
Treasury; Treasury Annex
Bulletin 420; Farmers’ Bulletin No. 420
Bureau, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to Federal
or international unit:
of Customs (name changed to U.S.
Customs and Border Protection)
of Engraving and Printing
of Indian Aairs
C
C−SPAN
Cabinet, American or foreign, if part of
name or standing alone (see also
foreign cabinets):
British Cabinet; the Cabinet
the President’s Cabinet; the Cabinet;
Cabinet ocer, member
Calendar, if part of name; the calendar:
Consent; etc.
House
No. 99; Calendars Nos. 1 and 2
of Bills and Resolutions
Private
Senate
Unanimous Consent
Union
Wednesday (legislative)
Cambrian age (see Ages)
50 Chapter 4
Capitalization Examples 51
Camp Lejeune; David, etc.; the camp
Canal, with name; the canal:
Cross-Florida Barge
Isthmian
Panama
Cape (see geographic terms)
Capital, Capital City, National Capital
(Washington, DC); but the capital
(State)
Capitol Building (with State name); the
capitol
Capitol, the (Washington, DC):
Architect of
Building
caucus room
Chamber
Cloakroom
dome
Grounds
Halls (House and Senate)
Halls of Congress
Hill; the Hill
Police (see Police)
Power Plant
Prayer Room
Press Gallery, etc.
rotunda
Senate wing
stationery room
Statuary Hall
the well (House or Senate)
west front
catch-22
Caucasian (see White)
caucus: Republican; but Congressional
Black Caucus (incorporated name);
Sun Belt Caucus
CD
Cemetery, if part of name: Arlington
National; the cemetery
Census:
Twenty-third Decennial (title);
Twenty-third (title); the census
2000 census
2000 Census of Agriculture; the census
of agriculture; the census
the 23d and subsequent decennial
censuses
Center, if part of name; the Center
(Federal); the center (non-Federal):
Agricultural Research, etc.; the Center
(Federal)
Kennedy Center for the Performing
Arts; the Kennedy Center; the
Center (Federal)
the Lincoln Center; the center (non-
Federal)
central Asia, etc.
Central America
Central Europe
Central States
central time (see time)
century, rst, 21st, etc.
Chairman, Chairwoman, Chair:
of the Board of Directors; the
Chairman (Federal); but chairman of
the board of directors (non-Federal)
of the Committee of the Whole House;
the Chairman
of the Federal Trade Commission; the
Chairman
Vice
chairman, chairwoman, chair
(congressional):
of the Appropriations Committee
of the Subcommittee on Banking
but Chairman Rogers, Chairwoman
Capito
Chair, the, if personied
Chamber of Commerce; the chamber:
of Ada; Ada Chamber of Commerce;
the chamber of commerce
of the United States; U.S. Chamber of
Commerce; the chamber of
commerce; national chamber
Chamber, the (Senate or House)
52 Chapter 4
channel 3 (TV); the channel
Chaplain (House or Senate); but Navy
chaplain
chapter 5, II, etc.; but Chapter 5, when
part of title: Chapter 5: Research and
Development; Washington chapter,
Red Cross
Chargé d’Aaires, British, etc.; the Chargé
d’Aaires; the Chargé
chart 2, A, II, etc.; but Chart 2, when part of
legend: Chart 2.—Army strength
Charter, capitalized with name; the charter:
Atlantic
United Nations
cheese: Camembert, Cheddar, Parmesan,
Provolone, Roquefort, etc.
Chief, if referring to head of Federal unit;
the Chief:
Clerk
Forester (see Forester)
Intelligence Oce
Judge
Justice (U.S. Supreme Court); but chief
justice (of a State)
Magistrate (the President)
of Division of Publications
of Engineers (Army)
of Naval Operations
of Sta
Christian; Christendom; Christianity;
Christianize; but christen
church and state
church calendar:
Christmas
Easter
Lent
Pentecost (Whitsuntide)
Church, if part of name of organization or
building
Circle, if part of name; the circle:
Arctic
Logan
but great circle
Circular 420
cities, sections of, ocial or popular names:
East Side
French Quarter (New Orleans)
Latin Quarter (Paris)
North End
Northwest Washington, etc. (District
of Columbia); the Northwest; but
northwest (directional)
the Loop (Chicago)
City, if part of corporate or popular name;
the city:
Kansas City; the two Kansas Citys
Mexico City
New York City; but city of New York
Twin Cities
Washington City; but city of Washington
Windy City (Chicago)
but Reserve city (see Bank)
civil action No. 46
civil defense
Civil War (see War)
Clan, if part of tribal name; Clan
MacArthur; the clan
class 2, A, II, etc.; but Class 2 when part of
title: Class 2: Leather Products
Clerk, the, of the House of Representatives;
of the Supreme Court of the United
States
clerk, the, of the Senate
client
client-server
cloud computing; the cloud
coal sizes: pea, barley, buckwheat, stove, etc.
coalition; coalition force; coalition
members, etc.
coast: Atlantic, east, gulf, west, etc.
Coast Guard, U.S.; the Coast Guard;
Coastguardsman Smith; but a
coastguardsman; a guardsman;
Reserve
Coastal Plain (Atlantic and Gulf)
Capitalization Examples 53
Code (in shortened title of a publication);
the code:
District
Federal Criminal
Internal Revenue (also Tax Code)
International (signal)
of Federal Regulations
Penal; Criminal; etc.
Pennsylvania State
Radio
Television
Uniform Code of Military Justice
United States
ZIP Code (copyrighted)
but civil code; ag code; Morse code
codel (congressional delegation)
collection, Brady, etc.; the collection
collector of customs
College, if part of name; the college:
Armed Forces Sta
Command and General Sta
Gettysburg
National War
of Bishops
but electoral college
college degrees: bachelor of arts, master’s, etc.
Colonials (American Colonial Army); but
colonial times, etc.
Colonies, the:
irteen
irteen American
irteen Original
but 13 separate Colonies
colonists, the
Command, capitalize with name; the
command:
Air Force Materiel
Army
Central (CENCOM)
Naval Space
Zone of Interior
Commandant, the (Coast Guard or Marine
Corps only)
Commandos, the; Commando raid; a
commando
Commission (if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to Federal
or international commission):
International Boundary, United States
and Canada
of Fine Arts
Public Buildings
Commissioner, if referring to Federal or
international commission; the
Commissioner:
Land Bank; but land bank
commissioner loans
of Customs and Border Protection
U.S. (International Boundary
Commission, etc.)
but a U.S. commissioner
Committee (or Subcommittee) (if part of
name; the Committee, if referring to
international or noncongressional
Federal committee or to the
Committee of the Whole, the
Committee of the Whole House, or
the Committee of the Whole House on
the state of the Union):
American Medical Association
Committee on Education; the
committee on education; the
committee
Appropriations, etc.; the committee;
Subcommittee on Appropriations; the
subcommittee; subcommittee of the
Appropriations Committee
Democratic National; the national
committee; the committee;
Democratic national committeeman
Democratic policy committee; the
committee
Joint Committee on Printing; the Joint
Committee; the committee; but a joint
committee
54 Chapter 4
of Defense Ministers (NATO); the
Committee (see also Organization,
North Atlantic Treaty)
of One Hundred, etc.; the committee
on Finance; the committee
President’s Advisory Committee on
Management; the Committee
Republican National; the national
committee; the committee;
Republican national committeeman
Republican policy committee; the
committee
Senate policy committee
Subcommittee on Immigration; the
subcommittee
but Baker committee
ad hoc committee
conference committee
Committee Print No. 32; Committee Prints
Nos. 8 and 9; committee print
Common Cause
Common Core State Standards Initiative;
Common Core
Commonwealth:
British Commonwealth; the
Commonwealth
of Australia
of Kentucky
of Massachusetts
of Pennsylvania
of Virginia
Communist Party; a Communist
compact, U.S. marine sheries, etc.; the
compact
Company, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to unit of
Federal Government:
Procter & Gamble Co.; the company
Comptroller of the Currency; the
Comptroller
Comptroller General (U.S.); the
Comptroller
Comsat
Concor
Confederacy (of the South)
Confederate:
Army
ag
Government
soldier
States
Confederation, Articles of
Conference, if referring to governmental
(U.S.) or international conference:
Bretton Woods; the Conference
Judicial Conference of the United
States; U.S. Judicial Conference;
Judicial Conference; the Conference
Tenth Annual Conference of the
United Methodist Churches; the
conference
Congress (convention), if part of name;
capitalized standing alone if referring
to international congress:
of Industrial Organizations
of Parents and Teachers, National; the
congress
Congress (legislature), if referring to
national congress:
of Bolivia, etc.; the Congress
of the United States; First, Second,
10th, 103d, etc.; the Congress;
Library of
Congressional:
Black Caucus; the Black Caucus; the
caucus
Directory, the directory
District, First, 10th, etc.; the First
District; the congressional district; the
district
Medal of Honor (see decorations)
but congressional action, committee, etc.
Congressman; Congresswoman;
Congressman at Large; Member of
Congress; Member; membership
Conservative Party; a Conservative
Capitalization Examples 55
Constitution, with name of country;
capitalized standing alone when
referring to a specic national
constitution; but New York State
Constitution; the constitution
constitutional
consul, British, general, etc.
consulate, British, etc.
Consumer Price Index (ocial title); the
price index; the index; but a
consumers’ price index (descriptive)
Continent, only if following name;
North American Continent; the
continent; but the Continent
(continental Europe)
Continental:
Army; the Army
Congress; the Congress
Divide (see Divide)
Outer Continental Shelf
Shelf; the shelf; a continental shelf
continental Europe, United States, etc.
Continentals (Revolutionary soldiers)
Convention, governmental (U.S.),
international, or national political;
the convention:
89th National Convention of the
American Legion
Constitutional (United States, 1787);
the Convention
Democratic National; Democratic
Genocide (international)
on International Civil Aviation
Republican National; Republican
Universal Postal Union; Postal Union
also International Postal; Warsaw
copper age (see Ages)
Corporation, if part of name; the
Corporation, if referring to unit of
Federal Government:
Commodity Credit
Federal Deposit Insurance
National Railroad Passenger (Amtrak)
Rand Corp.; the corporation
Saint Lawrence Seaway Development
(American)
St. Lawrence Seaway Management
(Canadian)
Union Carbide Corp.; the corporation
Virgin Islands
Corps, if part of name; the corps, all other
uses:
Adjutant General’s
Army Reserve
Chemical
Finance
Foreign Service Ocer (see Foreign
Service)
Job
Judge Advocate General’s
Marine (see Marine Corps)
Medical
Military Police
Nurse
of Cadets (West Point)
of Engineers; Army Engineers; the
Engineers; but Army engineer; the
corps
Ordnance
Peace; Peace Corpsman; the corpsman
Quartermaster
Reserve Ocers’ Training (ROTC)
VII Corps, etc.
Signal
Transportation
Youth
but diplomatic corps
corpsman; hospital corpsman
corridor, Northeast
Council, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to Federal
or international unit (see also United
Nations):
Boston City; the council
Her Majesty’s Privy Council; the Privy
Council; the Council
56 Chapter 4
National Security; the Council
of Foreign Ministers (NATO); the
Council
of the Organization of American States;
the Council
Philadelphia City; the council
counsel; general counsel
County, Prince George’s; county of Prince
George’s; County Kilkenny, etc.;
Loudoun and Fairfax Counties; the
county
country
Court (of law) capitalized if part of name;
capitalized standing alone if referring
to the Supreme Court of the United
States, to the Court of Impeachment
(U.S. Senate), or to an international
court:
Circuit Court of the United States for the
Tenth Circuit; Circuit Court for the
Tenth Circuit; the circuit court; the
court; the tenth circuit
Court of Appeals for the State of North
Carolina, etc.; the Tenth Circuit Court
of Appeals; the court of appeals; the
court
Court of Claims; the court
Court of Impeachment, the Senate; the
Court
District Court of the United States for
the Eastern District of Missouri; the
district court; the court
International Court of Justice; the Court
Permanent Court of Arbitration; the
Court
Superior Court of the District of
Columbia; the superior court; the
court
Supreme Court of the United States (see
Supreme Court)
Supreme Court of Virginia, etc.; the
supreme court; the court
Tax Court; the court
U.S. Court of Appeals for the District
of Columbia; the court
Covenant, League of Nations; the covenant
Creed, Apostles’; the Creed
Crown, if referring to a ruler; but crown
colony, lands, etc.
Current, if part of name; the current:
Humboldt
Japan
North Equatorial
customhouse; customs ocial
czar; czarist
D
D-Day
Dalai Lama
Dalles, e; but the Dalles region
Dark Ages (see Ages)
Daughters of the American Revolution;
a Daughter
daylight saving time
Declaration, capitalized with name:
of Independence; the Declaration
of Panama; the declaration
decorations, medals, etc., awarded by
United States or any foreign national
government; the medal, the cross, the
ribbon (see also Award):
Air Medal
Bronze Star Medal
Commendation Ribbon
Congressional Medal of Honor
Croix de Guerre
Distinguished Flying Cross
Distinguished Service Cross
Distinguished Service Medal
Good Conduct Medal
Legion of Merit
Medal for Merit
Medal of Freedom
Medal of Honor
Purple Heart
Silver Star Medal
Soldier’s Medal
Victoria Cross
Victory Medal
but oakleaf cluster
also Carnegie Medal; Olympic Gold
Medal; Mother of the Year ;
but gold medal
Decree (see Executive); Royal Decree
Deep South
Defense Establishment (see Establishment)
Deity, words denoting, capitalized
Delegate (U.S. Congress)
Delegates, Virginia House of
delegate (to a conference); the delegate; the
delegation
Delta, Mississippi River; the delta
Democratic Party; a Democrat
Department, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to a Federal
or international unit:
of Agriculture
of the Treasury
of Veterans Aairs
Yale University Department of
Economics; the department of
economics; the department
Department of New York, American
Legion
department:
executive
judicial
legislative
Depot, if part of name; the depot (see also
Station)
Depression, Great
Deputy, if part of capitalized title; but the
deputy
derivatives of proper names:
alaska seal (fur)
angora wool
angstrom unit
argyle wool
artesian well
astrakhan fabric
babbitt metal
benday process
bologna
bordeaux
bourbon whiskey
bowie knife
braille
brazil nut
brazilwood
brewer’s yeast
bristolboard
brussel sprouts
brussels carpet
bunsen burner
burley tobacco
canada balsam
(microscopy)
carlsbad twins
(petrography)
cashmere shawl
castile soap
cesarean section
chantilly lace
chestereld coat
china clay
chinese blue
collins (drink)
congo red
cordovan leather
coulomb
curie
degaussing apparatus
delware
derby hat
diesel engine, dieselize
dixie cup
dotted swiss
epsom salt
fedora hat
frankfurter
french chalk
french dressing
french-fried potatoes
fuller’s earth
gargantuan
gauss
georgette crepe
german silver
gilbert
glauber salt
gothic type
graham cracker
herculean task
hessian y
holland cloth
hoolamite detector
hudson seal (fur)
india ink
india rubber
italic type
jamaica ginger
japan varnish
jersey fabric
johnin test
joule
knickerbocker
kra paper
lambert
leghorn hat
levant leather
levantine silk
lilliputian
logan tent
london purple
lyonnaise potatoes
macadamized road
mach (no period)
number
madras cloth
maginot line
(nonliteral)
manila paper
maraschino cherry
mason jar
maxwell
melba toast
mercerized fabric
merino sheep
molotov cocktail
morocco leather
morris chair
murphy bed
navy blue
nelson, half nelson, etc.
neon light
newton
nissen hut
norfolk jacket
oriental rug
oxford shoe
panama hat
parianware
paris green
parkerhouse roll
pasteurized milk
persian lamb
petri dish
pharisaic
philistine
photostat
pitman arm
pitot tube
plaster of paris
prussian blue
Capitalization Examples 57
quisling
quixotic idea
quonset hut
rembert wheel
roentgen
roman candle
roman cement
roman type
russia leather
russian bath
rutherford
sanforize
saratoga chips
scotch plaid, but
Scotch tape
(trademark)
shanghai
siamese twins
spanish omelet
stillson wrench
surah silk
swiss cheese
timothy grass
turkey red
turkish towel
utopia, utopian
vandyke collar
vaseline
venetian blind
venturi tube
victoria (carriage)
vienna bread
virginia reel
wedgwoodware
wheatstone bridge
wilton rug
zeppelin
dial-up
Diet, Japanese (legislative body)
diplomatic corps (see also Corps; service)
Director, if referring to head of Federal or
international unit; the Director:
District Director of Internal Revenue
of the Government Publishing Oce
of the Fish and Wildlife Service
of National Intelligence
of the Mint
Oce of Management and Budget
but director, board of directors
(nongovernmental)
Director General of Foreign Service; the
Director General; the Director
diseases and related terms (see rule 3.32):
AIDS (acquired immunodeciency
syndrome)
Alzheimer(’s) disease
autism, autism spectrum disorder (ASD)
cerebral palsy
Down syndrome
Ebola virus
German measles
HIV (human immunodeciency virus)
Hodgkin: lymphoma; disease
Lyme disease
Marfan syndrome
Ménierè’s disease
myasthenia gravis
Parkinson(’s) disease
post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
spina bida
Zika virus
Distinguished Service Medal, etc. (see
decorations)
District, if part of name; the district:
Alexandria School District No. 4;
school district No. 4
Congressional (with number)
Federal (see Federal)
Los Angeles Water; the water district
but customs district No. 2; rst assembly
district; public utility district
District of Columbia; the District:
Anacostia Flats; the ats
Arlington Memorial Bridge; the
Memorial Bridge; the bridge
Children’s Hospital; the hospital
District jail; the jail; DC jail
Ellipse, the
Mall, e National; e Mall
Mayor (when pertaining to the District
of Columbia only)
Metropolitan Police; Metropolitan
police ocer; the police
police court
Public Library; the library
Reecting Pool; the pool
Tidal Basin; the basin
Washington Channel; the channel
Divide, Continental (Rocky Mountains);
the divide
Divine Father; but divine guidance, divine
providence, divine service
Division, Army, if part of name: 1st Cavalry
Division; 1st Air Cavalry Division; the
division
Division, if referring to Federal
governmental unit; the Division:
Buick Motor Division; the division;
a division of General Motors
58 Chapter 4
Capitalization Examples 59
Passport; the Division
but Trinity River division
(reclamation); the division
Dixie
docket No. 66; dockets Nos. 76 and 77
Doctrine, Monroe; the doctrine; but
Truman, Eisenhower doctrine
doctrine, fairness
Document, if part of name; the document:
Document No. 130
Document Numbered One Hundred
irty
draconian
drawing II, A, 3, etc.; but Drawing 2 when
part of title: Drawing 2.—
Hydroelectric Power Development
dumpster
Dust Bowl (see Bowl)
E
Earth (planet)
East:
Coast (Africa)
Middle, Mideast (Asia)
Near (Balkans)
Side of New York
South Central States
the East (section of United States)
east:
Africa
coast (U.S.)
Pennsylvania
Eastern:
Gulf States
Middle, Mideastern (Asia)
North Central States
Shore (Chesapeake Bay)
States
United States
eastern:
France
seaboard
Wisconsin
easterner
Ebola virus
eBook
EE bond
electoral college; the electors
Elizabethan Age (see Ages)
email (lowercase within a sentence)
Email (uppercase “E’’ to start a sentence)
Emancipation Proclamation (see
Proclamation)
Embassy, British, etc.; the Embassy
Emperor, Japanese, etc.; the Emperor
Empire, Roman; the empire
Engine Company, Bethesda; engine
company No. 6; No. 6 engine
company; the company
Engineer ocer, etc. (of Engineer Corps);
the Engineers
Engineers, Chief of (Army)
Engineers, Corps of (see Corps)
Envoy Extraordinary and Minister
Plenipotentiary; the Envoy; the
Minister
Equator, the; equatorial
Establishment, if part of name; the
establishment:
Army
Army Field
Defense
Federal
Military
Naval
Naval Establishments Regs
Navy
Postal
Regular
Reserve
Shore
but civil establishment; legislative
establishment
Estate, Girard (a foundation); the estate
estate, third (the commons); fourth
(the press); tax; etc.
60 Chapter 4
Eurodollar, euro
Excellency, His, Her; eir Excellencies
Exchange, New York Stock; the stock
exchange; the exchange
Executive (President of United States):
Chief
Decree No. 100; Decree 100; but
Executive decree; direction
Mansion; the mansion; the White House
Oce; the Oce
Order No. 34; Order 34; but Executive
order
power
executive:
agreement
branch
communication
department
document
paper
privilege
exhibit 2, A, II, etc.; but Exhibit 2, when
part of title: Exhibit 2: Capital
Expenditures, 1935−49
Expedition, Byrd; Lewis and Clark; the
expedition
Exposition, California-Pacic
International, etc.; the exposition
F
Fair Deal
Fair, World’s, etc.; the fair; Texas State Fair
fall (season)
Falls, Niagara; the falls
Far East, Far Eastern; Far West (U.S.); but
far western
Farm, if part of name; the farm:
Johnson Farm; but Johnson’s farm
San Diego Farm
Wild Tiger Farm
Fascist; fascism
Father of our Country (Washington)
FDsys
Fed, the (no period)
Federal (synonym for United States or other
sovereign power):
Depository Library Program but Federal
depository library, libraries
Digital System
District (Mexico)
Establishment
Government (of any national
government)
grand jury; the grand jury
land bank (see Bank)
Register (publication); the Register
Reserve Board, the Board; also Federal
Reserve System, the System; Federal
Reserve Board Regulation W, but
Federal regulation W
but a federal form of government
federally
fellow, fellowship (academic)
Field, Wrigley, Frank Wiley, etc.; the eld
gure 2, A, II, etc. (illustration); but Figure
2, when part of legend: Figure 2.—
Market scenes
rewall
rm names:
ACDelco
Amazon
America Online (AOL)
Apple
Bausch & Lomb Inc.
BP
Bristol-Myers Squibb
Carson, Pirie, Scott & Co.
Coldwell Banker
Colgate-Palmolive Co.
Comcast
DIRECTV
Dow Jones & Co., Inc.
Dun & Bradstreet
eBay
E.I. du Pont de Nemours & Co.
Facebook
Capitalization Examples 61
FedEx
GlaxoSmithKline
Google
Hamilton Beach/Proctor Silex, Inc.
Hartmarx Corp.
Hewlett-Packard
Houghton Miin Co.
Ingersoll-Rand Co.
Intel Corp.
J.C. Penney Co., Inc.
Johns-Manville Corp.
Kennecott Exploration Co.
Kmart
Libbey-Owens-Ford Co.
LinkedIn
Macmillan Co.
Merck & Co., Inc.
Merrill Lynch
Microso
Pzer Inc.
Phelps Dodge Corp.
PricewaterhouseCoopers
Procter & Gamble Co.
Rand McNally & Co.
Rolls-Royce
Sun Microsystems
3M
Twitter
Underwriters Laboratories, Inc.
Walmart
Wal-Mart Stores, Inc.
Weyerhaeuser Co.
Xerox Corp.
YouTube
First Family (Presidential)
First Lady (wife of President)
First World War (see War)
ag code
ag, U.S.:
Old Flag, Old Glory
Stars and Stripes
Star-Spangled Banner
ags, foreign:
Tricolor (French)
Union Jack (British)
United Nations
Fleet, if part of name; the eet:
Atlantic
Channel
Grand
High Seas
Marine Force
Naval Reserve
Pacic
6th Fleet, etc.
U.S.
ex fuel
oor (House or Senate)
yway; Canadian yway, etc.
Force(s), if part of name; the force(s):
Active Forces
Active-Duty
Air (see also Air Force)
All-Volunteer
Armed Forces (synonym for overall
U.S. Military Establishment)
Army Field Forces; the Field Forces
Fleet Marine
Navy Battle (see Navy)
Navy Scouting (see Navy)
Rapid Deployment
Task Force 70; the task force; but task
force report
United Nations Emergency; the
Emergency Force; the Force; but
United Nations police force
foreign cabinets:
Minister of Foreign Aairs; Foreign
Minister; the Minister
Ministry of Foreign Aairs; the Ministry
Oce of Foreign Missions; the Oce
Minister Plenipotentiary
Premier
Prime Minister
Foreign Legion (French); the legion
62 Chapter 4
Foreign Service; the Service:
ocer
Ocer Corps; the corps
Reserve ocer; the Reserve ocer
Reserve Ocer Corps; the Reserve
Corps; the corps
Sta ocer; the Sta ocer
Sta Ocer Corps; the Sta Corps; the
corps
Forest, if part of name; the national forest;
the forest:
Angeles National
Black
Coconino and Prescott National Forests
but State and National forests (see
System)
Forester (Chief of Forest Service); the Chief;
also Chief Forester
form 2, A, II, etc.; but Form 2, when part of
title: Form 1040: Individual Income
Tax Return; but withholding tax form
Fort McHenry, etc.; the fort
Foundation, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to Federal
unit:
Chemical; the foundation
Ford; the foundation
National Science; the Foundation
Russell Sage; the foundation
Founding Fathers; Founders/Founder (of
this Nation, Country)
four freedoms
Framers (of the U.S. Constitution; of the
Bill of Rights)
free world
Frisco (for San Francisco; no apostrophe)
Fritalux (see alliances)
Fund, if part of name; capitalized standing
alone if referring to international or
United Nations fund:
Democracy (United Nations); the Fund
International Monetary; the Fund
but civil service retirement fund;
highway trust fund; mutual security
fund; national service life insurance
fund; revolving fund
G
Gadsden Purchase
Gallery of Art, National (see National)
Gallup Poll; the poll
Gambia, e
GAO (Government Accountability Oce)
Geiger counter
General Order No. 14; General Orders No.
14; a general order
General Schedule
Generation X
gentile
Geographer, the (State Department)
geographic terms (terms, such as those
listed below, 2 are capitalized if part of
name; are lowercased in general sense
(rivers of Virginia and Maryland)):
Archipelago
Area
Arroyo
Atoll
Bank
Bar
Basin, Upper (Lower)
Colorado River,
etc. (legal entity);
but Hansen
ood-control basin;
Missouri River
basin (drainage);
upper Colorado
River storage project
Bay
Bayou
Beach
Bench
Bend
Bight
Blu
Bog
Borough (boro)
Bottom
Branch (stream)
Brook
Butte
Canal; the canal
(Panama)
Canyon
Cape
Cascade
Cave
Cavern
Channel; but
Mississippi River
channel(s)
Cirque
Coulee
Cove
Crag
Crater
Creek
Crossroads
Current (ocean
feature)
Cut
Cuto
Dam
Delta
Desert
Divide
Dome (not geologic)
Draw (stream)
Dune
Escarpment
Estuary
Falls
Fault
Flat(s)
Floodway
Ford
Forest
2 List compiled with cooperation of the U.S.
Board on Geographic Names.
Capitalization Examples 63
Fork (stream)
Gap
Geyser
Glacier
Glen
Gorge
Gulch
Gulf
Gut
Harbor
Head
Hill
Hogback
Hollow
Hook
Horn
Hot Spring
Iceeld
Ice Shelf
Inlet
Island
Isle
Islet
Keys (Florida only)
Knob
Lagoon
Lake
Landing
Ledge
Lowland
Marsh
Massif
Mesa
Monument
Moraine
Mound
Mount
Mountain
Narrows
Neck
Needle
Notch
Oasis
Ocean
Oxbow
Palisades
Park
Pass
Passage
Peak
Peninsula
Plain
Plateau
Point
Pond
Pool
Port (water body)
Prairie
Range (mountain)
Rapids
Ravine
Reef
Reservoir
Ridge
River
Roads (anchorage)
Rock
Run (stream)
Sea
Seaway
Shoal
Sink
Slough
Sound
Spit
Spring
Spur
Strait
Stream
Summit
Swamp
Terrace
oroughfare
Trench
Trough
Valley
Volcano
Wash
Waterway
Woods
Geological Survey (see Survey)
GI bill of rights
Girl Scouts (organization); a Girl Scout; a
Scout; Scouting
G-man
Gold Star Mothers (see American)
Golden Age (see Ages)
Golden Rule
Gospel, if referring to the rst four books of
the New Testament; but gospel music
Government:
British, etc.; the Government
department, ocials, -owned,
publications, etc. (U.S. Government)
National and State Governments
Printing Oce (historical)
Publishing Oce (see Oce)
U.S.; National; Federal; Tribal
Government information product
government:
Churchill
Communist
District (of Columbia)
European governments
Federal, State, and municipal
governments
insular; island
local
military
seat of
State
State and Provincial governments
Territorial
governmental
Governor:
of Louisiana, etc.; the Governor; a
Governor; State Governor(s);
Governors’ conference
of Puerto Rico; the Governor
of the Federal Reserve Board; the
Governor
Governor General of Canada; the Governor
General
govinfo (always bold)
grand jury (see Federal)
Grange, the (National)
grant, Pell
graph 2, A, II, etc.; but Graph 2, when part
of title: Graph 2.—Production levels
Great:
Basin
Depression
Divide
Lakes; the lakes; lake(s) trac
Plains; but southern Great Plains
64 Chapter 4
Seal (any nation)
Society
War (see War)
White Way (New York City)
great circle (navigation)
Greater Los Angeles, Greater New York
gross national product (GNP)
Group:
G8 (Group of 8) (representatives of the
eight leading industrial nations)
Helsinki Monitoring; the group
Military Advisory Group; the group
Standing (see Organization)
World Bank
group 2, II, A, etc.; but Group 2, when part
of title: Group II: List of Counties by
States
Guard, National (see National)
guardsman (see Coast Guard; National
Guard)
Gulf:
Coast States; but gulf coast
of Mexico; the gulf
States
Stream; the stream
H
Hague, e
Hall (U.S. Senate or House)
Halls of Congress
H-bomb; H-hour
Headquarters:
Alaskan Command; the command
headquarters
4th Regiment Headquarters; regimental
headquarters
32d Division Headquarters; the division
headquarters
hearing examiner
Heaven (religious); heaven (place)
Heimlich maneuver
hell (place)
Hells (no apostrophe) Canyon
Hemisphere, Eastern; Western; etc.; the
hemisphere
Hezbollah
High Church
High Commissioner
High Court (see Supreme Court)
high denition
High School, if part of name: Western; the
high school
Highway No. 40; Route 40; State Route 9;
the highway
Hill (the Capitol)
Hispanic
Holocaust, the (World War II); a holocaust
Holy Scriptures; Holy Writ (Bible)
home page
Hoosier
Hospice, if part of name
Hospital, if part of name; the hospital:
Howard University
St. Elizabeths (no apostrophe)
but naval (marine or Army) hospital
hospital corpsman (see corpsman)
House, if part of name:
Blair
Johnson house (private residence)
of Representatives; the House (U.S.)
Oce Building (see Building)
Ohio (State); the house
but both Houses; lower (or upper)
House (Congress)
House of Representatives (U.S.), titles of
ocers standing alone capitalized:
Chairman (Committee of the Whole)
Chaplain
Clerk; but legislative clerk, etc.
Doorkeeper
Ocial Reporter(s) of Debates
Parliamentarian
Postmaster
post oce
Sergeant at Arms
Capitalization Examples 65
Speaker pro tempore
Speaker; speakership
HUD (Department of Housing and Urban
Development)
Hudson’s Bay Co.
Hurricane Andrew, Katrina, Rita, etc.
I
ice age (see Ages)
imam
Independent Party; an Independent
Indians (see 3.18):
Absentee Shawnee
Alaska (see Native)
Eastern (or Lower) Band of Cherokee;
the Band
Five Civilized Tribes; the Tribes
Native Americans
Shawnee Tribe; the Tribe
Six Nations (Iroquois Confederacy)
Tribe (if federally recognized)
Initiative, Caribbean Basin; but strategic
defense initiative
Inquisition, Spanish; the Inquisition
inspector general
Institute, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to Federal
or international organization:
National Cancer; the Cancer Institute;
the Institute
National Institutes of Health; the
Institutes
of International Law; the Institute
Woman’s; the institute
Institution, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to
Federal unit:
Brookings; the institution
Carnegie; the institution
Smithsonian; the Institution
insular government; island government
intercoastal waterway (see waterway)
interdepartmental
interface
International Court of Justice; the Court
international:
banks (see Bank)
boundary
dateline
law
Morse code (see Code)
internet (lowercase within a sentence)
Internet (uppercase “I” to start a sentence)
Internet of ings
Interstate 95; I−95; the interstate
Intracoastal Waterway; the waterway (see
also waterway)
intranet
intrastate
Irish potato
Iron Curtain; the curtain
Islam; Islamic
Isthmian Canal (see Canal)
Isthmus of Panama; the isthmus
J
Japan Current (see Current)
Java (computer language)
Jersey cattle
Job Corps
Joint Chiefs of Sta; Chiefs of Sta
Joint Committee on Printing (see
Committee)
Journal clerk; the clerk
Journal (House or Senate)
Judge Advocate General, the
judge; chief judge; circuit judge; district
judge; but Judge Judy
judiciary, the
Justice; Justice Alito, etc.
K
kayeh (Arabic headdress)
King of ailand, etc.; the King
Koran, the; Koranic
Krugerrand
66 Chapter 4
L
Laboratory, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to Federal
unit: Forest Products; the Laboratory;
but laboratory (non-Federal)
Lake: Erie, of the Woods, Great Salt; the lake
Lane, if part of name: Maiden; the lane
Latino, Latina
Latter-day Saints
law, copyright law; Ohm’s, etc.
League, Urban; the league
Legion:
American; the Legion; a Legionnaire
French Foreign; the legion
Legislative Assembly, if part of name:
of New York; of Puerto Rico, etc.; the
legislative assembly; the assembly
legislative branch, clerk, session, etc.
Legislature:
National Legislature (U.S. Congress);
the Legislature
Ohio Legislature; Legislature of Ohio;
the State legislature; the legislature
Letters Patent No. 378,964; but patent No.
378,964; letters patent
Liberal Party; a Liberal
Libertarian Party; a Libertarian
Liberty Bell
Librarian of Congress; the Librarian
Library:
Army; the library
Harry S. Truman; the library
of Congress; the Library
Hillsborough Public; the library
Lieutenant Governor of Idaho, etc.; the
Lieutenant Governor
Light, if part of name; the light:
Boston
Bualo South Pier Light 2; but light No.
2; light 2
but Massachusetts Bay lights
Lighthouse (see Light Station)
Lightship, if part of name; the lightship:
Grays Reef
North Manitou Shoal
Light Station, if part of name; the light
station; the station:
Minots Ledge
Watch Hill
Line(s), if part of name; the line(s):
Greyhound (bus)
Holland America (cruises)
Maginot (fortication)
line:
Mason-Dixon line or Mason and
Dixon’s line
State
listserv
Local:
Columbia Typographical Union,
Local 101
International Brotherhood of Electrical
Workers Local 180; but local No. 180
local time, local standard time (see time)
locator service
Loop, the (see cities)
Louisiana Purchase
Low Church
Lower, if part of name:
California (Mexico)
Colorado River Basin
Egypt
Peninsula (of Michigan)
lower:
48 (States)
House of Congress
Mississippi
M
Madam:
Chair
Chairman
Chairwoman
Magna Carta
Majesty, His, Her, Your; eir Majesties
Capitalization Examples 67
Majority Leader McConnell; Majority
Leader McCarthy; but the majority
leader (U.S. Congress)
Mall, e National; e Mall (District of
Columbia)
Mansion, Executive (see Executive)
map 3, A, II, etc.; but Map 2, when part of
title: Map 2.—Railroads of Middle
Atlantic States
mariculture
Marine Corps; the corps:
Marines (the corps); but marines
(individuals)
Reserve; the Reserve
also a marine; a woman marine; the
women marines (individuals); soldiers,
sailors, coastguardsmen, and marines
Maritime Provinces (Canada) (see Province)
Marshal (see Supreme Court)
marshal (U.S.)
medals (see decorations)
Medicaid
MediCal
Medicare Act; Medicare plan
Medicare Plus
Medicare Program
Medigap
Member, if referring to Senator,
Representative, Delegate, or Resident
Commissioner of U.S. Congress; also
Member at Large; Member of
Parliament, etc.; but membership;
member of U.S. congressional
committee
Memorial:
Jeerson
Lincoln
Vietnam
WWII
Korean
Franklin D. Roosevelt etc.; the memorial
Merchant Marine Reserve; the Reserve;
but U.S. merchant marine; the
merchant marine
Metroliner
Metropolitan Washington, etc.; but
Washington metropolitan area
midcontinent region
Middle Ages (see Ages)
Middle Atlantic States
Middle East; Mideast; Mideastern; Middle
Eastern (Asia)
Midwest (section of United States);
Midwestern States; but midwestern
farmers, etc.
Military Academy (see Academy)
Military Establishment (see Establishment)
milkshed, Ohio, etc. (region)
millennials
millennium
Minister Plenipotentiary; the Minister;
Minister Without Portfolio (see also
foreign cabinets)
Ministry (see foreign cabinets)
Minority Leader Reid; Minority
Leader Pelosi; but the minority
leader (U.S. Congress)
Mint, Philadelphia, etc.; the mint
minutemen (colonial)
missiles: capitalize such missile names as
Hellre, Sparrow, Tomahawk, Scud,
Trident, etc.; but cruise missile, air-to-
air missile, surface-to-air missile, etc.
Mission, if part of name; the mission:
Gospel
but diplomatic mission; military mission;
Jones mission
Monument:
Bunker Hill; the monument
Grounds; the grounds (Washington
Monument)
National (see National)
Washington; the monument (District
of Columbia)
68 Chapter 4
Mountain States
mountain time, mountain standard time
(see time)
Moving Pictures Experts Group (MPEG)
Mr. Chairman; Mr. Secretary; etc.
Mujahedeen
mullah
Museum, capitalize with name; the
museum:
Field
National
National Air and Space; the Air Museum
National Museum of African American
History and Culture
National Museum of the American
Indian
N
Nation (synonym for United States); but a
nation; nationwide; also French
nation, Balkan nations
nation, in general, standing alone
National, in conjunction with capitalized
name:
Academy of Sciences (see Academy)
Archives and Records Administration;
the National Archives; the Archives
Capital (Washington); the Capital; but
national capital area
Endowment for the Arts; the
Endowment
Gallery of Art; the National Gallery;
the gallery
Grange; the Grange
Guard, Ohio, etc.; Air National; the
National Guard; the Guard; a
guardsman; Reserve; but a National
Guard man; National Guardsman
Legislature (see Legislature)
Muir Woods National Monument, etc.;
the national monument; the
monument
Museum (see Museum)
Park Service
Park, Yellowstone, etc.; Yellowstone Park;
the national park; the park
Treasury; the Treasury
War College
Woman’s Party
Zoological Park (see Zoological)
national:
agency check (NAC)
anthem, customs, spirit, etc.
British, Mexican, etc.
defense agencies
stockpile
water policy
Native: Alaska; American; but Ohio native,
etc.
Naval, if part of name:
Academy (see Academy)
Air Station (NAS) Patuxent River;
Pensacola; etc.
Base Guam; the naval base
Observatory (see Observatory)
Reserve; the Reserve; a reservist
Reserve Force; the force
Reserve ocer; a Reserve ocer
Shipyard (if preceding or following name):
Brooklyn Naval Shipyard; Naval
Shipyard, Brooklyn; but the naval
shipyard
Volunteer Naval Reserve
War College; the War College; the college
naval, in general sense:
command (see Command)
expenditures, maneuvers, ocer,
service, stores, etc.
petroleum reserves; but Naval
Petroleum Reserve No. 2 (Buena
Vista Hills Naval Reserve); reserve No. 2
navel orange
Navy, American or foreign, if part of name;
capitalized standing alone only if
referring to U.S. Navy:
Admiral of the; the admiral
Capitalization Examples 69
Battle Force; the Battle Force; the force
Establishment; the establishment
Hospital Corps; hospital corpsman; the
corps
Regular
Seabees (construction battalion); a
Seabee
navy yard
Nazi; Nazism
Near East (Balkans, etc.)
network
New Deal; anti-New Deal
New England States
New Federalism
New Frontier
New World; but new world order
North:
Atlantic
Atlantic States
Atlantic Treaty (see Treaty)
Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
(see Organization)
Equatorial Current (see Current)
Korea
Pole
Slope (Alaska)
Star (Polaris)
the North (section of United States)
north:
Africa
Ohio, Virginia, etc.
north-central region, etc.
Northeast corridor
northern Ohio
Northern States
northerner
Northwest Pacic
Northwest Territory (1799)
Northwest, the (section of the United States)
Northwest Washington (see cities)
Northwestern:
States
United States
numbers capitalized if spelled out as part of
a name:
Air Force One (Presidential plane)
Charles the First
Committee of One Hundred
Twenty-third Census (see Census)
O
Observatory, capitalized with name:
Astrophysical; the Observatory
Lick; the observatory
(nongovernmental)
Naval; the Observatory
Occident, the; occidental
Ocean, if part of name; the ocean:
Antarctic
Arctic
Atlantic
North Atlantic, etc.
Pacic
Southern
South Pacic, etc.
Southwest Pacic, etc.
Oceanographer (the Hydrographer), Navy
Oce, if referring to unit of Federal
Government; the Oce:
Executive
Foreign and Commonwealth (U.K.)
Government Printing; the Printing
Oce (historical)
Government Publishing; the Publishing
Oce; the Oce
Naval Oceanographic
of Chief of Naval Operations
of General Counsel
of Management and Budget
of Personnel Management
of the Secretary (Defense); Secretary’s
Oce
Patent and Trademark
but New York regional oce (including
branch, division, or section therein);
the regional oce; the oce
70 Chapter 4
ocer:
Army
Marine; but naval and marine ocers
Navy; Navy and Marine ocers
Regular Army; Regular; a Regular
Reserve
Old Dominion (Virginia)
Old South
Old World
Olympic Games; Olympiad; XXXI Olympic
Games
ombudsman, Maryland (State)
online
Operation Iraqi Freedom, Desert Storm
Order of Business No. 56 (congressional
calendar)
Ordnance:
Corps (see Corps)
Department; the Department
Organization, if part of name; capitalized
standing alone if referring to
international unit:
International Labour (ILO)
North Atlantic Treaty (NATO):
Chiefs of Sta
Committee of Defense Ministers
Council
Council of Foreign Ministers
Defense Committee
Military Committee
Pact
Regional Planning Group; the Group
Standing Group; the Group
of American States (OAS)
United Nations Educational, Scientic,
and Cultural (UNESCO)
but nongovernmental organization (NGO)
Orient, the; oriental (objects)
Osama bin Laden
Outer Continental Shelf (see Continental)
P
Pacic (see also Atlantic):
Basin
coast
Coast States
Northwest
rim
seaboard
slope
South
States
time, Pacic standard time (see time)
but cispacic; transpacic
pan-American games; but Pan American
Day
Pan American Union (renamed; see
Organization of American States)
Panel, the Federal Service Impasses
(Federal), etc.; the Panel
Panhandle of Texas; Texas Panhandle; the
panhandle; etc.
papers, Woodrow Wilson, etc.; the papers;
but white paper
Parish, Caddo, etc.; but parish of Caddo
(Louisiana civil division); the parish
Park, Fairmount, etc.; the park (see also
National)
Park Police, U.S.; park policeman
Park Service
Park, Zoological (see Zoological)
Parkway, George Washington Memorial;
the memorial parkway; the parkway
Parliament, Houses of; the Parliament
Parliamentarian (U.S. Senate or House)
part 2, A, II, etc.; but Part 2, when part of
title: Part 2: Iron and Steel Industry
Party, if part of name; the party
Pass, Brenner, capitalized if part of name;
the pass
patent (see Letters Patent)
Peninsula Upper (Lower) (Michigan); the
peninsula
Penitentiary, United States; the penitentiary
petrodollar
phase 2; phase I
Capitalization Examples 71
Philippines, Republic of the
Pilgrim Fathers (1620); the Pilgrims; a
Pilgrim
Place, if part of name: Jeerson Place; the
place
Plains (Great Plains), the
plan:
controlled materials
5-year
Marshall (European Recovery Program)
Planetarium, Fels, Hayden; the planetarium
plant, United States Steel, etc.
plate 2, A, II, etc.; but Plate 2, when part of
title: Plate 2.—Rural Structures
Plaza, Union Station (Washington, DC);
the plaza
Pledge of Allegiance; the pledge
Pole: North, South; the pole; subpolar
Pole Star (Polaris); polar star
Police, if part of name; the police:
Capitol
Park, U.S.
White House
political action committee (PAC)
political parties and adherents (see specic
political party)
Pool, Northwest Power, etc.; the pool
Pope; but papal, patriarch, ponti, primate
Port, if part of name; Port of Norfolk;
Norfolk Port; the port (see Authority)
Post Oce, Chicago, etc.; the post oce
P.O. Box (with number); but post oce box
(in general sense)
Postmaster General
PostScript; but a postscript
Powers, if part of name; the powers (see
also alliances):
Allied (World Wars I and II)
Axis (World War II)
Western
but European powers
precinct; rst, 10th precinct
Premier (see foreign cabinets)
Preserve, Sullys Hill, National Game
Presidency (oce of the head of Government)
President:
of the United States; the Executive; the
Chief Magistrate; the Commander
in Chief; the President-elect; ex-
President; former President; also
preceding name
of any other country; the President of
Federal or international unit
but president of the Norfolk Southern
Railway; president of the Federal
Reserve Bank of New York
Presidential assistant, authority, order,
proclamation, candidate, election,
timber, year, etc.
Prime Minister (see foreign cabinets)
Prison, New Jersey State; the prison
Privy Council, Her Majesty’s (see Council)
Prize, Nobel, Pulitzer, etc.; the prize
Proclamation, Emancipation; Presidential
Proclamation No. 24; Proclamation
No. 24; the proclamation; but
Presidential proclamation
Program, if part of name:
European Recovery
Fulbright
Mutual Defense Assistance
but universal military training;
government bailout
Progressive Party; a Progressive
Project:
Gutenberg
Manhattan
Vote Smart
Proposition 13
Prosecutor; Special Prosecutor (Federal)
Province, Provincial, if referring to an
administrative subdivision: Ontario
Province; Province of Ontario;
Maritime Provinces (Canada); the
Province
72 Chapter 4
Proving Ground, Aberdeen, etc.; the
proving ground
Public Law; Public Law 110−161, etc.
Public Printer; the Government Printer;
the Printer (historical)
public utility district (see District)
Pueblo, Santa Clara; the pueblo (place);
the Pueblo (Tribe)
Purchase, Gadsden, Louisiana, etc.
Puritan; puritanical
Pyrrhic victory
Q
Quad Cities (Davenport, Rock Island,
Moline, East Moline, and Bettendorf)
query
queue
R
Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty
Railroad, Alaska; the railroad
Ranch, King, etc.; the ranch
Range, Cascade, etc. (mountains); the range
Rebellion, if part of name; the rebellion:
Boxer
Whisky
Reconstruction period (post-Civil War)
Red army
Red Cross, American, American National
Reds, the; a Red (political)
Reformatory, Michigan; the reformatory
Refuge, Blackwater National Wildlife, etc.;
Blackwater Refuge; the refuge
region, north-central, etc.; rst region,
10th region; region 7; midcontinent
Regular Army, Navy; a Regular (see also
ocer)
regulation:
greenhouse gas
W (see also Federal Reserve Board)
but Veterans Entitlements Regulations
religious terms:
Baha’i
Baptist
Brahman
Buddhist
Catholic; Catholicism; but catholic
(universal)
Christian
Christian Science
Evangelical United Brethren
Hindu; Hinduism
Islam; Islamic
Jewish
Latter-day Saints
Muslim: Shiite; Sunni
New ought
Protestant; Protestantism
Scientology
Seventh-day Adventists
Seventh Day Baptists
Sikh
Zoroastrian
Renaissance, the (era)
Report, if part of name (with date or
number); the annual report;
the report:
2015 Report of the Chief of the Forest
Service
9/11 Commission Report
Annual Report of the Secretary of
Defense for the year ended
September 30, 2015
President’s Economic Report; the
Economic Report
Railroad Retirement Board Annual
Report, 2015; but annual report of
the Railroad Retirement Board
Report No. 31
United States Reports (publication)
Reporter, the (U.S. Supreme Court)
Representative; Representative at Large
(U.S. Congress); U.N.
Republic, capitalized if part of name;
capitalized standing alone if referring
to a specic government:
Czech
Capitalization Examples 73
French
Irish
of Bosnia and Herzegovina
of Panama
of the Philippines
Slovak
also the American Republics; South
American Republics; the Latin
American Republics; the Republics
Republican Party; a Republican
Reservation (forest, military, or Indian), if
part of name; the reservation:
Hill Military
Standing Rock
Reserve, if part of name; the Reserve (see
also Air Force; Army Corps; Coast
Guard; Foreign Service; Marine
Corps; Merchant Marine; Naval;
National Guard):
Active
Air Force
Army
bank (see Bank)
Board, Federal (see Federal)
city (see Bank)
components
Enlisted
Establishment
Inactive
Naval
ocer
Ocers’ Training Corps
Ready
Retired
Standby
Strategic
Reserves, the; reservist
Resolution, with number; the resolution:
House Joint Resolution 3
Senate Concurrent Resolution 18
War Powers Resolution (short title)
but Tonkin resolution
Revised Statutes (U.S.); Supplement to the
Revised Statutes; the statutes; Statutes
at Large (U.S.)
Revolution, Revolutionary (if referring to
the American, French, or English
Revolution) (see also War)
rim; the Pacic rim
Road, if part of name: Benning; the road
Roman numerals, common nouns used
with, not capitalized:
book II; chapter II; part II; etc.
but Book II: Modern Types (complete
heading); Part XI: Early ought
(complete heading)
Route 66, State Route 9 (highways)
rule 21; rule XXI; but Rule 21, when part of
title: Rule 21: Renewal of Motion
Rules:
of the House of Representatives; but rules
of the House; House rule X
Standing Rules of the Senate
(publication); but rules of the Senate
also Commission rules
S
Sabbath; Sabbath Day
savings bond (see bond)
schedule 2, A, II, etc.; but Schedule 2, when
part of title; Schedule 2: Open and
Prepay Stations
School, if part of name; the school:
any school of U.S. Armed Forces
Hayes
Pawnee Indian
Public School 13; P.S. 13
school district (see District)
Scriptures; Holy Scriptures (the Bible)
Seabees (see Navy)
seaboard, Atlantic, eastern, etc.
seasons:
autumn (fall)
spring
summer
winter
74 Chapter 4
seaway (see geographic terms; Corporation)
Second World War (see War)
Secretariat (see United Nations)
Secretaries of the Army and the Navy; but
Secretaries of the military
departments; secretaryship
Secretary, head of national governmental
unit:
of Defense; of State; etc.; the Secretary
of State for Foreign Aairs (British); for
the Commonwealth, etc.; the
Secretary
of the Smithsonian Institution; the
Secretary
also the Assistant Secretary; the
Executive Secretary
Secretary General; the Secretary General:
Organization of American States
United Nations
section 2, A, II, etc.; but Section 2, when
part of title: Section 2: Test
Construction eory
Selective Service (see Service; System)
Senate (U.S.), titles of ocers standing
alone capitalized:
Chaplain
Chief Clerk
Doorkeeper
Ocial Reporter(s)
Parliamentarian
Postmaster
President of the
President pro tempore
Presiding Ocer
Secretary
Sergeant at Arms
Senate, Ohio (State); the senate
Senator (U.S. Congress); but lowercased if
referring to a State senator, unless
preceding a name
senatorial
Sergeant at Arms (U.S. Senate or House)
Sermon on the Mount
server
Service, if referring to Federal unit; the
Service:
Extension
Federal Mediation and Conciliation
Fish and Wildlife
Foreign (see Foreign Service)
Forest
Internal Revenue
Marshals
National Park
Natural Resources Conservation
Postal
Secret (Homeland Security)
Selective (see also System); but selective
service, in general sense; selective
service classication 1−A, 4−F, etc.
Senior Executive
service:
airmail
Army
city delivery
consular
customs
diplomatic
employment (State)
extension (State)
general delivery
naval
Navy
parcel post
postal eld
rural free delivery; rural delivery; free
delivery
special delivery
star route
Shelf, Continental (see Continental)
ship of state (unless personied)
Sister(s) (adherent of religious order)
Six Nations (see Indians)
Smithsonian Institution (see Institution)
Capitalization Examples 75
Social Security Administration (U.S.),
application, check, number, pension,
trust fund, system, etc.
Socialist Party; a Socialist
Society, if part of name; the society:
American Cancer Society, Inc.
of the Cincinnati
soil bank
soil orders (see rule 3.30)
Soldiers’ Home; the soldiers’ home; (see
Armed Forces Retirement Home)
Solicitor for the Department of Labor, etc.;
the Solicitor
Solicitor General (Department of Justice)
Son of Man (Christ)
Sons of the American Revolution
(organization); a Son; a Real Son
South:
American Republics (see Republic)
American States
Atlantic
Atlantic States
Deep South (U.S.)
Korea
Midsouth (U.S.)
Pacic
Pole
the South (section of United States);
Southland
Southeast Asia
southern California, southeastern
California, etc.
Southern States
Southern United States
southerner
Southwest, the (section of United States)
space shuttle; the shuttle
space station
spam (email)
Spanish-American War (see War)
Speaker of the House of Representatives;
the Speaker
special agent
specialist
Special Order No. 12; Special Orders, No.
12; a special order
Spirit of 76 (painting); but spirit of 76 (in
general sense)
Sputnik
Square, Lafayette, etc.; the square
Sta, Foreign Service (see Foreign Service);
Air (U.K.)
standard time (see time)
Star of Bethlehem
Star-Spangled Banner (see ag)
State:
Champion
government
legislature (see Legislature)
line, Iowa; Ohio-Indiana, etc.
New York
of Israel
of Maryland
of the Union Message/Address
of Veracruz
out-of-State (adjective); but out-of-stater
prison
Vatican City
state:
church and
of the art: state-of-the-art technology
welfare
also downstate, instate, multistate,
statehood, statehouse, stateside,
statewide, substate, tristate, upstate
State’s attorney
state’s evidence
states’ rights (international)
States:
Arab
Balkan
Baltic
East North Central
East South Central
76 Chapter 4
Eastern; but eastern industrial States
Eastern Gulf
Eastern North Central, etc.
Far Western
Gulf; Gulf Coast
Lake
Latin American
lower 48
Middle
Middle Atlantic
Middle Western
Midwestern
Mountain
New England
North Atlantic
Northwestern, etc.
Organization of American
Pacic
Pacic Coast
rights (U.S.)
South American
South Atlantic
Southern
the six States of Australia; a foreign state
irteen Original; original 13 States
Western; but western Gulf; western
farming States
Station, if part of name; the station; not
capitalized if referring to surveying
or similar work:
Grand Central
Naval Air Engineering
television station WSYR−TV
Union; Union Depot; the depot
WAMU station; station WMAL; radio
station WSM; broadcasting station
WJSV
station 9; substation A
Statue of Liberty; the statue
Statutes at Large (U.S.) (see also Revised
Statutes)
Stealth: bomber, ghter
Stockpile, Strategic National
stone age (see Ages)
storage facility
Stream, Gulf (see Gulf; geographic terms)
Street, if part of name; the street:
I Street (not Eye Street)
110th Street
U Street (not You Street)
subcommittee (see Committee)
subtropical, subtropic(s) (see tropical)
summit meeting; Earth summit
Sun; a sun
Super Bowl
Superfund; the fund
Superintendent, if referring to head of
Federal unit; the Superintendent:
of Documents (Government
Publishing Oce)
of the Naval (or Military) Academy
Supplement to the Revised Statutes (see
Revised Statutes)
Supreme Bench; the Bench; also High
Bench; High Tribunal
Supreme Court (U.S.); the Court; also High
Court; titles of ocers standing alone
capitalized:
Associate Justice
Chief Justice
Clerk
Marshal
Reporter
but Ohio Supreme Court; the supreme
court
Surgeon General, the (Air Force, Army,
Navy, and Public Health Service)
Survey, if part of name of Federal unit; the
Survey: Geodetic; Geological
System, if referring to Federal unit; the
System:
Federal Home Loan Bank; the System
Federal Reserve; the System
National Forest; the System
National Highway; Interstate Highway;
the System
Capitalization Examples 77
National Park; the System
National Trails; the System
National Wild and Scenic Rivers; the
System
Regional Metro System; Metro system
Selective Service (see also Service)
State and National forests
but Amtrak railway system; Amtrak
system; the system
also Federal land bank system
T
table 2, II, A, etc.; but Table 2, when part of
title: Table 2: Degrees of Land
Deterioration
task force (see Force)
Team, USAREUR Technical Assistance,
etc.; the team
television station (see Station)
Telnet
Ten Commandments
Territorial, if referring to a political
subdivision
Territory:
Northwest (1799); the territory
Trust Territory of the Pacic Islands;
Pacic Islands Trust Territory; the
trust territory; the territory
Yukon, Northwest Territories; the
Territory(ies), Territorial (Canada)
but territory of: American Samoa, Guam,
Virgin Islands
e, part of name, capitalized:
e Dalles; e Gambia; e Hague;
e Weirs; but the Dalles Dam; the
Dalles region; the Hague Conference;
the Weirs streets
but the Adjutant General; the National
Archives; the Archives; the Times; the
Mermaid
ird World
irteen American Colonies, etc. (see
Colonies)
irteen Original States
ruway, New York State; the thruway
time:
Alaska, Alaska standard
Atlantic, Atlantic standard
central, central standard
eastern, eastern daylight, eastern daylight
saving (no s), eastern standard
Greenwich mean time (GMT)
Hawaii-Aleutian standard
local, local standard
mountain, mountain standard
Pacic, Pacic standard
universal
title 2, II, A, etc.; but Title 2, when part of
title: Title 2: General Provisions
Tomb:
Grant’s; the tomb
of the Unknowns; of the Unknown
Soldier; Unknown Soldier’s Tomb;
the tomb (see also Unknown Soldier)
Tower, Eiel, etc.; the tower
Township, Union; township of Union
trade names and trademarks:
Blu-Ray
Coca-Cola
Dr Pepper
Hersheypark
iPhone
iPod
iTunes
MasterCard
TiVo
U-Haul
UNIX
VISA
Yahoo!
ZIP Code (Postal)
Trade Representative (U.S.)
transatlantic; transpacic; trans-Siberian,
etc.; but Transjordan; Trans-Alaska
Treasurer, Assistant, of the United States;
the Assistant Treasurer; but assistant
treasurer at New York, etc.
Treasurer of the United States; the Treasurer
Treasury notes; Treasurys
Treasury, of the United States; General;
National; Public
Treaty, if part of name; the treaty:
Jay
North Atlantic; North Atlantic Defense
of Versailles
but treaty of 1919
triad
Tribe; Tribal (federally recognized)
(see Indians)
Tribunal, standing alone capitalized only in
minutes and ocial reports of a
specic arbitration; also High
Tribunal; the Tribunal (Supreme
Court)
Tropic of Cancer, of Capricorn; the Tropics
tropical; neotropic, neotropical, sub-
tropic(s), subtropical
Trust, Power, etc.
trust territory (see Territory)
Tunnel, Lincoln, etc.; the tunnel; but
irrigation, railroad, etc., tunnel
Turnpike, Pennsylvania, etc.; the turnpike
Twin Cities (Minneapolis and St. Paul)
U
U-boat
Under Secretary, if referring to ocer of
Federal Government; the Under
Secretary:
of Agriculture
of State
of the Treasury
Uniform Code of Military Justice (see Code)
Union (if part of proper name; capitalized
standing alone if synonym for United
States or if referring to international
unit):
Columbia Typographical
European
Pan American (former name; see
Organization of American States)
Station; but union passenger station;
union freight station
Teamsters; the Teamsters; the
union; also the Auto Workers, etc.
Universal Postal; the Postal Union
Woman’s Christian Temperance
but a painters union; printers union
United Nations:
Charter; the charter
Educational, Scientic, and Cultural
Organization (UNESCO) (see
Organization)
Food and Agriculture Organization
(FAO)
General Assembly; the Assembly
International Children’s Emergency
Fund (UNICEF)
International Court of Justice; the Court
Permanent Court of Arbitration (see
Court)
Secretariat, the
Secretary General
Security Council; the Council
World Employment Conference
World Health Organization (WHO);
the Organization
universal:
military training (see Program)
time (see time)
University, if part of name: Stanford; the
university
Unknown Soldier; Unknown of World War
II; World War II Unknown;
Unknown of Korea; Korea
Unknown; the Unknowns (see also
Tomb)
Upper, if part of name:
Colorado River Basin
Egypt
Peninsula (of Michigan)
but upper House of Congress
U.S.S.R. (former Union of Soviet Socialist
Republics)
V
Valley, Shenandoah, etc.; the valley; but the
valleys of Virginia and Maryland
V−E Day; V−J Day; V-chip
veteran, World War II; Vietnam
78 Chapter 4
Capitalization Examples 79
Veterans Aairs, Department of (see
Department)
Vice Chairman, etc. (same as Chairman)
vice consul, British, etc.
Vice President (same as President)
Voice of America; the Voice
volume 2, A, II, etc.; but Volume 2, when
part of title; Volume 2: Five Rivers in
America’s Future
W
War, if part of formal name:
Between the States
Civil
First World War; World War I; World
War; Great War; Second World War;
World War II
for Independence (1776)
French and Indian (1754−63)
Mexican
of 1812
of the Rebellion; the rebellion
on Crime
on Drugs
on Poverty
on Terrorism, Global
Revolutionary; of the Revolution; the
Revolution
Seven Years’
Six-Day (Arab-Israeli)
Spanish-American
the two World Wars
also post-World War II
war, descriptive or undeclared:
cold, hot
European
French and Indian wars
Indian
Korean
Persian Gulf; Gulf
third world; world war III
Vietnam
with Mexico
War College, National (see College)
War Mothers (see American)
ward 1, 2, etc.; rst, 11th, etc.
Washington’s Farewell Address
water district (see District)
waterway, inland, intercoastal, etc.; but
Intracoastal Waterway
web (lowercase within a sentence):
#address
#page
site
Web (upper case “W” to start a sentence)
Week, Fire Prevention; etc.
Weirs, e; but the Weirs streets
welfare state
West:
Bank (Jordan)
Coast (Africa); but west coast (U.S.)
End, etc. (section of city)
Europe (political entity)
Far West; Far Western States
Florida (1763−1819)
Middle (United States); Midwest
South Central States, etc.
the West (section of United States; also
world political entity)
west, western Pennsylvania
Western:
bloc
civilization
countries
Europe(an) (political entity)
Hemisphere; the hemisphere
ideas
Powers
States
United States
World
but far western; western farming States
(U.S.)
westerner
Whip, Majority; Minority
Whisky Rebellion (see Rebellion)
80 Chapter 4
White (see Caucasian)
White House:
Blue Room
East Room
Oval Oce
Police (see Police)
Red Room
Rose Garden
State Dining Room
white paper, British, etc.
Wi-Fi
Wilderness, capitalized with name; San
Joaquin Wilderness, CA; the
wilderness; but the Wilderness
(Virginia battleeld)
Wood, if part of name:
Belleau
County
Fort Leonard
World: New, Old, ird; but free world
World Bank; the Bank
World Series
World War (see War)
World War II veteran
world wide web, the web
X
x ray (note: no hyphen)
Y
year, calendar, scal
Your Excellency; Your Honor; Your
Majesty; etc.
Youth Corps; the Corps
Z
Zika virus
ZIP Code number; ZIP+4
Zone, if part of name; the zone:
British (in Germany)
Canal (Panama)
Eastern, Western (Germany)
Frigid
Hot (infectious area)
of Interior (see Command)
Temperate, Torrid; the zone
U.S. Foreign Trade; Foreign
Trade Zone; but the foreign trade
zone, free trade zone
zone:
Arctic
eastern standard time
no-y
polar
tropical
Zoological Park (National); the zoo;
the park
81
5. Spelling
(See also Chapter 7 “Compounding Examples” and Chapter 9 “Abbreviations and Letter Symbols”)
5.1. GPO uses Webster’s ird New International Dictionary as its
guide for the spelling of words not appearing in the GPO S
M. Colloquial and dialect spellings are not used unless re-
quired by the subject matter or specially requested. e tendency
of some producers of computer-assisted publications to rely on the
limited capability of some spell-checking programs adds impor-
tance to this list.
Preferred and difficult spellings
5.2. In addition to indicating the preferred forms of words with variant
spellings, the list also contains other words frequently misspelled or
causing uncertainty.
A
abattoir
aberration
abetter
abettor (law)
abridgment
absorb (take in)
adsorb (adhesion)
abysmal
a cappella
accede (yield)
exceed (surpass)
accepter
acceptor (law)
accessory
accommodate
accordion
accouter
accursed
acetic (acid)
ascetic (austere)
acknowledgment
acoustic
adapter
adjurer
adjuster
ad nauseam
adviser
advisor (law)
adz
aegis
aesthetic
aect (inuence, v.)
eect (result,
nish, n., v.)
aerward(s)
aerword
aging
aid (n., v.)
aide
aide-de-camp
albumen (egg)
albumin
(chemistry)
align
allottee
all ready (prepared)
already (previous)
all right
altogether
(completely)
all together
(collectively)
aluminum
ambidextrous
amoeba
ampoule
analog
analogous
anemia
anesthetic
aneurysm
anomalous
anonymous
antediluvian
antibiotics (n.)
antibiotic (adj.)
anyway (adv.)
anywise (adv.)
appall, -ed, -ing
appareled, -ing
aquatic
aqueduct
archaeology
arrester
artifact
artisan
ascendance, -ant
ascent (rise)
assent (consent)
assassinate
athenaeum
attester
autogiro
awhile (for some
time)
a while (a short
time)
ax
aye
B
backward
baloney (nonsense)
bologna (sausage)
bandanna
bargainer
bargainor (law)
baritone
bark (boat)
barreled, -ing
bastille
bathyscaph
battalion
bazaar (event)
bizarre (strange or
absurd)
behoove
benecent
82 Chapter 5
beneted, -ing
bettor (wagerer)
beveled, -ing
biased, -ing
blessed
bloc (group)
block (grants)
blond(e)
bluing
born (birth)
borne (carried)
bouillon (soup)
bullion (metal)
boulder
bourgeoisie
breach (gap)
breech (lower part)
brier
briquet, -ted, -ting
Britannia
broadax
bronco
brunet(te)
buccaneer
buncombe
bunion
bur
burned
bus, bused, buses,
busing
butadiene
C
caeine
calcareous
calcimine
caldron
calendar
calender (paper
nish)
caliber
caliper
calk (spike)
caulk (seal)
calligraphy
callus (n.)
callous (adj.)
calorie
canceled, -ing
cancellation
candor
canister
cannot
canoeing
cantaloupe
canvas (cloth)
canvass (solicit)
capital (city, money)
capitol (building)
carabao (sing., pl.)
carat (gem weight)
caret (omission
mark)
karat (gold weight)
carbureted, -ing
carburetor
Caribbean
caroled, -ing
carotene
carrot
cartilage
caster (roller)
castor (oil)
casual (informal)
causal (cause)
catalog, -ed, -ing
cataloger
catsup
caviar
caviled, -er, -ing
center
centipede
centrifugal
cesarean
chairmaned
chaise longue;
lounge
chancellor
channeled, -ing
chaperon(e)
chautauqua
chauvinism
chionier
chile con carne
chili (pepper)
chiseled, -ing
chlorophyll
cigarette
citable
cite (quote)
site (place)
clamor
climactic (climax)
climatic (climate)
cocaine
coconut
cocoon
coleslaw
colloquy
colossal
combated, -ing
commenter
commentor (law)
commingle
commiserate
complement
(complete)
compliment
(praise)
confectionery
condant(e)
condent (sure)
conrmer
conrmor (law)
conjurer
connecter
connector (road)
connoisseur
consecrator
consensus
consignor
consulter
consummate
contradicter
control, -lable, -ling
converter
conveyor
cookie
cornetist
corollary
corvette
councilor (of
council)
counselor
(adviser)
counseled, -ing
cozy
crawsh
creneled, -ing
crystaled, -ing
crystalline
crystallize
cudgeled, -ing
cyclopedia
czar
D
darndest
debarkation
decaeinated
decalogue
defense
deliverer
deliveror (law)
demagogue
demarcation
de minimis
dependent
descendant (n., adj.)
desecrater
desiccate
desuetude
(suspended)
destitute (bere)
detractor
develop, -ment
Spelling 83
device (contrivance)
devise (convey)
dextrous (syllable
division)
diaeresis
diaeretic
diuretic (water pill)
diagramed, -ing
diagrammatic
dialed, -ing
dialogue
dialysis
diaphragm
diarrhea
dickey
dietitian
diuser
dike
dilettante
dinghy (boat)
diphtheria
discreet (prudent)
discrete (distinct)
disheveled, -ing
disc (computer)
dispatch
dissension
distention
distill, -ed, -ing,
-ment
distributor
diverter
divorcee (masc.,
fem.)
doctoral
doctrinaire
doggerel
dossier
doweled, -ing
downward
dreadnought
dreamed
drought
dueled, -ing
duelbag
dullness
dumbfound
dwelt
dyeing (coloring)
dying (death)
E
eastward
ecstasy
edema
edgewise
electronics (n.)
electronic (adj.)
eleemosynary
elicit (to draw)
illicit (illegal)
embarrass
embed
embellish
emboweled, -ing
emboweler
emigrant (go from)
immigrant (go
into)
emigree
eminent (famous)
imminent (soon)
emoji
employee
enameled, -ing
encage
encase
encave
enclasp
enclose
enclosure
encumber
encumbrance
encyclopedia
endorse, -ment
endwise
enfeeble
enforce, -ment
engra
enroll, -ed, -ing,
-ment
enshade
ensheathe
ensnare
ensure (guarantee)
insure (protect)
entrench
entrepreneur
entrust
entwine
envelop (v.)
envelope (n.)
enwrap
eon
epaulet, -ed, -ing
epiglottis
epilogue
equaled, -ing
erysipelas
escallop
escapable
esophagus
etiology
evacuee
evanescent
eviscerate
evocative
exhibitor
exhilarate
exonerate
exorbitant
expellant
exposé (n.,
exposure)
expose (v., to lay
open)
exsiccate
extant (in existence)
extent (range)
extoll, -ed, -ing
eyeing
eyrie
F
fantasy
farther (distance)
further (degree)
favor
fecal
feces
fetal
fetish
fetus
ance(e)
ber
che (microche)
ligree
nable
nagle
nancier
ord
ammable (not
inammable)
ection
edgling
extime
ier
otage
otation
uorescent
focused, -ing
folderol
forbade
forbear (endurance)
forebear (ancestor)
foresee
forgettable
forgo (relinquish)
forego (precede)
format, formatted,
formatting
forswear
fortissimo
forward (ahead)
foreword (preface)
fricassee
fuchsia
84 Chapter 5
fueler
fulll, -ed, -ing,
-ment
fulsome
fungus (n., adj.)
funneled, -ing
furor
fuse (all meanings)
fuselage
fusillade
G
gaiety
gaily
galosh
gamboled, -ing
garrote
gauge
gazetteer
gelatin
genealogy
generalissimo
germane
glamorous
glamour
glycerin
gobbledygook
goodbye
govinfo
(always bold)
graveled, -ing
gray
grievous
groveled, -ing
gruesome
guarantee (n., v.)
guaranty (n., law)
guerrilla (warfare)
gorilla (ape)
guesstimate
guttural
gypsy
H
hallelujah
hara-kiri
harass
harebrained
healthful (for
health)
healthy (with
health)
heinous
hemoglobin
hemorrhage
hiccup
highfalutin
hijack
homeopath
homogeneity
homogeneous
(mixed uniformly)
homogenous (of
similar origin)
homologue
hors d’oeuvre
hypocrisy
hypotenuse
I
idiosyncrasy
idle (inactive)
idol (statue)
idyll
imminent (soon)
eminent (famous)
impaneled, -ing
impasse
imperiled, -ing
impostor
impresario
imprimatur
inculcate
indict (to accuse)
indite (to compose)
inequity (unfairness)
iniquity (sin)
inferable
infold
ingenious (skillful)
ingenuous (simple)
innocuous
innuendo
inoculate
inquire, inquiry
install, -ed, -ing,
-ment
installation
instill, -ed, -ing
insure (protect)
ensure (guarantee)
intelligentsia
interceptor
interment (burial)
internment (jail)
intern
intervener
intervenor (law)
intransigent (n., adj.)
in vitro
in vivo
iridescent
italic
J
jalopy
jalousie
jerry-(built)
jury-(rigged)
jeweled, -ing, -er
jewelry
judgeship
judgment
jujitsu
juxtaposition
K
karat
kerneled, -ing
kerosene
ketchup
kidnapped, -ing
kidnapper
kilogram
knapsack
kopek
kumquat
L
labeled, -ing
lacquer
landward
lath (wood)
lathe (machine)
laureled
leukemia
leveled, -ing
leveler
liable (responsible)
libel (legal)
liaison
libelant
libeled, -ing
libelee
libeler
license
licenser (issuer)
licensor (grantor)
licorice
likable
lilliputian
linage (lines)
lineage (descent)
liquefy
liquor
liqueur
liter
livable
loath (reluctant)
loathe (detest)
lodestar
lodestone
lodgment
logistics (n.)
logistic (adj.)
Spelling 85
louver
luster
lyonnaise
M
madam
Maa
maim
maize (corn)
maze (labyrinth)
maneuver
manifold
manikin (dwarf)
mannequin (model)
mantel (shelf)
mantle (cloak)
marbleize
marijuana
marshaled, -ing
marshaler
marveled, -ing
marvelous
material (goods)
materiel (military)
meager
medaled, -ing
medalist
medieval
meme
metaled, -ing
metalize
meteorology
(weather)
metrology
(weights and
measures)
meter
mil (⁄ inch)
mill (⁄ dollar)
mileage
miliary
(tuberculosis)
milieu
milk cow
millenary (1,000)
millinery (hats)
millennium
minable
missilery
misspell
miter
mnemonic
moccasin
modeled, -ing
modeler
mold
mollusk
molt
moneys
monogramed, -ing
monologue
mortise
movable
mucilage
mucus (n.)
mucous (adj.)
Muslim
mustache
N
naphtha
Navajo
Nazism
neophyte
niacin
nickel
niter
nonplused
northward
Novocain
(trademark)
novocaine
(anesthetic)
O
obbligato
obloquy
ocher
octet
oal
oense
omelet
ophthalmology
opossum
orangutan
orbited, -ing
ordinance (law)
ordnance
(military)
organdy
overseas or oversea
P
pajamas
palate (mouth)
palette (colors)
pallet (bed or
freight)
paleontology
paneled, -ing
paran
paralleled, -ing
parallelepiped
parceled, -ing
partisan
pastime
patrol, -led, -ling
peccadillo
pedant (n.)
pedantic (adj.)
peddler
penciled, -ing
pendant (n.)
pendent (u.m.)
percent
peremptory
(decisive)
preemptory
(preference)
perennial
periled, -ing
permittee
perquisite (privilege)
prerequisite
(requirement)
personal (individual)
personnel (sta)
perspective (view)
prospective
(expected)
petaled, -ing
pharaoh
pharmacopeia
phoenix
phlegm
phony
phosphorus (n.)
phosphorous (adj.)
photostated
pickax
picnicking
pipet
plaque
plastics (n.)
plastic (adj.)
pledger
pledgor (law)
plenitude
pliers
plow
poleax
pollination
pommeled, -ing
pontoon
porcelaneous
practice (n., v.)
precedence
(priority)
precedents (usage)
prerogative
pretense
preventive
principal (chief)
principle
(proposition)
privilege
86 Chapter 5
proer
programmatic
programmed, -mer,
-ming
prologue
promissory
pronunciation
propel, -led, -ling
propellant (n.)
propellent (adj.)
prophecy (n.)
prophesy (v.)
ptomaine
pubic (anatomy)
pulmotor
pusillanimous
Q
quarreled, -ing
quartet
quaternary
questionnaire
queue
R
raccoon
racket (all meanings)
rapprochement
rarefy
rarity
ratable
rational (adj.)
rationale (n.)
rattan
raveled, -ing
reconnaissance
reconnoiter
recyclable
referable
refuse
registrar
reinforce
relater
relator (law)
remodeler
renaissance
reparable
repellant (n.)
repellent (adj.)
requester
requestor (law)
rescission
responder
(electronics)
responser
(electronics)
reveled, -er, -ing
rhyme, rhythmic
RIFing, RIFed, RIFs
rivaled, -ing
roweled, -ing
ruble
S
saccharin (n.)
saccharine (adj.)
sacrilegious
salable
sandaled, -ing
savable
savanna
savior
Saviour (Christ)
scalloped, -ing
schizophrenia
scion (horticulture)
scurrilous
seismology
selvage (edging)
salvage (save)
sentineled, -ing
separate (v., adj.)
sepulcher
seriatim
settler
settlor (law)
sewage (waste)
sewerage (drain
system)
sextet
Shakespearean
shellacking
shoveled, -ing
shriveled, -ing
sideward
signaled, -ing
siphon
site (place)
cite (quote)
sizable
skeptic
skillful
skulduggery
sleight (de)
slight (meager)
smolder
sniveled, -ing
snorkel
soliloquy
sometime
(formerly)
some time (some
time ago)
some times (at
times)
southward
spacious (space)
specious
(deceptive)
specter
spirituous (liquor)
spirochete
spoliation
stationary (xed)
stationery (paper)
statue (sculpture)
stature (height)
statute (law)
staunch
stenciled, -ing
stenciler
stiing
stratagem
stubbornness
stultify
stupefy
subpoena, -ed
subtlety
succor
sulfur (also
derivatives)
sulfanilamide
sulfureted, -ing
supererogation
surfeit
surreptitious
surveillance
swiveled, -ing
sylvan
synonymous
syrup
T
taboo
tactician
tasseled, -ing
tattoo
taxied, -ing
technique
teetotaler
tercentenary
theater
therefor (for it)
therefore (for that
reason)
thiamine
thralldom
thrash (beat)
thresh (grain)
threshold
tie, tied, tying
timber (wood)
timbre (tone)
tinseled, -ing
titer
tonsillitis
tormenter
Spelling 87
Anglicized and foreign words
5.3. Diacritical marks are not used with anglicized words.
totaled, -ing
toward
toweled, -ing
toxemia
tracking
trammeled, -ing
tranquilize(r)
tranquillity
transcendent
transferable
transferor
transferred
transonic
transponder
(electronics)
transshipment
traveled, -ing
traveler
travelogue
triptych
trolley
troop (soldiers)
troupe (actors)
troweled, -ing
tryptophan
tularemia
tunneled, -ing
tunneler
turquoise
typify
tyrannical
tyro
U
unctuous
unwieldy
upward
uremia
usable
V
vacillate
valance (drape)
valence
(chemistry)
veld
veranda
vermilion
vicissitude
victualed, -ing
victualer
vilify
villain
visa, -ed, -ing
vitamin
vitrify
volcanism
voluntarism
votable
vying
W
wainscoting
warranter
warrantor (law)
warranty
weeviled, -ing
welder
westward
whimsy
whiskey, -s
willful
withe
woeful
woolen
woolly
worshiped, -er, -ing
A
abaca
aide memoire
a la carte
a la king
a la mode
angstrom
aperitif
applique
apropos
auto(s)-da-fe
B
blase
boutonniere
brassiere
C
cabana
cafe
cafeteria
caique
canape
cause celebre
chateau
cliche
cloisonne
comedienne
comme ci
comme ca
communique
confrere
consomme
cortege
coulee
coup de grace
coup d’etat
coupe
creme
crepe
crepe de chine
critique
critiquing
D
debacle
debris
debut
debutante
decollete
dejeuner
denouement
depot
dos-a-dos
E
eclair
eclat
ecru
elan
elite
entree
etude
F
facade
faience
faux pas
fete
ance (masc., fem.)
frappe
G
garcon
glace
grille
gruyere
H
habitue
I
ingenue
88 Chapter 5
5.4. Foreign words carry the diacritical marks as an essential part of
their spelling.
Plural forms
5.5. Nouns ending in o immediately preceded by a vowel add s to form
the plural; nouns ending in o preceded by a consonant add es to
form the plural, except as indicated in the following list.
J
jardiniere
L
laissez faire
litterateur
M
materiel
matinee
melange
melee
menage
mesalliance
metier
moire
N
naive
naivete
nee
O
opera boue
opera comique
P
papier mache
piece de resistance
pleiade
porte cochere
porte lumiere
portiere
pousse cafe
premiere
protege (masc., fem.)
puree
R
rale
recherche
regime
risque
role
rotisserie
roue
S
saute
seance
senor
smorgasbord
soiree
soue
suede
T
table d’hote
tete-a-tete
tragedienne
V
vicuna
vis-a-vis
à l’américaine
attaché
béton
blessé
calèche
cañada
cañon
chargé
chargé d’aaires
congé
crédit foncier
crédit mobilier
curé
déjà vu
détente
doña
entrepôt
exposé
longéron
mañana
maté
mère
nacré
outré
passé (masc., fem.)
pâté
père
piña
précis
raisonné
résumé
touché
albinos
armadillos
avocados
banjos
cantos
cascos
centos
didos
duodecimos
dynamos
escudos
falsettos
gauchos
ghettos
halos
indigos
infernos
juntos
kimonos
lassos
magnetos
mementos
merinos
mestizos
octavos
octodecimos
pianos
piccolos
pomelos
provisos
quartos
salvos
sextodecimos
sextos
siroccos
solos
tangelos
tobaccos
twos
tyros
virtuosos
zeros
Spelling 89
5.6. When a noun is hyphenated with an adverb or preposition, the plu-
ral is formed on the noun.
comings-in hangers-on markers-up
llers-in listeners-in passers-by
goings-on lookers-on swearers-in
5.7. When neither word is a noun, the plural is formed on the last word.
also-rans go-betweens run-ins
come-ons higher-ups tie-ins
5.8. In forming the plurals of compound terms, the signicant word
takes the plural form.
Signicant word rst:
adjutants general
aides-de-camp
ambassadors at large
attorneys at law
attorneys general
billets-doux
bills of fare
brothers-in-law
chargés d’aaires
chiefs of sta
commanders in chief
comptrollers general
consuls general
courts-martial
crepes suzette
daughters-in-law
governors general
grants-in-aid
heirs at law
inspectors general
men-of-war
ministers-designate
mothers-in-law
notaries public
pilots-in-command
postmasters general
presidents-elect
prisoners of war
reductions in force
rights-of-way
secretaries general
sergeants at arms
sergeants major
solicitors general
surgeons general
Signicant word in middle:
assistant attorneys general
assistant chiefs of sta
assistant comptrollers general
assistant surgeons general
Signicant word last:
assistant attorneys
assistant commissioners
assistant corporation counsels
assistant directors
assistant general counsels
brigadier generals
deputy judges
deputy sheris
general counsels
judge advocates
judge advocate generals
lieutenant colonels
major generals
provost marshals
provost marshal generals
quartermaster generals
90 Chapter 5
5.9. Nouns ending with ful form the plural by adding s at the end; if it
is necessary to express the idea that more than one container was
lled, the two elements of the solid compound are printed as sepa-
rate words and the plural is formed by adding s to the noun.
ve bucketfuls of the mixture (one bucket lled ve times)
ve buckets full of earth (separate buckets)
three cupfuls of our (one cup lled three times)
three cups full of coee (separate cups)
5.10. e following list comprises other words the plurals of which may
cause diculty.
trade unions
under secretaries
vice chairmen
Both words equally signicant:
Bulletins Nos. 27 and 28 not
Bulletin Nos. 27 and 28 but
Bulletin No. 27 or 28
coats of arms
masters at arms
men buyers
men employees
secretaries-treasurers
women aviators
No word signicant in itself:
forget-me-nots
hand-me-downs
jack-in-the-pulpits
man-of-the-earths
pick-me-ups
will-o’-the-wisps
addendum, addenda
adieu, adieus
agendum, agenda
alga, algae
alumnus, alumni (masc.); alumna,
alumnae (fem.)
antenna, antennas (antennae,
zoology)
appendix, appendixes
aquarium, aquariums
automaton, automatons
axis, axes
bandeau, bandeaux
basis, bases
bateau, bateaux
beau, beaus
cactus, cactuses
calix, calices
cargo, cargoes
chassis (singular and plural)
cherub, cherubs
cicatrix, cicatrices
Co., Cos.
coccus, cocci
consortium, consortia
corrigendum, corrigenda
crisis, crises
criterion, criteria
curriculum, curriculums, curricula
datum (singular), data (plural, but
singular in collective sense)
desideratum, desiderata
dilettante, dilettanti
dogma, dogmas
ellipsis, ellipses
equilibrium, equilibriums
(equilibria, scientic)
erratum, errata
executrix, executrices
ambeau, ambeaus
Spelling 91
Endings “ible” and “able”
5.11. e following words end in ible; other words in this class end in able.
focus, focuses
folium, folia
formula, formulas
forum, forums
fungus, fungi
genius, geniuses
genus, genera
gladiolus (singular and plural)
helix, helices
hypothesis, hypotheses
index, indexes (indices, scientic)
insigne, insignia
italic (singular and plural)
Kansas Citys
lacuna, lacunae
larva, larvae
larynx, larynxes
lens, lenses
lira, lire
locus, loci
madam, mesdames
Marys
matrix, matrices
maximum, maximums, maxima
medium, mediums or media
memorandum, memorandums,
memoranda
minimum, minimums, minima
minutia, minutiae
monsieur, messieurs
nucleus, nuclei
oasis, oases
octopus, octopuses
opus, opera
parenthesis, parentheses
phenomenon, phenomena
phylum, phyla
plateau, plateaus
podium, podiums
procès-verbal, procès-verbaux
radius, radii
radix, radixes
referendum, referendums
sanatorium, sanatoriums
sanitarium, sanitariums
septum, septa
sequela, sequelae
seraph, seraphs
seta, setae
ski, skis
stadium, stadiums
stimulus, stimuli
stratum, strata
stylus, styluses
syllabus, syllabuses
symposium, symposia
synopsis, synopses
tableau, tableaus
taxi, taxis
terminus, termini
testatrix, testatrices
thesaurus, thesauri
thesis, theses
thorax, thoraxes
vertebra, vertebras (vertebrae,
zoology)
virtuoso, virtuosos
vortex, vortexes
abhorrible
accendible
accessible
addible
adducible
admissible
appetible
apprehensible
audible
avertible
bipartible
circumscriptible
coctible
coercible
cognoscible
cohesible
collapsible
collectible(s)
combustible
comestible
commonsensible
compactible
compatible
competible
92 Chapter 5
compossible
comprehensible
compressible
conducible
conductible
conuxible
congestible
contemptible
controvertible
conversable (oral)
conversible
(convertible)
convertible
convincible
corrigible
corrodible
corrosible
corruptible
credible
crucible
cullible
decoctible
deducible
deductible
defeasible
defectible
defensible
delible
deprehensible
depressible
descendible
destructible
dirangible
diusible
digestible
dimensible
discernible
discerpible
discerptible
discussible
dispersible
dissectible
distensible
distractible
divertible
divestible
divisible
docible
edible
educible
eectible
eervescible
eligible
eludible
erodible
evasible
eversible
evincible
exemptible
exhaustible
exigible
expansible
explosible
expressible
extensible
fallible
feasible
fencible
exible
uxible
forcible
frangible
fungible
fusible
gullible
horrible
ignitible
illegible
immersible
immiscible
impartible
impatible
impedible
imperceptible
impermissible
imperscriptible
impersuasible
implausible
impossible
imprescriptible
imputrescible
inaccessible
inadmissible
inapprehensible
inaudible
incircumscriptible
incoercible
incognoscrible
incombustible
incommiscible
incompatible
incomprehensible
incompressible
inconcussible
incontrovertible
inconvertible
inconvincible
incorrigible
incorrodible
incorruptible
incredible
indefeasible
indefectible
indefensible
indelible
indeprehensible
indestructible
indigestible
indiscernible
indivertible
indivisible
indocible
inducible
ineervescible
ineligible
ineludible
inevasible
inexhaustible
inexpansible
inexpressible
infallible
infeasible
inexible
infractible
infrangible
infusible
innascible
inscriptible
insensible
instructible
insubmergible
insuppressible
insusceptible
intactible
intangible
intelligible
interconvertible
interruptible
intervisible
invendible
invertible
invincible
invisible
irascible
irreducible
irrefrangible
irremissible
irreprehensible
irrepressible
irresistible
irresponsible
irreversible
legible
mandible
marcescible
miscible
negligible
nexible
omissible
ostensible
partible
passable (open)
Spelling 93
Endings “ise,” “ize,” and “yze”
5.12. A large number of words have the termination ise, ize, or yze. e
letter l is followed by yze if the word expresses an idea of loosening or
separating, as analyze; all other words of this class, except those end-
ing with the sux wise and those in the following list, end in ize.
Endings “cede,” “ceed,” and “sede”
5.13. Only one word ends in sede (supersede); only three end in ceed (ex-
ceed, proceed, succeed); all other words of this class end in cede
(precede, secede, etc.).
advertise
advise
aranchise
apprise (to inform)
apprize (to
appraise)
arise
chastise
circumcise
comprise
compromise
demise
despise
devise
disenfranchise
disfranchise
disguise
emprise
enfranchise
enterprise
excise
exercise
exorcise
franchise
improvise
incise
merchandise
misadvise
mortise
premise
prise (to force)
prize (to value)
reprise
revise
rise
supervise
surmise
surprise
televise
passible (feeling)
perceptible
perfectible
permissible
persuasible
pervertible
plausible
possible
prehensible
prescriptible
producible
productible
protrusible
putrescible
receptible
redemptible
reducible
reectible
reexible
refrangible
remissible
renascible
rendible
reprehensible
repressible
reproducible
resistible
responsible
reversible
revertible
risible
runcible
sconcible
seducible
sensible
sponsible
suasible
subdivisible
submergible
submersible
subvertible
suggestible
supersensible
suppressible
susceptible
suspensible
tangible
tensible
terrible
thurible
traducible
transmissible
transvertible
tripartible
unadmissible
uncorruptible
unexhaustible
unexpressible
unintelligible
unresponsible
unsusceptible
vendible
vincible
visible
vitrescible
94 Chapter 5
Doubled consonants
5.14. A single consonant following a single vowel and ending in a
monosyllable or a nal accented syllable is doubled before a sux
beginning with a vowel.
bag, bagging red, reddish but
format, formatting rob, robbing total, totaled, totaling
input, inputting transfer, transferred travel, traveled, traveling
5.15. If the accent in a derivative falls upon an earlier syllable than it does
in the root word, the consonant is not doubled.
refer, reference prefer, preference infer, inference
Indefinite articles
5.16. e indenite article a is used before a consonant and an aspirated
h; an is used before a silent h and all vowels except u pronounced as
in visual and o pronounced as in one.
a historic occasion an herbseller but
a hotel an hour an H-U-D directive
a human being an honor a HUD directive
a humble man an onion
a union an oyster
5.17. When a group of initials begins with b, c, d, g, j, k, p, q, t, u, v, w, y,
or z, each having a consonant sound, the indenite article a is used.
a BLS compilation a GAO limitation a WWW search
a CIO nding a UFO sighting
5.18. When a group of initials begins with a, e, f, h, i, l, m, n, o, r, s, or x,
each having a vowel sound, the indenite article an is used.
an AEC report an NSC (en) proclamation
an FCC (ef) ruling an RFC (ahr) loan
5.19. Use of the indenite article a or an before a numerical expression
is determined by the consonant or vowel sound of the beginning
syllable.
an 11-year-old an VIII (eight) classication
a onetime winner a IV–F (four ef) category (military dra)
a III (three) group a 4–H Club
Spelling 95
Geographic names
5.20. e spelling of geographic names must conform to the decisions
of the U.S. Board on Geographic Names (BGN) (http://geonames.
usgs.gov). In the absence of such a decision, the U.S. Directory of
Post Oces is to be used.
5.21. If the decisions or the rules of the BGN permit the use of either
the local ocial form or the conventional English form, it is the
prerogative of the originating oce to select the form that is most
suitable for the matter in hand; therefore, in marking copy or read-
ing proof, it is required only to verify the spelling of the particular
form used. GPO’s preference is for the conventional English form.
Copy will be followed as to accents, but these should be consistent
throughout the entire job.
Nationalities, etc.
5.22. e table on Demonyms in Chapter 17 “Useful Tables” shows forms
to be used for nouns and adjectives denoting nationality.
5.23. In designating the natives of the States, the following forms will be
used.
Alabamian
Alaskan
Arizonan
Arkansan
Californian
Coloradan
Connecticuter
Delawarean
Floridian
Georgian
Hawaii resident
Hoosier
(Indiana)
Idahoan
Illinoisan
Iowan
Kansan
Kentuckian
Louisianian
Mainer
Marylander
Massachusettsan
Michiganian
Minnesotan
Mississippian
Missourian
Montanan
Nebraskan
Nevadan
New Hampshirite
New Jerseyan
New Mexican
New Yorker
North Carolinian
North Dakotan
Ohioan
Oklahoman
Oregonian
Pennsylvanian
Rhode Islander
South Carolinian
South Dakotan
Tennessean
Texan
Utahn
Vermonter
Virginian
Washingtonian
West Virginian
Wisconsinite
Wyomingite
96 Chapter 5
5.24. Observe the following forms:
Alaska Native
Asian American
Black or African American
Hispanic or Latino
Native American or American Indian
Native Hawaiian
Pacic Islander
Puerto Rican
White
Native American words
5.25. Words, including Tribal and other proper names of Indian, Alaska
Native, Hawaiian, and other groups, are to be followed literally as to
spelling and the use of spaces, diacriticals, hyphens, etc.
Transliteration
5.26. In the spelling of nongeographic words transliterated from Chinese,
Japanese, or any other language that does not have a Latin alphabet,
copy is to be followed literally.
97
6. Compounding Rules
(See also Chapter 7 “Compounding Examples”)
6.1. A compound word is a union of two or more words, either with
or without a hyphen. It conveys a unit idea that is not as clearly or
quickly conveyed by the component words in unconnected succes-
sion. e hyphen is a mark of punctuation that not only unites but
also separates the component words; it facilitates understanding,
aids readability, and ensures correct pronunciation. When com-
pound words must be divided at the end of a line, such division
should be made leaving prexes and combining forms of more than
one syllable intact.
6.2. In applying the rules in this chapter and in using the list of ex-
amples in the following chapter, “Compounding Examples,” the
uid nature of our language should be kept in mind. Word forms
constantly undergo modication. Although it is oen the case that
hyphenated compound words eventually lose their hyphen, many
of them start out unhyphenated.
6.3. e rules, therefore, are somewhat exible. Exceptions must nec-
essarily be allowed. Current language trends continue to point to
closing up certain words which, through either frequent use or
widespread dissemination through modern media exposure, have
become xed in the reader’s mind as units of thought. e tendency
to merge two short words continues to be a natural progression to-
ward better communication.
General rules
6.4. In general, omit the hyphen when words appear in regular order
and the omission causes no ambiguity in sense or sound.
banking hours eye opener real estate
blood pressure fellow citizen rock candy
book value living costs training ship
census taker palm oil violin teacher
day laborer patent right
98 Chapter 6
6.5. Words are usually combined to express a literal or nonliteral (gura-
tive) unit idea that would not be as clearly expressed in unconnected
succession.
aerglow forget-me-not right-of-way
bookkeeping gentleman whitewash
cupboard newsprint
6.6. A derivative of a compound retains the solid or hyphenated form of
the original compound unless otherwise indicated.
coldbloodedness outlawry Y-shaped
footnoting praiseworthiness
ill-advisedly railroader
6.7. A hyphen is used to avoid doubling a vowel or tripling a consonant,
except aer the short prexes co, de, pre, pro, and re, which are gen-
erally printed solid. (See also rules 6.29 and 6.32.)
cooperation semi-independent shell-like
deemphasis brass-smith hull-less
preexisting Inverness-shire but
anti-ination thimble-eye co-occupant
micro-organism ultra-atomic cross section
Solid compounds
6.8. Print solid two nouns that form a third when the compound has
only one primary accent, especially when the prexed noun consists
of only one syllable or when one of the elements loses its original
accent.
airship cupboard footnote
bathroom dressmaker locksmith
bookseller shmonger workman
6.9. Print solid a noun consisting of a short verb and an adverb as its sec-
ond element, except when the use of the solid form would interfere
with comprehension.
blowout builddown areback
breakdown cooldown giveaway
hangover runo but
holdup setup cut-in
makeready showdown phase-in
marko thowaway run-in
pickup tradeo sit-in
Compounding Rules 99
6.10. Compounds beginning with the following nouns are usually
printed solid.
book mill snow
eye play way
horse school wood
house shop work
6.11. Compounds ending in the following are usually printed solid, espe-
cially when the prexed word consists of one syllable.
berry
bird
blossom
board
boat
book
borne
bound
box
boy
brained
bug
bush
cam
cra
eld
sh
ower
y
girl
grower
headed
hearted
holder
hopper
house
keeper
keeping
land
light
like
line
load
maid
maker
making
man
master
mate
mill
mistress
monger
over
owner
but #ownership
person
picker
picking
piece
plane
power
proof
roach
room
shop
site
skin
smith
stone
store
tail
tight
time (not clock)
ward
ware
water
way
wear
weed
wide
wise
woman
wood
work
worker
working
worm
worthy
writer
100 Chapter 6
6.12. Print solid any, every, no, and some when combined with body,
thing, and where. When one is the second element, print as two
words if meaning a single or particular person or thing. To avoid
mispronunciation, print no one as two words at all times.
anybody everywhere somebody
anything everyone something
anywhere nobody somewhere
anyone nothing someone
everybody nowhere
everything no one
but any one of us may stay; every one of the pilots is responsible; every body was
accounted for
6.13. Print compound personal pronouns as one word.
herself oneself yourself
himself ourselves yourselves
itself themselves
myself thyself
6.14. Print as one word compass directions consisting of two points, but
use a hyphen aer the rst point when three points are combined.
northeast north-northeast
southwest south-southwest
also north-south alignment
Unit modifiers
6.15. Print a hyphen between words, or abbreviations and words, com-
bined to form a unit modier immediately preceding the word
modied, except as indicated in rule 6.16 and elsewhere throughout
this chapter. is applies particularly to combinations in which one
element is a present or past participle.
agreed-upon standards
Baltimore-Washington road
collective-bargaining talks
contested-election case
contract-bar rule
cost-of-living increase
drought-stricken area
English-speaking nation
re-tested material
Federal-State-local cooperation
German-English descent
guided-missile program
hearing-impaired class
high-speed line
large-scale project
law-abiding citizen
long-term loan
line-item veto
Compounding Rules 101
6.16. Where meaning is clear and readability is not aided, it is not nec-
essary to use a hyphen to form a temporary or made compound.
Restraint should be exercised in forming unnecessary combina-
tions of words used in normal sequence.
6.17. Print without a hyphen a compound predicate (either adjective or
noun) whose second element is a present participle.
e duties were price xing. e shale was oil bearing.
e eects were far reaching. e area is used for beet raising.
long-term-payment loan
low-cost housing
lump-sum payment
most-favored-nation clause
multiple-purpose uses
no-par-value stock
one-on-one situation
part-time personnel
rust-resistant covering
service-connected disability
state-of-the-art technology
supply-side economics
tool-and-die maker
up-or-down vote
U.S.-owned property; U.S.-agship
1-inch diameter; 2-inch-diameter
pipe
a 4-percent increase, the 10-percent
rise
but
4 percent citric acid
4 percent interest. (Note the absence
of an article: a, an, or the. e
word of is understood here.)
atomic energy power
bituminous coal industry
child welfare plan
civil rights case
civil service examination
durable goods industry
ood control study
free enterprise system
ground water levels
high school student
elementary school grade
income tax form
interstate commerce law
land bank loan
land use program
life insurance company
mutual security funds
national defense appropriation
natural gas company
per capita expenditure
Portland cement plant
production credit loan
public at large
public utility plant
real estate tax
small businessman
Social Security pension
soil conservation measures
special delivery mail
parcel post delivery
speech correction class
but no-hyphen rule (readability
aided); not no hyphen rule
102 Chapter 6
6.18. Print without a hyphen a compound predicate adjective the second
element of which is a past participle. Omit the hyphen in a predicate
modier of comparative or superlative degree.
e area is drought stricken. is material is re tested.
e paper is ne grained. e cars are higher priced.
Moderately ne grained wood. e reporters are better informed.
6.19. Print without a hyphen a two-word modier the rst element of
which is a comparative or superlative.
better drained soil but
best liked books uppercrust society
higher level decision lowercase, uppercase type
highest priced apartment upperclassman
larger sized dress bestseller (noun)
better paying job lighter-than-air cra
lower income group higher-than-market price
6.20. Do not use a hyphen in a two-word unit modier the rst element
of which is an adverb ending in ly, nor use hyphens in a three-word
unit modier the rst two elements of which are adverbs.
eagerly awaited moment but
wholly owned subsidiary ever-normal granary
unusually well preserved specimen ever-rising ood
very well dened usage still-new car
longer than usual lunch period still-lingering doubt
not too distant future well-known lawyer
most oen heard phrase well-kept secret
6.21. Proper nouns used as unit modiers, either in their basic or derived
form, retain their original form; but the hyphen is printed when
combining forms.
Latin American countries
North Carolina roads
a Mexican American
South American trade
Spanish-American pride
Winston-Salem festival
African-American program
Anglo-Saxon period
Franco-Prussian War
Seventh-day Adventists
but
Minneapolis-St. Paul region
North American-South American
sphere
French-English descent
Washington–Wilkes-Barre route
or Washington/Wilkes-Barre
route
Compounding Rules 103
6.22. Do not confuse a modier with the word it modies.
6.23. Where two or more hyphenated compounds have a common basic
element but this element is omitted in all but the last term, the hy-
phens are retained.
2- to 3- and 4- to 5-ton trucks
2- by 4-inch boards, but boards 2 to 6 inches wide
8-, 10-, and 16-foot boards
6.4-, 3.1-, and 2-percent pay raises
moss- and ivy-covered walls, not moss and ivy-covered walls
long- and short-term money rates, not long and short-term money rates
but twofold or threefold, not two or threefold
goat, sheep, and calf skins, not goat, sheep, and calfskins
intrastate and intracity, not intra-state and -city
American owned and managed companies
preoperative and postoperative examination
6.24. Do not use a hyphen in a unit modier consisting of a foreign
phrase.
ante bellum days ex ocio member per diem employee
bona de transaction per capita tax prima facie evidence
6.25. Do not print a hyphen in a unit modier containing a letter or a
numeral as its second element.
abstract B pages class II railroad point 4 program
article 3 provisions grade A milk ward D beds
elderly clothesman
old-clothes man
competent shoemaker
wooden-shoe maker
eld canning factory
tomato-canning factory
brave servicemen
service men and women
light blue hat (weight)
light-blue hat (color)
average taxpayer
income-tax payer
American agship (military)
American-ag ship
well-trained schoolteacher
elementary school teacher
preschool children (kindergarten)
pre-school children (before school)
rezoned wastesite
hazardous-waste site
but
common stockholder
stock ownership
small businessman
working men and women
steam powerplant site
meat packinghouse owner
104 Chapter 6
6.26. Do not use a hyphen in a unit modier enclosed in quotation marks
unless it is normally a hyphenated term, but quotation marks are
not to be used in lieu of a hyphen.
“blue sky” law but
“good neighbor” policy right-to-work law
“tie-in” sale line-item veto
6.27. Print combination color terms as separate words, but use a hyphen
when such color terms are unit modiers.
bluish green bluish-green feathers
dark green iron-gray sink
orange red silver-gray body
6.28. Do not use a hyphen between independent adjectives preceding a
noun.
big gray cat a ne old southern gentleman
Prefixes, suffixes, and combining forms
6.29. Print solid combining forms and prexes, except as indicated
elsewhere.
aerbirth
Anglomania
antedate
antislavery
biweekly
bylaw
circumnavigation
cisalpine
cooperate
contraposition
countercase
deenergize
demitasse
excommunicate
extracurricular
foretell
heroicomic
hypersensitive
hypoacid
inbound
infrared
interview
intraspinal
introvert
isometric
macroanalysis
mesothorax
metagenesis
microphone
misstate
monogram
multicolor
neophyte
nonneutral
oset
outbake
overactive
pancosmic
paracentric
particoated
peripatetic
planoconvex
polynodal
postscript
preexist
proconsul
pseudoscholastic
reenact
retrospect
semiocial
stepfather
subsecretary
supermarket
thermocouple
transonic
transship
tricolor
ultraviolet
unnecessary
underow
Compounding Rules 105
6.30. Print solid combining forms and suxes, except as indicated
elsewhere.
6.31. Print solid words ending in like, but use a hyphen to avoid tripling a
consonant or when the rst element is a proper name.
lifelike girllike Scotland-like
lilylike bell-like McArtor-like
6.32. Use a hyphen or hyphens to prevent mispronunciation, to ensure
a denite accent on each element of the compound, or to avoid
ambiguity.
6.33. Use a hyphen to join duplicated prexes.
re-redirect sub-subcommittee super-superlative
6.34. Print with a hyphen the prexes ex, self, and quasi.
portable
coverage
operate
plebiscite
twentyfold
spoonful
kilogram
geography
manhood
selfish
meatless
outlet
wavelike
procurement
innermost
partnership
lonesome
homestead
northward
clockwise
anti-hog-cholera serum
co-occurrence
co-op
mid-decade
multi-ply (several plies)
non-civil-service position
non-tumor-bearing tissue
pre-midcourse review
pre-position (before)
pro-choice
pro-life
re-cover (cover again)
re-creation (create again)
re-lay (lay again)
re-sign (sign again)
re-sorting (sort again)
re-treat (treat again)
un-ionized
un-uniformity
but
rereferred
rereviewed
ex-governor
ex-serviceman
ex-son-in-law
ex-vice-president
self-control
self-educated
quasi-academic
quasi-argument
quasi-corporation
quasi-young
but
selood
selfsame
106 Chapter 6
6.35. Unless usage demands otherwise, use a hyphen to join a prex or
combining form to a capitalized word. (e hyphen is retained in
words of this class set in caps.)
Numerical compounds
6.36. Print a hyphen between the elements of compound numbers from
twenty-one to ninety-nine and in adjective compounds with a nu-
merical rst element.
6.37. Print without a hyphen a modier consisting of a possessive noun
preceded by a numeral. (See also rule 8.14.)
1 month’s layo 3 weeks’ vacation
1 week’s pay 1 minute’s delay
2 hours’ work but a 1-minute delay
anti-American
pro-British
un-American
non-Government
neo-Nazi
post-World War II
or post-Second World War
non-Federal
but
nongovernmental
overanglicize
transatlantic
twenty-one
twenty-rst
6-footer
6-foot-11-inch man
24-inch ruler
3-week vacation
8-hour day
10-minute delay
20th-century progress
3-to-1 ratio
5-to-4 vote
.22-caliber cartridge
2-cent-per-pound tax
four-in-hand tie
three-and-twenty
two-sided question
multimillion-dollar fund
10-dollar-per-car tax
thirty- (30-) day period
but
one hundred twenty-one
100-odd
foursome
threescore
foursquare
$20 million aireld
second grade children
Compounding Rules 107
6.38. Print a hyphen between the elements of a fraction, but omit it
between the numerator and the denominator when the hyphen ap-
pears in either or in both.
one-thousandth twenty-three thirtieths
two-thirds twenty-one thirty-seconds
two one-thousandths three-fourths of an inch
6.39. A unit modier following and reading back to the word or words
modied takes a hyphen and is printed in the singular.
motor, alternating-current, 3-phase, 60-cycle, 115-volt
glass jars: 5-gallon, 2-gallon, 1-quart
belts: 2-inch, 1¼-inch, ½-inch, ¼-inch
Civil and military titles
6.40. Do not hyphenate a civil or military title denoting a single oce,
but print a double title with a hyphen.
6.41. e adjectives elect and designate, as the last element of a title, re-
quire a hyphen.
President-elect (Federal) ambassador-designate
Vice-President-elect (Federal) minister-designate
Secretary of Housing and Urban
Development-designate
ambassador at large
assistant attorney general
commander in chief
comptroller general
Congressman at Large
major general
notary public
secretary general
secretary-treasurer
sergeant at arms
treasurer-manager
under secretary
but under-secretaryship
vice president
but vice-presidency
108 Chapter 6
Scientific and technical terms
6.42. Do not print a hyphen in scientic terms (names of chemicals, dis-
eases, animals, insects, plants) used as unit modiers if no hyphen
appears in their original form.
6.43. Chemical elements used in combination with full-size gures use a
hyphen; chemical symbols do not.
polonium-210 235U 234U92
uranium-235 90Sr
6.44. Note use of hyphens and closeup punctuation in chemical formulas.
9-nitroanthra(1,9,4,10)bis(1)oxathiazone-2,7-bisdioxide
Cr-Ni-Mo
2,4-D
6.45. Print a hyphen between the elements of technical or contrived com-
pound units of measurement.
candela-hour light-year work-year
crop-year passenger-mile but kilowatthour
horsepower-hour sta-hour
Improvised compounds
6.46. Print with a hyphen the elements of an improvised compound.
carbon monoxide poisoning
guinea pig raising
hog cholera serum
methyl bromide solution
stem rust control
equivalent uranium content
whooping cough remedy
but
Russian-olive plantings
Douglas-r tree
blue-pencil (v.)
18-year-old (n., u.m.)
know-it-all (n.)
know-how (n.)
lick-the-nger-and-test-the-wind
economics
make-believe (n., u.m.)
one-man-one-vote principle
roll-on/roll-o ship
George “Pay-As-You-Go” Miller
stick-in-the-mud (n.)
let-George-do-it attitude
how-to-be-beautiful course
hard-and-fast rule
penny-wise and pound-foolish policy
rst-come-rst-served basis
a basis of rst come, rst servedbut
Compounding Rules 109
6.47. Use hyphens in a prepositional-phrase compound noun consisting
of three or more words.
cat-o’-nine-tails man-of-war but
government-in-exile mother-in-law heir at law
grant-in-aid mother-of-pearl next of kin
jack-in-the-box patent-in-fee ocer in charge
6.48. When the corresponding noun form is printed as separate words,
the verb form is always hyphenated.
cold-shoulder blue-pencil cross-brace
6.49. Print a hyphen in a compound formed of repetitive or conicting
terms and in a compound naming the same thing under two aspects.
6.50. Use a hyphen in a nonliteral compound expression containing an
apostrophe in its rst element.
asses’-eyes bull’s-eye crow’s-nest
ass’s-foot cat’s-paw
6.51. Use a hyphen to join a single capital letter to a noun or a participle.
6.52. Print idiomatic phrases without hyphens.
come by insofar as nowadays
inasmuch as Monday week
boogie-woogie
comedy-ballet
dead-alive
devil-devil
even-stephen
farce-melodrama
ddle-faddle
hanky-panky
murder-suicide
nitty-gritty
pitter-patter
razzle-dazzle
walkie-talkie
willy-nilly
young-old
but
bowwow
dillydally
hubbub
nitwit
rira
H-bomb
I-beam
T-shaped
U-boat
C-chip
C-section
V-necked
S-iron
T-square
X-ed out
but
x ray
x raying
S turns
111
7. Compounding Examples
7.1. e following examples are based on the rules for compounding
found in chapter 6. Obviously, this list or any other list of compound
words could not possibly be a complete reference due to sheer vol-
ume. However, an analogy of the words listed with like prexes and
suxes together with an application of the rules will result in easier
handling of those compound words not listed.
7.2 . In order to keep the list from becoming cumbersome, certain re-
strictions had to be adopted.
7.3. e listing of hyphenated compounds ending in ed was kept to a
minimum. e rationale was to provide one or two examples under
a keyword rather than needless repetition.
7.4. Similarly, many two-word forms which create no diculty were
omitted.
7.5. Care was exercised to achieve fuller coverage of solid compounds,
particularly when the adopted form is dierent than that of
Webster’s ird New International Dictionary. is dictionary is
GPO’s guide for spelling with the exception of those words listed in
rule 5.2. It is not GPO’s guide to compounding.
7.6. A distinction exists between words used in a literal sense and a non-
literal sense. With few exceptions, one-word forms usually express
a nonliteral interpretation, while two-word forms invariably convey
a literal meaning. For example, a person may have an interesting
sideline or hobby, but be forced to sit on the side line during periods
of inactivity.
7.7. Distinction should also be made in the compounding of two words
to form an adjective modier and the use of the same words as a
predicate adjective; e.g., “crystal-clear water,’’ but “the spring water
is crystal clear’’; “re-tested material,’’ but “the material is re
tested.’’
112 Cha pte r 7
7.8. Caution should be exercised when distinguishing whether a succes-
sion of words is being used as a compound or whether they simply
appear together. Consider, for example, ‘‘We know someone should
do it and who that some one ought to be.’’
7.9. Combining forms and prexes are usually printed solid. For greater
readability, the hyphen is sometimes used to avoid doubling a vowel
(anti-ination, naso-orbital); to facilitate a normally capitalized word
(mid-April, non-European); to assure distinct pronunciation of each
element of a compound or ready comprehension of intended mean-
ing (contra-ion, un-ionized); or to join a combining form or prex to
a hyphenated compound (equi-gram-molar, pro-mother-in-law).
7.10. As nouns and adjectives, holdup, calldown, layout, makeup, and
similar words should be printed solid. eir er derivatives, (holder-
up, caller-down, layer-out, and maker-up) require hyphens. Such
compounds as run-in, run-on, and tie-in resist quick comprehen-
sion when solid. ey are therefore hyphenated.
7.11. Words spelled alike but pronounced dierently, such as tear-dimmed
and tearsheet, wind tunnel and windup, are listed under the same
keyword.
7.12 . Words printed ush in the following list combine with the words
which follow to indicate solid or hyphenated compounds. A space-
mark (#) appearing before an indented entry indicates a two-word
form, but two-word forms appearing in the adjective position usu-
ally take a hyphen.
7.13 . To indicate word function, several abbreviations have been ap-
pended. ey are: adv., adverb; n., noun; v., verb; u.m., unit modier;
pref., prex; c.f., combining form; and conj., conjunction.
Compounding Examples 113
A
A
BC(s) (n.)
–B–C (u.m.)
-bomb
-day
-at
-frame
-pole
-sharp
a
borning, etc.
foot
while (adv.)
abdomino (c.f.)
all one word
able
-bodied (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
about-face
above
-cited (u.m.)
deck
-found (u.m.)
-given (u.m.)
ground (u.m.)
-mentioned (u.m.)
-named (u.m.)
-said (u.m.)
-water (u.m.)
-written (u.m.)
absentminded
ace-high (u.m.)
acid
fast
-treat (v.)
works
ack-ack
acre
-foot
-inch
actino (c.f.)
all one word
addle
brain
head
pate
add-on (n., u.m.)
adeno (c.f.)
all one word
aero (c.f.)
-otitis
rest one word
afore
all one word
aer (c.f.)
all one word
agar-agar
age
less
long
-old (u.m.)
-stricken (u.m.)
-weary (u.m.)
agribusiness
ague
-faced (u.m.)
-plagued (u.m.)
-sore (u.m.)
aide-de-camp
air
bag
base
bill
blast
-blasted (u.m.)
blown
brake
brush
burst
cargo
-clear (u.m.)
coach
-condition (all
forms)
-cool (v.)
-cooled (u.m.)
course
crew
-dried (u.m.)
-driven (u.m.)
drome
drop
-dry (u.m., v.)
fare
-oated (u.m.)
ow
foil
-formed (u.m.)
frame
freight
gap
glow
hammer
head
hole
hose
lane
li
#line (line for air)
line (aviation)
liner
link
locked
mail
mark (v.)
marker
mass
minded
park
path
photo
port (all
meanings)
#raid
scoop
ship
show
sick
-slaked (u.m.)
sleeve
space
speed
stream
strike
strip
#time (radio and
TV)
wave
woman
worthy
alder-leaved (u.m.)
ale
cup
-fed (u.m.)
glass
alkali#land
all
-absorbing (u.m.)
-aged (u.m.)
-American
-clear (n., u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
-otation
(mining)
#fours
#in
-inclusive (u.m.)
mark (printing)
-out (u.m.)
-possessed (u.m.)
-round (u.m.)
spice
-star (u.m.)
time (u.m.)
wise
alleyway
allo (c.f.)
all one word
almsgiver
along
ship
114 Chapter 7
shore
side
alpen
glow
stock
alpha
-cellulose
-iron
-naphthol
also-ran (n., u.m.)
alto
cumulus
relievo
stratus
amber
-clear (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
-tipped (u.m.)
ambi (c.f.)
all one word
amidships
amino
#acid
as prex, all one
word
ampere
-foot
-hour
meter
-minute
-second
amphi (pref.)
all one word
amylo (c.f.)
all one word
anchor
hold
#light
plate
angel
cake
-eyed (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
food
angio (c.f.)
all one word
angle
hook
meter
wing
worm
Anglo (c.f.)
-American, etc.
rest one word
anhydr(o) (c.f.)
all one word
ankle
bone
-deep (u.m.)
jack
ant
eater
hill
ante (pref.)
#bellum, etc.
-Christian, etc.
#mortem
mortem
(nonliteral)
rest one word
antero (c.f.)
all one word
anthra (c.f.)
all one word
anthropo (c.f.)
all one word
anti (pref.)
-American, etc.
-choice
christ
god
-hog-cholera
(u.m.)
-icer
-imperial
-ination, etc.
-life
-missile-missile
(u.m.)
missile
-New#Deal, etc.
personnel
trust, etc.
rest one word
antro (c.f.)
all one word
anvil
-faced (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
any
body
how
one
#one (one thing
or one of
a group)
place (adv.)
aorto (c.f.)
all one word
apo (pref.)
all one word
apple
cart
jack
#juice
sauce
-scented (u.m.)
April-fool (v.)
aqua
culture
lung
marine
meter
puncture
tint
tone
aquo (c.f.)
-ion
rest one word
arc
-over (n., u.m.)
-weld (v.)
arch (pref.)
band
bishop
duke
enemy
-Protestant
archeo (c.f.)
all one word
archi (pref.)
all one word
archo (c.f.)
all one word
areo (c.f.)
all one word
aristo (c.f.)
all one word
arithmo (c.f.)
all one word
arm
band
bone
chair
hole
li
pit
plate
rack
rest
-shaped (u.m.)
armor
-clad (u.m.)
-piercing (u.m.)
plate
-plated (u.m.)
smith
arm’s-length (u.m.)
arrow
head
-leaved (u.m.)
plate
Compounding Examples 115
-shaped (u.m.)
shot
-toothed (u.m.)
arseno (c.f.)
all one word
art-colored (u.m.)
arterio (c.f.)
all one word
arthro (c.f.)
all one word
artillery
man
woman
asbestos
-covered (u.m.)
-packed (u.m.)
ash
bin
can
-colored (u.m.)
-free (u.m.)
-gray (u.m.)
#heap
pan
pile
pit
tray
assembly
#line
man
#room
astro (c.f.)
all one word
attorney#at#law
audio
frequency
gram
meter
tape
visual
auri (c.f.)
-iodide
rest one word
authorship
auto (c.f.)
-logon
matic#backup
-objective
-observation
-omnibus
-ophthalmoscope
rest one word
awe
-bound (u.m.)
-lled (u.m.)
-inspired (u.m.)
some
ax
-adz
-grinding (u.m.)
hammer
head
-shaped (u.m.)
axletree
axo (c.f.)
all one word
azo (c.f.)
-orange
-orchil
-orseilline
rest one word
B
B-at
baby
#boomer
face (n.)
#food
sit (v.)
sitter
back
ache
band
bite (v.)
biter
bone
breaker
cap
chain
charge
-country (u.m.)
cross
date
down (n., u.m.)
drop
face
feed
ll
re
ap
ash
ow
-focus (v.)
furrow
ground
hand
haul
-in (n., u.m.)
lash
list (v.)
log
lotter
packer (n.)
paddle (v.)
pay
payment
pedal (v.)
plate
rest
road
run
saw
scatter
set
shi
slide
space
spin
spread
sta
stage
stairs
stamp
stay
stitch
stop
strap
-streeter
stretch (n.)
string
strip (book)
stroke
-swath (v.)
swept
swing
tack
talk
tender
tenter
-titrate (v.)
track (v.)
trail
up (n., u.m.)
wall
wash
water
backer
-down
-o
-up
bag
boy
-cheeked (u.m.)
girl
pipe
-shaped (u.m.)
baggage
man
#rack
#room
#train
bailout (n., u.m.)
116 C h a pte r 7
bake
oven
pan
shop
bald
faced
head (n.)
ball
eld
#game
-like
park (nonliteral)
#park (literal)
player
point (n., u.m.)
stock
ballot#box
band
aid
box
cutter
saw
stand
string
-tailed (u.m.)
wagon
width
bandy
ball
-legged (u.m.)
bangup (n., u.m.)
bank
book
note
#paper
side (stream)
bantamweight
bar
#bit
code
keeper
maid
post
tender
-wound (u.m.)
bare
-armed (u.m.)
back
bone
faced
foot
handed
legged
necked
worn
barge-laden (u.m.)
bark
cutter
peel
-tanned (u.m.)
barley
corn
mow
#water
barnstormer
barrel
head
-roll (v.)
-shaped (u.m.)
base
ball
ball#bat
line
#line (surveying)
-minded (u.m.)
basi (c.f.)
all one word
basketball
bas-relief
bat
blind
-eyed (u.m.)
fowl
wing
batch#le
bath
mat
robe
#towel
tub
batswing (cloth)
battercake
battle
ax
-fallen (u.m.)
front
ground
-scarred (u.m.)
ship
stead
wagon
baybolt
beach
comber
head
wagon
bead
ush
roll
beak
head
iron
-shaped (u.m.)
beam
lling
-making (u.m.)
bean
bag
cod
-fed (u.m.)
pole
pot
setter
-shaped (u.m.)
stalk
bear
baiting
herd
hide
hound
o (n., u.m.)
trap
beater
-out
-up
beauty
-blind (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
#shop
beaverpelt
bed
board
bug
chair
chamber
clothes
cord
cover
-fallen (u.m.)
fast
fellow
frame
lamp
linen
pad
pan
plate
post
quilt
rail
#rest
ridden
rock
sheet
sick
side
sore
space
spread
spring
stand
Compounding Examples 117
stead
straw
time
bee
bread
-eater
herd
hive
keeper
line
way
beechnut
beef
eater
#extract
-faced (u.m.)
head
steak
bees
wax
wing
beet
eld
#sugar
beetle
-browed (u.m.)
head
stock
before
-cited (u.m.)
hand
-mentioned (u.m.)
-named (u.m.)
behindhand
bell
-bottomed (u.m.)
crank
-crowned (u.m.)
hanger
hop
mouthed
ringer
wether
belly
ache
band
buster
button
fed (u.m.)
pinch
belowstairs
belt
-driven (u.m.)
saw
bench
fellow
-hardened (u.m.)
made (u.m.)
mark (nonliteral)
#mark (surveying)
warmer
#warrant
bentwing (n., u.m.)
benzo (c.f.)
all one word
berry-brown (u.m.)
best
#man
seller (n.)
beta
-glucose
tron
between
decks
whiles
bi (pref.)
-iliac
rest one word
big
-eared (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
head (ego)
horn (sheep)
-horned (u.m.)
-leaguer
mouthed
name (top rank)
(n., u.m.)
bill
back
beetle
broker
fold
head
hook
poster
sticker
billet
-doux
head
billingsgate
bio (c.f.)
-aeration
-osmosis
rest one word
birchbark
bird
bath
bander
cage
call
catcher
#dog (literal)
dog (nonliteral)
-eyed (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
life
lime
lore
mouthed
seed
shot
watcher
bird’s
-eye
#nest (literal) (n.)
-nest (n., u.m., v.)
birth
bed
#date
day
mark
place
right
#year
biscuit-shaped
(u.m.)
bismuto (c.f.)
all one word
bit
coin
-mapped
stock
bitter
-ender
head
sweet
-tongued (u.m.)
black
ball (nonliteral)
-bordered (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
guard
jack
leg
list
mail
mark
#market (n.)
-market (u.m., v.)
-marketer
out (n., u.m.)
plate (printing)
print
-robed (u.m.)
#sheep (all
meanings)
shirted
snake
strap (n.)
-tie (u.m.)
top
118 Chapter 7
#widow
blast
hole
plate
blasto (c.f.)
all one word
bleach
ground
works
blear
eye
-eyed (u.m.)
-witted (u.m.)
blepharo (c.f.)
all one word
blight-resistant
(u.m.)
blind
-bomb (v.)
-ying (u.m.)
fold
-loaded (u.m.)
#man
spot
stitch
story
blink-eyed (u.m.)
blithe-looking (u.m.)
blitzkrieg
block
buster
head
hole (v.)
ship
blood
-alcohol (u.m.)
bath
beat
curdling
-drenched (u.m.)
-giving (u.m.)
guilty
-hot (u.m.)
hound
letting
mobile
-red (u.m.)
ripe
shed
shot
spiller
spot
stain
stock
stream
sucker
thirsty
-warm (u.m.)
bloody
-nosed (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
blossom
-bordered (u.m.)
-laden (u.m.)
blow
back
by (n., u.m.)
cock
down (n., u.m.)
gun
hard (n.)
hole
iron
lamp
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
pipe
spray
through (u.m.)
torch
tube
up (n., u.m.)
blue
-annealed (u.m.)
beard (n.)
blood
bonnet
book (nonliteral)
bottle
coat (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
gill
grass
-gray (u.m.)
-green (u.m.)
-hot (u.m.)
jack
jacket
nose
-pencil (v.)
point (oyster)
print
stocking
streak (nonliteral)
tongue (n.)
blunder
buss
head
blunt
-edged (u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.)
boar
spear
sta
board
#foot
rack
walk
boat
builder
crew
head
hook
house
loader
owner
#people
setter
shop
side
swain
wright
yard
bob
cat
sled
stay
tail
white
bobby
pin
-soxer
body
bearer
bending
builder
-centered (u.m.)
guard
-mind
plate
bog
-eyed (u.m.)
land
man
trot (v.)
boil
down (n., u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
boiler
-o
-out
plate
works
boiling#house
bold
face (printing)
-spirited (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 119
bolt
cutter
head
hole
-shaped (u.m.)
strake
bomb
drop
fall
shell
sight
thrower
-throwing (u.m.)
bone
ache
#ash
black
breaker
-bred (u.m.)
-dry (u.m.)
-eater
-hard (u.m.)
head
lace
meal
set
shaker
-white (u.m.)
boobytrap
boogie-woogie
book
binder
case
dealer
#end
fair
-fed (u.m.)
fold
-learned (u.m.)
-lined (u.m.)
list
lore
lover
mark
mobile
plate
rack
rest
sale
seller
shelf
stack
stall
stamp
stand
stitch
-stitching (u.m.)
-taught (u.m.)
wright
boom
town
truck
boondoggling
boot
black
hose
jack
lace
last
leg
lick
strap
bore
hole
safe
sight
bosom
-deep (u.m.)
-folded (u.m.)
-making (u.m.)
bottle
-fed (u.m.)
neck
-nosed (u.m.)
bottom#land
boughpot
bow
back
bent
grace
head
knot
legged
-necked (u.m.)
pin
shot
sprit
stave
string
wow
box
car
haul
head (printing)
truck
boxer
-o
-up
brachio (c.f.)
all one word
brachy (c.f.)
all one word
brain
cap
child
-cracked (u.m.)
pan
sick
-spun (u.m.)
storm
-tired (u.m.)
wash
brake
drum
head
meter
shoe
brandnew (u.m.)
brandy
-burnt (u.m.)
wine
brass
-armed (u.m.)
-bold (u.m.)
-smith
works
brave
hearted
-looking (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
brazen
-browed (u.m.)
face
bread
basket
crumb
earner
fruit
#knife
liner
plate
seller
stu
#tray
winner
break
away (n., u.m.)
ax
back (n., u.m.)
bone (fever)
#circuit
down (n., u.m.)
-even (u.m.)
fast
fast#room
front
-in (n., u.m.)
neck
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
point
120 Chapter 7
through (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
wind (n.)
breaker
-down
-o
-up
breast
band
beam
bone
-deep (u.m.)
-fed (u.m.)
feed
-high (u.m.)
hook
mark
piece
pin
plate
plow
rail
rope
work
breath
-blown (u.m.)
-tainted (u.m.)
taking
breech
block
cloth
loader
-loading (u.m.)
lock
pin
plug
sight
breeze
-borne (u.m.)
-lied (u.m.)
-swept (u.m.)
way
bribe
-free (u.m.)
giver
taker
bric-a-brac
brick
bat
-built (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
kiln
layer
liner
mason
-red (u.m.)
setter
work
yard
bride
bed
bowl
cake
chamber
cup
groom
knot
lace
maiden
stake
bridge
builder
head
pot
tree
#wall
work
briefcase
bright
-colored (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
brilliant
-cut (u.m.)
-green (u.m.)
brine-soaked (u.m.)
bringer-up
bristle
cone (u.m.)
-pointed (u.m.)
broad
acre
ax
band (n., u.m.)
-beamed (u.m.)
brim
cast
cloth
head
#jump
leaf (n.)
-leaved (u.m.)
loom
minded
-mouthed (u.m.)
share (n., v.)
sheet (n.)
side
sword
wife
woven
broken
-down (u.m.)
-legged (u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.)
bromo (c.f.)
all one word
bronchio (c.f.)
all one word
broncho (c.f.)
all one word
broncobuster
bronze
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
broom
#handle
-leaved (u.m.)
-making (u.m.)
stick
brother
hood
-in-law
brow
beat
point
post
brown
back
-eyed (u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
print
brush
ball
#holder
o (n., u.m.)
-treat (v.)
#up
brusher
-o
-up
buck
eye
-eyed (u.m.)
horn
hound
passer
plate
pot
saw
shot
skinned
stall
stay
stove
tooth
wagon
wash
bucketshaped (u.m.)
bu
-tipped (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 121
ware
-yellow (u.m.)
bug
bear
bite
-eyed (u.m.)
build
down (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
built
-in (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
bulb-tee (u.m.)
bulbo (c.f.)
all one word
bulk
head
-pile (v.)
weigh (v.)
bull
baiting
dog
doze
-faced (u.m.)
ght
frog
head
-mouthed (u.m.)
neck
nose
pen
ring
#terrier
toad
-voiced (u.m.)
whack
whip
bullet
head
maker
proof
bull’s
-eye (nonliteral)
-foot
bumble
bee
foot
kite
bung
hole
start
burn
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
burned-over (u.m.)
burner-o
burnt
-out (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
bus
boy
#conductor
driver
fare
girl
line
load
bush
beater
buck
ghter
-grown (u.m.)
hammer
-leaguer
ranger
whacker
bustup (n., u.m.)
busy
body
-ngered (u.m.)
head
butt
-joint (v.)
saw
stock
strap
-weld (v.)
butter
ball
-colored (u.m.)
fat
ngers
head
milk
mouth
nut
print
-rigged (u.m.)
scotch
-smooth (u.m.)
-yellow (u.m.)
button
-eared (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
hold
hole
hook
mold
by
-and-by
-the-way (n.,
u.m.)
-your-leave (n.,
u.m.)
rest one word
C
C
-sharp
-star
-tube
cab
driver
fare
#owner
stand
cabbagehead
cabinet
maker
making
cable-laid (u.m.)
caco (c.f.)
all one word
cage#bird
cake
baker
bread
-eater
mixer
-mixing (u.m.)
pan
walk
calci (c.f.)
all one word
calk-weld (v.)
call
back (n., u.m.)
box
down (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
note
-o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
-over (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
camsha
camel
back (rubber)
-backed (u.m.)
case
driver
-faced (u.m.)
camel’s-hair (u.m.)
camp
re
ground
stool
can
capper
122 Chapter 7
not
#opener
canalside
candle
bomb
-foot
holder
-hour
lighter
lit
-meter
power
-shaped (u.m.)
stand
stick
wick
wright
candystick
cane
-backed (u.m.)
brake
crusher
cutter
#sugar
canker
-eaten (u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.)
cannonball
canvas-covered
(u.m.)
cap
-ash (v.)
nut
screw
sheaf
shore
car
barn
break
builder
fare
goose
hop
jacker
lot
-mile
owner
pool
port
sick
wash
carbo (c.f.)
all one word
carbol (c.f.)
all one word
carcino (c.f.)
all one word
card
case
-index (u.m., v.)
player
sharp
stock
cardio (c.f.)
-aortic
rest one word
care
free
giver
-laden (u.m.)
taker
-tired (u.m.)
worn
carpet
bagger
beater
#cleaner
-cleaning (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
tter
layer
-smooth (u.m.)
-sweeping (u.m.)
weaver
-weaving (u.m.)
web
woven
carpo (c.f.)
-olecranal
rest one word
carriage-making
(u.m.)
carrot
-colored (u.m.)
head (nonliteral)
juice
top (nonliteral)
carry
all (n., u.m.)
around (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
forward (n.)
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
cart
load
wheel (coin)
whip
wright
case
bearer
nding
hammer
harden
load
mated
worker
caser-in
cashow
cast
away (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
-by (u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
-ridden (u.m.)
-weld (v.)
caster
-o
-out
castlebuilder
(nonliteral)
cat
back
beam
bird
call
-eyed (u.m.)
face (n.)
fall
gut
head
hole
hook
-ion
like
nap
nip
-o’-nine-tails
stitch
walk
CAT scan
catch
all (n., u.m.)
-as-catch-can
(u.m.)
cry
penny
plate
up (n., u.m.)
weight
word
cater
corner
wauling
cat’s
-eye (nonliteral)
-paw (nonliteral)
cattle
#boat
Compounding Examples 123
feed
-raising (u.m.)
yak
cauliower
-eared (u.m.)
#ware
causeway
cave
dweller
-dwelling (u.m.)
#sh
-in (n., u.m.)
cease-re (n., u.m.)
cedar-colored (u.m.)
celi (c.f.)
all one word
celio (c.f.)
all one word
cell
cement
-covered (u.m.)
mason
-temper (v.)
census
#taker
-taking
center
#eld (sports)
head (printing)
line
most
piece
-second
centi (c.f.)
all one word
centimeter-gram-
second
centri (c.f.)
all one word
centro (c.f.)
all one word
cephalo (c.f.)
all one word
cerato (c.f.)
all one word
cerebro (c.f.)
-ocular
rest one word
certicate holder
cervico (c.f.)
-occipital
-orbicular
rest one word
cess
pipe
pit
pool
chacutter
chain
#belt
-driven (u.m.)
#gang
stitch
chair
fast
mender
person
-shaped (u.m.)
warmer
chalk
cutter
line
-white (u.m.)
chamber
maid
woman
changeover
chapfallen
chapelgoing
char
broiler
coal
pit
woman
charge
#book
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
chartbook
chattermark
cheapskate
check
bite
forger
hook
-in (n., u.m.)
list
mark
nut
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
passer (n.)
point
rack
rail
rein
ring
roll
rope
row
sheet
strap
string
up (n., u.m.)
washer
weigher
writer
checker
-in
-o
-out
-up
cheek
bone
strap
cheerleader
cheese
burger
cake
cloth
curd
cutter
head
lip
parer
plate
chemico (c.f.)
all one word
chemo (c.f.)
all one word
cherry
-colored (u.m.)
stone (nonliteral)
#stone (literal)
chestnut
-colored (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
chicken
bill
-billed (u.m.)
#breast
breasted
#coop
#farm
feed
heart
pox
#yard
chief
#justice
-justiceship
#mate
child
bearing
bed
birth
care
crowing
hood
kind
life
-minded (u.m.)
124 Chapter 7
ridden
#support
wife
chill-cast (u.m., v.)
chin
band
-bearded (u.m.)
-chin
cloth
cough
-high (u.m.)
rest
strap
china
-blue (u.m.)
#shop
ware
Chinatown
chipmunk
chiro (c.f.)
all one word
chisel
-cut (u.m.)
-edged (u.m.)
#maker
chitchat
chitter-chatter
chloro (c.f.)
all one word
chock
ablock
-full (u.m.)
chocolate
-brown (u.m.)
-coated (u.m.)
#maker
choir
boy
#master
choke
bore
chain
damp
out (n., u.m.)
point
strap
chole (c.f.)
all one word
chondro (c.f.)
-osseous
rest one word
chop
-chop
stick
chowchow
Christ
-given (u.m.)
-inspired (u.m.)
like
chromo (c.f.)
all one word
chrono (c.f.)
all one word
chuck
hole
plate
wagon
church
#choir
goer
like
work
yard
churn
-butted (u.m.)
milk
cigar
case
cutter
-shaped (u.m.)
cigarette
#holder
#maker
-making (u.m.)
cine (c.f.)
all one word
circuitbreaker
circum (pref.)
arctic, pacic,
etc.
-Saturnal, etc.
rest one word
cirro (c.f.)
all one word
cis (pref.)
alpine
atlantic
-trans (u.m.)
rest one word
city
-born (u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
folk
#man
scape
clam
bake
shell
clampdown (n.,
u.m.)
clap
net
trap
clasphook
class
book
-conscious (u.m.)
#consciousness
#day
work
claw
bar
-footed (u.m.)
hammer
hatchet
-tailed (u.m.)
clay
bank
-colored (u.m.)
pan
pit
works
clean
-cut (u.m.)
handed
out (n., u.m.)
-shaved (u.m.)
-smelling (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
clear
cole
-cut (u.m.)
cut (forestry) (n.,
v.)
-eyed (u.m.)
headed
-sighted (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
wing
clearinghouse
cle
-footed (u.m.)
-gra (v.)
client/server
cli
dweller
-dwelling (u.m.)
hanger
side
top
-worn (u.m.)
clinch-built (u.m.)
clink-clank
clinker-built (u.m.)
clip
-clop
-edged (u.m.)
sheet
clipper-built (u.m.)
cloak
-and-dagger (n.,
u.m.)
Compounding Examples 125
room
clock
case
face
-minded (u.m.)
setter
#speed
watcher
close
bred
-connected (u.m.)
cross
-cut (u.m.)
down (n.)
-fertilize (v.)
sted
handed
-knit
minded
mouthed
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
closed
-circuit (u.m.)
#end
#shop
cloth-backed (u.m.)
clothes
bag
basket
brush
#closet
horse
pin
line
press
rack
#tree
cloud
base
burst
cap
-hidden (u.m.)
clover
bloom
leaf
seed
sick
club
#car
foot
hand
haul
mobile
ridden
room
root
-shaped (u.m.)
co (pref.)
-op
exist, operate, etc.
processor
rest one word
coach
-and-four
builder
whip
coal
bag
bed
bin
-black (u.m.)
breaker
#car
dealer
digger
-faced (u.m.)
hole
-laden (u.m.)
#loader
#mine
#oil
pit
rake
sack (astron. only)
shed
ship
#tar
#truck
yard
coastside
coat
hanger
rack
tailed
cob
head
meal
shed
web
cock
bill
brain
crow
eye
ght
head
pit
#robin
spur
sure
-tailed (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
cockleshell
cockscomb
cod
bank
shing
head
#liver
piece
pitchings
smack
code
#name
-named (u.m.)
coee
break
cake
-colored (u.m.)
-growing (u.m.)
pot
room
coerdam
cogwheel
coin-operated
(u.m.)
cold
blooded
-chisel (v.)
cuts
-draw (v.)
nch
-ow (v.)
-forge (v.)
frame
-hammer (v.)
-hammered (u.m.)
pack
-press (v.)
-roll (v.)
-rolled (u.m.)
-short (u.m.)
-shortness
-shoulder (v.)
type (printing)
#war
#wave
-work (v.)
cole
seed
slaw
coli (c.f.)
all one word
collar
bag
band
bone
colo (c.f.)
all one word
color
bearer
126 Chapter 7
blind
#blindness
fast
-free (u.m.)
#line
type (printing)
(n.)
-washed (u.m.)
comb-toothed
(u.m.)
come
-along (tool)
back (n., u.m.)
-between (n.)
down (n.)
-o (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
-out (n.)
-outer
uppance
comic#book
command
-line
#prompt
commander#in
#chief
common
-carrier
#law
place
#sense (n.)
sense (u.m.)
weal
wealth
companionship
compressed#le
comptime
cone
-shaped (u.m.)
speaker
conference#room
Congressman#at
#Large
contra (pref.)
-acting
-approach
-ion
rest one word
cook
book
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
shack
stove
coolheaded
cooped
-in (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
cop
#out (v.)
out (n.)
copper
-bottomed (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
head
-headed (u.m.)
#mine
nose
plate
-plated (u.m.)
smith
works
copy
cat
cutter
desk
#editor
tter
holding
reader
right
writer
coral
-beaded (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
cork
-lined (u.m.)
screw
corn
bin
bread
cake
cob
cracker
crib
crusher
cutter
dodger
-fed (u.m.)
husk
lo
meal
#pone
stalk
starch
corner
bind
post
corpsmember
cost
#eective (n.)
-eectiveness
wise
costo (c.f.)
all one word
cotton
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
-growing (u.m.)
#mill
mouth (snake)
packer
picker, ing
seed
sick
countdown (n., u.m.)
counter
#check (banking)
#septum
-o
act, propaganda,
top, etc.
as combining
form, one
word
country
-born (u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
folk
people
side
wide
county
#seat
wide
court
bred
-martial
ship
cousin
hood
-in-law
cover
alls
let
side
up (n., u.m.)
cow
barn
bell
catcher
-eyed (u.m.)
gate
hand
herd
hide
hitch
lick
path
pen
#pony
Compounding Examples 127
pox
puncher
shed
sucker
crab
cake
catcher
eater
faced
hole
meat
stick
crack
down (n., u.m.)
#house
jaw
pot
-the-whip (n.,
u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
cradle
side
#snatcher
song
cranio (c.f.)
all one word
crank
case
-driven (u.m.)
pin
pit
sha
crapehanger
crashdive (v.)
crazy
bone
cat
cream
cake
-colored (u.m.)
creditworthiness
creek
bed
side
creep
hole
mouse
crepe#de#chine
crestfallen
crew
cut
member
cribstrap
crime
ghter
solver
wave
crisscross
crook
all one word
crooked
-foot (n.)
-legged (u.m.)
-nosed (u.m.)
crop
-bound (u.m.)
-haired (u.m.)
head
mark
-year
cross
-appeal
arm
band
bar
beam
bearer
bedded
belt
bench
-bidding
bill (bird)
#bill (legal)
bind
bolt
bond
bones
bred
breed
-bridge (v.)
-brush (v.)
-carve (v.)
-channel (u.m.)
-check
-claim
-compound (v.)
-connect (v.)
-country (u.m.)
-cultivate (v.)
current
-curve (math.) (n.)
cut
-date (v.)
-drain (v.)
-dye (v.)
-dyeing (n.)
-examine (v.)
-eye (n., u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
fall
feed
-fertile (u.m.)
-fertilize (v.)
-ber (u.m.)
le
re
ow
foot
-grained (u.m.)
hair
hand
hatch
haul
head
-immunity
-index (u.m.)
-interrogate (v.)
-interrogatory
-invite (v.)
legged
legs
-level (v.)
-license (v.)
li (v.)
lock
lots
mark
member
patch
path
plow (v.)
-pollinate (v.)
-purpose (n.)
-question
rail
-reaction
-refer (v.)
-reference
road
row
-service
-sha
-slide
-sta
-sterile
-stitch
-stone
-stratication
-sue (v.)
-surge (v.)
talk
tie
town
track
trail
tree
under (n., u.m.)
-vote
walk
web
wind
word
128 Chapter 7
crow
bait
bar
foot
crowd
funding
sourcing
crownbar
crow’s
-foot (nonliteral)
-nest (nonliteral)
crybaby
crypto (c.f.)
-Christian, etc.
rest one word
crystal
-clear (u.m.)
-girded (u.m.)
-smooth (u.m.)
cubbyhole
cumulo (c.f.)
all one word
cup
bearer
cake
ful
head
curb
side
stoner
cure-all (n., u.m.)
curly
head
locks (n.)
currycomb
cussword
custom
-built (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
-tailored (u.m.)
cut
away (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
glass
-in (n., u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
rate (u.m.)
throat
-toothed (u.m.)
-under (u.m.)
-up (n., u.m.)
cutter
-built (u.m.)
-down
head
-o
-out
-rigged (u.m.)
-up
cuttlebone
cyano (c.f.)
all one word
cyber
bullying
security
cyclecar
cyclo (c.f.)
-olen
rest one word
cysto (c.f.)
all one word
cyto (c.f.)
all one word
D
D
-Day
-major
-plus-4-day
dairy
-fed (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
daisy#chain
damp
proong
-stained (u.m.)
damping-o (n.,
u.m.)
dancehall
danger#line
dare
-all (n., u.m.)
devil
say
dark
-eyed (u.m.)
horse (nonliteral)
room (n.)
-skinned (u.m.)
dash
plate
wheel
data
bank
base
set
date
lined
mark
daughter-in-law
dawn
-gray (u.m.)
streak
day
beam
bed
break
-bright (u.m.)
care
dream
-y (aviation) (v.)
-ying (u.m.)
going
lighted
lit
long (u.m.)
mark
side
star
-to-day (u.m.)
worker
de (pref.)
-air
icer
-ink
-ion
centralize,
energize, etc.
rest one word
dead
-alive
beat (n.)
born
-burn (v.)
#center
-cold (u.m.)
-dip (v.)
-drunk (u.m.)
-ender
eye (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
fall
head
-heated (u.m.)
-heater
-heavy (u.m.)
latch
#load
lock
pan
-roast (v.)
weight (n., u.m.)
wood
death
bed
blow
day
-divided (u.m.)
-doom (v.)
#house
-struck (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 129
trap
watch
-weary (u.m.)
decision
#making (n.)
-making (u.m., v.)
deckhand
deep
-aected (u.m.)
-cut (u.m.)
-felt (u.m.)
-freeze (u.m., v.)
-frying (u.m.)
going
-grown (u.m.)
-laid (u.m.)
most
mouthed
-rooted (u.m.)
#sea
-seated (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
-sunk (u.m.)
-voiced (u.m.)
water (u.m.)
deer
drive (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
food
herd
horn
hound
meat
stalker
stand
tick
dehydr(o) (c.f.)
all one word
demi (pref.)
-Christian, etc.
-incognito
rest one word
dermato (c.f.)
all one word
desk
#room
top (n., u.m.)
dessert
#fork
#knife
spoon
deutero (c.f.)
all one word
devil
-devil
dog (a marine)
-inspired (u.m.)
-ridden (u.m.)
dew
beam
cap
-clad (u.m.)
claw
damp
-drenched (u.m.)
drop
fall
-fed (u.m.)
-laden (u.m.)
lap
point
dextro (c.f.)
all one word
di (pref.)
all one word
dia (pref.)
all one word
dialog#box
dial-up
diamond
back
-backed (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
diazo (c.f.)
-oxide
rest one word
dice
cup
play
die
-away (u.m.)
back
case
-cast (u.m., v.)
caster
-cut (u.m., v.)
cutter
hard (n., u.m.)
head
#proof (philately)
(n.)
setter
sinker
-square (u.m.)
stock
diesel
-driven (u.m.)
-electric (u.m.)
dillydally
dim
-lighted (u.m.)
lit
out (n., u.m.)
diner-out
ding
bat
dong
dining#room
dinitro (c.f.)
#spray
rest one word
dip
-dye (v.)
-grained (u.m.)
head
stick
dipper-in
direct
-connected (u.m.)
-indirect
direction-nding
(u.m.)
dirt
-cheap (u.m.)
fast
-incrusted (u.m.)
plate
dirty
-faced (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
#work
dis (pref.)
all one word
disc drive
dish
cloth
#cover
pan
rack
rag
#towel
washer
disk
jockey
pack
plow
-shaped (u.m.)
ditch
bank
digger
rider
side
dive
-bomb (v.)
#bomber
do
-all (n., u.m.)
-gooder
-little (n., u.m.)
-nothing (n.,
u.m.)
130 Chapter 7
dock
hand
head
side
worker
dog
bite
-bitten (u.m.)
breeder
cart
catcher
#days
-drawn (u.m.)
-ear (v.)
-eared (u.m.)
face (soldier)
-faced (u.m.)
fall
ght
#food
-headed (u.m.)
hole
leg
#owner
race
shore
sled
-tired (u.m.)
tooth
-toothed (u.m.)
trick
trot
watch
-weary (u.m.)
doll
face
-faced (u.m.)
dollyhead
donkey
back
-drawn (u.m.)
-eared (u.m.)
doomsday
door
bed
bell
case
check
frame
head
jamb
keeper
knob
knocker
mat
nail
#opener
plate
post
-shaped (u.m.)
sill
step
stop
dope
end
passer
pusher
sheet
dorsi (c.f.)
all one word
dorso (c.f.)
-occipital
rest one word
dot
-matrix
#pitch
double
-barrel (n., u.m.)
-barreled (u.m.)
-bitt (v.)
-breasted (u.m.)
-charge (v.)
check (n., v.)
checked (u.m., v.)
-chinned (u.m.)
-click
cross (nonliteral)
deal (v.)
-decker
dipper
(nonliteral)
-duty (u.m.)
-dye (v.)
-edged (u.m.)
-ender
-entendre
handed
-headed (u.m.)
header
-jointed
-leaded (u.m.)
-quick (u.m.)
-sided
#space (v.)
#take
talk
tone (printing)
tree
-trouble
-up (u.m., v.)
#work
dough
boy
-colored (u.m.)
mixer
nut
down
beat
by
cast
check
coast
come
-covered (u.m.)
crier
cry
curved
cut
dale
dra
drag
face
fall
feed
lled
ow
fold
grade
gradient
growth
hanging
haul
hearted
hill
lead
load
lock (n.)
look
most
payment
pour
rate
right
river
rush
shore
side
sitting
slip
slope
-so (u.m.)
spout
stage
stairs
state
stream
street
stroke
sun (adv., u.m.)
swing
take
throw
Compounding Examples 131
thrust
time
town
trampling
trend
trodden
turn
valley
weigh
weight
wind
dra
age (allowance)
#age
-exempt (u.m.)
drag
bar
bolt
net
pipe
rope
saw
sta
wire
dragger
-down
-in
-out
-up
dragon
-eyed (u.m.)
y
#piece
drain
cleaner
pipe
plug
tile
drainage
#area
#basin
way
draw
-arch (n.)
arm
back
bar
beam
bench
bolt
bore
bridge
cut
down (n., u.m.)
le
gate
gear
glove
head
horse
knife
knot
link
loom
net
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
pin
plate
point
sheet
span
stop
string
tongs
tube
drawer
-down
-in
-o
-out
drawing
#board
#room
dream
-haunted (u.m.)
land
lore
world
dredge#net
dressup (n., u.m.)
dressing#room
dri
#boat
bolt
meter
-mining (u.m.)
#net
pin
wind
drill
case
-like
stock
drip
cock
-drip
-dry (u.m., v.)
sheet
stick
drive
away (n., u.m.)
belt
bolt
by (n., u.m.)
cap
head
-in (n., u.m.)
pipe
screw
#sha
way
drop
away (n., u.m.)
bolt
cloth
-down
-forge (v.)
front
hammer
head
kick
leaf (n., u.m.)
leg
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
sonde
stitch
drug
-addicted (u.m.)
mixer
passer
pusher
seller
#user
drum
beat
re
head
stick
-up (n., u.m.)
dry
-burnt (u.m.)
#cell
clean
-cure (v.)
dock
-dye (v.)
-farm (v.)
farming (n.,
u.m.)
gulch
(nonliteral)
lot
-pack (u.m., v.)
-rotted (u.m.)
-salt (v.)
wash
duck
bill
132 Chapter 7
-billed (u.m.)
bore
#breast
foot (tool)
-footed (u.m.)
pin
pond
walk
due
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
duelbag
dug
out (n.)
-up (u.m.)
dull
-edged (u.m.)
head
-looking (u.m.)
-witted (u.m.)
dumdum
dumb
bell
waiter
dump
car
cart
site
duo (c.f.)
all one word
dust
bag
bin
brush
cloth
-covered (u.m.)
fall
-gray (u.m.)
-laden (u.m.)
pan
storm
duty
bound
-free (u.m.)
dwelling#house
dye
mixer
stu
works
dys (pref.)
all one word
E
E-minor
e
Book
-commerce
le
Government
Library
mail
eagle
#eye
-eyed (u.m.)
ear
ache
cap
drop
drum
ap
guard
hole
lap
lobe
mark
#mu
phone
-piercing (u.m.)
plug
ring
screw
shot
sore
splitting
tab
wax
wig
witness
earth
bank
born
-bred (u.m.)
fall
fast
-fed (u.m.)
ll
grubber
#house
kin
lit
mover
nut
quake
-shaking (u.m.)
slide
-stained (u.m.)
wall
east
bound
-central (u.m.)
going
-northeast
#side
-sider
-southeast
Eastertime
easy
going
mark (n.)
-rising (u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.)
eavesdrop
ebbtide
edge
#plane
shot
ways
wise
eel
cake
catcher
fare
pot
pout
skin
spear
egg
beater (all
meanings)
cup
eater
fruit
head (nonliteral)
hot (n.)
nog
plant
-shaped (u.m.)
shell
-white (u.m.)
eight
-angled (u.m.)
#ball
fold
penny (nail)
-ply (u.m.)
score
-wheeler
elbowchair
elder
#brother
-leaved (u.m.)
electro (c.f.)
-optics
-osmosis
-ultraltration
rest one word
embryo (c.f.)
all one word
empty
handed
-looking (u.m.)
en
#banc
Compounding Examples 133
#gros
#route
encephalo (c.f.)
all one word
end
-all (n., u.m.)
bell
game
-measure (v.)
ender
-on
-up
endo (c.f.)
all one word
engine
#shop
-sized (u.m.)
work
#worker
#yard
entero (c.f.)
all one word
entry
#book
way
envelope
#holder
#maker
epi (pref.)
all one word
equi (c.f.)
-gram-molar
rest one word
ere
long
now
errorproof
erythro (c.f.)
all one word
even
glow
handed
minded
-numbered (u.m.)
song
-tempered (u.m.)
ever
-abiding (u.m.)
bearing
blooming
-constant (u.m.)
-fertile (u.m.)
glade
going
green
lasting
more
-normal (u.m.)
-present (u.m.)
-ready (u.m.)
sporting (biol.)
which
every
day (n., u.m.)
#day (each day)
one (all)
#one (distributive)
#time
evil
doer
#eye
-eyed (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
minded (u.m.)
sayer
speaker
wishing
ex
#cathedra
cathedral
communicate
-Governor
#libris
#ocio
#post#facto
#rights
-serviceman
-trader
-vice-president
extra
-alimentary
-American
bold
-Britannic
-condensed (u.m.)
curricular
-ne (u.m.)
hazardous
judicial
-large (u.m.)
-long (u.m.)
marginal
mural
ordinary
polar
-strong (u.m.)
territorial
vascular
eye
#appeal
ball
bank
bar
blink
-blurred (u.m.)
bolt
brow
-conscious (u.m.)
cup
ap
glance
glass
hole
lash
lens
lid
mark
-minded (u.m.)
#opener
peep
pit
point
service
shade
shield
shot
sick
sight
sore
spot
-spotted (u.m.)
stalk
strain
string
tooth
wash
#weariness
wink
witness
F
F
-at
-horn
-sharp
fable
#book
teller
face
-arbor (v.)
cloth
-harden (v.)
-hardened (u.m.)
liing
mark
-o (n.)
-on (n., u.m.)
plate
up (n., u.m.)
fact
book
134 Chapter 7
nding
sheet
fade
away (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
fail-safe
faint
hearted
-voiced (u.m.)
fair
ground
-lead (n., u.m.)
minded
play
-skinned (u.m.)
#trade
fairy
folk
hood
tale
faithbreaker
fall
away (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
#guy
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
-plow (v.)
-sow (v.)
trap
fallow#land
false
-bottomed (u.m.)
#face
-faced (u.m.)
hood
-tongued (u.m.)
fame
-crowned (u.m.)
-thirsty (u.m.)
fan
back
bearer
#belt
fare
fold
foot
-jet
-leaved (u.m.)
marker
-shaped (u.m.)
-tailed (u.m.)
fancy
-free (u.m.)
-loose (u.m.)
-woven (u.m.)
-wrought (u.m.)
far
-alo (u.m.)
away (n., u.m.)
-borne (u.m.)
-distant (u.m.)
-eastern (u.m.)
-famed (u.m.)
fetched
ung (u.m.)
gone
-o (u.m.)
#out
-reaching (u.m.)
seeing
-seen (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
sight
farm
-bred (u.m.)
hand
hold
owner
people
place
stead
worker
fashion
-led (u.m.)
#piece (naut.)
#plate
-setting (u.m.)
fast
-anchored (u.m.)
back
-dyed (u.m.)
going
hold
-moving (u.m.)
-read (v.)
-reading (u.m.)
fat
back
-bellied (u.m.)
-free (u.m.)
-soluble (u.m.)
father
-confessor
-in-law
land
fault
nder
line
slip
faux#pas
fax
-and-voice#
mailbox
#modem
-on-demand
fear
-free (u.m.)
nought
-pursued (u.m.)
-shaken (u.m.)
feather
bed (v.)
bedding
bone
brain
edge
-footed (u.m.)
head
-leaved (u.m.)
stitch
-stitched (u.m.)
-stitching
-tongue (v.)
weight
wing (moth)
fed-up (u.m.)
feeble
-bodied (u.m.)
minded
feed
back (n., u.m.)
bag
bin
box
crusher
cutter
head
lot
mixer
pipe
rack
store
stu
feeder
-in
-up
fellow
cra
ship
rest two words
felt
cutter
-lined (u.m.)
packer
fence
post
#row
fern
-clad (u.m.)
leaf
Compounding Examples 135
-leaved (u.m.)
ferro (c.f.)
-carbon-titanium
-uranium
rest one word
ferry
boat
#car
#slip
fever
less
-stricken (u.m.)
trap
-warm (u.m.)
ber
-faced (u.m.)
glass
#optics
stitch
Fiberglas
(copyright)
bro (c.f.)
-osteoma
rest one word
ckleminded
ddle
back
-faddle
head
-shaped (u.m.)
stick
string
eld
ball
glass
goal
-strip
erce
-eyed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
ery
-aming (u.m.)
-hot (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
-tempered (u.m.)
g
bar
eater
leaf
shell
gure
head
-of-eight (u.m.)
#work (printing)
le
card
-hard (u.m.)
name
setter
-so (u.m.)
ll
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
-up (n., u.m.)
ller
cap
-in
-out
-up
lm
cutter
goer
going
#paper
slide
strip
-struck (u.m.)
n
back
-shaped (u.m.)
ne
-cut (u.m., v.)
-draw (v.)
-drawn (u.m.)
-featured (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
nger
breadth
-cut (u.m.)
hold
hole
hook
mark
nail
parted
post
print
shell
space
spin
stall
tip
re
arm
back (n.)
ball
bell
bolt
bomb
brand
brat
break
brick
-burnt (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
coat
cracker
crest
-cure (v.)
damp
#drill
-eater
fall
fang
ghter
guard
-hardened (u.m.)
horse
hose
lit
pit
place
plow
plug
-polish (v.)
power
proof
-red (u.m.)
-resistant (u.m.)
safe
side
spout
trap
truck
wall
warden
rm
-footed (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
-up (n., u.m.)
rst
#aid
-aider
-born (u.m.)
-class (u.m.)
comer
hand (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
-named (u.m.)
-nighter
-rate (u.m.)
sh
back
bed
-bellied (u.m.)
bolt
bone
bowl
cake
eater
eye
136 Chapter 7
-eyed (u.m.)
fall
#farm
-fed (u.m.)
food
garth
hook
-joint (v.)
kill
#ladder
meal
mouth
plate
pond
pool
pot
pound
trap
weir
works
sher
folk
man
people
shyback (n., u.m.)
t
out (n.)
strip
ve
bar
fold
-ply (u.m.)
-pointed (u.m.)
-reeler
score
ag
bearer
pole
post
-raising (u.m.)
ship
-signal (v.)
sta
stick
ame
-colored (u.m.)
-cut (v.)
out (n.)
proof
-retardant
thrower
annelmouth
ap
cake
doodle
-eared (u.m.)
jack
are
back (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
path
up (n., u.m.)
ash
back (n., u.m.)
bulb
card
gun
lamp
pan
point
at
back
(bookbinding)
bed (printing)
-bottomed (u.m.)
car
-compound (v.)
fold
foot (n.)
hat
head
iron
nose
out (n., u.m.)
-rolled (u.m.)
sawn
top
-topped (u.m.)
woods
ax
drop
-leaved (u.m.)
-polled (u.m.)
seed
ea
bite
-bitten (u.m.)
trap
eet
foot
-footed (u.m.)
wing
esh
brush
hook
-pink (u.m.)
pot
#wound
eur-de-lis
extime
ight
crew
-hour
path
-test (v.)
imam
ip
-ap
-op
-up (n., u.m.)
ood
cock
ow
gate
lamp
lighting
mark
#plain
tide
wall
water
oor
beam
cloth
head
lamp
mat
mop
#show
space
stain
walker
#wax
-waxing (u.m.)
ophouse
oppy#disc
our
bag
bin
#mill
sack
#sier
ow
chart
meter
o (n., u.m.)
sheet
through (n.,
u.m.)
ower
bed
bud
-crowned (u.m.)
#grower
-hung (u.m.)
#piece
pot
-scented (u.m.)
#shop
ue-cure (v.)
uid
-compressed (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 137
extract (pharm.)
(n.)
glycerate
uo (c.f.)
all one word
uoro (c.f.)
all one word
ush
-cut (u.m.)
-decked (u.m.)
-decker
gate
uvio (c.f.)
all one word
y
away
back
ball
-bitten (u.m.)
blow
blown
-by-night (n.,
u.m.)
catcher
eater
-sh (v.)
-sher
-sherman
#shing
ap
-free (u.m.)
leaf
paper
sheet
speck
-specked (u.m.)
tier
trap
weight
wheel
winch
ying
#boat
#sh
foam
bow
-crested (u.m.)
-white (u.m.)
fog
bound
bow
dog
eater
-hidden (u.m.)
horn
#light
-ridden (u.m.)
fold
-in
up (n., u.m.)
folk
#dance
lore
song
follow
-on
through (n.,
u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
follower-up
food
-fasted (u.m.)
-fasting (v.)
packer
store
stu
foolhardy
foolscap
foot
-and-mouth
(u.m.)
ball
band
bath
blower
board
brake
breadth
bridge
candle
fall
-free (u.m.)
gear
-grain
hill
hold
lambert
licker
light(s)
lining
locker
loose
mark
note
pad
path
pick
plate
-pound
-pound-second
print
race
rail
rest
rope
scald
-second
slogger
sore
stalk
stall
step
stick
stock
stool
-ton
walk
wall
-weary (u.m.)
worn
for (pref.)
all one word
fore
-age
-and-a (n., u.m.)
-and-aer (n.)
-edge
-end
-exercise
word
rest one word
forest
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
#land
side
fork
head
li
-pronged (u.m.)
tail
-tailed (u.m.)
form
tting
#work (printing)
forth
coming
right
with
fortune
#hunter
teller
forty-niner
foul
#line
-looking (u.m.)
mouthed
-spoken (u.m.)
-tongued (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
fountainhead
138 Chapter 7
four
-bagger
-eyed (u.m.)
usher
fold
-footed (u.m.)
-in-hand (n.,
u.m.)
-masted (u.m.)
-master
penny (nail)
-ply (u.m.)
score
some
square
-wheeler
fox
-faced (u.m.)
hole
hound
#hunting
skinned
tailed
trot
fracto (c.f.)
all one word
frame-up
free
booter
born
drop
-for-all (n., u.m.)
-grown (u.m.)
hand (drawing)
handed
hold
lance
loader
-minded
masonry
#post
-spoken (u.m.)
standing (u.m.)
thinker
trader
wheel (u.m., v.)
wheeler (n.)
#will (n.)
will (u.m.)
freedom#ghter
freeze
down (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
freight
#house
-mile
#room
#train
fresh
-looking (u.m.)
-painted (u.m.)
water
frog
belly
-eyed (u.m.)
face
man
mouth
nose
pond
tongue
(medicine)
front
-end (u.m.)
-focused (u.m.)
runner
stall
-wheel (u.m.)
fronto (c.f.)
-occipital
-orbital
rest one word
frost
bite
bow
-free (u.m.)
-hardy (u.m.)
-heaving (u.m.)
-killed (u.m.)
lamp
line
fruit
cake
#y
growing
#shop
stalk
frying#pan
fuel
#line
#oil
full
back
-bellied (u.m.)
blood
-bound (u.m.)
-duplex
face
-fashioned (u.m.)
-owering (u.m.)
-grown (u.m.)
-handed (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
-lined (u.m.)
#load
mouth
-strength (u.m.)
-text
-time (u.m.)
fundraising
funlover
funnel
form
-shaped (u.m.)
fur
-clad (u.m.)
coat
-lined (u.m.)
skin
-trimmed (u.m.)
fuse
box
#gauge
plug
G
G
-major
-man
-minor
-sharp
gabfest
gad
about (n., u.m.)
y
ga-topsail
gag
-check (v.)
#order
root
#rule
gain
say
-sharing (u.m.)
galact(o) (c.f.)
all one word
gallbladder
galley#proof
(printing)
galvano (c.f.)
all one word
game
bag
cock
gang
boss
plank
saw
garnet-brown
(u.m.)
Compounding Examples 139
gas
bag
bomb
-driven (u.m.)
eld
-red (u.m.)
ring
tter
-heated (u.m.)
-laden (u.m.)
lamp
lighted
line (auto)
#line (queue)
lock
#main
#mask
meter
works
gastro (c.f.)
-omental
rest one word
gate
house
keeper
leg (u.m.)
pin
post
tender
works
gauge pin
gear
box
case
-driven (u.m.)
tter
-operated (u.m.)
set
shi
wheel
gelatin
-coated (u.m.)
-making (u.m.)
gelatino (c.f.)
bromide
chloride
gem
cutter
-set (u.m.)
#stone
genito (c.f.)
all one word
gentle
folk
-looking (u.m.)
man
-mannered (u.m.)
mouthed
-spoken (u.m.)
woman
geo (c.f.)
all one word
germ-free (u.m.)
gerrymander
get
away (n., u.m.)
#o
-together (n.,
u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
ghost
-haunted (u.m.)
write (v.)
gilt-edge (u.m.)
ginger
#ale
bread
-colored (u.m.)
snap
spice
give
-and-take (n.,
u.m.)
away (n., u.m.)
glacio (c.f.)
all one word
glass
blower
#ceiling
cutter
-eater
-eyed (u.m.)
-hard (u.m.)
house
works
glauco (c.f.)
all one word
glidepath
globetrotter
glosso (c.f.)
all one word
glow
lamp
meter
gluc(o) (c.f.)
all one word
glue
pot
stock
glycero (c.f.)
all one word
glyco (c.f.)
all one word
go
-ahead (n., u.m.)
-around (n., u.m.)
-as-you-please
(u.m.)
-back (n., u.m.)
-between (n.)
by (n.)
cart
-devil (n.)
-getter
-getting (n., u.m.)
-o (n., u.m.)
goal
post
#setter
goat
-bearded (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
herd
goat’s
-hair
-horn
God
-conscious (u.m.)
-fearing (u.m.)
-forsaken (u.m.)
-given (u.m.)
head
-man
-ordained (u.m.)
-sent (u.m.)
-sped (u.m.)
speed
-taught (u.m.)
god
child
daughter
father
head
hood
less
mother
parent
send
ship
son
sonship
goggle-eyed (u.m.)
goings-on
gold
beater
brick (shirker)
#brick (of real gold)
-bright (u.m.)
-brown (u.m.)
digger
#dust
-lled (u.m.)
140 Chapter 7
foil
-inlaid (u.m.)
leaf
plate (v.)
-plated (u.m.)
-plating (u.m.)
smithing
-wrought (u.m.)
golden
-ngered (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
good
-bye
-for-nothing (n.,
u.m.)
-looker
-looking (u.m.)
-natured (u.m.)
#will (kindness)
will (salable
asset)
goose
bone
bumps
-cackle
#egg
-eyed (u.m.)
esh
-footed (u.m.)
herd
mouth
neck
pimples
rump
step
wing
gospel
like
-true (u.m.)
Government
(U.S. or
foreign)
-in-exile
-owned (u.m.)
wide
governmentwide
(State, city, etc.)
grab
-all (n., u.m.)
#bag
hook
rope
grade
nder
mark
grain
-cut (u.m.)
eld
-laden (u.m.)
mark
sick
gram
-fast (u.m.)
-meter
-molecular
-negative (u.m.)
-positive (u.m.)
grand
aunt
child, etc.
stand
grant-in-aid
grape
fruit
#juice
-leaved (u.m.)
seed
stalk
vine
graph
alloy
#paper
grapho (c.f.)
all one word
grass
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
cutter
at
-green (u.m.)
hop
nut
plot
roots (nonliteral)
#roots (literal)
widow
grave
clothes
digger
side
stead
gravel
-blind (u.m.)
stone
gray
back (n., u.m.)
beard (n.)
-clad (u.m.)
coat (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
-haired (u.m.)
head
-headed (u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
grease
#gun
#pit
proof
great
-aunt
coat
-eared (u.m.)
-grandchild, etc.
-headed (u.m.)
heart
mouthed
green
back (n., u.m.)
belt
(community)
-clad (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
gage (plum)
gill
grocer
horn
keeper
-leaved (u.m.)
sand (geology)
sick
stu
sward
town
(community)
#wood (literal)
wood (forest)
greyhound
grid
iron
lock
griddlecake
grillroom
grip
sack
wheel
gross
-minded (u.m.)
#weight
ground
breaking
hog
mass
nut
path
plot
speed
#water
wave
work
group-connect (v.)
grownup (n., u.m.)
grubstake
Compounding Examples 141
guard
house
plate
rail
guest
chamber
house
room
guided-missile
(u.m.)
guidepost
guider-in
gum
boil
chewer
digger
drop
-gum
lac
-saline (n.)
shoe
gun
#barrel
bearer
blast
builder
cotton
crew
deck
ght
re
int
lock
paper
pit
play
point
powder
rack
-rivet (v.)
runner
shop
shot
-shy (u.m.)
sight
stock
wale
gut
less
string
gutter
blood
-bred (u.m.)
snipe
spout
gymno (c.f.)
all one word
gyneco (c.f.)
all one word
gyro
#horizon
#mechanism
#pelorus
plane, compass,
etc.
H
H
-bar
-beam
-bomb
-hour
hack
barrow
hammer
log
saw
hailstorm
hair
band
breadth
brush
-check (n.)
cloth
cut (n.)
do
dresser
-bered (u.m.)
lock
pin
#ribbon
space (printing)
splitting
spring
streak
stroke (printing)
#trigger
half
-and-half (n.,
u.m.)
-afraid
-alive
-angry
back (football)
-backed (u.m.)
-baked (u.m.)
-bound (u.m.)
caste
-clear
cock (v.)
cocked
(nonliteral)
-dark
#day
deck
-decked (u.m.)
-decker
-feed (v.)
hearted
-hourly (u.m.)
-life
#load
-loaded (u.m.)
-mast
-miler
-monthly (u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
pace
penny
-ripe
-shy
-sole (v.)
sta
stitch
-strength (u.m.)
title
tone (printing)
track
-true
-truth
-weekly (u.m.)
-yearly (u.m.)
hallmark
ham
shackle
string
hammer
cloth
dress (v.)
-hard (u.m.)
-harden (v.)
-hardened (u.m.)
head
lock
#thrower
toe
-weld (v.)
-wrought (u.m.)
hand
bag
ball
bank (v.)
barrow
bill
book
-bound (u.m.)
bow
brake
breadth
brush
-built (u.m.)
car
142 Chapter 7
-carry (v.)
cart
-carve (v.)
clap
clasp
-clean (v.)
crank
cu
-cut (v.)
-embroidered
(u.m.)
-fed (v.)
fold
grasp
grenade
grip
guard
gun
-held (u.m.)
-high (u.m.)
hold
hole
-in-hand (u.m.)
kerchief
-knit (v.)
-knitter
laid
-letter (v.)
li (truck)
liner
made
-me-down (n.,
u.m.)
mix (v.)
mold (v.)
mower
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
pick (v.)
post
press
print
rail
reading
saw
scrape (v.)
set
shake
spade
spike
splice
split
spring
spun
-stamp (v.)
stand
stitch
stroke
stu
-tailored (u.m.)
tap
tool
-tooled (u.m.)
-tooling (u.m.)
truck
weave
wheel
worked
woven
write (v.)
written
wrought
hands#free
handlebar
hang
dog
nail
net
out (n., u.m.)
up (n.)
hanger
-back
-on
-up
happy-go-lucky
hara-kiri
harbor
master
side
hard
-and-fast (u.m.)
back (beetle)
-baked (u.m.)
-bitten (u.m)
-boiled (u.m.)
case
copy (n.)
core
#disc
#drive
st (n.)
handed
hat (n.)
-hit (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
mouthed
nose
pan
-pressed (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
#shell (n.)
ship
spun
stand
tack
top (auto)
ware
-won (u.m.)
#work
-working (u.m.)
wrought
hare
brain
foot
hound
-mad (u.m.)
harness-making
(u.m.)
harum-scarum
harvesttime
has-been (n.)
hashmark
hat
band
box
brim
brush
cleaner
pin
rack
rail
stand
#tree
hatchback
hatchet-faced (u.m.)
haul
about (n., u.m.)
away (n., u.m.)
back (n.)
have-not (n., u.m.)
haversack
hawk
bill
-billed (u.m.)
head
-nosed (u.m.)
hawse
hole
pipe
hay
band
cap
cart
cock
#fever
eld
fork
li
lo
market
mow
rack
Compounding Examples 143
rake
rick
-scented (u.m.)
seed
stack
wire
hazardous
#waste#site
hazel
-eyed (u.m.)
nut
he-man
head
ache
achy
band
bander
block
cap
chair
cheese
chute
cloth
count
dress
-ender
rst
frame
gate
gear
hunter
lamp
ledge
lighting
liner
lock
long
master
mistress
mold
most
note
-on (u.m.)
phone
plate
post
quarters
rail
reach
rest
ring
rope
set
shake
sill
space
spin
spring
stall
stand
start
stick
stock
stream
strong
waiter
wall
wind
header-up
heal-all (n., u.m.)
healthcare
heart
ache
aching
beat
block
blood
break
burn
deep
felt
free (u.m.)
grief
heavy
leaf
-leaved (u.m.)
nut
quake
seed
sick
sore
string
struck
throb
-throbbing (u.m.)
-weary (u.m.)
hearth
rug
warming
heat
drops
#pump
#rash
-resistant (u.m.)
stroke
treat (v.)
-treating (u.m.)
#wave
heaven
bound
-inspired (u.m.)
-sent (u.m.)
heaver
-o
-out
-over
heavy
back
-duty (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
-footed (u.m.)
handed
-looking (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
#water
weight (n., u.m.)
hecto (c.f.)
all one word
hedge
born
breaker
#fund
hog
hop
pig
row
#trimmer
heel
ball
band
block
cap
fast
grip
pad
path
plate
post
print
ring
stay
strap
tap
helio (c.f.)
all one word
helpmeet
helter-skelter
hema (c.f.)
all one word
hemato (c.f.)
all one word
hemi (pref.)
all one word
hemo (c.f.)
all one word
hemp
seed
string
hemstitch
hen
bill
144 Chapter 7
coop
-feathered (u.m.)
house
pecked
roost
hence
forth
forward
hepato (c.f.)
all one word
hepta (c.f.)
all one word
here
about
aer
at
by
from
in
inabove
inaer
inbefore
into
of
on
to
tofore
under
unto
upon
with
herringbone
hetero (c.f.)
-ousia, etc.
rest one word
hexa (c.f.)
all one word
hi-
hide
-and-seek (n.,
u.m.)
away (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
high
ball
binder
born
bred
brow (nonliteral)
-caliber (u.m.)
-class (u.m.)
-density
ier (n.)
ying (u.m.)
-foreheaded
(u.m.)
#frequency
handed
-hat (v.)
jinks
lander
#light (literal)
light (nonlit.)
-minded (u.m.)
-power (u.m.)
-pressure (u.m., v.)
-priced (u.m.)
#proof
-reaching (u.m.)
-rigger (n.)
rise (building)
road
#seas
-speed (u.m.)
stepper
-tension (u.m.)
#tide
-up (u.m.)
#water
higher-up (n.)
hill
culture
(farming)
side
top
hind
brain
cast
gut (n.)
head
leg
most
quarter
saddle
sight
wing
hip
bone
mold
shot
hippo (c.f.)
all one word
histo (c.f.)
all one word
hit
-and-miss (u.m.)
-and-run (u.m.)
-or-miss (u.m.)
hitchhiker
hoarfrost
hoary-haired (u.m.)
hob
goblin
nail
nob
hobbyhorse
hockshop
hocus-pocus
hod#carrier
hodgepodge
hog
back
-backed (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
fat
frame
hide
nose (machine)
-nosed (u.m.)
pen
sty
-tie (v.)
wash
-wild (u.m.)
hog’s-back (geol.)
hogshead
hoistaway (n.)
hold
all (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
-clear (n., u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
fast (n., u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
holder
-forth
-on
-up
hole
#in#one
-high (u.m.)
-in-the-wall (n.)
through
hollow
back
(bookbinding)
-backed (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
faced
-ground (u.m.)
holo (c.f.)
all one word
holy
#day
stone
home
-baked (u.m.)
body
born
Compounding Examples 145
bred
brew
builder
#buyer
comer
coming
-fed (u.m.)
felt
folk
freeze (u.m., v.)
front
furnishings (n.)
going
grown
lander
life
made
maker
owner
#ownership
#page
plate
#rule
seeker
sick
spun
stead
stretch
town
woven
homeo (c.f.)
all one word
homo
#legalis
#sapiens
homo (c.f.)
-ousia, etc.
rest one word
honey
-colored (u.m.)
comb
-cured (u.m.)
dew
drop
eater
-laden (u.m.)
lipped
moon
mouthed
pot
sucker
sweet
honor
bound
#guard
#man
hood
cap
mold
wink
hoof
beat
mark
print
-printed (u.m.)
hook
ladder
nose
-nosed (u.m.)
pin
up (n., u.m.)
hooker
-o
-on
-out
-over
-up
hoopstick
hop
about (n., u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
scotch
toad
hope#chest
hopper
burn
dozer
horehound
hormono (c.f.)
all one word
horn
bill
blende
blower
-eyed (u.m.)
pipe
stay
tip
hornyhanded
horse
back
breaker
car
cloth
dealer
fair
ght
esh
hair
head
herd
hide
hoof
-hour
jockey
laugh
meat
mint
play
pond
power-hour
power-year
pox
race
#sense (n.)
shoe
thief
#trade
whip
hot
bed
blood
-blooded (u.m.)
brain
cake
-cold
dog
foot
head (n.)
-mix (u.m.)
pack
patch
plate
-press (v.)
rod (nonliteral)
-roll (v.)
-rolled (u.m.)
spot
-work (v).
hotelkeeper
houndshark
hourglass
house
breaking
broken
builder
#call
cleaner
-cleaning (u.m.)
coat
dress
father
furnishing(s) (n.)
guest
hold
husband
mother
owner
parent
pest
plant
-raising (u.m.)
146 Chapter 7
ridden
top
trailer
wares
warming
wife
how
-do-you-do (n.)
ever
soever
hub
cap
-deep (u.m.)
humankind
humble
bee
-looking (u.m.)
mouthed
-spirited (u.m.)
humdrum
hump
back
-shouldered
(u.m.)
humpty-dumpty
hunchback
hundred
fold
-legged (u.m.)
-percenter
-pounder
weight
hung-up (u.m.)
hunger
-mad (u.m.)
-worn (u.m.)
hurly-burly
hush
-hush
#money
up (n., u.m.)
hydro (c.f.)
all one word
hydro#station
hygro (c.f.)
all one word
hyper (pref.)
-Dorian, etc.
linked
text
rest one word
hypo (c.f.)
all one word
hystero (c.f.)
-oophorectomy
-salpingo-oopho-
rectomy
rest one word
I
I
-bar
-beam
-iron
-rail
ice
berg
blind
#blindness
blink
block
bone
breaker
cap
-clad (u.m.)
-cold (u.m.)
-cooled (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
#cream
fall
#shing
oe (island)
ow (current)
-free (u.m.)
maker
melt
pack
plant
plow
quake
#storm
#water
ideo (c.f.)
-unit
rest one word
idle
headed
-looking (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
ileo (c.f.)
all one word
ilio (c.f.)
all one word
ill
-advised (u.m.)
-being (n.)
-born (u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
#breeding (n.)
-doing (n., u.m.)
-fated (u.m.)
-humored (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-treat (v.)
-use (v.)
#will
-wisher
-wishing (u.m.)
in
-and-in (u.m.)
-and-out (u.m.)
-and-outer
-being (u.m.)
-ight (u.m.)
-house
-law (n.)
asmuch, sofar
#re, #rem, #situ,
etc.
in (pref.)
active (u.m.)
breeding
depth (u.m.)
hospital (u.m.)
migration (u.m.)
service
(u.m.), etc.
inch
-deep (u.m.)
-long (u.m.)
meal
-pound
-ton
worm
index-digest
indigo
-blue (u.m.)
-carmine (u.m.)
Indo (c.f.)
china
chinese
-European, etc.
infra (pref.)
-anal
-auricular
-axillary
-esophageal
-umbilical
rest one word
ink
-black (u.m.)
mixer
pot
slinger
spot
-spotted (u.m)
stain
stand
well
inner
-city (u.m.)
#man
Compounding Examples 147
spring
ino (c.f.)
all one word
insect-borne (u.m.)
inter (pref.)
-American, etc.
rest one word
intra (pref.)
-atomic, etc.
rest one word
intro (pref.)
all one word
Irish
-American (u.m.)
-born (u.m.)
iron
#age
back
-braced (u.m.)
clad
sted
-free (u.m.)
handed
hard
-lined (u.m.)
mold
-red (u.m.)
shod
shot (mineral)
(u.m.)
#shot (golf)
side
-willed (u.m.)
works
ironer-up
island
-born (u.m.)
-dotted (u.m.)
iso (c.f.)
-octane
-oleic
-osmosis
rest one word
ivory
-tinted (u.m.)
type (photog.)
-white (u.m.)
ivy
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
J
J-bolt
jack
ass
hammer
head
-in-the-box
knife
-of-all-trades
-o’-lantern
-plane (v.)
pot
rabbit
screw
jail
bird
house
jam
nut
packed
Java
#applets
Beans
Script
jaw
bone
breaker
-locked (u.m.)
twister
jay
hawk
walk
jelly
bean
roll
jerry
-build (v.)
builder
-built (u.m.)
jet
#airliner
#airplane
-black (u.m.)
lag
liner
port
-powered (u.m.)
prop
-propelled (u.m.)
#propulsion
stream
wash
jewel
-bright (u.m.)
-studded (u.m.)
jib
head
-o-jib
stay
jig
-a-jig
back
-drill (v.)
saw
job
#lot
seeker
#shop
site
joggle#piece
joint#owner
joulemeter
joy
hop
ride
stick
jump
master
o (n., u.m.)
rock
jungle
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
#gym
side
junkpile
jury
#box
-xing (u.m.)
-rigged (u.m.)
just#in#time
juxta (c.f.)
-ampullar
-articular
rest one word
K
K
-ration
-term
keel
block
fat
haul
-laying (u.m.)
#line
keepsake
kerato (c.f.)
all one word
kettle
drum
stitch
key
board
bolt
hole
lock
note
punch
ring
seat
148 Chapter 7
stone
stop
word
worker
kick
about (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
killjoy
kiln
-dry (u.m., v.)
eye
hole
rib
stick
tree
kilo (pref.)
gram-meter
voltampere
watthour
rest one word
kindheart
king
bolt
#crab
head
hood
hunter
maker
piece
pin
kins
folk
people
kiss-o (n., u.m.)
kite
ier
ying
knapsack
knee
-braced (u.m.)
brush
cap
-deep (u.m.)
-high (u.m.)
hole
-jerk (u.m.)
pad
pan
strap
knick
knack
point
knight
-errant
head
hood
knitback
knock
about (n., u.m.)
away (n., u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
-knee (n.)
-kneed (u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
knocker
-o
-up
knot
hole
horn
know
-all (n., u.m.)
-how (n., u.m.)
-it-all (n., u.m.)
-little (n., u.m.)
-nothing (n.,
u.m.)
knuckle
bone
buster
-deep (u.m.)
-kneed (u.m.)
L
L
-bar
-beam
-block
-shaped
-square
labio (c.f.)
all one word
laborsaving
lace
-edged (u.m.)
#edging
wing (insect)
-winged (u.m.)
worked
lackluster
ladder-backed
(u.m.)
lady
beetle
nger
killer
ship
lake
bed
front
lander
shore
side
lameduck
(nonliteral)
(n., u.m.)
lamp
black
-blown (u.m.)
-foot
hole
-hour
house
lighter
lit
post
shade
stand
wick
land
#base
-based (u.m.)
#bird
borne
fall
fast
ll
ood
form
grabber
-grant (u.m.)
holding
lady
locked
look
lord
lubber
mark
mass
mine
#oce
owner
-poor (u.m.)
right
scape
sick
side
slide
slip
spout
storm
wash
wire
Compounding Examples 149
wrack
lantern-jawed
(u.m.)
lap
belt
-lap
robe
streak
top
weld (v.)
-welded (u.m.)
-welding (u.m.)
large
-eyed
-handed (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
mouthed
-scale (u.m.)
lark
-colored (u.m.)
spur
laryngo (c.f.)
all one word
last
-born (u.m.)
-cited (u.m.)
-ditcher
-named (u.m.)
latch
bolt
key
string
late
-born (u.m.)
comer
-lamented (u.m.)
-maturing (u.m.)
latero (c.f.)
all one word
lath-backed (u.m.)
lathe-bore (v.)
latter
-day (u.m.)
most
lattice
#stitch
work
laughing
#gas
stock
launch
#pad
site
laundry#room
law
-abiding (u.m.)
book
breaker
-fettered (u.m.)
giver
#oce
suit
lawnmower
lay
away (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
-by (n.)
down (n., u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
layer
-on
-out
-over
-up
lazy
bones
boots
#guy
legs
lead
-alpha
-burn (v.)
-lled (u.m.)
-gray (u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
line
#line (medical,
naut. only)
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
#pencil
time
leaden
-eyed (u.m.)
pated
-souled (u.m.)
leader#line
leaf
bud
-clad (u.m.)
-eating (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
stalk
lean
-faced (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-to (n., u.m.)
leap
frog
#year
lease
back (n., u.m.)
hold
leased-line
leather
back
-backed (u.m.)
-bound (u.m.)
-brown (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
head
neck
side
ware
leavetaking
lee-bow (v.)
leech
eater
#rope
le
-bank (v.)
#eld (sports)
-hand (u.m.)
-handed (u.m.)
-hander
most
-sided (u.m.)
wing (political)
leg
band
puller
rope (v.)
work
lend-lease (n., u.m.)
length
ways
wise
lepto (c.f.)
all one word
let
down (n., u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
letter
bomb
#carrier
drop
gram
head
-perfect (u.m.)
press
space
writer
leuc(o) (c.f.)
all one word
liberal-minded
(u.m.)
150 Chapter 7
lieutenant
#colonel
-colonelcy
#governor
-governorship
life
belt
blood
boat
#buoy
#cycle
-cycle (u.m.)
drop
oat
giver
giving
guard
hold
jacket
long
#net
ra
ring
saver
-size (u.m.)
-sized (u.m.)
span
spring
stream
style
tide
time
vest
weary (u.m.)
li-o (n., u.m.)
light
-armed (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
-drab (u.m.)
-dra (u.m.)
face (printing)
-footed (u.m.)
handed
house#keeping
(nautical)
#housekeeping
(domestic)
mouthed
-producing (u.m.)
ship
-struck (u.m.)
weight (n., u.m.)
-year
lighter-than-air
(u.m.)
like
-looking (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
lily
handed
-shaped (u.m.)
-white (u.m.)
lime
#juice
kiln
lighter
pit
quat
stone
wash
water
linch
bolt
pin
line
-bred (u.m.)
-breed (v.)
casting
crew
cut (printing)
nder
-item (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
walker
link
up (n., u.m.)
#up (v.)
lion
-bold (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
hearted
-maned (u.m.)
lip
read
service
stick
listener-in
litho (c.f.)
-oset
rest one word
little
-known (u.m.)
neck (clam)
-used (u.m.)
live
#load
long
stock
#stream
#wire
wire (nonliteral)
liver
-brown (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
wurst
living#room
loadmeter
loanword
lob
g
lolly
lobster-tailed (u.m.)
lock
box
fast
hole
jaw
nut
out (n., u.m.)
pin
ring
step
stitch
up (n., u.m.)
washer
locker#room
lode
star
stone
log
book
in
jam
on
o
roll
sheet
loggerhead
logo (c.f.)
all one word
long
-awaited (u.m.)
beard (n.)
-bearded (u.m.)
-billed (u.m.)
bow
cloth
-distance (u.m.)
-drawn (u.m.)
felt
hair (n.)
-haired (u.m.)
hand (nonliteral)
-handed (u.m.)
-handled (u.m.)
head (n.)
horn (cattle)
-horned (u.m.)
johns
#jump
Compounding Examples 151
leaf
-leaved (u.m.)
-legged (u.m.)
legs (n.)
-lived (u.m.)
mouthed
-necked (u.m.)
nose (n.)
-nosed (u.m.)
-past (u.m.)
play (records)
playing (u.m.)
run (u.m.)
shoreman
spun
standing (u.m.)
stitch
#term (n.)
-term (u.m.)
wave (radio)
ways
wool (sheep)
look
down (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
#over (v.)
through (n.,
u.m.)
looker-on
loop
hole
#knot
stitch
loose
leaf (u.m.)
mouthed
-tongued (u.m.)
lop
-eared (u.m.)
sided
loud
mouthed
#speaker (orator)
speaker (radio)
-voiced (u.m.)
love
bird
born
-inspired (u.m.)
#knot
lorn
seat
sick
low
born
boy
bred
brow (nonliteral)
browed
(nonliteral)
-built (u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
-downer
-lander
-lived (u.m.)
-lying (u.m.)
-power (u.m.)
-pressure (u.m.)
rise
#water
lower
case (printing)
#deck
most
lug
bolt
mark
sail
lukewarm
lumber
jack
#room
lumbo (c.f.)
-ovarian
rest one word
lumen-hour
lunch
box
#hour
room
time
lying-in (n., u.m.)
M
M-day
macebearer
machine
-nished (u.m.)
gun
-hour
-made (u.m.)
#shop
#work
macro (c.f.)
all one word
mad
brain
cap
man (n.)
#money
made
-over (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
magnetite
-basalt
-olivinite
-spinellite
magneto (c.f.)
-optics
rest one word
mahjong
maid
#of#honor
servant
maiden
hair
head
hood
#name
mail
bag
clad
clerk
guard
-order (u.m.)
pouch
room
slot
truck
main
frame
mast
pin
sail
sheet
spring
stay
stream
(nonliteral)
top
topmast
#yard
major
-domo
#league
-leaguer
-minor
make
-believe (n., u.m.)
fast (n.)
over
ready (printing)
shi
up (n., u.m.)
weight
maker
-o
152 Chapter 7
-up
space
making#up
mal (c.f.)
all one word
man
back
-child
-created (u.m.)
-day
eater
-fashion (u.m.)
-grown (u.m.)
handle
hater
-high (u.m.)
hole
-hour
killer
kind
-made (u.m.)
-minute
-of-war (ship)
power
servant
-size (u.m.)
slaughter
slayer
stealer
stopper
trap
-woman
-year
manic-depressive
manifold
mantel
piece
shelf
tree
many
-colored (u.m.)
-folded (u.m.)
-layered (u.m.)
plies
-sided (u.m.)
mapreader
marble
head
-looking (u.m.)
-topped (u.m.)
-white (u.m.)
mare’s
-nest
-tail
mark
down (n., u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
shot
up (n., u.m.)
marker
-down
-o
-up
marketplace
marrowbone
marsh
buck
mallow
(confection)
#mallow (plant)
mass
-minded (u.m.)
-produce (v.)
mast
-brown (u.m.)
head
master
#at#arms
mind
#of#ceremonies
piece
ship
#stroke
#workman
mat-covered (u.m.)
match
book
head
-lined (u.m.)
mark
safe
stick
maxi (n.)
maxi (pref.)
all one word
May
#Day
-day (u.m.)
pole
tide
may
be (adv.)
beetle
day (distress call)
hap
mealymouth
mean
-acting (u.m.)
-spirited (u.m.)
time
(meanwhile)
#time
(astronomical)
tone (u.m.)
while
meat
ball
cutter
-eater
-fed (u.m.)
hook
-hungry (u.m.)
packer
works
wrapper
mechanico (c.f.)
all one word
medico (c.f.)
all one word
medio (c.f.)
all one word
medium
-brown (u.m.)
-size(d) (u.m.)
weight (n., u.m.)
meek
-eyed (u.m.)
hearted
-spirited (u.m.)
meetingplace
megalo (c.f.)
all one word
melon
grower
-laden (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
melt
down (n., u.m.)
water
men
folk
kind
meningo (c.f.)
all one word
menu-driven
merry
-go-round
-meeting
-minded (u.m.)
meshbag
meso (c.f.)
all one word
mess
hall
kit
room
tin
-up (n., u.m.)
meta (pref.)
all one word
Compounding Examples 153
metal
ammonium
-clad (u.m.)
-coated (u.m.)
-lined (u.m.)
works
meter
-amperes
-kilogram
-kilogram-second
metro (c.f.)
all one word
mezzo
graph
relievo
soprano
tint
micro (c.f.)
-organism
rest one word
mid (c.f.)
-American, etc.
-April
day
-decade
-dish
-ice
-level
-1958
-Pacic, etc.
-Victorian, etc.
rest one word
middle
-aged (u.m.)
breaker
brow (nonliteral)
-burst (v.)
buster
#ear
#ground
man (nonliteral)
most
-of-the-roader
-sized (u.m.)
splitter
weight
midi (n.)
midi (pref.)
all one word
mighty-handed
(u.m.)
mil-foot
mild
-cured (u.m.)
-mannered (u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.)
mile
-long (u.m.)
-ohm
post
-pound
-ton
-wide (u.m.)
milk
-fed (u.m.)
head
#run
shake
shed
sick
sop
-white (u.m.)
mill
cake
course
dam
feed
hand
-headed (u.m.)
pond
post
race
ring
stock
stream
wright
milli (c.f.)
gram-hour
rest one word
mincemeat
mind
#healer
-healing (u.m.)
reader
set (n.)
sight
mine
eld
layer
ship
sweeper
thrower
works
mini (n.)
mini (pref.)
all one word
minor
#league
-leaguer
minute#book
mirror
-faced (u.m.)
scope
mis (pref.)
all one word
mischiefmaking
mist
bow
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
fall
miter
#box
-lock (v.)
mix
blood
up (n.)
mixing#room
mizzenmast
mock
-heroic (u.m.)
#turtle
up (n., u.m.)
mocker-up
mocking
stock
-up (u.m.)
mold
made (u.m.)
#shop
mole
catcher
-eyed (u.m.)
head
hill
money
bag
changer
getter
grubber
lender
-mad (u.m.)
maker
saver
monkey
-faced (u.m.)
nut
pod
pot
shine
#wrench
mono (c.f.)
-ideistic
-iodo
-iodohydrin
-ion
-ousian
rest one word
month
end
long (u.m.)
154 Chapter 7
moon
beam
blind
#blindness
blink
born
-bright (u.m.)
eye
face
gazing
glow
head
lighter
lit
-mad (u.m.)
path
rise
sail
set
shade
shine
shot
sick
struck
tide
walker
-white (u.m.)
moosecall
mop
head
stick
up (n., u.m.)
mopper-up
mopping-up (u.m.)
morning
#sickness
#star
tide
mosquito
-free (u.m.)
#net
moss
back
-clad (u.m.)
-green (u.m.)
-grown (u.m.)
head
-lined (u.m.)
most-favored-nation
(u.m.)
moth
ball
-eaten (u.m.)
hole
proof
mother
board
hood
-in-law
-of-pearl
moto (c.f.)
all one word
motor
bike
bus
cab
cade
car
coach
cycle
-driven (u.m.)
jet
-minded (u.m.)
#scooter
ship
truck
van
moundbuilder
mountain
-high (u.m.)
side
top
-walled (u.m.)
mouse
-brown (u.m.)
-eared (u.m.)
-eaten (u.m.)
hole
trap
mouth
-lling (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
piece
wash
muck
rake (v.)
raker
sweat
muco (c.f.)
all one word
mud
bank
bath
-colored (u.m.)
at
ow
guard
head
hole
lark
sill
slinger
-splashed (u.m.)
stain
sucker
track
#turtle
mule
back
#deer
skinner
multi (c.f.)
all one word
multiple-purpose
(u.m.)
muscle
bound
power
music
lover
-mad (u.m.)
maker
room
musico (c.f.)
all one word
musk
#deer
melon
#ox
rat
mutton
#chop (meat)
chop (shape)
st
head
myria (c.f.)
all one word
mytho (c.f.)
all one word
myxo (c.f.)
all one word
N
nail
bin
brush
head
-headed (u.m.)
#hole
print
puller
rod
-shaped (u.m.)
-studded (u.m.)
name
-calling (u.m.)
-dropping (u.m.)
plate
sake
nano (c.f.)
all one word
Compounding Examples 155
naptime
narco (c.f.)
all one word
narrow
-mouthed (u.m.)
minded
naso (c.f.)
-occipital
-orbital
rest one word
nationwide
native-born (u.m.)
navy-blue (u.m.)
naysayer
near
by
-miss
sighted
neat’s-foot (u.m.)
neck
band
bone
-breaking (u.m.)
cloth
-deep (u.m.)
fast
guard
-high (u.m.)
hole
lace
line
mold
tie
necro (c.f.)
all one word
needle
bill
case
-made (u.m.)
nose (pliers)
point
-shaped (u.m.)
-sharp (u.m.)
worked
ne’er-do-well
neo (c.f.)
-Greek, etc.
rest one word
nephro (c.f.)
all one word
nerve
ache
-celled (u.m.)
-racked (u.m.)
net
ball
braider
-veined (u.m.)
work
#worth
nettle
re
foot
some
neuro (c.f.)
all one word
never
-ending (u.m.)
more
theless
new
born
-car (u.m.)
comer
-created (u.m.)
fangled
-fashioned (u.m.)
-front (v.)
-made (u.m.)
-mown (u.m.)
-rich (u.m.)
newlywed
news
boy
case
cast
clip
dealer
#editor
letter
#media
paper
paper#work
photo
print
reader
reel
sheet
stand
story
teller
nick
-eared (u.m.)
name
nickel
plate (v.)
-plated (u.m.)
-plating (u.m.)
type
night
-black (u.m.)
#blindness
cap
-clad (u.m.)
clothes
club
dress
fall
-y (aviation) (v.)
-ying (u.m.)
gown
-grown (u.m.)
hawk
long (u.m.)
mare
#school
shade
#shi
shirt
side
tide
walker
nimble
-ngered (u.m.)
footed
nimbostratus
(clouds)
nine
fold
#holes
-lived (u.m.)
pin
score
nitpicker
nitro (c.f.)
-hydro-carbon
rest one word
no
-account (n., u.m.)
-fault
-fee
-good (n., u.m.)
-hitter (n.)
how
#man’s land
#one
-par (u.m.)
-par-value (u.m.)
-show (n., u.m.)
-thoroughfare (n.)
whit
-year (funds)
noble
-born (u.m.)
-featured (u.m.)
heartedness
-looking (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
nol-pros (v.)
non
-civil-service (u.m.)
156 Chapter 7
-European, etc.
interactive
-pros (v.)
#sequitur, etc.
-tumor-bearing
(u.m.)
as prex, one
word
none
such
theless
noon
day
tide
time
north
-central (u.m.)
east
going
most
-northeast
-sider
nose
bag
bleed
bone
dive
down (n., u.m.)
gay
guard
-high (u.m.)
hole
-led (u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
pipe
ring
-thumbing (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
wheel
note
book
#paper
worthy
notwithstanding
novel
-reading (u.m.)
#writer
-writing (u.m.)
nucleo (c.f.)
all one word
nut
breaker
-brown (u.m.)
cake
cracker
hatch
hook
pecker
pick
-shaped (u.m.)
shell
sweet
O
oak
-beamed (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-green (u.m.)
#leaf
-leaved (u.m.)
oar
-footed (u.m.)
lock
oarsman
oat
bin
cake
-fed (u.m.)
meal
seed
oathbreaker
object-oriented
oblong
-elliptic (u.m.)
-leaved (u.m.)
-linear (u.m.)
-ovate (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
-triangular (u.m.)
occipito (c.f.)
-otic
rest one word
ocean
-born (u.m.)
borne
-girdled (u.m.)
going
side
-spanning (u.m.)
octo (c.f.)
all one word
odd
-jobber
-job man
-looking (u.m.)
man (arbiter)
-numbered (u.m.)
o
-and-on (u.m.)
beat
cast
center (u.m.)
color (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
cut (printing)
day
-fall (v.)
-avor (n., u.m.)
-ow
-go (n.)
going
grade
hand
-hours
line
loading
look
-lying (u.m.)
peak
print
put
-reckoning (n.)
saddle
scape
scour
scum
-season
set
shoot
shore
side
site
-sorts (n.)
spring
stage
street
take
-the-record (u.m.)
type
-wheel (n.)
-wheeler (n.)
-white (u.m.)
#year
oce
#boy
holder
seeker
-seeking (u.m.)
oentimes
otimes
ohm
-ammeter
meter
-mile
oil
#burner
cake
can
cloth
coat
cup
-driven (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 157
-fed (u.m.)
eld
-forming (u.m.)
-harden (v.)
hole
meal
paper
proong
seed
#shale
skinned
-soaked (u.m.)
spill (n.)
stove
-temper (v.)
tightness
#well
old
-fashioned (u.m.)
-fogy (u.m.)
-growing (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
#maid
-maidish (u.m.)
#man
-new
style (printing)
timer
#woman
-young
oleo
#gear
margarine
#oil
#strut
as combining
form, one word
olive
-brown (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-drab (u.m.)
-growing (u.m.)
#oil
-skinned (u.m.)
wood
#wood (color)
omni (c.f.)
all one word
on
-and-o (n., u.m.)
board (u.m.)
-go (n.)
going
line#service
site
noun, adjective,
one word
once
-over (n.)
-run (u.m.)
one
-armed (u.m.)
-decker
-eyed (u.m.)
fold
-half
-handed (u.m.)
ness
-piece (u.m.)
self
-sided (u.m.)
-sidedness
signed (u.m.)
-step (dance)
-striper
time (formerly)
(u.m.)
-time (one action)
(u.m.)
-two-three
-way (u.m.)
onion
peel
skin
op-ed
(newspaper)
open
-air (u.m.)
-armed (u.m.)
-back (u.m.)
-backed (u.m.)
band (yarn)
cast
cut (mining)
-end (u.m.)
-ended
-faced (u.m.)
handed
#house
minded
mouthed
#shop
side (u.m.)
-sided (u.m.)
worked
opera
goer
going
#house
operating#system
ophthalmo (c.f.)
all one word
orange
ade
colored (u.m.)
peel
-red (u.m.)
stick
orchard#house
orderly#room
organo (c.f.)
all one word
ornitho (c.f.)
all one word
orrisroot
ortho (c.f.)
all one word
osteo (c.f.)
all one word
other
wise
#world
worldly
oto (c.f.)
all one word
out
-and-out (u.m.)
-and-outer (n.)
-loud (u.m.)
-Machiavelli, etc.
migration
-of-date (u.m.)
-of-door(s) (u.m.)
-of-State (u.m.)
-of-the-way (u.m.)
placement
-to-out (u.m.)
as prex, one
word
outer
-city (u.m.)
#man
most
wear
outward
-bound (u.m.)
-bounder
ovate
-acuminate (u.m.)
-oblong (u.m.)
ovato (c.f.)
-oblong
-orbicular
rest one word
oven
baked
dried
peel
ware
over
age (surplus)
age (older) (n.,
u.m.)
all (n., u.m.)
-the-counter
(u.m.)
as combining
form, one word
owl-eyed (u.m.)
ox
biter
blood (color)
bow
brake
cart
cheek
eye
-eyed (u.m.)
gall
harrow
hide
horn
shoe
tail
#team
oxy (c.f.)
all one word
oyster
bed
#crab
house
root
seed
shell
-white (u.m.)
P
pace
maker
#setter
-setting (u.m.)
pachy (c.f.)
all one word
pack
builder
cloth
horse
-laden (u.m.)
sack
saddle
sta
thread
up (n., u.m.)
packing#box
padlock
paddlefoot
page
-for-page (u.m.)
#proof (printing)
painkiller
painstaking
paint
box
brush
mixer
pot
spray
stained (u.m.)
pale
belly
-blue (u.m.)
buck
-cheeked (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-reddish (u.m.)
paleo (c.f.)
-Christian, etc.
rest one word
pallbearer
palm
-green (u.m.)
#leaf
#oil
-shaded (u.m.)
palmi (c.f.)
all one word
pan
-American, etc.
-broil (v.)
#ice
rest one word
Pan
#American Union
hellenic
panel-lined (u.m.)
panic-stricken
(u.m.)
panto (c.f.)
all one word
panty hose
paper
back (n.)
#box
#carrier
cutter
hanger
shell (n., u.m.)
-shelled (u.m.)
-thin (u.m.)
weight
-white (u.m.)
papier#mache
para (c.f. or pref.)
-analgesia
-anesthesia
legal
medic
rest one word
parcel
#carrier
-plate (v.)
#post
parchment
-covered (u.m.)
#maker
-making (u.m.)
parieto (c.f.)
-occipital
rest one word
parimutuel
park
#forest
land
way
part
-nished (u.m.)
#owner
-time (u.m.)
-timer (n.)
#way
parti (c.f.)
all one word
party#line
parvi (c.f.)
all one word
pass
back (n.)
book
key
out (n., u.m.)
port
through (n.,
u.m.)
way
word
passenger-mile
passer(s)-by
passion
-driven (u.m.)
-feeding (u.m.)
-lled (u.m.)
#play
paste
down (n., u.m.)
pot
up (n., u.m.)
pastureland
patent-in-fee
path
breaker
nder
way
158 Chapter 7
Compounding Examples 159
patho (c.f.)
all one word
patri (c.f.)
all one word
patrol
man
#wagon
pattycake
pawn
broker
shop
pay
back (n., u.m.)
check
#cut
day
dirt
load
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
#raise
roll
sheet
-TV
pea
#coal
coat
cod
-green (u.m.)
hen
jacket
nut
pod
shooter
-sized (u.m.)
stick
peace
-blessed (u.m.)
breaker
-loving (u.m.)
maker
#pipe
time
peach
bloom
blow (color)
-colored (u.m.)
pear-shaped (u.m.)
pearl
-eyed (u.m.)
shing
-pure (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
-studded (u.m.)
-white (u.m.)
peat
-roofed (u.m.)
moss
stack
pebble
-paved (u.m.)
-strewn (u.m.)
peelo (n., u.m.)
peep
eye
hole
show
sight
peer-to-peer
pegleg
pellmell
pen
-cancel (v.)
head
knife
manship
#name
point
pusher
rack
script
-shaped (u.m.)
stock
trough
pencil
#box
holder
-mark (v.)
penny
-a-liner
pincher
weight
winkle
worth
pent-up (u.m.)
penta (c.f.)
-acetate
rest one word
pepper
corn
#jelly
mint
pot
-red (u.m.)
peptalk
per
#annum
cent
#centum
compound
(chemical)
current
(botanical)
#diem
salt (chemical)
#se
sulde
peri (pref.)
-insular
rest one word
permafrost
pest
hole
-ridden (u.m.)
petcock
petit
grain
#jury
#larceny
#point
petro (c.f.)
-occipital
rest one word
pharmaco (c.f.)
-oryctology
rest one word
pharyngo (c.f.)
-esophageal
-oral
rest one word
phase
-in (n., u.m.)
meter
out (n., u.m.)
-wound (u.m.)
pheno (c.f.)
all one word
philo (c.f.)
-French, etc.
rest one word
phlebo (c.f.)
all one word
phonebook
phono (c.f.)
all one word
phospho (c.f.)
all one word
photo (c.f.)
-oset
-oxidation
-oxidative
rest one word
phrasemark (music)
phreno (c.f.)
all one word
phyllo (c.f.)
all one word
phylo (c.f.)
all one word
physico (c.f.)
all one word
160 Chapter 7
physio (c.f.)
all one word
phyto (c.f.)
all one word
piano
forte
graph
#player
pick
aback
ax
lock
-me-up (n., u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
#over (v.)
pocket
pole
sha
up (n., u.m.)
picker-up
picket#line
pickle-cured (u.m.)
picture
#book
#writing
pie
bald
crust
-eater
-eyed
marker
pan
plant
#plate
-stued (u.m.)
#tin
piece
-dye (v.)
#goods
meal
mold
piezo (c.f.)
-oscillator
rest one word
pig
-back (v.)
-backed (u.m.)
-bellied (u.m.)
belly
-eyed (u.m.)
face
-faced (u.m.)
foot
-footed (u.m.)
headed
herd
#iron
out
pen
root
stick
sty
tailed
wash
pigeon
gram
hole
-toed (u.m.)
wing
piggyback
pike
-eyed (u.m.)
sta
pile
driver
-driving (u.m.)
hammer
up (n., u.m.)
#weave
woven
pill
pusher
rolling
taker
pillow
case
made
slip
top
pilot
#boat
house
#light
pin
ball
block
bone
case
cushion
-eyed (u.m.)
fall
feather
re
fold
head
hold
hole
hook
lock
paper
point
prick
rail
setter
spot
stripe
-tailed (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
wheel
pinch
back
bar
beck
cock
st
-hit (v.)
-hitter
penny
pine
apple
-bearing (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
#cone
-fringed (u.m.)
#needle
#oil
-shaded (u.m.)
#tar
pink
-blossomed (u.m.)
eye (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
pipe
-drawn (u.m.)
dream
tter
layer
line
-shaped (u.m.)
stem
walker
welder
pisci (c.f.)
all one word
pistol-whipped (v.)
piston
head
#pin
#rod
#valve
pit
#boss
#bull
-eyed (u.m.)
fall
head
-headed (u.m.)
hole
mark
-marked (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 161
-rotted (u.m.)
saw
side
pitch
-black (u.m.)
blende
#box
-colored (u.m.)
-dark (u.m.)
#darkness
fork
hole
-lined (u.m.)
man
-marked (u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
#pipe
up (n., u.m.)
place
card
kick
plague-infested
(u.m.)
plain
back (fabric)
-bodied (u.m.)
clothes (u.m.)
clothesman
-headed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.)
woven (u.m.)
plane
#curve
load
-mile
-parallel (u.m.)
table (surveying)
plani (c.f.)
all one word
plano (c.f.)
all one word
plant
#food
life
site
plasterboard
plate
cutter
#glass
-incased (u.m.)
layer
mark
#proof (printing)
-roll (v.)
-rolled (u.m.)
platy (c.f.)
all one word
play
-act (v.)
back (n., u.m.)
bill
book
boy
broker
day
down (n., u.m.)
fellow
goer
going
ground
mate
o (n., u.m.)
pen
reader
room
script
suit
thing
time
wright
#yard
pleasure
-bent (u.m.)
#boat
-seeking (u.m.)
-tired (u.m.)
-weary (u.m.)
pleo (c.f.)
all one word
pleuro (c.f.)
all one word
plow
back (n., u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
hand
horse
pan
point
-shaped (u.m.)
share
shoe
sole
sta
#tail
wright
plug
-and-play
hole
-in (n., u.m.)
tray
plumbline
plume-crowned
(u.m.)
pluri (c.f.)
all one word
pluto (c.f.)
all one word
pneumato (c.f.)
-hydato-genetic
(u.m.)
rest one word
pneumo (c.f.)
all one word
pock
mark
-marked (u.m.)
-pit (v.)
pocket
book (purse)
#book (book)
-eyed (u.m.)
knife
-sized (u.m.)
-veto (v.)
poet
-artist
#laureate
-painter
pointblank
Point-to-Point
poison-dipped
(u.m.)
pole
arm
-armed (u.m.)
ax
burn
cat
-dried (u.m.)
horse
-pile (v.)
setter
-shaped (u.m.)
sitter
-stack (v.)
star
timber
trap
-vault (v.)
#vaulter
policy
maker
making
politico (c.f.)
-orthodox
rest one word
poll
book
#parrot
#tax
162 Chapter 7
poly (c.f.)
all one word
poor
-blooded (u.m.)
farm
-spirited (u.m.)
pop
corn
eye
gun
up (n., u.m.)
poppy
-bordered (u.m.)
cock
-red (u.m.)
seed
pork
barrel (n., u.m.)
#chop
sh
#pie
port
cullis
re
folio
hole
hook
manteau
-mouthed (u.m.)
side
#wine
post
#bellum
#boat
card
-Christian, etc.
-cold-war (u.m.)
#diem
-free (u.m.)
haste
#hospital
(military)
#meridiem
#mortem (literal)
mortem
(nonliteral)
#partum
#school (military)
traumatic
-traumatic
(PTSD)
audit, graduate,
etc.
as prex, one
word
postal#card
pot
ash
bellied
boil
eye
hanger
herb
hole
hook
hunter
latch
lid
luck
pie
pourri
rack
#roast
shot
potato#eld
poultry
#keeper
-keeping (u.m.)
#raiser
-raising (u.m.)
#yard
pound
cake
-foolish (u.m.)
-foot
worth
powder
-blue (u.m.)
box
#house
#keg
#mill
#room
-scorched (u.m.)
power
boat
#mower
-operated (u.m.)
pack
plant
praise
-deserving (u.m.)
-spoiled (u.m.)
worthiness
pre (pref.)
-Incan, etc.
audit, existing,
etc.
rest one word
president
-elect
#pro#tempore
press
#agent
-agentry
board
feeder
-forge (v.)
-made (u.m.)
mark
pack (v.)
plate
#proof (printing)
preter (pref.)
all one word
price
#cutter
-cutting (u.m.)
#xer
-xing (u.m.)
#index
list
-support (u.m.)
tag
prick
-eared (u.m.)
mark
seam
priesthood
prime
#minister
-ministerial
(u.m.)
-ministership
-ministry
prince
hood
-priest
print
cloth
out
script
printing
-in (n., u.m.)
#ink
#oce
-out (n., u.m.)
prison
bound
-free (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
prisoner-of-war
(u.m.)
prize
ghter
#ring
taker
winner
-winning (u.m.)
pro
-Ally, etc.
-choice
Compounding Examples 163
#football, etc.
#forma
-life
#rata
#tem
#tempore
as prex, one
word
problem-solver
procto (c.f.)
all one word
prot
-and-loss (u.m.)
-sharing (u.m.)
prong
buck
-hoe (v.)
horn
-horned (u.m.)
proof
#press
read
reader
room
sheet
prop
jet
wash
proso (c.f.)
all one word
proto (c.f.)
-Egyptian, etc.
rest one word
proud
hearted
-looking (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
psalmbook
pseudo (c.f.)
-Messiah, etc.
-occidental
-ocial
-orthorhombic
-osteomalacia
-owner
rest one word
psycho (c.f.)
-organic
rest one word
ptero (c.f.)
all one word
public
hearted
-minded (u.m.)
-spirited (u.m.)
#works
pug
nose
-pile (v.)
pull
back (n., u.m.)
#box
down (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
-push (u.m.)
through (n.,
u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
puller
-in
-out
pulp
board
wood
punch
board
bowl
card
-drunk (u.m.)
mark
-marked (u.m.)
out (n.)
punctureproof
pup#tent
pure
blood
bred
#line (biological)
purple
-blue (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
heart (wood)
purse
making
-proud (u.m.)
#strings
push
button
card
cart
o (n., u.m.)
-pull (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
pussy
cat
foot
#willow
put
back (n., u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
-put (n.)
-up (n., u.m.)
putter
-forth
-in
-o
-on
-out
-through
-up
pyo (c.f.)
all one word
pyro (c.f.)
all one word
Q
Q
-boat
-fever
quadri (c.f.)
-invariant
rest one word
quarrystone
quarter
-angled (u.m.)
back
-bloom (u.m.)
#boards
-bound (u.m.)
-breed (u.m.)
-cast (u.m.)
-cut (u.m.)
deck
-miler
#note
pace
-phase (u.m.)
saw (v.)
sta
stretch
-yearly (u.m.)
quartermaster
#general
-generalship
quasi
all hyphened
queen#bee
quick
-change (u.m., v.)
-drawn (u.m., v.)
freeze (u.m., v.)
lime
sand
164 Chapter 7
set
silver
step
#time
-witted (u.m.)
quin (c.f.)
all one word
quit
claim
rent
R
rabbit
-backed (u.m.)
-eared (u.m.)
#fever
#foot
skin
race
about (n., u.m.)
course
goer
horse
track
way
radarscope
radio
generally two
words except
the following
forms
frequency
isotope
telegraph
telephone
rag
bolt
#doll
-made (u.m.)
sorter
tag
time
rail
bird
car
guard
head
-ridden (u.m.)
road
setter
splitter
#train
way#maker
wayman
rain
band
-beaten (u.m.)
bow
check
coat
drop
fall
#forest
-so (u.m.)
spout
storm
wash
water
rakeo (n., u.m.)
ram
jet
rod
shackle
ranch
#hand
house
random-access
(u.m.)
range
nder
#light
rider
rapid
#re
#transit
rat
bite
catcher
hole
-infested (u.m.)
#race
-tailed (u.m.)
-tight (u.m.)
trap
rate
#cutter
-cutting (u.m.)
-xing (u.m.)
payer
-raising (u.m.)
setting
rattle
brain
snake
trap
raw
boned
-edged (u.m.)
hide
-looking (u.m.)
razor
back
-billed (u.m.)
#blade
edge
-keen (u.m.)
-sharp (u.m.)
strop
razzle-dazzle
re (pref.)
-cover (cover
again)
-create (create
again), etc.
-cross-
examination
-ice
-ink
-redirect
evaluate, process,
etc.
rest one word
reading#room
read
out (n.)
through (n., u.m.)
real
time (n.)
-time (u.m.)
ready
-built (u.m.)
-handed (u.m.)
made (u.m.)
-mix (u.m.)
#reference
room
-witted (u.m.)
rear
#end
guard
most
view (u.m.)
ward
reception#room
recordbreaker
recti (c.f.)
all one word
recto (c.f.)
all one word
red
bait (v.)
-billed (u.m.)
-blooded (u.m.)
buck
cap (porter)
coat (n.)
eye (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
-haired (u.m.)
handed
Compounding Examples 165
head (n.)
-hot (u.m.)
-legged (u.m.)
#line (literal)
out (n., u.m.)
-skinned (u.m.)
tape (nonliteral)
#tape (literal)
-throated (u.m.)
-yellow (u.m.)
reformat
regionwide
religio (c.f.)
all one word
remote-access
repair#shop
representative
#at#large
-elect
research#worker
resino (c.f.)
all one word
retro (c.f.)
-ocular
-omental
-operative
-oral
rest one word
rheo (c.f.)
all one word
rhino (c.f.)
all one word
rhizo (c.f.)
all one word
rhod(o) (c.f.)
all one word
rhomb(o) (c.f.)
all one word
rice
growing
#water
rich
-bound (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
rickrack
ridge
band
pole
top
rira
rieshot
rig
out (n., u.m.)
-up (n., u.m.)
right
about
about-face
-angle (u.m., v.)
-angled (u.m.)
#away
#eld (sports)
-handed (u.m.)
-hander
-headed (u.m.)
most
-of-way
wing (political)
rim
-deep (u.m.)
re
lock
rock
ring
-adorned (u.m.)
-banded (u.m.)
-billed (u.m.)
bolt
giver
head
-in (n., u.m.)
lead (v.)
leader
-necked (u.m.)
-o (n., u.m.)
pin
-porous (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
side
sight
stand
stick
-tailed (u.m.)
-up (n., u.m.)
worm
rip
cord
-o (n., u.m.)
rap
roaring
sack
saw
snorter
tide
-up (n., u.m.)
river
bank
bed
#bottom
ow
-formed (u.m.)
front
head
scape
side
wash
-worn (u.m.)
road
bank
bed
block
builder
head
hog
kill
map
#runner (bird)
#show
side
-test (v.)
way
-weary (u.m.)
rock
abye
bottom
(nonliteral)
#climber
-climbing (u.m.)
fall (n.)
-fallen (u.m.)
ll
rm
pile
-ribbed (u.m.)
#salt
sha
slide
rod-shaped (u.m.)
roe
buck
#deer
roentgeno (c.f.)
all one word
roll
about (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
call
-fed (v.)
lm
o (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
top
up (n., u.m.)
roller
#blade
#coaster
-made (u.m.)
-milled (u.m.)
#skate
166 Chapter 7
Romano (c.f.)
-canonical, etc.
-Gallic, etc.
roof
garden
line
top
tree
room
#clerk
keeper
mate
roominghouse
root
bound
cap
-cutting (u.m.)
fast
hold
#mean#square
#rot
stalk
stock
rope
dance
layer
stitch
walk
rose
-bright (u.m.)
bud
bush
head
-headed (u.m.)
-scented (u.m.)
-sweet (u.m.)
tan
#water
rotor
cra
ship
rotten
-dry (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
rough
-and-ready (u.m.)
-and-tumble (n.,
u.m.)
cast (u.m., v.)
-coat (v.)
-cut (u.m.)
draw (v.)
dress (v.)
dry (u.m., v.)
-face (v.)
-faced (u.m.)
hew
house
-legged (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
neck
rider
setter
shod
-sketch (v.)
stu
tailed
#work (n.)
work (v.)
wrought
rougher
-down
-out
-up
roughing-in (u.m.)
round
about (n., u.m.)
about-face
-faced (u.m.)
head
-made (u.m.)
mouthed
nose (tool)
out (n., u.m.)
robin (petition)
seam
table (panel)
-tailed (u.m.)
-topped (u.m.)
#trip
-tripper
up (n., u.m.)
rub
-a-dub
down (n., u.m.)
rubber
band
-down
-lined (u.m.)
neck
-o
-set (u.m.)
stamp
(nonliteral) (n.,
u.m., v.)
#stamp (n.)
-stamped (u.m.)
ruby
-hued (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
-throated (u.m.)
rudder
head
hole
post
stock
rule#of#thumb
rum
-crazed (u.m.)
runner
seller
rumpus#room
run
about (n., u.m.)
around (n., u.m.)
away (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
by (n.)
down (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
through (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
runner-up
Russo (c.f.)
-Chinese, etc.
rest one word
rust
-brown (u.m.)
-eaten (u.m.)
proong
-resistant (u.m.)
-stained (u.m.)
rye#eld
S
S
-bend
-brake
-iron
-ray
-shaped
-trap
-wrench
saber
-legged (u.m.)
tooth
-toothed (u.m.)
sable-cloaked (u.m.)
Sabrejet
saccharo (c.f.)
all one word
sack
bearer
cloth
#coat
-coated (u.m.)
-making (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 167
-shaped (u.m.)
sacro (c.f.)
all one word
sad
-eyed (u.m.)
iron
#sack
-voiced (u.m.)
saddle
back
-backed (u.m.)
bag
bow
cloth
-gra (v.)
#horse
-making (u.m.)
nose
-nosed (u.m.)
sore
-stitched (u.m.)
tree
-wire (u.m.)
safe
blower
cracker
-deposit (u.m.)
guard
hold
#house
#site
sage
brush
leaf
-leaved (u.m.)
sail
cloth
-dotted (u.m.)
ying
saintlike
sales
book
clerk
manship
people
person
salmon
-colored (u.m.)
-red (u.m.)
salpingo (c.f.)
-oophorectomy
-oophoritis
-ovariotomy
-ovaritis
rest one word
salt
box
cellar
-cured (u.m.)
#lick
mouth
pack
pan
peter
pit
pond
shaker
spoon
sprinkler
water
works
salver
form
-shaped (u.m.)
same-sex (u.m.)
sample
#book
#box
maker
-making (u.m.)
sand
bag
bank
bar
bath
bin
blast
blown
box
-built (u.m.)
-buried (u.m.)
-cast (u.m., v.)
culture
#dune
ll
ea
glass
heat
hill
-hiller
hog
hole
lapper
lot
paper
pile
pipe
pit
-pump (u.m., v.)
shoe
spit
storm
table
weld (v.)
-welded (u.m.)
-welding (u.m.)
sandy-bottomed
(u.m.)
sangfroid
sans
#serif
#souci
sapphire
-blue (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
sarco (c.f.)
all one word
sashcord
satin
#cloth
-lined (u.m.)
-smooth (u.m.)
sauce
dish
pan
sauer
braten
kraut
save-all (n., u.m.)
saw
back
belly
bill (bird)
-billed (u.m.)
bones (n.)
buck
dust
-edged (u.m.)
horse
setter
timber
tooth
-toothed (u.m.)
sax
cornet
horn
tuba
say
-nothing (n., u.m.)
-so (n.)
scale
bark
down (n., u.m.)
pan
-reading (u.m.)
scapegoat
scapulo (c.f.)
all one word
scar
-clad (u.m.)
face
168 Chapter 7
-faced (u.m.)
#tissue
scare
crow
head
scarfpin
scarlet
-breasted (u.m.)
#fever
-red (u.m.)
scatter
brain
good
#rug
scene
shier
wright
schisto (c.f.)
all one word
schizo (c.f.)
all one word
school
bag
#board
book
bus
children
day
-made (u.m.)
mate
ship
teacher
-trained (u.m.)
#year
scientico (c.f.)
all one word
scissor
bill
-tailed (u.m.)
-winged (u.m.)
scissors
hold
-shaped (u.m.)
#smith
sclero (c.f.)
-oophoritis
-optic
rest one word
score
board
book
card
sheet
scot-free
Scoto (c.f.)
-Britannic, etc.
Scotsman
scout
#badge
#car
hood
master
scrap
basket
book
#paper
works
scratch
brush
-brusher
-coated (u.m.)
#pad
#test
screen
out (n., u.m.)
play
screw
ball
bolt
cap
down (u.m.)
drive (v.)
-driven (u.m.)
driver
head
hook
jack
-lied (u.m.)
nut
ship
#thread
-threaded (u.m.)
-turned (u.m.)
scroll
-back
head
work
scuttlebutt
scythe-shaped
(u.m.)
sea
#base
-based (u.m.)
-bathed (u.m.)
beach
-beaten (u.m.)
bed
#bird
-blue (u.m.)
board
#boat
-born (u.m.)
borne
bound
-bred (u.m.)
coast
-deep (u.m.)
dog
-driven (u.m.)
drome
-encircled (u.m.)
fare (food)
ghter
#oor
folk
food
front
girt
goer
going
hound
lane
#level
li
#lion
mark
port
quake
#room
scape
#scout
scouting
shell
shine
shore
sick
side
stroke
#time (clock)
wall
weed
wing
worn
worthiness
-wrecked (u.m.)
seam
blasting
rend (v.)
stitch
weld (v.)
-welded (u.m.)
search
#engine
light
plane
seat
belt
#cover
-mile
second
-class (u.m.)
-degree (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 169
-foot
-guess (v.)
hand (adv., u.m.)
#hand (n.)
#in#command
-rate (u.m.)
#sight
-sighted (u.m.)
Secret Service
secretary
#general
-generalcy
-generalship
section#man
seed
bed
cake
case
coat
kin
stalk
seer
band
hand
sucker
seesaw
seismo (c.f.)
all one word
self
dom
-extracting
hood
less
ness
same
reexive prex,
use hyphen
sell
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
semi (pref.)
-armor-piercing
(u.m.)
-Christian, etc.
-idleness
-indirect, etc.
annual, arid, etc.
rest one word
send
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
senso (c.f.)
all one word
septi (c.f.)
all one word
septo (c.f.)
all one word
sergeant#at#arms
serio (c.f.)
all one word
sero (c.f.)
all one word
serrate
-ciliate (u.m.)
-dentate (u.m.)
server-based
service
-connected (u.m.)
man
#man#and
#woman
member
person
wide
woman
servo
accelerometer
amplier
control
mechanism
motor
system
sesqui (c.f.)
all one word
set
-aside (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
bolt
down (n., u.m.)
-fair (n.)
head
-in (n., u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
pin
screw
-stitched (u.m.)
-to (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
setter
-forth
-in
-on
-out
-to
-up
seven
-branched (u.m.)
fold
penny (nail)
score
-shooter
-up (n.)
severalfold
shade
-giving (u.m.)
-grown (u.m.)
shadow
boxing
gram
graph
#line
shag
bark
-haired (u.m.)
#rug
shake
down (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
shallow
-dra (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
shame
-crushed (u.m.)
faced
shank
bone
#mill
shapeup (n., u.m.)
share
bone
broker
cropper
holder
out (n., u.m.)
ware
sharp
-angled (u.m.)
-cut (u.m.)
-edged (u.m.)
-freeze (u.m., v.)
-freezer
-looking (u.m.)
naysayer
-set (u.m.)
shod
shooter
-tailed (u.m.)
-witted (u.m.)
shavetail
shear
pin
waters
shedhand
sheep
biter
crook
dip
170 Chapter 7
#dog
faced
#farm
fold
gate
herder
hook
kill
-kneed (u.m.)
nose (apple)
pen
shank
shear (v.)
shearer (n.)
shed
stealer
walk
-white (u.m.)
sheer
o (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
sheet
block
ood
#glass
rock
ways
shell
back
burst
re
shery
#game
hole
-like
shocked
shelterbelt
shield-shaped
(u.m.)
shilly-shally
shin
bone
guard
plaster
shiner-up
ship
breaker
broken
broker
builder
lap
mast
owning
-rigged (u.m.)
shape
side
wreck
shipping
#master
#room
shirt
band
#sleeve
tail
waist
shock
#therapy
#troops
#wave
shoe
black
brush
horn
lace
pack
scraper
shine
store
string
tree
shooto (n., u.m.)
shop
folk
lier
-made (u.m.)
mark
owner
-soiled (u.m.)
talk
walker
window
shore
#bird
#boat
fast
going
#leave
side
short
-armed (u.m.)
bread
cake
change (v.)
changer
#circuit
-circuited (u.m.)
coming
cut (n., u.m., v.)
fall (n.)
-fed (u.m.)
hand (writing)
-handed (u.m.)
head (whale)
horn (n., u.m.)
-horned (u.m.)
-lasting (u.m.)
leaf (u.m.)
-lived (u.m.)
rib
run (u.m.)
sighted
sta
stop
#term
-term (u.m.)
wave (radio)
shot
gun
hole
put
star
shoulder
#belt
#blade
-high (u.m.)
#strap
show
boat
card
case
down (n., u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
piece
place
room
through
(printing) (n.,
u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
shredout (n., u.m.)
shroud
-laid (u.m.)
plate
shut
away (n., u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
eye (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (u.m.)
shuttlecock
sick
bay
bed
#call
#leave
list
room
sickle cell (n.)
sickle-cell (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 171
side
arms
band
board
bone
burns
car
check
-cut (u.m.)
dress (v.)
ash
head (printing)
hill
hook
kick
lap
#light (literal)
light (nonliteral)
#line (literal)
line (nonliteral)
long
note
plate
play
saddle
show
slip
splitting
step
stitch
-stitched (u.m.)
sway
swipe
track
walk
wall
-wheeler
winder
sight
hole
read
saver
seeing
setter
sign
o (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
post
up (n., u.m.)
silico (c.f.)
all one word
silk
#screen
-stockinged (u.m.)
works
siltpan
silver
-backed (u.m.)
beater
-bright (u.m.)
sh
-gray (u.m.)
-haired (u.m.)
-lead (u.m.)
-leaved (u.m.)
plate (v.)
-plated (u.m.)
point (drawing)
print
tip
-tongued (u.m.)
top
simon-pure (u.m.)
simple
-headed (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
-rooted (u.m.)
-witted (u.m.)
simulcast
sin
-born (u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
sine#die
single
bar
-breasted (u.m.)
-decker
-edged (u.m.)
handed
hood
-loader
-minded (u.m.)
-phase (u.m.)
-seater
stick
#stitch
tree
singsong
sink
head
hole
Sino (c.f.)
-Japanese, etc.
sister
hood
-in-law
sit
down (n., u.m.)
-downer
fast (n., u.m.)
-in
up (n., u.m.)
sitter
-by
-in
-out
sitting#room
sitz
#bath
mark
six
-cylinder (u.m.)
fold
penny (nail)
-ply (u.m.)
-shooter
-wheeler
sizeup (n., u.m.)
ski
#jump
#li
plane
#suit
skid
li (truck)
road
#row
skin
-clad (u.m.)
deep
diver
int
-gra (v.)
skipjack
skirtmarker
skullcap
sky
-blue (u.m.)
gazer
-high (u.m.)
jacker
li
look (v.)
rocket
sail
scape
scraper
shine
writer
slab-sided (u.m.)
slack
-bake (v.)
-lled (u.m.)
#water
slambang
slap
bang
dab
dash
down (n., u.m.)
happy
172 Chapter 7
jack
stick
-up (n., u.m.)
slate
-blue (u.m.)
-colored (u.m.)
works
slaughter
house
pen
slave
holding
#market
owner
pen
Slavo (c.f.)
-Hungarian, etc.
sledge
#hammer
-hammered (u.m.)
meter
sleep
-lled (u.m.)
talker
walker
sleepy
-eyed (u.m.)
head
-looking (u.m.)
sleetstorm
sleeveband
sleuthhound
slide
lm
knot
#rule
sling
ball
shot
slip
along (u.m.)
band
case
cover
knot
#law
-on (n., u.m.)
#proof (printing)
proof
ring
sheet
shod
sole
step
stitch
stream
-up (n., u.m.)
washer
slit
shell
#skirt
slop
-molded (u.m.)
seller
slopeways
slow
belly
down (n., u.m.)
-footed (u.m.)
going
-motion (u.m.)
mouthed
poke
#time
up (n., u.m.)
-witted (u.m.)
sluice
box
#gate
slum
dweller
gullion
gum
lord
slumber-bound
(u.m.)
small
#arms
#businessman
pox
-scale (u.m.)
sword
talk
-time (u.m.)
town (u.m.)
smart
#aleck
-alecky (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
#set
-tongued (u.m.)
smashup (n., u.m.)
smearcase
smoke
-blinded (u.m.)
bomb
chaser
-dried (u.m.)
-dry (v.)
-dyed (u.m.)
-lled (u.m.)
house
jack
jumper
-laden (u.m.)
pot
screen
stack
smoking#room
smooth
bore
-browed (u.m.)
-cast (u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.)
-tongued (u.m.)
-working (u.m.)
snackbar
snail
-paced (u.m.)
-slow (u.m.)
snail’s#pace
snake
bite
-bitten (u.m.)
-eater
-eyed (u.m.)
head
hole
pit
snap
dragon
head
hook
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n.)
ring
roll
shooter
shot
-up (u.m.)
snapper
-back
-up
snipe
bill
#eel
-nosed (u.m.)
sniperscope
snooperscope
snow
ball
bank
berg
blind
#blindness
blink
block
-blocked (u.m.)
blower
break
capped
-choked (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 173
clad (u.m.)
#cover
-covered (u.m.)
dri
fall
eld
ake
line
melt
-melting (u.m.)
mobile
pack
pit
plow
scape
shade
shed
shine
shoe
sled
slide
slip
storm
suit
-topped (u.m.)
#water
-white (u.m.)
snuox
so
-and-so
beit (n., conj.)
-called (u.m.)
-seeming (u.m.)
-so
soap
box
bubble
dish
akes
#opera
rock
stock
suds
sob
#sister
#story
sober
-minded (u.m.)
sides
social
#work
#worker
socio (c.f.)
-ocial
economic, etc.
sod
buster
culture
#house
soda
jerk
#pop
#water
sofa
#bed
#maker
-making (u.m.)
-ridden (u.m.)
so
ball
-boiled (u.m.)
#coal
#copy
#drink
#goods
head
-pedal (v.)
-shelled (u.m.)
-soap (nonliteral)
(v.)
-soaper
(nonliteral) (n.)
-spoken (u.m.)
tack
ware
wood
sole
cutter
plate
somato (c.f.)
all one word
some
day
how
one (anyone)
#one (distributive)
place (adv.)
time (adv., u.m.)
#time (some time
ago)
what
son-in-law
song
bird
fest
writer
sonobuoy
sooth
fast
sayer
sore
-eyed (u.m.)
foot (n.)
footed (u.m.)
head (n., u.m.)
sorry-looking (u.m.)
soul
-deep (u.m.)
mate
-searching (u.m.)
sick
sound
-absorbing (u.m.)
#eld
lm
-minded (u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
track
#wave
soup
bone
#bowl
#kitchen
#plate
spoon
sour
belly
bread
dough (n.)
faced
-natured (u.m.)
-sweet
source
book
#code
#le
south
-born (u.m.)
bound
-central (u.m.)
east
going
lander
paw
#side
-sider
-southeast
west
soybean
sow
back
belly
space
bar
cra
-cramped (u.m.)
#key
mark
ship
#time
spade
-dug (u.m.)
174 Chapter 7
foot
-footed (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
Spanish
-American (u.m.)
-born (u.m.)
-speaking (u.m.)
spare
-bodied (u.m.)
rib
#room
spark
#plug (literal)
plug (nonliteral)
speakeasy (n.)
spear
cast
head
-high (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
spectro (c.f.)
all one word
speech
-bere (u.m.)
-read (v.)
speed
boating
trap
up (n., u.m.)
spell
binding
check
down (n., u.m.)
-free (u.m.)
spend
-all (n.)
thri
spermato (c.f.)
all one word
spermo (c.f.)
all one word
spheno (c.f.)
-occipital
rest one word
sphygmo (c.f.)
all one word
spice
-burnt (u.m.)
cake
-laden (u.m.)
spider
#crab
-legged
-spun (u.m.)
#web (n.)
web (u.m., v.)
spike
horn
-kill (v.)
-pitch (v.)
spill
over (n., u.m.)
way
spin
back
#doctor (slang)
o
spindle
-formed (u.m.)
head
-legged (u.m.)
legs
shanks
spine
bone
-broken (u.m.)
-pointed (u.m.)
spino (c.f.)
-olivary
rest one word
spirit
-born (u.m.)
-broken (u.m.)
#writing
spit
ball
re
splanchno (c.f.)
all one word
splay
footed
mouthed
spleen
-born (u.m.)
sick
-swollen (u.m.)
spleno (c.f.)
all one word
split
nger
(crustacean)
fruit
mouth
saw
#second
-tongued (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
spoilsport
spondylo (c.f.)
all one word
sponge
#bath
cake
diver
-diving (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
spongio (c.f.)
all one word
spool#winder
spoon
-beaked (u.m.)
-billed (u.m.)
bread
-fed (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
ways
sporeformer
sporo (c.f.)
all one word
sports
#editor
person
wear
writer
spot
#check
-checked (u.m.)
-face (v.)
light
weld (v.)
welded (u.m.)
-welding (u.m.)
spray-washed (u.m.)
spread
-eagle (u.m., v.)
head
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
-set (v.)
spring
back
(bookbinding)
bok
-born (u.m.)
buck
-clean (v.)
#fever
nger
-grown (u.m.)
halt
head
-plow (v.)
-plowed (u.m.)
tide (season)
time
trap
spritsail
spur
-clad (u.m.)
-driven (u.m.)
gall
-galled (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 175
-heeled (u.m.)
spy
glass
hole
tower
square
-bottomed (u.m.)
-built (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
ipper
head
-headed
#mile
-rigged (u.m.)
#root
-set (u.m.)
shooter
squeeze
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
squirrel-headed
(u.m.)
stackup (n., u.m.)
sta
-herd (v.)
-hour
time
stag
-handled (u.m.)
head
-headed (u.m.)
horn
-horned (u.m.)
hound
hunter
stage
coach
hand
#set
-struck (u.m.)
stair
case
head
step
well
stake
head
holder
out (n.)
stale-worn (u.m.)
stall
-fed (u.m.)
-feed (v.)
stand
by (n., u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
fast (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
osh
out (n., u.m.)
pat
pipe
point
post
still (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
standard
#bearer
bred
#gauge
#time
staphylo (c.f.)
all one word
star
blind
bright
dust
gazer
-led (u.m.)
light
lit
lite (gem)
nose (mole)
shake
shine
shoot
-spangled (u.m.)
stroke
-studded (u.m.)
#time
stark
-blind (u.m.)
-mad (u.m.)
-naked (u.m.)
-raving (u.m.)
starter-o
start-stop
startup (n., u.m.)
stat (pref.)
all one word
State
-aided (u.m.)
#line
-owned (u.m.)
state
hood
-of-the-art (u.m.)
quake
room
side
station#house
stato (c.f.)
all one word
statute
-barred (u.m.)
#book
stay
-at-home (n., u.m.)
#bar
bolt
boom
lace
log
pin
plow
sail
wire
steam
boating
car
-cooked (u.m.)
-driven (u.m.)
tter
pipe
plant
-pocket (v.)
power (n.)
#powerplant
-propelled (u.m.)
roll (v.)
roller (u.m., v.)
ship
table
tightness
steamer#line
steel
-blue (u.m.)
-bright (u.m.)
-cased (u.m.)
clad
-framed (u.m.)
-hard (u.m.)
head
plate
works
steep
-rising (u.m.)
-to (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
-walled (u.m.)
steeple
chase
-high (u.m.)
jack
top
stem
head
post
winder
stencil-cutting (u.m.)
176 Chapter 7
steno (c.f.)
all one word
step
aunt
child, etc.
dance
down (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
ladder
o (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
-up (n., u.m.)
stepping
-o (u.m.)
-out (u.m.)
stone
stereo (c.f.)
all one word
stern
castle
-faced (u.m.)
-heavy (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
most
post
#wheel
-wheeler
sterno (c.f.)
all one word
stetho (c.f.)
all one word
stew
pan
pot
stick
-at-it (n., u.m.)
fast (n.)
-in-the-mud (n.,
u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
pin
-to-it-iveness (n.)
up (n., u.m.)
sticker
-in
-on
-up
sti
-backed (u.m.)
neck
-necked (u.m.)
still
-admired (u.m.)
birth
born
-burn (v.)
-sh (v.)
-hunt (v.)
#life
-recurring (u.m.)
stand
stink
ball
bomb
bug
damp
pot
stir
about (n., u.m.)
fry
-up (n., u.m.)
stitch
down (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
stock
breeder
broker
#car
feeder
holding
jobber
judging
list
pile
pot
rack
raiser
-still (u.m.)
taker
truck
stoke
hold
hole
stomach
#ache
-lling (u.m.)
#pump
-shaped (u.m.)
-sick (u.m.)
-weary (u.m.)
stomato (c.f.)
all one word
stone
biter
blind
brash
breaker
broke
brood
cast
-cold (u.m.)
#crab
crusher
cutter
-dead (u.m.)
-deaf (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
head
layer
lier
mason
shot
#wall (n.)
wall (u.m., v.)
#writing
stony
-eyed (u.m.)
#land
stop
back (n.)
block
clock
cock
gap
hound
list
log
-loss (u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
watch
storage#room
store
front
house
storm
-beaten (u.m.)
cock
ow
-laden (u.m.)
-swept (u.m.)
-tossed (u.m.)
#trooper
wind
#window
storyteller
stout
-armed (u.m.)
heartedness
-minded (u.m.)
stove
brush
-heated (u.m.)
pipe
stow
away (n., u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
straddle
back
-face (v.)
-legged (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 177
straight
away
-backed (u.m.)
-cut (u.m.)
edge
-edged (u.m.)
#face
-faced (u.m.)
forward
head
-legged (u.m.)
#line
-lined (u.m.)
-out (n., u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.)
#time
-up (u.m.)
-up-and-down
(u.m.)
strainslip
strait
-chested (u.m.)
jacket
laced
stranglehold
strap
-bolt (v.)
hanger
head
-shaped (u.m.)
watch
strato (c.f.)
all one word
straw
berry#eld
boss
-built (u.m.)
hat
#poll
-roofed (u.m.)
splitting
stack
-stued (u.m.)
#vote
walker
-yellow (u.m.)
stray
away (n., u.m.)
#line
mark
stream
bank
bed
ow
head
lined
side
street
-bred (u.m.)
car
cleaner
-cleaning (u.m.)
sweeper
walker
strepto (c.f.)
all one word
stretchout (n., u.m.)
strike
breaker
-in (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
-over (n., u.m.)
striker
-in
-out
-over
string
course
halt
#proof (density)
ways
strip
cropping
#mine
tease
strong
-arm (u.m., v.)
back (nautical)
-backed (u.m.)
box
hold
#man (literal)
man (nonliteral)
-minded (u.m.)
point (n.)
stub
runner
-toed (u.m.)
wing
stubble
#eld
-mulch (u.m.)
stubbornminded
stucco-fronted
(u.m.)
stuck
up (n., u.m.)
-uppish (u.m.)
stud
bolt
horse
mare
stuntman
sturdy-limbed (u.m.)
stylebook
stylo (c.f.)
all one word
sub (pref.)
-Himalayan, etc.
machinegun
#rosa, #specie, etc.
-subcommittee
polar, standard,
etc.
rest one word
subject
-object
-objectivity
subter (pref.)
all one word
such-and-such
suck
-egg (n., u.m.)
hole
-in (n., u.m.)
sugar
#beet
#bowl
cake
cane
-coat (v.)
-coated (u.m.)
-cured (u.m.)
loaf
plum
spoon
sweet
#water
works
sulfa (c.f.)
all one word
sulfo (c.f.)
all one word
sulfon (c.f.)
all one word
sullen
hearted
-natured (u.m.)
summer
-clad (u.m.)
-dried (u.m.)
-fallow (v.)
-made (u.m.)
tide
time (season)
#time (daylight
saving)
sun
-baked (u.m.)
bath
-bathed (u.m.)
178 Chapter 7
beam
blind
#blindness
bonnet
bow
break
burn
burst
-cured (u.m.)
dial
dog
down
dress
-dried (u.m.)
-dry (v.)
fall
fast
glade
glare
glow
#hat
lamp
lit
quake
ray
rise
scald
set
shade
shine
-shot (u.m.)
shower
spot
stricken
stroke
struck
tan
#time (measure)
time (dawn)
up
sunny
-looking (u.m.)
-natured (u.m.)
super (pref.)
-Christian, etc.
#high frequency
-superlative
highway, market,
etc.
rest one word
Super Bowl
supra (pref.)
-abdominal
-acromial
-aerial
anal
-angular
-arytenoid
-auditory
-auricular
-axillary
-Christian, etc.
rest one word
sur (pref.)
all one word
sure
-re (u.m.)
-footed (u.m.)
-slow
surf
-battered (u.m.)
board
#sh
-swept (u.m.)
swallow
pipe
-tailed (u.m.)
swampside
swan
-bosomed (u.m.)
dive
herd
mark
neck
song
swansdown
swash
buckler
plate
sway
back (n., u.m.)
-backed (u.m.)
bar
-brace (v.)
swearer-in
sweat
band
#gland
shirt
shop
sweep
back (aviation)
(n., u.m.)
forward
(aviation) (n.,
u.m.)
stake
through (n., u.m.)
washer
sweet
bread
-breathed (u.m.)
brier
faced
heart
meat
mouthed
-pickle (v.)
-sour
swell
-butted (u.m.)
head
toad
swelled-headed
(u.m.)
swept
back (n., u.m.)
forward (n., u.m.)
wing (n., u.m.)
swi
foot
-footed (u.m.)
-handed (u.m.)
-running (u.m.)
swill
bowl
tub
swimsuit
swine
-backed (u.m.)
bread
head
herd
pox
sty
swing
back (n., u.m.)
bar
dingle
#gate
#shi
stock
tree
swingle
bar
tree
switch
back
blade
box
gear
plate
plug
rail
tender
swivel
#chair
eye
-eyed (u.m.)
-hooked (u.m.)
sword
-armed (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 179
bearer
#belt
bill
shing
play
-shaped (u.m.)
stick
syn (pref.)
all one word
synchro
cyclotron
ash
mesh
tron
Syro (c.f.)
-Arabian, etc.
phenician
T
T
-ball
-bandage
-beam
-boat
-bone
-cloth
-iron
-man
-rail
-scale (score)
-shape
-shaped
-shirt
-square
table
cloth
-cut (u.m.)
cutter
-cutting (u.m.)
-formed (u.m.)
#linen
-shaped (u.m.)
spoon
talk
top
ware
tachy (c.f.)
all one word
tag
-axing (u.m.)
lock
rag
sore
tail
band
#coat
-cropped (u.m.)
#end
-ender
rst
foremost
gate
head
-heavy (u.m.)
hook
lamp
pin
pipe
race
spin
stock
-tied (u.m.)
twister
-up (n., u.m.)
wheel
wind
tailor
-cut (u.m.)
made (u.m.)
-suited (u.m.)
take
-all (n.)
down (n., u.m.)
-home (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
taker
-down
-in
-o
-over
-up
tale
bearer
carrier
teller
talkfest
talking-to (n.)
tall
boy (n.)
-built (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
tallow
-faced (u.m.)
-pale (u.m.)
tally
#board
#clerk
ho
#room
#sheet
tame
-grown (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
tan
bark
works
tangent
-cut (v.)
-saw (v.)
tangle
foot
-haired (u.m.)
tank
#car
farm
ship
town
tap
bolt
dance
hole
net
o (n., u.m.)
-riveted (u.m.)
room
root
-tap
water
tape
#deck
#drive
#measure
string
-tied (u.m.)
taper
bearer
-fashion (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
tapestry
-covered (u.m.)
#maker
-making (u.m.)
#work
tar
-brand (v.)
brush
-coal (u.m.)
-dipped (u.m.)
#paper
-paved (u.m.)
pot
-roofed (u.m.)
works
tari-protected
(u.m.)
tarpaulin
-covered (u.m.)
#maker
180 Chapter 7
-making (u.m.)
tarso (c.f.)
all one word
task
#force
setter
tattletale
tauro (c.f.)
all one word
tax
-burdened (u.m.)
#collector
eater
-exempt (u.m.)
-free (u.m.)
gatherer
-laden (u.m.)
paid
payer
#roll
-supported (u.m.)
taxi
auto
bus
cab
meter
stand
tea
ball
cake
cart
-colored (u.m.)
cup
dish
kettle
#party
pot
room
-scented (u.m.)
spoon
taster
teamplay
tear
bomb
-dimmed (u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
drop
#gas
-o (n., u.m.)
-out (n., u.m.)
pit
sheet
stain
-stained (u.m.)
teen
age (u.m.)
ager
teeter-totter
tele (c.f.)
all one word
teleo (c.f.)
all one word
tell
tale
truth
telo (c.f.)
all one word
tempest-rocked
(u.m.)
temporo (c.f.)
-occipital
rest one word
ten
fold
penny (nail)
pins
tender
#boat
-faced (u.m.)
foot
-footed (u.m.)
footish
-handed (u.m.)
heart
loin
-looking (u.m.)
tenement#house
tent
-dotted (u.m.)
pole
-sheltered (u.m.)
#show
terra
#cotta
#rma
mara
terrace-fashion
(u.m.)
test-y (v.)
tetra (c.f.)
all one word
thanksgiving
thatch-roofed
(u.m.)
text
-based
#le
#mode
theater
goer
going
thenceforth
theo (c.f.)
all one word
theologico (c.f.)
all one word
there
about(s)
above
across
aer
against
among
around
at
away
before
between
by
for
fore
from
in
inaer
inbefore
into
on
over
through
tofore
under
until
unto
upon
with
thermo (c.f.)
all one word
thick
-blooded (u.m.)
head
-looking (u.m.)
pated
set (n., u.m.)
skinned
skull (n.)
skulled
-tongued (u.m.)
wit
-witted (u.m.)
-wooded (u.m.)
-woven (u.m.)
thin
-clad (u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
set (u.m.)
-voiced (u.m.)
thio (c.f.)
all one word
third
-class (u.m.)
-degree (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 181
hand (adv., u.m.)
#house
-rate (u.m.)
-rater
thistledown
thoraco (c.f.)
all one word
thorn
back
bill
-covered (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
-strewn (u.m.)
tail
thorough
-bind (v.)
bred
-dried (u.m.)
fare
going
-made (u.m.)
paced
pin
thought
-free (u.m.)
-out (u.m.)
-provoking (u.m.)
thousand
fold
-headed (u.m.)
-legged (u.m.)
legs (worm)
thrall
born
dom
-less
thread
bare
-leaved (u.m.)
worn
three
-bagger
-cornered (u.m.)
-dimensional
(u.m.)
fold
-in-hand
-master
penny (nail)
-piece (u.m.)
-ply (u.m.)
score
some
-spot
-square
-striper
throat
band
cutter
latch
strap
thrombo (c.f.)
all one word
through
out
put
#road
way
throw
away (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
#line
o (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
-weight
thrust-pound
thumb
#hole
-made (u.m.)
mark
-marked (u.m.)
nail
print
screw
stall
string
sucker
tack
worn
thunder
bearer
blast
bolt
clap
cloud
head
peal
shower
storm
struck
thymo (c.f.)
all one word
thyro (c.f.)
all one word
tibio (c.f.)
all one word
tick
#feed
seed
tacktoe
tick
tock
ticket
#seller
-selling (u.m.)
#writer
tidal#wave
tiddlywink
tide
at
head
mark
-marked (u.m.)
race
table
-tossed (u.m.)
waiter
-worn (u.m.)
tie
back (n.)
#bar
#beam
down (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
-out (n., u.m.)
pin
-plater
#rod
#tack
up (n., u.m.)
tierli (truck)
tiger
eye
#lily
#shark
-striped (u.m.)
tight
-belted (u.m.)
sted
-tting (u.m.)
lipped
rope
-set (u.m.)
-tie (v.)
wad
wire
tile
-clad (u.m.)
#drain
-red (u.m.)
setter
works
wright
tilt
hammer
rotor
up (n.)
182 Chapter 7
timber
-built (u.m.)
head
-headed (u.m.)
jack
line
-propped (u.m.)
#wolf
wright
time
bomb
born
card
clerk
clock
-consuming (u.m.)
frame
-honored (u.m.)
keeper
killer
lag
lock
outs (n., u.m.)
piece
pleaser
saver
server
sheet
slip
slot
span
-stamp (v.)
study
table
taker
waster
worn
tin
-bearing (u.m.)
#can
-capped (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
#cup
#sh (torpedo)
foil
horn
kettle
-lined (u.m.)
man
pan
plate
-plated (u.m.)
pot
-roofed (u.m.)
type
-white (u.m.)
tinsel
-bright (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
#town
tintblock (printing)
tip
burn
cart
-curled (u.m.)
head
-in (n., u.m.)
most
o (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
sta
stock
tank
-tap
toe
top
-up (u.m.)
tire
changer
dresser
tter
#gauge
#iron
-mile
#rack
shaper
some
tit
bit
#for#tat
mouse
titano (c.f.)
all one word
tithe
book
-free (u.m.)
payer
right
title
holder
-holding (u.m.)
#page
winner
-winning (u.m.)
to
-and-fro
-do (n.)
#wit
toad
back
-bellied (u.m.)
blind
sh
-green (u.m.)
stool
tobacco
#grower
-growing (u.m.)
#shop
toe
cap
#dance
hold
-in (n., u.m.)
-mark (v.)
nail
plate
print
toil
-beaten (u.m.)
some
-stained (u.m.)
-weary (u.m.)
worn
toilet#room
toll
bar
#bridge
#call
gate
gatherer
house
#line
payer
road
taker
tom
boy
cat
foolery
-tom
tommy
gun
rot
ton
-hour
-kilometer
-mile
-mileage
-mile-day
tone
-deaf (u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
-producing (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
tongue
-baited (u.m.)
-bound (u.m.)
-free (u.m.)
-lash (v.)
#lashing
Compounding Examples 183
play
-shaped (u.m.)
shot
sore
tack
-tied
tip
#twister
-twisting (u.m.)
tool
bag
#belt
box
builder
#chest
crib
dresser
tter
#grinder
-grinding (u.m.)
head
holding
kit
mark
plate
post
rack
setter
shed
slide
stock
tooth
ache
#and#nail
-billed (u.m.)
brush
drawer
mark
-marked (u.m.)
paste
pick
plate
powder
puller
-pulling (u.m.)
-set (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
some
wash
top
#brass
cap (n.)
coat
cutter
#dog
-drain (v.)
#drawer
dress (v.)
ight (u.m.)
full
gallant (n., u.m.)
-gra (v.)
hat
-hatted (u.m.)
heavy
kick
knot
liner
mark
mast
milk
most
notch (nonliteral)
rail
rope
sail
-secret (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
side (naut.)
soil
topo (c.f.)
all one word
topsy-turvy
torch
bearer
#holder
lighted
lit
torpedo
#boat
#room
torquemeter
toss
pot
up (n., u.m.)
touch
#and#go
back (n., u.m.)
down (n., u.m.)
hole
-me-not (n., u.m.)
pan
reader
stone
up (n., u.m.)
tough
-headed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-skinned (u.m.)
tow
away
boat
head
line
mast
#net
-netter
path
rope
#truck
tower
-high (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
town
-bred (u.m.)
#clerk
#crier
-dotted (u.m.)
folk
gate
going
hall
lot
ship
side
site
talk
-weary (u.m.)
towns
fellow
people
toy
#dog
-sized (u.m.)
town
tracheo (c.f.)
all one word
trachy (c.f.)
all one word
track
barrow
hound
layer
mark
-mile
side
walker
tractor-trailer
trade
#board
-in (n., u.m.)
-laden (u.m.)
-made (u.m.)
mark
#name
o
#union
#wind
tradespeople
trac-mile
tragico (c.f.)
all one word
184 Chapter 7
trail
blazer
breaker
-marked (u.m.)
side
sight
-weary (u.m.)
train
bearer
bolt
crew
line
-mile
shed
sick
stop
tram
-borne (u.m.)
car
rail
road
way
trans (pref.)
alpine
atlantic
-Canadian, etc.
gender
pacic
uranic
rest one word
transit#time
trap
door
fall
shoot
trashrack
travel
-bent (u.m.)
time
-tired (u.m.)
-worn (u.m.)
trawlnet
tread
mill
wheel
treasure
-lled (u.m.)
#house
-laden (u.m.)
treaty
breaker
-sealed (u.m.)
tree
#belt
-clad (u.m.)
#line
-lined (u.m.)
nail
-ripe (u.m.)
scape
top
#trunk
trellis-covered
(u.m.)
trench
back
coat
foot
#knife
mouth
#plow
-plowed (u.m.)
tri (c.f.)
-iodide
-ply (u.m.)
state, etc.
rest one word
tribespeople
tribo (c.f.)
all one word
tricho (c.f.)
all one word
trim
-cut (u.m.)
-dressed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
trinitro (c.f.)
all one word
trip
-free (u.m.)
hammer
wire
triple
-acting (u.m.)
back (sofa)
branched (u.m.)
-edged (u.m.)
fold
#play
-tailed (u.m.)
tree (n.)
trolley#line
troop
ship
#train
tropho (c.f.)
all one word
tropo (c.f.)
all one word
trouble
-free (u.m.)
-haunted (u.m.)
maker
shooter
some
truce
breaker
-seeking (u.m.)
truck
driver
#farm
-mile
stop
true
-aimed (u.m.)
-blue (u.m.)
born
bred
-eyed (u.m.)
-false
love (n., u.m.)
penny (n.)
#time
trunk
back
nose
trust
breaking
buster
-controlled (u.m.)
-ridden (u.m.)
worthy
truth
-lled (u.m.)
lover
seeker
-seeking (u.m.)
teller
try
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
square
works
tube
-eyed (u.m.)
-fed (u.m.)
head
-nosed (u.m.)
works
tuberculo (c.f.)
all one word
tubo (c.f.)
-ovarian
rest one word
tug
boat
#of#war
tumbledown (n.,
u.m.)
tune
out (n., u.m.)
Compounding Examples 185
up (n., u.m.)
tunnel
-boring (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
#vision
turbo (c.f.)
-ramjet (u.m.)
rest one word
turf
-built (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
#war
turkey
back
#buzzard
#gobbler
#trot
Turko (c.f.)
-Greek, etc.
rest one word
turn
about (n., u.m.)
about-face
again (n., u.m.)
around (n., u.m.)
back (n., u.m.)
buckle
cap
coat
cock
down (n., u.m.)
gate
-in (n., u.m.)
key
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
pike
pin
plate
round (n., u.m.)
screw
sheet
sole
stile
stitch
table
tail
-to (n.)
under (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
turned
-back (u.m.)
-down (u.m.)
-in (u.m.)
-on (u.m.)
-out (u.m.)
-over (u.m.)
turner-o
turtle
back
dove
-footed (u.m.)
neck (u.m.)
#shell
twelve
fold
penny (nail)
score
twenty
-rst
fold
-one
twice
-born (u.m.)
-reviewed (u.m.)
-told (u.m.)
twin
#boat
born
-engined (u.m.)
fold
-jet (u.m.)
-motor (u.m.)
-screw (u.m.)
two
-a-day (u.m.)
-along (n.)
(bookbinding)
-decker
-faced (u.m.)
fold
-handed (u.m.)
penny (nail)
-piece (u.m.)
-ply (u.m.)
score
-seater
some
-spot
-step (dance)
-striper
-suiter
-up (n., u.m.)
-way (u.m.)
-wheeler
tympano (c.f.)
all one word
type
case
cast
cutter
face
foundry
script
set
write (v.)
typho (c.f.)
all one word
typo (c.f.)
all one word
tyro (c.f.)
all one word
U
U
-boat
-cut
-magnet
-rail
-shaped
-tube
ultra (pref.)
-ambitious,
-atomic, etc.
-English, etc.
high#frequency
-high-speed (u.m.)
#valorem, etc.
rest one word
un (pref.)
-American, etc.
called-for (u.m.)
heard-of (u.m.)
-ionized (u.m.)
self-conscious
sent-for (u.m.)
thought-of (u.m.)
rest one word
under
age (decit)
age (younger)
(n., u.m.)
#cultivation
(tillage)
cultivation
(insucient)
#secretary
-secretaryship
way
as prex, one
word
uni (c.f.)
-univalent
rest one word
union
-made (u.m.)
#shop
unit-set (u.m.)
up
-anchor (u.m., v.)
186 Chapter 7
-and-coming
(u.m.)
#and#up
beat
coast
country
dip
end (v.)
front (n., u.m.)
grade
gradient
keep
li
load
-over (u.m.)
rate
river
stairs
state
stream
swing
take
tight (n., u.m.)
#tight (v.)
-to-date (u.m.)
#to#date
town
trend
turn
wind
upper
case (printing)
#class
classman
crust (n., u.m.)
cut
#deck
most
urano (c.f.)
all one word
uretero (c.f.)
all one word
urethro (c.f.)
all one word
uro (c.f.)
all one word
used-car (u.m.)
user
#default
-dened
-friendly
#group
#interface
utero (c.f.)
all one word
V
V
-connection
-curve
-engine
-neck
-shaped
-type
vacant
-eyed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
vagino (c.f.)
all one word
vainglorious
valve
-grinding (u.m.)
-in-head (u.m.)
van
driver
guard
pool
vapor
-lled (u.m.)
-heating (u.m.)
#lock
vase-shaped (u.m.)
vaso (c.f.)
all one word
vegeto (c.f.)
all one word
vein
-mining (u.m.)
-streaked (u.m.)
vellum
-bound (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
velvet
-crimson (u.m.)
-draped (u.m.)
-green (u.m.)
-pile (u.m.)
venthole
ventri (c.f.)
all one word
ventro (c.f.)
all one word
vertebro (c.f.)
all one word
vesico (c.f.)
all one word
vibro (c.f.)
all one word
vice
#admiral
-admiralty
#consul
-consulate
#governor
-governorship
#minister
-ministry
-presidency
#president
-president-elect
-presidential
#rector
-rectorship
regal
-regency
#regent
royal
#squad
#versa
#warden
videotape
Vietcong
view
nder
point
vile-natured (u.m.)
vine
-clad (u.m.)
-covered (u.m.)
dresser
growing
stalk
vinegar
-avored (u.m.)
-hearted (u.m.)
-making (u.m.)
-tart (u.m.)
violet
-blue (u.m.)`
-colored (u.m.)
-eared (u.m.)
#ray
-rayed (u.m.)
#water
violin-shaped (u.m.)
vis-a-vis
viscero (c.f.)
all one word
vitreo (c.f.)
all one word
vitro (c.f.)
-clarain
-di-trina
rest one word
vivi (c.f.)
all one word
voice
-capable
#mail
over (n.)
Compounding Examples 187
volleyball
volt
ammeter
-ampere
-coulomb
meter
ohmmeter
-second
volta (c.f.)
all one word
vote
-casting (u.m.)
getter
-getting (u.m.)
vow
-bound (u.m.)
breaker
-pledged (u.m.)
vulvo (c.f.)
all one word
W
W
-engine
-shaped
-surface
-type
wage
#earner
-earning (u.m.)
#scale
worker
waist
band
belt
cloth
coat
-deep (u.m.)
-high (u.m.)
line
waiting
#list
#man
#room
#woman
walk
around (n., u.m.)
away (n., u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
over (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
way
walkie-talkie
wall
board
eyed
ower
-like
-painting (u.m.)
paper
plate
-sided (u.m.)
walled
-in (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
war
#dance
-disabled (u.m.)
-famed (u.m.)
fare
head
horse (nonliteral)
like
monger
-made (u.m.)
path
plane
ship
-swept (u.m.)
#time (clock)
time (duration)
ward
#heeler
robe
ship
warm
blooded
-clad (u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
warmed-over (u.m.)
warpsetter
wash
basin
basket
board
bowl
cloth
-colored (u.m.)
day
down (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
out (n., u.m.)
pot
rag
#sale
stand
tray
trough
tub
up (n., u.m.)
washed
-out (u.m.)
-up (u.m.)
waste
basket
land
leaf
(bookbinding)
paper
site
word
watch
band
case
#chain
cry
dog
-free (u.m.)
glass
tower
water
bag
bank
bearer
-bearing (u.m.)
-beaten (u.m.)
-bind (v.)
#blister
bloom
buck
color
-colored (u.m.)
-cool (v.)
-cooled (u.m.)
#cooler
course
cra
dog
-drinking (u.m.)
drop
fall
-lled (u.m.)
nder
ood
ow
fog
-free (u.m.)
front
gate
head
hole
horse
-inch
-laden (u.m.)
lane
leaf
#line
-lined (u.m.)
locked
log
#main
mark
melon
meter
plant
pot
power
proong
quake
-rot (v.)
scape
shed
shoot
side
-soak (v.)
-soaked (u.m.)
-soluble (u.m.)
spout
stain
#table
tight
wall
works
worn
watt
-hour
meter
-second
wave
-cut (u.m.)
form
guide
-lashed (u.m.)
length
mark
meter
-moist (u.m.)
-on (n., u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
-swept (u.m.)
-worn (u.m.)
wax
bill
-billed (u.m.)
chandler
cloth
-coated (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
#paper
#stone
-yellow (u.m.)
way
back (n., u.m.)
beam
bill
down (n., u.m.)
farer
fellow
going
laid
lay
mark
post
side
-sore (u.m.)
-up (n., u.m.)
worn
weak
-backed (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
handed
-kneed (u.m.)
minded
mouthed
weather
beaten
blown
-borne (u.m.)
break
cock
glass
going
-hardened (u.m.)
#house
-marked (u.m.)
most
proong
-stain (v.)
strip
-stripped (u.m.)
worn
web
-ngered (u.m.)
foot
-footed (u.m.)
master
#page
#press
site
wedge
-billed (u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
weed
-choked (u.m.)
-hidden (u.m.)
hook
killer
week
day
end
-ender
-ending (u.m.)
long (u.m.)
-old (u.m.)
weigh
bridge
-in (n., u.m.)
lock
out (n., u.m.)
sha
well
-being (n.)
-beloved (u.m.)
-born (u.m.)
-bound (u.m.)
-bred (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-deserving (u.m.)
-doer
-doing (n., u.m.)
-drained (u.m.)
-drilling (u.m.)
#eld
-grown (u.m.)
head
-headed (u.m.)
hole
-informed (u.m.)
-known (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-meaner
-nigh (u.m.)
-o (u.m.)
-read (u.m.)
-set-up (u.m.)
-settled (u.m.)
side
-spoken (u.m.)
spring
stead
-thought-of (u.m.)
-thought-out
(u.m.)
-to-do (u.m.)
-wisher
-wishing (u.m.)
-worn (u.m.)
welterweight
werewolf
west
bound
-central (u.m.)
#end
-faced (u.m.)
going
most
-northwest
#side
-sider
wet
#bar
-cheeked (u.m.)
188 Chapter 7
-clean (v.)
land
-nurse (v.)
pack
wash
whale
back
-backed (u.m.)
bone
-built (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.)
ship
wharf
#boat
hand
head
side
what
abouts (n.)
ever
-is-it (n.)
not (n.)
soever
-you-may-call-it
(n.)
wheat
cake
-colored (u.m.)
ear
-fed (u.m.)
eld
grower
-rich (u.m.)
stalk
wheel
band
barrow
base
chair
-cut (u.m.)
going
horse (nonliteral)
#load
-made (u.m.)
plate
race
spin
stitch
-worn (u.m.)
wright
when
ever
-issued (u.m.)
soever
where
abouts
aer
as
at
by
for
fore
from
in
insoever
into
of
on
over
soever
through
to
under
upon
with
withal
wherever
which
ever
soever
whietree
whip
cord
crack
-gra (v.)
#hand
lash
-marked (u.m.)
post
saw
-shaped (u.m.)
socket
sta
stalk
stall
stick
stitch
stock
-tailed (u.m.)
whipper
-in
snapper
whirl
about (n., u.m.)
blast
pool
-shaped (u.m.)
wind
whirlybird
whisk
broom
#tail
whistle
blower
(nonliteral)
#blower (literal)
stop
white
back
beard (n.)
#book
(diplomatic)
cap (n.)
coat (n.)
-collar (u.m.)
comb (n.)
corn
-eared (u.m.)
-eyed (u.m.)
face
-faced (u.m.)
foot (n.)
-footed (u.m.)
handed
-hard (u.m.)
head
-headed (u.m.)
-hot (u.m.)
#line
out (u.m., v.)
pot
tail
-tailed (u.m.)
-throated (u.m.)
top (n.)
vein
wash
who
ever
soever
whole
-headed (u.m.)
#hog
-hogger
sale
some
whomsoever
whooping#cough
wicker-woven (u.m.)
wicket
keeper
keeping
wide
-angle (u.m.)
-awake (u.m.)
-handed (u.m.)
mouthed
-open (u.m.)
spread
-spreading (u.m.)
Compounding Examples 189
190 Chapter 7
widow
#bird
hood
wigwag
wild
cat (n.)
-eyed (u.m.)
re
#land
life
#man
wind
will
-less
-o’-the-wisp
power
wilt-resistant (u.m.)
wind (v.)
down (n., u.m.)
up (n., u.m.)
bag
ball
blown
brace
breaker
burn
catcher
-chapped (u.m.)
chill
fall
#farm
fast
-fertilized (u.m.)
rm
ow
#force
gall
-galled (u.m.)
#gauge
hole
-hungry (u.m.)
jammer
lass
mill
pipe
-pollinated (u.m.)
#power
-rode (u.m.)
row
screen
-shaken (u.m.)
-shear (u.m.)
shield
shock
side
sleeve
sock
speed
stop
storm
stream
swept
#tunnel
worn
window
breaker
-breaking (u.m.)
#cleaner
-cleaning (u.m.)
#dresser
-dressing (u.m.)
pane
#shade
-shop (v.)
-shopping (u.m.)
sill
#work
wine
bag
-black (u.m.)
-drinking (u.m.)
glass
growing
-hardy (u.m.)
pot
#press
-red (u.m.)
seller
taster
tester
vat
wing
band
bar
beat
bolt
bone
borne
bow
cut
#ap
-footed (u.m.)
handed
-heavy (u.m.)
-loading (u.m.)
-loose (u.m.)
nut
over (n., u.m.)
-shaped (u.m.)
-shot (u.m.)
span
-swi (u.m.)
tip
top
wall
-weary (u.m.)
winter
-beaten (u.m.)
-clad (u.m.)
-fallow (v.)
-fed (u.m.)
feed
#green (color)
green (plant, etc.)
-hardy (u.m.)
kill
-made (u.m.)
-sown (u.m.)
tide
time
-worn (u.m.)
wire
bar
-caged (u.m.)
-cut (u.m.)
cutter
dancer
draw (v.)
-edged (u.m.)
#gauge
hair (dog)
-haired (u.m.)
less
#line
photo
puller
#rope
spun
stitch
-stitched (u.m.)
-tailed (u.m.)
tap
walker
works
-wound (u.m.)
wise
acre
crack
guy
head (n.)
-headed (u.m.)
-spoken (u.m.)
wishbone
witch
cra
#hazel
#hunt
-hunting (u.m.)
with
draw
hold
in
Compounding Examples 191
out
stand
within
-bound (u.m.)
-named (u.m.)
woe
begone
worn
wolf
-eyed (u.m.)
#sh
hound
pack
woman
folk
hood
kind
womenfolk
wonder
land
strong
-struck (u.m.)
wood
bark (color)
bin
bined
block
-built (u.m.)
-cased (u.m.)
chipper
chopper
chuck
cra
cut
grub
hole
horse
hung (u.m.)
land
-lined (u.m.)
lot
-paneled (u.m.)
pecker
pile
-planing (u.m.)
print
pulp
ranger
rock
#rot
shed
side
stock
turner
-turning (u.m.)
-walled (u.m.)
wind (music)
working (u.m.)
wooden
head (n.)
-hulled (u.m.)
wool
fell
gatherer
grader
growing
head
-laden (u.m.)
-lined (u.m.)
pack
press
shearer
shed
sorter
stock
washer
wheel
-white (u.m.)
winder
woolly
-coated (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-white (u.m.)
word
-blind (u.m.)
book
builder
catcher
-clad (u.m.)
-deaf (u.m.)
ow
list
-perfect (u.m.)
play
seller
smith
work
aday (n., u.m.)
-and-turn (u.m.)
away (n., u.m.)
bag
basket
bench
book
card
day
-driven (u.m.)
fare
ow
folk
force
group
hand
-hardened (u.m.)
horse
-hour (u.m.)
housed
life
load
manship
out (n., u.m.)
pace
pan
paper
people
place
room
saving
sheet
shoe
shop
-shy (n., u.m.)
-shyness
site
slip
space
-stained (u.m.)
stand
station
stream
study
table
time
up (n., u.m.)
ways
-weary (u.m.)
week
worn
working
#capital
#load
#room
world
beater
-conscious (u.m.)
#consciousness
#line
#power
-shaking (u.m.)
-weary (u.m.)
worm
-eaten (u.m.)
-eating (u.m.)
hole
-riddled (u.m.)
-ripe (u.m.)
seed
sha
wood
worn
#away
192 Chapter 7
down (u.m.)
out (u.m.)
outness
worrywart
worth
less
while (n., u.m.)
whileness (n.)
wrap
around (n., u.m.)
-up (n., u.m.)
wreath-crowned
(u.m.)
wreck-free (u.m.)
wring
bolt
sta
wrist
band
bone
drop
fall
lock
#pin
plate
watch
write
back (n., u.m.)
-in (n., u.m.)
o (n., u.m.)
-protect
up (n., u.m.)
writing#room
wrong
doer
-ended (u.m.)
-minded (u.m.)
-thinking (u.m.)
wrought
#iron
-up (u.m.)
wry
bill
-billed (u.m.)
-faced (u.m.)
-looking (u.m.)
-mouthed (u.m.)
neck
-set (u.m.)
X
X
-body
-chromosome
-disease
#rated
-shaped
-virus
x
-axis
#ray (n.)
-ray (u.m.)
xantho (c.f.)
all one word
xeno (c.f.)
all one word
xero (c.f.)
all one word
xylo (c.f.)
all one word
Y
Y
-chromosome
-joint
-level
-potential
-shaped
-track
-tube
Yankee-Doodle
yard
arm
-deep (u.m.)
-long (u.m.)
stick
-wide (u.m.)
yaw
meter
-sighted (u.m.)
year
book
day
end
-hour (u.m.)
long (u.m.)
-old (u.m.)
-round (u.m.)
yellow
back
-backed (u.m.)
-bellied (u.m.)
belly
-billed (u.m.)
brush
#fever
-headed (u.m.)
-tailed (u.m.)
-throated (u.m.)
top
yes
-man
-no
yester
day
year
yoke
fellow
mating
-toed (u.m.)
young
eyed (u.m.)
-headed (u.m.)
-ladylike
-looking (u.m.)
-manlike
-old
-womanhood
youthtide
yuletide
Z
Z
-bar
zero
axial
-dimensional
(u.m.)
#gravity
#hour
zigzag
zinc
-coated (u.m.)
-white (u.m.)
zip
#gun
line
-lipped (u.m.)
lock
zoo (c.f.)
all one word
zoologico (c.f.)
all one word
zygo (c.f.)
all one word
zygomatico (c.f.)
-orbital
rest one word
zymo (c.f.)
all one word
193
8. Punctuation
8.1. Punctuation is used to clarify the meaning of written or printed
language. Well-planned word order requires a minimum of punc-
tuation. e trend toward less punctuation calls for skillful phrasing
to avoid ambiguity and to ensure exact interpretation. e GPO
S M can oer only general rules of text treatment. A
rigid design or pattern of punctuation cannot be laid down, except
in broad terms. e adopted style, however, must be consistent and
based on sentence structure.
8.2. e general principles governing the use of punctuation are: If it
does not clarify the text it should be omitted; and, in the choice and
placing of punctuation marks, the sole aim should be to bring out
more clearly the author’s thought. Punctuation should aid reading
and prevent misreading.
Apostrophes and possessives
8.3. e possessive case of a singular or plural noun not ending in s is
formed by adding an apostrophe and s. e possessive case of a sin-
gular or plural noun ending in s or with an s sound is formed by
adding an apostrophe only. Some irregular plurals require both an
apostrophe and an s. (For possessives of italicized nouns, see rule
11.6.)
boss’, bosses’ man’s, men’s
child’s, children’s medium’s, media’s
citizen’s, citizens’ people’s, peoples’
Congress’, Congresses’ Essex’s, Essexes’
criterion’s, criteria’s Jones’, Joneses’
Co.’s, Cos.’ Jesus’
erratum’s, errata’s Mars’
hostess’, hostesses’ Dumas’
lady’s, ladies’ Schmitz’
8.4. In compound nouns, the ’s is added to the element nearest the object
possessed.
comptroller general’s decision attorney at law’s fee
attorneys general’s appointments John White, Jr.’s (no comma) account
Mr. Brown of New York’s motion
194 Chapter 8
8.5. Joint possession is indicated by placing an apostrophe on the last el-
ement of a series, while individual or alternative possession requires
the use of an apostrophe on each element of a series.
soldiers and sailors’ home editor’s or proofreader’s opinion
Brown & Nelson’s store Bush’s or Obama’s administration
men’s, women’s, and children’s Mrs. Smith’s and Mrs. Allen’s children
clothing the Army’s and the Navy’s work
St. Michael’s Men’s Club master’s and doctor’s degrees
8.6. In the use of an apostrophe in rm names, the names of organiza-
tions and institutions, the titles of books, and geographic names,
the authentic form is to be followed. (Note use of “St.”)
8.7. Generally, the apostrophe should not be used aer names of coun-
tries and other organized bodies ending in s, or aer words more
descriptive than possessive (not indicating personal possession),
except when plural does not end in s.
8.8. Possessive pronouns do not take an apostrophe.
its yours
ours hers
theirs whose
Masters, Mates & Pilots’ Association
Dentists’ Supply Co. of New York
International Ladies’ Garment
Workers’ Union
Court of St. James’s
St. Peter’s Church
St. Elizabeths Hospital
Johns Hopkins University
Hinds’ Precedents
Hells Canyon
Reader’s Digest
Actor’s Equity Association
Harpers Ferry
but Martha’s Vineyard
United States control
United Nations meeting
Southern States industries
Massachusetts laws
Bureau of Ships report
House of Representatives session
Teamsters Union
editors handbook
syrup producers manual
technicians guide
teachers college
merchants exchange
children’s hospital
Young Men’s Christian Association
but
Veterans’ Administration
(now Department of Veterans
Aairs)
Congress’ attitude
Punctuation 195
8.9. Possessive indenite or impersonal pronouns require an apostrophe.
each other’s books another’s idea
some others’ plans someone’s guesstimate
one’s home is his castle
8.10. e singular possessive case is used in such general terms as the
following:
arm’s length fuller’s earth
attorney’s fees miner’s inch
author’s alterations printer’s ink
confectioner’s sugar traveler’s checks
cow’s milk writer’s cramp
distiller’s grain
8.11. While an apostrophe is used to indicate possession and contrac-
tions, it is not generally necessary to use an apostrophe simply to
show the plural form of most acronyms, initialisms, or abbrevia-
tions, except where clarity and sense demand such inclusion.
49ers
TVers
OKs
MCing
RIFing
RIFs
RIFed
YWCAs
ABCs
1920s
IOUs
10s (thread)
4½s (bonds)
3s (golf)
2 by 4s
IQs
don’t (do not)
I’ve (I have)
it’s (it is/it has)
ne’er (never)
e’er (ever)
class of ’08 (2008)
spirit of ’76 (1776)
not in her ’70s (age)
better: in her seventies
not during the ’90s
better: during the 1990s or
during the nineties
but
he never crosses his t’s
she fails to dot her i’s
a’s, &’s, 7’s
watch your p’s and q’s
are they l’s or 1’s
the Oakland A’s
a number of s’s
his résumé had too many I’s
196 Chapter 8
When the plural form of an acronym appears in parentheses, a
lowercase s is included within the parentheses.
(MPDs) (IPOs)
(MP3s) (SUVs)
(JPEGs) (EVs)
8.12 . e apostrophe is omitted in abbreviations, and also in shortened
forms of certain other words.
Danl., not Dan’l Halloween, not Hallowe’en
phone, not ’phone copter, not ’copter
coon, not ’coon
possum, not ’possum but ma’am
8.13. e plural of spelled-out numbers, of words referred to as words,
and of words containing an apostrophe is formed by adding s or es;
but ’s is added to indicate the plural of words used as words if omis-
sion of the apostrophe would cause diculty in reading.
twos, threes, sevens yeses and noes
ands, ifs, and buts yeas and nays
ins and outs
the haves and have-nots but
ups and downs do’s and don’ts
whereases and wherefores which’s and that’s
pros and cons
8.14. e possessive case is oen used in lieu of an objective phrase even
though ownership is not involved.
1 day’s labor (labor for 1 day) for charity’s sake
12 days’ labor for pity’s sake
2 hours’ traveltime several billion dollars’ worth
a stone’s throw
2 weeks’ pay but $10 billion worth
8.15. e possessive case is not used in such expressions as the following,
in which one noun modies another.
day labor (labor by the day) State prison
quartermaster stores States rights
Punctuation 197
8.16. For euphony, nouns ending in s or ce and followed by a word begin-
ning with s form the possessive by adding an apostrophe only.
for goodness’ sake for acquaintance’ sake
Mr. Hughes’ service for conscience’ sake
for old times’ sake
8.17. A possessive noun used in an adjective sense requires the addition
of ’s.
He is a friend of John’s. Stern’s is running a sale.
8.18. A noun preceding a gerund should be in the possessive case.
in the event of Mary’s leaving the ship’s hovering nearby
Brackets
Brackets, in pairs, are used—
8.19. In transcripts, congressional hearings, the Congressional Record,
testimony in courtwork, etc., to enclose interpolations that are not
specically a part of the original quotation, such as a correction,
explanation, omission, editorial comment, or a caution that an error
is reproduced literally.
We found this to be true at the Government Publishing Oce [GPO].
He came on the 3d [2d] of July.
Our conference [lasted] 2 hours.
e general [Washington] ordered him to leave.
e paper was as follows [reads]:
I do not know. [Continues reading:]
[Chorus of “Mr. Chairman.”]
ey fooled only themselves. [Laughter.]
Our party will always serve the people [applause] in spite of the opposition
[loud applause]. (If more than one bracketed interpolation, both are in-
cluded within the sentence.)
e W. He did it that way [indicating].
Q. Do you know these men [handing witness a list]?
e bill had not been paid. [Italic added.] or [Emphasis added.]
e statue [sic] was on the statute books.
e W. is matter is classied. [Deleted.]
[Deleted.]
Mr. J. Hold up your hands. [Show of hands.]
Answer [aer examining list]. Yes; I do.
Q. [Continuing.]
A. [Reads:]
198 Chapter 8
A. [Interrupting.]
[Discussion o the record.]
[Pause.]
e W [interrupting]. It is known——
Mr. J [continuing]. Now let us take the next item.
Mr. S [presiding]. Do you mean that literally?
Mr. J [interposing]. Absolutely.
[e matter referred to is as follows:]
e C [to Mr. Smith].
e C [reading]:
Mr. K [to the chairman]. From 15 to 25 percent.
[Objected to.]
[Mr. Smith nods.]
[Mr. Smith aside.]
[Mr. Smith makes further statement o the record.]
Mr. J [for Mr. Smith].
A V F A. Speak up.
S V. Quiet!
8.20. In bills, contracts, laws, etc., to indicate matter that is to be omitted.
8.21. In mathematics, to denote that enclosed matter is to be treated as a
unit.
8.22. When matter in brackets makes more than one paragraph, start
each paragraph with a bracket and place the closing bracket at end
of last paragraph.
Colon
e colon is used—
8.23. To introduce any matter that forms a question or a quotation.
e following question came up for discussion: What policy should be adopted?
She said: “We believe the time is now or never.”
8.24. Aer an introductory independent clause that describes or denes
what follows. If a complete sentence follows the colon, capitalize its
rst word.
And then came the surprise: cake all around!
His only rule was this: Chickens are not allowed past the front parlor.
Punctuation 199
8.25. Before a nal clause that extends or amplies the preceding in-
dependent clause. Even if a complete sentence follows the colon,
lowercase itsrst word.
Give up conveniences; do not demand special privileges; do not stop work: these
are necessary while we are at war.
Railroading is not a variety of outdoor sport: it is service.
8.26. Following a sentence introducing an extract.
e Clerk will read as follows:
Amendment by Mr. S: In line 4, aer the word “pay”, add a comma and the
following words: “out of any money in the Treasury not otherwise appropriated”.
8. 27. To introduce a run-in list.
ere are three primary pigment colors: magenta, yellow, and cyan.
e vote was as follows: in the armative, 23; in the negative, 11; not voting, 3.
ese are what he missed most: walking along the river at dawn, napping under
the old maple tree, chasing birds in the park.
His goals were these: (1) learn Spanish, (2) see the Grand Canyon, and (3) climb
Mt. Everest.
8.28. To introduce a bulleted or enumerated list that is not run in. ere
are many ways to construct such a list—far too many to detail here
—depending on the contents of the list and the intent of the author;
however, a few guidelines concerning consistency should be kept in
mind.
Punctuation at the end of each list item may be commas, semi-
colons, periods, or even none at all, as long as its use is consistent
within a list. e exception to this is that if commas or semicolons
are used, the last item should end with a period, unless the list is
part of a sentence that continues on aer the list.
List items should be lowercased in a list using commas or semico-
lons aer each list item. For lists using periods or no punctuation,
capitalization should be determined by context—lists of single
words are usually lowercased, whereas lists of independent clauses
are more appropriately capitalized. Whatever choice is made con-
cerning capitalization, it should be applied to all the list items; the
rst item is not handled dierently.
200 Chapter 8
A conjunction (and, or, nor) should follow the penultimate item
in a list using commas or semicolons aer each list item, but not
otherwise.
His goals were these:
● Learn Spanish.
● See the Grand Canyon.
● Climb Mt. Everest.
His goals were these:
(1) learn Spanish,
(2) see the Grand Canyon, and
(3) climb Mt. Everest.
His goals were these:
(a) learn Spanish,
(b) see the Grand Canyon, and
(c) climb Mt. Everest;
but he knew it was unlikely he would meet them.
8.29. To introduce subentries in tables and leaderwork. Single subentries
are run in following the colon and are initial cap.
Seward Peninsula: Council district: (single subentry runs in).
Mining and manufacturing.
Shipping and trade.
Seward Peninsula:
Council district:
Mining and manufacturing.
Shipping and trade.
Fairhaven district: Tourism (single subentry runs in).
8.30. Aer a salutation.
M D S:
Ladies and Gentlemen:
To Whom It May Concern:
8.31. In expressing clock time.
2:40 p.m.
8.32. In Biblical and other citations.
Luke 4:3.
I Corinthians 13:13.
Journal of Education 3:342–358.
Punctuation 201
8.33. In bibliographic references, between place of publication and name
of publisher.
Congressional Directory. Washington: U.S. Government Publishing Oce.
8.34. To separate book titles and subtitles.
Financial Aid for College Students: Graduate
Germany Revisited: Education in the Federal Republic
8.35. In imprints before the year (en space each side of colon).
U.S. Government Publishing Oce
Washington : 2016
8.36. In proportions.
Concrete mixed 5:3:1
but 5–2–1 or 5-2-1 (when so in copy)
8.37. In double colon as ratio sign.
1:2::3:6
Comma
e comma is used—
8.38. To separate two words or gures that might otherwise be
misunderstood.
Instead of hundreds, thousands came.
Instead of 20, 50 came.
December 7, 1941.
In 2003, 400 men were dismissed.
To John, Smith was very kind.
What the diculty is, is not known.
but He suggested that that committee be appointed.
8.39. Before a direct quotation of only a few words following an introduc-
tory phrase.
He said, “Now or never.”
8.40. To indicate the omission of a word or words.
en we had much; now, nothing.
8.41. Aer each of a series of coordinate qualifying words.
short, swi streams; but short tributary streams
202 Chapter 8
8.42. Between an introductory modifying phrase and the subject
modied.
Beset by the enemy, they retreated.
8.43. Before and aer Jr., Sr., Esq., Ph.D., F.R.S., Inc., etc., within a sen-
tence except where possession is indicated.
Henry Smith, Jr., chairman but
Peter Johns, F.R.S., London John Smith 2d (or II); Smith, John, II
Washington, DC, schools Mr. Smith, Junior, also spoke
Google, Inc., technology (where only last name is used)
Brown, A.H., Jr. (not Brown, Jr., A.H.) Alexandria, VA’s waterfront
Milan, Italy, vacation
University of California, Santa Cruz, mascot
8.44. To set o parenthetic words, phrases, or clauses.
Mr. Jeerson, who was then Secretary of State, favored the location of the
National Capital at Washington.
It must be remembered, however, that the Government had no guarantee.
It is obvious, therefore, that this oce cannot function.
e atom bomb, which was developed at the Manhattan project, was rst
used in World War II.
eir high morale might, he suggested, have caused them to put success of
the team above the reputation of the college.
e restriction is laid down in title IX, chapter 8, section 15, of the code.
but e man who fell [restrictive clause] broke his back.
e dam that gave way [restrictive clause] was poorly constructed.
He therefore gave up the search.
8.45. To set o words or phrases in apposition or in contrast.
Mr. Green, the lawyer, spoke for the defense.
Mr. Jones, attorney for the plainti, signed the petition.
Mr. Smith, not Mr. Black, was elected.
James Roosevelt, Democrat, of California.
Jean’s sister, Joyce, was the eldest. (Jean had one sister.)
but Jonathan’s brother Moses Taylor was appointed. (Jonathan had more than
one brother.)
8.46. Aer each member within a series of three or more words, phrases,
letters, or gures used with and, or, or nor.
red, white, and blue
horses, mules, and cattle; but horses and mules and cattle
by the bolt, by the yard, or in remnants
Punctuation 203
a, b, and c
neither snow, rain, nor heat
2 days, 3 hours, and 4 minutes (series); but 70 years 11 months 6 days (age)
8.47. Before the conjunction in a compound sentence containing two or
more independent clauses, each of which could have been written as
a simple sentence.
Fish, mollusks, and crustaceans were plentiful in the lakes, and turtles fre-
quented the shores.
e boy went home alone, and his sister remained with the crowd.
8.48. Aer a noun or phrase in direct address.
Senator, will the measure be defeated?
Mr. Chairman, I will reply to the gentleman later.
but Yes, sir; he did see it.
No, ma’am; I do not recall.
8.49. Aer an interrogative clause, followed by a direct question.
You are sure, are you not? You will go, will you not?
8.50. Between the title of a person and the name of an organization in the
absence of the words of or of the.
Chief, Division of Finance colonel, 12th Cavalry Regiment
chairman, Committee on president, University of Virginia
Appropriations
8.51. Inside closing quotation mark.
He said “four,” not “ve.”
“Freedom is an inherent right,” he insisted.
Items marked “A,” “B,” and “C,” inclusive, were listed.
8.52. To separate thousands and millions in numerical gures.
4,230 but 1,000,000,000 is more clearly
50,491 illustrated as 1 billion
1,250,000
8.53. Aer the year in complete dates (month, day, year) within a sentence.
e dates of September 11, 1993, to June 12, 1994, were erroneous.
is was reected in the June 13, 2007, report.
but Production for June 2008 was normal.
e 10 February 2008 deadline passed.
204 Chapter 8
e comma is omitted—
8.54. Between superior gures or letters in footnote references.
Numerous instances may be cited.1 2
Data are based on October production.a b
8.55. Before ZIP (Zone Improvement Plan) Code postal-delivery number.
Washington, DC 20401–0003, for the GPO
East Rochester, OH 44625–9701 USA, was his hometown
8.56. Between month, holiday, or season and year in dates.
June 2016
22d of May 2016
February and March 2016
January, February, and March 2016
January 24 A.D. 2016; 15th of June
A.D. 2016
150 B.C.
Labor Day 2016
Easter Sunday 2016
5 January 2016 (military usage)
spring 2016
autumn 2016
8.57. Between the name and number of an organization.
Columbia Typographical Union No. 101–12
American Legion Post No. 33
8.58. In fractions, in decimals, and in serial numbers, except patent
numbers.
½
1.0947
page 2632
202–512–1800 (telephone number)
1721–1727 St. Clair Avenue
Executive Order 11242
motor No. 189463
1450 kilocycles; 1100 meters
8.59. Between two nouns one of which identies the other.
e Children’s Bureau’s booklet “Infant Care” continues to be a bestseller.
8.60. Before an ampersand (&).
Brown, Wilson & Co.
Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers
8.61. Before abbreviations of compass directions.
6430 Princeton Dr. SW
Punctuation 205
8.62. In bibliographies, between name of the publication and volume or
similar number.
American Library Association Bulletin 34:238, April 1940.
8.63. Wherever possible without danger of ambiguity.
$2 gold
Executive Order No. 21
General Order No. 12; but General Orders, No. 12
Public Law 85–1
He graduates in the year 2010 (not the year 2,010)
My age is 30 years 6 months 12 days.
John Lewis 2d (or II)
Murphy of Illinois; Murphy of New York (where only last name is used)
Carroll of Carrollton; Henry of Navarre (person closely identied with place);
but Clyde Leo Downs, of Maryland; President Levin, of Yale University
James Bros. et al.; but James Bros., Nelson Co., et al. (last element of series)
Dash
A 1-em dash is used—
8.64. To mark a sudden break or abrupt change in thought.
He said—and no one contradicted him—“e battle is lost.”
If the bill should pass—which God forbid!—the service will be wrecked.
e auditor—shall we call him a knave or a fool?—approved an inaccurate
statement.
8.65. To indicate an interruption or an unnished word or sentence. A
2-em dash is used when the interruption is by a person other than
the speaker, and a 1-em dash will show self-interruption. Note that
extracts must begin with a true paragraph. Following extracts, col-
loquy must start as a paragraph.
“Such an idea can scarcely be——”
“e word ‘donation’——”
“e word ‘dona’——”
He said: “Give me lib——”
e bill reads “repeal,” not “am——”
Q. Did you see——
A. No, sir.
Mr. B [reading]: “e report goes on to say that”—Observe this
closely—“during the scal year . . . .”
206 Chapter 8
8.66. Instead of commas or parentheses if the meaning may thus be
claried.
ese are shore deposits—gravel, sand, and clay—but marine sediments
underlie them.
8.67. Before a nal clause that summarizes a series of ideas.
Freedom of speech, freedom of worship, freedom from want, freedom from
fear—these are the fundamentals of moral world order.
8.68. Aer an introductory phrase reading into the following lines and
indicating repetition of such phrase.
I recommend—
that we submit them for review and corrections;
that we then accept them as corrected; and
that we also publish them.
8.69. With a preceding question mark, in lieu of a colon.
How can you explain this?—“Fee paid, $5.”
8.70. To precede a credit line or a run-in credit or signature.
Lay the proud usurpers low!
Tyrants fall in every foe!
Liberty’s in every blow!
Let us do or die!
—Robert Burns.
Every man’s work shall be made manifest.—I Corinthians 3:13.
is statement is open to question.—G H. F.
8.71. Aer a run-in sidehead.
8.72. To separate run-in questions and answers in testimony.
Q. Did he go?—A. No.
A 1-em dash is not used—
8.73. At the beginning of any line of type, except as shown in rule 8.70.
8.74. Immediately aer a comma, colon, or semicolon.
A 3-em dash is used—
8.75. In bibliographies to indicate repetition.
Powell, James W., Jr., Hunting in Virginia’s lowlands. 1972. 200 pp.
——— Fishing o Delmarva. 1972. 28 pp.
Punctuation 207
An en dash is used—
8.76. In a combination of gures and/or letters, including acronyms (even
if the acronym spells out a word (e.g. PATRIOT)). But use a hyphen
to combine such letters and/or gures with a word or abbreviation,
or in chemical nomenclature.
gures:
5–20 (bonds)
85–1—85–20 (Public laws; use em dash between two elements with en
dashes)
1–703–555–6593 (telephone number)
123–45–6789 (Social Security number)
$15–$20 (range)
letters:
WTOP–AM–FM–TV (radio and television stations)
CBS–TV
AFL–CIO
C–SPAN
s–NOM (scientic term)
gures and letters:
6–A (exhibit identication)
DC–14 (airplane)
MiG–25 (airplane, mixed letters with gure)
I–95 (interstate roadway)
4–H (Club)
LK–66–A(2)–74, 15A–x–3 (serial numbers)
SE–BatsCZX–2015–65 (SEC le number)
rule 13e–4
Section 12(a)–(d) (range)
but a hyphen is used with:
ACF-Brill Motors Co. (hyphen with capital letters and a word)
loran-C (coined word plus letter)
ALL-AMERICAN ESSAY CONTEST (hyphen in capitalized heading)
Four Corners Monument, AZ-NM-UT-CO (hyphen with two-letter state
abbreviations)
U-235, Cr-Ni-Mo (chemical symbols)
-HCH (chemical nomenclature)
8.77. In the absence of the word to when denoting a span of time.
2005–2008 January–June Monday–Friday
208 Chapter 8
An en dash is not used—
8.78. For to when the word from precedes the rst of two related gures
or expressions.
From June 1 to July 30, 2016; not from June 1–July 30, 2016
8.79. For and when the word between precedes the rst of two related
gures or expressions.
Between 2000 and 2016; not between 2000–16
Ellipses
8.80. ree periods or three asterisks, separated by en spaces, are used
to denote an ellipsis within a sentence, at the beginning or end of a
sentence, or in two or more consecutive sentences. To achieve faith-
ful reproduction of excerpt material, editors using period ellipses
should indicate placement of the terminal period in relation to an
ellipsis at the end of a sentence. Note, in the following examples,
the additional spacing necessary to clearly dene commas and the
terminal period when period ellipses are employed.
e Senate having tried Andrew Johnson, President of the United States,
upon articles of impeachment exhibited against him by the House of
Representatives, and two-thirds of the Senators present not having found him
guilty of the charges contained in the second, third, and eleventh articles of
impeachment, it is therefore
Ordered and adjudged. at the said Andrew Johnson, President of the
United States be, and he is, acquitted of the charges in said articles made and
set forth.
e Senate having tried Andrew Johnson . . . upon articles of impeachment
. . . , and two-thirds of the Senators present not having found him guilty of the
charges . . . , it is therefore
Ordered and adjudged. at the said Andrew Johnson, President of the
United States be . . . acquitted of the charge . . . .
e Senate having tried Andrew Johnson * * * upon articles of impeach-
ment * * *, and two-thirds of the Senators present not having found him
guilty of the charges * * *, it is therefore
Ordered and adjudged. at the said Andrew Johnson, President of the
United States be * * * acquitted of the charges * * *.
8.81. Ellipses are not overrun alone at the end of a paragraph.
Punctuation 209
8.82. Copy will be followed for period or asterisk ellipses, even if
inconsistent.
8.83. A line of asterisks indicates an omission of one or more entire para-
graphs. In 26½-pica or wider measure, a line of “stars” means seven
asterisks indented 2 ems at each end of the line, with the remaining
space divided evenly between the asterisks. In measures less than
26½ picas, ve asterisks are used. Quotation marks are not used
on a line of asterisks in quoted matter. Where an ellipsis line ends a
complete quotation, no closing quote is used.
* * * * * * *
8.84. Indented matter in 26½-pica or wider measure also requires a
seven-asterisk line to indicate the omission of one or more entire
paragraphs.
8.85. If an omission occurs in the last part of a paragraph immediately
before a line of asterisks, three periods or asterisks are used, in ad-
dition to the line of asterisks, to indicate such an omission.
8.86. Equalize spacing above and below an ellipsis line.
Exclamation point
8.87. e exclamation point is used to mark surprise, incredulity, admi-
ration, appeal, or other strong emotion which may be expressed
even in a declarative or interrogative sentence.
Who shouted, “All aboard!” [Note omission of question mark.]
“Great!” he shouted. [Note omission of comma.]
He acknowledged the fatal error!
How breathtakingly beautiful!
Timber!
Mayday! Mayday!
8.88. In direct address, either to a person or a personied object, O is used
without an exclamation point, or other punctuation; but if strong
feeling is expressed, an exclamation point is placed at the end of the
statement.
O my friend, let us consider this subject impartially.
O Lord, save y people!
210 Chapter 8
8.89. In exclamations without direct address or appeal, oh is used instead
of O, and the exclamation point is omitted.
Oh, but the gentleman is mistaken.
Oh dear; the time is so short.
Hyphen
e hyphen (a punctuation mark, not an element in the spelling of words)
is used—
8.90. To connect the elements of certain compound words. (See Chap-
ter 6 “Compounding Rules.”)
8.91. To indicate continuation of a word divided at the end of a line.
8.92. Between the letters of a spelled word.
e Style Board changed New Jerseyite to New J-e-r-s-e-y-a-n.
A native of Halifax is a H-a-l-i-g-o-n-i-a-n.
e Chinese repressive action took place in T-i-a-n-a-n-m-e-n Square.
8.93. To separate elements of chemical formulas.
e hyphen, as an element, may be used—
8.94. To represent letters deleted or illegible words in copy.
Oakland’s - - bonic plague Richard Emory H - - - -
Parentheses
Parentheses are used—
8.95. To set o important matter not intended to be part of the main
statement that is not a grammatical element of the sentence. In
colloquy, brackets must be substituted.
is case (124 U.S. 329) is not relevant.
e result (see g. 2) is most surprising.
e United States is the principal purchaser (by value) of these exports (23 per-
cent in 1995 and 19 percent in 1996).
8.96. To enclose a parenthetic clause where the interruption is too great to
be indicated by commas.
You can nd it neither in French dictionaries (at any rate, not in Littré) nor in
English dictionaries.
Punctuation 211
8.97. To enclose an explanatory word not part of a written or printed
statement.
the Winchester (VA) Star; but the Star of Winchester, VA
Portland (OR) Chamber of Commerce; but Athens, GA, schools
8.98. To enclose letters or numbers designating items in a series, either at
the beginning of paragraphs or within a paragraph.
e order of delivery will be: (a) food, (b) clothing, and (c) tents and other
housing equipment.
You will observe that the sword is (1) old fashioned, (2) still sharp, and (3) un-
usually light for its size.
Paragraph 7(B)(1)(a) will be found on page 6. (Note parentheses closed up.)
8.99. To enclose a gure inserted to conrm a written or printed state-
ment given in words if double form is specically requested.
is contract shall be completed in sixty (60) days.
8.10 0. A reference in parentheses at the end of a sentence is placed before
the period, unless it is a complete sentence in itself.
e specimen exhibits both phases (pl. 14, A, B).
e individual cavities show great variation. (See pl. 4.)
8.101. If a sentence contains more than one parenthetic reference, the one
at the end is placed before the period.
is sandstone (see pl. 6) is in every county of the State (see pl. 1).
8.102 . When a gure is followed by a letter in parentheses, no space is used
between the gure and the opening parenthesis; but, if the letter is
not in parentheses and the gure is repeated with each letter, the
letter is closed up with the gure.
15(a). Classes, grades, and sizes.
15a. Classes, grades, and sizes.
8.103. If both a gure and a letter in parentheses are used before each
paragraph, a period and an en space are used aer the closing
parenthesis. If the gure is not repeated before each letter in pa-
rentheses but is used only before the rst letter, the period is placed
aer the gure. However, if the gure is not repeated before each
212 Chapter 8
letter in parentheses and no period is used, space is inserted aer
the number if at least one other lettered subsection appears.
15(a). When the gure is used before the letter in each paragraph—
15(b). e period is placed aer the closing parenthesis.
15. (a) When the gure is used before the letter in the rst paragraph but not
repeated with subsequent letters—
(b) e period is used aer the gure only.
Sec. 12 (a) When no period is used and a letter in parentheses appears aer a
numbered item—
(b) Space must be used aer the number if at least one other lettered subsection
is shown.
8.104. Note position of the period relative to closing parenthesis:
e vending stand sells a variety of items (sandwiches, beverages, cakes, etc.).
e vending stand sells a variety of items (sandwiches, beverages, cakes, etc.
(sometimes ice cream)).
e vending stand sells a variety of items. (ese include sandwiches, bever-
ages, cakes, etc. (sometimes ice cream).)
8.105. To enclose bylines in congressional work.
(By Harvey Hagman, archeological correspondent)
8.10 6. When matter in parentheses makes more than one paragraph, start
each paragraph with a parenthesis and place the closing parenthesis
at the end of the last paragraph.
Period
e period is used—
8.107. Aer a declarative sentence that is not exclamatory or aer an im-
perative sentence.
Stars are suns.
He was employed by Sampson & Company.
Do not be late.
On with the dance.
8.108. Aer an indirect question or aer a question intended as a sugges-
tion and not requiring an answer.
Tell me how he did it.
May we hear from you.
May we ask prompt payment.
Punctuation 213
8.10 9. In place of a closing parenthesis aer a letter or number denoting a
series.
a. Bread well baked 1. Punctuate freely
b. Meat cooked rare 2. Compound sparingly
c. Cubed apples stewed 3. Index thoroughly
8.110. To indicate an ellipsis. (See rules 8.80 and 8.82.)
8.111. Aer a run-in sidehead.
Conditional subjunctive.—e conditional subjunctive is required for all
unreal and doubtful conditions.
2. Peacetime preparation.—a. e Chairman of the National Security
Resources Board, etc.
2. Peacetime preparation.—Industrial mobilization plans.—e Chairman of
the National Security Resources Board, etc.
2. Peacetime preparation.—Industrial mobilization.—e Chairman of the
National Security Resources Board, etc.
62. Determination of types.—a. Statement of characteristics.—Before types of
equipment, etc.
Steps in planning for procurement.—(1) Determination of needs.—To plan
for the procurement of such arms, etc.
62. Determination of types.—(a) Statement of characteristics.—Before, etc.
DETERMINATION OF TYPES.—Statement of characteristics.—Before
types of, etc.
but N.—e source material was furnished.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
8.112 . Paragraphs and subparagraphs may be arranged according to the
following scheme. e sequence is not xed, and variations, in ad-
dition to the use of center and side heads or indented paragraphs,
may be adopted, depending on the number of parts.
I. Outlines can begin with a capital Roman numeral.
A. e number of levels and the width of the column determine alignment
and indention.
1. A set space (en space) following the identier aids alignment.
a. Usually, typefaces and sizes are chosen to agree with the hierarchy of
the head breakdowns.
(1) Aligning runover lines with the rst word which follows the
number or letter aids readability.
214 Chapter 8
(a) It is important to vary (alternate) the use of letters and num-
bers in any outline.
(i) e lowercase Roman numerals (i), (ii), etc. may be used as
parts of the outline or to identify subparts of any previous
parts.
(aa) When absolutely necessary, double (or triple) lowercase
letters may be used.
II. Where not needed, the capital Roman numerals may be discarded and the
outline can begin with the letter A. As in any composition, consistency in
indentions and order is essential.
8.113. To separate integers from decimals in a single expression.
13.75 percent 1.25 meters
$3.50 0.08 mile
8.114. In continental European languages, to indicate thousands.
1.317 72.190.175
8.115. Aer abbreviations, unless otherwise specied. (See Chapter 9,
“Abbreviations and Letter Symbols.”)
Apr. but
Co. m (meter)
g. kc (kilocycle)
Ry. NY (New York)
Ph.D. RR
p.m. SSE (south-southeast)
8.116. Aer legends and explanatory matter beneath illustrations. Legends
without descriptive language do not receive periods.
F 1.—Schematic drawing.
F 1.—Continued.
but F 1 (without legend, no period)
8.117. Aer Article 1, Section 1, etc., at the beginning of paragraphs.
A center period is sometimes used—
8.118. To indicate multiplication. (Use of a multiplication sign is preferable.)
a•b ab
Punctuation 215
e period is omitted—
8.119. Aer—
Lines in title pages
Center, side, and running heads; but is not omitted aer run-in
sideheads
Continued lines
Boxheads of tables
Scientic, chemical, or other symbols
is rule does not apply to abbreviation periods.
8.120. Aer a quotation mark that is preceded by a period.
She said: “I believe the time is now or never.”
8.121. Aer letters used as names without specic designation.
Ocer B, Subject A, Brand X, etc.
A said to B that all is well.
Mr. A told Mr. B that the case was closed.
Mr. X (for unknown or censored name).
but Mr. A. [for Mr. Andrews]. I do not want to go.
Mr. K. [for Mr. King]. e meeting is adjourned.
8.122 . Aer a middle initial which is merely a letter and not an abbrevia-
tion of a name.
Daniel D Tompkins
Ross T McIntire
but Harry S. Truman (President Truman’s preference)
8.123. Aer a short name which is not an abbreviation of the longer form.
Alex Mac
Ed Sam
8.124. Aer Roman numerals used as ordinals.
King George V Super Bowl XLIX, LI
Apollo XII insigne but Super Bowl 50
8.125. Aer words and incomplete statements listed in columns. Full-
measure matter is not to be regarded as a column.
8.126. Aer explanatory matter under leaders or rules.
.................................... .................................... ....................................
(Name) (Address) (Position)
216 Chapter 8
8.127. Immediately before leaders, even if an abbreviation precedes the
leaders.
Question mark
e question mark is used—
8.128. To indicate a direct query, even if not in the form of a question.
Did he do it?
He did what?
Can the money be raised? is the question.
Who asked, “Why?” [Note single question mark.]
“Did you hurt yourself, my son?” she asked.
8.129. To express more than one query in the same sentence.
Can he do it? or you? or anyone?
8.130. To express doubt.
He said the boy was 8(?) feet tall. (No space before question mark.)
e statue(?) was on the statute books.
e scientic identication Dorothia? was noted. (Roman “?”.)
Quotation marks
Quotation marks are used—
8.131. To enclose direct quotations. (Each part of an interrupted quotation
begins and ends with quotation marks.)
e answer is “No.”
He said, “John said, ‘No.’ ’’ (Note thin space between single and double
closing quotes.)
“John,” asked Henry, “why do you go?”
8.132. To enclose any matter following such terms as entitled, the word,
the term, marked, designated, classied, named, endorsed, cited as,
referred to as, or signed; however, quotation marks are not used to
enclose expressions following the terms known as, called, so-called,
etc., unless such expressions are misnomers or slang.
Congress passed the act entitled “An act . . . .”
Aer the word “treaty,” insert a comma.
Of what does the item “Miscellaneous debts” consist?
e column “Imports from foreign countries” was not well written.
e document will be marked “Exhibit No. 21;” but e document may be
made exhibit No. 21.
e check was endorsed “John Adamson.”
Punctuation 217
It was signed “John.”
but Beryllium is known as glucinium in some European countries.
It was called prot and loss.
e so-called investigating body.
8.133. To enclose titles of addresses, albums, articles, awards, books,
captions, editorials, essays, headings, headlines, hearings, mo-
tion pictures and plays (including television and radio programs),
operas, papers, short poems, reports, songs, studies, subheadings,
subjects, and themes. All principal words are to be capitalized.
An address on “Uranium-235 in the Atomic Age”
e article “Germany Revisited” appeared in the last issue.
He received the “Man of the Year” award.
“e Conquest of Mexico,” a published work (book)
Under the caption “Long-Term Treasurys Rise”
e subject was discussed in “Punctuation.” (chapter heading)
It will be found in “Part XI: Early ought.”
e editorial “Haphazard Budgeting”
“Compensation,” by Emerson (essay)
“United States To Appoint Representative to U.N.” (heading or headline)
In “Search for Paradise” (motion picture)
“South Pacic” (play)
A paper on “Constant-Pressure Combustion” was read.
“O Captain! My Captain!” (short poem)
e report “Atomic Energy: What It Means to the Nation”; but annual report
of the Director of the Government Publishing Oce
is was followed by the singing of “e Star-Spangled Banner.”
e information is located under the subhead “Sixty Days of Turmoil.”
e subject (or theme) of the conference is “Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy.”
also Account 5, “Management fees.”
Under the heading “Management and Operation.”
Under the appropriation “Building of ships, Navy.”
8.134. At the beginning of each paragraph of a quotation, but at the end of
the last paragraph only.
8.135. To enclose a letter or communication that bears both date and
signature.
8.136. To enclose misnomers, slang expressions, sobriquets, coined words,
or ordinary words used in an arbitrary way.
His report was “bunk.”
It was a “gentlemen’s agreement.”
218 Chapter 8
e “invisible government” is responsible.
George Herman “Babe” Ruth.
but He voted for the lameduck amendment.
8.137. To close up characters except when they precede a fraction or an
apostrophe or precede or follow a superior gure or letter, in which
case a thin space is used. A thin space is used to separate double and
single quotation marks.
8.138. e comma and the nal period will be placed inside the quotation
marks. Other punctuation marks should be placed inside the quota-
tion marks only if they are a part of the matter quoted.
Ruth said, “I think so.”
“e President,” he said, “will veto the bill.”
e conductor shouted, “All aboard!”
Who asked, “Why?”
e President suggests that “an early occasion be sought.”
Why call it a “gentlemen’s agreement”?
8.139. In congressional and certain other classes of work showing amend-
ments, and in courtwork with quoted language, punctuation marks
are printed aer the quotation marks when not a part of the quoted
matter.
Insert the words “growth”, “production”, and “manufacture”.
To be inserted aer the words “cadets, U.S. Coast Guard;”.
Change “February 1, 1983”, to “June 30, 2016”.
“Insert in lieu thereof ‘July 1, 1983,’.”
8.140. When occurring together, quotation marks should precede foot-
note reference numbers.
e commissioner claimed that the award was “unjustied.” 1
Kelly’s exact words were: “e facts in the case prove otherwise.” 2
8.141. Quotation marks should be limited, if possible, to three sets (double,
single, double).
“e question in the report is, ‘Can a person who obtains his certicate of
naturalization by fraud be considered a “bona de” citizen of the United
States?’ ”
Quotation marks are not used—
8.142 . To enclose titles of works of art: paintings, statuary, etc.
Punctuation 219
8.143. To enclose names of newspapers or magazines.
8.14 4. To enclose complete letters having date and signature.
8.14 5. To enclose extracts that are indented or set in smaller type, or solid
extracts in leaded matter; but indented matter in text that is already
quoted carries quotation marks.
8.146. In indirect quotations.
Tell her yes. He could not say no.
8.147. Before a display initial which begins a quoted paragraph.
Semicolon
e semicolon is used—
8.148. To separate clauses containing commas.
Donald A. Peters, Jr., president of the First National Bank, was also a director
of New York Central; Harvey D. Jones was a director of Oregon Steel Co.
and New York Central; omas W. Harrison, chairman of the board of
McBride & Co., was also on the board of Oregon Steel Co.
Reptiles, amphibians, and predatory mammals swallow their prey whole or
in large pieces, bones included; waterfowl habitually take shellsh entire;
and gallinaceous birds are provided with gizzards that grind up the hardest
seeds.
Yes, sir; he did see it.
No, sir; I do not recall.
8.149. To separate statements that are too closely related in meaning to be
written as separate sentences, and also statements of contrast.
Yes; that is right.
No; we received one-third.
It is true in peace; it is true in war.
War is destructive; peace, constructive.
8.150. To set o explanatory abbreviations or words that summarize or
explain preceding matter.
e industry is related to groups that produce nished goods; i.e., electrical
machinery and transportation equipment.
ere were three metal producers involved; namely, Jones & Laughlin, Armco,
and Kennecott.
220 Chapter 8
e semicolon is not used—
8.151. Where a comma will suce.
Oces are located in New York, NY, Chicago, IL, and Dallas, TX.
Single punctuation
8.152. Single punctuation should be used wherever possible without
ambiguity.
124 U.S. 321 (no comma)
Sir: (no dash)
Joseph replied, “It is a worthwhile eort.” (no outside period)
Type
8.153. All punctuation marks, including parentheses, brackets, and supe-
rior reference gures, are set to match the type of the words which
they adjoin. A lightface dash is used aer a run-in boldface side-
head followed by lightface matter. Lightface brackets, parentheses,
or quotation marks shall be used when both boldface and lightface
matter are enclosed.
Charts: C&GS 5101 (N.O. 18320), page 282 (see above); N.O. 93491 (Plan);
page 271.
221
9. Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
9.1. Abbreviations and letter symbols are used to save space and to avoid
distracting the reader by use of repetitious words or phrases.
9.2. e nature of the publication governs the extent to which abbrevia-
tions are used. In the text of technical and legal publications, and in
parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, leaderwork, and
bibliographies, many words are frequently abbreviated. Heads, leg-
ends, tables of contents, and indexes follow the style of the text.
9.3. Internal and terminal punctuation in symbols representing units
of measure are to be omitted to conform with practice adopted by
scientic, technical, and industrial groups. Where the omission of
terminal punctuation causes confusion; e.g., the symbol in (inch)
mistaken for the preposition in, the symbol should be spelled out.
9.4. Standard and easily understood forms are preferable, and they
should be uniform throughout a job. Abbreviations not generally
known should be followed in the text by the spelled-out forms in
parentheses the rst time they occur; in tables and leaderwork such
explanatory matter should be supplied in a footnote. As the printer
cannot rewrite the copy, the author should supply these explanatory
forms.
9.5. In technical matter, symbols for units of measure should be used
only with gures; similarly, many other abbreviations and symbols
should not appear in isolation. For example, energy is measured in
foot-pounds, NOT energy is measured in •lbs. See ASME Y14.38
("Abbreviations and Acronyms for use on Drawings and Related
Documents") for an extended list of technical abbreviations.
Capitals, hyphens, periods (points), and spacing
9.6. In general, an abbreviation follows the capitalization and hyphen-
ation of the word or words abbreviated. It is followed by a period
unless otherwise indicated.
c.o.d. St. but •lb
222 Chapter 9
9.7. Abbreviations and initials of a personal name with points are set
without spaces. Abbreviations composed of contractions and ini-
tials or numbers, will retain space.
F.D.R. i.e., e.g. (but op. cit.)
J.F.K. B.S., LL.D., Ph.D., B.Sc.
L.B.J. H.R. 116 (but S. 116, S. Con.
B.C. Forrest, D.D.S. Res. 116)
U.S. C.A.D.C. (but App. D.C.)
U.N. but
U.S.C. (but Rev. Stat.) AT&T
A.F. of L.-CIO (AFL–CIO Texas A&M
preferred) R&D
A.D., B.C.
9.8. Except as otherwise designated, points and spaces are omitted
aer initials used as shortened names of governmental agencies
and of other organized bodies. “Other organized bodies” will be
interpreted to mean organized bodies that have become popularly
identied with a symbol, such as MIT (Massachusetts Institute of
Technology), GM (General Motors), AFLAC (American Family Life
Assurance Company), etc. (See also rule 9.61.) Symbols, when they
appear in copy, may be used for acts of Congress. Example: ARA
(Area Redevelopment Act).
VFW TVA ARC
NLRB AFL–CIO ASTM
Geographic terms
9.9. United States must be spelled out when appearing in a sentence
containing the name of another country. e abbreviation U.S.
will be used when preceding the word Government or the name
of a Government organization, except in formal writing (treaties,
Executive orders, proclamations, etc.); congressional bills; legal cita-
tions and courtwork; and covers and title pages.
U.S. Government
U.S. Congress
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services
U.S. district court
U.S. Supreme Court (but Supreme Court of the United States)
U.S. Army (but Army of the United States)
U.S. monitor Nantucket
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 223
U.S.-NATO assistance
U.S. Government efforts to control inflation must be successful if the
United States is to have a stable economy.
but British, French, and United States Governments; United States-British
talks
9.10. With the exceptions in the preceding rule, the abbreviation U.S.
is used in the adjective position, but is spelled out when used as a
noun.
U.S. foreign policy United States Steel Corp.
U.S. farm-support program (legal title)
U.S. attorney Foreign policy of the
U.S. citizen United States
United States Code (ocial title) not Temperatures vary in the U.S.
9.11. e names of foreign countries are not abbreviated, with the ex-
ception of the former U.S.S.R., which is abbreviated due to its
length.
9.12 . In other than formal usage as dened in rule 9.9, all States of the
United States, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands, and freely associated
states are abbreviated immediately following any capitalized geo-
graphic term, including armory, arsenal, airbase, airport, barracks,
depot, fort, Indian agency, military camp, national cemetery (also
forest, historic site, memorial, seashore, monument, park), naval
shipyard, proving ground, reservation (forest, Indian, or military),
and reserve or station (military or naval).
Prince George’s County, MD Arlington National Cemetery, VA
Mount Rainier National Forest, Aberdeen Proving Ground, MD
WA Washington Dulles
Stone Mountain, GA International Airport, VA
National Naval Medical Center, Redstone Arsenal, AL
Bethesda, MD
Mark Twain National Wildlife but
Refuge, IL-IA-MO (note use of Leavenworth freight yards,
hyphens here) Kansas
Richmond, VA Altoona sidetrack, Wisconsin
9.13. e Postal Service style of two-letter State, Province, and freely
associated State abbreviations is to be used.
224 Chapter 9
United States
[Including freely associated States]
A la b a m a ........................................AL
A las ka ........................................... AK
American Samoa ........................ AS
Arizona .........................................AZ
Arkansas .......................................A R
California .....................................CA
Colorado ..................................... CO
Connecticut .................................CT
Delaware .......................................DE
District of Columbia ................. DC
Federated States of
Micronesia .............................. FM
Florida ...........................................FL
Georgi a ......................................... G A
Gua m ............................................GU
Hawaii ............................................HI
Idah o ...............................................ID
Illinois .............................................IL
Ind iana ...........................................IN
Iowa .................................................IA
Kansas ........................................... KS
Kentucky .......................................KY
Louisiana ...................................... LA
Maine............................................ME
Marshall Islands .......................MH
Mar yland .................................... MD
Massachusetts ........................... MA
Mi chigan .......................................MI
Minnesota .................................. MN
Mi ss is sip pi ....................................MS
Mi s sou r i ...................................... MO
Montana .......................................MT
Nebras ka .......................................N E
Nevada .........................................NV
New Hampshire .........................NH
New Jersey .....................................NJ
New Mexico ............................... NM
New York ..................................... NY
Nor th Ca ro l in a ........................... NC
North Dakota .............................ND
Northern Mariana
Isl a nd s ......................................M P
Ohio .............................................. OH
Ok l a hom a .................................... OK
Oregon ..........................................OR
Palau .............................................PW
Penns y l v ani a ................................ PA
Puerto Rico .................................. PR
R hode Is la nd .................................R I
South Carolina .............................SC
Sout h Da kota ............................... SD
Tennessee ..................................... TN
Texas .............................................. TX
Utah ...............................................UT
Vermont ........................................VT
Virg in Isla nds ............................... VI
Vi rgi n ia ......................................... VA
Was hington .................................WA
West Virginia.............................WV
Wis c ons i n .....................................WI
Wyomi ng .................................... W Y
Canada
Alberta ..........................................AB
British Columbia ........................BC
Manitoba .....................................MB
New Brunswick ...........................NB
Newfoundland and Labrador ...NL
Northwest Territories ............... NT
Nova Scotia .................................. NS
Nunavut ....................................... NU
Ont a r io .........................................ON
Prince Edward Island .................PE
Quebec ......................................... QC
Saskatchewan ...............................SK
Yukon ............................................YT
9.14. e names of other insular possessions, trust territories, and Long
Island, Staten Island, etc., are not abbreviated.
9.15. e names of Canadian Provinces and other foreign political subdi-
visions are not abbreviated except as noted in rule 9.13.
Addresses
9.16. Words such as Street, Avenue, Place, Road, Square, Boulevard,
Terrace, Drive, Court, and Building, following a name or number,
are abbreviated in footnotes, sidenotes, tables, leaderwork, and lists.
9.17. In addresses, no period is used with the abbreviations NW, SW, NE,
SE (indicating sectional divisions of cities) following name or num-
ber. North, South, East, and West are spelled out at all times.
9.18 . e word Street or Avenue as part of a name is not abbreviated even
in parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, lists, or leaderwork.
14th Street Bridge Ninth Avenue Bldg.
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 225
9.19. e words County, Fort, Mount, Point, and Port are not abbreviated.
Saint (St.) and Sainte (Ste.) should be abbreviated.
Descriptions of tracts of land
9.20. In the description of tracts of public land the following abbre-
viations are used (periods are only used aer compass directional
abbreviations that describe township(s) (T./Tps.) and range(s) (R./
Rs.)):
SE¼NW¼ sec. 4, T. 12 S., R. 15 E., of the Boise Meridian
lot 6, NE¼ sec. 4, T. 6 N., R. 1 W.
N½ sec. 20, T. 7 N., R. 2 W., sixth principal meridian
Tps. 9, 10, 11, and 12 S., Rs. 12 and 13 W.
T. 2 S., Rs. 8, 9, and 10 E., sec. 26
T. 3 S., R. 1 E., sec. 34, W½E½, W½, and W½SE¼SE¼
sec. 32 (with or without a township number)
9.21. If fractions are spelled out in land descriptions, half and quarter are
used (not one-half or one-quarter).
south half of T. 47 N., R. 64 E.
9.22. In case of an unavoidable break in a land-description symbol group
at end of a line, use no hyphen and break aer fraction.
Names and titles
9.23. e following forms are not always abbreviations, and copy should
be followed as to periods:
Al Ben Fred Walt
Alex Ed Sam Will
9.24. In signatures, an eort should be made to retain the exact form
used by the signer.
George Wythe Geo. Taylor
9.25. In company and other formal names, if it is not necessary to preserve
the full legal title, such forms as Bro., Bros., Co., Corp., Inc., Ltd., and
& are used. Association and Manufacturing are not abbreviated.
226 Chapter 9
9.26. Company and Corporation are not abbreviated in names of Federal
Government units.
Commodity Credit Corporation
Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation
Pension Benet Guaranty Corporation
9.27. In parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, and leaderwork,
abbreviate the words railroad and railway (RR and Ry.),
except in such names as “Washington Railway & Electric Co.” and
“Florida Railroad & Navigation Corp.” SS for steamship, MS for mo-
torship, etc., preceding name are used at all times.
9.28. In the names of informal companionships the word and is spelled
out.
Lennon and McCartney Currier and Ives
9.29. In other than formal usage, a civil, military, or naval title preceding
a name is abbreviated if followed by rst or given name or initial;
but Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms., M., MM., Messrs., Mlle., Mme., and Dr. are
abbreviated with or without rst or given name or initial.
United States military titles and abbreviations
Officer rank
Ocer ranks in the United States military consist of commissioned ocers
and warrant ocers. e commissioned ranks are the highest in the mili-
tary. ese ocers hold presidential commissions and are conrmed at their
ranks by the Senate. Army, Air Force, and Marine Corps ocers are called
Radio Corp. of America
Aluminum Co. of America
Standard Oil Co. of New Jersey
H.J. Baker & Bro.
Jones Bros. & Co.
American Telephone &
Telegraph Co.
Norton Enterprises, Inc.
Maryland Steamship Co., Ltd.
Chesapeake & Delaware Canal
Fairmount Building & Loan
Association
Electronics Manufacturing Co.
Texas College of Arts & Industries
Robert Wilson & Associates, Inc.
U.S. News & World Report
Baltimore & Ohio Railroad
Mine, Mill & Smelter Workers
but
Little eater Company
Senate Banking, Housing and
Urban Aairs Committee
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 227
company grade ocers in the pay grades of O–1 to O–3, eld grade o-
cers in pay grades O–4 to O–6, and general ocers in pay grades O–7 and
higher. e equivalent ocer groupings in the Navy are called junior grade,
mid-grade, andag.
Warrant ocers hold warrants from their service secretary and are special-
ists and experts in certain military technologies or capabilities. e lowest
ranking warrant ocers serve under a warrant, but they receive commis-
sions from the President upon promotion to chief warrant ocer 2. ese
commissioned warrant ocers are direct representatives of the President
of the United States. ey derive their authority from the same source as
commissioned ocers but remain specialists, in contrast to commissioned
ocers, who are generalists. ere are no warrant ocers in the Air Force.
O10
O9
O8
O7
O6
O5
O4
O3
Army Navy
Coast Guard Marines Air Force
General of the Army
(Reserved for wartime only)
Fleet Admiral
(Reserved for wartime only)
General of the Air Force
(Reserved for wartime only)
General
GEN
Army Chief of Sta
Admiral
ADM
Chief of Naval Operations
and
Commandant of the
Coast Guard
General
Gen.
Commandant of the
Marine Corps
General
Gen.
Air Force Chief of Sta
Lieutenant
General
LTG
Vice Admiral
VADM
Lieutenant
General
Lt. Gen.
Lieutenant
General
Lt. Gen.
Major General
MG
Rear Admiral
Upper Half
RADM
Major General
Maj. Gen.
Major General
Maj. Gen.
Brigadier General
BG
Rear Admiral
Lower Half
RDML
Brigadier General
Brig. Gen.
Brigadier General
Brig. Gen.
Colonel
COL
Captain
CAPT
Colonel
Col.
Colonel
Col.
Lieutenant Colonel
LTC
Commander
CDR
Lieutenant Colonel
Lt. Col.
Lieutenant Colonel
Lt. Col.
Major
MAJ
Lieutenant
Commander
LCDR
Major
Maj.
Major
Maj.
Captain
CPT
Lieutenant
LT
Captain
Capt.
Captain
Capt.
228 Chapter 9
O2
O1
W5
W4
W3
W2
W1
Second Lieutenant
2LT
Ensign
ENS
Second Lieutenant
2nd Lt.
Second Lieutenant
2nd Lt.
First Lieutenant
1LT
Lieutenant Junior Grade
LTJG
First Lieutenant
1st Lt.
First Lieutenant
1st Lt.
Chief Warrant Ocer
CW5
Chief Warrant Ocer
CWO5
Chief Warrant Ocer 5
CWO5 NO WARRANT
Chief Warrant Ocer 4
CW4
Chief Warrant Ocer 4
CWO4
Chief Warrant Ocer 4
CWO4 NO WARRANT
Chief Warrant Ocer 3
CW3
Chief Warrant Ocer 3
CWO3
Chief Warrant Ocer 3
CWO3 NO WARRANT
Chief Warrant Ocer 2
CW2
Chief Warrant Ocer 2
CWO2
Chief Warrant Ocer 2
CWO2 NO WARRANT
Warrant Ocer 1
WO1
Warrant Ocer 1
WO1
Warrant Ocer 1
WO NO WARRANT
Army Navy
Coast Guard Marines Air Force
Source: http://www.defense.gov/About-DoD/Insignias/Ocers.
Enlisted rank
Service members in pay grades E–1 through E–3 are usually either in some
kind of training status or on their initial assignment. e training includes
the basic training phase where recruits are immersed in military culture and
values and are taught the core skills required by their service component.
Basic training is followed by a specialized or advanced training phase that
provides recruits with a specic area of expertise or concentration. In the
Army and Marines, this area is called a military occupational specialty; in
the Navy it is known as a rate; and in the Air Force it is simply called an Air
Force specialty.
Leadership responsibility signicantly increases in the mid-level enlisted
ranks. is responsibility is given formal recognition by use of the terms
noncommissioned ocer and petty ocer. An Army sergeant, an Air Force
sta sergeant, and a Marine corporal are considered NCO ranks. e Navy
NCO equivalent, petty ocer, is achieved at the rank of petty ocer third
class.
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 229
At the E–8 level, the Army, Marines, and Air Force have two positions at the
same pay grade. Whether one is, for example, a senior master sergeant or a
rst sergeant in the Air Force depends on the person’s job. e same is true
for the positions at the E–9 level. Marine Corps master gunnery sergeants
and sergeants major receive the same pay but have dierent responsibilities.
E–8s and E–9s have 15 to 30 years on the job, and are commanders’ senior
advisers for enlisted matters.
A third E–9 element is the senior enlisted person of each service. e sergeant
major of the Army, the sergeant major of the Marine Corps, the master chief
petty ocer of the Navy, and the chief master sergeant of the Air Force are
the spokespersons of the enlisted force at the highest levels of their services.
E9
E9
E8
E7
E6
E5
E4
Technical Sergeant
(TSgt)
Sta Sergeant
(SSG)
Petty Ocer
First Class
(PO1)
Sta Sergeant
(SSgt)
Sta Sergeant
(SSgt)
Sergeant
(SGT)
Petty Ocer
Second Class
(PO2)
Sergeant
(Sgt)
Army Navy
Coast Guard Marines Air Force
Sergeant Major
of the Army
(SMA)
Master Chief Petty
Ocer
of the Navy
(MCPON)
and
Coast Guard
(MCPOCG)
Sergeant Major of the
Marine Corps
(SgtMajMC)
Chief Master Sergeant
of the Air Force
(CMSAF)
First
Sergeant
Sergeant
Major
(SGM)
Command
Sergeant
Major
(CSM)
Master
Chief
Petty
Ocer
(MCPO)
Fleet/
Command
Master
Chief
Petty
Ocer
Sergeant
Major
(SgtMaj)
Master
Gunnery
Sergeant
(MGySgt)
Chief
Master
Sergeant
(CMSgt)
Command
Chief
Master
Sergeant
(CCM)
First Sergeant
Master
Sergeant
(MSG)
First
Sergeant
(1SG)
Senior Chief Petty
Ocer
(SCPO)
Master
Sergeant
(MSgt)
First
Sergeant
Senior
Master
Sergeant
(SMSgt)
First Sergeant
Sergeant First Class
(SFC)
Chief Petty Ocer
(CPO)
Gunnery Sergeant
(GySgt)
Master
Sergeant
(MSgt)
Senior Airman
(SrA)
Corporal
(CPL)
Specialist
(SPC)
Petty Ocer
ird Class
(PO3)
Corporal
(Cpl)
230 Chapter 9
E3
E2
E1
Airman First Class
(A1C)
Private First Class
(PFC)
Seaman
(SN)
Lance Corporal
(LCpl)
Airman
(Amn)
Private E–2
(PV2)
Seaman Apprentice
(SA)
Private First Class
(PFC)
Airman BasicPrivate Seaman Recruit
(SR) Private
Army Navy
Coast Guard Marines Air Force
Source: http://www.defense.gov/About-DoD/Insignias/Enlisted.
9.30. Spell out Senator, Representative, and commandant.
9.31. Unless preceded by the, abbreviate Honorable, Reverend, and
Monsignor when followed by the rst name, initials, or title.
Hon. John Kerry; the Honorable John Kerry; the Honorable Mr. Kerry
the Honorables John Roberts, Elena Kagan, and Ruth Bader Ginsberg
Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr.; the Reverend Dr. King; Rev. Dr. King; Reverend
King (not Rev. King, nor the Reverend King)
Rt. Rev. James E. Freeman; the Right Reverend James E. Freeman; Very Rev. Henry
Boyd; the Very Reverend Henry Boyd
Rt. Rev. Msgr. John Bird; the Right Reverend Monsignor John Bird
9.32. e following and similar forms are used aer a name:
Esq., Jr., Sr.
2d, 3d (or II, III) (not preceded by comma)
Degrees: LL.D., M.A., Ph.D., etc.
Fellowships, orders, etc.: FSA Scot, F.R.S., K.C.B., C.P.A., etc.
9.33. e abbreviation Esq. and other titles such as Mr., Mrs., and Dr.,
should not appear with any other title or with abbreviations indi-
cating scholastic degrees.
John L. Smith, Esq., not Mr. John L. Smith, Esq., nor John L. Smith, Esq., A.M.;
but James A. Jones, Jr., Esq.
Ford Maddox, A.B., Ph.D., not Mr. Ford Maddox, A.B., Ph.D.
George Gray, M.D., not Mr. George Gray, M.D., nor Dr. George Gray, M.D.
Dwight A. Bellinger, D.V.M., but Major John P. Pryor, M.D.
9.34. Sr. and Jr. should not be used withoutrst or given name or initials,
but may be used in combination with any title.
A.K. Jones, Jr., or Mr. Jones, Junior, not Jones, Jr., nor Jones, Junior
President J.B. Nelson, Jr.
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 231
9.35. When name is followed by abbreviations designating religious
and fraternal orders and scholastic and honorary degrees, their
sequence is as follows: Orders, religious rst; theological degrees;
academic degrees earned in course; and honorary degrees in order
of bestowal.
Henry L. Brown, D.D., A.M., D.Lit.
T.E. Holt, C.S.C., S.T.Lr., LL.D., Ph.D.
Samuel J. Deckelbaum, P.M.
9.36. Academic degrees standing alone may be abbreviated.
John was graduated with a B.A. degree; but bachelor of arts degree (lowercase
when spelled out).
She earned her Ph.D. by hard work.
9.37. In addresses, signatures, lists of names, and leaderwork but not in
tables nor in centerheads, Mr., Mrs., and other titles preceding a
name, and Esq., Ph.D., Jr., and Sr. following a name, are set in roman
caps and lowercase if the name is in caps and small caps. If the name
is in caps, they are set in caps and small caps, if small caps are avail-
able—otherwise in caps and lowercase.
Parts of publications
9.38. e following abbreviations are used for parts of publications
mentioned in parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, list of ref-
erences, tables, and leaderwork, when followed by gures, letters, or
Roman numerals.
app., apps. (appendix,
appendixes)
art., arts. (article, articles)
bull., bulls. (bulletin, bulletins)
ch., chs. (chapter, chapters)
col., cols. (column, columns)
ed., eds. (edition, editions)
g., gs. (gure, gures)
fn., fns. (footnote, footnotes)
No., Nos. (number, numbers)
p., pp. (page, pages)
par., pars. (paragraph,
paragraphs)
pl., pls. (plate, plates)
pt., pts. (part, parts)
sec., secs. (section, sections)
subch., subchs. (subchapter,
subchapters)
subpar., subpars. (subparagraph,
subparagraphs)
subpt., subpts. (subpart, subparts)
subsec., subsecs. (subsection,
subsections)
supp., supps. (supplement,
supplements)
vol., vols. (volume, volumes)
232 Chapter 9
9.39. e word article and the word section are abbreviated when appear-
ing at the beginning of a paragraph and set in caps and small caps
followed by a period and an en space, except that the rst of a series
is spelled out.
A. 2; S. 2; etc.; but A 1; S 1
A. II; S. II; etc.; but A I; S I
9.40. At the beginning of a legend, the word gure preceding the legend
number is not abbreviated.
F 4.—Landscape.
Terms relating to Congress
9.41. e words Congress and session, when accompanied by a numeri-
cal reference, are abbreviated in parentheses, brackets, and text
footnotes. In sidenotes, lists of references, tables, leaderwork, and
footnotes to tables and leaderwork, the following abbreviations are
used:
106th Cong., 1st sess. Public Law 84, 102d Cong.
1st sess., 106th Cong. Private Law 68, 102d Cong.
9.42. In references to bills, resolutions, documents and reports in paren-
theses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, and leaderwork, the
following abbreviations are used:
H.R. 416 (House bill)
S. 116 (Senate bill)
e examples above may be
abbreviated or spelled
out in text.
H. Res. 5 (House resolution)
H. Con. Res. 10 (House concurrent
resolution)
H.J. Res. 21 (House joint resolution)
S. Res. 50 (Senate resolution)
S. Con. Res. 17 (Senate concurrent
resolution)
S.J. Res. 45 (Senate joint resolution)
H. Conf. Rept. 10 (House
conference report)
H. Doc. 35 (House document)
S. Doc. 62 (Senate document)
H. Rept. 214 (House report)
S. Rept. 410 (Senate report)
Ex. Doc. B (Executive document)
Ex. F (92d Cong., 2d sess.)
Ex. Rept. 9 (92d Cong., 1st sess.)
Misc. Doc. 16 (miscellaneous
document)
Public Res. 47
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 233
9.43. References to statutes in parentheses, footnotes, sidenotes, tables,
leaderwork, and congressional work are abbreviated.
Rev. Stat. (Revised Statutes); 43 Rev. Stat. 801; 18 U.S.C. 38
Supp. Rev. Stat. (Supplement to the Revised Statutes)
Stat. L. (Statutes at Large)
but Public Law 85−1; Private Law 68
Calendar divisions
9.44. Names of months followed by the day, or day and year, are
abbreviated in footnotes, tables, leaderwork, sidenotes, and in bibli-
ographies. (See examples, rule 9.45.) May, June, and July are always
spelled out. In narrow columns in tables, however, the names of
months may be abbreviated even if standing alone. Preferred forms
follow:
Jan. Apr. Oct.
Feb. Aug. Nov.
Mar. Sept. Dec.
9.45. In text only, dates as part of a citation or reference within paren-
theses or brackets are also abbreviated.
(Op. Atty. Gen., Dec. 4, 2005)
(Congressional Record, Sept. 25, 2007)
[From the New York Times, Mar. 4, 2008]
[From the Mar. 4 issue]
On Jan. 25 (we had commenced on Dec. 26, 2005) the work was nished. (In
footnotes, tables, leaderwork, and sidenotes)
On January 25, a decision was reached (Op. Atty. Gen., Dec. 4, 2006). (Text,
but with citation in parentheses)
but On January 25 (we had commenced on December 26, 2008) the work was
nished. (Not a citation or reference in text)
9.46. Weekdays are not abbreviated, but the following forms are used, if
necessary, in lists or in narrow columns in tables:
Sun. Wed. Fri.
Mon. urs. Sat.
Tues.
234 Chapter 9
Time zones
9.47. e following forms are to be used when abbreviating names of
time zones:
AKDT—Alaska daylight time
AKST—Alaska standard time
AKT—Alaska time (implies
standard or daylight time)
AST—Atlantic standard time
AT—Atlantic time
CDT—central daylight time
CST—central standard time
CT—central time
ChST—Chamorro standard time
(DST not observed)
DST—daylight saving (no “s”) time
EDT—eastern daylight time
EST—eastern standard time
ET—eastern time
GCT—Greenwich civil time
GMAT—Greenwich mean
astronomical time
GMT—Greenwich mean time
HDT—Hawaii-Aleutian daylight time
(not observed in HI)
HST—Hawaii-Aleutian standard time
LST—local standard time
MDT—mountain daylight time
MST—mountain standard time
MT— mountain time
PDT—Pacic daylight time
PST—Pacic standard time
PT—Pacic time
SST—Samoan standard time
(DST not observed)
UTC—coordinated universal time
Acronyms and coined words
9.48. To obtain uniform treatment in the formation of acronyms and
coined words, apply the formulas that follow:
Use all capital letters when only the rst letter of each word or selected words is
used to make up the symbol:
APPR (Army package power reactor)
EPCOT (Experimental Prototype Community of Tomorrow)
MAG (Military Advisory Group)
MIRV (multiple independently targetable reentry vehicle)
SALT (strategic arms limitation talks); (avoid SALT talks)
Use all capital letters where rst letters of prexes and/or suxes are utilized as
part of established expressions:
CPR (cardiopulmonary resuscitation)
ESP (extrasensory perception)
FLIR (forward-looking infrared)
Copy must be followed where an acronym or abbreviated form is copyrighted or
established by law:
ACTION (agency of Government; not an acronym)
MARAD (Maritime Administration)
NACo (National Association of Counties)
MEDLARS (Medical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System)
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 235
Use caps and lowercase when proper names are used in shortened form, any word
of which uses more than the rst letter of each word:
Conrail (Consolidated Rail Corporation)
Pepco (Potomac Electric Power Co.)
Inco (International Nickel Co.)
Aramco (Arabian-American Oil Co.)
Unprofor (United Nations Protection Force)
but USAJOBS
Use lowercase in common-noun combinations made up of more than the rst
letter of lowercased words:
loran (long-range navigation)
sonar (sound navigation ranging)
secant (separation control of aircra by nonsynchronous techniques)
9.49. e words infra and supra are not abbreviated.
Terms of measure
9.50. e only instance where a period is used with a compass directonal
abbreviation is in a land tract description with township(s) (T./Tps.)
and range(s) (R./Rs.). (See rule 9.20.) Compass directionals are ab-
breviated as follows:
N S ESE
NE NNW 10° N 25° W
E W but
NW by N ¼ W SW T. 2 S., R. 1 E.
9.51. e words latitude and longitude, followed bygures, are abbre-
viated in parentheses, brackets, footnotes, sidenotes, tables, and
leaderwork, and the gures are always closed up.
lat. 52°33'05" N long. 13°21'10" E
9.52. Avoid breaking latitude and longitude gures at end of line; space
out line instead. In case of an unavoidable break at end of line, use
hyphen.
9.53. Temperature and gravity are expressed in gures. When the de-
gree mark is used, it must appear closed up to the capital letter, not
236 Chapter 9
against the gures. Note the following related abbreviations and let-
ter symbols and their usages:
abs, absolute
Bé, Baumé
°C,1 degree Celsius 2
°F, degree Fahrenheit
°R, degree Rankine
K, kelvin; but Kelvin scale
273.15 K
°API
API, American Petroleum
Institute
Twad, Twaddell
100 °C
212 °F 1
671.67 °R
18 °API
9.54. References to meridian in statements of time are abbreviated as
follows:
10 a.m. (not 10:00 a.m.) 12 p.m. (12 noon)
2:30 p.m. 12 a.m. (12 midnight)
9.55. e word o’clock is not used with abbreviations of time.
not 10 o’clock p.m.
9.56. Metric unit letter symbols are set lowercase roman unless the unit
name has been derived from a proper name, in which case the rst
letter of the symbol is capitalized (for example Pa for pascal and W
for watt). e exception is the letter L for liter. e same form is used
for singular and plural. e preferred symbol for cubic centimeter is
cm; use cc only when requested.
A space is used between a gure and a unit symbol except in the
case of the symbols for degree, minute, and second of plane angle.
3 m 45 mm 25 °C but 33°15'21"
Prexes for multiples and submultiples Metric units
Y yotta (1024) d deci (10—1) m meter (for length)
Z zetta (1021) c centi (10—2) g gram (for weight or mass)
E exa (1018) m milli (10—3) L liter (for capacity)
P peta (1015) µ micro (10—6)
T tera (1012) n nano (10—9)
G giga (109) p pico (10—12)
M mega (106) f femto (10—15)
k kilo (103) a atto (10—18)
h hecto (102) z zepto (10—21)
da deka (10) y yocto (10—24)
1 Without gures preceding it, ˚C or ˚F should be used only in boxhead and over gure columns in tables.
2 Preferred form (superseding Centigrade).
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 237
Length Area Volume
km kilometer km2 square kilometer km3 cubic kilometer
hm hectometer hm2 square hectometer hm3 cubic hectometer
dam decameter dam2 square decameter dam3 cubic dekameter
m meter m2 square meter m3 cubic meter
dm decimeter dm2 square decimeter dm3 cubic decimeter
cm centimeter cm2 square centimeter cm3 cubic centimeter
mm millimeter mm2 square millimeter mm3 cubic millimeter
Weight Land area Capacity of containers
kg kilogram ha hectare kL kiloliter
hg hectogram a acre hL hectoliter
dag dekagram daL dekaliter
g gram L liter
dg decigram dL deciliter
cg centigram cL centiliter
mg milligram mL milliliter
µg microgram
9.57. A similar form of abbreviation applies to any unit of the metric
system.
A ampere V volt mF millifarad
VA voltampere W watt mH millihenry
F farad kc kilocycle µF microfarad (one-
H henry kV kilovolt millionth of a farad)
Hz hertz kVA kilovoltampere
J joule kW kilowatt
9.58. e following forms are used when units of English weight and
measure and units of time are abbreviated, the same form of abre-
viation being used for both singular and plural:
Length Area and volume
in inch in2 square inch
 foot in3 cubic inch
yd yard mi2 square mile
mi mile (statute) 3 cubic foot
238 Chapter 9
Time Weight Capacity
yr year gr grain gill (not abbreviated)
mo month dr dram pt pint
d day oz ounce qt quart
h hour lb pound gal gallon
min minute cwt hundredweight pk peck
s second dwt pennyweight bu bushel
ton(s) (not abbreviated) bbl barrel
but t metric ton (tonne)
9.59. In astrophysical and similar scientic matter, magnitudes and units
of time may be expressed as follows:
5h3m9s 4.5h
Money
9.60. e following are some of the abbreviations and symbols used for
indicating money:
(For the abbreviations of other terms indicating currency, see the
table “Currency” in Chapter 17 “Useful Tables.”)
$, dol (dollar) Mex $2,650
c, ct, ¢ (cent, cents) ₧ (peso)
TRL175 (Turkish) £ (pound)
USD15,000 d (pence)
€ (euro)
Use “USD” if omission would result in confusion.
Standard word abbreviations
9.61. For a more complete list of Government acronyms visit the
U.S. Government Manual: https//www.govinfo.gov/content/pkg/
GOVMAN-2015-07-01/pdf/GOVMAN-2015-07-01-Commonly-
Used-Agency-Acronyms-105.pdf. Use these forms if abbreviations
are required:
2,4D (insecticide)
2d—second
3d—third
3D—three dimensional
4˚—quarto
8˚—octavo
A1 (rating)
A.A.—Alcoholics Anonymous
AARP—American Association of
Retired Persons
abbr.—abbreviation
abs.—abstract
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 239
acct.—account
ACTH—adrenocorticotropic
hormone
A.D.—(anno Domini) in the year
of our Lord (A.D. 937)
ADDH—attention decit disorder
with hyperactivity
ADHD—attention decit hyper-
activity disorder
AF—audiofrequency
AFB—Air Force Base
AFL–CIO—American Federation
of Labor and Congress of
Industrial Organizations
AIDS—acquired immuno-
deciency syndrome
a.k.a.—also known as
A.L.R.—American Law Reports
ALS—amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
AM—amplitude modulation (no
periods)
A.M.—(anno mundi) in the year of
the world
A.M. or M.A.—master of arts
a.m.—(ante meridiem) before noon
Am. Repts.—American Reports
Amtrak—National Railroad
Passenger Corporation
AMVETS—American Veterans;
Amvet(s) (individual)
ANSI—American National
Standards Institute
antilog—antilogarithm (no period)
AOA—Administration on Aging
APEC—Asia-Pacic Economic
Cooperation
API—American Petroleum
Institute
APO—Army post oce (no
periods)
App. D.C.—District of Columbia
Appeal Cases
App. Div.—Appellate Division
approx.—approximately
ARC—American Red Cross
ARS—Agricultural Research
Service
ASD—autism spectrum disorder
ASME—American Society of
Mechanical Engineers
ASTM—American Society for
Testing and Materials
ATM—automatic teller machine
Atl.—Atlantic Reporter; A.2d,
Atlantic Reporter, second
series
AUS—Army of the United States
Ave.—avenue
AWACS—airborne warning and
control system
AWOL—absent without leave
B.A. or A.B.—bachelor of arts
BAC—billing address code
BBB—Better Business Bureau
B.C.—before Christ (1200 B.C.)
B.C.E.—Before Common Era
BCG—(bacillus Calmette-Guerin)
antituberculosis vaccine
bf.—boldface
BGN—Board on (not of)
Geographic Names
BIA—Bureau of Indian Aairs
BIS—Bank for International
Settlements
Blatch. Pr. Cas.—Blatchford’s
Prize Cases
Bldg.—building
B.Lit(t). or Lit(t).B.—bachelor of
literature
BLM—Bureau of Land
Management
BLS—Bureau of Labor Statistics
Blvd.—boulevard
b.o.—buyer’s option
B.S. or B.Sc.—bachelor of science
c. and s.c.—caps and small caps
ca.—(circa) about
ca—centiare
240 Chapter 9
CACM—Central American
Common Market
CAD—computer-aided design
CAP—Civil Air Patrol
CAT scan—computerized axial
tomography
C.C.A.—Circuit Court of Appeals
CCC—Commodity Credit
Corporation
C.Cls.—Court of Claims
C.Cls.R.—Court of Claims Reports
C.C.P.A.—Court of Customs and
Patents Appeals
CCSDS —Consultative Committee
for Space Data Systems
CDC—Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention
C.E.—Common Era
CEA—Council of Economic
Advisers
cf.—(confer) compare or see
CFR—Code of Federal Regulations
CFR Supp.—Code of Federal
Regulations Supplement
CHAMPUS—Civilian Health
and Medical Program of the
Uniformed Services
CIA—Central Intelligence Agency
C.J.—(corpus juris) body of law;
Chief Justice
CMYK—cyan, magenta, yellow,
black
CNN—Cable News Network
CO—commanding ocer
Co.—company (commercial)
c.o.d.—cash on delivery
COLA—cost-of-living adjustment
Comp. Dec.—Comptroller’s
Decisions (Treasury)
Comp. Gen.—Comptroller
General Decisions
con.—continued
Conus—continental United States
Corp.—corporation (commercial)
cos—cosine (no period)
cosh—hyperbolic cosine (no
period)
cot—cotangent (no period)
coth—hyperbolic cotangent (no
period)
c.p.—chemically pure
C.P.A.—certied public
accountant
CPI—Consumer Price Index
CPR—cardiopulmonary
resuscitation
cr.—credit; creditor
C–SPAN—Cable Satellite Public
Aairs Network
csc—cosecant (no period)
csch—hyperbolic cosecant (no
period)
Ct.—court
Dall.—Dallas (U.S. Supreme
Court Reports)
DAR—Daughters of the American
Revolution
d.b.a.—doing business as
d.b.h.—diameter at breast height
D.D.—doctor of divinity
D.D.S.—doctor of dental surgery
DDT—dichlorodiphenyl-
trichloroethane
DHS—Department of Homeland
Security
Dist. Ct.—District Court
D.Lit(t). or Lit(t).D.—doctor of
literature
DNC—Domestic Names
Committee (BGN)
do.—(ditto) the same
DOC—Department of Commerce
DoD—Department of Defense
DOE—Department of Energy
DOI—Department of the Interior
DOJ—Department of Justice
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 241
DOL—Department of Labor
DoS—Department of State
DOT—Department of
Transportation
DP—displaced person (no period)
D.P.H.—doctor of public health
D.P.Hy.—doctor of public hygiene
DPT—diphtheria, pertussis,
tetanus innoculation
dr.—debit; debtor
Dr.—doctor; drive
DST—daylight saving (no “s”) time
D.V.M.—doctor of veterinary
medicine
E—east
e–CFR—electronic Code of
Federal Regulations
EDGAR—Electronic Data
Gathering, Analysis and
Retrieval (SEC)
EEOC—Equal Employment
Opportunity Commission
EFTA—European Free Trade
Association
EFTS—electronic funds transfer
system
e.g.—(exempli gratia) for example
EHF—extremely high frequency
emcee—master of ceremony
e.o.m.—end of month
EOP—Executive Oce of the
President
EPA—Environmental Protection
Agency
ESE—east-southeast
et al.—(et alii) and others
et seq.—(et sequentia) and the
following
etc.—(et cetera) and so forth
EU—European Union
Euratom—European Atomic
Energy Community
Euro—currency (common)
Eurodollars—U.S. dollars used to
nance foreign trade
Ex. Doc. (with letter)—executive
document
EXIM Bank—Export-Import
Bank of the United States
f., .—and following page (pages)
FAA—Federal Aviation
Administration
FACS—Faculty of the American
College of Surgeons
Fannie Mae—Federal National
Mortgage Association
FAO—Food and Agriculture
Organization
FAQ—frequently asked question
FAR—Federal Acquisition
Regulation
f.a.s.—free alongside ship
FAS—Foreign Agricultural
Service
FBI—Federal Bureau of
Investigation
FCA—Farm Credit
Administration
FCC—Federal Communications
Commission
FCIC—Federal Crop Insurance
Corporation
FCSC—Foreign Claims
Settlement Commission
FDA—Food and Drug
Administration
FDIC—Federal Deposit Insurance
Corporation
FDLP—Federal Depository
Library Program
Fed.—Federal Reporter; F.3d,
Federal Reporter, third series
FEOF—Foreign Exchange
Operations Fund
FERC—Federal Energy
Regulatory Commission
242 Chapter 9
FHA—Federal Housing
Administration
FHFA—Federal Housing
Finance Agency
FmHA—Farmers Home
Administration
FHWA—Federal Highway
Administration
FICA—Federal Insurance
Contributions Act
FLSA—Fair Labor Standards Act
FM—frequency modulation
FMC—Federal Maritime
Commission
FMCS—Federal Mediation and
Conciliation Service
FNS—Food and Nutrition Service
f˚—folio
FOB—free on board
FPO—eet post oce (no periods)
FR—Federal Register
(publication)
FRG—Federal Republic of
Germany
FRS—Federal Reserve System
FS—Forest Service
FSLIC—Federal Savings and Loan
Insurance Corporation
F. Supp.—Federal Supplement
FTC—Federal Trade Commission
FWS—Fish and Wildlife Service
GAO—Government
Accountability Oce
GATT—General Agreement on
Taris and Trade
GDP—Gross Domestic Product
GFE—government furnished
equipment
GFI—government furnished
information
GI—general issue; Government
issue
GIS—geographic information
system
G.M.&S.—general, medical, and
surgical
GNMA—Government National
Mortgage Association
(Ginnie Mae)
Gov.—Governor
GPO—Government Publishing
Oce
GPS—Global Positioning System
gr. wt.—gross weight
GSA—General Services
Administration
GSE—Government-Sponsored
Enterprise
G7—Group of Seven
H.C.—House of Commons
H. Con. Res. (with number)—
House concurrent resolution
H. Doc. (with number)—House
document
hazmat—hazardous material
HDTV—high denition television
HE—high explosive (no periods)
HF—high frequency (no periods)
HHS—Health and Human
Services (Department of)
HIV—human immunodeciency
virus
H.J. Res. (with number)—House
joint resolution
HMO—health-maintenance
organization
HOV—high-occupancy vehicle
How.—Howard (U.S. Supreme
Court Reports)
H.R. (with number)—House bill
H. Rept. (with number)—House
report
H. Res. (with number)—House
resolution
HUD—Housing and Urban
Development (Department of)
IADB—Inter-American Defense
Board
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 243
IAEA—International Atomic
Energy Agency
ibid.—(ibidem) in the same place
ICBM—intercontinental ballistic
missile
id.—(idem) the same
ID—Information Dissemination
IDA—International Development
Association
IDE—integrated drive electronics
i.e.—(id est) that is
IEEE—Institute of Electrical and
Electronic Engineers
IF—intermediate frequency (no
periods)
IFC—International Finance
Corporation
IMF—International Monetary
Fund
Insp. Gen. (also IG)—inspector
general
Interpol—International Criminal
Police Organization
IOU—I owe you
IQ—intelligence quotient
IRA—individual retirement
account
IRBM—intermediate range
ballistic missile
IRE—Institute of Radio Engineers
IRS—Internal Revenue Service
ISIL—Islamic State of Iraq and
the Levant (Intelligence
Community standard)
ISIS—Islamic State of Iraq and Syria
ISO—International Organization
for Standardization
ISS—International Space Station
ISSN—International Standard
Serial Number
JAG—Judge Advocate General
jato—jet-assisted takeo
J.D.—(jurum or juris doctor)
doctor of laws
JOBS—Job Opportunities in the
Business Sector
JIT—just in time
Jpn.—Japan or Japanese where
necessary to abbreviate
Jr.—junior
Judge Adv. Gen.—Judge Advocate
General
lat.—latitude
LC—Library of Congress
LCD—liquid crystal display
lc.—lowercase
L.Ed.—Lawyer’s edition (U.S.
Supreme Court Reports)
LGBTQ—Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual,
Transgender, and Questioning
liq.—liquid
lf.—lightface
LF—low frequency
LL.B.—bachelor of laws
LL.D.—doctor of laws
loc. cit.—(loco citato) in the place
cited
log (no period)—logarithm
long.—longitude
loran (no periods)—long-range
navigation
lox (no periods)—liquid oxygen
LPG—liqueed petroleum gas
Ltd.—limited
Lt. Gov.—lieutenant governor
M—money supply: M1, M2, etc.
M.—monsieur; MM., messieurs
m.—(meridies) noon
M—more
MAC—Military Airli Command
MARAD—Maritime
Administration
MC—Member of Congress
(emcee, master of ceremonies)
M.D.—doctor of medicine
MDAP—Mutual Defense
Assistance Program
Medi-Cal—Medicaid California
244 Chapter 9
memo—memorandum
MF—medium frequency;
microche
MFN—most favored nation
MIA—missing in action (plural
MIAs)
MIRV—multiple independently
targetable reentry vehicle
Misc. Doc. (with number)—
miscellaneous document
Mlle.—mademoiselle
MMAR—Materials Management
Acquisition Regulation
Mme.—madam
Mmes.—mesdames
mo.—month
MOS—military occupational
specialty
M.P.—Member of Parliament
MP—military police
Mr.—mister (plural Messrs.)
MRI—magnetic resonance
imaging
Mrs.—mistress
Ms.—feminine title (plural Mses.)
M.S.—master of science
MS.—MSS., manuscript,
manuscripts
MSC—Military Seali Command
Msgr.—monsignor
m.s.l.—mean sea level
MTN—multilateral trade
negotiations
N—north
NA—not available; not applicable
NACo.—National Association of
Counties
NAFTA—North American Free
Trade Agreement
NAS—National Academy of
Sciences
NASA—National Aeronautics and
Space Administration
NATO—North Atlantic Treaty
Organization
NCUA—National Credit Union
Administration
NE—northeast
n.e.c.—not elsewhere classied
n.e.s.—not elsewhere specied
net wt.—net weight
N.F.—National Formulary
NFC—National Finance Center
NIH—National Institutes of
Health
NIST—National Institute of
Standards and Technology
NGA—National Geospatial-
Intelligence Agency
n.l.—natural log or logarithm
NLRB—National Labor Relations
Board
NNTP—Network News Transfer
Protocol
NNW—north-northwest
No.—Nos., number, numbers
NOAA—National Oceanic and
Atmospheric Administration
n.o.i.b.n.—not otherwise indexed
by name
n.o.p.—not otherwise provided
(for)
n.o.s.—not otherwise specied
NPR—National Public Radio
NPS—National Park Service
NRC—Nuclear Regulatory
Commission
NS—nuclear ship
NSA—National Security Agency
NSC—National Security Council
NSF—National Science
Foundation
n.s.k.—not specied by kind
n.s.p.f.—not specically provided
for
NW—northwest
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 245
OAPEC—Organization of Arab
Petroleum Exporting
Countries
OAS—Organization of American
States
OASDHI—Old-Age, Survivors,
Disability, and Health
Insurance Program
OASI—Old-Age and Survivors
Insurance
OD—ocer of the day
OD—overdose; Odd, overdosed
O.D.—doctor of optometry
OK—Oked, Oking, Oks
OMB—Oce of Management and
Budget
Op. Atty. Gen.—Opinions of the
Attorney General
op. cit.—(opere citato) in the work
cited
OPEC—Organization of
Petroleum Exporting
Countries
OSD—Oce of the Secretary of
Defense
PA—public address system;
physician assistant
Pac.—Pacic Reporter; P.2d,
Pacic Reporter, second
series
PAC—political action committee
(plural PACs)
PBS—Public Broadcasting Service;
Public Buildings Service
PCV—Peace Corps Volunteer
Pet.—Peters (U.S. Supreme Court
Reports)
Ph—phenyl
Phar.D.—doctor of pharmacy
Ph.B. or B.Ph.—bachelor of
philosophy
Ph.D. or D.Ph.—doctor of
philosophy
Ph.G.—graduate in pharmacy
PHS—Public Health Service
PIN—personal identication
number
Pl.—place
p.m.—(post meridiem) aer noon
P.O. Box (with number)—but post
oce box (in general sense)
POP—Point of Presence; Post
Oce Protocol
POW—prisoner of war (plural
POWs)
Private Res. (with number)—
private resolution
Prof.—professor
pro tem—(pro tempore)
temporarily
P.S.—(post scriptum) postscript;
public school (with number)
PTA—parent-teachers’ association
PTSD—post-traumatic stress
disorder
Public Res. (with number)—public
resolution
PX—post exchange
QT—on the quiet
R.—Rs., range, ranges
racon—radar beacon
radar—radio detection and
ranging
R&D—research and development
rato—rocket-assisted takeo
Rd.—road
RDT&E—research, development,
testing, and evaluation
Rev.—reverend
Rev. Stat.—Revised Statutes
RF—radio frequency
R.F.D.—rural free delivery
RGB—red, green, blue
Rh—Rhesus (blood factor)
RIF—reduction(s) in force; RIFed,
RIFing, RIFs
246 Chapter 9
R.N.—registered nurse
ROTC—Reserve Ocers’
Training Corps
RR—railroad
RRB—Railroad Retirement Board
RSS—Really Simple Syndication
Rt. Rev.—right reverend
Ry.—railway
S—south
S.—Senate bill (with number)
SAE—Society of Automotive
Engineers
S&L(s)—savings and loan(s)
SALT—strategic arms limitation
talks
SAR—Sons of the American
Revolution
SBA—Small Business
Administration
sc.—(scilicet) namely (see also ss)
s.c.—small caps
S. Con. Res. (with number)—
Senate concurrent resolution
s.d.—(sine die) without date
S. Doc. (with number)—Senate
document
SE—southeast
SEATO—Southeast Asia Treaty
Organization
SEC—Securities and Exchange
Commission
sec—secant
sech—hyperbolic secant
2d—second
SEO—Search Engine Optimization
SHF—superhigh frequency
shoran—short range (radio)
SI—Systeme International d’Unités
sic—thus
sin—sine
sinh—hyperbolic sine
S.J. Res. (with number)—Senate
joint resolution
sonar—sound, navigation, and
ranging (no period)
SOP—standard operating
procedure
SOS—wireless distress signal
SP—shore patrol
SPA—simplied purchase
agreement
SPAR—Coast Guard Women’s
Reserve (semper paratus—
always ready)
sp. gr.—specic gravity
Sq.—square (street)
Sr.—senior
S. Rept. (with number)—Senate
report
S. Res. (with number)—Senate
resolution
SS—steamship
ss—(scilicet) namely (in law) (see
also sc.)
SSA—Social Security
Administration
SSE—south-southeast
SSS—Selective Service System
St.—Ste., SS., Saint, Sainte, Saints
St.—street
Stat.—Statutes at Large
STEAM—Science, Technology,
Engineering, Art and
Mathematics
STEM—Science, Technology,
Engineering and Mathematics
STP—standard temperature and
pressure
Sup. Ct.—Supreme Court
Reporter
Supp. Rev. Stat.—Supplement to
the Revised Statutes
Supt.—superintendent
Surg.—surgeon
Surg. Gen.—Surgeon General
SW—southwest
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 247
S.W.2d—Southwestern Reporter,
second series
SWAT—special weapons and
tactics (team)
T.—Tps., township, townships
tan—tangent
tanh—hyperbolic tangent
TB—tuberculosis
T.D.—Treasury Decisions
TDY—temporary duty
Ter.—terrace
3d—third
t.m.—true mean
TNT—trinitrotoluol
TPP—Trans-Pacic Partnership
TV—television
TVA—Tennessee Valley Authority
uc.—uppercase
UHF—ultrahigh frequency
U.N.—United Nations
UNESCO—United Nations
Educational, Scientic, and
Cultural Organization
UNCHR—United Nations High
Commissioner for Refugees
UNICEF—United Nations
Children’s Fund
U.S.—U.S. Supreme Court Reports
U.S.A.—United States of America
USA—U.S. Army
USAF—U.S. Air Force
USAID—U.S. Agency for
International Development
U.S.C.—United States Code
U.S.C.A.—United States Code
Annotated
USCCR—U.S. Commission on
Civil Rights
U.S.C. Supp.—United States Code
Supplement
USCG—U.S. Coast Guard
USDA—U.S. Department of
Agriculture
USES—U.S. Employment Service
U.S. 61—U.S. No. 61, U.S.
Highway No. 61
USGS—U.S. Geological Survey
USMC—U.S. Marine Corps
USN—U.S. Navy
USNR—U.S. Navy Reserve
U.S.P.—United States
Pharmacopeia
USPS—U.S. Postal Service
U.S.S.—U.S. Senate
v. or vs.—(versus) against
VA—Department of Veterans
Aairs
VAT—value added tax
VCR—video cassette recorder
VHF—very high frequency
VIP—very important person
viz—(videlicet) namely
VLF—very low frequency
VTR—video tape recording
W—west
w.a.e.—when actually employed
Wall.—Wallace (U.S. Supreme
Court Reports)
wf—wrong font
Wheat.—Wheaton (U.S. Supreme
Court Reports)
WHO—World Health
Organization
WIPO—World Intellectual
Property Organization
WNW—west-northwest
w.o.p.—without pay
Yale L.J.—Yale Law Journal
ZIP Code—Zone Improvement
Plan Code (Postal Service)
ZIP+4—9-digit ZIP Code
248 Chapter 9
Standard letter symbols for units of measure
9.62. e same form is used for singular and plural senses.
A—ampere
Å—angstrom
a—are
a—atto (prex, one-quintillionth)
aA—attoampere
abs—absolute (temperature and
gravity)
ac—alternating current
AF—audiofrequency
Ah—ampere-hour
A/m—ampere per meter
AM—amplitude modulation
asb—apostilb
At—ampere-turn
at—atmosphere, technical
atm—atmosphere
at wt—atomic weight
au—astronomical units
avdp—avoirdupois
b—barn
B—bel
b—bit
bbl—barrel
bbl/d—barrel per day
Bd—baud
bd. .—board foot (obsolete); use m
Bé—Baumé
Bev (obsolete); see GeV
Bhn—Brinell hardness number
bhp—brake horsepower
bm—board measure
bp—boiling point
Btu—British thermal unit
bu—bushel
c—, ct; cent(s)
c—centi (prex, one-hundredth)
C—coulomb
°C—degree Celsius
cal—calorie (also: calIT, International
Table; calth—thermochemical)
cd/in—candela per square inch
cd/m—candela per square meter
cg—centigram
cd•h—candela-hour
Ci—curie
cL—centiliter
cm—centimeter
c/m—cycles per minute
cm—square centimeter
cm—cubic centimeter
cmil—circular mil
cp—candlepower
cP—centipoise
cSt—centistokes
cwt—hundredweight
D—darcy
d—day
d—deci (prex, one-tenth)
d—pence
da—deka (prex, 10)
dag—dekagram
daL—dekaliter
dam—dekameter
dam—square dekameter
dam—cubic dekameter
dB—decibel
dBu—decibel unit
dc—direct current
dg—decigram
dL—deciliter
dm—decimeter
dm—square decimeter
dm—cubic decimeter
dol—dollar
doz—dozen
dr—dram
dwt—deadweight tons
dwt—pennyweight
dyn—dyne
EHF—extremely high frequency
emf—electromotive force
emu—electromagnetic unit
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 249
erg—erg
esu—electrostatic unit
eV—electronvolt
°F—degree Fahrenheit
F—farad
f—femto (prex, one-quadrillionth)
m—board foot; board foot measure
fc—footcandle
fL—footlambert
fm—fentometer
FM—frequency modulation
—foot
—square foot
—cubic foot
H2O—conventional foot of water
•lb—foot-pound
•lbf—foot-pound force
/min—foot per minute
/min—square foot per minute
/min—cubic foot per minute
-pdl—foot poundal
/s—foot per second
/s—square foot per second
/s—cubic foot per second
/s—foot per second squared
/s—foot per second cubed
G—gauss
G—giga (prex, 1 billion)
g—gram; acceleration of gravity
Gal—gal cm/s
gal—gallon
gal/min—gallons per minute
gal/s—gallons per second
GB—gigabyte
Gb—gilbert
g/cm—gram per cubic centimeter
GeV—gigaelectronvolt
GHz—gigahertz (gigacycle per second)
gr—grain; gross
h—hecto (prex, 100)
H—henry
h—hour
ha—hectare
HF—high frequency
hg—hectogram
hL—hectoliter
hm—hectometer
hm—square hectometer
hm—cubic hectometer
hp—horsepower
hph—horsepower-hour
Hz—hertz (cycles per second)
id—inside diameter
ihp—indicated horsepower
in—inch
in—square inch
in—cubic inch
in/h—inch per hour
inH2O—conventional inch of water
inHg—conventional inch of mercury
in-lb—inch-pound
in/s—inch per second
J—joule
J/K—joule per kelvin
K—kayser
K—kelvin (use without degree symbol)
k—kilo (prex, 1,000)
k—thousand (7k=7,000)
kc—kilocycle; see also kHz (kilohertz),
kilocycles per second
kcal—kilocalorie
keV—kiloelectronvolt
kG—kilogauss
kg—kilogram
kgf—kilogram-force
kHz—kilohertz (kilocycles per second)
kL—kiloliter
klbf—kilopound-force
km—kilometer
km—square kilometer
km—cubic kilometer
km/h—kilometer per hour
kn—knot (speed)
kΩ—kilohm
kt—kiloton; carat
kV—kilovolt
kVA—kilovoltampere
kvar—kilovar
250 Chapter 9
kW—kilowatt
kWh—kilowatthour
L—lambert
L—liter
lb—pound
lb ap—apothecary pound
lb—avdp, avoirdupois pound
lbf—pound-force
lbf/—pound-force foot
lbf/—pound-force per square foot
lbf/—pound-force per cubic foot
lbf/in—pound-force per square inch
(see psi)
lb/—pound per foot
lb/—pound per square foot
lb/—pound per cubic foot
lct—long calcined ton
ldt—long dry ton
LF—low frequency
lin —linear foot
l/m—lines per minute
lm—lumen
lm/—lumen per square foot
lm/m—lumen per square meter
lm•s—lumen second
lm/W—lumen per watt
l/s—lines per second
L/s—liter per second
lx—lux
M—mega (prex, 1 million)
M—million (3 M=3 million)
m—meter
m—milli (prex, one-thousandth)
M1—monetary aggregate
m—square meter
m—cubic meter
µ—micro (prex, one-millionth)
µm—micrometer
mA—milliampere
µA—microampere
MB—megabyte
mbar—millibar
µbar—microbar
Mc—megacycle; see also MHz
(megahertz), megacycles per
second
mc—millicycle; see also mHz
(millihertz), millicycles per
second
mD—millidarcy
meq—milliquivalent
MeV—megaelectronvolts
mF—millifarad
µF—microfarad
mG—milligauss
mg—milligram
µg—microgram
Mgal/d—million gallons per day
mH—millihenry
µH—microhenry
MHz—megahertz
mHz—millihertz
mi—mile (statute)
mi—square mile
mi/gal—mile(s) per gallon
mi/h—mile(s) per hour
mil—mil
min—minute (time)
µin—microinch
mL—milliliter
mm—millimeter
mm—square millimeter
mm—cubic millimeter
µm—square micrometer
µm—cubic micrometer
µµ—micromicron (use of compound
prexes obsolete; use pm,
picometer)
µµf—micromicrofarad (use of
compound prexes obsolete; use
pF)
mmHg—conventional millimeter of
mercury
m—megohm
mo—month
mol—mole (unit of substance)
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 251
mol wt—molecular weight
mp—melting point
ms—millisecond
µs—microsecond
Mt—megaton
mV—millivolt
µV—microvolt
MW—megawatt
mW—milliwatt
µW—microwatt
MWd/t—megawatt-days per ton
Mx—maxwell
n—nano (prex, one-billionth)
N—newton
nA—nanoampere
nF—nanofarad
N•m—newton meter
N/m2—newton per square meter
nmi—nautical mile
Np—neper
ns—nanosecond
N•s/m2—newton second per square
meter
nt—nit
od—outside diameter
Oe—oersted (use of A/m, amperes per
meter, preferred)
oz—ounce (avoirdupois)
p—pico (prex, one-trillionth)
P—poise
Pa—pascal
pA—picoampere
pct—percent
pdl—poundal
pF—picofarad
pF—water-holding energy
pH—hydrogen-ion concentration
ph—phot; phase
pk—peck
pm—picometer
p/m—parts per million
ps—picosecond
psi—pounds per square inch
pt—pint
pW—picowatt
qt—quart
quad—quadrillion (1015)
R—rankine
R—roentgen (measurement of
radiation)
°R—degree Rankine
rad—radian
rd—rad (radiation-absorbed dose)
rem—roentgen equivalent man
r/min—revolutions per minute
rms—root mean square
r/s—revolutions per second
s—second (time)
s—shilling
S—siemens
sb—stilb
scp—spherical candlepower
s•—second-foot
shp—sha horsepower
slug—slug
sr—steradian
sSf—standard saybolt fural
sSu—standard saybolt universal
std—standard cubic foot (feet)
Sus—saybolt universal second(s)
T—tera (prex, 1 trillion)
T—trillion cubic feet
T—tesla
t—tonne (metric ton)
tbsp—tablespoonful
thm—therm
ton—ton
tsp—teaspoonful
Twad—twaddell
u—(unied) atomic mass unit
UHF—ultrahigh frequency
V—volt
VA—voltampere
var—var
VHF—very high frequency
V/m—volt per meter
W—watt
Wb—weber
252 Chapter 9
Standard Latin abbreviations
9.63. When Latin abbreviations are used, follow this list.
a.—annus, year; ante, before
A.A.C.—anno ante, Christum in the
year before Christ
A.A.S.—Academiae Americanae Socius,
Fellow of the American Academy
[Academy of Arts and Sciences]
A.B.—artium baccalaureus, bachelor
of arts
ab init.—ab initio, from the beginning
abs. re.—absente reo, the defendant
being absent
A.C.—ante Christum, before Christ
A.D.—anno Domini, in the year of our
Lord
a.d.—ante diem, before the day
ad n.—ad nem, at the end, to one end
ad h.l.—ad hunc locum, to this place,
on this passage
ad inf.—ad innitum, to innity
ad init.—ad initium, at the beginning
ad int.—ad interim, in the meantime
ad lib.—ad libitum, at pleasure
ad loc.—ad locum, at the place
ad val.—ad valorem, according to
A.I.—anno inventionis, in the year of
the discovery
al.—alia, alii, other things, other
persons
A.M.—anno mundi, in the year of the
world; Annus mirabilis, the
wonderful year [1666]
a.m.—ante meridiem, before noon
an.—anno, in the year; ante, before
ann.—annales, annals; anni, years
A.R.S.S.—Antiquariorum Regiae
Societatis Socius, Fellow of the
Royal Society of Antiquaries
A.U.C.—anno urbis conditae, ab
urbe conolita, in [the year from]
the building of the City [Rome],
753 B.C.
B.A.—baccalaureus artium, bachelor
of arts
B.S. or B. Sc.—baccalaureus scientiae,
bachelor of science
C.—centum, a hundred; condemno, I
condemn, nd guilty
c.—circa, about
cent.—centum, a hundred
cf.—confer, compare
C.M.—chirurgiae magister, master of
surgery
coch.—cochlear, a spoon, spoonful
coch. amp.—cochlear amplum, a
tablespoonful
coch. mag.—cochlear magnum, a large
spoonful
coch. med.—cochlear medium, a
dessert spoonful
coch. parv.—cochlear parvum, a
teaspoonful
con.—contra, against; conjunx, wife
C.P.S.—custos privati sigilli, keeper of
the privy seal
C.S.—custos sigilli, keeper of the seal
cwt.—c. for centum, wt. for weight,
hundredweight
Wh—watthour
W/(m•K)—watt per meter kelvin
W/sr—watt per steradian
W/(sr•m)—watt per steradian square
meter
x—unknown quantity (italic)
yd—yard
yd—square yard
yd—cubic yard
yr—year
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 253
D.—Deus, God; Dominus, Lord; d.,
decretum, a decree; denarius, a
penny; da, give
D.D.—divinitatis doctor, doctor of
divinity
D.G.—Dei gratia, by the grace of God;
Deo gratias, thanks to God
D.N.—Dominus noster, our Lord
D.S. or D. Sc.—doctor scientiae,
doctor of science
d.s.p.—decessit sine prole, died
without issue
D.V.—Deo volente, God willing
dwt.—d. for denarius, wt. for weight
pennyweight
e.g.—exempli gratia, for example
et al.—et alibi, and elsewhere; et alii, or
aliae, and others
etc.—et cetera, and others, and so forth
et seq.—et sequentes, and those that
follow
et ux.—et uxor, and wife
F.—lius, son
f.—at, let it be made; forte, strong
fac.—factum similis, facsimile, an
exact copy
fasc.—fasciculus, a bundle
.—ores, owers; oruit, ourished;
uidus, uid
f.r.—folio recto, right-hand page
F.R.S.—Fraternitatis Regiae Socius,
Fellow of the Royal Society
f.v.—folio verso, on the back of the leaf
guttat.—guttatim, by drops
H.—hora, hour
h.a.—hoc anno, in this year; hujus
anni, this year’s
hab. corp.—habeas corpus, have the
body—a writ
h.e.—hic est, this is; hoc est, that is
h.m.—hoc mense, in this month; huius
mensis, this month’s
h.q.—hoc quaere, look for this
H.R.I.P.—hic requiescat in pace, here
rests in peace
H.S.—hic sepultus, here is buried; hic
situs, here lies; h.s., hoc sensu, in
this sense
H.S.S.—Historiae Societatis Socius,
Fellow of the Historical Society
h.t.—hoc tempore, at this time; hoc
titulo, in or under this title
I—Idus, the Ides; i., id, that;
immortalis, immortal
ib. or ibid.—ibidem, in the same place
id.—idem, the same
i.e.—id est, that is
imp.—imprimatur, sanction, let it be
printed
I.N.D.—in nomine Dei, in the name of
God
in f.—in ne, at the end
inf.—infra, below
init.—initio, in the beginning
in lim.—in limine, on the threshold, at
the outset
in loc.—in loco, in its place
in loc. cit.—in loco citato, in the place
cited
in pr.—in principio, in the beginning
in trans.—in transitu, on the way
i.q.—idem quod, the same as
i.q.e.d.—id quod erat demonstrandum,
what was to be proved
J.—judex, judge
J.C.D.—juris civilis doctor, doctor of
civil law
J.D.—jurum or juris doctor, doctor of
laws
J.U.D.—juris utriusque doctor, doctor
of both civil and canon law
L.—liber, a book; locus, a place
£—libra, pound; placed before gures
thus £10; if l., to be placed aer, as
401.
254 Chapter 9
L.A.M.—liberalium artium magister,
master of the liberal arts
L.B.—baccalaureus literarum,
bachelor of letters
lb.—libra, pound (singular and plural)
L.H.D.—literarum humaniorum
doctor, doctor of the more
humane letters
Litt. D.—literarum doctor, doctor of
letters
LL.B.—legum baccalaureus, bachelor
of laws
LL.D.—legum doctor, doctor of laws
LL.M.—legum magister, master of
laws
loc. cit.—loco citato, in the place cited
loq.—loquitur, he, or she, speaks
L.S.—locus sigilli, the place of the seal
l.s.c.—loco supra citato, in the place
above cited
£ s. d.—librae, solidi, denarii, pounds,
shillings, pence
M.—magister, master; manipulus,
handful; medicinae, of medicine;
m., meridies, noon
M.A.—magister artium, master of arts
M.B.—medicinae baccalaureus,
bachelor of medicine
M. Ch.—magister chirurgiae, master
of surgery
M.D.—medicinae doctor, doctor of
medicine
m.m.—mutatis mutandis, with the
necessary changes
m.n.—mutato nomine, the name being
changed
MS.—manuscriptum, manuscript;
MSS., manuscripta, manuscripts
Mus. B.—musicae baccalaureus,
bachelor of music
Mus. D.—musicae doctor, doctor of
music
Mus. M.—musicae magister, master of
music
N.—Nepos, grandson; nomen, name;
nomina, names; noster, our; n.,
natus, born; nocte, at night
N.B.—nota bene, mark well
ni. pri.—nisi prius, unless before
nob.—nobis, for (or on) our part
nol. pros.—nolle prosequi, will not
prosecute
non cul.—non culpabilis, not guilty
n.l.—non licet, it is not permitted; non
liquet, it is not clear; non longe,
not far
non obs.—non obstante,
notwithstanding
non pros.—non prosequitur, he does
not prosecute
non seq.—non sequitur, it does not
follow logically
O.—octarius, a pint
ob.—obiit, he, or she, died; obiter,
incidentally
ob. s.p.—obiit sine prole, died without
issue
o.c.—opere citato, in the work cited
op.—opus, work; opera, works
op. cit.—opere citato, in the work cited
P.—papa, pope; pater, father; pontifex,
bishop; populus, people; p.,
partim, in part; per, by, for; pius,
holy; pondere, by weight; post,
aer; primus, rst; pro, for
p.a.—or per ann., per annum, yearly;
pro anno, for the year
p. ae.—partes aequales, equal parts
pass.—passim, everywhere
percent.—per centum, by the hundred
pil.—pilula, pill
Ph. B.—philosophiae baccalaureus,
bachelor of philosophy
P.M.—post mortem, aer death
p.m.—post meridiem, aernoon
pro tem.—pro tempore, for the time
being
prox.—proximo, in or of the next [month]
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 255
P.S.—postscriptum, postscript; P.SS.,
postscripta, postscripts
q.d.—quasi dicat, as if one should say;
quasi dictum, as if said; quasi
dixisset, as if he had said
q.e.—quod est, which is
Q.E.D.—quod erat demonstrandum,
which was to be demonstrated
Q.E.F.—quod erat faciendum, which
was to be done
Q.E.I.—quod erat inveniendum, which
was to be found out
q.l.—quantum libet, as much as you
please
q. pl.—quantum placet, as much as
seems good
q.s.—quantum sucit, sucient
quantity
q.v.—quantum vis, as much as you
will; quem, quam, quod vide,
which see; qq. v., quos, quas, or
quae vide, which see (plural)
R.—regina, queen; recto, right-hand
page; respublica, commonwealth
—recipe, take
R.I.P.—requiescat, or requiescant, in
pace, may he, she, or they, rest in
peace
R.P.D.—rerum politicarum doctor,
doctor of political science
R.S.S.—Regiae Societatis Sodalis,
Fellow of the Royal Society
S.—sepultus, buried; situs, lies;
societas, society; socius or
sodalis, fellow; s., semi, half;
solidus, shilling
s.a.—sine anno, without date;
secundum artem, according to
art
S.A.S.—Societatis Antiquariorum
Socius, Fellow of the Society of
Antiquaries
sc.—scilicet, namely; sculpsit, he, or
she, carved or engraved it
S.B. or Sc. B.—scientiae baccalaureus,
bachelor of science
S.D. or Sc. D.—scientiae doctor,
doctor of science
S.D.—salutem dicit, sends greetings
s.d.—sine die, indenitely
sec.—secundum, according to
sec. leg.—secundum legem, according
to law
sec. nat.—secundum naturam,
according to nature, or naturally
sec. reg.—secundum regulam,
according to rule
seq.—sequens, sequentes, sequentia,
the following
S.H.S.—Societatis Historiae Socius,
Fellow of the Historical Society
s.h.v.—sub hac voce or sub hoc verbo,
under this word
s.l.a.n.—sine loco, anno, vel nomine,
without place, date, or name
s.l.p.—sine legitima prole, without
lawful issue
s.m.p.—sine mascula prole, without
male issue
s.n.—sine nomine, without name
s.p.—sine prole, without issue
S.P.A.S.—Societatis Philosophiae
Americanae Socius, Fellow of the
American Philosophical Society
s.p.s.—sine prole superstite, without
surviving issue
S.R.S.—Societatis Regiae Socius or
Sodalis, Fellow of the Royal
Society
ss—scilicet, namely (in law)
S.S.C.—Societas Sanctae Crucis,
Society of the Holy Cross
stat.—statim, immediately
S.T.B.—sacrae theologiae
baccalaureus, bachelor of sacred
theology
S.T.D.—sacrae theologiae doctor,
doctor of sacred theology
256 Chapter 9
Information technology acronyms and initialisms
9.64. Use these forms, if abbreviations are required:
3DES—Triple DES encryption
3DM—Data Driven Decision Making
ABLS—Automated Bid List System
ACES—access certicates for
electronic services
ACID—Atomicity, Consistency,
Isolation and Durability
ACL—Access Control List
ACP—Access Content Package
AES—advanced Encryption Standard
AI—Articial Intelligence
AIDC—Automatic identication and
capture
AIFF—audio interchange le format
AIO—Asynchronous I/O
AIP—Archival Information Package
AJAX—Asynchronous JavaScript and
XML
ALPN—Application-Layer Protocol
Negotiation
API—Application Programming
Interface
ARK—archival resource key
ARP—address resolution protocol
ASCII—American Standard Code for
Information Interchange
ASP—application service provider
ATO—Authority to Operate
AWS—Amazon Web Services
BASE—Basically Available, So-State,
Eventually Consistent
BDA—Big Data Analytics
BI—Business Intelligence
BLOB —Binary Large OBject
BPEL—business process execution
language
BPI—business process information
C&I—Cataloging and Indexing
CA—certicate authority
CAP—Consistency, Availability,
Partition tolerance
CBC—Cipher Block Chaining
CD—compact disc
CDM—Copy Data Management
CDN—content delivery network
CDR—critical design review
CD–ROM—compact disc read only
memory
CE—content evaluator
CentOS—Community Enterprise
Operating System
S.T.P.—sacrae theologiae professor,
professor of sacred theology
sub.—subaudi, understand, supply
sup.—supra, above
t. or temp.—tempore, in the time of
tal. qual.—talis qualis, just as they
come; average quality
U.J.D.—utriusque juris doctor, doctor
of both civil and canon law
ult.—ultimo, last month (may be
abbreviated in writing but should
be spelled out in printing)
ung.—unguentum, ointment
u.s.—ubi supra, in the place above
mentioned
ut dict.—ut dictum, as directed
ut sup.—ut supra, as above
ux.—uxor, wife
v.—versus, against; vide, see; voce,
voice, word
v. —— a., vixit —— annos—lived [so
many] years
verb. sap.—verbum [satis] sapienti, a
word to the wise suces
v.g.—verbi gratia, for example
viz—videlicet, namely
v.s.—vide supra, see above
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 257
CERN—(European) Centre for
Nuclear Research
CGP—Catalog of U.S. Government
Publications
CI—Clustered Index
CIM—Common Interface Model
CISCAT—Center for Internet Security
-Conguration Assessment Tool
CISSP—Certied Information
Systems Security Professional
CK—Candidate Key
CLOB—Character Large Object
CMS—content management system
CN—Canonical Name
CO—content originator
COG—Continuity of Government
COOP—continuity of operations plan
CP—content processor
CPS—Certicate Practice Statement
CRC—cyclic redundancy checks
CRL—Certicate Revocation List
CRM—Customer Relationship
Management
CRUD—Create, Read, Update, and
Delete
CSS—Cascading Style Sheets
CSV—comma separated variable
CTE—Common Table Expression
CVS—Concurrent Versioning Services
DaaS—Database as a Service
DBA—Database Administrator
DB—Database
DBMS—database management
system
DCL—Data Control Language
DDL—Data Denition Language
DDoS—Distributed Denial of Service
DES—data encryption standard
DHCP—Dynamic Host Control
Protocol
DH—Die-Hellman (Exchange)
DHE—Die-Hellman Ephemeral
DHSL—Distributed Hadoop Storage
Layer
DIP—Dissemination Information
Package
DMD—Data Management Denition
DMI—desktop management interface
DML—Data Manipulation Language
DMV—Dynamic Management Views
DN—Distinguished Name
DNS—domain name system
DO—digital objects
DOI—Digital Object Identier
DoS—denial of service
DPI—dots per inch
DR—Disaster Recovery
DSL—digital subscriber line
DSR—deployment system review
DSSL—document style and semantics
language
DVD—digital versatile disc
DW—Database Warehouse
E_Port—Expansion port, also known
as ISL
EAC—estimate at completion
EAD—encoded archival description
EA—enterprise architecture
EAP—enterprise application platform
EBCDIC—Extended Binary Coded
Decimal Interchange Code
ECC—Elliptic Curve Cryptography
ECDHE—Elliptic Curve Die-
Hellman Key Exchange
EPS—Encapsulated PostScript
ERD—Entity Relationship Diagram
ESXi—Elastic Sky X Integrated
ETL—Extract, Transform, Load
EV—Extended Validation
FBCA—Federal Bridge Certicate
Authority
FC–AL—Fibre Channel Arbitrated
Loop
FCIA—Fibre Channel Industry
Association
FC–IP—Fibre Channel Over IP
FCP—Fibre Channel Protocol
FC–SW—Fibre Channel Switched
258 Chapter 9
FDDI—ber distributed data interface
FDsys—Federal Digital System
FICC—Federal Identity Credentialing
Committee
FIFO—rst in rst out
FIPNet—Federal Information
Preservation Network
FIPS—Federal Information Processing
Standard
FISMA—Federal Information Security
Management Act of 2002
FK—Foreign Key
FOSI—format output speci cation
instance
FTP—le transfer protocol
GBIC—Gigabit Interface Converter
Gbps—Gigabits per second
GDI—graphical device interface
GGP—gateway-to-gateway protocol
GIF—graphics interchange format
GILS—Government Information
Locator Service
GUI—graphical user interface
HBA—Host Bus Adapter
HDFS—Hadoop Distributed File
System
HDTV—high denition television
HMAC—key hashed message
authentication code
HPC—High-Performance Computing
HSM—hardware security module
HSM—Hierarchical Storage
Management
HSTS—HTTP Strict Transport
Security
HTML—hypertext markup language
HTTP—hypertext transfer protocol
HTTPS—HyperText Transfer Protocol
Secure
Hz—Hertz
Iaas—Infrastructure as a Service
IAM—Identity and Access
Management
ICMP—internet control message
protocol
IDD—interface design description
IDE—Integrated Development
Environment
IDE—Integrated Drive Electronics
IEEE—Institute of Electrical and
Electronics Engineers
IETF—Internet Engineering Task
Force
iFCP—Internet Fibre Channel
Protocol
ILS—Integrated Library System
IOPS—I/O operations per second
IOS—Apple Operating System
IOT—Index Organized Table
IoT—Internet of ings
IP—internet protocol
IPR—internal progress review
IPSEC—internet protocol security
IPS—Intrusion Prevention System
ISAM—Indexed Sequential Access
Method
ISL—Inter switch link
ISP—internet service provider
IT—information technology
ITU—International
Telecommunications Union
JBOD—Just a bunch of disks
JDBC—Java Database Connectivity
JDF—Job Denition Format
JITS—Just-in-time storage
JPEG—Joint Photographic Experts
Group
JS—JavaScript
JSON—JavaScript Object Notation
L_Port—Loop port
LAMP—Linux, Apache, MySQL and
PHP
LAN—local area network
LDAP—lightweight directory access
protocol
LHC—Large Hadron Collider
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 259
LOB—Large Object
LPAR—Logical Partition
LPI—lines per inch
LRU—Last Recently Used (algorithm)
LUN—Logical Unit Number
MAC—message authentication code
MAN—Metropolitan area network
MARC—Machine Readable
Cataloging
MDC—Multidimensional Clustering
Table
METS—Metadata Encoding and
Transmission Standard
MIME—multipurpose internet mail
extensions
MIPS—millions of instructions per
second
MODS—Metadata Object Descriptive
Schema
MOOC—massive online open courses
MP3—MPEG-2 Audio Layer III
MPCF—marginally punched
continuous forms
MVC—Model View Controller
MV—Materialized View
NAS—Network Attached Storage
NAT—network address translation
NDIIPP—National Digital
Information Infrastructure and
Preservation Program
NDLP—National Digital Library
Program
NF—Normal Form
NNTP—network news transfer protocol
NOSQL—Not Only Structured Query
Language
OAI—Open Archives Initiative
OAI–PMH—Open Archives Initiative
Protocol for Metadata Harvesting
OAIS—open archival information
system
OCLC—Online Computer Library
Center
OCR—optical character recognition
OCSP—Online Certicate Status
Protocol
ODBC—Open Database Connectivity
OLAP—Online Analytical Processing
OLTP—online transaction processing
OODBMS—Object-Oriented Database
Management System
ORM—Object-Relational Mapping
PAAS—Platform as a service
PDF—Portable Document Format
PGP—Pretty Good Privacy
PHP—PHP Hypertext Preprocessor
PKI—Public Key Cryptography
PK—Primary Key
PL/pgSQL—Procedural Language/
SQL
PL/SQL—Procedural Language/SQL
PNG—portable network graphics
PREMIS—Preservation Metadata:
Implementation Strategies
PRONOM—Practical Online
Compendium of File Formats
PTR—program tracking report
PURL—persistent uniform resource
locator
QoS—Quality of service
QPS—Queries Per Second
RAC—Real Application Clusters
(Oracle)
RAID—redundant array of
inexpensive disks
RAM—random access memory
RC4—Rivest Cipher 4
RDA—Resource Description and
Access
REGEX—Regular Expression
REST—Representational State
Transfer
RFC—Request for Comments or
Request for Change
RHEL—Red Hat Enterprise Linux
RI—representation information
260 Chapter 9
RMA—reliability, maintainability,
availability
RPC—remote procedure call
RPM—RPM Package Manager
RSA—Rivest, Shamir, and Adelman
(public key cryptosystem)
RTF—rich text format
RVTM—requirements verication
traceability matrix
S4—Simple Scalable Streaming System
SAAS—Soware as a Service
SAML—security assertion markup
language
SAN—Storage-area network
SASL —Simple Authentication and
Security Layer
SASS—Syntactically Awesome
Stylesheets
SDD—System Design Diagram
SDD—System Design Document
SDK—Soware Development Kit
SDLC—soware/system development
lifecycle
SDR—system design review
Section 508—Section 508 of the
Rehabilitation Act
SFTP—Secure File Transfer Protocol
SGML—standard generalized markup
language
SHA—Secure Hash Algorithm
SIP—Submission Information Package
SMTP—simple mail transfer protocol
SNMP—simple network management
protocol
SOAP—Simple Object Access Protocol
SOA—Service Oriented Architecture
SQL—Structured Query Language
SQL PL—SQL Procedure Language
used for writing stored
procedures. Also see PL/SQL
SQL/XML—an extension of the SQL
language used for querying XML
SSD—Solid State Drive
SSD—System Security Diagram
SSH—Secure Shell
SSL —Secure Sockets Layer
SSP—system security plan
SSR—soware specication review
SUSE—Soware und System
Entwicklung (Soware and
Systems Development)
SVN—Subversion
TDES—Triple Data Encryption
Standard
TFS—Team Foundation Server
TIFF—tagged image le format
TLS—transport layer security
TPS—Transactions Per Second, a
measurement of database
performance
UAT—User Acceptance Testing
UDF—User Dened Function
UDP—user datagram protocol
UDT—User Dened Type
UID—Unique Identier
URL—uniform resource locator
URN—uniform resource name/
number
UUID—Universal Unique Identifer
VC—Virtual Center
VDC—Virtual Data Center
VIP—Virtual Internet Protocol
VI—Virtual Interface
VLAN—virtual local area network
VM—Virtual Machine
VMW—Vmware
VPN—virtual private network
VSAN—Virtual Storage Area Network
W3C—World Wide Web Consortium
WAI–ARIA—Worldwide Accessibility
Initiative - Accessible Rich
Internet Applications
WAIS—wide area information service
WAN—Wide Area Network
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols 261
WAP—wireless application protocol
WAV—waveform audio format
WCAG—Web Content Accessibility
Guidelines
Wi-Fi—wireless delity
WIP—work in process
WML—wireless markup language
www—world wide web
WYSIWYG—what you see is what
you get
XAML—Extensible Application
Markup Language
XDW—Extended Data Warehouse
XMLDsig—xml signature
XMLENC—xml encryption
XML—Extensible Markup Language
XPATH—XML Path Language
XQUERY—XML Query
XSD—XML Schema Denition
XSL—Extensible Stylesheet Language
XSL-FO—XSL Formatting Objects
XSLT—Extensible Stylesheet Language
Transformations
YAML—Yet Another Markup
Language
YARN —Yet Another Resource
Negotiator
263
10. Signs and Symbols
10.1. e increased use of signs and symbols and their importance in
technical and scientic work have emphasized the necessity of
standardization on a national basis and of the consistent use of the
standard forms.
10.2. Certain symbols are standardized—number symbols (the digits, 0,
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9); letter symbols (the letters of the alphabet, a, b,
c, d, etc.); and graphic symbols (the mathematical signs +, −, ±, ×, ÷).
10.3. e signs +, −, ±, ×, and ÷, etc., are closed against accompanying
gures and symbols. When the × is used to indicate “crossed with”
(in plant or animal breeding) or magnication, it will be separated
from the accompanying words by a space.
i–vii+1–288 pages Early June × Bright (crossed with)
e equation A+B × 4 (magnication)
e result is 4×4 miles ÷ gallons
20,000±5,000
Symbols with figures
10.4. In technical publications the degree mark is used in lieu of the word
degree following a gure denoting measurement.
10.5. Following a gure, the spelled form is preferred. e percent sym-
bol is used in areas where space will not allow the word percent to be
used.
In that period the price rose 12, 15, and 19 percent.
not In that period the price rose 12 percent, 15 percent, and 19 percent.
10.6. Any symbol set close up to gures, such as the degree mark, num-
ber mark, dollar mark, or cent mark, is used before or aer each
gure in a group or series.
$5 to $8 price range but
5'–7' long, not 5–7' long § 12 (thin space)
3 to 5 (no spaces) 1951 (thin space)
±2 to ±7; 2°±1° from 15 to 25 percent
#61 to #64 45 to 65 °F not 45° to 65° F
264 Chapter 10
Letter symbols
10.7. Letter symbols are set in italic (see rule 10.8) or in roman (see rule
9.56) without periods and are capitalized only if so shown in copy,
since the capitalized form may have an entirely dierent meaning.
Equations
10.8. In mathematical equations, use italic for all letter symbols—capitals,
lowercase, small capitals, and superiors and inferiors (exponents
and subscripts); use roman for gures, including superiors and
inferiors.
10.9. If an equation or a mathematical expression needs to be divided,
break before +, −, =, etc. However, the equal sign is to clear on the
le of other beginning mathematical signs.
10.10. A short equation in text should not be broken at the end of a line.
Space out the line so that the equation will begin on the next line; or
better, center the equation on a line by itself.
10.11. An equation too long for one line is set ush le, the second half
of the equation is set ush right, and the two parts are balanced as
nearly as possible.
10.12 . Two or more equations in a series are aligned on the equal signs and
centered on the longest equation in the group.
10.13. Connecting words of explanation, such as hence, therefore, and simi-
larly, are set ush le either on the same line with the equation or
on a separate line.
10.14. Parentheses, braces, brackets, integral signs, and summation signs
should be of the same height as the mathematical expressions they
include.
10.15. Inferiors precede superiors if they appear together; but if either in-
ferior or superior is too long, the two are aligned on the le.
Chemical symbols
10.16. e names and symbols listed below are approved by the
International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry. ey are set in
roman without periods.
Signs and Symbols 265
Actinium ............................ Ac 89
A lum i num ......................... A l 13
Americium ........................ Am 95
Antimony .......................... Sb 51
Ar gon .................................. Ar 18
Arsenic .............................. As 33
Astat ine .............................. At 85
Barium ............................... Ba 56
Berkelium .......................... Bk 97
Ber yl liu m ........................... B e 4
Bismut h .............................. Bi 83
Boh r ium ............................. Bh 107
Boron .................................. B 5
Bromine ............................. Br 35
Ca dmium ........................... C d 48
Ca lc iu m .............................. Ca 20
Californium ...................... Cf 98
Carbon ............................... C 6
Cerium ............................... Ce 58
Cesium ............................... Cs 55
Chlorine ............................. Cl 17
Ch rom iu m ......................... Cr 24
Cobalt ................................. Co 27
Cop er nic ium ..................... C n 112
Copp er ................................ Cu 29
Cur iu m ............................... C m 9 6
Darmstadtium .................. Ds 110
Dubnium ........................... Db 105
Dy spro siu m ....................... D y 66
Ei n st ei niu m ....................... Es 99
Erbium ............................... Er 68
Eu ropium ........................... Eu 63
Fermium ............................ Fm 100
Flerovium .......................... Fl 114
Fluor i ne .............................. F 9
Francium ........................... Fr 87
Gadolin ium ....................... Gd 64
Gallium .............................. Ga 31
Germanium....................... Ge 32
Gold .................................... Au 79
Hafnium ............................ Hf 72
Hassium ............................. Hs 108
Helium ............................... He 2
Holmium ........................... Ho 67
Hydrogen ........................... H 1
Indium ............................... In 49
Iodine ................................. I 53
Iridium ............................... Ir 77
Iron ..................................... Fe 26
K ry pt on .............................. K r 3 6
Lanthanu m ........................ La 57
Lawrencium ...................... Lr 103
Lead ..................................... Pb 82
Lithium .............................. Li 3
Live rm oriu m ..................... Lv 116
Lutetium ............................ Lu 71
Magnesium........................ Mg 12
Manganese ........................ Mn 25
Meitnerium ....................... Mt 109
Mendele viu m .................... Md 101
Mercury ............................. Hg 80
Molybdenum .................... Mo 42
Moscovium ....................... Mc 115
Neody miu m ...................... Nd 60
Neon ................................... Ne 10
Nept un ium ........................ Np 93
Nicke l .................................. Ni 28
Nihonium .......................... Nh 113
Niobium ............................. Nb 41
Nitrogen ............................. N 7
Nobeliu m ........................... No 102
Oganesson ......................... Og 118
Osmium ............................. Os 76
Oxygen ............................... O 8
Palladium .......................... Pd 46
Phosphorus........................ P 15
Platinum ............................ Pt 78
Plutoniu m .......................... P u 94
Polonium ........................... Po 84
Potassium .......................... K 19
Praseodymium ................. Pr 59
Prome t hiu m ...................... P m 61
Protactin ium ..................... Pa 91
Ra diu m ............................... Ra 88
Radon ................................. Rn 86
Rhenium ............................ Re 75
R hod iu m ............................ R h 45
Roentgenium .................... Rg 111
Rubid ium ........................... R b 37
Ruthenium ........................ Ru 44
Rutherfordium ................. Rf 104
Samarium .......................... Sm 62
Sc a ndiu m ........................... Sc 21
Seaborgium ....................... Sg 106
Selenium ............................ Se 34
Silicon ................................. Si 14
Silver ................................... Ag 47
Sodium ............................... Na 11
Strontium........................... Sr 38
Sulfur .................................. S 16
Tantalum ........................... Ta 73
Technetium ....................... Tc 43
Tellurium ........................... Te 52
Tennessine ......................... Ts 117
Te rbiu m .............................. T b 65
allium ............................ Tl 81
orium ............................. 90
ulium ............................. Tm 69
Tin ....................................... Sn 50
Titanium ............................ Ti 22
Tungsten ............................ W 74
Uranium ............................ U 92
Vanadium .......................... V 23
Xenon ................................. Xe 54
Ytte rbium ........................... Yb 70
Ytt r iu m ............................... Y 39
Zinc ..................................... Zn 30
Zirconium ......................... Zr 40
Element Symbol Symbol Atomic
No.
Atomic
No. Element
266 Chapter 10
Standardized symbols
10.17. Symbols duly standardized by any national scientic, professional,
or technical group are accepted as preferred forms within the eld
of the group. e issuing oce desiring or requiring the use of such
standardized symbols should see that copy is prepared accordingly.
Signs and symbols
10.18. e following list contains some signs and symbols frequently used
in printing. e forms and style of many symbols vary with the
method of reproduction employed. It is important that editors and
writers clearly identify signs and symbols when they appear within
a manuscript.
Signs and Symbols 267
268 Chapter 10
1 Standard letter symbols used by the Geological Survey on geologic maps. Capital letter indicates
the system and one or more lowercased letters designate the formation and member where used.
inverted exclamation
mark
inverted question
mark
269
11. Italic
(See also Chapter 9 “Abbreviations and Letter Symbols”
and Chapter 16 “Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures”)
11.1. Italic is sometimes used to dierentiate or to give greater prominence
to words, phrases, etc. However, an excessive amount of italic defeats
this purpose and should be restricted.
Emphasis, foreign words, and titles of publications
11. 2. Italic is not used for mere emphasis, foreign words, or the titles of
publications.
11.3. In nonlegal work, ante, post, infra, and supra are italicized only when
part of a legal citation. Otherwise these terms, as well as the abbrevia-
tions id., ibid., op. cit., et seq., and other foreign words, phrases, and
their abbreviations, are printed in roman.
11.4. When [emphasis in original], [emphasis supplied], [emphasis added],
or [emphasis ours] appears in copy, it should not be changed; but
“underscore supplied” should be changed to “italic supplied.”
erefore, when emphasis in quoted or extracted text is referred to
by the foregoing terms, such emphasized text must be reected and
set in italic.
11.5. When copy is submitted with instructions to set “all roman (no
italic),” these instructions will not apply to Ordered, Resolved, Be it
enacted, etc.; titles following signatures or addresses; or the parts of
datelines that are always set in italic.
Names of aircraft, vessels, and spacecraft
11.6. e names of aircra, vessels, and manned spacecra are italicized
unless otherwise indicated. In lists set in columns and in stubs and
reading columns of tables consisting entirely of such names, they will
be set in roman. Missiles and rockets will be set in caps and lowercase
and will not be italicized.
270 Chapter 11
11.7. Names of vessels are quoted in matter printed in other than capitals
and lowercase roman, even if there is italic type available in the series.
Sinking of the “Lusitania” S  “L”
Sinking of the “Lusitania” SINKING OF THE “LUSITANIA”
Names of legal cases
11.8. e names of legal cases are italicized, except for the v., which is
always set in lowercase. When requested, the names of such cases
may be set in roman with an italic v. In matter set in italic, legal cases
are set in roman with the v. being set roman.
“The Hornet” and “The Hood,” S v. B  . (heading)
124 F.2d 45 SMITH v. BROWN ET AL.
Smith v. Brown et al. (heading)
Smith Bros. case (172 App. Durham rule
Div. 149) Brown decision
Smith Bros. case, supra John Doe v. Richard Roe
Smith Bros. case but John Doe against Richard Roe,
As cited in Smith Bros. the Cement case.
SS America; the liner America
USS Los Angeles (submarine)
USS Wisconsin
ex-USS Savannah
USCGS (U.S. Coast and Geodetic
Survey) ship Pathnder
CSS Virginia
CG cutter etus
the U–7
destroyer 31
HMS Hornet
HS (hydrofoil ship) Denison
MS (motorship) Richard
GTS (gas turbine ship) Alexander
NS (nuclear ship) Savannah
MV (motor vessel) Havtroll
Apollo 13, Atlantis (U.S. spaceships)
West Virginia class or type
the Missouri’s (roman “s”) turret
the U–7’s (roman “s”) deck
Enola Gay
but
Air Force One (President’s plane)
B–50 (type of plane)
DD–882
LST–1155
MiG; MiG–35
PT–109
F–22 Raptor
F–117 Nighthawk (Stealth ghter)
A–10underbolt
Italic 271
Scientific names
11.9. e scientic names of genera, subgenera, species, and subspecies
(varieties) are italicized but are set in roman in italic matter; the
names of groups of higher rank than genera (phyla, classes, orders,
families, tribes, etc.) are printed in roman.
A.s. perpallidus
Dorothia? sp. (roman “?”)
Tsuga canadensis
Cypripedium parviorum var. pubescens
the genera Quercus and Liriodendron
the family Leguminosae; the family Nessiteras rhombopteryx
Measurements of specimens of Cyanoderma erythroptera neocara
11.10. Quotation marks should be used in place of italic for scientic names
appearing in lines set in caps, caps and small caps, or boldface, even
if there is italic type available in the series.
Words and letters
11.11. e words Resolved, Resolved further, Provided, Provided, however,
Provided further, And provided further, and ordered, in bills, acts,
resolutions, and formal contracts and agreements are italicized; also
the words To be continued, Continued on p. —, Continued from p. —,
and See and see also (in indexes and tables of contents only).
Resolved,at (resolution)
Resolved by the Senate and House of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, at
[To be continued] (centered; no period)
[Continued from p. 3] (centered; no period)
see also Mechanical data (index entry)
11.12 . All letters (caps, small caps, lowercase, superiors, and inferiors) used
as symbols are italicized. In italic matter, roman letters are used.
Chemical symbols (even in italic matter) and certain other standard-
ized symbols are set in roman.
nth degree; x dollars
D÷0.025Vm
2.7=0.042/G−1Vm
2.7
5Cu2S•2(Cu,Fe,Zn)S•2Sb2S3O4
272 Chapter 11
11.13. Letter designations in mathematical and scientic matter, except
chemical symbols, are italicized.
11.14. Letter symbols used in legends to illustrations, drawings, etc., or in
text as references to such material, are set in italic without periods
and are capitalized if so shown in copy.
11.15. Letters (a), (b), (c), etc., and a, b, c, etc., used to indicate sections or
paragraphs, are italicized in general work but not in laws or other
legal documents.
11.16. Internet websites and email addresses should be set in roman.
273
12. Numerals
(See also Chapter 13 “Tabular Work” and Chapter 14 “Leaderwork”)
12.1. Most rules for the use of numerals are based on the general prin-
ciple that the reader comprehends numerals more readily than
numerical word expressions, particularly in technical, scientic, or
statistical matter. However, for special reasons, numbers are spelled
out in certain instances, except in FIC & punc. and Fol. Lit. matter.
12.2. e following rules cover the most common conditions that require
a choice between the use of numerals and words. Some of them,
however, are based on typographic appearance rather than on the
general principle stated above.
12.3. Arabic numerals are preferable to Roman numerals.
Numbers expressed in figures
12.4. A gure is used for a single number of 10 or more with the excep-
tion of the rst word of the sentence. (See also rules 12.9 and 12.23.)
50 ballots 24 horses nearly 13 buckets
10 guns about 40 men 10 times as large
Numbers and numbers in series
12.5. When 2 or more numbers appear in a sentence and 1 of them is
10 or larger, gures are used for each number. (See supporting rule
12.6.)
Each of 15 major commodities (9 metal and 6 nonmetal) was in supply.
but Each of nine major commodities (ve metal and four nonmetal) was in supply.
Petroleum came from 16 elds, of which 8 were discovered in 1956.
but Petroleum came from nine elds, of which eight were discovered in 1956.
at man has 3 suits, 2 pairs of shoes, and 12 pairs of socks.
but at man has three suits, two pairs of shoes, and four hats.
Of the 13 engine producers, 6 were farm equipment manufacturers, 6 were
principally engaged in the production of other types of machinery, and 1
was not classied in the machinery industry.
but Only nine of these were among the large manufacturing companies, and only
three were among the largest concerns.
ere were three 6-room houses, ve 4-room houses, and three 2-room
cottages, and they were built by 20 carpenters. (See rule 12.21.)
274 Chapter 12
ere were three six-room houses, ve four-room houses, and three two-
room cottages, and they were built by nine carpenters.
but If two columns of sums of money add or subtract one into the other and one
carries points and ciphers, the other should also carry points and
ciphers.
At the hearing, only one Senator and one Congressman testied.
ere are four or ve things that can be done.
12.6. A unit of measurement, time, or money (as dened in rule 12.9),
which is always expressed in gures, does not aect the use of g-
ures for other numerical expressions within a sentence.
Each of the ve girls earned 75 cents an hour.
Each of the 15 girls earned 75 cents an hour.
A team of four men ran the 1-mile relay in 3 minutes 20 seconds.
is usually requires from two to ve washes and a total time of 2 to 4 hours.
is usually requires 9 to 12 washes and a total time of 2 to 4 hours.
e contractor, one engineer, and one surveyor inspected the 1-mile road.
but ere were two six-room houses, three four-room houses, and four two-room
cottages, and they were built by nine workers in thirty 5-day weeks. (See
rule 12.21.)
12 .7. Figures are used for serial numbers.
12.8. A colon preceding gures does not aect their use.
e result was as follows: 12 voted yea, 4 dissented.
e result was as follows: nine voted yea, seven dissented.
Measurement and time
12.9. Units of measurement and time, actual or implied, are expressed in
gures.
a. Age:
6 years old a 3-year-old
52 years 10 months 6 days at the age of 3 (years implied)
Bulletin 725
Document 71
pages 352–357
lines 5 and 6
paragraph 1
chapter 2
290 U.S. 325
Genesis 39:20
202–512–0724
(telephone number)
the year 2001
1721–1727 St. Clair Avenue
but Letters Patent No. 2,189,463
Numerals 275
b. Clock time (see also Time):
4:30 p.m.; half past 4
10 o’clock or 10 p.m. (not 10 o’clock p.m.; 2 p.m. in the aernoon; 10:00 p.m.)
12 p.m. (12 noon)
12 a.m. (12 midnight)
4h30m or 4.5h, in scientic work, if so written in copy
0025, 2359 (astronomical and military time)
08:31:04 (stopwatch reading)
c. Dates:
9/11 (referring to the attack on the United States that occurred on Septem-
ber 11, 2001)
June 1985 (not June, 1985); June 29, 1985 (not June 29th, 1985)
March 6 to April 15, 1990 (not March 6, 1990, to April 15, 1990)
May, June, and July 1965 (but June and July 1965)
15 April 1951; 15–17 April 1951 (military)
4th of July (but Fourth of July, meaning the holiday)
the 1st [day] of the month (but the last of April or the rst [part] of May, not
referring to specic days)
in the year 2000 (not 2,000)
In referring to a scal year, consecutive years, or a continuous period
of 2 years or more, when contracted, the forms 1900–11, 1906–38,
1931–32, 1801–2, 1875–79 are used (but upon change of century,
1895–1914 and to avoid multiple ciphers together, 2000–2001). For
two or more separate years not representing a continuous period, a
comma is used instead of a dash (1875, 1879); if the word from pre-
cedes the year or the word inclusive follows it, the second year is not
shortened and the word to is used in lieu of the dash (from 1933 to
1936; 1935 to 1936, inclusive).
In dates, A.D. precedes the year (A.D. 937); B.C. follows the year
(254 B.C.); C.E. and B.C.E. follow the year.
d. Decimals: In text a cipher should be supplied before a decimal
point if there is no whole unit, and ciphers should be omitted
aer a decimal point unless they indicate exact measurement.
0.25 inch; 1.25 inches but .30 caliber (meaning 0.30 inch,
silver 0.900 ne bore of small arms); 30 calibers
specic gravity 0.9547 (length)
gauge height 10.0 feet
276 Chapter 12
e. Use spaces to separate groups of three digits in a decimal fraction.
(See rule 12.27.)
0.123 456 789; but 0.1234
f. Degrees, etc. (spaces omitted):
g. Game scores:
1 up (golf) 7 to 6 (football), etc.
3 to 2 (baseball) 2 all (tie)
h. Market quotations:
i. Mathematical expressions:
multiplied by 3 a factor of 2
divided by 6 square root of 4
j. Measurements:
longitude 77°04'06'' E
35°30'; 35°30' N
a polariscopic test of 85°
an angle of 57°
strike N 16° E
dip 47° W or 47° N 31° W
25.5' (preferred) also 25'.5
but
two degrees of justice; 12
degrees of freedom
32d degree Mason
150 million degrees Fahrenheit
30 Fahrenheit degrees
4½ percent bonds
Treasury bonds sell at 95
Metropolitan Railroad, 109
Dow Jones average of 18500.76
gold is 109
wheat at 2.30
sugar, .03; not 0.03
7 meters
about 10 yards
8 by 12 or 8 x 12 inches
8- by 12-inch page
2 feet by 1 foot 8 inches by 1 foot 3
inches
2 by 4 or 2 x 4 (lumber) (not 24)
1½ miles
6 acres
9 bushels
1 gallon
3 ems
20/20 (vision)
30/30 (rie)
12-gauge shotgun
2,500 horsepower
15 cubic yards
6-pounder
80 foot-pounds
10s (for yarns and threads)
f/2.5 (lens aperture)
4 by 4 or 4 x 4 truck
Numerals 277
k. Money:
l. Percentage:
m. Proportion:
1 to 4 1:62,500
1–3–5
n. Time (see also Clock time):
$3.65; $0.75; 75 cents; 0.5 cent
$3 (not $3.00) per 200 pounds
75 cents apiece
Rs32,25,644 (Indian rupees)
CHF 2.5 (Swiss francs)
9 euros or 9€
65 yen
P265
but
two pennies
three quarters
one half
six bits, etc.
12 percent; 25.5 percent; 0.5 percent
(or one-half of 1 percent)
thirty-four one hundredths of
1 percent
3.65 bonds; 3.65s; 5–20 bonds;
5–20s; 4½s; 3s
50–50 (colloquial expression)
5 percentage points
a 1,100-percent increase, or an
1100-percent increase
but
tenpenny nail
fourfold
three-ply
ve votes
six bales
two dozen
one gross
zero miles
seven-story building
6 hours 8 minutes 20 seconds
10 years 3 months 29 days
7 minutes
8 days
4 weeks
1 month
3 scal years; third scal year
1 calendar year
millennium
FY 2010
but
four centuries
three decades
three quarters (9 months)
statistics of any one year
in a year or two
four aernoons
one-half hour
the eleventh hour
FY10
278 Chapter 12
o. Unit modiers:
p. Vitamins:
B12
, B T
, A 1
, etc.
Ordinal numbers
12.10. Except as indicated in rules 12.11 and 12.19, and also for day preced-
ing month, gures are used in text and footnotes to text for serial
ordinal numbers beginning with 10th. In tables, leaderwork, foot-
notes to tables and leaderwork, and in sidenotes, gures are used at
all times. Military units are expressed in gures at all times when
not the beginning of a sentence, except Corps. (For ordinals in
addresses, see rule 12.13.)
12.11. When ordinals appear in juxtaposition and one of them is 10th or
more, gures are used for such ordinal numbers.
is legislation was passed in the 1st session of the 102d Congress.
He served in the 9th and 10th Congresses.
5-day week
8-year-old wine
8-hour day
10-foot pole
½-inch pipe
5-foot-wide entrance
10-million-peso loan
a 5-percent increase
20th-century progress
but
two-story house
ve-member board
$20 million aireld
29th of May, but May 29
First Congress; 102d Congress
ninth century; 21st century
Second Congressional District; 20th
Congressional District
seventh region; 17th region
323d Fighter Wing
12th Regiment
9th Naval District
7th Fleet
7th Air Force
7th Task Force
eighth parallel; 38th parallel
h ward; 12th ward
ninth birthday; 66th birthday
rst grade; 11th grade
1st Army
1st Cavalry Division
but
XII Corps (Army usage)
Court of Appeals for the Tenth
Circuit
Seventeenth Decennial Census (title)
Numerals 279
From the 1st to the 92d Congress.
eir children were in 1st, 2d, 3d, and 10th grades.
We read the 8th and 12th chapters.
but e district comprised the rst and second precincts.
He represented the rst, third, and fourth regions.
e report was the sixth in a series of 14.
12.12.
Ordinals and numerals appearing in a sentence are treated ac-
cording to the separate rules dealing with ordinals and numerals
standing alone or in a group. (See rules 12.4, 12.5, and 12.24.)
e fourth group contained three items.
e fourth group contained 12 items.
e 8th and 10th groups contained three and four items, respectively.
e eighth and ninth groups contained 9 and 12 items, respectively.
12.13.
Beginning with 10th, gures are used in text matter for numbered
streets, avenues, etc. However, gures are used at all times and
street, avenue, etc. are abbreviated in sidenotes, tables, leaderwork,
and footnotes to tables and leaderwork.
First Street NW.; also in parentheses: (Fih Street) (13th Street); 810 West
12th Street; North First Street; 1021 121st Street; 2031 18th Street North; 711
Fih Avenue; 518 10th Avenue; 51–35 61st Avenue
Punctuation
12.14. e comma is used in a number containing four or more digits,
except in serial numbers, common and decimal fractions, astro-
nomical and military time, and kilocycles and meters of not more
than four gures pertaining to radio.
Chemical formulas
12.15. In chemical formulas full-sized gures are used before the symbol
or group of symbols to which they relate, and inferior gures are
used aer the symbol.
6PbS•(Ag,Cu)2S•2As2S3O4
280 Chapter 12
Numbers spelled out
12.16. Spell out numbers at the beginning of a sentence or head. Rephrase
a sentence or head to avoid beginning with gures. (See rule 12.25
for related numbers.)
Five years ago . . . ; not 5 years ago . . .
Five hundred y men hired . . . ; not 550 men hired . . .
“Five-Year Plan Announced”; not “5-Year Plan Announced” (head)
e year 2065 seems far o . . . ; not 2065 seems far o . . .
Workers numbering 207,843 . . . ; not 207,843 workers . . .
Benets of $69,603,566 . . . ; not $69,603,566 worth of benets . . .
  change to   
,  change to    , 
   change to    
12 .17. In verbatim testimony, hearings, transcripts, and question-and-
answer matter, gures are used immediately following Q. and A.
or name of interrogator or witness for years (e.g., 2015), sums of
money, decimals, street numbers, and for numerical expressions
beginning with 101.
Mr. B, Junior. 2015 was a good year.
Mr. B. $1 per share was the return. Two dollars in 1956 was the alltime
high. Two thousand twenty-nine may be another story.
Colonel D. 92 cents.
Mr. S. 12.8 people.
Mr. J. 1240 Pennsylvania Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20004.
Mr. S. Ninety-eight persons.
Q. 101 years? But Q. One hundred years?
A. 200 years.
Mr. S. Ten-year average would be how much?
12.18. A spelled-out number should not be repeated in gures, except in
legal documents. In such instances use these forms:
ve (5) dollars, not ve dollars (5)
ten dollars ($10), not ten ($10) dollars
Numerals 281
12.19. Numbers appearing as part of proper names, used in a hypothetical
or inexact sense, or mentioned in connection with serious and dig-
nied subjects such as Executive orders, legal proclamations, and in
formal writing are spelled out.
ree Rivers, PA, Fieenmile
Creek, etc.
the irteen Original States
in the year two thousand eight
the One Hundred Tenth Congress
millions for defense but not one
cent for tribute
three score years and ten
Ten Commandments
Air Force One (Presidential
plane)
back to square one
behind the eight ball
our policy since day one
12.20.
If spelled out, whole numbers should be set in the following form:
two thousand twenty
one thousand eight hundred y
one hundred y-two thousand three hundred ve
eighteen hundred y (serial number)
When spelled out, any number containing a fraction or piece of
a whole should use the word “and” when stating the fraction or
piece:
sixty-two dollars and four cents
ninety-nine and three-tenths degrees
thirty-three and seventy-ve one-hundredths shares
12.21. Numbers below 100 preceding a compound modier containing a
gure are spelled out.
two ¾-inch boards
twelve 6-inch guns
two 5-percent discounts
but
120 8-inch boards
three four-room houses
12.22. Indenite expressions are spelled out.
the seventies; the early seventies;
but the early 1870s or 1970s
in his eighties, not his ’80’s nor 80’s
between two and three hundred
horses (better between 200 and
300 horses)
twelvefold; thirteenfold; fortyfold;
hundredfold; twentyfold to
thirtyfold
midthirties (age, years, money)
a thousand and one reasons
but
1 to 3 million
mid-1971; mid-1970s
40-odd people; nine-odd people
40-plus people
100-odd people
3½-fold; 250-fold; 2.5-fold; 41-fold
282 Chapter 12
Words such as nearly, about, around, approximately, etc., do not
reect indenite expressions.
e bass weighed about 6 pounds.
She was nearly 8 years old.
12.23. Except as indicated in rules 12.5 and 12.9, a number less than 10 is
spelled out within a sentence.
six horses
ve wells
eight times as large
but
3½ cans
2½ times or 2.5 times
12.24. For typographic appearance and easy grasp of large numbers be-
ginning with million, the word million, billion, or trillion is used.
e following are guides to treatment of gures as submitted in
copy. If copy reads—
$12,000,000, change to $12 million
2,750,000,000 dollars, change to $2,750 million
2.7 million dollars, change to $2.7 million
2⅜ million dollars, change to $2⅜ million
two and one-half million dollars, change to $2½ million
a hundred cows, change to 100 cows
a thousand dollars, change to $1,000
a million and a half, change to 1½ million
two thousand million dollars, change to $2,000 million
less than a million dollars, change to less than $1 million
but $2,700,000, do not convert to $2.7 million
also $10 to $20 million; 10 or 20 million; between 10 and 20 million
4 million of assets
amounting to 4 trillion
$1,270,000
$1,270,200,000
$2¾ billion; $2.75 billion; $2,750 million
$500,000 to $1 million
Numerals 283
300,000; not 300 thousand
$½ billion to $1¼ billion (note full gure with second fraction); $1¼ to $1½
billion
three-quarters of a billion dollars
5 or 10 billion dollars’ worth
12.25. Related numbers appearing at the beginning of a sentence, sepa-
rated by no more than three words, are treated alike.
Fiy or sixty more miles away is snowclad Mount Everest.
Sixty and, quite oen, seventy listeners responded.
but Fiy or, in some instances, almost 60 applications were led.
Fractions
12.26. Mixed fractions are always expressed in gures. Fractions standing
alone, however, or if followed by of a or of an, are generally spelled
out. (See also rule 12.28.)
12 .27. Fractions (¼, ½, ¾, ⅜, ⅝, ⅞, ½) or full-sized gures with the shil-
ling mark (1/4, 1/2954) may be used only when either is specically
requested. Mixed fractions in full-sized gures are joined with a
hyphen (2-2/3). A comma should not be used in any part of a built-
up fraction of four or more digits or in decimals. (See rule 12.9e.)
12.28. Fractions are used in a unit modier.
½-inch pipe; not ¼-mile run ⅞-point rise
one-half-inch pipe
three-fourths of an inch; not ¾
inch nor ¾ of an inch
one-half inch
one-half of a farm; not ½ of a farm
one-fourth inch
seven-tenths of 1 percent
three-quarters of an inch
half an inch
a quarter of an inch
one-tenth portion
one-hundredth
two one-hundredths
one-thousandth
ve one-thousandths
thirty-ve one-thousandths
but
½ to 1¾ pages
½-inch pipe
½-inch-diameter pipe
3½ cans
2½ times
284 Chapter 12
Roman numerals
12.29. A repeated letter repeats its value; a letter placed aer one of greater
value adds to it; a letter placed before one of greater value subtracts
from it; a dashline over a letter denotes multiplied by 1,000.
Numerals
I ............................... 1
II .............................. 2
III ............................ 3
IV ............................ 4
V ............................. 5
VI ............................ 6
VII .......................... 7
VIII ......................... 8
IX ............................ 9
X .............................. 10
XV ........................... 15
XIX ......................... 19
XX ........................... 20
XXV ........................ 25
XXIX ...................... 29
XX X ........................ 30
XX XV ..................... 35
XXXIX ................... 39
XL ........................... 40
XLV ......................... 45
XLIX ....................... 49
L .............................. 50
LV ........................... 55
LIX .......................... 59
LX ........................... 60
LXV ........................ 65
LXIX ....................... 69
LXX ........................ 70
LXXV ..................... 75
LXXIX .................... 79
LXXX ..................... 80
LXXXV .................. 85
LXXXIX ................. 89
XC ........................... 90
XCV ........................ 95
IC ............................ 99
C .............................. 100
CL ........................... 150
CC ........................... 200
CCC ........................ 300
CD .......................... 400
D .................. 500
DC ............... 600
DCC ............ 700
DCCC ......... 800
CM ............... 900
M .................. 1,000
MD .............. 1,500
MM .............. 2,000
MMM .......... 3,000
MMMM
or MV
- ...... 4,000
V
- ................... 5,000
M
- .................. 1,000,000
Dates
MDC .................................. 1600 MCMXX .............................. 1920 MCMLXX ...................... 1970
MDCC ............................... 1700 MCMXXX ........................... 1930 MCMLXXX ................... 1980
MDCCC............................. 1800 MCMXL .............................. 1940 MCMXC ........................ 1990
MCM or MDCCCC ......... 1900 MCML ................................. 1950 MM ................................. 2000
MCMX ............................... 1910 MCMLX .............................. 1960 MMX .............................. 2010
285
13. Tabular Work
(See also Chapter 9 “Abbreviations and Letter Symbols” and Chapter 14 “Leaderwork”)
13.1. e object of a table is to present in a concise and orderly manner
information that cannot be presented as clearly in any other way.
13.2. Tabular material should be kept as simple as possible, so that the
meaning of the data can be easily grasped by the user.
13.3. Tables shall be set without down (vertical) rules when there is at
least an em space between columns, except where: (1) in GPO’s
judgment down rules are required for clarity; or (2) the agency has
indicated on the copy they are to be used. e mere presence of
down rules in copy or enclosed sample is not considered a request
that down rules be used. e publication dictates the type size used
in setting tables. Tabular work in the Congressional Record is set 6
on 7. e balance of congressional tabular work sets 7 on 8. If down
rules are used they will be set as hairlines, unless a specic weight is
requested.
Abbreviations
13.4. To avoid burdening tabular text, commonly known abbreviations
are used in tables. Metric and unit-of-measurement abbreviations
are used with gures.
13.5. e names of months (except May, June, and July) when followed by
the day are abbreviated.
13.6. e words street, avenue, place, road, square, boulevard, terrace,
drive, court, and building, following name or number, are abbre-
viated. For numbered streets, avenues, etc., gures are used.
13.7. Abbreviate the words United States if preceding the word
Government, the name of any Government organization, or as an
adjective generally.
13.8. Use the abbreviations RR and Ry. following a name, and SS, MS,
etc., preceding a name.
13.9. Use lat. and long. with gures.
286 Chapter 13
13.10. Abbreviate, when followed by gures, the various parts of publica-
tions, as article, part, section, etc.
13.11. Use, generally, such abbreviations and contractions as 98th Cong.,
1st sess., H. Res. 5, H.J. Res. 21, S. Doc. 62, S. Rept. 410, Rev. Stat., etc.
13.12 . In columns containing names of persons, copy is followed as to ab-
breviations of given names.
13.13. Periods are not used aer abbreviations followed by leaders.
Bearoff or inset
13.14. An en space is used for all bearos or insets.
13.15. In a crowded table, when down rules are necessary, the bearo or
inset may be reduced in gure columns.
13.16. Fractions are set ush right to the bearo or inset of the allotted
column width, and not aligned.
13.17. Mathematical signs, parentheses, fractions, and brackets are set
with a normal bearo or inset.
Boxheads
13.18 . Periods are omitted aer all boxheads, but a dash is used aer any
boxhead which reads into the matter following.
13.19. Boxheads run crosswise.
13.20. Boxheads are set solid, even in leaded tables.
13.21. Boxheads are centered horizontally and vertically.
Down-rule style (see rule 13.3)
Employed students whose work records were obtained
Time of year at beginning work [depth of this box does
not inuence the depth of box on le]
June to August September to May
Distri- Distri- Distri-
Number bution Number bution Number bution
(percent) (percent) (percent)
Female (16 to 18) ....................... 3,869 45.5 1,415 9.6 2,405 15.8 49
Total
Sex and age
Not re-
ported
Tabular Work 287
No-down-rule style (preferred)
T 9.—Mine production of gold, silver, copper, lead, and zinc in 2008
Concentrate shipped to smelters and recoverable metals
Co p per ................................................ 220,346 763 70,357 14,242,346 9,950 6,260
Lead ..................................................... 3,931 392 48,326 72,500 5,044,750 290,980
Zinc ..................................................... 25,159 269 41,078 263,4 00 581,590 26,441,270
Total:
2 0 08 .............................. 249,4 36 1,4 2 4 159,756 14, 578, 24 6 5, 63 6, 29 0 2 6,73 8, 510
2 00 7 .............................. 3 67, 43 0 1,789 4 32,122 10, 622 ,155 13,5 4 4, 875 11,92 3,0 60
Crude material shipped to smelters
Dry gold, dry gold-silver ore .......... 134 52 2,839 2,200 ................. .................
Copper:
Crude ore ................................... 107,270 844 39,861 2,442,882 124,100 2,200
Slag .............................................. 421 10 165 285,421 ................. .................
Lead...................................................... 528 12 1,693 5,950 110,870 300
Mill cleanings (lead-zinc) ............... 31 ................. 254 1,450 8,100 4,300
Total:
2 0 08 .............................. 12 5,749 919 4 5,4 4 4 30, 375,75 4 249,710 6 , 890
2 00 7 .............................. 166 ,184 1,0 42 47,176 41,6 01,8 45 49 7,12 5 26 ,94 0
Class of material Short
tons
Gold
(ne
ounces)
Copper
(pounds)
Silver
(ne
ounces)
Lead
(pounds)
Zinc
(pounds)
13.22. In referring to quantity of things, the word Number in boxheads is
spelled if possible.
13.23. Column numbers or letters in parentheses may be set under box-
heads and are separated by one line space below the deepest head.
(If alignment of parentheses is required within the table, use brack-
ets in boxhead.) ese column references align across the table.
Units of quantity are set in parentheses within boxheads.
Department of Agriculture Department of Commerce
(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
A la bam a ........... $ 4 , 730 ,154 $1,52 0,3 62 $7,970,875 ........................... $79,284 $1,176,401 $247,515
A las ka ................ 393,4 84 2 69,274 591,487 ........................... 297,266 12,366,106 472,749
Arizona ............. 4,545,983 823,136 6,512,639 ........................... 127,749 9,317,853 .................
States
Commod-
ity Credit
Corpora-
tion, value
of com-
modities
donated
Special
school
milk
program 1
Disaster loans,
etc. (payments
to assist States
in furnishing
hay in
droughtstriken
areas)
Value of
commod-
ities dis-
tributed
within
States
Civil Aero-
nautics
Adminis-
tration—
Federal
airport
program—
regular
grants
Bureau of Public
Roads: Highway
construction
Regular
grants 2
Emer-
gency
grants 3
13.24. Leaders may be supplied in a column consisting entirely of symbols
or years or dates or any combination of these.
288 Chapter 13
Centerheads, flush entries, and subentries
13.25. Heads follow the style of the tables as to the use of gures and
abbreviations.
13.26. Punctuation is omitted aer centerheads. Flush entries and sub-
entries over subordinate items are followed by a colon (single sub-
entry to run in, preserving the colon), but a dash is used instead of a
colon when the entry reads into the matter below.
25 Miscellaneous: Powerplant equipment ...................................................................................................... $245,040.37
26 Roads, railroads, and bridges ....................................................................................................................... 275,900.34
Total ........................................................................................................................................................ 520,940.71
 
42 Structures and improvements ...................................................................................................................... 26,253.53
43 Station equipment ........................................................................................................................................... 966,164.41
Total ........................................................................................................................................................ 992,417.94
 
General plant:
Norris ......................................................................................................................................................... 753,248.97
Other .......................................................................................................................................................... 15,335.81
Total ........................................................................................................................................................ 768,584.78
Grand total ............................................................................................................................................ 2,281,943.43
13. 27. In reading columns if the centerhead clears the reading matter
below by at least an em, the space is omitted; if it clears by less than
an em, a space is used. If an overrun, rule, etc., in another column,
or in the same column, creates a blank space above the head, the
extra space is not added.
13.28. Units of quantity and years used as heads in reading and gure col-
umns are set in italic with space above but no space below.
No-down-rule style (preferred)
e rules are used here to aid readability.
2015
Oct. 1 ......................... 35.6 15 Jan. 16 ...................... 45.2 15 May 8 ........................ 46.5 15
Oct. 31 ....................... 45.0 15 Feb. 4 ....................... 50.2 15 May 22 ..................... 45.1 18
Nov. 14 ...................... 40.9 18 Feb. 17 ..................... 43.4 15 June 9 ........................ 47.1 14
Dec. 24 ...................... 41.7 15 Mar. 4 ...................... 45.6 15 June 24 ..................... 48.2 16
Mar. 19 .................... 42.7 15 July 9 ......................... 46.6 17
2016 Apr. 2 ....................... 40.9 15 July 24 ...................... 45.9 16
Jan. 3 .......................... 43.9 15 Apr. 28 .................... 47.7 13 Aug. 6 ....................... 46.5 16
Tabular Work 289
Down-rule style (see rule 13.3)
2015
Oct. 1 ......................... 35.6 15 Jan. 16 ...................... 45.2 15 May 8 ....................... 46.5 15
Oct. 31 ....................... 45.0 15 Feb. 4 ....................... 50.2 15 May 22 ..................... 45.1 18
Nov. 14 ...................... 40.9 18 Feb. 17 ..................... 43.4 15 June 9 ....................... 47.1 14
Dec. 24 ...................... 41.7 15 Mar. 4 ...................... 45.6 15 June 24 ..................... 48.2 16
Mar. 19 .................... 42.7 15 July 9 ........................ 46.6 17
2016 Apr. 2 ....................... 40.9 15 July 24 ...................... 45.9 16
Jan. 3 .......................... 43.9 15 Apr. 28 .................... 47.7 13 Aug. 6 ....................... 46.5 16
Ciphers
13.29. Where the rst number in a column or under a cross rule is wholly
a decimal, a cipher is added at the le of its decimal point. A cipher
used alone in a money or other decimal column is placed in the unit
row and is not followed by a period. e cipher repeats in mixed
units before decimals unless the group totals.
January ................ +26.4 0 0 0 0 0 1 +$0.7 27.1+ +40.4
February ............. +66.7 0 0 0 0 0 −.9 65.8+ +98.1
March .................. +143.1 +2.6 −7.5 0 0 0 +12.4 150.6 +224.1
13.30. In columns containing both dollars and cents, ciphers will be sup-
plied on right of decimal point in the absence of gures.
13.31. Where column consists of single decimal, supply a cipher on the
right unless the decimal is a cipher.
0.6
0
3.0
4.2
5.0
13.32. Where column has mixed decimals of two or more places, do not
supply ciphers but follow copy.
0.22453
1.263
4
2.60
3.4567
78
12.6
102.14423
13.33. Copy is followed in the use of the word None or a cipher to indicate
None in gure columns. If neither one appears in the copy, leaders
are inserted, unless a clear (no leaders) is specically requested.
290 Chapter 13
13.34. In columns of gures under the heading £ s d, if a whole number of
pounds is given, one cipher is supplied under s and one under d; if
only shillings are given, one cipher is supplied under d.
13.35. In columns of gures under Ft In, if only feet are given, supply
cipher under In; if only inches are given, clear under Ft; if ciphers
are used for None, place one cipher under both Ft and In.
13.36. In any column containing sums of money, the period and ciphers
are omitted if the column consists entirely of whole dollars.
Continued heads
13. 37. In continued lines an em dash is used between the head and the
word (Continued) (in italic). No period is carried aer a continued
line.
13.38. Continued heads over tables will be worded exactly like the table
heading. Notes above tables are repeated; footnote references are re-
peated in boxheads and in continued lines.
Dashes or rules
13.39. Rules are not carried in reading columns or columns consisting
of serial or tracing numbers, but are carried through all gure
columns.
13.40. Parallel rules are used to cut o gures from other gures below
that are added or subtracted; also, generally, above a grand total.
Ditto (do.)
13.41. e abbreviation do. is used to indicate that the previous line is
being repeated instead of repeating the line, verbatim, over and
over. It is used in reading columns only, lowercased and preceded
by leaders (6 periods) when there is matter in preceding column. If
ditto marks are requested, closing quotes will be used.
13.42. Capitalize Do. in the rst and last columns. ese are indented
1 or 2 ems, depending on the length of the word being repeated,
or the width of the column; the situation will determine as it is
encountered.
Tabular Work 291
13.43. In mixed columns made up of gure and reading-matter items, do.
is used only under the latter items.
13.44. Do. is not used—
(1) In a gure or symbol column (tracing columns are gure
columns);
(2) In the rst line under a centerhead in the column in which
the centerhead occurs;
(3) Under a line of leaders or a rule;
(4) Under an item italicized or set in boldface type for a specic
reason (italic or boldface do. is never used; item is repeated);
(5) Under an abbreviated unit of quantity or other abbrevia-
tions; or
(6) Under words of three letters or less.
13.45. Do. is used, however, under a clear space and under the word None
in a reading column.
13.46. Do. does not apply to a reference mark on the preceding item. e
reference mark, if needed, is added to do.
13.47. Leaders are not used before Do. in the rst column or before or aer
Do. in the last column.
13.48. In a rst and/or last column 6 ems or less in width, a 1-em space
is used before Do. In all other columns 6 ems or less in width, six
periods are used. Bearo is not included.
13.49. In a rst and/or last column more than 6 ems in width, 2 ems of space
are used before Do. In all other columns more than 6 ems in width,
six periods are used. Bearo space is not included. If the preceding
line is indented, the indention of Do. is increased accordingly.
13.50. Do. under an indented item in an inside reading column, with or
without matter in preceding column, is preceded by six periods
which are indented to align with item above.
292 Chapter 13
Dollar mark
13.51. e dollar mark or any other money symbol is placed close to the
gure; it is used only at the head of the table and under cross rules
when the same unit of value applies to the entire column.
13.52. In columns containing mixed amounts (as money, tons, gallons,
etc.), the dollar mark, pound mark, peso mark, or other symbol, as
required, is repeated before each sum of money.
13.53. If several sums of money are grouped together, they are separated
from the nonmoney group by a parallel rule, and the symbol is
placed on the rst gure of the separated group only.
1958 1967
Water supply available (gallons) .......................................................................................... 4,000,000 3,000,000
Wheat production (bushels) ................................................................................................. 9,000,000 8,000,000
Operations:
Water-dispatching operations ..................................................................................... $442,496 $396,800
Malaria control ............................................................................................................... 571,040 426,600
Plant protection .............................................................................................................. 134,971 58,320
Total .............................................................................................................................. 1,148,507 881,720
Number of plants ..................................................................................................................... 642 525
Percent of budget ..................................................................................................................... 96.8 78.8
N.—Preliminary gures.
Source: U.S. Department of Commerce, Bureau of the Census.
13.54. In a double money column, dollar marks are used in the rst group
of gures only; en dashes are aligned.
$7–$9
10–12
314–316
1,014–1,016
13.55. e dollar mark is omitted from a rst item consisting of a cipher.
0 but $0.12
$300 13.43
500 15.07
700 23.18
13.56. e dollar mark should be repeated in stub or reading columns.
0 to $0.99 ........................
$1 to $24 .........................
$25 to $49 .......................
$50 to $74 ......................
Tabular Work 293
Figure columns
13.57. Figures align on the right, with an en space bearo. ere is no
bearo on leaders.
13.58. In a crowded table the bearo may be reduced in gure columns
only. It is preferable to retain the bearo.
13.59. Figures in parentheses align.
13.60. In double rows of gures in a single column, connected by a dash, a
plus, or minus sign, and in dates appearing in the form 9–4–08, the
dashes or signs can be aligned.
13.61. Plus or minus signs at the le of gures are placed against the g-
ures regardless of alignment; plus and minus signs at the right of
gures are cleared.
13.62. Words and Roman numerals in gure columns are aligned on the
right with the gures, without periods.
Median value of livestock .......................................................................................... $224 $62 ................
Median value of machinery ...................................................................................... $54 Small ................
Median value of furniture ......................................................................................... $211 $100 ................
Possessing automobiles (percent) ............................................................................ 25 17 ................
Median age (years) .............................................................................................. ................ ................ 5.5
Median value ........................................................................................................ ................ ................ $144
Fraternal membership:
Men ......................................................................................................................... ................ IV 486
Women ................................................................................................................... ................ ................ None
13.63. Figures (including decimal and common fractions) expressing
mixed units of quantity (feet, dollars, etc.) and gures in parenthe-
ses are aligned on the right.
13.64. Decimal points are aligned except in columns containing numbers
that refer to mixed units (such as pounds, dollars, and percentage)
and have irregular decimals.
Footnotes and references
13.65. Footnotes to tables are numbered independently from footnotes to
text unless requested by committee or department.
13.66. Superior gures are used for footnote references, beginning with 1
in each table.
294 Chapter 13
13.67. If gures might lead to ambiguity (for example, in connection with
a chemical formula), asterisks, daggers, or italic superior letters, etc.,
may be used.
13.68. When items carry several reference marks, the superior-gure
reference precedes an asterisk, dagger, or similar character used
for reference. ese, in the same sequence, precede mathematical
signs. A thin space is used to bear o an asterisk, dagger, or similar
character.
13.69. Footnote references are repeated in boxheads or in continued lines
over tables.
13.70. References to footnotes are numbered consecutively across the page
from le to right.
13.71. Footnote references are placed at the right in reading columns and
symbol columns, and at the le in gure columns (also at the le of
such words as None in gure columns), and are separated by a thin
space.
13.72. Two or more footnote references occurring together are separated
by spaces, not commas.
13.73. In a gure column, a footnote reference standing alone is set in
parentheses and ushed right. In a reading column, it is set at the
le in parentheses and is followed by leaders, but in the last column
it is followed by a period, as if it were a word. In a symbol column it
is set at the le and cleared.
13.74. Numbered footnotes are placed immediately beneath the table. If a
sign or letter reference in the heading of a table is to be followed, it
is not changed to become the rst numbered reference mark. e
footnote to it precedes all other footnotes. e remaining footnotes
in a table will follow this sequence: footnotes (numbers, letters, or
symbols); N.—; then Source:.
13.75. For better makeup or appearance, footnotes may be placed at the
end of a lengthy table. A line reading “Footnotes at end of table.” is
supplied.
Tabular Work 295
13.76. If the footnotes to both table and text fall together at the bottom of
a page, the footnotes to the table are placed above the footnotes to
the text, and the two groups are separated by a 50-point rule ush
le; but if there are footnotes to the text and none to the table, the
50-point rule is retained.
13.77. Footnotes to cut-in and indented tables and tables in rules are set
full measure, except when footnotes are short, they can be set in 1
em under indented table.
13.78. Footnotes are set as paragraphs, but two or more short footnotes
should be combined into one line, separated by not less than 2 ems.
13.79. e footnotes and notes to tables are set solid.
13.80. Footnotes and notes to tables and boxheads are set the same size,
but not smaller than 6 point, unless specied otherwise.
13.81. Footnotes to tables follow tabular style in the use of abbreviations,
gures, etc.
13.82. In footnotes, numbers are expressed in gures, even at the begin-
ning of a note or sentence.
13.83. If a footnote consists entirely or partly of a table or leaderwork, it
should always be preceded by introductory matter carrying the
reference number; if necessary, the copy preparer should add an in-
troductory line, such as “ 1 See the following table:”.
13.84. An explanatory paragraph without specic reference but belonging
to the table rather than to the text follows the footnotes, if any, and
is separated from them or from the table by space.
Fractions
13.85. All fractions are set ush right to the bearo.
Total length .............................. 40¾ 41 0.42 43 44 0.455 46 47 48 ½ in.
Sleeve length ............................ 10⅝ 10 10 10 11 11 11 11 11 1 in.
Armhole length ....................... 8⅝ 8½ 9 9½ 9½ 10 10½ 10½ 11 1 in.
Sleeve cu length (if cu is 5½ 5½ 5½ 5⁄ 5½ 5⁄ 5½ 5½ 5½ Maximum.
used).
Neck opening ........................... 26½ 26 27⁄ 28⁄ 28 29⁄ 30 30 31 2 in.
Waist:
7, 8, 9, 10 cut .................... 23½ 24 25½ 27⁄ 28 29½ 31 32 33½ 6 pct.
11, 12, 14 cut .................... 22½ 23½ 25 26½ 27½ 29 30½ 31½ 33 6 pct.
296 Chapter 13
13.86. Fractions standing alone are expressed in gures, even at the be-
ginning of a line, but should be spelled out at the beginning of a
footnote.
Headnotes
13. 87. Headnotes should be set lowercase, but not smaller than 6 point,
bracketed, and period omitted at end, even if the statement is a
complete sentence; but periods should not be omitted internally if
required by sentence structure.
13.88. Headnotes are repeated under continued heads but the word
Continued is not added to the headnote.
Indentions and overruns
Subentries
13.89. e indention of subentries is determined by the width of the stub
or reading column. Subentries in columns more than 15 ems wide
are indented in 2-em units; in columns 15 ems or less, with short
entry lines and few overruns, 2-em indentions are also used. All
overruns are indented 1 em more.
13.90. Subentries in columns of 15 ems or less are indented in 1-em units.
Overruns are indented 1 additional em space.
Total, mean, and average lines
13.91. All total (also mean and average) lines are indented 3 ems. In very
narrow stub columns, total lines may be reduced to 1- or 2-em in-
dentions, depending on length of line.
13.92. Where overrun of item above conicts, the total line is indented 1
em more. Runovers of total lines are also indented 1 additional em
space.
13.93. It is not necessary to maintain uniform indention of the word Total
throughout the same table. e word Total is supplied when not in
copy.
Tabular Work 297
ASSETS
Loans and discounts:
Loans to banks ................................................................... $74,518 $1,267,493 $947,289 $135,619
Commercial and industrial loans .................................. 2,753,456 450,916 211,597 18,949
Total (total lines generally indent 3 ems) ................. 2,827,974 718,409 1,158,886 154,568
Real estate loans:
Secured by farmland ......................................................... 12,532 29,854 186,228 19,044
Secured by residential property other than rural
and fa rm ........................................................................ 1,011,856 167,765 1,55 4,0 84 3,172, 837
Total (indent 1 em more to avoid conict with
line above) ................................................................ 1,024,388 194,619 1,740,312 3,191,881
Securities:
U.S. Government obligations:
Direct obligations:
U.S. savings bonds ............................................. 1,149,764 3,285,721 2,361,796 23,506
Nonmarketable bonds (including invest-
ment series A–1965). ..................................... 242,500 490,677 732,689 167,735
Total (indent 1 em more than runover
above) ....................................................... 1,392,264 3,776,398 3,094,485 191,241
Wide stub column—subentries 2 ems Total, all
banks
National
banks
Non-
national
banks
Building
associations
Italic
13.94. Names of vessels and aircra (except in columns consisting entirely
of such names), titles of legal cases (except v. for versus), and certain
scientic terms are set in italic. e word “Total” and headings in
the column do not aect the application of this rule. In gothic type-
faces without italic, quotes are allowed.
13.95. Set “See” and “See also” in roman.
Leaders
13.96. Leaders run across the entire table except that they are omitted
from a last reading column.
13.97. e style of leadering is guided by two rules: (1) tables with a single
reading column leader from the bottom line, or (2) tables with any
combination of more than one reading or symbol column leader
from the top line.
298 Chapter 13
13.98. If leadering from the top line, overruns end with a period.
13.99. A column of dates is regarded as a reading column only if leaders
are added; in all other cases it is treated as a gure column.
13.10 0. In tables with tracing gures on le and right of page, leader from
top line.
Numerals in tables
13.101. Figures, ordinals, and fractions are used in all parts of a table, ex-
cept fractions that will be spelled out at the beginning of a footnote.
Parallel and divide tables
13.102 . Parallel tables are set in pairs of pages; beginning on a le-hand
page and running across to facing right-hand page, leader from the
top line.
13.103. Heads and headnotes center across the pair of pages, with 2-em
hanging indention for three or more lines when combined measure
exceeds 30 picas in width. Two-line heads are set across the pair of
pages. A single-line head or headnote is divided evenly, each part
set ush right and le, respectively. Words are not divided between
pages.
13.10 4. Boxheads and horizontal rules align across both pages.
13.10 5. Boxheads are not divided but are repeated, with Continued added.
13.10 6. Tracing gures are carried through from the outside columns of
both pages and are set to “leader from the top line.”
13.107. In divide tables that are made up parallel, with stub column re-
peated, the head and headnote repeat on each succeeding page, with
Continued added to the head only.
13.10 8. Tables with tracing gures or stub, or both, repeating on the le of
odd pages, are divide tables and not parallel tables. Over such tables
the heads are repeated, with Continued added.
Tabular Work 299
Reading columns
13.10 9. Figures or combinations of gures and letters used to form a read-
ing column align on le and are followed by leaders. Do. is not used
under such items.
13.110. e en dash is not to be used for to in a reading column; if both
occur, change to to throughout.
13.111. Cut-in items following a colon are indented 2 ems.
13.112. A single entry under a colon line should be run in; retain the colon.
13.113. Numerical terms, including numbered streets, avenues, etc., are ex-
pressed in gures, even at the beginning of an item.
Symbol columns
13.114. A column consisting entirely of letters, letters and gures, symbols,
or signs, or any combination of these, is called a symbol column. It
should be set ush le and cleared, except when it takes the place of
the stub, it should then be leadered. No closing period is used when
such column is the last column. Blank lines in a last column are
cleared. Do. is not used in a symbol column.
GM(2) ............ Gasoline and diesel engine OR10 A Fuel, grease, chassis, G.&D.
oil, SAE10 and SAE10W or soap base.
grades.
CG .................. Ball and roller bearing 4l–X–59 N Extreme pressure ....... BR
grease.
CW 1 ............... Wheel-beari ng grease ............ OE20 2 X ......do ............................ WBG 3
Grease not typied ................. ............... ............ Further tests being
conducted.
G090 .............. Universal gear lubricant ....... S.&T. B Water-pump grease ... 80D
Symbol
Army
product
symbol
Filing
order
symbol
General description
Speci-
cation
symbol
Typical commercial designation
13.115. Columns composed of both symbols and gures are treated as g-
ure columns and are set ush right. In case of blank lines in a last
column, leaders will be used as in gure columns.
WBD Chassis grease, cup grease, 961 A Especially adapted to very 1359
under pressure. cold climates.
14L88 Water-pump bearing grease SWA 352 Under moderate pressure ... ..........
5190 Exposed gear chain lubricant 12L N High-speed use ..................... AE10
E.P. hypoid lubricant ............. 863 X For experimental use only.. NXL
376 Special grade for marine use .......... 468 Free owing in any weather 749
Symbol
or
catalog
number
Symbol
or
product
number
Symbol
or lling
order
symbol
General description
Symbol
or speci-
cation
number
Typical commercial designation
300 Chapter 13
Tables without rules
13.116. It is preferable to set all tables alike; that is, without either down
rules or cross rules and with roman boxheads. When so indicated
on copy, by ordering agency, tabular matter may be set without
rules, with italic boxheads.
13.117. Column heads over gure columns in 6- or 8-point leaderwork are
set in 6-point italic.
13.118. Horizontal rules (spanner) used between a spread or upper level col-
umn heading carried over two or more lower level column headings
are set continuous and without break, from le to right, between the
two levels of such headings.
T 9.—Changes in xed assets and related allowances
Fixed assets
Investment Operations
Adjustments Transfers Retirements
Balance June
30, 2008
(table 9–a) Balance June
30, 2008
Current
additions
Supporting and general
facilities:
Transportation and
utilities:
Panama Railroad ...... $12,123,197 $306 .................. ($539) ($284,358) $11,838,606
Motor Transporta-
tion Division ......... 2,242,999 122,597 .................. 2,143 (147,561) 2,220,178
Steamship line ........... 13,653,989 10,247 .................. ................ .................. 13,664,236
Power system ............. 19,364,373 366,311 .................. (342) (290,174) 19,440,168
Communication
system ..................... 2,739,012 151,819 ($113,261) ................ (26,100) 2,751,470
Water system and
hydroelectric
facilities .................. 10,590,820 104,039 .................. 1,661 (48,920) 10,647,600
Total, trans-
portation
and utilities .. 60,714,390 755,319 (113,261) 2,923 (797,113) 60,562,258
Employee service and
facilities:
Commissary Division ...... 7,012,701 105,952 (130,891) 21,777 (36,418) 6,973,121
Service centers .................... 3,684,670 29,086 .................. 530 (230,276) 3,484,010
Housing Division............... 35,729,465 (10,336) .................. (485,548) (937,916) 34,295,665
Total employee service
and facilities ............... 46,426,836 124,702 (130,891) (463,241) (1,204,610) 44,752,796
Grand total ..................... 107,141,236 880,021 (244,152) (466,164) (2,001,723) 105,315,054
Tabular Work 301
13.119. More than one gure column, also illustrating use of dollar mark,
rule, bearo, etc.
For property purchased from—
Central Pipeline Distributing Co.:
Capital stock issued recorded amount .................................... $75,000
Undetermined consideration recorded ................................... 341
Pan American Bonded Pipeline Co.: Recorded money outlay .. 3,476
M.J. Mitchell: Recorded money outlay ............................................ 730
R. Lacy, Inc., and Lynch Rening Co.:
Recorded money outlay .......................................... $157,000
Note issued ................................................................ 100,000
Subtotal .............................................................. 257,000
Less value of oil in lines and salvaged construction
material ......................................................................... 26,555 230,445 $309,992
For construction, improvements, and replacements, recorded money outlay ...... 522
For construction work in progress, recorded money outlay ..................................... 933,605
Total .............................................................................................................................. 1,244,119
Quantity
(million
cubic feet)
Value at point
of consumption
Use:
Residential ........................................................................................... 34,842 $21,218,778
Commercia l ......................................................................................... 14,404 5,257,468
Industrial:
Field (drilling, pumping, etc.) .................................................. 144,052 10,419,000
All other industrial:
Fuel for petroleum reneries ............................................ 96,702 .......................
Other, including electric utility plants ........................... 346,704 61,440,000
Total .................................................................................. 636,704 98,335,246
Estimated
2004 2008 Change
General account:
R eceip ts .................................................................................................... $6 4,8 00 $69, 80 0 +$5,000
Expenditures ............................................................................................... (70,300) (67,100) (-3,200)
Net improvement, 2008 over 2004 .......................................................................................................................... 1,800
Deduct 2004 decit ..................................................................................................................................................... 1,500
Net surplus, estimated for 2008 ............................................................................................................ 300
302 Chapter 13
[In U.S.-dollar equivalent]
Balance with the Treasury Department July 1, 2008............................................................................. $165,367,704.85
Receipts:
Collections .................................................................................................. $564,944,502.99
Return from agency accounts of currencies advanced for liquid-
ation of obligations incurred prior to July 1, 2007 ......................... 4,450,577.07
Total receipts ............................................................................................................................... 569,395,080.06
Total available ............................................................................................................................. 734,762,784.91
Units of quantity
13.120. Units of quantity in stub columns are set in lowercase in plural form
and placed in parentheses.
Coke (short tons) .......................................................... 4,468,437 1 25,526,646 5,080,403 2 29,519,871
Diatomite ........................................................................ ( 1 2 3 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 2 3 )
Emery (pounds) ............................................................ 765 6,828 1,046 9,349
Feldspar (crude) (long tons) ....................................... ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 ) ( 1 )
Ferroalloys (short tons) ............................................... 183,465 2 18,388,766 259,303 2 30,719,756
13.121. Units of quantity and other words as headings over gure columns
are used at the beginning of a table or at the head of a continued
page or continued column in a double-up table.
13.122 . Over gure columns, units of quantity and other words used as
headings, and the abbreviations a.m. and p.m., if not included in
the boxheads, are set in italic and are placed immediately above the
gures, without periods other than abbreviating periods. In con-
gressional work (gothic), or at any time when italic is not available,
these units should be placed in the boxheads in parentheses. Any
well-known abbreviation will be used to save an overrun, but if one
unit of quantity is abbreviated, all in the same table will be abbrevi-
ated. If units change in a column, the new units are set in italic with
space above and no space below. e space is placed both above and
below only when there is no italic available.
Quoted tabular work
13.123. When a table is part of quoted matter, quotation marks will open
on each centerhead and each footnote paragraph, and, if table is end
of quoted matter, quotation marks close at end of footnotes. If there
are no footnotes and the table is the end of the quotation, quotation
marks close at end of last item.
303
14. Leaderwork
(See also Chapter 9 “Abbreviations and Letter Symbols” and Chapter 13 “Tabular Work”)
14.1. Leaderwork is a simple form of tabular work without boxheads or
rules and is separated from text by 4 points of space above and below
in solid matter or 6 points of space in leaded matter. It consists of a
reading (stub) column and a gure column, leadered from the bot-
tom line. It may also consist of two reading columns, aligning on
the top line. In general, leaderwork (except indexes and tables of
contents, which are set the same style as text) is governed by the
same rules of style as tabular work. Unless otherwise indicated,
leaderwork is set in 8 point. e period is omitted immediately be-
fore leaders.
Bearoff or inset
14.2. No bearo or inset is required at the right in a single reading
column.
Columns
14.3. A gure column is at least an en quad wider than the largest group
of gures but not less than 3 ems in single columns or 2 ems in
double-up columns. Total rules are to be the full width of all gure
columns.
Pounds
Year: 2000 ................................................................................................. 655,939
Fiscal year:
2009 .................................................................................................. 368,233
2010 ................................................................................................... 100,000
Total ............................................................................................. 1,124,172
14.4. Where both columns are reading columns, they are separated by an
em space.
304 Chapter 14
Particulars Artist
To the French Government:
e entire collection of French paintings on loan, Degas.
with the exception of Mlle. DuBourg (Mme.
Fantin-Latour).
Avant la Course ........................................................... Do.
To Col. Axel H. Oxholm, Washington, DC:
Martha Washington, George Washington, and Attributed to
omas Jeerson. Jonathan E. Earl,
Los Angeles, CA.
Ros es ............................................................................. Renoir.
Do .......................................................................... Forain.
Roses in a Chinese Vase and Sculpture by Maillol Vuillard.
Maternity ...................................................................... Gaug uin.
Continued heads
14.5. e use of continued heads in leaderwork is not necessary.
Ditto (do.)
14.6. e abbreviation do. is indented and capitalized in the stub. It is
capitalized and cleared (no leaders) in the last reading column (see
above).
Dollar mark and ciphers
14.7. In a column containing mixed amounts (as money, tons, gallons,
etc.) the gures are aligned on the right, and the dollar mark or
other symbol is repeated before each sum of money. If several sums
of money are grouped and added or subtracted to make a total, they
are separated from the nonmoney group by a parallel rule, and the
symbol is placed on the rst gure of the separated group only.
14.8. If two columns of sums of money add or subtract one into the other
and one carries points and ciphers, the other should also carry
points and ciphers.
Flush items and subheads
14.9. Flush items clear the gure column.
14.10. Subheads are centered in full measure.
Leaderwork 305
Footnotes
14.11. Footnotes to leaderwork follow the style of footnotes to tables.
14.12 . Footnote references begin with 1 in each leadered grouping, and
footnotes are placed at the end, separated from it by 4 points of
space. Separate notes from matter following by not less than 6
points of space.
14.13. If the leaderwork runs over from one page to another, the footnotes
will be placed at the bottom of the leadered material.1
Units of quantity
14.14. Units of quantity or other words over a stub or gure column are set
italic.
14.15. e following example shows the style to be observed where there
is a short colon line at le. In case of only one subentry, run in with
colon line and preserve the colon.
Baltimore & Ohio RR:
Freight carried:
May .................................................................................................. 50,000
June .................................................................................................. 52,000
Coal carried .......................................................................................... 90,000
Dixie RR: Freight carried Jan. 1, 1999, including freight carried by
all its subsidiaries ................................................................................... 1
n 2,000
1 Livestock not included.
14.16. If there is no colon line, the style is as follows:
Freight carried by the Dixie RR and the Baltimore & Ohio RR in
May ........................................................................................................... 71,500
14.17. Explanatory matter is set in 6 point under leaders (note omission of
period):
.................................. .................................. .................................
1 If footnotes to leaderwork and text fall at bottom of page, leaderwork footnotes are placed above
text footnotes. e two groups are separated by a 50-point rule.
(Name) (Address) (Position)
Tons
Tons
306 Chapter 14
14.18. In blank forms, leaders used in place of complete words to be sup-
plied are preceded and followed by a space.
On this .................................................... day of .............................. 20 .........
14.19. In half measure doubled up, units of quantity are aligned across the
page.
Inches Inches
Seedlings:
Black locust .......................... 27 Osage-orange ........................ 20
Honey locust ....................... 16 Catalpa .................................... 16
Green ash .............................. 7 Black walnut ......................... 10
14.20. Mixed units of quantity and amounts and words in a gure column
are set as follows:
Capital invested ............................................................................................ $8,000
Value of implements and stock .................................................................. $3,000
Land under cultivation (acres) ................................................................... 128.6
Orchard (acres) ............................................................................................. 21.4
Forest land (square miles) ........................................................................... 50
Livestock:
Horses:
Number ......................................................................................... 8
Value .............................................................................................. $1,500
Cows:
Number ......................................................................................... 18
Estimated weekly production of butter per milk cow
(pounds) ............................................................................... 7½
Hogs:
Number ........................................................................................ 46
Loss from cholera ....................................................................... None
307
15. Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and Outlines
Footnotes and reference marks
15.1. Text footnotes follow the style of the text with the exception of those
things noted in Chapter 9 “Abbreviations and Letter Symbols.’’
Footnotes appearing in tabular material follow the guidelines set
forth in Chapter 13 “Tabular Work.’’
15.2. In a publication divided into chapters, sections, or articles, each
beginning a new page, text footnotes begin with 1 in each such
division. In a publication without such divisional grouping, foot-
notes are numbered consecutively from 1 to 99, and then begin with
1 again. However, in supplemental sections, such as appendixes and
bibliographies, which are not parts of the publication proper, foot-
notes begin with 1.
15.3. Copy preparers must see that references and footnotes are plainly
marked.
15.4. If a reference is repeated on another page, it should carry the origi-
nal footnote; but to avoid repetition of a long note, the copy preparer
may use the words “See footnote 3 (6, 10, etc.) on p.—.’’ instead of
repeating the entire footnote.
15.5. Unless the copy is otherwise marked: (1) footnotes to 12-point text
are set in 8 point; (2) footnotes to 11-point text are set in 8 point,
except in Supreme Court reports, in which they are set in 9 point;
(3) footnotes to 10- and 8-point text are set in 7 point.
15.6. Footnotes are set as paragraphs at the bottom of the page and are
separated from the text by a 50-point rule, set ush le, with no less
than 2 points of space above and below the rule.
15.7. Footnotes to indented matter (other than excerpt footnotes) are set
full measure.
15.8. To achieve faithful reproduction of indented excerpt material (par-
ticularly legal work) containing original footnotes, these footnotes
are also indented and placed at the bottom of the excerpt, separated
308 Chapter 15
by 6 points of space. No side dash is used. Reference numbers are
not changed to t the numbering sequence of text footnotes.
15.9. Footnotes must always begin on the page where they are referenced.
If the entire footnote will not t on the page where it is cited, it will
be continued at the bottom of the next page.1
15.10. Footnotes to charts, graphs, and other illustrations should be placed
immediately beneath such illustrative material.
15.11. A cuto rule is not required between a chart or graph and its
footnotes.
15.12 . For reference marks use: (1) roman superior gures, (2) italic supe-
rior letters, and (3) symbols. Superior gures (preferred), letters, and
symbols are separated from the words to which they apply by thin
spaces, unless immediately preceded by periods or commas.
15.13. Where reference gures might lead to ambiguity (for example, in
matter containing exponents), asterisks, daggers, etc., or italic supe-
rior letters may be used.
15.14. When symbols or signs are used for footnote reference marks, their
sequence should be (*) asterisk, (†) dagger, (‡) double dagger, and
(§) section mark. Should more symbols be needed, these may be
doubled or tripled, but for simplicity and greater readability, it is
preferable to extend the assortment by adding other single-charac-
ter symbols.
15.15. Symbols with established meanings, such as the percent sign (%)
and the number mark (#), are likely to cause confusion and should
not be used for reference marks.
15.16. To avoid possible confusion with numerals and letters frequently
occurring in charts and graphs, it is preferable in such instances to
use symbols as reference marks.
1 When a footnote breaks from an odd (right-hand) page to an even (le-hand) page, the word (Continued) is set
inside parentheses in italic below the last line of the footnote where the break occurs.
A 50-point rule is used above each part of the footnote.
When a footnote break occurs on facing pages, i.e., from an even page to an odd page, the (Continued) line is not
set, but the 50-point rule is duplicated.
Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and Outlines 309
15.17. When items carry several reference marks, the superior-gure ref-
erence precedes an asterisk, dagger, or similar character used for
reference.
15.18. A superior reference mark follows all punctuation marks except a
dash, but it falls inside a closing parenthesis or bracket if applying
only to matter within the parentheses or brackets.
15.19. Two or more superior footnote references occurring together are
separated by thin spaces.
Indexes and tables of contents
15.20. Indexes and tables of contents are set in the same style as the text,
except that See and see also are set in italic.
15.21. Where a word occurs in an index page column, either alone or with
a gure, it is set ush on the right. If the word extends back into the
leaders, it is preceded by an en space.
Page
Explanatory diagram .............................................................................. Fronti spiece
General instructions. .............................................................................................. 
Capitalization (see also Abbrev iations) ................................................................. 16
Correct imposition (diagram).................................................................... Facing 34
Legends. (See Miscellaneous rules.)
Appendixes A, B, C, and D, maps, illustrations,
and excerpts ............................................................... In supplemental volume
15.22. For better appearance, Roman numerals should be set in small caps
in the gure columns of tables of contents and indexes.
15.23. In indexes set with leaders, if the page numbers will not t in the
leader line, the rst number only is set in that line and the other
numbers are overrun. If the entry makes three or more lines and the
last line of gures is not full, do not use a period at the end.
If page folios overrun due to an excessive amount of gures
use this form ............................................................................................... 220,
224, 227, 230, 240
And this way when overrun folios make two or more lines ..................... 220,
224–225, 230–240, 245, 246, 250–255, 258, 300, 320, 330, 350,
360, 370, 380, 390, 400, 410–500, 510, 520, 530, 540, 550, 560,
570, 580, 590, 600–620, 630, 640, 650
310 Chapter 15
(For examples of item indentions in a reading column of indexes,
see the index in this M.)
15.24. Overrun page numbers are indented 3½ ems in measures not over
20 picas and 7 ems in wider measures, more than one line being
used if necessary. ese indentions are increased as necessary to not
less than 2 ems more than the line immediately above or below.
15.25. When copy species that all overs are to be a certain number of
ems, the runovers of the gure column shall be held in 2 ems more
than the specied indention.
15.26. Examples of block-type indexes:
Example 1 Example 2
Medical ocer, radiological defense, 3 Brazil—Continued
Medicolegal dosage, 44 Exchange restrictions—Continued
Military Liaison Committee, 4 Williams mission (see also
Monitoring, 58 Williams, John H., special
Air, 62 mission), exchange control
Personnel, 59 situation, 586–588
Civilian, 60 Trade agreement with United
Military, 59 States, proposed:
Sea, 61 Dra text, 558–567
Ship, 61 Proposals for:
Monitors, radiological defense, 3 Inclusion of all clauses, 531
15. 27. In index entries the following forms are used:
Brown, A.H., Jr. (not Brown, Jr., A.H.)
Brown, A.H., & Sons (not Brown & Sons, A.H.)
Brown, A.H., Co. (not Brown Co., A.H.)
Brown, A.H., & Sons Co. (not Brown & Sons Co., A.H.)
15.28. In a table of contents, where chapter, plate, or gure is followed by a
number and period, an en space is used aer the period. e peri-
ods are aligned on the right.
Page
Chapter
I. Introduction.......................................................................................................
II. Summary ........................................................................................................... 1
VI. C onc lusion s ....................................................................................................... 7
15.29. Subheads in indexes and tables of contents are centered in the full
measure.
Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and Outlines 311
15.30. In contents using two sizes of lightface type, or a combination of
boldface and lightface type, all leaders and page numbers will be
set in lightface roman type. Contents set entirely in boldface will
use boldface page numbers. All page numbers will be set in the pre-
dominant size.
Page
P I. M  P  S.............................................. 5
Disarmament .................................................................................................... 6
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy ................................................................... 7
Page
Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security ....................................................... 5
Disarmament .................................................................................................... 6
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy ................................................................... 7
Page
Part I. Maintenance of Peace and Security ....................................................... 5
Disarmament ................................................................................................... 6
Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy ................................................................. 7
Outlines
15.31. Outlines vary in appearance because there is no one set style to fol-
low in designing them. e width of the measure, the number of
levels required for the indentions, and the labeling concept selected
to identify each new level all contribute to its individuality.
e following sample outline demonstrates a very basic and struc-
tured arrangement. It uses the enumerators listed in rule 8.112 to
identify each new indented level.
e enumerators for the rst four levels are followed by a period and
a xed amount of space. e enumerators for the second four levels
are set in parentheses and followed by the same amount of xed
space.
Each new level indents 2 ems more than the preceding level, and
data that runs over to the next line aligns with the rst word follow-
ing the enumerator.
312 Chapter 15
Outline example:
I. Balancing a checkbook
A. Open your check register
1. Verify all check numbers
a. Verify no check numbers were duplicated
b. Verify no check numbers were skipped
B. Open your bank statement
1. Put canceled checks in sequence
2. Compare amounts on checks to those in register
a. Correct any mistakes in register
b. Indicate those check numbers cashed
(1) Mark o check number on the statement
(a) Verify amount of check
(i) Highlight discrepancies on statement
(aa) Enter gures on back
(ii) Enter missing check numbers on back with
amounts
(aa) Identify missing check numbers in
register
(bb) Verify those check numbers were not
cashed previously
313
16. Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures
16.1. e general principle involved in the typography of datelines, ad-
dresses, and signatures is that they should be set to stand out clearly
from the body of the letter or paper that they accompany. is is
accomplished by using caps and small caps and italic, as set forth
below. Other typographic details are designed to ensure uniformity
and good appearance. Street addresses and ZIP Code numbers are
not to be used. In certain lists that carry ZIP Code numbers, reg-
ular spacing will be used preceding the ZIP Code. Certain general
instructions apply alike to datelines, addresses, and signatures.
General instructions
16.2. Principal words in datelines, addresses, and titles accompanying
signatures are capitalized.
16.3. Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms., and all other titles preceding a name, and Esq.,
Jr., Sr., and 2d following a name in address and signature lines, are
set in roman caps and lowercase if the name is in caps and small
caps or caps and lowercase; if the name is in caps, they are set in
caps and small caps, if small caps are available—otherwise in caps
and lowercase.
Spacing
16.4. At least 2 points of space should appear between dateline and text
or address, address and text, text and signature, or signature and
address.
Datelines
16.5. Datelines at the beginning of a letter or paper are set at the right side
of the page, the originating oce in caps and small caps, the address
and date in italic; if the originating oce is not given, the address
is set in caps and small caps and the date in italic; if only the date
is given, it is set in caps and small caps. Such datelines are indented
from the right 1 em for a single line; 3 ems and 1 em, successively,
for two lines; or 5 ems, 3 ems, and 1 em, successively, for three
lines. In measures 30 picas or wider, these indentions are increased
by 1 em.
314 Chapter 16
THE WHITE HOUSE,□□□
Washington, DC, January 1, 2016.□
THE WHITE HOUSE, July 30, 2016.□
TREASURY DEPARTMENT,□□□□□
OFFICE OF THE TREASURER,□□□
Washington, DC, January 1, 2016.□
TREASURY DEPARTMENT, July 30, 2016.□
DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE,□□□
July 30, 2016.□
FA IRFA X COUNTY, VA.□
OFFICE OF JOHN SMITH & CO.,□□□
New York, NY, June 6, 2016.□
WASHINGTON, May 20, 2016—10 a.m.□
THURSDAY, MAY 5, 2016—2 P.M.□
JANUARY 24, 2016.□
WASHINGTON, November 28, 2016.□□□
[Received December 5, 2016].□
ON BOARD USS “CONNECTICUT,’’□□□
January 22, 2016.□
16.6. Congressional hearings:
THURSDAY, NOVEMBER 19, 2015 1
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES,□□□□□□□
COMMITTEE ON THE JUDICIARY,□□□□□
SUBCOMMITTEE ON IMMIGRATION□□□
AND BORDER SECURITY,□□□
Washington, DC.□
U.S. SENATE,□□□□□
COMMITTEE ON ARMED SERVICES,□□□
Washington, DC.□
CONGRESS OF THE UNITED STATES,□□□□□
JOINT COMMITTEE ON PRINTING,□□□
Washington, DC.□
1 Normally, dates in House hearings on appropriation bills are set on the right in 10-point caps and small caps.
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 315
16.7. Datelines at the end of a letter or paper, either above or below signa-
tures, are set on le in caps and small caps for the address and italic
for the date. When the word dated is used, dateline is set in roman
caps and lowercase.
□MAY 7, 2016.
□ROANOKE, VA .
□ROANOKE, VA, July 1, 2016.
□Dated July 1, 2016.
□Dated Albany, March 13, 2016.
16.8.
Datelines in newspaper extracts are set at the beginning of the para-
graph, the address in caps and small caps and the date in roman
caps and lowercase, followed by a period and a 1-em dash.
□ABOARD USS Ronald Reagan April 3, 2016.—
□NEW YORK, NY, August 21, 2016.—A message received here from . . . .
Addresses
16.9. Addresses are set ush le at the beginning of a letter or paper in
congressional work (or at end in formal usage).
16.10. At beginning or at end:
To SMITH & JONES and
□BROWN & GREEN, Esqs.,
Attorneys for Claimant.
(Attention of Mr. Green.)
Hon. PATTY MURRAY,
U.S. Senate.
Hon. NANCY PELOSI,
U.S. House of Representatives. (Collective address.)
The PRESIDENT,
The White House.
16.11. A long title following an address is set in italic caps and lowercase,
the rst line ush le and right, overruns indented 2 ems to clear a
following 1-em paragraph indention.
Hon. MIKE ROUNDS,
Chairman, Subcommittee on Superfund, Waste Management,
□□and Regulatory Oversight, U.S. Senate, Washington, DC.
316 Chapter 16
16.12 . e name or title forming the rst line of the address is set in caps
and small caps, but Mr., Mrs., or other title preceding a name, and
Esq., Jr., Sr., or 2d following a name, are set in roman caps and
lowercase; the matter following is set in italic. e words U.S. Army
or U.S. Navy immediately following a name are set in roman caps
and lowercase in the same line as the name.
Lt. Gen. TODD T. SEMONITE, U.S. Army,
Chief of Engineers.
CHIEF OF ENGINEERS, U.S. ARMY. (Full title, all caps and small caps.)
Lt. Gen. TODD T. SEMONITE,
Chief of Engineers, U.S. Army,
Washington, DC.
Hon. KAREN L. HAAS,
Clerk of the House of Representatives.
Hon. RICHARD J. DURBIN,
U.S. Senator, Washington, DC.
Hon. CORY GARDNER,
5XVVHOO6HQDWH2IåFH%XLOGLQJ:DVKLQJWRQ'&
The COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS,
House of Representatives.
16.13. General (or collective) addresses are set in italic caps and lowercase,
ush le, with overruns indented 2 ems and ending with a colon,
except when followed by a salutation, in which case a period is used.
16.14. Examples of general addresses when not followed by salutation
(note the use of colon at end of italic line):
7R WKH 2IåFHUV DQG 0HPEHUV RI WKH 'DXJKWHUV RI WKH $PHULFDQ
□□Revolution, Washington, DC:
7RWKH$PHULFDQ'LSORPDWLFDQG&RQVXODU2IåFHUV
To Whom It May Concern:
Collectors of Customs:
To the Congress of the United States:
16.15.
Example of general address when followed by salutation (note the
use of period at end of italic line):
Senate and House of Representatives.
□GENTLEMEN: You are hereby * * *.
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 317
16.16. Examples illustrating other types of addresses:
To the EDITOR:
To JOHN L. NELSON, Greeting:
To JOHN L. NELSON, %LUPLQJKDP$/*UHHWLQJ
To the CLERK OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES:
CHIEF OF ENGINEERS
(Through the Division Engineer).
□MY DEAR SIR: I have the honor . . . .
□MR. REED: I have the honor . . . .
□DEAR MR. REED: I have the honor . . . .
Lt. (jg.) JOHN SMITH,
Navy Department:
□The care shown by you . . . .
STATE OF NEW YORK,
County of New York, ss:
□Before me this day appeared . . . .
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA, ss:
□Before me this day appeared . . . .
Envelope addresses
U.S. House of Representatives
Committee on Education and the Workforce
5D\EXUQ+RXVH2IåFH%XLOGLQJ
Washington, DC 20515
Signatures
16.17. Signatures, preceded by an em dash, are sometimes run in with the
last line of text.
16.18. Signatures are set at the right side of the page. ey are indented 1
em for a single line; 3 ems and 1 em, successively, for two lines; and
5 ems, 3 ems, and 1 em, successively, for three lines. In measures 30
picas or wider, these indentions are increased by 1 em.
16.19. e name or names are set in caps and small caps; Mr., Mrs., and all
other titles preceding a name, and Esq., Jr., Sr., and 2d following a
name, are set in roman caps and lowercase; the title following name
is set in italic. Signatures as they appear in copy must be followed in
regard to abbreviations.
318 Chapter 16
16.20. If name and title make more than half a line, they are set as two
lines.
16.21. Two to eight independent signatures, with or without titles, are
aligned on the le, at approximately the center of the measure.
ROBERT E. SCHWENK.
QUEEN E. HUGHES.
ERICA N. PROPHET.
ANDRE RODGERS,
Commander, U.S. Navy (Retired).□
WILLIAM H. COUGHLIN, Chairman.
16.22.
More than eight signatures, with or without titles, are set full mea-
sure, roman caps and lowercase, run in, indented 5 and 7 ems in
measures of 26½ picas or wider; in measures less than 26½ picas,
indent 2 and 3 ems.
□□□□□Brown, Shipley & Co.; Denniston, Cross & Co.; Fruhling &
□□□□□□□Groschen, Attorneys; C.J. Hambro & Sons; Hardy,
□□□□□□□Nathan & Co.; Heilbut, Symons & Co.; Harrison Bros. &
□□□□□□□Co., by George Harrison; Hoare, Miller & Co.; Thomas
□□□□□□□Eaton Co.
16.23.
e punctuation of closing phrases is governed by the sense. A de-
tached complimentary close is made a new paragraph.
16.24. Examples of various kinds of signatures:
UNITED STATES IMPROVEMENT CO.,
(By) JOHN SMITH, Secretary.
TEXARKANA TEXTILE MERCHANTS &
MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION,
JOHN L. JONES, Secretary.
TEXARKANA TEXTILE MERCHANTS &
MANUFACTURERS’ ASSOCIATION,
JOANNE WILDER,
%RDUG0HPEHUDQG6HFUHWDU\□
JOHN W. SMITH□□□
(And 25 others).□
JOHN SMITH,□□□□□
/LHXWHQDQW*RYHUQRU□□□
(For the Governor of Maine).□
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 319
NORTH AMERICAN ICE CO.,
SYLVIA ROONEY, Secretary.
JOHN [his thumbmark] SMITH.□
NITA M. LOWEY,
BARBARA COMSTOCK,
Managers on the Part of the House.□
CHRIS COONS,
AMY KLOBUCHAR,
Managers on the Part of the Senate.□
□I am, very respectfully, yours,
(Signed)□FRED C. KLEINSCHMIDT,□□□
Assistant Clerk, Court of Claims.□
□On behalf of the Philadelphia Chamber of Commerce:
GEO. W. PHILIPS.
SAML. CAMPBELL.
□I have the honor to be,
□□□Very respectfully, your obedient servant,
(Signed)□ John R. King
(Typed)□ JOHN R. KING,
Secretary.□
or
(S)□ John R. King
JOHN R. KING,
Secretary.□
□Attest:
RICHARD ROE, Notary Public.□
□By the Governor:
NATHANIEL COX, Secretary of State.□
□Approved.
JOHN SMITH, Governor.□
□By the President:
JOHN KERRY, Secretary of State.□
□Respectfully submitted.
MARY FARRELL, U.S. Indian Agent.□
□□□Yours truly,
Capt. JAMES STALEY, Jr.,□□□
Superintendent.□
□□□Respectfully yours,
Mrs. BETTY SHEFFIELD.□
□□□Very respectfully,
RON GOLDEN, U.S. Indian
Agent.□
320 Chapter 16
16.25. In quoted matter:
□□□“Very respectfully,
“TODD S. GILBERT.
“PAUL HARTMAN.
“DOLORES HICKS.
“ALBERT H. JONES.
“JOAN C. NUGENT.
“BRANDON PROCTOR.’’
16.26.
Examples of various kinds of datelines, addresses, and
signatures:
Re weather reports submitted by th
e International Advisory Committee of
□□the Weather Council.
Mr. FRED UPTON,
Chairman, House Committee on Energy and Commerce,
Washington, DC.
□DEAR MR. UPTON::HKDYHEHHQLQFRQWDFWZLWK\RXURIåFHHWF
DR. LOUIS W. UCCELLINI,□□□□□
Executive Director,□□□
National Weather Service.□
LINCOLN PARK, MI, February 15, 2016.□
Re Romeo O. Umanos, Susanna M. Umanos, case No. S–254, U.S.
□□Citizenship and Immigration Services, application pending.
Hon. JOHN CORNYN,
Chairman, Subcommittee on the Constitution,
Committee on the Judiciary, Washington, DC.
□DEAR MR. CORNYN: You have for some time . . . .
□□□Sincerely yours,
EDWA R D PULTORAK,□□□
Architectural Designer.□
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 321
Hon. TREY GOWDY,
&KDLUPDQ 6XEFRPPLWWHH RQ ,PPLJUDWLRQ DQG %RUGHU 6HFXULW\
□□of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives,
□□Washington, DC.
□DEAR MR. GOWDY: You have for some time . . . .
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF □□□□□
COMMERCE,□□□□□
NATIONAL WEATHER SERVICE,□□□
Washington, March 3, 2016.□
Hon. GENE GREEN,
House of Representatives,
Washington, DC.
□DEAR MR. GREEN: We will be glad to
give you any further information.
□□□Sincerely yours,
F.W. REICHELDERFER,□□□
Chief of Service.□
NEW YORK, NY, February 8, 2016.□
To: All supervisory employees of production plants, northern and
□□eastern divisions, New York State.
From: Production manager.
Subject: Regulations concerning vacations, health and welfare plans,
□□and wage contract negotiations.
□It has come to our attention that the time . . . .
WASHINGTON, DC, May 16, 2016.□
The Honorable the SECRETARY OF THE NAV Y.
□DEAR MR. SECRETARY: This is in response to your letter . . . .
□□□Very sincerely yours,
[SEAL]□BARACK OBAMA.□
322 Chapter 16
EAST LANSING, MI, June 10, 2016.□
To Whom It May Concern:
□I have known Kyu Yawp Lee for 7 years and am glad to testify as to his
åQHFKDUDFWHU+HKDVEHHQHPSOR\HG   
□:LVKLQJ\RXVXFFHVVLQ\RXUGLIåFXOWDQGKLJKO\LPSRUWDQWMREZHDUH
□□□Sincerely yours,
AGOSTINO J. GONINO.
LOUISE M. GONINO.
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF VETERANS AFFAIRS,□□□□□□□
OFFICE OF THE SECRETARY OF□□□□□
VETERANS AF FA IRS,□□□
Washington, DC.□
Hon. CHARLES E. GRASSLEY,
Chairman, Committee on the Judiciary,
U.S. Senate, Washington, DC.
□DEAR SENATOR GRASSLEY: Further reference is made to your reply . . . .
□□□Sincerely yours,
GORDON M. MANSFIELD,□□□□□□□
Deputy Secretary□□□□□
(For and in the absence of□□□
James B. Peake, Secretary).□
WASHINGTON, DC, September 16, 2016.□
Mr. WILLIAM E. JONES, Jr.,
Special Assistant to the Attorney General, Attorney for Howard
□□6XWKHUODQG'LUHFWRU2IåFHRI$OLHQ3URSHUW\
□DEAR MR. JONES: In reply to your letter . . . .
□□□Yours tr u ly,
(Signed)□
THOMAS E. RHODES,□□□
Special Assistant to the Attorney General.□
□36Ô$VSHFLDOZRUGRIWKDQNVWR\RXIURP-5%URZQIRU\RXUåQH
□□help.
T.E.R.□
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures 323
TOKYO, JAPAN, November 13, 2016.□
U.S. DEPARTMENT OF HOMELAND SECURITY,
U.S. CITIZENSHIP AND NATURALIZATION SERVICES,
Detroit, MI.
□GENTLEMEN: This letter will testify to the personal character . . . .
□□□Very truly yours,
Mrs. GRACE C. LOHR,□□□□□
Inspector General Section, HQ, AFFE,□□□
APO 343, San Francisco, CA.□
16. 27.
e word seal appearing with the signature of a notary or of an or-
ganized body, such as a company, is spaced 1 em from the signature.
e word seal is to be set in small caps and bracketed.
[SEAL]□RICHARD ROE,□□□
Notary Public.□
[SEAL]□J.M. WILBER.□
[SEAL]□BARTLETT, ROBINS & CO.□
16.28. Presidential proclamations aer May 23, 1967, do not utilize the
seal except when they pertain to treaties, conventions, protocols,
or other international agreements. Copy will be followed literally
with respect to the inclusion of and between elements of numerical
expressions.
IN 1872W KH&RQJUHVVHVWDEOLVKHG<HO ORZVWRQH1DWLRQDO3DUNÔWKHåUVW
park of its kind anywhere in the world. Decades later, the passage of the
$QWLTXLWLHV$FWLQFUHDWHGRXUåUVWQDWLRQDOKLVWRULFSUHVHUYDWLRQ
policy. Under this new authority, and heavily inspired by his time in
nature with conservationist John Muir, President Theodore Roosevelt
set aside 18 new monuments and landmarks, adding to the scattered
collection of existing parks throughout our country. One decade later, in
order to provide the leadership necessary for maintaining our growing
system of parks, the Congress passed monumental legislation—which
President Woodrow Wilson signed on August 25, 1916—to create the
National Park Service (NPS). . . .
* * * * * * *
NOW, THEREFORE, I, BARACK OBAMA, President of the United States of
America, by virtue of the authority vested in me by the Constitution and
the laws of the United States, do hereby proclaim August 25, 2016, as the
100th Anniversary of the National Park Service. I invite all Americans
324 Chapter 16
to observe this day with appropriate programs, ceremonies, and
activities that recognize the National Park Service for maintaining and
SURWHFWLQJRXUSXEOLFODQGVIRUWKHFRQWLQXHGEHQHåWDQGHQMR\PHQWRI
all Americans.
IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand this twenty-second
day of August, in the year of our Lord two thousand sixteen, and of the
Independence of the United States of America the two hundred and
IRUW\åUVW
BARACK OBAMA.□
325
17. Useful Tables
is chapter contains useful tables presented in GPO style. e tables display
various design features most frequently used in Government publications
and can be considered examples of GPO style.
U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents
President Years Vice President Years
George Washington ....................................... (1789–1797) John Adams .................................................... (1789–1797)
John Adams ..................................................... (1797–1801) omas Jeerson ........................................... (1797–1801)
omas Jeerson ............................................ (1801–1809) Aaron Burr...................................................... (1801–1805)
George Clinton .............................................. (1805–1809)
James Madison ................................................ (1809–1817) George Clinton .............................................. (1809–1812)
Vacant .............................................................. (1812–1813)
Elbridge Gerry ............................................... (1813–1814)
Vacant .............................................................. (1814–1817)
James Monroe.................................................. (1817–1825) Daniel D. Tompkins ..................................... (1817–1825)
John Quincy Adams ...................................... (1825–1829) John C. Calhoun ............................................ (1825–1829)
Andrew Jackson .............................................. (1829–1837) John C. Calhoun ............................................ (1829–1832)
Vacant .............................................................. (1832–1833)
Martin Van Buren ........................................ (1833–1837)
Martin Van Buren ......................................... (1837–1841) Richard M. Johnson...................................... (1837–1841)
William Henry Harrison .............................. (1841) John Tyler ........................................................ (1841)
John Tyler ......................................................... (1841–1845) Vacant .............................................................. (1841–1845)
James K. Polk ................................................... (1845–1849) George M. Dallas ........................................... (1845–1849)
Zachary Taylor ................................................ (1849–1850) Millard Fillmore ............................................ (1849–1850)
Millard Fillmore ............................................. (1850–1853) Vacant .............................................................. (1850–1853)
Franklin Pierce ................................................ (1853–1857) William R. King ............................................ (1853)
Vacant .............................................................. (1853–1857)
James Buchanan .............................................. (1857–1861) John C. Breckinridge .................................... (1857–1861)
Abraham Lincoln ........................................... (1861–1865) Hannibal Hamlin .......................................... (1861–1865)
Andrew Johnson ........................................... (1865)
Andrew John son ............................................. (1865 –1869) Vacant .............................................................. (1865–1869)
Ulysses S. Grant .............................................. (1869–1877) Schuyler Colfax .............................................. (1869–1873)
Henry Wilson................................................. (1873–1875)
Vacant .............................................................. (1875–1877)
Rutherford B. Hayes ....................................... (1877–1881) William A. Wheeler ..................................... (1877–1881)
James A. Gareld ............................................ (1881) Chester A. Arthur ......................................... (1881)
Chester A. Arthur ........................................... (1881–1885) Vacant .............................................................. (1881–1885)
Grover Cleveland ............................................ (1885–1889) omas A. Hendricks .................................. (1885)
Vacant .............................................................. (1885–1889)
Benjamin Harrison ........................................ (1889–1893) Levi P. Morton ............................................... (1889–1893)
Grover Cleveland ............................................ (1893–1897) Adlai E. Stevenson ........................................ (1893–1897)
William McKinley.......................................... (1897–1901) Garret A. Hobart ........................................... (1897–1901)
eodore Roosevelt ...................................... (1901)
eo dore Ro osevelt ........................................ (19 01–19 09) Vaca nt .............................................................. (1901–1905)
Charles W. Fairbanks ................................... (1905–1909)
William H. Ta ............................................... (1909–1913) James S. Sherman .......................................... (1909–1912)
Vacant .............................................................. (1912–1913)
Woodrow Wilson ........................................... (1913–1921) omas R. Marshall ..................................... (1913–1921)
Warren G. Harding ........................................ (1921–1923) Calvin Coolidge ............................................. (1921–1923)
Calvin Coolidge .............................................. (1923–1929) Vacant .............................................................. (1923–1925)
Charles G. Dawes .......................................... (1925–1929)
Herbert Hoover ............................................... (1929–1933) Charles Curtis ................................................ (1929–1933)
Franklin D. Roosevelt .................................... (1933–1945) John Nance Garner ....................................... (1933–1941)
Henry A. Wallace .......................................... (1941–1945)
Harry S. Truman ........................................... (1945)
Harry S. Truman ............................................ (1945–1953) Vacant .............................................................. (1945–1949)
Alben W. Barkley .......................................... (1949–1953)
Dwight D. Eisenhower .................................. (1953–1961) Richard M. Nixon ......................................... (1953–1961)
326 Chapter 17
U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents—Continued
President Years Vice President Years
John F. Kennedy .............................................. (1961–1963) Lyndon B. Johnson........................................ (1961–1963)
Lyndon B. Johnson ......................................... (1963–1969) Vacant .............................................................. (1963–1965)
Hubert H. Humphrey ................................... (1965–1969)
Richard M. Nixon ........................................... (1969–1974) Spiro T. Agnew............................................... (1969–1973)
Gerald R. Ford ............................................... (1973–1974)
Gerald R. Ford ................................................. (1974–1977) Nelson A. Rockefeller ................................... (1974–1977)
James Earl “Jimmy” Carter .......................... (1977–1981) Walter F. Mondale ......................................... (1977–1981)
Ronald Reagan ................................................ (1981–1989) George H.W. Bush ......................................... (1981–1989)
George H.W. Bush .......................................... (1989–1993) J. Danforth Quayle ........................................ (1989–1993)
William J. Clinton .......................................... (1993–2001) Albert Gore, Jr. ............................................... (1993–2001)
George W. Bush ............................................... (2001–2009) Richard B. Cheney ........................................ (2001–2009)
Barack Obama ................................................. (2009– ) Joseph R. Biden, Jr. ........................................ (2009– )
Alabama, Montgomery .........................................4,858,979
A las ka , June au ............................................................ 73 8,4 32
Ari z on a , Phoen i x ................................................... 6 , 8 28 , 0 65
Arkansas, Little Rock ........................................... 2,978,204
California, Sacramento ....................................... 39,144,818
Colorado, Denver ...................................................5,456,574
Connecticut, Hartford ......................................... 3,590,886
Delaware, Dover ........................................................945,934
District of Columbia, Washington ........................672,228
Florida, Tallahassee..............................................20,271,272
Georgia, Atlanta....................................................10,214,860
Hawaii, Honolulu ...................................................1,431,603
Idaho, Boise ..............................................................1,654,930
Illino is , Springeld ...............................................12, 8 59,995
Indiana, Indianapolis ............................................6,619,680
Iowa, Des Moines ...................................................3,123,899
Kansas, Topeka .......................................................2,911,641
Kentucky, Frankfort ..............................................4,425,092
Louisiana, Baton Rouge ........................................4,670,724
Ma in e, Aug u sta ....................................................... 1, 329,32 8
Maryland, Annapolis ........................................... 6,006,401
Massachusetts, Boston ..........................................6,794,422
Michigan, Lansing ..................................................9,922,576
Minnesota, St. Paul ................................................5,489,594
Mississippi, Jackson ...............................................2,992,333
Missouri, Jeerson City ........................................6,083,672
Montana, Helena ....................................................1,032,949
Nebraska, Lincoln ..................................................1,896,190
Nevada, Carson City ............................................. 2,890,845
New Hampshire, Concord ....................................1,330,608
New Jersey, Trenton ...............................................8,958,013
New Mexico, Santa Fe............................................2,085,109
New York, Albany .................................................19,795,791
North Carolina, Raleigh ....................................10,042,802
North Dakota, Bismarck ..........................................756,927
Oh i o, Columb us ....................................................11,613,423
Oklahoma, Oklahoma C ity .................................. 3,911,338
Oregon, Salem ........................................................ 4,028,977
Pennsylvania, Harrisburg..................................12,802,503
Rhode Island, Providence .....................................1,056,298
South Carolina, Columbia....................................4,896,146
South Dakota, Pierre .................................................858,469
Te nne sse e, Nas hvi l le ............................................. 6 ,6 00 ,29 9
Texas, Austin ..........................................................27,469,114
Utah, Salt Lake City ...............................................2,995,919
Vermont, Montpel ier ................................................62 6,0 42
Virg ini a, R ichmond .............................................. 8,382 ,993
Washington, Olympia ............................................7,170,351
West Virginia, Charleston ....................................1,844,128
Wisconsin, Madison .............................................. 5,771,337
Wyoming, Cheyenne ................................................ 586,107
State Populations and Their Capitals
[As of July 1, 2015 Census estimates]
State, capital State population State, capital State population
Useful Tables 327
Principal Foreign Countries as of October 2016
Country UN
member Capital Chief of state Legislative body Government type
Afghanistan ............... Yes ........ Kabul ................................. President ............................................. National Assembly of House of
People, House of Elders ........................
Islamic Republic.
A lb a n ia ........................ .... do ..... Tir a na (Ti ran e)................ ......do .................................................... Assembly (unicameral) ............................. Emerging Democracy.
A lgeri a ......................... .... do ..... A lgi ers ............................... ......do .................................................... National People’s Assembly,
Council of Nations .................................
Republic.
Andorra ...................... .... do ..... Andorra la Vella .............. Executive Council President .......... General Council of the Valleys
(u n ica me ra l) ............................................
Parliamentary Democracy.
Angola ......................... .... do ..... Luanda .............................. President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic: multiparty presidential
regime.
Antigua and Barbuda .... do ..... Saint John’s ....................... Queen (represented by Governor
G e n eral) ..........................................
Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Constitutional Monarchy with a
parliamentary system of government.
Argentin a .................... .... do ..... Bueno s A ires .................... Presid ent ............................................. National Congress (bicameral) ............... Republic.
Ar men ia ...................... .... do ..... Yerev an ............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (Parliament)............. Do.
Australia ..................... .... do ..... Canberra ........................... Queen (represented by Governor
G e n eral) ..........................................
Federal Parliament (bicameral) .............. Federal Parliamentary Democracy.
Aus tri a ......................... .... do ..... Vi e nn a ............................... Pr e s id e nt ............................................. Federal Assembly (bicameral) ................. Federal Republic.
Azerbaijan .................. .... do ..... Baku (Baki, Baky) ........... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
Bahamas, e ............ ....do ..... Nassau ............................... Queen (represented by Governor
G e n eral) ..........................................
Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Constitutional Parliamentary
Democracy.
Bahrain ....................... ....do ..... Manama ............................ King ..................................................... Legislature (bicameral) ............................. Constitutional Monarchy.
Bang ladesh ................. .... do ..... Dhaka ................................ President ............................................. National Parliament (unicameral) ......... Parliamentary Democracy.
Barbados ..................... .... do ..... Bridgetown ....................... Queen (represented by Governor
G e n eral) ..........................................
Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Do.
Belarus ........................ .... do ..... Minsk................................. President ............................................. National Assembly (bicameral)............... Republic in name, although
in fact a dictatorship.
Be lgiu m ....................... .... do ..... Br us sels ............................. K ing ..................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Federal Parliamentary Democracy
under a Constitutional Monarchy.
Belize ........................... ....do ..... Belmopan ......................... Queen (represented by Governor
G e n eral) ..........................................
National Assembly (bicameral)............... Parliamentary Democracy.
328 Chapter 17
Principal Foreign Countries as of October 2016—Continued
Country UN
member Capital Chief of state Legislative body Government type
Benin ........................... Yes ........ Porto-Novo ...................... President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
Bhutan ......................... ....do .....  imphu ........................... Kin g ..................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. In transition to Constitutional
Monarchy; special treaty
relationship with India.
Bolivia ......................... .... do ..... La Paz
(administrative) ............
Sucre
(legislative/judiciary) ...
President ............................................. National Congress (bicameral) ............... Republic.
Bosnia and
Herzegovina ..........
....do ..... Sarajevo ............................. Chairman of the Presidency .......... Parliamentary Assembly (bicameral) .... Emerging Federal Democratic Republic.
Botswa na .................... .... do ..... Gaborone .......................... President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Parliamentary Republic.
Bra zi l ........................... .... do ..... Br asi lia .............................. ......do .................................................... National Congress (bicameral) ............... Federal Republic.
Brunei .......................... ....do ..... Bandar Seri ...................... Sultan and Prime Minister ............. Legislative Council ..................................... Constitutional Sultanate.
Bu lg ar i a ....................... ....do ..... S o a ................................... Pre side nt ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Parliamentary Democracy.
Bu rk i na Fa so .............. .... do ..... O ua ga dougou .................. ......do .................................................... ......do .............................................................. P arl iam enta ry Repu blic .
Burma (Myanmar) 1 . ....do ..... Rango on ............................
Nay Pyi Taw
(administrative) ............
Chairman of the State Peace and
Development Council SPDC) ...
People’s Assembly (unicameral) ............. Military Junta.
Bu r u nd i ....................... .... do ..... Bujum bu r a ....................... Pres ide nt ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Republic.
Cabo Verde 2 ............... .... do ..... P ra ia ................................... P resi dent ............................................. Nat ional Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
Ca mbod ia ................... ....do ..... Ph nom Pen h .................... Ki ng ..................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)............... Multiparty Democracy under a
Constitutional Monarchy.
Cam er o on ................... .... do ..... Yaound é ............................ Presid e nt ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic; Multiparty Presidential
Regime.
Canada ........................ .... do ..... Ottawa ............................... Queen (represented by Governor
G e n eral) ..........................................
Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Constitutional Monarchy that is also a
Parliamentary Democracy and a
Federation
Central African
Republic ..................
....do ..... Ba ngu i ............................... ......do .................................................... ......do .............................................................. Do.
Ch ad............................. .... d o ..... N’ Dja mena ....................... ......do .................................................... ......do .............................................................. Do.
Useful Tables 329
Chile ............................ .... do ..... Santiago ............................ President ............................................. National Congress (bicameral) ............... Do.
China 3 ......................... .... d o ..... B eijin g................................ ......do .................................................... National People’s Congress
(u n ica me ra l) ............................................
Communist State.
Co lombia .................... .... d o ..... B ogotá................................ ......do .................................................... Congress (bicameral) ................................ Republic, Executive Branch dominates
government structure.
Com oros ..................... .... do ..... Moroni .............................. ......do .................................................... Assembly of the Union (unicameral) ..... Republic.
Congo, Democratic
Republic of the 4 ...
....do ..... Ki nsha sa ........................... ......do .................................................... L eg isla tur e ( bica meral) ............................. Do.
Congo, Republic
of the 4 .....................
....do ..... Bra zzav i lle ........................ ......do .................................................... Pa rlia ment (bi cam eral) ............................. Do.
Costa Rica ................... .... do ..... San José ............................. ......do .................................................... Legislative Assembly (unicameral) ........ Democratic Republic.
Cte d’Ivoire,
Repu blic of .............
....do ..... Yamoussoukro ................ ......do .................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)............... Republic; multiparty presidency
Cro ati a ......................... .... do ..... Za gre b ............................... ......do .................................................... Assembly (unicameral) ............................. Presidential/Parliamentary Democracy.
Cub a ............................. ....do ..... H av a na .............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly of People’s Power
(u n ica me ra l) ............................................
Communist State.
Cyprus ......................... .... do ..... Nicos i a ............................... ......do .................................................... House of Representatives (unicameral) . Republic.
Czechia 5 ...................... ....do ..... P rag ue ............................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Parliamentary Democracy.
Den m a r k ..................... .... d o ..... C o pe n h a gen ..................... Q ue e n .................................................. People’s Assembly (unicameral) ............. Constitutional Monarchy.
Djib outi ....................... .... d o ..... Djibou ti ............................. Preside nt ............................................. Chamber of Deputies (unicameral)........ Republic.
Dom in ic a .................... .... do ..... R ose au ............................... ......do .................................................... House of Assembly (unicameral) ............ Parliamentary Democracy.
Dominican Republic .... do ..... Santo Domingo ............... ......do .................................................... National Congress (bicameral) ............... Democratic Republic.
Ecu ador ....................... ....do ..... Quit o .................................. P resi d ent ............................................. National Congress (unicameral) ............. Republic.
Eg y pt ........................... .... do ..... C ai ro .................................. ......do .................................................... People’s Assembly (bicameral) ................ Do.
El Salvador.................. ....do ..... San Salvador .................... ......do .................................................... Legislative Assembly (unicameral) ........ Do.
Equat oria l Gu ine a .... .... do ..... M ala bo .............................. ......do .................................................... House of People’s Representatives
(u n ica me ra l) ............................................
Do.
Er it r ea .......................... .... do ..... A sm a r a .............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Transitional Government.
Estonia ......................... .... do ..... Tallinn ............................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral) ........................... Parliamentary Republic.
Et h i opi a ....................... .... d o ..... Ad d i s Abab a..................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Federal Republic.
330 Chapter 17
Principal Foreign Countries as of October 2016—Continued
Country UN
member Capital Chief of state Legislative body Government type
Fiji ................................. Ye s ........ Su v a .................................... Presi de nt ............................................. ......do .............................................................. R epubl ic.
Finland ........................ .... do ..... Helsinki ............................. ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral) ........................... Do.
Fra nce .......................... .... do ..... Par is ................................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Do.
Ga bon .......................... .... do ..... L ibre v i l le ........................... ......do .................................................... Legislature (bicameral) ............................. Republic; Multiparty Presidential
Regime.
Ga mb ia , e ............... .... do ..... Ba nju l ................................ ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
Georgi a ........................ .... do ..... Tbili s i................................. ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral, also known
as Supreme Council) .............................
Do.
Ge rma ny ..................... .... do ..... B erli n ................................. ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Federal Republic.
Ghan a .......................... ....do ..... Accr a .................................. ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral) ........................... Constitutional Democracy.
Gre e c e .......................... .... do ..... Athe n s ............................... ......do .................................................... ......do .............................................................. Par lia menta r y R epubl ic.
Grenada....................... ....do ..... Saint George’s .................. Queen (represented by Governor
G e n eral) ..........................................
Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Parliamentary Democracy.
Guatemala .................. .... do ..... Guatemala City ............... President ............................................. Congress of the Republic (unicameral) . Constitutional Democratic Republic.
Gu inea ......................... .... do ..... C onak r y ............................ ......do .................................................... People’s National Assembly
(u n ica me ra l) ............................................
Republic.
Gu i ne a-Bi s s au ........... .... do ..... Bis s au ................................. ......do .................................................... National People’s Asssembly
(u n ica me ra l) ............................................
Do.
Guy ana ........................ .... d o ..... Ge orgetow n...................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Do.
Ha it i ............................. ....do ..... Por t-au-P ri nc e ................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)............... Do.
Holy See (Vatican
City) .........................
No ......... Vatican City ..................... Pope ..................................................... Pontical Commission for the State of
Vatican City (unicameral)....................
Ecclesiastical.
Hondu ra s .................... Ye s ........ Teg uci ga lpa ...................... P resi dent .......................................... ... National Congress (unicameral) ............. Democratic Constitutional Republic.
Hun ga r y ...................... ....do ..... Bud ape st ........................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Parliamentary Democracy.
Icel and ......................... .... do ..... Rey kjav i k .......................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral) ........................... Constitutional Republic.
Indi a ............................. .... do ..... Ne w Delh i ......................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Federal Republic.
Indonesia .................... .... do ..... Jakarta ............................... ......do .................................................... House of Representatives .......................... Republic.
Useful Tables 331
Iran............................... .... do ..... Tehran ............................... Supreme Leader................................. Islamic Consultative Assembly
(u n ica me ra l) ............................................ eocratic Republic.
Iraq ............................... .... do ..... Baghdad ............................ President ............................................. Council of Representatives ....................... Parliamentary Democracy.
Ire land ......................... .... do ..... D ubli n ............................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Republic, Parliamentary Democracy.
Israel ............................ .... do ..... Jerusalem 6 ........................ ......do .................................................... Knes se t (un ic a mer a l) ................................. Parliamentary Democracy.
Ita l y .............................. .... do ..... Rome .................................. ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Republic.
Jamaica ........................ .... do ..... Kingston ........................... Queen (represented by Governor
G e n eral) ..........................................
Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Constitutional Parliamentary
Democracy.
Japa n ............................ .... d o ..... Tok yo ................................. Emp eror .............................................. Diet (bicameral) .......................................... Constitutional Monarchy with a
Parliamentary Government.
Jorda n .......................... .... do ..... A mma n ............................. K ing ..................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)............... Constitutional Monarchy.
Kazakhstan ................ .... do ..... Astana ............................... President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Republic, Authoritarian Presidential
rule, with little power outside
the Executive Branch.
Keny a ........................... .... d o ..... Nai robi .............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
K iri bati ........................ .... do ..... Taraw a ............................... ......do .................................................... House of Parliament (unicameral) ......... Do.
Korea, North .............. ....do ..... Pyongyang ........................ Premier................................................ Supreme People’s Assembly
(u n ica me ra l) ............................................
Communist State one-man dictatorship.
Korea, South .............. .... do ..... Seoul .................................. President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
Koso vo ......................... No .........
....
Pristina (Prishtine) ......... ......do .................................................... Kosovo Assembly of the Provisional
Government (unica meral) ...................
Do.
Kuwait ......................... Yes ........ Kuwait City ...................... Amir .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Constitutional Emirate.
Kyrgyzstan ................. .... do ..... Bishkek .............................. President ............................................. Supreme Council (unicameral) ............... Republic.
La os .............................. ....do ..... V ienti ane .......................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Communist State.
La tv ia ........................... ....do ..... Ri ga .................................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral) ........................... Parliamentary Democracy.
Le ban on ...................... .... do ..... Bei rut ................................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
Les o th o ........................ .... do ..... Ma seru .............................. King ..................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Parliamentary Constitutional
Monarchy.
Liberia ......................... .... do ..... Monrov ia .......................... President ............................................. National Assembly (bicameral)............... Republic.
Libya ............................ .... do ..... Tripoli ................................ Chairman, Presidential Council ... Council of Deputies (unicameral) .......... In transition.
Lie cht en st ei n.............. ....do ..... Vaduz ................................. Pr i nc e .................................................. Parliament or Landtag (unicameral) ..... Constitutional Monarchy.
332 Chapter 17
Principal Foreign Countries as of October 2016—Continued
Country UN
member Capital Chief of state Legislative body Government type
Lit hu a ni a .................... Yes ........ Vil n iu s ............................... Pres ident ............................................. Parliament or Seimas (unicameral) ........ Parliamentary Democracy.
Luxembourg .............. .... do ..... Luxembourg .................... Grand Duke ....................................... Chamber of Deputies (unicameral)........ Constitutional Monarchy.
Macedonia,
Republic of 7 ........... .... do ..... Skopje ................................ President ............................................. Assembly or Sobranie (un ic a mer a l) ....... Pa rl ia me nta r y Republ ic .
Mad aga sca r ................ ....do ..... Ant ana na rivo .................. ......do .................................................... Legislature (bicameral) ............................. Republic.
Mal awi ......................... ....do ..... Lilo ngwe ........................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Multiparty Democracy.
Malaysia ...................... ....do ..... Kuala Lumpur ................. Paramount Ruler .............................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Constitutional Monarchy.
Maldives...................... .... do ..... Male ................................... President ............................................. People’s Council (unicameral)................. Republic.
Ma l i .............................. .... do ..... B am a ko ............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Do.
Malt a ............................ .... do ..... Val l e tt a .............................. ......do ................................. ................... House of Representatives (unicameral) . Do.
Ma rs hall Islan ds ....... .... do ..... Maju ro ............................... ......do ............................................ ........ Legislature (unicameral) ........................... Constitutional Government in free
association with the U.S.
Mauritania ................. .... do ..... Nouakchott ...................... President ............................................. Legislature (bicameral) ............................. Democratic Republic.
Mau rit ius .................... .... do ..... Por t L ouis ......................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Parliamentary Democracy.
Mex i co ......................... .... do ..... Me x ic o Cit y ...................... ......do .................................................... National Congress (bicameral) ............... Federal Republic.
Micronesia, Federated
States of ...................
....do ..... P a l i k i r ................................ ......do .................................................... C ong re s s (uni cameral) .............................. Constitutional Government in free
association with the U.S.
Moldova,
Repu blic of .............
....do ..... Ch i sin au ............................ ......do .................................................... P arli ame nt (un icame r al) ........................... Re pub l ic .
Monaco ....................... .... do ..... Monaco ............................. Prince .................................................. National Council (unicameral) ............... Constitutional Monarchy.
Mongol i a ..................... .... do ..... Ul a an ba a t ar ..................... Pre sid e nt ............................................. State Great Hural (unicameral) ............... Mixed Parliamentary/Presidential.
Montene gro................ .... do ..... Po d gor i c a .......................... ......do .................................................... Assembly (unicameral) ............................. Republic.
Moroc co ...................... .... do ..... R ab at .................................. K ing ..................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Constitutional Monarchy.
Moz ambiq ue .............. ....do ..... M aputo .............................. Pre sident ............................................. Assembly of the Republic (unicameral) Republic.
Na mibi a ...................... .... do ..... Win dho e k ......................... ......do .......................................... .......... Legislature (bicameral) ............................. Do.
Nauru .......................... ....do ..... No ocial capital;
government oces
in Yaren District .........
......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral) ........................... Do.
Useful Tables 333
Nepa l ........................... ....do ..... K ath mandu ...................... Pri me M inister .................................. 330 seat Interim Parliament ..................... Constitutional Monarchy.
Netherlands................ .... do ..... Amsterdam ......................
e Hague (seat of
government) .................
Queen .................................................. States General (bicameral) ....................... Do.
New Z e a la nd .............. .... do ..... We l li ngton ....................... ......do .................................................... House of Representatives (unicameral) .. Parliamentary Democracy.
Nicaragua ................... .... do ..... Managua ........................... President National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
Nige r ............................ .... do ..... Nia mey .............................. ......do .................................................... ......do .............................................................. Do.
Nige ri a ......................... ....do ..... A buja ................................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)............... Federal Republic.
Nor way ........................ .... do ..... Oslo .................................... K i ng ..................................................... Parliament (Storting), (modied
unicameral)
8 ...........................................
Constitutional Monarchy.
Oman ........................... .... do ..... Muscat ............................... Sultan and Prime Minister ............. Majlis Oman (bicameral) ......................... Monarchy.
Pakistan ...................... .... do ..... Islamabad ......................... President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Federal Republic.
Palau ............................ .... do ..... Ngerulmud ....................... ......do .................................................... National Congress (bicameral) ............... Constitutional Government in free
association with the U.S.
Pa nam a ....................... ....do ..... P ana ma C ity .................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Constitutional Democracy.
Papua New Guinea ... .... do ..... Port Moresby ................... Queen .................................................. National Parliament (unicameral) ......... Constitutional Parliamentary
Democracy.
Paraguay ..................... .... do ..... Asuncin .......................... President ............................................. Congress (bicameral) ................................ Constitutional Republic.
Per u .............................. .... d o ..... Li ma ................................... ......do .................................................... Congress of the Republic of Peru
(u n ica me ra l) ............................................
Do.
Phi lippi nes ................. .... do ..... Ma ni la ............................... ......do .................................................... Congress (bicameral) ................................ Republic.
Poland ......................... .... do ..... War saw .............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)............... Do.
Por tug al ...................... .... do ..... Li sbon ................................ ......do .................................................... Assembly of the Republic (unicameral) .. Parliamentary Democracy.
Qat a r ............................ .... do ..... D oha .................................. A mi r .................................................... Advisory Council (unicameral) .............. Emirate.
Romani a ...................... .... do ..... Buch ar es t .......................... Presid ent ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Republic.
Rus sia........................... ....do ..... Mo scow ............................. ......do .................................................... Federal Assembly (bicameral) ................. Federation.
Rwa nda ....................... .... do ..... Ki gal i ................................. ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Republic; presidential, multiparty
system.
Saint Kitts and Nevis ....do ..... Basseterre ......................... Queen .................................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Parliamentary Democracy.
Sa int Luc ia .................. .... do ..... C ast ri es ............................. Q ueen .................................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Parliamentary Democracy.
334 Chapter 17
Principal Foreign Countries as of October 2016—Continued
Country UN
member Capital Chief of state Legislative body Government type
Saint Vincent and
the Grenadines......
Yes ........ Kingstown ........................ ......do .................................................... House of Assembly (unicameral) ............ Do.
Samoa .......................... .... do ..... Apia .................................... Chief of State ...................................... Legislative Assembly (unicameral) ........ Do.
San Marino ................ .... do ..... San Marino ...................... Co-Chiefs of State
(Captai ns Rege nt) .........................
Grand and General Council
(u n ica me ra l) ............................................
Republic.
Sao Tome and
Principe ..................
....do ..... São Tomé........................... President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Do.
Saudi Arabia............... ....do ..... Riyadh ............................... King and Prime Minister ................ Consultative C ounc il ................................. Mona rchy.
Se nega l ........................ ....do ..... Da k a r ................................. Pre side nt ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Republic.
Se rbia ........................... ....do ..... Bel gra de ............................ ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Do.
Se ych el le s .................... .... do ..... Vict or ia ............................. ......do .................................................... ......do .............................................................. Do.
Sier ra Le one ............... ....do ..... Freet own ........................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral) ........................... Constitutional Democracy.
Singapore .................... .... do ..... Singapore .......................... ......do .................................................... ......do .............................................................. Pa rlia menta ry Re public .
Slov ak ia ....................... .... do ..... B rat isla va .......................... ......do .................................................... National Council (unicameral) ............... Parliamentary Democracy.
Sloven ia ....................... .... do ..... Ljublj ana ........................... ......do .................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Parliamentary Republic.
Sol omo n Isl ands ........ .... do ..... Honi ar a ............................. Qu e e n ................................................ .. National Parliament (unicameral) ......... Parliamentary Democracy.
Somalia........................ .... do ..... Mogadishu ........................ Transitional Federal President ...... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ No permanent National Government;
transitional Parliamentary Federal
Government.
Sout h A f ric a ............... ....do ..... Pr etor ia
(administrative) ............
Cape Town (legislative)...
Bloemfontein
(judiciary) .....................
President ............................................. Parliament (bicamera l) ............................. Republic.
South Sudan,
Republic of 9 ...........
.... do ..... Juba .................................... President ............................................. National Legislature (bicameral) ............ Presidential Republic.
Spa in ............................ .... do ..... Mad rid .............................. Ki ng ..................................................... General Courts or National Assembly
(bicameral) ..............................................
Parliamentary Monarchy.
Useful Tables 335
Sr i La nka ..................... .... do ..... C ol omb o ...........................
Sri Jayewardenepura Kotte
(legislative) ....................
Pre si de nt ............................................. Pa r l i a me nt (un ic amer a l) ........................... Re pub l ic .
Sud an ........................... .... do ..... K ha rt oum ......................... ......do .................................................... National Legislature (bicameral) ............ Government of National Unity (GNU).
Su rin ame .................... .... do ..... Pa ra mar ibo ...................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Constitutional Democracy.
Swaziland.................... .... do ..... Mbabane
(administrative) ............
Lobamba (legislative) ......
King ..................................................... Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Monarchy.
Sweden ........................ .... do ..... Stockholm ........................ King ..................................................... Parliament (unicameral) ........................... Constitutional Monarchy.
Switzerland ................ .... do ..... Bern.................................... President ............................................. Federal Assembly (bicameral) ................. Formally a Confederation but similar in
structure to a Federal Republic.
Sy ria ............................. .... do ..... D ama scu s ......................... ......do .................................................... People’s Council (unicameral)................. Republic under an authoritarian
military-dominated regime.
Tajik is ta n .................... .... do ..... Dusha nbe ......................... ......do .................................................... Supreme Assembly (bicameral) .............. Republic.
Tanzania ..................... .... do ..... Dar es Salaam
Dodoma (legislative) .......
......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
a i lan d ...................... .... do ..... Ba ngk ok ............................ K in g ..................................................... National Assembly (bicameral)............... Constitutional Monarchy.
Timor-Leste ............... .... do ..... Dili ..................................... President ............................................. National Parliament (unicameral) ......... Republic.
Togo ............................. .... do ..... L omé .................................. President ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic under transition to multiparty
democratic rule.
Tonga ........................... .... do ..... Nuku’alofa ........................ King ..................................................... Legislative Assembly (unicameral) ........ Constitutional Monarchy.
Trinidad and Tobago ....do ..... Port-of-Spain ................... President ............................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Parliamentary Democracy.
Tu n i si a ......................... .... do ..... Tu n i s .................................. ......do .................................................... Chamber of Deputies and the
Chamber of Advisors (bicameral) .....
Republic.
Tu rkey ......................... .... do ..... A nk ar a .............................. ......do .................................................... Grand National Assembly of Turkey
(u n ica me ra l) ............................................
Republican Parliamentary Democracy
Tu rkm enis tan ............ .... do ..... As hgabat
(Ashkha b ad) ................
......do .................................................... Two Parliamentary Bodies: People’s
Council and a National Assembly ......
Republic; Authoritarian Presidential
rule, with little power outside the
executive branch.
Tu va lu .......................... .... do ..... F u na f ut i ............................ Que en .................................................. Parliament (also called House of
As sembly ; unic amera l) .........................
Constitutional Monarchy with a
Parliamentary Democracy.
Uga nd a ........................ .... do ..... K a mpala ............................ Pre si dent ............................................. National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Republic.
336 Chapter 17
Principal Foreign Countries as of October 2016—Continued
Country UN
member Capital Chief of state Legislative body Government type
U kr ain e ....................... Yes ........ Kyi v (K iev) ....................... ......do .................................................... Supreme Council (unicameral) ............... Do.
United Arab
Emirates .................
....do ..... Abu Dhabi ........................ ......do .................................................... Federal National Council (FNC)
(u n ica me ra l) ............................................
Federation with specied powers
delegated to the UAE federal
government and other powers
reserved to member emirates
Unite d K ingdom ....... .... do ..... London .............................. Queen .................................................. Parliament (bicameral) ............................. Constitutional Monarchy.
Uruguay ...................... .... do ..... Montevideo ...................... President ............................................. General Assembly (bicameral) ................ Constitutional Republic.
Uzbe kis ta n ................. ....do ..... Ta sh kent ........................... ......do .................................................... Supreme Assembly (bicameral) .............. Republic; authoritarian presidential
rule, with little power outside the
executive branch.
Vanuatu ....................... ....do ..... Port-Vila (on Efate)......... ......do .................................................... Parliament (unicameral) ........................... Parliamentary Republic.
Venezuela .................... .... do ..... Caraca s .............................. ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Federal Republic.
Vie tna m ...................... ....do ..... Ha noi ................................. ......do .................................................... ......do .............................................................. C ommu nis t St ate.
Ye men .......................... ....do ..... S an aa.................................. ......do .................................................... Legislature (bicameral) ............................. Republic.
Zambia ........................ .... do ..... Lusaka ............................... ......do .................................................... National Assembly (unicameral) ............ Do.
Zi mba bwe ................... .... do ..... H ara re ............................... Exe cut ive Pre sident .......................... Pa rliament (bicameral) ............................. Parliamentary Democracy.
1 Since 1989, the military authorities in Burma have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for their state; this decision was not approved by any sitting legislature
in Burma, and the U.S. Government did not adopt the name, which is a derivative of the Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingngandaw.
2 In a diplomatic note sent on November 27, 2013, the Embassy of Cape Verde requested that the U.S. Government change the name of the country from “Cape Verde” to “Cabo
Verde”. e U.S. Board on Geographic Names approved the change on December 9, 2013.
3 With the establishment of diplomatic relations with China on January 1, 1979, the U.S. Government recognized the People’s Republic of China as the sole legal government of
China and acknowledged the Chinese position that there is only one China and that Taiwan is part of China.
4 “Congo” is the ocial short-form name for both the Democratic Republic of the Congo and the Republic of the Congo. To distinguish one from the other, see capital names.
5 Following U.N. and U.S. State Department notication, the Czech Republic ocially changed its English short-form name to Czechia as of July 1, 2016.
6 In 1950, the Israel Parliament proclaimed Jerusalem as the capital. e United States does not recognize Jerusalem as the capital and the U.S. Embassy continues to be located in
Tel Aviv.
7 In November 2004, the United States recognized the country under its consitutional name: the Republic of Macedonia.
8 No accurate English equivalents.
9 e United States recognized South Sudan as a sovereign, independent state on July 9, 2011 following its secession from Sudan.
Source: World Factbook, Central Intelligence Agency, https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/index.html and the U.S. Department of State.
Useful Tables 337
Demonyms: Names of Nationalities
[Demonym is a name given to a people or inhabitants of a place.]
Afghanistan ............................. Afghan.
A lb a n ia ...................................... A lban i a n .
A lgeri a ....................................... A lger ia n.
American Samoa .................... American Samoan.
Andorra .................................... Andorran.
Angola ....................................... Angolan.
Anguilla .................................... Anguillan.
Antigua and Barbuda ............ Antiguan, Barbudan.
Argentin a .................................. Arg e ntin e.
Ar men ia .................................... A rme nia n.
Aru b a ......................................... A ru ban.
Australia ................................... Australian.
Aus tri a ....................................... Au s tri an .
Azerbaijan ................................ Azerbaijani.
e Bahama s ............................ Bahamian.
Bahrain ..................................... Bahraini.
Bang ladesh ............................... Ba ngladeshi.
Barbados ................................... Barbadian or Bajan.
Belarus ...................................... Belarusian.
Be lgiu m ..................................... Belg ia n.
Belize ......................................... Belizean.
Benin ......................................... Beninese (singular and
plural).
Bermuda ................................... Bermudian.
Bhutan ....................................... Bhutanese (singular and
plural).
Bolivia ....................................... Bolivian.
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....... Bosnian, Herzegovinian.
Botswana .................................. Motswana (singular),
Batswana (plural).
Brazil ......................................... Brazilian.
British Virgin Islands ............ British Virgin Islander.
Br une i ........................................ Br une ia n.
Bu lg ar i a ..................................... Bu l ga r ia n .
Burkina Faso ............................ Burkinabe (singular and
plural).
Burma (Myanmar 1) ............... Burmese (singular and
plural).
Bu r u nd i ..................................... Bu r u ndi a n .
Cabo Verde ............................... Cabo Verdean.
Ca mbod ia ................................. Cambo dia n.
Cam er o on ................................. C ame roon i an .
Canada ...................................... Canadian.
Cayman Islands ...................... Caymanian.
Central African Republic...... Central African.
Chad........................................... Chadian.
Chile .......................................... Chilean.
China ......................................... Chinese (singular and
plural).
Christmas Island .................... Christmas Islander.
Cocos (Keeling) Islands ........ Cocos Islander.
Colombia .................................. Colombian.
Comoros ................................... Comoran.
Congo, Democratic Congolese (singular and
Republic of the. plural).
Congo, Republic of the .......... Congolese (singular and
plural).
Cook Islands ............................ Cook Islander.
Costa Rica ................................. Costa Rican.
C te d ’Ivo ire ............................ Ivor ia n .
Croatia ....................................... Croat or Croatian.
Cub a ........................................... Cu ba n .
Cu rac ao ..................................... Cu r ac aoa n.
Cy pr u s ....................................... C y pr iot.
Cz e ch i a ...................................... Cz ec h .
Den m a r k ................................... D ane .
Djib outi ..................................... Djib outia n.
Dom in ic a .................................. Dom i nic a n.
Dom i n ic a n Re publ i c .............. Do mi n ic a n .
Ec uad or ..................................... Ecu ador ian .
Egypt ......................................... Egyptian.
El Salvador................................ Salvadoran.
Equatorial Guinea .................. Equatorial Guinean or
Equatoguinean.
Er it r ea ........................................ Er it re an .
Estonia ....................................... Estonian.
Et h i opi a ..................................... E th io pi a n .
Falkland Islands ...................... Falkland Islander.
Faroe Islands ............................ Faroese (singular and
plural).
Fiji ............................................... Fiji an .
Fin land ...................................... Fi nn.
Fra nce ........................................ Fre nch, Fren chm an
(men), or
Frenchwoman
(women).
French Polynesia ..................... French Polynesian.
Gabon ........................................ Gabonese (singular and
plural).
e Ga mbia .............................. Ga mbi an.
Georgi a ...................................... Ge or gian.
Germ any ................................... Ger man .
Ghana ........................................ Ghanaian.
Gibraltar ................................... Gibraltarian.
Gre e c e ........................................ Gre e k.
Gre en l a nd ................................. G ree n la n der.
Grenada..................................... Grenadian.
Gua m ......................................... Gu ama ni an.
Guatemala ................................ Guatemalan.
Guern s e y ................................... Ch a nne l Isl a n de r.
Gu inea ....................................... Gu ine an.
Guinea-Bissau ......................... Bissau-Guinean.
Guyana ...................................... Guyanese (singular and
plural).
Haiti ........................................... Haitia n.
Hondu ra s .................................. Hon dur a n.
Hong Kong ............................... Chinese/Hong Konger.
Hun ga r y .................................... Hu ng ar ia n .
Icel and ....................................... Ic ela nder.
Indi a ........................................... I ndi an .
Indonesia .................................. Indonesian.
Iran............................................. Iranian.
Ir aq ............................................. I raqi .
Ireland ....................................... Irishman (men),
Irishwoman
(women), Irish
(collective plural).
Israel .......................................... Israeli.
Italy ............................................ Italian.
Ja ma ic a ...................................... Ja m a ica n .
Country Demonym* Country Demonym*
338 Chapter 17
Demonyms: Names of Nationalities—Continued
[Demonym is a name given to a people or inhabitants of a place.]
Japan .......................................... Japanese (singular and
plural).
Jersey.......................................... Channel Islander.
Jorda n ........................................ Jordanian.
Kazakhstan .............................. Kazakhstani.
Keny a ......................................... K enya n.
Kiribati ...................................... I-Kiribati (singular and
plural).
Korea , Nor t h ............................ Korea n.
Korea, South ............................ Korean.
Koso vo ....................................... Kos ov ar (Al b an i an),
Kosovski (Serbian).
Kuwait ....................................... Kuwaiti.
Kyrgyzstan ............................... Kyrgyzstani.
Laos ............................................ Lao or Laotian.
La tv ia ......................................... Lat v ian .
Lebanon .................................... Lebanese (singular and
plural).
Les o th o ...................................... Mosoth o (singular),
Basotho (plural).
Liberia ....................................... Liberian.
Libya .......................................... Libyan.
Liechtenstein............................ Liechtensteiner.
Lithuania .................................. Lithuanian.
Luxembourg ............................ Luxembourger.
Macau ........................................ Chinese (singular and
plural).
Mac edo nia ................................ M ace don ia n.
Madagascar .............................. Malagasy (singular and
plural).
Mal awi ....................................... Malawian.
Ma laysia .................................... M alay sian .
Maldives.................................... Maldivian.
Ma l i ............................................ Ma l ia n.
Malta .......................................... Maltese (singular and
plural).
Marshall Islands ..................... Marshallese (singular
and plural).
Mauritania ............................... Mauritanian.
Mauritius .................................. Mauritia n.
Mex i co ....................................... Mexican .
Micronesia, Federated Micronesian.
States of.
Moldova .................................... Moldovan.
Monaco ..................................... Monegasque or
Monacan.
Mongol i a ................................... Mongoli an .
Montenegro.............................. Montenegrin.
Montserrat ................................ Monts e rrat ia n.
Moroc co .................................... Moro cc a n.
Moz ambique ............................ Moza mbica n.
Namibia .................................... Namibian.
Nauru ........................................ Nauruan.
Nepal ......................................... Nepali (singular and
plural).
Netherlands.............................. Dutchman (men),
Dutchwoman
(women), Dutch
(collective).
Netherlands Antilles .............. Dutch Antillean.
New Caledonia ........................ New Caledonian.
New Zealand ............................ New Zealander.
Nicaragua ................................. Nicaraguan.
Niger .......................................... Nigerien.
Nige ri a ....................................... Nig er ia n.
Niue ............................................ Niue an.
Norfolk Island ......................... Norfolk Islander.
Nor way ...................................... Norw eg i a n.
Oman ......................................... Om an i .
Pakistan .................................... Pakistani.
Palau .......................................... Palauan.
Panama ..................................... Panamanian.
Papua New Guinea ................. Papua New Guinean.
Paraguay ................................... Paraguayan.
Per u ............................................ Per uv ian .
Philippines ............................... Filipino.
Pitcairn Islands ....................... Pitcairn Islander.
Poland ....................................... Pole.
Portugal .................................... Portuguese (singular
and plural).
Qat a r .......................................... Qa ta ri .
Romani a .................................... Ro man ian .
Russia......................................... Russian.
Rwanda ..................................... Rwandan.
Saint Helena ............................. Saint Helenian.
Saint Kitts and Nevis ............. Kittian, Nevisian.
Saint Lucia ................................ Saint Lucian.
Saint Pierre and Miquelon .... French, Frenchman
(men), or
Frenchwoman
(women).
Saint Vincent and the Saint Vincentian or
Grenadines. Vincentian.
Samoa ........................................ Samoan.
San Marino .............................. Sammarinese (singular
and plural).
Sao Tome and Principe .......... Sao Tomean.
Saudi Arabia............................. Saudi, Saudi Arabian.
Senegal ...................................... Senegalese (singular
and plural).
Serbia ......................................... Serb.
Se ych el le s .................................. Se yche l loi s (s i ng u l a r
and plural).
Sierra Leone ............................. Sierra Leonean.
Singapore .................................. Singaporea n.
Slov ak ia ..................................... Slov ak .
Sloven ia ..................................... Slovene.
Solomon Islands ...................... Solomon Islander.
Somalia...................................... Somali.
South Africa ............................. South African.
South Sudan ............................. South Sudanese.
Spa in .......................................... Spa niard.
Sri Lanka ................................... Sri Lankan.
Sudan ......................................... Sudanese (singular and
plural).
Suriname .................................. Surinamer.
Swaziland.................................. Swazi.
Sweden ...................................... Swede.
Switzerland .............................. Swiss (singular and
plural).
Country Demonym* Country Demonym*
Useful Tables 339
Demonyms: Names of Nationalities—Continued
[Demonym is a name given to a people or inhabitants of a place.]
Syria ........................................... Syrian.
Taiwan ....................................... Taiwan (singular and
plural).
Tajik is tan .................................. Taji k ista ni .
Tanzania ................................... Tanzanian.
ailand .................................... ai (singular and
plural).
Timor-Leste ............................. Timorese (singular and
plural).
Togo ........................................... Togolese (singular and
plural).
Tok elau ...................................... Tokel aua n.
Tonga ......................................... Tongan.
Trinidad and Tobago ............. Trinidadian,
Tobagonian.
Tu n i si a ....................................... Tun i si a n.
Turkey ....................................... Turk.
Tu rkm enis tan .......................... Tu rkmen .
Tu va lu ........................................ Tuvalua n .
Uganda ...................................... Ugand an.
Uk rai ne ..................................... U kr aini an.
United Arab Emirates............ Emirati.
United K ingdom ..................... Briton, British
(collective plural).
Unite d S tates ............................ A meric an.
Uruguay .................................... Uruguayan.
Uzbekistan ............................... Uzbekistani.
Vanuatu ..................................... Ni-Vanuatu (singular
and plural).
Venezuela .................................. Venezuelan.
Vietnam .................................... Vietnamese (singular
and plural).
Virgin Islands .......................... Virgin Islander.
Wallis and Futuna .................. Wallisian, Futunan,
or Wallis and
Futuna Islander.
Western Sahara ....................... Sahrawi, Sahraoui.
Ye men ........................................ Yemeni .
Zambia ...................................... Zambian.
Zi mba bwe ................................. Zim babwea n.
Country Demonym* Country Demonym*
1 Since 1989 the military authorities in Burma have promoted the name Myanmar as a conventional name for
their state; this decision was not approved by any sitting legislature in Burma, and the U.S. Government did not
adopt the name, which is a derivative of the Burmese short-form name Myanma Naingngandaw.
*N.—Plural references add s unless otherwise indicated.
Source: Information courtesy of World Factbook as of September 2016; for more information see https://www.
cia.gov/library/publications/resources/the-world-factbook/elds/2110.html.
Currency
[As of July 2016]
Alphabetic
code
Country Currency
Afghanistan ............................................................. Afghani ............................................................................... AFN
Å lan d Isla n d s ........................................................... E u ro ..................................................................................... EUR
A lb a n ia ...................................................................... Lek ........................................................................................ ALL
A lgeri a ....................................................................... A lger ia n d in ar ................................................................... DZD
American Samoa .................................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Andorra .................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
A ngol a ....................................................................... Kwa n z a ................................................................................ AOA
Anguilla .................................................................... East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD
Antarctica ................................................................. No universal currency .....................................................
Antigua and Barbuda ............................................ East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD
Argentin a .................................................................. A rgentine peso .................................................................. ARS
Ar men ia .................................................................... A rme nia n d ram ................................................................ AMD
Aruba ......................................................................... A ru ban or in ..................................................................... AWG
Australia ................................................................... Australian dollar............................................................... AUD
Aus tri a ....................................................................... Eu ro ..................................................................................... EUR
Azerbaijan ................................................................ Azerbaijanian manat ....................................................... AZN
Bahamas (e) ......................................................... Bahamian dollar ............................................................... BSD
Ba hr ai n ..................................................................... Ba h ra ini d in ar ................................................................... BHD
Bang ladesh ............................................................... Tak a ..................................................................................... BDT
Barbados ................................................................... Barbados dollar ................................................................. BBD
Be lar us ...................................................................... Be lar usi an ru ble ................................................................ BYN
Be lar us ...................................................................... Be lar usi an ru ble ................................................................ BYR
Be lgiu m ..................................................................... E uro ..................................................................................... EUR
Belize ......................................................................... Belize dollar ....................................................................... BZD
340 Chapter 17
Currency—Continued
[As of July 2016]
Alphabetic
code
Country Currency
Benin ......................................................................... CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF
Bermuda ................................................................... Bermudian dollar ............................................................. BMD
Bhutan ....................................................................... India n r upee ...................................................................... INR
Bhutan ....................................................................... Ng ult rum............................................................................ BTN
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)............................ Boliviano ............................................................................ BOB
Bolivia (Plurinational State of)............................ Mvdol................................................................................... BOV
Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba ......................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Bosnia and Herzegovina ....................................... Convertible mark .............................................................. BAM
Botswana .................................................................. Pula ...................................................................................... BWP
Bouvet Island ........................................................... Norwegian krone .............................................................. NOK
Brazil ......................................................................... Brazilian real ..................................................................... BRL
British Indian Ocean Territory (e) ................ U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Brunei Darussalam ................................................ Brunei dollar ...................................................................... BND
Bu lg ar i a ..................................................................... Bu l ga r ia n l ev ...................................................................... BGN
Burkina Faso ............................................................ CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF
Bu r u nd i ..................................................................... Burundi fr a nc .................................................................... BIF
Cabo Verde ............................................................... Cabo Verde escudo ........................................................... CVE
Ca mbod ia ................................................................. R iel ....................................................................................... KHR
Cameroon ................................................................. CFA franc BEAC ............................................................... XAF
Canada ...................................................................... Canadian dollar ................................................................ CAD
Cayman Islands (e)............................................ Cayman Islands dollar .................................................... KYD
Central African Republic (e) ........................... CFA franc BEAC ............................................................... XAF
Chad........................................................................... CFA franc BEAC ............................................................... XAF
Chile .......................................................................... Chilean peso ...................................................................... CLP
Chile .......................................................................... Unidad de Fomento.......................................................... CLF
China ......................................................................... Yuan renminbi .................................................................. CNY
Christmas Island .................................................... Australian dollar............................................................... AUD
Cocos (Keeling) Islands (e) ............................. Australian dollar............................................................... AUD
Colombia .................................................................. Colombian peso ................................................................ COP
Colombia .................................................................. Unidad de Valor real ........................................................ COU
Comoros (e) ........................................................ Comoro franc .................................................................... KMF
Congo (e Democratic Republic of the) ......... Congolese franc ................................................................ CDF
Congo (e) ............................................................. CFA franc BEAC ............................................................... XAF
Cook Islands (e) ................................................. New Zealand dollar .......................................................... NZD
Costa Rica ................................................................. Costa Rican colon ............................................................. CRC
Côte d’Ivoire ............................................................ CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF
Cro ati a ....................................................................... Kun a .................................................................................... HRK
Cub a ........................................................................... Cu ba n pes o......................................................................... CUP
Cub a ........................................................................... Pes o conver t ib le ............................. ................................... CUC
Curaçao ..................................................................... Netherlands Antillean guilder ...................................... ANG
Cy pr u s ....................................................................... E ur o ..................................................................................... EUR
Czech Republic (e) ............................................. Czech koruna..................................................................... CZK
Den m a r k ................................................................... D a ni s h krone ..................................................................... DKK
Djib outi ..................................................................... D jibout i fra nc .................................................................... DJF
Dominica .................................................................. East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD
Dominican Republic (e) ................................... Dominican peso ................................................................ DOP
Ec uad or ..................................................................... U. S. dol lar ........................................................................... USD
Egypt ......................................................................... Egyptian pound ................................................................ EGP
El Salvador................................................................ El Salvador colon .............................................................. SVC
El Salvador................................................................ U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Equatorial Guinea .................................................. CFA franc BEAC ............................................................... XAF
Er it r ea ........................................................................ Nakfa ................................................................................... ERN
Estonia ....................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Et h i opi a ..................................................................... E t hio pi a n bir r .................................................................... ETB
European Union ..................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Falkland Islands (e) [Malvinas]...................... Falkland Islands pound .................................................. FKP
Faroe Islands (e) ................................................. Danish krone ..................................................................... DKK
Fiji ............................................................................... Fiji dollar ............................................................................. FJD
Fin land ...................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Useful Tables 341
Currency—Continued
[As of July 2016]
Alphabetic
code
Country Currency
Fra nce ........................................................................ Eu ro ..................................................................................... EUR
Frenc h G uia na ......................................................... Eu ro ..................................................................................... EUR
French Polynesia ..................................................... CFP franc ............................................................................ XPF
French Southern Territories (e) ...................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Gabon ........................................................................ CFA franc BEAC ............................................................... XAF
Ga mbi a (e) ........................................................... Da l asi ................................................................................... GMD
Georgi a ...................................................................... L ari ....................................................................................... GEL
Germ any ................................................................... Eu ro ..................................................................................... EUR
Ghana ........................................................................ Ghana cedi ......................................................................... GHS
Gibraltar ................................................................... Gibraltar pound ................................................................ GIP
Gre e c e ........................................................................ Eur o ..................................................................................... EUR
Gre en l a nd ................................................................. D a ni s h k r one ..................................................................... DKK
Grenada..................................................................... East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD
Guadeloupe .............................................................. Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Gua m ......................................................................... U.S . d oll ar ........................................................................... USD
Gu atem a la ................................................................ Q uet z a l ................................................................................ GTQ
Guern s e y ................................................................... Pound ster l in g ................................................................... GBP
Gu inea ....................................................................... Gu inea f ra nc ...................................................................... GNF
Guinea-Bissau ......................................................... CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF
Guy ana ...................................................................... Guy ana dol lar .................................................................... GYD
Haiti ........................................................................... Gou rde ................................................................................ HTG
Ha iti ........................................................................... U. S. dol la r ........................................................................... USD
Heard Island and McDonald Islands ................. Australian dollar............................................................... AUD
Holy See (e) ......................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Hondu ra s .................................................................. L empi ra ............................................................................... HNL
Hong Kong ............................................................... Hong Kong dollar ............................................................. HKD
Hun ga r y .................................................................... For i nt ................................................................................... HUF
Icel and ....................................................................... Ice la nd k rona ..................................................................... ISK
Indi a ........................................................................... Indi an ru p e e ...................................................................... INR
Indonesia .................................................................. Rupia h ................................................................................. IDR
International Monetary Fund (IMF) ................ SDR (Special Drawing Right) ........................................ XDR
Iran (Islamic Republic of) .................................... Iranian rial ......................................................................... IRR
Ir aq ............................................................................. I raq i d i na r .......................................................................... IQD
Ireland ....................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Isle of Man ................................................................ Pound sterling ................................................................... GBP
Israel .......................................................................... New Israeli sheqel ............................................................. ILS
Italy ............................................................................ Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Ja ma ic a ...................................................................... Ja m ai ca n d ol la r ................................ ................................. JMD
Japa n .......................................................................... Yen........................................................................................ JPY
Jersey.......................................................................... Pound sterling ................................................................... GBP
Jorda n ........................................................................ Jorda n i a n d i na r ............................... .................................. JOD
Kazakhstan .............................................................. Tenge.................................................................................... KZT
Keny a ......................................................................... Ke nya n sh il li ng ................................................................. KES
K iri bati ...................................................................... Aus tr al ian dol la r............................................................... AUD
Korea (e Democratic People’s Republic of) .. North Korean won ........................................................... KPW
Korea (e Republic of) ........................................ Won...................................................................................... KRW
Kuwait ....................................................................... Kuw aiti dinar .................................. ................................... KWD
Kyrgyzstan ............................................................... Som ...................................................................................... KGS
Lao People’s Democratic Republic (e) ........... Kip ........................................................................................ LAK
La tv ia ......................................................................... Eu ro ..................................................................................... EUR
Lebanon .................................................................... Lebanese pound ................................................................ LBP
Les o th o ...................................................................... L oti ....................................................................................... LSL
Lesotho ...................................................................... Rand ..................................................................................... ZAR
Li be r i a ....................................................................... L ib er i an dol lar ................................................................... LRD
Libya .......................................................................... Libyan dinar ...................................................................... LYD
Lie c ht en s te i n............................................................ Swi s s fr anc .......................................................................... CHF
Lithuania .................................................................. Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Luxembourg ............................................................ Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Macao ........................................................................ Patac a .................................................................................. MOP
342 Chapter 17
Currency—Continued
[As of July 2016]
Alphabetic
code
Country Currency
Macedonia (e Former Yugoslav Republic of) .. Denar ................................................................................... MKD
Madagascar .............................................................. Malagasy ariary ................................................................. MGA
Mal awi ....................................................................... Mal awi kwacha.................................................................. MWK
Malaysia .................................................................... Malaysian ringgit .............................................................. MYR
Maldives.................................................................... Ruyaa ................................................................................ MVR
Mali ............................................................................ CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF
Malt a .......................................................................... Eur o ..................................................................................... EUR
Marshall Islands (e) ........................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Martinique ............................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Mauritania ............................................................... Ouguiya .............................................................................. MRO
Mauritius .................................................................. Maur itius r upee ................................................................ MUR
Mayotte ..................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Member Countries of the
African Development Bank Group ................ ADB Unit of Account ...................................................... XUA
Mex i co ....................................................................... Mex ic an pe so ..................................................................... MXN
Mexico ....................................................................... Mexican Unidad de Inversion (UDI) ........................... MXV
Micronesia (Federated States of) ........................ U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Moldova (e Republic of) ................................... Moldov an leu ..................................................................... MDL
Monaco ..................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Mongol i a ................................................................... Tu grik .................................................................................. MNT
Montenegro.............................................................. Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Montserrat ................................................................ East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD
Moroc co .................................................................... Moro cc a n di rh am ............................................................ MAD
Moz ambique ............................................................ Moz ambiqu e me tica l ....................................................... MZN
Mya nmar .................................................................. Kyat ...................................................................................... MMK
Namibia .................................................................... Namibia dollar .................................................................. NAD
Namibia .................................................................... Rand ..................................................................................... ZAR
Nauru ........................................................................ Australian dollar............................................................... AUD
Nepal ......................................................................... Nepalese rupee .................................................................. NPR
Nethe r l ands (e) ................................................... E uro ..................................................................................... EUR
New Caledonia ........................................................ CFP franc ............................................................................ XPF
New Zealand ............................................................ New Zealand dollar .......................................................... NZD
Nicara gua ................................................................. Cordoba oro ....................................................................... NIO
Niger (e) ............................................................... CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF
Nige ri a ....................................................................... Na ir a .................................................................................... NGN
Niue ............................................................................ New Zealand dollar .......................................................... NZD
Norfolk Island ......................................................... Australian dollar............................................................... AUD
Northern Mariana Islands (e) ......................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Nor way ...................................................................... Norweg i a n k r one ................................. ............................. NOK
Oman ......................................................................... R i al oma n i .......................................................................... OMR
Pakistan .................................................................... Pak is tan ru pee ................................................................... PKR
Pa lau .......................................................................... U.S . dol la r ........................................................................... USD
Palestine, State of .................................................... No universal currency .....................................................
Pa na m a ..................................................................... Ba lb oa .................................................................................. PAB
Pa na ma ..................................................................... U.S . do ll ar ........................................................................... USD
Papua New Guinea ................................................. Kina ..................................................................................... PGK
Pa rag uay ................................................................... Gua ra ni ............................................................................... PYG
Per u ............................................................................ S ol ......................................................................................... PEN
Philippines (e) .................................................... Philippine peso .................................................................. PHP
Pitcairn...................................................................... New Zealand dollar .......................................................... NZD
Poland ....................................................................... Zl oty ..................................................................................... PLN
Portugal .................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Puerto Rico .............................................................. U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Qat a r .......................................................................... Qa ta ri r ia l ........................................................................... QAR
Réunion..................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Romani a .................................................................... Rom anian leu .................................................................... RON
Russian Federation (e) ...................................... Russian ruble ..................................................................... RUB
Rwanda ..................................................................... Rwanda franc ..................................................................... RWF
Saint Barthélemy .................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Useful Tables 343
Currency—Continued
[As of July 2016]
Alphabetic
code
Country Currency
Saint Helena, Ascension
and Tristan Da Cunha ...................................... Saint Helena pound .......................................................... SHP
Saint Kitts and Nevis ............................................. East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD
Saint Lucia ................................................................ East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD
Saint Martin (French Part) ................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Saint Pierre and Miquelon .................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Saint Vincent and the Grenadines ...................... East Caribbean dollar ...................................................... XCD
Samo a ........................................................................ Tala ....................................................................................... WST
San Marino .............................................................. Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Sao Tome and Principe .......................................... Dobra ................................................................................... STD
Saudi Arabia............................................................. Saudi riyal ........................................................................... SAR
Senegal ...................................................................... CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF
Serbia ......................................................................... Serbian dinar ..................................................................... RSD
Se ych el le s .................................................................. S e ych el le s rup ee ................................................................ SCR
Sierra Leone ............................................................. Leone ................................................................................... SLL
Si ngapore .................................................................. Si ngapore dol la r ................................................................ SGD
Sint Maarten (Dutch Part).................................... Netherlands Antillean guilder ...................................... ANG
Sistema Unitario De Compensacion
Regional De Pagos “Sucre” .............................. Sucre .................................................................................... XSU
Slov ak ia ..................................................................... Eu ro ..................................................................................... EUR
Sloven ia ..................................................................... Euro ..................................................................................... EUR
Solomon Islands ...................................................... Solomon Islands dollar .................................................... SBD
Somalia...................................................................... Somali shilling .................................................................. SOS
South Africa ............................................................. R and ..................................................................................... ZAR
South Georgia and the South
Sandwich Islands ............................................... No universal currency .....................................................
South Sudan ............................................................. South Sudanese pound .................................................... SSP
Spa in .......................................................................... Eu ro ..................................................................................... EUR
Sri Lanka ................................................................... Sri Lanka rupee ................................................................. LKR
Sudan (e) .............................................................. Sudanese pound ................................................................ SDG
Suriname .................................................................. Surinam dollar .................................................................. SRD
Svalbard and Jan Mayen........................................ Norwegian krone .............................................................. NOK
Swa zi land.................................................................. L il ange ni ............................................................................. SZL
Sweden ...................................................................... Swedish krona ................................................................... SEK
Sw it zer l a nd .............................................................. Sw i s s fr anc .......................................................................... CHF
Switzerland .............................................................. WIR Euro ........................................................................... CHE
Sw it z erl a nd .............................................................. W I R fr a nc ........................................................................... CHW
Syrian Arab Republic ............................................. Syrian pound ..................................................................... SYP
Taiwan (Province of China) ................................. New Taiwan dollar ........................................................... TWD
Tajik is tan .................................................................. Som oni ................................................................................ TJS
Tanzania, United Republic of .............................. Tanzanian shilling ........................................................... TZS
a i lan d .................................................................... Ba ht ...................................................................................... THB
Tim or-Les te ............................................................. U. S. dol la r ........................................................................... USD
Togo ........................................................................... CFA franc BCEAO ........................................................... XOF
Tokelau ...................................................................... New Zealand dollar .......................................................... NZD
Tonga ......................................................................... Pa’anga ................................................................................ TOP
Trinidad and Tobago ............................................. Trinidad and Tobago dollar ........................................... TTD
Tu n i si a ....................................................................... Tun i si a n di n a r ................................................................... TND
Turk e y ....................................................................... Tur kish lir a ......................................................................... TRY
Turkmenistan .......................................................... Turkmenistan new manat .............................................. TMT
Turks and Caicos Islands (e) ........................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Tu va lu ........................................................................ Au st r a l ia n doll a r............................................................... AUD
Uga nda ...................................................................... Uga nda sh i ll in g ................................................................. UGX
U kraine ..................................................................... Hryvn ia ............................................................................... UAH
United Arab Emirates (e) ................................. UAE dirham ....................................................................... AED
United Kingdom of Great Britain
and Northern Ireland (e) ............................. Pound sterling ................................................................... GBP
United States Minor Outlying Islands (e) .... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
United States of America (e) ........................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
344 Chapter 17
Currency—Continued
[As of July 2016]
Alphabetic
code
Country Currency
United States of America (e) ........................... U.S. dollar (Next day) ...................................................... USN
Uruguay .................................................................... Peso Uruguayo .................................................................. UYU
Uruguay .................................................................... Uruguay peso en Unidades
Indexadas (URUIURUI) ............................................ UYI
Uzbekistan ............................................................... Uzbekistan sum ................................................................ UZS
Vanuatu ..................................................................... Va tu ...................................................................................... VUV
Venezuela (Bolivarian Republic of) ................... Bolívar ................................................................................. VEF
Viet Nam .................................................................. Dong .................................................................................... VND
Virgin Islands (British) ......................................... U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Virgin Islands (U.S.) .............................................. U.S. dollar ........................................................................... USD
Wallis and Futuna .................................................. CFP franc ............................................................................ XPF
Western Sahara ....................................................... Moroccan dirham ............................................................ MAD
Ye men ........................................................................ Ye men i r ia l ......................................................................... YER
Zambia ...................................................................... Zambian kwacha .............................................................. ZMW
Zi mba bwe ................................................................. Zi mba bwe dol la r ............................................................... ZWL
Source: http://www.currency-iso.org/en/home/tables/table-a.1.html.
Useful Tables 345
Metric and U.S. Measures 1
Length
Metric unit U.S. unit
10 millimeters ....................................1 centimeter. 12 inches..............................................1 foot ().
10 centimeters....................................1 decimeter. 3 feet .....................................................1 yard.
10 decimeters .....................................1 meter. 22 yards ...............................................1 chain.
10 meters .............................................1 dekameter. 10 chains .............................................1 furlong (660 ).
10 dekameters ....................................1 hectometer. 8 furlongs ............................................1 mile (5,280 ).
10 hectometers ...................................1 kilometer. 1 nautical mile ...................................1.1508 mile.
1 kilometer .........................................1,000 meters. 1 league ................................................3 nautical miles.
Mass Weight
Metric unit U.S. unit
10 milligrams (mg) ...........................1 centigram. 16 ounces .............................................1 pound.
10 centigrams ....................................1 decigram (100 mg). 100 pounds (lbs) ................................1 hundredweight.
10 decigrams ......................................1 gram (1,000 mg). 2,000 lbs ..............................................1 ton.
10 grams (g) .......................................1 dekagram.
10 dekagrams .....................................1 hectogram (100 g).
10 hectograms ...................................1 kilogram (1,000 g).
1,000 kilograms.................................1 metric ton.
Volume
Metric unit U.S. liquid capacity
10 milliliters .......................................1 centiliter. 3 teaspoons .........................................1 tablespoon.
10 centiliters .......................................1 deciliter. 2 tablespoons......................................1 uid ounce ( oz).
10 deciliters ........................................1 liter. 1 cup .....................................................8  oz.
1,000 liters ..........................................1 cubic meter. 2 cups ...................................................1 pint.
2 pints ..................................................1 quart.
4 quarts ................................................1 gallon.
42 gallons ............................................1 petroleum barrel.
U.S. dry measure 2
2 pints ..................................................1 quart.
4 quarts ................................................1 gallon.
2 gallons ..............................................1 peck.
4 pecks .................................................1 bushel.
8 bushels ..............................................1 quarter.
Temperature Conversion 3
Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin Celsius Fahrenheit Kelvin
100 ...................................... 212 373.1 0 ....................................... 32 273.1
50 ........................................ 122 323.1 –10 .................................. 14 263.1
40 ........................................ 104 313.1 –20 .................................. –4 253.1
30 ........................................ 86 303.1 –30 .................................. –22 243.1
20 ........................................ 6 8 29 3.1 – 40 .................................. – 4 0 233.1
10 ........................................ 50 283.1 –50 .................................. –58 223.1
–273.1 ............................. –459.7 0
1 At this time, only three countries—Burma, Liberia, and the United States—have not signicantly transitioned to
the International System of Units (SI, or metric system) as their ocial system of weights and measures.
2 Dry measurements are mainly used for measuring grain or fresh produce. Do not confuse dry measure for liquid
measure, as they are not the same.
3 e equation for converting temperatures is as follows: °C to °F: multiply by 9, then divide by 5, then add 32;
°F to °C: subtract 32, then multiply by 5, then divide by 9.
346 Chapter 17
Common Measures and Their Metric Equivalents
U.S. to metric Metric to U.S.
Inch ......................................2.54 centimeters. Centimeter..............................0.3937 inch.
Foot ......................................0.3048 meter. Meter ........................................3.2808 feet.
Yard ......................................0.9144 meter. Do ....................................1.0936 yards.
Mile ......................................1.6093 kilometers. Kilometer ................................0.6214 mile.
Nautical mile .....................1.852 kilometers. Do ....................................0.5399 nautical mile.
League .................................5.556 kilometers. Do ....................................0.1799 league.
Square inch ........................6.452 square centimeters. Square centimeter .................0.155 square inch.
Square foot .........................0.0929 square meter. Square meter ..........................10.7639 square feet.
Square yard ........................0.836 square meter. Do ....................................1.196 square yards.
Acre ......................................0.4047 hectare. Hectare ....................................2.471 acres.
Square mile ........................259 hectares. Do ....................................0.0039 square mile.
Cubic inch ..........................16.39 cubic centimeters. Cubic centimeter ...................0.06 cubic inch.
Cubic foot ...........................0.0283 cubic meter. Cubic meter ............................35.3146 cubic feet.
Cubic yard ..........................0.7646 cubic meter. Do ....................................1.3079 cubic yards.
Cord .....................................128 cubic feet.
Ounce (liquid) ...................29.574 milliliters. Milliliter ..................................0.0338 ounce (liquid).
Pint (liquid) ........................473.176 milliliters.
Quart (liquid) ....................946.35 milliliters. Liter ..........................................1.06 quarts (liquid).
Gallon (liquid) ...................3.79 liters. Do ....................................0.26 gallon (liquid).
Pint (dry) ............................550.61 milliliters.
Quart (dry) .........................1101 milliliters. Do ....................................0.91 quart (dry).
Quart, imperial .................1137 milliliters.
Gallon (dry) .......................4.40 liters. Do ....................................0.23 gallon (dry).
Gallon, imperial ................4.55 liters.
Peck ......................................8.810 liters. Do ....................................0.1135 peck.
Peck, imperial ....................9.092 liters.
Bushel ..................................35.24 liters. Do ....................................0.028 bushel.
Bushel, imperial ................36.37 liters.
Grain 1 ..................................6 4.7 9 9 m illi g r a m s .
Ounce 2 ................................28.35 grams. Gram ........................................0.04 ounce.
Ounce, troy 3.......................31.103 grams. Do ....................................0.032 troy ounce.
Pound 2 ................................0.4536 kilogram. Kilogram .................................2.20 pounds.
Pound, troy.........................12 troy ounces.
Ton, short............................907.185 kilograms.
Do ................................2,000 pounds.
Ton, metric .........................1,000 kilograms.
Do ................................2,204.6 pounds.
Ton, long .............................1,016.047 kilograms.
Do ................................2,240 pounds.
1 e grain is used to measure in ballistics and archery; grains were originally used in medicine but have been
replaced by milligrams.
2 Avoirdupois; avoirdupois is the measure of mass of everyday items.
3 e troy ounce is used in pricing silver, gold, platinum, and other precious metals and gemstones.
Useful Tables 347
⁄ .............. .0625 1.587 0p4.5 4.5
⅛ ................ .125 3.175 0p9 9
⁄ .............. .1875 4.762 1p1.5 13.5
¼ ................ .25 6.35 1p6 18
⁄ .............. .3125 7.937 1p10.5 22.5
⅜ ................ .375 9.525 2p3 27
⁄ .............. .4375 11.112 2p7.5 31.5
½ ................ .5 12.7 3 36
⁄ .............. .5625 14.287 3p4.5 40.5
⅝ ................ .625 15.875 3p9 45
⁄ ............. .6875 17.462 4p1.5 49.5
¾ ................ .75 19.05 4p6 54
⁄ ............. .8125 20.637 4p10.5 58.5
⅞ .............. .875 22.225 5p3 63
⁄ ........... .9375 23.812 5p7.5 67.5
1 ................ 1 25.4 6 72
1¼............. 1.25 31.75 7p6 90
1½............. 1.5 38.1 9 108
1¾............. 1.75 44.5 10p6 126
2 ................ 2 50.8 12 144
2½ ............ 2.5 63.5 15 180
3 ................ 3 76.2 18 216
3½ ............ 3.5 88.9 21 252
4 ................ 4 100.6 24 288
5 ................ 5 127 30 360
6 ................ 6 152.4 36 432
Measurement Conversion
Fractional Decimal Milli-
inch inches meters Picas Points
Fractional Decimal Milli-
inch inches meters Picas Points
349
18. Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions
Geologic terms
For capitalization, compounding, and use of quotations in geologic terms,
copy is to be followed. Geologic terms quoted verbatim from published ma-
terial should be le as the original author used them; however, it should be
made clear that the usage is that of the original author.
Formal geologic terms are capitalized: Proterozoic Eon, Cambrian Period.
Structural terms such as arch, anticline, or upli are capitalized when pre-
ceded by a name: Cincinnati Arch, Cedar Creek Anticline, Ozark Upli. See
Chapter 4 geographic terms for more information.
Divisions of Geologic Time
[Most recent to oldest]
Eon Era Period
Phanerozoic ................ Cenozoic ............................ Quaternary.
Tertiary (Neogene, Paleogene).
Mesozoic........................... Cretaceous.
Jurassic.
Triassic.
Paleozoic .......................... Permian.
Carboniferous (Pennsylvanian, Mississippian).
Devonian.
Silurian.
Ordovician.
Cambrian.
Proterozoic ................. Neoproterozoic ............... Ediacaran.
Cryogenian.
Tonian.
Mesoproterozoic ............. Stenian.
Ectasian.
Calymmian.
Paleoproterozoic ............. Statherian.
Orosirian.
Rhyacian.
Siderian.
Arc he an ....................... Neo a rc he an .
Mesoarchean.
Paleoarchean.
Eoarchean.
Hadean.
Source: Information courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey; for graphic see http://pubs.usgs.gov/fs/2007/3015/
fs2007-3015.pdf.
350 Chapter 18
Physiographic regions
Physiographic regions are based on terrain texture, rock type, and geologic
structure and history. e classication system has three tiers: divisions,
which are broken into provinces, and some provinces break further into sec-
tions. All names are capitalized, not the class; for graphic see http://tapestry.
usgs.gov/physiogr/physio.html.
Physiographic Regions of the Lower 48 United States
Division Province Section
Laurentian Upland ...................... Superior Upland.
Atlantic Plain ................................ Continental Shelf.
Coastal Plain .................................. Embayed.
Sea Island.
Floridian.
East Gulf Coastal Plain.
Mississippi Alluvial Plain.
West Gulf Coastal Plain.
Appalachian Highlands ............. Piedmont ....................................... Piedmont Upland.
Piedmont Lowlands.
Blue Ridge ...................................... Northern.
Southern.
Valley and Ridge ........................... Tennessee.
Middle.
Hudson Valley.
St. Lawrence Valley ...................... Champlain.
Northern.
Appalachian Plateaus .................. Mohawk.
Catskill.
Southern New York.
Allegheny Mountain.
Kanawha.
Cumberland Plateau.
Cumberland Mountain.
New England ................................. Seaboard Lowland.
New England Upland.
White Mountain.
Green Mountain.
Taconic.
Adirondack.
Interior Plains ............................... Interior Low Plateaus ................... Highland Rim.
Lexington Plain.
Nashville Basin.
Central Lowland ........................... Eastern Lake.
Western Lake.
Wisconsin Driless.
Till Plains.
Dissected Till Plains.
Osage Plains.
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 351
Division Province Section
Great Plains .................................... Missouri Plateau, glaciated.
Missouri Plateau, unglaciated.
Black Hills.
High Plains.
Plains Border.
Colorado Piedmont.
Raton.
Pecos Valley.
Edwards Plateau.
Central Texas.
Interior Highlands ....................... Ozark Plateaus............................... Springeld-Salem Plateaus.
Boston “Mountains.”
Ouachita ......................................... Arkansas Valley.
Ouachita Mountains.
Rocky Mountain System ............ Southern Rocky Mountains.
Wyoming Basin.
Middle Rocky Mountains.
Northern Rocky Mountains.
Intermontane Plateaus ............... Columbia Plateau ........................ Walla Walla Plateau.
Blue Mountain.
Payette.
Snake River Plain.
Harney.
Colorado Plateaus ........................ High Plateaus of Utah.
Uinta Basin.
Canyon Lands.
Navajo.
Grand Canyon.
Datil.
Basin and Range ........................... Great Basin.
Sonoran Desert.
Salton Trough.
Mexican Highland.
Sacramento.
Pacic Mountain System ............ Cascade-Sierra Mountains ......... Northern Cascade Mountains.
Middle Cascade Mountains.
Southern Cascade Mountains.
Sierra Nevada.
Pacic Border ................................ Puget Trough.
Olympic Mountains.
Oregon Coast Range.
Klamath Mountains.
California Trough.
California Coast Ranges.
Los Angeles Ranges.
Lower California.
Source: Information courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey.
352 Chapter 18
Geographic divisions
e Public Land Survey System has a hierarchy of lines. Principal merid-
ians and base lines and their related townships, sections, and subdivisions of
sections are incorporated in the description of land conveyed by the Federal
Government and others.
The Principal Meridians and Base Lines of the United States 1
Black Hills Meridian and Base Line.
(South Dakota)
Boise Meridian and Base Line. (Idaho)
Chickasaw Meridian and Base Line.
(Mississippi-Tennessee)
Choctaw Meridian and Base Line. (Mississippi)
Cimarron Meridian and Base Line.
(Oklahoma)
Copper River Meridian and Base Line. (Alaska)
Fairbanks Meridian and Base Line. (Alaska)
Fih Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Arkansas-Iowa-Minnesota-Missouri-
North Dakota-South Dakota)
First Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Ohio-Indiana)
Fourth Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Illinois)
Fourth Principal Meridian and Base Line
Wisconsin. (Minnesota-Wisconsin)
Gila and Salt River Meridian and Base Line.
(Arizona)
Humboldt Meridian and Base Line.
(California)
Huntsville Meridian and Base Line.
(Alabama-Mississippi)
Indian Meridian and Base Line. (Oklahoma)
Kateel River Principal Meridian and Base
Line. (Alaska)
Louisiana Meridian and Base Line.
(Louisiana-Texas)
Michigan Meridian and Base Line.
(Michigan-Ohio)
Mount Diablo Meridian and Base Line.
(California-Nevada)
Navajo Meridian and Base Line. (Arizona-
New Mexico)
New Mexico Principal Meridian and Base
Line. (New Mexico-Colorado)
Point of Beginning and Geographer’s
Line. (Ohio)
Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Montana)
Salt Lake Meridian and Base Line. (Utah)
San Bernardino Meridian and Base Line.
(California-Nevada)
Second Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Illinois-Indiana)
Seward Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Alaska)
Sixth Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Colorado-Kansas-Nebraska-South
Dakota-Wyoming)
St. Helena Meridian and Base Line.
(Louisiana)
St. Stephens Meridian and Base Line.
(Alabama-Mississippi)
Tallahassee Meridian and Base Line.
(Florida)
ird Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Illinois)
Uintah Special Meridian and Base Line.
(Utah)
Umiat Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Alaska)
Ute Principal Meridian and Base Line.
(Colorado)
Washington Meridian and Base Line.
(Mississippi)
Willamette Meridian and Base Line.
(Oregon-Washington)
Wind River Meridian and Base Line.
(Wyoming)
1 Information courtesy of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 353
Public Land Surveys Having No Initial Point as an Origin
for Both Township and Range Numbers
1
Between the Miamis, north of Symmes Purchase.
(Ohio)
Muskingum River Survey. (Ohio)
Ohio River Base. (Indiana)
Ohio River Survey. (Ohio)
Scioto River Base. (Ohio)
Twelve-Mile-Square Reserve. (Ohio)
United States Military Survey. (Ohio)
West of the Great Miami. (Ohio)
1 Information courtesy of the U.S. Department of the Interior, Bureau of Land Management.
Sources: Manual of Surveying Instructions: For the Survey of the Public Lands of the United States, Bureau of
Land Management, 2009, GPO; Initial Points of the Rectangular Survey System, C. Albert White, 1996.
See http://www.blm.gov/wo/st/en/prog/more/cadastralsurvey.html for more information on prinicipal
meridians and base lines.
Major Rivers of the World
Length Length
River (in miles) River (in miles)
Nile (Africa) ............................................... 4,160 MacKenzie (Canada) .......................... 2,635
Amazon (S. America) ............................... 4,000 Mekong (Vietnam) .............................. 2,600
Yangtze (China) ........................................ 3,964 Niger (Africa) ....................................... 2,590
Yellow (China) ........................................... 3,395 Yenisey (Russia) ................................... 2,543
Ob-Irtysh (Russia) .................................... 3,362 Missouri (U.S.) ..................................... 2,540
Amur (Asia) ............................................... 2,744 Parana (S. America) ............................ 2,485
Lena (Russia) .............................................. 2,734 Mississippi (U.S.) ................................. 2,340
Congo (Africa) ........................................... 2,718 Murray-Darling (Australia) .............. 2,310
N.—Information compiled from numerous public domain websites; references cite dierent lengths for
the same river depending on origin.
Major Rivers of the United States
Length Length
River (in miles) River (in miles)
Mi ss our i ...................................................... 2 , 54 0 Oh io ......................................................... 1,310
Mississippi .................................................. 2,34 0 Red ........................................................... 1,290
Yukon .......................................................... 1,980 Brazos ...................................................... 1,280
Rio Grande ................................................. 1,900 Columbia ................................................ 1,249
St. Law renc e ............................................... 1,90 0 Sn a ke ........................................................ 1,040
Arkansas ..................................................... 1,469 Platte ........................................................ 990
Colorado ..................................................... 1,450 Pecos ........................................................ 926
Atch af alaya ................................................. 1,42 0 Canadian ................................................. 906
Source: Information courtesy of the U.S. Geological Survey; see http://water.usgs.gov/edu/riversofworld.html.
354 Chapter 18
States, capitals, and counties
e following includes parishes, boroughs, census divisions, districts,
islands, municipalities, and “municipios” of the 50 States, U.S. possessions,
and territories. County totals include city counties as dened by the National
Association of Counties. See www.naco.org for more information.
ALABAMA (AL) (67 counties)
Capital: Montgomery
Autauga
Baldwin
Barbour
Bibb
Blount
Bullock
Butler
Calhoun
Chambers
Cherokee
Chilton
Choctaw
Clarke
Clay
Cleburne
Coee
Colbert
Conecuh
Coosa
Covington
Crenshaw
Cullman
Dale
Dallas
DeKalb
Elmore
Escambia
Etowah
Fayette
Franklin
Geneva
Greene
Hale
Henry
Houston
Jackson
Jeerson
Lamar
Lauderdale
Lawrence
Lee
Limestone
Lowndes
Macon
Madison
Marengo
Marion
Marshall
Mobile
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Perry
Pickens
Pike
Randolph
Russell
St. Clair
Shelby
Sumter
Talladega
Tallapoosa
Tusca loosa
Walker
Washington
Wilcox
Winston
ALASKA (AK) (29 entities: 19 boroughs,* 10 census areas)
Capital: Juneau
Aleutians East*
Aleutians West
Anchorage*
Bethel
Bristol Bay*
Denali*
Dillingham
Fairbanks
North Star*
Haines*
Hoonah-
Angoon
Juneau*
Kenai
Peninsula*
Ketchikan
Gateway*
Kodiak Island*
Kusilvak
Lake and
Peninsula*
Matanuska-
Susitna*
Nome
North Slope*
Northwest
Arctic*
Petersburg*
Prince of
Wales-Hyder
Sitka*
Skagway*
Southeast
Fairbanks
Valdez-
Cordova
Wrangell*
Yakutat*
Yukon-
Koyukuk
AMERICAN SAMOA (AS) (5 entities: 2 islands,* 3 districts)
Capital: Pago Pago
Eastern Manu’a Rose* Swains* Western
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 355
ARIZONA (AZ) (15 counties)
Capital: Phoenix
Apache
Cochise
Coconino
Gila
Graham
Greenlee
La Paz
Maricopa
Mohave
Navajo
Pima
Pinal
Santa Cruz
Yavapai
Yum
ARKANSAS (AR) (75 counties)
Capital: Little Rock
Arkansas
Ashley
Baxter
Benton
Boone
Bradley
Calhoun
Carroll
Chicot
Clark
Clay
Cleburne
Cleveland
Columbia
Conway
Craighead
Crawford
Crittenden
Cross
Dallas
Desha
Drew
Faulkner
Franklin
Fulton
Garland
Grant
Greene
Hempstead
Hot Spring
Howard
Independence
Izard
Jackson
Jeerson
Johnson
Lafayette
Lawrence
Lee
Lincoln
Little River
Logan
Lonoke
Madison
Marion
Miller
Mississippi
Monroe
Montgomery
Nevada
Newton
Ouachita
Perry
Phillips
Pike
Poinsett
Polk
Pope
Prairie
Pulaski
Randolph
St. Francis
Saline
Scott
Searcy
Sebastian
Sevier
Sharp
Stone
Union
Van Buren
Washington
White
Woodru
Yell
CALIFORNIA (CA) (58 counties)
Capital: Sacramento
Alameda
Alpine
Amador
Butte
Calaveras
Colusa
Contra Costa
Del Norte
El Dorado
Fresno
Glenn
Humboldt
Imperial
Inyo
Kern
Kings
Lake
Lassen
Los Angeles
Madera
Marin
Mariposa
Mendocino
Merced
Modoc
Mono
Monterey
Napa
Nevada
Orange
Placer
Plumas
Riverside
Sacramento
San Benito
San Bernardino
San Diego
San Francisco
San Joaquin
San Luis
Obispo
San Mateo
Santa Barbara
Santa Clara
Santa Cruz
Shasta
Sierra
Siskiyou
Solano
Sonoma
Stanislaus
Sutter
Tehama
Trinity
Tulare
Tuolumne
Ventura
Yolo
Yuba
356 Chapter 18
COLORADO (CO) (64 counties)
Capital: Denver
Adams
Alamosa
Arapahoe
Archuleta
Baca
Bent
Boulder
Broomeld
Chaee
Cheyenne
Clear Creek
Conejos
Costilla
Crowley
Custer
Delta
Denver
Dolores
Douglas
Eagle
Elbert
El Paso
Fremont
Gareld
Gilpin
Grand
Gunnison
Hinsdale
Huerfano
Jackson
Jeerson
Kiowa
Kit Carson
Lake
La Plata
Larimer
Las Animas
Lincoln
Logan
Mesa
Mineral
Moat
Montezuma
Montrose
Morgan
Otero
Ouray
Park
Phillips
Pitkin
Prowers
Pueblo
Rio Blanco
Rio Grande
Routt
Saguache
San Juan
San Miguel
Sedgwick
Summit
Teller
Washington
Weld
Yuma
CONNECTICUT (CT) (8 counties)
Capital: Hartford
Faireld
Hartford
Litcheld
Middlesex
New Haven
New London
Tolland
Windham
DELAWARE (DE) (3 counties)
Capital: Dover
Kent New Castle Sussex
DISTRICT OF COLUMBIA (DC) (single entity)
FEDERATED STATES OF MICRONESIA (FM) (4 States)
Capital: Palikir
Chuuk Kosrae Pohnpei Yap
FLORIDA (FL) (67 counties)
Capital: Tallahassee
Alachua
Baker
Bay
Bradford
Brevard
Broward
Calhoun
Charlotte
Citrus
Clay
Collier
Columbia
DeSoto
Dixie
Duval
Escambia
Flagler
Franklin
Gadsden
Gilchrist
Glades
Gulf
Hamilton
Hardee
Hendry
Hernando
Highlands
Hillsborough
Holmes
Indian River
Jackson
Jeerson
Lafayette
Lake
Lee
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 357
Leon
Levy
Liberty
Madison
Manatee
Marion
Martin
Miami-Dade
Monroe
Nassau
Okaloosa
Okeechobee
Orange
Osceola
Palm Beach
Pasco
Pinellas
Polk
Putnam
St. Johns
St. Lucie
Santa Rosa
Sarasota
Seminole
Sumter
Suwannee
Taylor
Union
Volusia
Wakulla
Walton
Washington
GEORGIA (GA) (159 counties)
Capital: Atlanta
Appling
Atkinson
Bacon
Baker
Baldwin
Banks
Barrow
Bartow
Ben Hill
Berrien
Bibb
Bleckley
Brantley
Brooks
Bryan
Bulloch
Burke
Butts
Calhoun
Camden
Candler
Carroll
Catoosa
Charlton
Chatham
Chattahoochee
Chattooga
Cherokee
Clarke
Clay
Clayton
Clinch
Cobb
Coee
Colquitt
Columbia
Cook
Coweta
Crawford
Crisp
Dade
Dawson
Decatur
DeKalb
Dodge
Dooly
Dougherty
Douglas
Early
Echols
Engham
Elbert
Emanuel
Evans
Fannin
Fayette
Floyd
Forsyth
Franklin
Fulton
Gilmer
Glascock
Glynn
Gordon
Grady
Greene
Gwinnett
Habersham
Hall
Hancock
Haralson
Harris
Hart
Heard
Henry
Houston
Irwin
Jackson
Jasper
Je Davis
Jeerson
Jenkins
Johnson
Jones
Lamar
Lanier
Laurens
Lee
Liberty
Lincoln
Long
Lowndes
Lumpkin
McDue
McIntosh
Macon
Madison
Marion
Meriwether
Miller
Mitchell
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Murray
Muscogee
Newton
Oconee
Oglethorpe
Paulding
Peach
Pickens
Pierce
Pike
Polk
Pulaski
Putnam
Quitman
Rabun
Randolph
Richmond
Rockdale
Schley
Screven
Seminole
Spalding
Stephens
Stewart
Sumter
Talbot
Taliaferro
Tattnall
Taylor
Telfair
Terrell
omas
Ti
Toombs
Towns
Treutlen
Troup
Turner
Twiggs
Union
Upson
Walker
Walton
Ware
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Webster
Wheeler
White
Whiteld
Wilcox
Wilkes
Wilkinson
Worth
GUAM (GU) (single entity)
Capital: Agana
HAWAII (HI) (4 counties)
Capital: Honolulu
Hawaii Honolulu Kalawao Kauai Maui
IDAHO (ID) (44 counties)
Capital: Boise
Ada
Adams
Bannock
Bear Lake
Benewah
Bingham
Blaine
Boise
Bonner
Bonneville
Boundary
Butte
Camas
Canyon
Caribou
Cassia
Clark
Clearwater
Custer
Elmore
Franklin
Fremont
Gem
Gooding
Idaho
Jeerson
Jerome
Kootenai
Latah
Lemhi
Lewis
Lincoln
Madison
Minidoka
Nez Perce
Oneida
Owyhee
Payette
Power
Shoshone
Teton
Twin Falls
Valley
Washington
ILLINOIS (IL) (102 counties)
Capital: Springfield
Adams
Alexander
Bond
Boone
Brown
Bureau
Calhoun
Carroll
Cass
Champaign
Christian
Clark
Clay
Clinton
Coles
Cook
Crawford
Cumberland
DeKalb
De Witt
Douglas
DuPage
Edgar
Edwards
Engham
Fayette
Ford
Franklin
Fulton
Gallatin
Greene
Grundy
Hamilton
Hancock
Hardin
Henderson
Henry
Iroquois
Jackson
Jasper
Jeerson
Jersey
Jo Daviess
Johnson
Kane
Kankakee
Kendall
Knox
Lake
LaSalle
Lawrence
Lee
Livingston
Logan
McDonough
McHenry
McLean
Macon
Macoupin
Madison
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Massac
Menard
Mercer
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Moultrie
Ogle
Peoria
Perry
Piatt
Pike
Pope
Pulaski
Putnam
Randolph
Richland
Rock Island
St. Clair
Saline
Sangamon
Schuyler
Scott
Shelby
Stark
Stephenson
Tazewell
Union
Vermilion
Wabash
Warren
Washington
Wayne
White
Whiteside
Will
Williamson
Winnebago
Woodford
358 Chapter 18
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 359
INDIANA (IN) (92 counties)
Capital: Indianapolis
Adams
Allen
Bartholomew
Benton
Blackford
Boone
Brown
Carroll
Cass
Clark
Clay
Clinton
Crawford
Daviess
Dearborn
Decatur
DeKalb
Delaware
Dubois
Elkhart
Fayette
Floyd
Fountain
Franklin
Fulton
Gibson
Grant
Greene
Hamilton
Hancock
Harrison
Hendricks
Henry
Howard
Huntington
Jackson
Jasper
Jay
Jeerson
Jennings
Johnson
Knox
Kosciusko
LaGrange
Lake
LaPorte
Lawrence
Madison
Marion
Marshall
Martin
Miami
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Newton
Noble
Ohio
Orange
Owen
Parke
Perry
Pike
Porter
Posey
Pulaski
Putnam
Randolph
Ripley
Rush
St. Joseph
Scott
Shelby
Spencer
Starke
Steuben
Sullivan
Switzerland
Tippecanoe
Tipton
Union
Vanderburgh
Vermillion
Vigo
Wabash
Warren
Warrick
Washington
Wayne
Wells
White
Whitley
IOWA (IA) (99 counties)
Capital: Des Moines
Adair
Adams
Allamakee
Appanoose
Audubon
Benton
Black Hawk
Boone
Bremer
Buchanan
Buena Vista
Butler
Calhoun
Carroll
Cass
Cedar
Cerro Gordo
Cherokee
Chickasaw
Clarke
Clay
Clayton
Clinton
Crawford
Dallas
Davis
Decatur
Delaware
Des Moines
Dickinson
Dubuque
Emmet
Fayette
Floyd
Franklin
Fremont
Greene
Grundy
Guthrie
Hamilton
Hancock
Hardin
Harrison
Henry
Howard
Humboldt
Ida
Iowa
Jackson
Jasper
Jeerson
Johnson
Jones
Keokuk
Kossuth
Lee
Linn
Louisa
Lucas
Lyon
Madison
Mahaska
Marion
Marshall
Mills
Mitchell
Monona
Monroe
Montgomery
Muscatine
O’Brien
Osceola
Page
Palo Alto
Plymouth
Pocahontas
Polk
Pottawattamie
Poweshiek
Ringgold
Sac
Scott
Shelby
Sioux
Story
Tama
Taylor
Union
Van Buren
Wapello
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Webster
Winnebago
Winneshiek
Woodbury
Worth
Wright
360 Chapter 18
KANSAS (KS) (105 counties)
Capital: Topeka
Allen
Anderson
Atchison
Barber
Barton
Bourbon
Brown
Butler
Chase
Chautauqua
Cherokee
Cheyenne
Clark
Clay
Cloud
Coey
Comanche
Cowley
Crawford
Decatur
Dickinson
Doniphan
Douglas
Edwards
Elk
Ellis
Ellsworth
Finney
Ford
Franklin
Geary
Gove
Graham
Grant
Gray
Greeley
Greenwood
Hamilton
Harper
Harvey
Haskell
Hodgeman
Jackson
Jeerson
Jewell
Johnson
Kearny
Kingman
Kiowa
Labette
Lane
Leavenworth
Lincoln
Linn
Logan
Lyon
McPherson
Marion
Marshall
Meade
Miami
Mitchell
Montgomery
Morris
Morton
Nemaha
Neosho
Ness
Norton
Osage
Osborne
Ottawa
Pawnee
Phillips
Pottawatomie
Pratt
Rawlins
Reno
Republic
Rice
Riley
Rooks
Rush
Russell
Saline
Scott
Sedgwick
Seward
Shawnee
Sheridan
Sherman
Smith
Staord
Stanton
Stevens
Sumner
omas
Trego
Wabaunsee
Wallace
Washington
Wichita
Wilson
Woodson
Wyandotte
KENTUCKY (KY) (120 counties)
Capital: Frankfort
Adair
Allen
Anderson
Ballard
Barren
Bath
Bell
Boone
Bourbon
Boyd
Boyle
Bracken
Breathitt
Breckinridge
Bullitt
Butler
Caldwell
Calloway
Campbell
Carlisle
Carroll
Carter
Casey
Christian
Clark
Clay
Clinton
Crittenden
Cumberland
Daviess
Edmonson
Elliott
Estill
Fayette
Fleming
Floyd
Franklin
Fulton
Gallatin
Garrard
Grant
Graves
Grayson
Green
Greenup
Hancock
Hardin
Harlan
Harrison
Hart
Henderson
Henry
Hickman
Hopkins
Jackson
Jeerson
Jessamine
Johnson
Kenton
Knott
Knox
Larue
Laurel
Lawrence
Lee
Leslie
Letcher
Lewis
Lincoln
Livingston
Logan
Lyon
McCracken
McCreary
McLean
Madison
Magon
Marion
Marshall
Martin
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 361
Mason
Meade
Menifee
Mercer
Metcalfe
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Muhlenberg
Nelson
Nicholas
Ohio
Oldham
Owen
Owsley
Pendleton
Perry
Pike
Powell
Pulaski
Robertson
Rockcastle
Rowan
Russell
Scott
Shelby
Simpson
Spencer
Taylor
Todd
Trigg
Trimble
Union
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Webster
Whitley
Wolfe
Woodford
LOUISIANA (LA) (64 parishes)
Capital: Baton Rouge
Acadia
Allen
Ascension
Assumption
Avoyelles
Beauregard
Bienville
Bossier
Caddo
Calcasieu
Caldwell
Cameron
Catahoula
Claiborne
Concordia
De Soto
East Baton
Rouge
East Carroll
East Feliciana
Evangeline
Franklin
Grant
Iberia
Iberville
Jackson
Jeerson
Jeerson Davis
Lafayette
Lafourche
La Salle
Lincoln
Livingston
Madison
Morehouse
Natchitoches
Orleans
Ouachita
Plaquemines
Pointe Coupee
Rapides
Red River
Richland
Sabine
St. Bernard
St. Charles
St. Helena
St. James
St. John the
Baptist
St. Landry
St. Martin
St. Mary
St. Tammany
Tangipahoa
Tensas
Terrebonne
Union
Vermilion
Vernon
Washington
Webster
West Baton
Rouge
West Carroll
West Feliciana
Winn
MAINE (ME) (16 counties)
Capital: Augusta
Androscoggin
Aroostook
Cumberland
Franklin
Hancock
Kennebec
Knox
Lincoln
Oxford
Penobscot
Piscataquis
Sagadahoc
Somerset
Waldo
Washington
York
MARSHALL ISLANDS (MH) (33 municipalities)
Capital: Majuro
Ailinginae
Ailinglaplap
Ailuk
Arno
Aur
Bikar
Bikini
Bokak
Ebon
Enewetak
Erikub
Jabat
Jaluit
Jemo
Kili
Kwajalein
Lae
Lib
Likiep
Majuro
Maloelap
Mejit
Mili
Namorik
Namu
Rongelap
Rongrik
Toke
Ujae
Ujelang
Utirik
Wotho
Wotje
362 Chapter 18
MARYLAND (MD) (24 counties)
Capital: Annapolis
Allegany
Anne Arundel
Baltimore
Calvert
Caroline
Carroll
Cecil
Charles
Dorchester
Frederick
Garrett
Harford
Howard
Kent
Montgomery
Prince
George’s
Queen Anne’s
St. Mary’s
Somerset
Talbot
Washington
Wicomico
Worcester
Baltimore city
MASSACHUSETTS (MA) (14 counties)
Capital: Boston
Barnstable
Berkshire
Bristol
Dukes
Essex
Franklin
Hampden
Hampshire
Middlesex
Nantucket
Norfolk
Plymouth
Suolk
Worcester
MICHIGAN (MI) (83 counties)
Capital: Lansing
Alcona
Alger
Allegan
Alpena
Antrim
Arenac
Baraga
Barry
Bay
Benzie
Berrien
Branch
Calhoun
Cass
Charlevoix
Cheboygan
Chippewa
Clare
Clinton
Crawford
Delta
Dickinson
Eaton
Emmet
Genesee
Gladwin
Gogebic
Grand Traverse
Gratiot
Hillsdale
Houghton
Huron
Ingham
Ionia
Iosco
Iron
Isabella
Jackson
Kalamazoo
Kalkaska
Kent
Keweenaw
Lake
Lapeer
Leelanau
Lenawee
Livingston
Luce
Mackinac
Macomb
Manistee
Marquette
Mason
Mecosta
Menominee
Midland
Missaukee
Monroe
Montcalm
Montmorency
Muskegon
Newaygo
Oakland
Oceana
Ogemaw
Ontonagon
Osceola
Oscoda
Otsego
Ottawa
Presque Isle
Roscommon
Saginaw
St. Clair
St. Joseph
Sanilac
Schoolcra
Shiawassee
Tuscola
Van Buren
Washtenaw
Wayne
Wexford
MINNESOTA (MN) (87 counties)
Capital: St. Paul
Aitkin
Anoka
Becker
Beltrami
Benton
Big Stone
Blue Earth
Brown
Carlton
Carver
Cass
Chippewa
Chisago
Clay
Clearwater
Cook
Cottonwood
Crow Wing
Dakota
Dodge
Douglas
Faribault
Fillmore
Freeborn
Goodhue
Grant
Hennepin
Houston
Hubbard
Isanti
Itasca
Jackson
Kanabec
Kandiyohi
Kittson
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 363
Koochiching
Lac qui Parle
Lake
Lake of the
Woods
Le Sueur
Lincoln
Lyon
McLeod
Mahnomen
Marshall
Martin
Meeker
Mille Lacs
Morrison
Mower
Murray
Nicollet
Nobles
Norman
Olmsted
Otter Tail
Pennington
Pine
Pipestone
Polk
Pope
Ramsey
Red Lake
Redwood
Renville
Rice
Rock
Roseau
St. Louis
Scott
Sherburne
Sibley
Stearns
Steele
Stevens
Swi
Todd
Traverse
Wabasha
Wadena
Waseca
Washington
Watonwan
Wilkin
Winona
Wright
Yellow
Medicine
MISSISSIPPI (MS) (82 counties)
Capital: Jackson
Adams
Alcorn
Amite
Attala
Benton
Bolivar
Calhoun
Carroll
Chickasaw
Choctaw
Claiborne
Clarke
Clay
Coahoma
Copiah
Covington
DeSoto
Forrest
Franklin
George
Greene
Grenada
Hancock
Harrison
Hinds
Holmes
Humphreys
Issaquena
Itawamba
Jackson
Jasper
Jeerson
Jeerson Davis
Jones
Kemper
Lafayette
Lamar
Lauderdale
Lawrence
Leake
Lee
Leore
Lincoln
Lowndes
Madison
Marion
Marshall
Monroe
Montgomery
Neshoba
Newton
Noxubee
Oktibbeha
Panola
Pearl River
Perry
Pike
Pontotoc
Prentiss
Quitman
Rankin
Scott
Sharkey
Simpson
Smith
Stone
Sunower
Tallahatchie
Tate
Tippah
Tishomingo
Tunica
Union
Walthall
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Webster
Wilkinson
Winston
Yalobusha
Yazoo
MISSOURI (MO) (115 counties)
Capital: Jefferson City
Adair
Andrew
Atchison
Audrain
Barry
Barton
Bates
Benton
Bollinger
Boone
Buchanan
Butler
Caldwell
Callaway
Camden
Cape Girardeau
Carroll
Carter
Cass
Cedar
Chariton
Christian
Clark
Clay
Clinton
Cole
Cooper
Crawford
Dade
Dallas
Daviess
DeKalb
Dent
Douglas
Dunklin
Franklin
Gasconade
Gentry
Greene
Grundy
Harrison
Henry
Hickory
Holt
Howard
364 Chapter 18
Howell
Iron
Jackson
Jasper
Jeerson
Johnson
Knox
Laclede
Lafayette
Lawrence
Lewis
Lincoln
Linn
Livingston
McDonald
Macon
Madison
Maries
Marion
Mercer
Miller
Mississippi
Moniteau
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
New Madrid
Newton
Nodaway
Oregon
Osage
Ozark
Pemiscot
Perry
Pettis
Phelps
Pike
Platte
Polk
Pulaski
Putnam
Ralls
Randolph
Ray
Reynolds
Ripley
St. Charles
St. Clair
Ste. Genevieve
St. Francois
St. Louis
Saline
Schuyler
Scotland
Scott
Shannon
Shelby
Stoddard
Stone
Sullivan
Taney
Texas
Vernon
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Webster
Worth
Wright
St. Louis City
MONTANA (MT) (56 counties)
Capital: Helena
Beaverhead
Big Horn
Blaine
Broadwater
Carbon
Carter
Cascade
Chouteau
Custer
Daniels
Dawson
Deer Lodge
Fallon
Fergus
Flathead
Gallatin
Gareld
Glacier
Golden Valley
Granite
Hill
Jeerson
Judith Basin
Lake
Lewis and
Clark
Liberty
Lincoln
McCone
Madison
Meagher
Mineral
Missoula
Musselshell
Park
Petroleum
Phillips
Pondera
Powder River
Powell
Prairie
Ravalli
Richland
Roosevelt
Rosebud
Sanders
Sheridan
Silver Bow
Stillwater
Sweet Grass
Teton
Toole
Treasure
Valley
Wheatland
Wibaux
Yellowstone
Yellowstone
National Park
NEBRASKA (NE) (93 counties)
Capital: Lincoln
Adams
Antelope
Arthur
Banner
Blaine
Boone
Box Butte
Boyd
Brown
Bualo
Burt
Butler
Cass
Cedar
Chase
Cherry
Cheyenne
Clay
Colfax
Cuming
Custer
Dakota
Dawes
Dawson
Deuel
Dixon
Dodge
Douglas
Dundy
Fillmore
Franklin
Frontier
Furnas
Gage
Garden
Gareld
Gosper
Grant
Greeley
Hall
Hamilton
Harlan
Hayes
Hitchcock
Holt
Hooker
Howard
Jeerson
Johnson
Kearney
Keith
Keya Paha
Kimball
Knox
Lancaster
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 365
Lincoln
Logan
Loup
McPherson
Madison
Merrick
Morrill
Nance
Nemaha
Nuckolls
Otoe
Pawnee
Perkins
Phelps
Pierce
Platte
Polk
Red Willow
Richardson
Rock
Saline
Sarpy
Saunders
Scotts Blu
Seward
Sheridan
Sherman
Sioux
Stanton
ayer
omas
urston
Valley
Washington
Wayne
Webster
Wheeler
York
NEVADA (NV) (17 counties)
Capital: Carson City
Churchill
Clark
Douglas
Elko
Esmeralda
Eureka
Humboldt
Lander
Lincoln
Lyon
Mineral
Nye
Pershing
Storey
Washoe
White Pine
Carson City
City
NEW HAMPSHIRE (NH) (10 counties)
Capital: Concord
Belknap
Carroll
Cheshire
Coos
Graon
Hillsborough
Merrimack
Rockingham
Straord
Sullivan
NEW JERSEY (NJ) (21 counties)
Capital: Trenton
Atlantic
Bergen
Burlington
Camden
Cape May
Cumberland
Essex
Gloucester
Hudson
Hunterdon
Mercer
Middlesex
Monmouth
Morris
Ocean
Passaic
Salem
Somerset
Sussex
Union
Warren
NEW MEXICO (NM) (33 counties)
Capital: Santa Fe
Bernalillo
Catron
Chaves
Cibola
Colfax
Curry
De Baca
Dona Ana
Eddy
Grant
Guadalupe
Harding
Hidalgo
Lea
Lincoln
Los Alamos
Luna
McKinley
Mora
Otero
Quay
Rio Arriba
Roosevelt
Sandoval
San Juan
San Miguel
Santa Fe
Sierra
Socorro
Taos
Torrance
Union
Valencia
366 Chapter 18
NEW YORK (NY) (62 counties)
Capital: Albany
Albany
Allegany
Bronx
Broome
Cattaraugus
Cayuga
Chautauqua
Chemung
Chenango
Clinton
Columbia
Cortland
Delaware
Dutchess
Erie
Essex
Franklin
Fulton
Genesee
Greene
Hamilton
Herkimer
Jeerson
Kings
Lewis
Livingston
Madison
Monroe
Montgomery
Nassau
New York
Niagara
Oneida
Onondaga
Ontario
Orange
Orleans
Oswego
Otsego
Putnam
Queens
Rensselaer
Richmond
Rockland
St. Lawrence
Saratoga
Schenectady
Schoharie
Schuyler
Seneca
Steuben
Suolk
Sullivan
Tioga
Tompkins
Ulster
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Westchester
Wyoming
Yates
NORTH CAROLINA (NC) (100 counties)
Capital: Raleigh
Alamance
Alexander
Alleghany
Anson
Ashe
Avery
Beaufort
Bertie
Bladen
Brunswick
Buncombe
Burke
Cabarrus
Caldwell
Camden
Carteret
Caswell
Catawba
Chatham
Cherokee
Chowan
Clay
Cleveland
Columbus
Craven
Cumberland
Currituck
Dare
Davidson
Davie
Duplin
Durham
Edgecombe
Forsyth
Franklin
Gaston
Gates
Graham
Granville
Greene
Guilford
Halifax
Harnett
Haywood
Henderson
Hertford
Hoke
Hyde
Iredell
Jackson
Johnston
Jones
Lee
Lenoir
Lincoln
McDowell
Macon
Madison
Martin
Mecklenburg
Mitchell
Montgomery
Moore
Nash
New Hanover
Northampton
Onslow
Orange
Pamlico
Pasquotank
Pender
Perquimans
Person
Pitt
Polk
Randolph
Richmond
Robeson
Rockingham
Rowan
Rutherford
Sampson
Scotland
Stanly
Stokes
Surry
Swain
Transylvania
Tyrrell
Union
Vance
Wake
Warren
Washington
Watauga
Wayne
Wilkes
Wilson
Yadkin
Yancey
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 367
NORTH DAKOTA (ND) (53 counties)
Capital: Bismarck
Adams
Barnes
Benson
Billings
Bottineau
Bowman
Burke
Burleigh
Cass
Cavalier
Dickey
Divide
Dunn
Eddy
Emmons
Foster
Golden Valley
Grand Forks
Grant
Griggs
Hettinger
Kidder
LaMoure
Logan
McHenry
McIntosh
McKenzie
McLean
Mercer
Morton
Mountrail
Nelson
Oliver
Pembina
Pierce
Ramsey
Ransom
Renville
Richland
Rolette
Sargent
Sheridan
Sioux
Slope
Stark
Steele
Stutsman
Towner
Traill
Walsh
Ward
Wells
Williams
NORTHERN MARIANA ISLANDS (MP) (4 municipalities)
Capital: Saipan
Northern
Islands Rota Saipan Tinian
OHIO (OH) (88 counties)
Capital: Columbus
Adams
Allen
Ashland
Ashtabula
Athens
Auglaize
Belmont
Brown
Butler
Carroll
Champaign
Clark
Clermont
Clinton
Columbiana
Coshocton
Crawford
Cuyahoga
Darke
Deance
Delaware
Erie
Faireld
Fayette
Franklin
Fulton
Gallia
Geauga
Greene
Guernsey
Hamilton
Hancock
Hardin
Harrison
Henry
Highland
Hocking
Holmes
Huron
Jackson
Jeerson
Knox
Lake
Lawrence
Licking
Logan
Lorain
Lucas
Madison
Mahoning
Marion
Medina
Meigs
Mercer
Miami
Monroe
Montgomery
Morgan
Morrow
Muskingum
Noble
Ottawa
Paulding
Perry
Pickaway
Pike
Portage
Preble
Putnam
Richland
Ross
Sandusky
Scioto
Seneca
Shelby
Stark
Summit
Trumbull
Tuscarawas
Union
Van Wert
Vinton
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Williams
Wood
Wyandot
368 Chapter 18
OKLAHOMA (OK) (77 counties)
Capital: Oklahoma City
Adair
Alfalfa
Atoka
Beaver
Beckham
Blaine
Bryan
Caddo
Canadian
Carter
Cherokee
Choctaw
Cimarron
Cleveland
Coal
Comanche
Cotton
Craig
Creek
Custer
Delaware
Dewey
Ellis
Gareld
Garvin
Grady
Grant
Greer
Harmon
Harper
Haskell
Hughes
Jackson
Jeerson
Johnston
Kay
Kingsher
Kiowa
Latimer
Le Flore
Lincoln
Logan
Love
McClain
McCurtain
McIntosh
Major
Marshall
Mayes
Murray
Muskogee
Noble
Nowata
Okfuskee
Oklahoma
Okmulgee
Osage
Ottawa
Pawnee
Payne
Pittsburg
Pontotoc
Pottawatomie
Pushmataha
Roger Mills
Rogers
Seminole
Sequoyah
Stephens
Texas
Tillman
Tulsa
Wagoner
Washington
Washita
Woods
Woodward
OREGON (OR) (36 counties)
Capital: Salem
Baker
Benton
Clackamas
Clatsop
Columbia
Coos
Crook
Curry
Deschutes
Douglas
Gilliam
Grant
Harney
Hood River
Jackson
Jeerson
Josephine
Klamath
Lake
Lane
Lincoln
Linn
Malheur
Marion
Morrow
Multnomah
Polk
Sherman
Tillamook
Umatilla
Union
Wallowa
Wasco
Washington
Wheeler
Yamhill
PALAU (PW) (16 States)
Capital: Melekeok
Aimeliik
Airai
Angaur
Hatohobei
Kayangel
Koror
Melekeok
Ngaraard
Ngarchelong
Ngardmau
Ngatpang
Ngchesar
Ngeremlengui
Ngiwal
Peleliu
Sonsorol
PENNSYLVANIA (PA) (67 counties)
Capital: Harrisburg
Adams
Allegheny
Armstrong
Beaver
Bedford
Berks
Blair
Bradford
Bucks
Butler
Cambria
Cameron
Carbon
Centre
Chester
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 369
Clarion
Cleareld
Clinton
Columbia
Crawford
Cumberland
Dauphin
Delaware
Elk
Erie
Fayette
Forest
Franklin
Fulton
Greene
Huntingdon
Indiana
Jeerson
Juniata
Lackawanna
Lancaster
Lawrence
Lebanon
Lehigh
Luzerne
Lycoming
McKean
Mercer
Miin
Monroe
Montgomery
Montour
Northampton
Northumber-
land
Perry
Philadelphia
Pike
Potter
Schuylkill
Snyder
Somerset
Sullivan
Susquehanna
Tioga
Union
Venango
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Westmoreland
Wyoming
York
PUERTO RICO (PR) (78 municipios)
Capital: San Juan
Adjuntas
Aguada
Aguadilla
Aguas Buenas
Aibonito
Añasco
Arecibo
Arroyo
Barceloneta
Barranquitas
Bayamón
Cabo Rojo
Caguas
Camuy
Canóvanas
Carolina
Cataño
Cayey
Ceiba
Ciales
Cidra
Coamo
Comerío
Corozal
Culebra
Dorado
Fajardo
Florida
Guánica
Guayama
Guayanilla
Guaynabo
Gurabo
Hatillo
Hormigueros
Humacao
Isabela
Jayuya
Juana Díaz
Juncos
Lajas
Lares
Las Marías
Las Piedras
Loíza
Luquillo
Manatí
Maricao
Maunabo
Mayagüez
Moca
Morovis
Naguabo
Naranjito
Orocovis
Patillas
Peñuelas
Ponce
Quebradillas
Rincón
Río Grande
Sabana Grande
Salinas
San Germán
San Juan
San Lorenzo
San Sebastián
Santa Isabel
Toa Alta
Toa Baja
Trujillo Alto
Utuado
Vega Alta
Vega Baja
Vieques
Villalba
Yabucoa
Yauco
RHODE ISLAND (RI) (5 counties)
Capital: Providence
Bristol Kent Newport Providence Washington
SOUTH CAROLINA (SC) (46 counties)
Capital: Columbia
Abbeville
Aiken
Allendale
Anderson
Bamberg
Barnwell
Beaufort
Berkeley
Calhoun
Charleston
Cherokee
Chester
Chestereld
Clarendon
Colleton
Darlington
Dillon
Dorchester
Edgeeld
Faireld
Florence
Georgetown
Greenville
Greenwood
Hampton
Horry
Jasper
Kershaw
Lancaster
Laurens
370 Chapter 18
Lee
Lexington
McCormick
Marion
Marlboro
Newberry
Oconee
Orangeburg
Pickens
Richland
Saluda
Spartanburg
Sumter
Union
Williamsburg
York
SOUTH DAKOTA (SD) (66 counties)
Capital: Pierre
Aurora
Beadle
Bennett
Bon Homme
Brookings
Brown
Brule
Bualo
Butte
Campbell
Charles Mix
Clark
Clay
Codington
Corson
Custer
Davison
Day
Deuel
Dewey
Douglas
Edmunds
Fall River
Faulk
Grant
Gregory
Haakon
Hamlin
Hand
Hanson
Harding
Hughes
Hutchinson
Hyde
Jackson
Jerauld
Jones
Kingsbury
Lake
Lawrence
Lincoln
Lyman
McCook
McPherson
Marshall
Meade
Mellette
Miner
Minnehaha
Moody
Pennington
Perkins
Potter
Roberts
Sanborn
Shannon
Spink
Stanley
Sully
Todd
Tripp
Turner
Union
Walworth
Yankton
Ziebach
TENNESSEE (TN) (95 counties)
Capital: Nashville
Anderson
Bedford
Benton
Bledsoe
Blount
Bradley
Campbell
Cannon
Carroll
Carter
Cheatham
Chester
Claiborne
Clay
Cocke
Coee
Crockett
Cumberland
Davidson
Decatur
DeKalb
Dickson
Dyer
Fayette
Fentress
Franklin
Gibson
Giles
Grainger
Greene
Grundy
Hamblen
Hamilton
Hancock
Hardeman
Hardin
Hawkins
Haywood
Henderson
Henry
Hickman
Houston
Humphreys
Jackson
Jeerson
Johnson
Knox
Lake
Lauderdale
Lawrence
Lewis
Lincoln
Loudon
McMinn
McNairy
Macon
Madison
Marion
Marshall
Maury
Meigs
Monroe
Montgomery
Moore
Morgan
Obion
Overton
Perry
Pickett
Polk
Putnam
Rhea
Roane
Robertson
Rutherford
Scott
Sequatchie
Sevier
Shelby
Smith
Stewart
Sullivan
Sumner
Tipton
Trousdale
Unicoi
Union
Van Buren
Warren
Washington
Wayne
Weakley
White
Williamson
Wilson
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 371
TEXAS (TX) (254 counties)
Capital: Austin
Anderson
Andrews
Angelina
Aransas
Archer
Armstrong
Atascosa
Austin
Bailey
Bandera
Bastrop
Baylor
Bee
Bell
Bexar
Blanco
Borden
Bosque
Bowie
Brazoria
Brazos
Brewster
Briscoe
Brooks
Brown
Burleson
Burnet
Caldwell
Calhoun
Callahan
Cameron
Camp
Carson
Cass
Castro
Chambers
Cherokee
Childress
Clay
Cochran
Coke
Coleman
Collin
Collingsworth
Colorado
Comal
Comanche
Concho
Cooke
Coryell
Cottle
Crane
Crockett
Crosby
Culberson
Dallam
Dallas
Dawson
Deaf Smith
Delta
Denton
DeWitt
Dickens
Dimmit
Donley
Duval
Eastland
Ector
Edwards
Ellis
El Paso
Erath
Falls
Fannin
Fayette
Fisher
Floyd
Foard
Fort Bend
Franklin
Freestone
Frio
Gaines
Galveston
Garza
Gillespie
Glasscock
Goliad
Gonzales
Gray
Grayson
Gregg
Grimes
Guadalupe
Hale
Hall
Hamilton
Hansford
Hardeman
Hardin
Harris
Harrison
Hartley
Haskell
Hays
Hemphill
Henderson
Hidalgo
Hill
Hockley
Hood
Hopkins
Houston
Howard
Hudspeth
Hunt
Hutchinson
Irion
Jack
Jackson
Jasper
Je Davis
Jeerson
Jim Hogg
Jim Wells
Johnson
Jones
Karnes
Kaufman
Kendall
Kenedy
Kent
Kerr
Kimble
King
Kinney
Kleberg
Knox
Lamar
Lamb
Lampasas
La Salle
Lavaca
Lee
Leon
Liberty
Limestone
Lipscomb
Live Oak
Llano
Loving
Lubbock
Lynn
McCulloch
McLennan
McMullen
Madison
Marion
Martin
Mason
Matagorda
Maverick
Medina
Menard
Midland
Milam
Mills
Mitchell
Montague
Montgomery
Moore
Morris
Motley
Nacogdoches
Navarro
Newton
Nolan
Nueces
Ochiltree
Oldham
Orange
Palo Pinto
Panola
Parker
Parmer
Pecos
Polk
Potter
Presidio
Rains
Randall
Reagan
Real
Red River
Reeves
Refugio
Roberts
Robertson
Rockwall
Runnels
372 Chapter 18
Rusk
Sabine
San Augustine
San Jacinto
San Patricio
San Saba
Schleicher
Scurry
Shackelford
Shelby
Sherman
Smith
Somervell
Starr
Stephens
Sterling
Stonewall
Sutton
Swisher
Tarrant
Taylor
Terrell
Terr y
rockmorton
Titus
Tom Green
Travis
Trinity
Tyler
Upshur
Upton
Uvalde
Val Verde
Van Zandt
Victoria
Walker
Waller
Ward
Washington
Webb
Wharton
Wheeler
Wichita
Wilbarger
Willacy
Williamson
Wilson
Winkler
Wise
Wood
Yoakum
Young
Zapata
Zavala
UTAH (UT) (29 counties)
Capital: Salt Lake City
Beaver
Box Elder
Cache
Carbon
Daggett
Davis
Duchesne
Emery
Gareld
Grand
Iron
Juab
Kane
Millard
Morgan
Piute
Rich
Salt Lake
San Juan
Sanpete
Sevier
Summit
Tooele
Uintah
Utah
Wasatch
Washington
Wayne
Weber
VERMONT (VT) (14 counties)
Capital: Montpelier
Addison
Bennington
Caledonia
Chittenden
Essex
Franklin
Grand Isle
Lamoille
Orange
Orleans
Rutland
Washington
Windham
Windsor
VIRGIN ISLANDS (VI) (3 islands)
Capital: Charlotte Amalie
St. Croix St. John St. omas
VIRGINIA (VA) (95 counties)
Capital: Richmond
Accomack
Albemarle
Alleghany
Amelia
Amherst
Appomattox
Arlington
Augusta
Bath
Bedford
Bland
Botetourt
Brunswick
Buchanan
Buckingham
Campbell
Caroline
Carroll
Charles City
Charlotte
Chestereld
Clarke
Craig
Culpeper
Cumberland
Dickenson
Dinwiddie
Essex
Fairfax
Fauquier
Floyd
Fluvanna
Franklin
Frederick
Giles
Gloucester
Goochland
Grayson
Greene
Greensville
Halifax
Hanover
Henrico
Henry
Highland
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 373
Isle of Wight
James City
King and
Queen
King George
King William
Lancaster
Lee
Loudoun
Louisa
Lunenburg
Madison
Mathews
Mecklenburg
Middlesex
Montgomery
Nelson
New Kent
Northampton
Northumber-
land
Nottoway
Orange
Page
Patrick
Pittsylvania
Powhatan
Prince Edward
Prince George
Prince William
Pulaski
Rappahannock
Richmond
Roanoke
Rockbridge
Rockingham
Russell
Scott
Shenandoah
Smyth
Southampton
Spotsylvania
Staord
Surry
Sussex
Tazewell
Warren
Washington
Westmoreland
Wise
Wythe
York
WASHINGTON (WA) (39 counties)
Capital: Olympia
Adams
Asotin
Benton
Chelan
Clallam
Clark
Columbia
Cowlitz
Douglas
Ferry
Franklin
Gareld
Grant
Grays Harbor
Island
Jeerson
King
Kitsap
Kittitas
Klickitat
Lewis
Lincoln
Mason
Okanogan
Pacic
Pend Oreille
Pierce
San Juan
Skagit
Skamania
Snohomish
Spokane
Stevens
urston
Wahkiakum
Walla Walla
Whatcom
Whitman
Yakima
WEST VIRGINIA (WV) (55 counties)
Capital: Charleston
Barbour
Berkeley
Boone
Braxton
Brooke
Cabell
Calhoun
Clay
Doddridge
Fayette
Gilmer
Grant
Greenbrier
Hampshire
Hancock
Hardy
Harrison
Jackson
Jeerson
Kanawha
Lewis
Lincoln
Logan
McDowell
Marion
Marshall
Mason
Mercer
Mineral
Mingo
Monongalia
Monroe
Morgan
Nicholas
Ohio
Pendleton
Pleasants
Pocahontas
Preston
Putnam
Raleigh
Randolph
Ritchie
Roane
Summers
Taylor
Tucker
Tyler
Upshur
Wayne
Webster
Wetzel
Wirt
Wood
Wyoming
374 Chapter 18
WISCONSIN (WI) (72 counties)
Capital: Madison
Adams
Ashland
Barron
Bayeld
Brown
Bualo
Burnett
Calumet
Chippewa
Clark
Columbia
Crawford
Dane
Dodge
Door
Douglas
Dunn
Eau Claire
Florence
Fond du Lac
Forest
Grant
Green
Green Lake
Iowa
Iron
Jackson
Jeerson
Juneau
Kenosha
Kewaunee
La Crosse
Lafayette
Langlade
Lincoln
Manitowoc
Marathon
Marinette
Marquette
Menominee
Milwaukee
Monroe
Oconto
Oneida
Outagamie
Ozaukee
Pepin
Pierce
Polk
Portage
Price
Racine
Richland
Rock
Rusk
St. Croix
Sauk
Sawyer
Shawano
Sheboygan
Taylor
Trempealeau
Vernon
Vilas
Walworth
Washburn
Washington
Waukesha
Waupaca
Waushara
Winnebago
Wood
WYOMING (WY) (23 counties)
Capital: Cheyenne
Albany
Big Horn
Campbell
Carbon
Converse
Crook
Fremont
Goshen
Hot Springs
Johnson
Laramie
Lincoln
Natrona
Niobrara
Park
Platte
Sheridan
Sublette
Sweetwater
Teton
Uinta
Washakie
Weston
Common misspellings
Geographers and cartographers omit the possessive apostrophe in pla-
cenames; however, apostrophes appearing in legally constituted names of
counties should not be changed.
e names of the following counties are oen misspelled and/or confused:
Allegany in Maryland and New York
Alleghany in North Carolina and Virginia
Allegheny in Pennsylvania
Andrew in Missouri
Andrews in Texas
Aransas in Texas
Arkansas in Arkansas
Barber in Kansas
Barbour in Alabama and West Virginia
Brevard in Florida
Broward in Florida
Brooke in West Virginia
Brooks in Georgia and Texas
Bulloch in Georgia
Bullock in Alabama
Burnet in Texas
Burnett in Wisconsin
Cheboygan in Michigan
Sheboygan in Wisconsin
Clarke in Alabama, Georgia, Iowa,
Mississippi, and Virginia
Clark in all other States
Geologic Terms and Geographic Divisions 375
Coee in Alabama, Georgia, and
Tennessee
Coey in Kansas
Coal in Oklahoma
Cole in Missouri
Coles in Illinois
Cook in Illinois and Minnesota
Cooke in Texas
Davidson in North Carolina and
Tennessee
Davie in North Carolina
Daviess in Indiana, Kentucky,
and Missouri
Davis in Iowa and Utah
Davison in South Dakota
DeKalb all one word
Dickenson in Virginia
Dickinson in Iowa, Kansas, and
Michigan
Dickson in Tennessee
Forrest in Mississippi
Forest in all other States
Glascock in Georgia
Glasscock in Texas
Green in Kentucky and Wisconsin
Greene in all other States
Harford in Maryland
Hartford in Connecticut
Huntingdon in Pennsylvania
Huntington in Indiana
Johnston in North Carolina and
Oklahoma
Johnson in all other States
Kanabec in Minnesota
Kennebec in Maine
Kearney in Nebraska
Kearny in Kansas
Kenedy in Texas
Linn in Iowa, Kansas, Missouri,
and Oregon
Lynn in Texas
Loudon in Tennessee
Loudoun in Virginia
Manatee in Florida
Manistee in Michigan
Merced in California
Mercer in all other States
Morton in Kansas
Norton in Kansas
Muscogee in Georgia
Muskogee in Oklahoma
Park in Colorado and Montana
Parke in Indiana
Pottawatomie in Kansas and
Oklahoma
Pottawattamie in Iowa
Prince George in Virginia
Prince George’s in Maryland
Sanders in Montana
Saunders in Nebraska
Smyth in Virginia
Smith in all other States
Staord in Virginia
Straord in New Hampshire
Stanley in South Dakota
Stanly in North Carolina
Stark in Illinois, North Dakota,
and Ohio
Starke in Indiana
Stephens in Georgia, Oklahoma,
and Texas
Stevens in Kansas, Minnesota,
and Washington
Storey in Nevada
Story in Iowa
Terrell in Georgia and Texas
Tyrrell in North Carolina
Tooele in Utah
Toole in Montana
Vermillion in Indiana
Vermilion in all other States
Woods in Oklahoma
Wood in all other States
Wyandot in Ohio
Wyandotte in Kansas
377
19. Congressional Record
Code of laws of the United States and rules for publication of
the Congressional Record
T , S . C R: A, ,
,  .—e Joint Committee on Printing shall control
the arrangement and style of the Congressional Record, and while providing
that it shall be substantially a verbatim report of proceedings, shall take all
needed action for the reduction of unnecessary bulk. It shall provide for the
publication of an index of the Congressional Record semimonthly during
and at the close of sessions of Congress.
T , S . C R: M, ,
.—Maps, diagrams, or illustrations may not be inserted in
the Record without the approval of the Joint Committee on Printing.
General rules
e rules governing document work (FIC & punc.) apply to the Congres-
sional Record, except as may be noted herein. e same general style should
be followed in the permanent (bound) Record as is used in the daily Record.
It is important to be familiar with the exceptions and the forms peculiar to
the Record.
Much of the data printed in the Congressional Record is forwarded to GPO
using the captured keystrokes of the oor reporters. Element identier codes
are programmatically inserted, and galley output is accomplished without
manual intervention. It is not cost-eective to prepare the accompanying
manuscript as per the GPO S M, and it is too time-consuming
to update and change the data once it is already in type form. erefore,
the Record is to be FIC & punc. Because of its volume, it is not necessary to
stamp the manuscript FIC & punc. However, Record style will be followed,
as stated in the following rules:
Daily and permanent Record texts are set in 8-point type on a 9-point body.
Extracts are set in 7-point type on an 8-point body.
An F-dash will be used preceding 8-point cap lines in the proceedings of the
Senate and House.
378 Chapter 19
All 7-point extracts and poetry will carry 2 points of space above and below
unless heads appear, which generate their own space.
All extracts are set 7 point unless otherwise ordered by the Joint Committee
on Printing.
Except as noted below, all communications from the President must be set
in 8 point, but if such communications contain extracts, etc., the extracts are
set in 7 point.
An address of the President delivered outside of Congress or referred to as
an extract is set in 7 point.
A letter from the President to the Senate is set in 7 point when any form of
treaty is enclosed that is to be printed in the Record in connection therewith.
e letter is set in 7 point whether the treaty follows or precedes it or is sepa-
rated from it by intervening matter.
In all quoted amendments and excerpts of bills and in reprinting bills, the
style and manuscript as printed in the bill will be followed.
Except where otherwise directed, profanity, obscene wording, or extreme
vulgarisms are to be deleted and a 3-em dash substituted.
Floor-approved statements in a foreign language, will be printed following
their English translation.
Extreme caution must be used in making corrections in manuscript, and no
important change will be made without proper authorization.
Observe the lists of names of Senators, Representatives, and Delegates, com-
mittees of both Houses, and duplicate names. Changes caused by death,
resignation, or otherwise must be noted. ere is no excuse for error in the
spelling of names of Senators, Representatives, or department ocials. In
case of doubt, the Congressional Directory will be the authority.
Datelines should be followed on Extensions of Remarks. If any question
arises as to the proper date to be used, a supervisor must be consulted.
Indented matter in leaderwork will be 1 em only.
Do not write queries on proofs.
Congressional Record 379
Capitalization
(See also Chapter 3 “Capitalization Rules”)
If the name of the Congressional Record is mentioned, it must be set in caps
and small caps and never abbreviated, even when appearing in citations,
except in extract matter, then cap/lowercase.
e name of a Senator or a Representative preceding his or her direct re-
marks is set in caps and is followed by a period with equal spacing to be
used.
e name of a Senator or a Representative used in connection with a bill or
other paper—that is, in an adjectival sense—is lowercased, as the Engel bill,
the Fish amendment, etc.; but U’s amendment, etc.
e names of Members and Members-elect of both Houses of the Congress,
including those of the Vice President and Speaker, will be printed in caps
and small caps if mention is made of them, except in extract matter.
Deceased Members’ names will be set in caps and small caps in eulogies
only on the rst day the House or Senate is in session following the death
of a Member, in a speech carrying date when the Member was eulogized, or
on memorial day in the Senate and House. Eulogy day in one House will be
treated the same in the other.
Certicates of Senators-elect of a succeeding Congress are usually presented
to the current Congress, and in such cases the names of the Senators-elect
must be in caps and small caps.
Names of Members of Congress must be set in caps and lowercase in votes,
in lists set in columns, in the list of standing and select committees, in con-
tested-election cases, in lists of pairs, and in all parts of tabular matter (head,
body, and footnotes).
Observe that the names of all persons not certied Members of Congress
are to be set in caps and lowercase; that is, names of secretaries, clerks, mes-
sengers, and others.
Names of proposed Federal boards, commissions, services, etc., are
capitalized.
380 Chapter 19
Capitalize principal words and quote aer each of the following terms:
address, album, article, book, caption, chapter heading, editorial, essay, head-
ing, headline, motion picture or play (including TV or radio program), paper,
poem, report, song, subheading, subject, theme, etc. Also, following the word
entitled, except with reference to bill titles which are treated as follows: “A
bill (or an act) transferring certain functions of the Price Administrator to
the Petroleum Administrator for War,’’ etc.
Figures
Follow the manuscript as to the use of numerals. Dollar amounts in Record
manuscript are to be followed.
Figures appearing in manuscript as “20 billion 428 million 125 thousand
dollars’’ should be followed.
Tabular matter and leaderwork
Record tables may be set either one or three columns in width, as follows:
One-column table: 14 picas (168 points).
ree-column table: 43½ picas (522 points). Footnote(s) will be set 43½
picas.
All short footnotes should be run in with 2 ems between each.
Italic
Italic, boldface, caps, or small caps shall not be used for emphasis; nor shall
unusual indentions be used. is does not apply to literally reproduced
quotations from historical, legal, or ocial documents. If italic other than
restricted herein is desired, the words should be underscored and “Fol. ital.’’
written on each folio. Do not construe this to apply to “Provided,’’ “Provided
further,’’ “Ordered,’’ “Resolved,’’ “Be it enacted,’’ etc.
Names of vessels must be set in italic, except in headings, where they will be
quoted.
e prayer delivered in either House must be set in 8-point roman. If pref-
aced or followed by a quotation from the Bible, such quotation must be set
in 8-point italic. Extracts from the Bible or other literature contained in the
body of the prayer will be set in 8-point roman and quoted.
Congressional Record 381
When general or passing mention is made of a case in 8 point, the title is
set in roman, as Smith Bros. case. When a specic citation is indicated and
reference follows, use italic for title, as Smith Bros. case (172 App. Div. 149).
In 8-point manuscript, titles of cases are always set in italic if followed by
references. In 7 point, manuscript is followed.
In 8-point matter, when only the title of a case is given, set in roman, as
United States versus 12 Diamond Rings.
When versus is used in other than legal phrases and for the purposes of
showing contrast, it is not abbreviated or set in italic, as “airplanes versus
battleships.’’
Miscellaneous
Do not quote any communication carrying date and signature. However,
a letter (or other communication) bearing both date and signature that ap-
pears within a letter shall be quoted.
Do not put quotation marks on centerheads in 7-point extracts unless cen-
terheads belong to original matter.
In newspaper extracts, insert place and date at beginning of paragraph. Use
caps and small caps for name of place and roman lowercase for spelled-out
date. Connect date and extract by a period and an em dash. If date and place
are credited in a bracket line above extract, they need not be used again at
the beginning of the paragraph.
Each Whereas in a preamble must begin a new paragraph. e erefore be
it must be preceded by a colon and be run in with the last Whereas. Be it
will run in with the word erefore, but it must not be supplied when not in
manuscript. Note the following:
Whereas it has been deemed advisable Resolved, at the committee, etc.
to, etc.: erefore be it
In the titles of legal cases, manuscript is followed as to spelling, abbrevia-
tions, and use of gures.
Use single punctuation in citations of cases and statutes:
United States v. 12 Diamond Rings (124 U.S. 329; R.S. p. 310, sec. 1748).
382 Chapter 19
Indent asterisk lines 2 ems on each side. Use ve asterisks.
If a title is used as part of the name of an organization, vessel, etc., spell; thus,
General Ulysses S. Grant Post No. 76, Grand Army of the Republic.
e order of subdivision of the Constitution of the United States is as fol-
lows: article I, section 2, clause 3.
If an exhibit appears at the end of a speech, the head Exhibit is set in 7-point
caps and small caps.
In extracts containing votes the names must be run in, as Mr. Smith of
Texas, AuCoin, and Clay, etc.
In a Senator’s or a Representative’s remarks, when amendments, sections,
etc., are referred to by number, follow the manuscript.
In text references to Senate and House reports and in executive and miscel-
laneous documents, follow the manuscript.
In headings and text references to resolutions and memorials, follow the
manuscript.
In gross or en gros
When a bill comes to nal action, in the presentment of amendments col-
lectively for a vote, either the term “in gross’’ or the French equivalent “en
gros’’ may be used.
Examples of Congressional Record
USE OF CAPS AND SMALL CAPS
[Note the use of parentheses and brackets
in the following examples. Each will be used
as submitted, as long as they are consistent
throughout.]
Mr. THUNE. (Name all caps when a
Member or visitor addresses Senate
or House.)
On motion by [or of] Mr. FRANKEN, it
was, etc.
The VICE PRESIDENT resumed
the chair.
The PRESIDING OFFICER (Mr.
BLUNT). Is there objection?
The SPEAKER called the House to
order.
Mr. HUDSON’s amendment was
adopted.
Mr. FARR. Madam Speaker, I yield
to M r. HOYER.
Mr. HOYER said: If not paired, I
would vote “no” on this bill.
A MEMBER. And debate it afterward.
SEVERAL SENATORS. I object.
But: Several Senators addressed
the Chair.
Mr. COATS, Mr. DONNELLY (and
others). Let it be read.
The ACTING SECRETARY. In line 11,
after the word “Provided”, it is pro-
posed, etc.
Congressional Record 383
Mr. REID. Mr. President, I call up
P\DPHQGPHQWZKLFKLVLGHQWLåHGDV
“unprinted amendment No. 1296,’’ and
ask that it be stated.
The bill was reported to the Senate
as amended, and the amendment was
concurred in.
The bill was reported to the Senate
without amendment, ordered to be
engrossed for a third reading, read
the third time, and passed.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
for a third reading, read the third
time, and passed.
[Use this form when title of bill is given:]
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
and read the third time, was read the
third time, and passed.
The title was amended so as to
read: “A bill for the relief of Maude S.
Burman.’’
A motion to reconsider was laid on
the table. [House.]
[Use this form when title of bill is not
given:]
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
and read a third time, was read the
third time, and passed, and a motion
to reconsider was laid on the table.
[ Hou s e.]
———
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
and read a third time, and passed.
The amendments were ordered to
be engrossed and the bill to be read a
third time.
Mr. HOYER, for 1 hour, on Wednesday,
February 2.
Mr. ENGEL (at the request of Mr.
HOYER), for 1 hour, on February 2.
(The following Members (at the re-
quest of Mr. KING of New York) and to
revise and extend their remarks and
include therein extraneous matter:)
Mrs. COMSTOCK, for 5 minutes, today.
Mr. HOLDING, for 5 minutes, today.
Mr. COFFMAN, for 60 minutes, today.
[Note the following double action:]
(Mr. HOYER asked and was given
permission to extend his remarks
at this point in the RECORD and to in-
clude extraneous matter.)
(Mr. HOYER addressed the House.
His remarks will appear hereafter in
the Extensions of Remarks.)
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
a previous order of the House, the
gentleman from Nebraska (Mr. FOR-
TEN BERRY) is recognized for 5 minutes.
(Mr. FORTENBERRY addressed the
House. His remarks will appear here-
after in the Extensions of Remarks.)
Congressional Record 383
Mrs. CAPPS was recognized, and
yielded her time to Mr. CÁRDENAS.
[When two Members from the same State
have the same surname, full name is used.]
On motion of Ms. LINDA T. SÁNCHEZ of
California . . .
On motion of Ms. LORETTA SANCHEZ of
California . . .
Mr. DESANTIS and Mr. MARIO
DIAZ-BALART of Florida rose to a
point of order.
The CHAIRMAN appointed Mr. POE
and Mr. ISRAEL as conferees.
[Extracts that consist of colloquies will
use caps and small caps for names of persons
speaking, as shown below:]
Mr. DEFAZIO. I think this bill is so well
understood that no time will be required
for its discussion.
Ms. NORTON. Does this bill come from the
Committee on Armed Services?
The SPEAKER. It does.
SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED
By unanimous consent, permis-
sion to address the House, following
the legislative and any special orders
heretofore entered, was granted to:
PUNCTUATION
The amendment was agreed to, and
the bill as amended was ordered to be
engrossed and read a third time; and
being engrossed, it was accordingly
read the third time and passed.
There was no objection, and, by
unanimous consent, the Senate pro-
ceeded . . .
The question was taken, and the
motion was agreed to.
The question being taken, the mo-
tion was agreed to.
Ordered to lie on the table and to be
printed.
Ms. EDWARDS. Mr. Chairman, I
move to strike the requisite number
of words.
(Ms. EDWARDS asked and was
given permission to revise and extend
her remarks.)
[Note use of interrogation mark in the
following:]
Mr. NELSON. Mr. President, what
does this mean?—
We have never received a dollar of this
amount.
POM–376. A resolution adopted by the
House of Representatives of the State of
Rhode Island expressing its opposition to
federal proposals to authorize increases
in the size or weight of commercial motor
vehicles; to the Committee on Commerce,
Science, and Transportation.
HOUSE RESOLUTION NO. 8296
Whereas, The State of Rhode Island is
committed to protecting the safety of mo-
torists on its highways and to protecting
384 Chapter 19
taxpayers’ investment in our highway in-
frastructure; and
Whereas, The General Assembly of the
State of Rhode Island and Providence
Plantations resolved jointly to urge the
Congress of the United States to . . .
Resolved, That this House of Repre sen-
tatives of the State of Rhode Island and
3URYLGHQFH 3ODQWDWLRQV KHUHE\ UHDIåUPV
its opposition to proposals, at all lev-
els of government, that would authorize
increases in the size and weight of com-
mercial motor vehicles because of the
impact that these increases would have
on highway infrastructure, especially
bridges; and be it further
Resolved, That the Secretary of State be
and he hereby is authorized and directed to
WUDQVPLWGXO\FHUWLåHGFRSLHVRIWKLVUHVR-
lution to the President and Vice President
of the United States, the Speaker of the
United States House of Representatives,
the Majority Leader of the United States
Senate and the Rhode Island Delegation to
the Congress of the United States.
[Note use of italic in title of cases:]
. . . This is the occasion America did
not have to consider what other options
might guarantee maternal safety
while protecting the unborn. This is
our national opportunity to recon-
sider Roe v. Wade, 410 U.S. 113 (1973).
Roe against Wade and its companion
case, Doe v. Bolton, 410 U.S. 179 (1973),
granted abortion the elevated status
of a fundamental constitutional right
and invalidated almost all effective
restrictions on abortion throughout
the 9 months of pregnancy . . . .
Mr. HUFFMAN. Madam Speaker, I
now yield 5 minutes to the gentleman
from Indiana (Mr. HIGGINS).
(Mr. BUTTERFIELD asked and was
given permission to revise and extend
his remarks in the Record.)
Ms. MOORE. There is no “may not’’
about it. Here is the form in which
they are printed.
Mr. DOYLE. I am in hopes we shall
be able to secure a vote on the bill
tonight.
[“Vote! Vote!’’]
PARENTHESES AND BRACKETS
[The use of parentheses and brackets will be
followed as submitted for acronyms, symbols,
or abbreviations.]
This legislation would exempt cer-
WDLQ GHåQHG &HQWUDO ,QWHOOLJHQFH
$JHQF\ >&,$@ RSHUDWLRQDO åOHV IURP
the search and review process of
the Freedom of Information Act
[FOIA], thus permitting the Agency
to re spond much more quickly to
those FOIA requests which are at
all likely to result in the release of
information.
Congressional Record 385
Mr. HICE. The Chair rather gets me
on that question. [Laughter.] I did not
rise. [Cries of “Vote! Vote!’’]
Mrs. CAPPS [one of the tellers]. I do
not desire to press the point that no
quorum has voted.
The CHAIRMAN [after a pause]. If
QRJHQWOHPDQFODLPVWKHæRRUWKH
Clerk will proceed with the reading
of the bill.
Mr. HURD of Texas. Then he is en-
deavoring to restrict the liberty of
the individual in the disbursement
of his own money. [Applause on the
Republican side.]
Mr. ELLISON. Mr. Speaker, I desire
to ask unanimous consent that the
time of the gentleman——[Cries of
“Regular Order!”]
[Laughter.]
The SPEAKER. Is there objection
to the consideration of this bill at
this time? [After a pause.] There is no
objection.
The CHAIRMAN [rapping with his
gavel]. Debate is exhausted.
Mr. HURT of Virginia. Patrick
Henry said:
Ceasar had his Brutus, Charles I his
Cromwell, and George III——
[here he was interrupted by cries of
“Treason, Treason”]
DQG*HRUJH,,,PD\SURåWE\WKHLUH[-
ample. If this be treason, let us make the
most of it!
(Mr. MILLER of Florida addressed
the Committee [or House]. His re-
marks will appear hereafter in the
Extensions of Remarks.)
[Names of Senators or Representatives
appearing in remarks of other Members of
Con gress should be enclosed in brackets, ex-
cept in listing of tellers or when some title
other than “Mr.” is used, as in the following
examples:]
Mr. SCHUMER. Mr. President,
I thank my friend from Rhode
Island [Senator WHITEHOUSE] for
WKDW PDJQLåFHQW H[FKDQJH RI FRU-
respondence between the Hebrew
congregation of Newport, RI, and
President Washington.
May I say that Senator WHITEHOUSE,
in his own bearing and substance,
lives out the promise of religious
IUHHGRPWKDWRXUåUVW3UHVLGHQWJDYH
to all Americans.
Perhaps I should say I say that as
one of the descendants of the Stock
of Abraham who is privileged to be a
Member of the Senate today. I thank
Senator WHITEHOUSE. I thank Senator
MORAN.
I am going to take the liberty, if I
may, to speak for a few minutes while
we are waiting for either Senator
MURKOWSKI, Senators WARNER or
MENENDEZ, who are going to read doc-
uments before I conclude.
[In Senate manuscript a Senator is referred
to as “the Senator from —— [Mr. ——].” Do not
supply name and brackets if name does not ap-
pear in manuscript.]
[Note that brackets are used only when Mr.,
etc., appears in manuscript.]
[See also use of Mr., Mrs., Miss, Ms. in expla-
nation of votes under “Pairs.”]
So (no further count being called
for) the amendment of Mr. SCOTT of
Virginia was not agreed to.
So (two-thirds having voted in favor
thereof) the rules were suspended,
and the bill was passed.
So (two-thirds not having voted in fa-
vor thereof) the motion was rejected.
The CHAIRMAN. The gentleman
raises the point of no quorum. The
Chair will count. [After counting.]
VOTING IN THE HOUSE AND IN COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
[Note that a dash is used only when a comma
is necessary to separate the ayes and noes. If
only the ayes or the noes are given, no punc-
tuation is to be used. If the word and is used
to connect the ayes and noes, as ayes 52 and
noes 65, or 52 ayes and 65 noes, the dash is
omitted after the word were or being.]
On the question of ordering the yeas
and nays there were 18 ayes and 88
noes.
The House divided; and there were—
ayes 52, noes 65.
Two hundred and seventeen present,
a quorum. The noes have it, and the
amendment is rejected.
The question being taken on the mo-
tion of Mr. HOYER to suspend the rules
and pass the bill, it was agreed to
(two-thirds voting in favor thereof).
6R WKH DIåUPDWLYH QRW EHLQJ RQH
åIWK RI WKH ZKROH YRWH WKH \HDV DQG
nays were not ordered.
The question was taken by a viva
voice vote, and the Speaker an-
nounced that two-thirds appeared
WRKDYHYRWHGLQWKHDIåUPDWLYH
and [after a pause] that the bill was
passed.
The yeas and nays were ordered,
WKHUH EHLQJ  LQ WKH DIåUPDWLYH
PRUHWKDQRQHåIWKRIWKHODVWYRWH
The question being taken on Mr.
SHELBY’s motion, there were—ayes 18,
noes 35.
The question being taken on con-
curring in the amendments of the
Senate, there were—ayes 101, noes 5.
The question was taken; and on a di-
vision [demanded by Mr. HOYER] there
were—ayes 17, noes 29.
Mr. HOYER. Mr. Chairman, I de-
mand a recorded vote, and pending
that, I make the point of order that a
quorum is not present.
The CHAIRMAN. Evidently a quo-
rum is not present.
The Chair announces that pursuant
to clause 2, rule XXIII, he will vacate
proceedings under the call when a
quorum of the Committee appears.
Members will record their presence
by electronic device.
The call was taken by electronic
device.
□ 1715
[The above box followed by a four-digit
QXPEHULQGLFDWHVæRRUWLPHLQWKH+RXVH
p.m .)]
QUORUM CALL VA CAT E D
The CHAIRMAN. One hundred Mem -
bers have appeared. A quorum of the
Committee of the Whole is present.
Pursuant to rule XXIII, clause 2, fur-
386 Chapter 19
ther proceedings under the call shall
be considered as vacated.
The Committee will resume its
business.
The pending business is the demand
of the gentleman from Minnesota
[Mr. PAULSEN] for a recorded vote.
A recorded vote was refused.
So the amendment to the amend-
ment offered as a substitute for the
amendment was rejected.
The CHAIRMAN. The question is on
the amendment offered by the gentle-
man from Pennsylvania [Mr. MEEHAN]
as a substitute for the amendment of-
fered by the gentlewoman from South
Dakota [Mrs. NOEM].
The question was taken; and the
Chairman announced that the noes
appeared to have it.
RECORDED VOTE
Mr. MEEHAN. Mr. Chairman, I de-
mand a recorded vote.
A recorded vote was ordered.
The vote was taken by electronic
device, and there were—ayes 228,
noes 188, answered “present” 1, not
voting 47, as follows
[Roll No. 509]
AYES —228
NOES—188
ANSWERED “PRESENT”—1
Fleming
NOT VOTING—17
Abraham
Babin
Brooks (AL)
Brooks (IN)
Chabot
Curbelo (FL)
Ellmers (NC)
Farenthold
Fincher
Garrett
Goodlatte
Hartzler
Huelskamp
Sensenbrenner
Walker
Wester man
Yoho
Zeldin
Adams
Bonamici
DeGette
Deutch
Hastings
Langevin
Matsui
McCollum
O'Rourke
Ryan (OH)
Sarbanes
Schakowsky
Takano
Van Hollen
Var ga s
Veasey
Wilson (FL)
Yarmuth
Bishop (UT)
Duckworth
Gohmert
Graves (LA)
Lipinski
McKinley
Nugent
Palazzo
Price (NC)
Reichert
Ross
Valadao
Congressional Record 387Congressional Record 387
□ 1311
Mr. RYAN of Wisconsin changed his
vote from “aye” to “no.”
Ms. WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, Ms.
ESHOO, and Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN
changed their vote from “no” to “aye.”
[The Speaker’s vote is recorded only in the
“Ayes” or “Noes.” It is never recorded as “not
voting.”]
[If the Speaker votes, his name is not used,
but at the end of the “yeas” or “nays,” accord-
ing to his vote, insert: “The Speaker.”]
So the amendment offered as a
substitute for the amendment was
agreed to.
The result of the vote was an-
nounced as above recorded.
Montana (Mr. TESTER) are necessarily
absent.
Mr. CORNYN. The following
Senators are necessarily absent:
the Senator from Minnesota (Mr.
FRANKLIN), the Senator from Nevada
(Mr. HELLER), the Senator from
South Carolina (Mr. GRAHAM), the
Senator from New Hampshire (Mrs.
SHAHEEN), the Senator from Arizona
(Mr. MCCAIN), the Senator from
Alaska (Ms. MURKOWSKI), the Senator
from South Dakota (Mr. THUNE), the
Senator from Louisiana (Mr. VITTER),
and the Senator from Mississippi (Mr.
WICKER).
Further, if present and voting,
the Senator from Minnesota (Ms.
KLOBUCHAR) would have voted “yea.”
The result was announced—yeas 52,
nays 40, as follows:
[Rollcall Vote No. 163 Leg.]
YEAS—76
VOTING BY YEAS AND NAYS
Senate
QUORUM CALL
The clerk will call the roll.
The assistant legislative clerk
proceeded to call the roll, and the fol-
lowing Senators entered the Chamber
and answered to their names:
[Quorum No. 42]
The PRESIDING OFFICER [Mr.
SASSE]. A quorum is not present.
Mr. REID. Mr. President, I move
that the Sergeant at Arms be in-
structed to require the attendance
of absent Senators, and I ask for the
yeas and nays on the motion.
THE PRESIDING OFFICER. Is
WKHUH D VXIåFLHQW VHFRQG" 7KHUH LV D
VXIåFLHQWVHFRQG
The yeas and nays were ordered.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
question is on agreeing to the motion
of the Senator from Nevada. On this
question the yeas and nays have been
ordered, and the clerk will call the
roll.
The Assistant legislative clerk
called the roll.
Mr. DURBIN. I announce that the
Senator from Ohio (Mr. BROWN), the
Senator from Massachusetts (Mr.
MARKEY), the Senator from Illinois
(Mr. KIRK), the Senator from Arkansas
(Mr. BOOZMAN), and the Senator from
Alexander
Feinstein
Grassley
Hatch
Heinrich
Kaine
Murkowski
Nelson
Paul
Sullivan
Tester
Thune
Tillis
Udall
Vitter
War ner
Whitehouse
Wicker
Baldwin
Begich
Bennet
Blumenthal
Booker
Boxer
Brown
Cantwell
Cardin
Carper
Casey
Coons
Durbin
Feinstein
Franken
Gillibrand
Hagan
Heinrich
Heitkamp
Hirono
Johnson (SD)
Kaine
Klobuchar
Landrieu
Leahy
Levin
Manchin
Markey
McCaskill
Menendez
Merkley
Mikulski
Murphy
Murray
Nelson
Pryor
Reed
Reid
Rockefeller
Sanders
Schatz
Schumer
Shaheen
Stabenow
Tester
Udall (CO)
Udall (NM)
Walsh
War ner
War ren
Whitehouse
Wyden
NAYS —10
388 Chapter 19
NOT VOTING—14
So the motion was agreed to.
CALL OF THE HOUSE
FORMS OF TITLES
[The word with must always be used in pairs
in the House, not and; and manuscript must be
altered to conform thereto, as Mr. Smith with
Mr. Jones— not Mr. Smith and Mr. Jones. Note
use of lowercase for names in list of pairs in
House.]
The Clerk announced the following
pairs:
On this vote:
Mr. Abraham for, with Mr. Aderholt
against.
Until further notice:
Mr. Barr with Mrs. Beatty.
Mrs. Capps with Mr. Calvert.
Ms. Maxine Waters of California
with Mr. Sean Patrick Maloney of
New York.
Mr. Ackerman with Mr. Young of
Alaska.
Mr. HANNA of New York, Mrs.
BUSTOS, Messrs. FOSTER, HILL,
and ISRAEL changed their votes
from “nay” to “yea.”
So the bill was passed.
Mr. PALLONE. Ms. Speaker, I move
a call of the House.
A call of the House was ordered.
The call was taken by electronic
device and the following Members re-
sponded to their names:
>$OZD\VLQURPDQORZHUFDVHæXVKDQGKDQJ
HPLIPRUHWKDQWZROLQHV@
H.J. RES. 2
Joint resolution authorizing the Sec-
retary of the Treasury to issue to
The result of the vote was an-
nounced as above recorded.
A motion to reconsider was laid on
the table.
Mr. BARR. Mr. Speaker, I voted,
but, being paired with the gentlelady
from Minnesota, Mrs. BEATTY, I
withdraw my vote.
Ms. MAXINE WATERS of
California. Mr. Speaker, I have a pair
with the gentleman from New York,
Mr. SEAN PATRICK MALONEY of New York,
who, if present, would have voted
“yea.” I voted “nay.” I withdraw my
vote and vote “present.”
[In House pairs do not use brackets when
members are referred to by name. In Senate
pairs observe the following use of brackets:]
Mr. DAWES (when his name was
called). I am paired on this ques-
tion with the senior Senator from
Massachusetts [Mr. MARKEY]. If he
were here, I should vote “yea.”
[Roll No. 41]
[No reference will be made of the names of
those not voting.]
the public 2 per centum bonds or
FHUWLåFDWHVHWF
Resolved by the Senate and House of Rep-
resentatives of the United States of America
in Congress assembled, That the . . .
Alexander
Ayotte
Boozman
Burr
Coats
Coburn
Cochran
Collins
Corker
Cornyn
Crapo
Cruz
Enzi
Fischer
Flake
Graham
Grassley
Heller
Hoeven
Inhofe
Isakson
Johanns
Johnson (WI)
King
Kirk
Lee
McCain
McConnell
Murkowski
Paul
Portman
Risch
Rubio
Scott
Sessions
Shelby
Thune
Toomey
Vitter
Wicker
Barrasso
Blunt
Chambliss
Donnelly
Harkin
Hatch
Moran
Roberts
Abraham
Aguilar
Brady (PA)
Brady (TX)
Davis, Rodney
DeFazio
Garamendi
Hurd (TX)
Hu r t ( VA )
Neugebauer
Perlmutter
Ros-Lehtinen
Tiberi
Tipton
Tonko
Torres
Yoho
You n g (A K )
PAIRS
Congressional Record 389
H.R. 4487
A bill to authorize the Rock Island
and Southwestern Railway Com-
pany to construct a bridge, etc.
Be it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That it
shall be lawful for the Rock Island and
Southwestern Railway Company, a cor-
poration organized under the general
incorporation, etc.
ADDRESSES AND SIGNATURES
[No line spacing, street addresses, or ZIP
Code numbers are to be used in communica-
tions in the Record.]
The Honorable the SECRETARY OF THE
□□NAV Y.
□DEAR MR. SECRETARY: This is in response
to your letter, etc.
□□□Very sincerely yours,
GEORGE W. BUSH.□
——
COLUMBIA, MO,□□□
January 17, 2016.□
Hon. CLAIRE MCCASKILL,
&DQQRQ+RXVH2IåFH%XLOGLQJ
Washington, DC.
□The President’s farm message of today
. . . farmers and prevent the spread of this
depression to every part of our country.
M
ISSOURI FARMERS
ASSOCIATION,
F.V. H EINKEL, President.
——
JANUARY 20, 2016.□
Hon. JACOB J. LEW,
The Secretary of the Treasury, Department
□□of the Treasury, Washington, DC.
□DEAR MR. SECRETARY: Mindful of the tre-
mendous workload, etc.
I would appreciate your comment on the
foregoing proposal.
Your proposal seems to be in the best in-
terest of all concerned.
□□□Sincerely yours,
JOHN P. SARBANES,□□□
Member of Congress.□□
——
ALEXANDRIA, MN,□□□
November 10, 2016.□
Hon. AMY KLOBUCHAR,
6HQDWH2IåFH%XLOGLQJ
Washington, DC.
□We oppose the nomination of John Smith
for Secretary of Agriculture because he re-
sists family farms.
RAYMOND WAGNER.□
□BRANDON, MN.
——
JANUARY 17, 1972.□
Re resignation from committee.
Hon. CARL ALBERT,
The Speaker, U.S. House of Representa-
□□tives, U.S. Capitol, Washington, DC.
□DEAR MR. SPEAKER: Having changed my
politics from Republican to Democrat, etc.
□With my best wishes.
□□□Sincerely,
VINCENT J. DELLAY.□
——
U.S. SENATE,□□□□□
PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE,□□□
Washington, DC, March 17, 2016.□
To the Senate:
□Being temporarily absent from the
Senate, I appoint Hon. ROB PORTMAN, a
Senator from the State of Montana, to
perform the duties of the Chair during my
absence.
ORRIN G. HATCH,□□□
President pro tempore.□
DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO
TEMPORE
□The SPEAKER pro tempore laid before
the House the following communication
from the Speaker:
WASHINGTON, DC,□□□
June 17, 2016.□
□I hereby appoint the Honorable KEN BUCK
to act as Speaker pro tempore on this day.
PAUL D. RYAN,□□□
Speaker of the House of Representatives.□
——
□□THE INTERNATIONAL UNION, UNITED□□□
□□□AUTOMOBILE, AE R OSPAC E AND AGRI-□□□
□□□CULTURAL IMPLEMENT WORKERS OF□□□
□□□AMERICA,
Detroit, MI, March 25, 2016.□
To the Senate of the United States.
To the United States House of Representa-
□□tives.
□HONORABLE SIRS: April 7, 2016, being the
WKDQQLYHUVDU\RIWKHPRGLåFDWLRQHWF
[Two to eight independent signatures, with
or without titles, are aligned on the left.]
To the Honorable Senate and House of
□□Representatives of the United States of
□□America Now Assembled at Washington,
□□DC:
□7KHXQGHUVLJQHGRIåFHUVRIWKH1DY\RI
the United States, respectfully show unto
your honorable bodies the following infor-
mation, etc.
JAMES G. GREEN.
W.H. SOUTHERLAND.
THOMAS HARRISON.
F.F. F LETCHER.
ROBERT WHELAN.
C.C. WILSON.
——
□Respectfully submitted,
KARL F. F ELLER,
International President.□
THOMAS RUSCH,
Director of Organization.□
ARTHUR GILDEA,
Secretary-Treasurer.□
JOSEPH E. BRADY,
Director of Legislation.□
[More than eight signatures, with or without
titles, are set full measure, caps and lower-
case, run in, indented 2 and 3 ems, as follows:]
Gene H. Rosenblum, Cochairman;
Paul H. Ray, Cochairman;
Cynthia Asplund, James Ped-
390 Chapter 19
ersen, George Doty, Thomas
St. Martin; Joan O’Neill;
Lloyd Moosebrugger; Sam
Kaplan; Ronald Nemer; Dean
Potter; Philip Archer; Thomas
McDonough; Mrs. Lloyd
Moosebrug ger; Minnesota
Young Democratic Civil
Rights Committee.
——
JOHN SMITH,□□□□□
Lieutenant Governor□□□
(For the Governor of Maine).□
——
TEXARKANA TEXTILE
MERCHANTS &
MANUFACTURERS’
ASSOCIATION,
JOHN L. JONES,
Secretary.
CREDITS
POETRY
[From the Wall Street Journal,
Oct. 31, 2007]
SURVEILLANCE SANITY
(By Benjamin Civiletti, Dick Thornburgh
and William Webster)
Following the terrorist attacks of Sept.
11, 2001, President Bush authorized the
National Security Agency to target al
Qaeda communications into and out of
the country. Mr. Bush concluded that this
was essential for protecting the coun-
try, that using the Foreign Intelligence
Surveillance Act would not permit the
necessary speed and agility, and that he
had the constitutional power to authorize
such surveillance without court orders to
defend the country.
[If poetry is quoted, each stanza should
start with quotation marks, but only the last
stanza should end with them. The lines of
the poem should align on the left, those that
rhyme taking the same indention. Poems are
æXVK OHIW RYHUV  HPV  SRLQWV RI VSDFH EH-
tween stanzas, and 2 points of space above
and below.]
CASEY AT THE BAT
The outlook wasn’t brilliant for the
Mudville nine that day:
The score stood four to two, with but one
inning more to play.
Since the program became public in 2006,
Congress has been asserting appropriate
oversight. Few of those who learned the
details of the program have criticized its
necessity. Instead, critics argued that if
the president found FISA inadequate, he
should have gone to Congress and gotten
the changes necessary to allow the pro-
gram to proceed under court orders. That
process is now underway. The administra-
tion has brought the program under FISA,
and the Senate Intelligence Committee
recently reported out a bill with a strong
bipartisan majority of 13–2, that would
make the changes to FISA needed for
the program to continue. This bill is now
being considered by the Senate Judiciary
Committee.
$QG WKHQ ZKHQ &RRQH\ GLHG DW åUVW DQG
Barrows did the same,
A pall-like silence fell upon the patrons of
the game.
A straggling few got up to go in deep
despai r.
The rest clung to that hope which springs
eternal in the human breast;
They thought, if only Casey could get but a
whack at that—
We’d put up even money now, with Casey at
the bat.
Congressional Record 391
But Flynn preceded Casey, as did also
Jimmy Blake,
And the former was a hoodoo and the latter
was a cake;
So upon that stricken multitude grim mel-
ancholy sat,
For there seemed but little chance of
Casey’s getting to the bat.
But Flynn let drive a single, to the wonder-
ment of all,
And Blake, the much despised, tore the
cover off the ball;
And when the dust had lifted, and the men
saw what had occurred,
There was Jimmy safe at second and Flynn
a-hugging third.
7KHQIURPåYHWKRXVDQGWKURDWVDQGPRUH
there rose a lusty yell;
It rumbled through the valley, it rattled in
the dell;
It pounded on the mountain and recoiled
XSRQWKHæDW
For Casey, mighty Casey, was advancing to
the bat.
There was ease in Casey’s manner as he
stepped into his place;
There was pride in Casey’s bearing and a
smile lit Casey’s face.
And when, responding to the cheers, he
lightly doffed his hat,
No stranger in the crowd could doubt ’twas
Casey at the bat.
Ten thousand eyes were on him as he
rubbed his hands with dirt;
Five thousand tongues applauded when he
wiped them on his shirt.
Then while the writhing pitcher ground
the ball into his hip,
'HåDQFH JOHDPHG LQ &DVH\ÖV H\H D VQHHU
curled Casey’s lip.
And now the leather-covered sphere came
hurtling through the air,
And Casey stood a-watching it in haughty
grandeur there.
Close by the sturdy batsman the ball
unheeded sped—
“That ain’t my style,” said Casey. “Strike
one,” the umpire said.
From the benches, black with people, there
ZHQWXSDPXIæHGURDU
Like the beating of the storm-waves on a
stern and distant shore.
“Kill him! Kill the umpire!” shouted some-
one on the stand;
And it’s likely they’d a-killed him had not
Casey raised his hand.
With a smile of Christian charity great
Casey’s visage shone;
He stilled the rising tumult; he bade the
game go on;
He signaled to the pitcher, and once more
WKHGXQVSKHUHæHZ
But Casey still ignored it, and the umpire
said, “Strike two.”
“Fraud!” cried the maddened thousands,
and echo answered fraud;
But one scornful look from Casey and the
audience was awed.
They saw his face grow stern and cold, they
saw his muscles strain,
And they knew that Casey wouldn’t let
that ball go by again.
The sneer is gone from Casey’s lip, his
teeth are clenched in hate;
He pounds with cruel violence his bat upon
the plate.
And now the pitcher holds the ball, and
now he lets it go,
And now the air is shattered by the force of
Casey’s blow.
Oh, somewhere in this favored land the sun
is shining bright;
The band is playing somewhere, and some-
where hearts are light,
And somewhere men are laughing, and
somewhere children shout;
But there is no joy in Mudville—mighty
Casey has struck out.
—Ernest Lawrence Thayer.
EXTRACTS
[Extracts must be set in 7 point unless or-
dered otherwise by the Joint Committee on
Printing. This does not refer to a casual quo-
tation of a few words or a quotation that would
not make more than 3 lines of 7-point type.
The beginning of the 7-point extract must
start with a true paragraph; 8-point type fol-
lowing is always a paragraph.]
On February 29, Sue Payton, who is
the Air Force’s Assistant Secretary
for Acquisition, said at a DOD news
EULHåQJ
We have been extremely open and
transparent. We have had a very thorough
review of what we’re doing. We’ve got it
nailed.
A week later, she told the House
Ap pro priations Subcommittee on
Defense:
The Air Force followed a carefully
structured source selection process,—
They what?
designed to provide transparency,
main tain integrity, and ensure a fair
competition.
And throughout the last 4 months,
$LU)RUFHRIåFLDOVKDYHLQVLVWHGWKDW
they selected the cheapest plane that
best met their criteria and that they
made no mistakes.
392 Chapter 19
[Note, as above, that following an excerpt,
the 8 point must begin with a paragraph.]
[An address of the President delivered out-
side of Congress or referred to as an extract
will be set in 7 point.]
SCHEME OF TEXT HEADINGS
[In 8-point, heads are 8-point caps. After
the cap head, all sub heads are 7-point small
caps, regardless of any perceived hierarchy.
>,QSRLQWWKHSURJUHVVLRQLVDVIROORZVLQ
descending order):
7-point caps and small caps.
7-point small caps.
7-point italic lowercase.
7-point roman caps and lowercase.
7-point roman lowercase.]
USE OF DOUBLE HEADS
This is something which has been
entirely overlooked by the . . .
ANALYSIS OF SPECIFIC PROVISIONS OF THE
COMMITTEE BILL
AMENDMENTS CHANGING THE INTERSTATE
COMMERCE PROVISIONS OF THE ACE
As the law stands today, it applies
only to an employee who . . .
EXECUTIVE PROGRAM
———
ESTATE TAX CONVENTION WITH
CANADA
AMENDMENTS SUBMITTED
———
RECIPROCAL TRADE
AGREEMENTS
———
WARREN AMENDMENT NO. 1194
HEADS USED IN EXTENSIONS OF
REMARKS
VA ACCOUNTABILITY FIRST
AND APPEALS MODERNIZATION
ACT OF 2016
———
SPEECH OF
HON. CHRIS VAN HOLLEN
OF MARYLAND
IN THE HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
Tuesday, September 13, 2016
The House in Committee of the Whole
House on the state of the Union had under
consideration the bill (H.R. 5620) to amend
title 38, United States Code, to provide for
the removal or demotion of employees of
the Department of Veterans Affairs based
on performance or misconduct, and for
other purposes:
[The words “Speech of” are to be used only
when on manuscript and is an indication that
that particular Extension of Remarks is to
be inserted in the proceedings of the bound
Record of the date used in the heading.]
MISSING CHILDREN
———
HON. ORRIN G. HATCH
OF UTAH
IN THE SENATE OF THE UNITED STATES
Wednesday, February 3, 1999
Mr. HATCH. Mr. President, I rise before this
distinguished assembly to focus additional
attention on the tragedy of missing chil-
dren. The Department of Health and Human
Services has estimated that approximately
1.3 million children disappear each year. A
significant number do not leave of their own
accord. . . .
Congressional Record 393
The Senate met at 9:30 a.m., on the
expiration of the recess, and was
called to order by the Honorable LISA
MERKOWSKI, a Senator from the State
of Alaska.
[Above line to be used only when Senate had
been in recess.]
The Senate met at 9:30 a.m., and
was called to order by the Honorable
JAMES LANKFORD, a Senator from the
State of Oklahoma.
[Note.—Entire prayer set in 8 point.]
———
PRAYER
The Chaplain, Dr. Barry C. Black,
offered the following prayer:
Let us pray.
Our Father in heaven, we thank You
for the beautiful differences in the
human family, for its varied shapes
and sizes, its features and colors, its
abilities and talents. Deliver us from
the forces that would destroy our
unity by eliminating our diversity.
Bless the Members of this body. Help
them in their debates to distinguish
between substance and semantics,
between rhetoric and reality. Free
them from personal and partisan pre-
occupations that would defeat their
aspirations and deprive Americans of
just and equitable solutions. May our
lawmakers avoid the works of dark-
ness and put on Your armor of light.
We pray in Your holy Name. Amen.
PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
7KH3UHVLGLQJ2IåFHUOHGWKH3OHGJH
of Allegiance, as follows:
I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the
United States of America, and to the
Republic for which it stands, one nation
under God, indivisible, with liberty and
justice for all.
APPOINTMENT OF ACTING
PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
clerk will please read a communica-
tion to the Senate from the President
pro tempore (Mr. HATCH).
The legislative clerk read the fol-
lowing letter:
U.S. SENATE,
PRESIDENT PRO TEMPORE,
Washington, DC, September 26, 2016.
To the Senate:
Under the provisions of rule I, section
3, of the Standing Rules of the Senate, I
hereby appoint the Honorable JONI ERNST, a
Senator from the State of Iowa, to perform
the duties of the Chair.
ORRIN G. HATCH,
President pro tempore.
Mrs. ERNST thereupon assumed
the chair as Acting President pro
tempore.
RECOGNITION OF THE MAJORITY
LEADER
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro
tempore. The majority leader is
recognized.
SCHEDULE
Mr. MCCONNELL. Mr. President,
following my remarks and those of
Senator REID, there will be a period
of morning business for 1 hour, with
Senators permitted to speak therein
for up to 10 minutes each. The major-
LW\ZLOOFRQWUROWKHåUVWPLQXWHV
CONGRESSIONAL PROCEEDINGS
SENATE
TUESDAY, JULY 12, 2016
(Legislative day of Monday, July 11, 2016)
1
1 To be used only when the Senate had
been in recess.
the Republicans will control the sec-
ond 30 minutes.
Following morning business, the
Senate will resume consideration of
the motion to proceed to S. 3044, the
Consumer-First Energy Act. The
åUVWKRXUVRIGHEDWHZLOOEHHTXDOO\
divided and controlled in 30-minute
alternating blocks of time, with the
PDMRULW\FRQWUROOLQJWKHåUVWPLQ-
utes and Republicans controlling the
next 30 minutes.
Upon conclusion of the controlled
time, Senators will be permitted to
speak for up to 10 minutes each.
$VDUHPLQGHU\HVWHUGD\,åOHG
cloture on the motion to proceed to
S. 3101, the Medicare Improvements
for Patients and Providers Act. That
cloture vote will occur tomorrow
morning.
RESERVATION OF LEADER TIME
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Under the previous order, the
leadership time is reserved.
MORNING BUSINESS
The ACTING PRESIDENT pro tem-
pore. Under the previous order, the
Senate will proceed to a period of
morning business for up to 1 hour, with
Senators permitted to speak therein
for up to 10 minutes each, with the
time equally divided and controlled
between the two leaders or their
designees, with the majority control-
OLQ JWKHå UVWKDOIDQGWKH5 HSXEOLFDQ V
FRQWUROOLQJWKHåQDOKDOI
Ms. BALDWIN. Mr. President, I ask
unanimous consent that the order for
the quorum call be rescinded.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. With-
out objection, it is so ordered.
CONCLUSION OF MORNING
BUSINESS
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Morn-
ing business is now closed.
394 Chapter 19
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH APPRO-
PRIATIONS ACT, 2017—MOTION
TO PROCEED
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Under
the previous order, the Senate will re-
sume consideration of the motion to
proceed to H.R. 5325, which the clerk
will report.
The senior assistant legislative
clerk read as follows:
Motion to proceed to Calendar No. 516,
H.R. 5325, a bill making appropriations for
WKH /HJLVODWLYH %UDQFK IRU WKH åVFDO \HDU
ending September 30, 2017, and for other
purposes.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
assistant Democratic leader.
ZIKA VIRUS FUNDING
Mr. DURBIN. Mr. President, I can
VWLOOUHFDOOWKHåUVWEULHåQJ,KDGDV
a Member of Congress on something
called HIV/AIDS. . . .
LEGISLATIVE BRANCH APPRO-
PRIATIONS ACT, 2017—MOTION
TO PROCEED—Continued
[Note the use of bullets signifying that
ZKLFKZDVQRWVSRNHQRQWKHæRRU@
ADDITIONAL STATEMENTS
———
TRIBUTE TO GEORGE TAKEI
● Ms. HIRONO. Mr. President, "Oh
Myyy!" My friend George Takei is
being honored with the National Asian
3DFLåF $PHULFDQ %DU $VVRFLDWLRQV
NAPABA, Inspire Award. In addition
to his many contributions to the arts,
George has been on the forefront for
GHFDGHV åJKWLQJ IRU WKRVH ZKR GRQW
have a voice. . . . ●
MESSAGES FROM THE
PRESIDENT
Messages from the President of the
United States were communicated
to the Senate by Mr. Pate, one of his
secretaries.
Congressional Record 395
EXECUTIVE MESSAGES
REFERRED
As in executive session the
3UHVLGLQJ 2IåFHU ODLG EHIRUH WKH
Senate messages from the President
of the United States submitting sun-
dry nominations which were referred
to the appropriate committees.
(The nominations received today
are printed at the end of the Senate
proceedings.)
REPORT OF THE VETO OF S. 2040,
THE JUSTICE AGAINST SPON-
SORS OF TERRORISM ACT,
RECEIVED DURING ADJOURN-
MENT OF THE SENATE ON
SEPTEMBER 23, 2016—PM 56
The PRESIDING OFFICER laid
before the Senate the following mes-
sage from the President of the United
States which was ordered to be print-
ed in the RECORD, spread in full upon
the Journal and held at the desk:
To the Senate of the United States:
I am returning herewith without
my approval S. 2040, the "Justice
Against Sponsors of Terrorism Act"
(JASTA) . . . .
The JASTA, however, does not
contribute to these goals, does not
enhance the safety of Americans
from terrorist attacks, and under-
mines core U.S. interests. For these
reasons, I must veto the bill.
BARACK OBAMA.
THE WHITE HOUSE, September 23, 2016.
[The above to be 8 point.]
[When communications from the President
contain extracts, etc., such extracts must be
in 7 point.]
MESSAGES FROM THE HOUSE
At 12:21 p.m., a message from the
House of Representatives, delivered
by Mr. Novotny, one of its reading
clerks, announced that the House
has passed the following bill, with an
amendement and an amendment to
the title, in which it requests the con-
currence of the Senate:
S. 253. An act to amend the Commu-
nications Act of 1934 to consolidate the
reporting obligations of the Federal
Communications Commission in order to
improve congressional oversight and re-
duce reporting burdens.
ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED
At 10:05 a.m., a message from the
House of Representatives, delivered
by Mr. Novotny, one of its reading
clerks, announced that the Speaker
has signed the following enrolled bill:
H.R. 5325. An act making continuing
DSSURSULDWLRQV IRU åVFDO \HDU  DQG
for other purposes. The enrolled bill was
subsequently signed by the President pro
tempore (Mr. HATCH).
The President pro tempore (Mr.
HATCH) announced that on today,
September 29, 2016, he signed the fol-
lowing enrolled bills, which were
previously signed by the Speaker of
the House:
S. 1878. An act to extend the pediatric
priority review voucher program.
S. 2683. An act to include disabled
veteran leave in the personnel manage-
ment system of the Federal Aviation
Administration.
——
At 12:56 p.m., a message from the
House of Representatives, delivered
by Mr. Novotny, one of its reading
clerks, announced that the House has
passed the following bill, in which
it requests the concurrence of the
Senate:
H.R. 5303. An act to provide for improve-
ments to the rivers and harbors of the
United States, to provide for the conserva-
tion and development of water and related
resources, and for other purposes.
MEASURES REFERRED
The following bills were read
WKHåUVWDQGWKHVHFRQGWLPHVE\
unanimous consent, and referred as
indicated:
H.R. 5065. An act to direct the
Administrator of the Transportation
Security Administration to notify air
396 Chapter 19
Requirements for Derivatives Clearing
Organizations" (RIN3038–AE29) received
LQWKH2IåFHRIWKH3UHVLGHQWRIWKH6HQDWH
on September 21, 2016; to the Committee
on. . . .
REPORT ON CLASSIFIED
INFORMATION (S. DOC. NO. 107)
Mr. WARNER. Mr. President, the
Committee on Armed Services of
the Senate has recently requested
WKH 2IåFH RI 3XEOLF 5HODWLRQV RI WKH
Department of the Navy to submit
WR LW D UHSRUW RQ FODVVLåHG LQIRUPD-
tion. The Department of the Navy has
complied with the request, and I now
present the report and ask that it be
published as a Senate document.
The VICE PRESIDENT. Without
objection, the report will be printed
as a document as requested by the
Senator from Virginia.
[Note the insertion of S. Doc. No. — in
cases where papers are ordered to be printed
as a document. To be inserted only when or-
dered to be printed or its equivalent is in
manuscript.]
Third reading and passage of a bill.
MISSOURI RIVER BRIDGE NEAR
ST. CHARLES, MO
The bill (S. 4174) to extend the times
for commencing and completing the
construction of a bridge across the
Missouri River at or near St. Charles,
MO, was considered, ordered to be en-
grossed for a third reading, read the
third time, and passed, as follows:
S. 4174
Be it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States
of America in Congress assembled, That
the times for commencing and completing
the construction of the bridge across the
Missouri River, etc.
GOVERNMENT OF THE
T E R R I T ORY OF H AWA I I
The Senate proceeded to consider
the bill (S. 1881) to amend an act enti-
tled “An act to provide a government
carriers and security screening per-
sonnel of the Transportation Security
Administration of such Administration's
guidelines regarding permitting baby
IRUPXOD EUHDVW PLON SXULåHG GHLRQL]HG
water, and juice on airplanes, and for other
purposes, to the Committee on Commerce,
Science, and Transportation.
MEASURES PLACED ON THE
CALENDAR
The following bill was read the sec-
ond time, and placed on the calendar:
S. 3326. A bill to give States the authority
to provide temporary access to affordable
private health insurance options outside
of Obamacare exchanges.
MEASURES READ THE FIRST
TIME
7KHIROORZLQJELOOZDVUHDGWKHåUVW
time:
H.R. 954. An act to amend the Internal
Revenue Code of 1986 to exempt from the
individual mandate certain individu-
als who had coverage under a terminated
TXDOLåHG KHDOWK SODQ IXQGHG WKURXJK WKH
Consumer Operated and Oriented Plan
(CO- OP) program.
ENROLLED BILL PRESENTED
The Secretary of the Senate re-
ported that on September 12, 2016, she
had presented to the President of the
United States the following enrolled
bill:
S. 2040. An act to deter terrorism, pro-
vide justice for victims, and for other
purposes.
EXECUTIVE AND OTHER
COMMUNICATIONS
The following communications
were laid before the Senate, together
with accompanying papers, reports,
and documents, and were referred as
indicated:
EC –7000. A communication from the
Secretary of the Commodity Futures
Trading Commission, transmitting,
pursuant to law, the report of a rule
entitled "System Safeguards Testing
Congressional Record 397
Committee that it is reported as a
Senate joint resolution. I ask for a
PRGLåFDWLRQ RI LW VR WKDW LW ZLOO EH D
Senate resolution instead of a Senate
joint resolution.
The LEGISLATIVE CLERK. It is pro-
posed to strike out “S.J. Res. 4” and
insert “S. Res. 85”.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. Is
WKHUH REMHFWLRQ WR WKH PRGLåFDWLRQ"
The Chair hears one and it will be so
PRGLåHG
Mr. INHOFE. Would it not be neces-
sary to change the resolving clause
also? The resolving clause reads:
Resolved by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled,
The amendment was agreed to.
>1RWHXVHRIZRUGVåJXUHVDQGSXQFWXDWLRQ
in the following example. Follow manuscript.]
The next amendment was, on
page 34, in line 9, under the head-
ing “Employees’ Compensation
Com mission”, before the word “as-
VLVWDQWVÙ WR VWULNH RXW ØåYHÙ DQG
insert “three”; in line 10, after the
word “clerks” and before the words “of
class 3”, to strike out “seven” and in-
VHUWØåYHÙLQOLQHEHIRUHWKHZRUGV
“of class 2”, to strike out “twelve” and
insert “nine”; in the same line, before
the words “of class 1”, to strike out
“twenty-seven” and insert “twenty”;
in line 12, before the words “at $1.000
each”, to strike out “three” and in-
sert “two”; and in line 18, to strike out
“$124,940” and insert “$102,590”, so as
to read:
EMPLOYEE’S COMPENSATION COMMISSION
Salaries: Three Commissioners at $4,000
each; secretary, $2,750; attorney, $4,000;
chief statistician, $3,000; chief of ac-
counts, $2,500; accountant, $2,250; claim
examiners—chief $2,250, assistant $2,000,
assistant $1,800, three assistants at $1,600
each; special agents—two at $1,800 each,
WZR DW  HDFK FOHUNVÔåYH RI FODVV 
nine of class 2, twenty of class 1, two at
$1,000 each; in all $102,590.
Mr. UDALL submitted an amend-
ment intended to be proposed by him
to the sundry civil appropriation bill,
for the Territory of Hawaii,” approved
April 30, 1900, as amended, to estab-
lish a Hawaiian Homes Commission,
and for other purposes, which had
been reported from the Committee
on Interior and Insular Affairs with
amendments.
7KHåUVWDPHQGPHQWZDVRQSDJH
line 22, to strike out “Keaaupaha” and
insert “Keaaukaha”.
The amendment was agreed to.
The next amendment was, on page 6,
OLQHDIWHUWKHåJXUHØÙWRLQVHUW
“by further authorization of Congress
and”, so as to make the paragraph
read:
(1) by further authorization of Congress
DQG IRU D SHULRG RI åYH \HDUV DIWHU WKH
åUVWPHHWLQJRIWKH+DZDLLDQ+RPHV
Commission only those lands situated on
the island of Molokaki, etc.
The Amendment was agreed to.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
for a third reading, read the third
time, and passed.
Forms of amendments
The joint resolution (S.J. Res. 4) re-
questing the President to negotiate
a treaty or treaties for the protec-
tion of salmon in retrain parts of the
3DFLåF2FHDQZDVDQQRXQFHGDVQH[W
in order.
Mr. INHOFE. Mr. President, I have
just had an opportunity to exam-
ine this joint resolution. I offer this
amendment.
The PRESIDING OFFICER. The
Secretary will state the amendment
offered by the Senator from Arizona.
The READING CLERK. On page 1, line
11, it is proposed to strike out the
words “both within and”, so as to
make the joint resolution read:
Resolved by the Senate and House of
Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That the
President of the United States be, and he is
hereby, requested to negotiate on behalf of
the United States, as promptly as is prac-
ticable, etc.
Mr. MCCONNELL. Mr. President, I
observe in the report of the bill by the
chairman of the Foreign Relations
398 Chapter 19
That's the America I know. That's the
country we love. Clear-eyed. Bighearted.
Optimistic that unarmed truth and un-
FRQGLWLRQDOORYHZLOOKDYHWKHåQDOZRUG
That's what makes me so hopeful about
our future. Because of you. I believe in you.
7KDWVZK\,VWDQGKHUHFRQåGHQWWKDWWKH
State of our Union is strong.
Thank you, God bless you, and God bless
the United States of America.
BARACK OBAMA. □
THE WHITE HOUSE, January 12, 2016.
———
To the Senate of the United States:
To the end that I may receive the
advice and consent of the Senate to rati-
åFDWLRQ , WUDQVPLW KHUHZLWK D WUHDW\ RI
arbitration and conciliation between the
United States and Switzerland, signed at
Washington on March 17, 1952.
HARRY S. TRUMAN.□
THE WHITE HOUSE, March 17, 1952.
[A letter from the President to the Senate
is set in 7-point type when any form of treaty
is encloses that is to be printed in the Record
in connection therewith. The letter is set in
7-point type whether the treaty follows or
precedes it or separated from it by interven-
ing matter.]
RECESS UNTIL TOMORROW AT
10:30 A.M.
Mr. MCCONNELL. Mr. President, I
know of no further business to come
before the Senate. I move, in ac-
cordance with the order previously
entered, that the Senate stand in
recess until the hour of 10:30 a.m.
tomor r ow.
The motion was agreed to and, at
7:34 p.m., the Senate recessed until
Wednesday, June 5, 2016, at 10:30 a.m.
[After the recess or adjournment the follow-
ing may appear:]
NOMINATIONS
Executive Nominations received by
the Senate.
[Under the heads Nominations, Con-
åUPDWLRQV :LWKGUDZDO and Rejection,
the following scheme for subheads is to be
followed:
[Heads indicating service, or branch or
department of Government and subheads
which was ordered to lie on the table
and to be printed, as follows:
Add a new section, as follows: “That
the President of the Senate appoint three
Members of the Senate; and the Speaker of
the House three Members of the House.”
The Senate resumed the consider-
ation of the bill (H.R. 4075) to limit
the immigration of aliens into the
United States.
[An executive session usually being open,
the following precedes the recess or adjourn-
ment heading:]
REPORT ON THE STATE OF THE
UNION DELIVERED TO A JOINT
SESSION OF CONGRESS ON
JANUARY 12, 2016—PM 36
The PRESIDING OFFICER laid
before the Senate the following mes-
sage from the President of the United
States which was ordered to lie on the
table.
To the Congress of the United States:
Mr. Speaker, Mr. Vice President,
Members of Congress, my fellow
Americans:
Tonight marks the eighth year I've come
here to report on the State of the Union.
$QG IRU WKLV åQDO RQH ,P JRLQJ WR WU\ WR
make it shorter. I know some of you are
antsy to get back to Iowa. I also under-
stand that because it's an election season,
expectations for what we'll achieve this
year are low. Still, Mr. Speaker, I appreci-
ate the constructive approach you and the
other leaders took at the end of last year
to pass a budget and make tax cuts perma-
nent for working families. So I hope we can
work together this year on bipartisan pri-
orities like criminal justice reform, and
helping people who are battling prescrip-
tion drug abuse. We just might surprise
the cynics agains.
But tonight, I want to go easy on the
traditional list of proposals for the year
ahead. Don't worry, I've got plenty, from
helping students learn to write computer
code to personalizing medical treatments
for patients. And I'll keep pushing for prog-
ress on the work that still needs doing.
Fixing a broken immigration system.
Protecting our kids from gun violence.
Equal pay for equal work, paid leave, rais-
ing the minimum wage. All these things
still matter to hardworking families; they
are still the right thing to do; and I will not
let up until they get done. . . .
Congressional Record 399
INDICATED WHILE ASSIGNED TO A POSITION OF IM-
PORTANCE AND RESPONSIBILITY UNDER TITLE 10,
U.S.C., SECTION 601:
To be vice admiral
VICE ADMIN. DIXON R. SMITH
CONFIRMATIONS
([HFXWLYH QRPLQDWLRQV FRQåUPHG
by the Senate September 28, 2016:
IN THE AIR FORCE
THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINT-
MENT IN THE UNITED STATES AIR FORCE TO THE
GRADE INDICATED UNDER TITLE 10, U.S.C., SECTION
624:
To be brigadier general
COL. KENNETH P. EKMAN
To be brigadier general
COL. ALFRED F. ABRAMSON III
COL. PETER B. ANDRYSIAK, JR.
COL. ROBERT W. BENNETT, JR.
indicating subdivision or type of service—
7-point small caps.]
[Subheads indicating new rank of appoin-
tee—7-point italic initial cap.
>7H[WLVVHWLQSRLQWFDSV
>1RWH 1RPLQDWLRQV ZLOO EH VHW åUVW QDPH
PLGGOHQDPHRUåUVWPLGGOHLQLWLDODQG
last name throughout followed by period.
Asterisks, if any, precede names as in execu-
tive nominations.]
Executive nominations received by
the Senate:
NATIONAL FOUNDATION ON
THE ARTS AND THE HUMANITIES
JANE MARIE DOGGETT, OF MONTANA, TO BE A MEM-
BER OF THE NATIONAL COUNCIL ON THE HUMANITIES
FOR A TERM EXPIRING JANUARY 26, 2022, VICE CATHY
M. DAVIDSON, TERM EXPIRED.
STATE JUSTICE INSTITUTE
WILFREDO MARTINEZ, OF FLORIDA, TO BE A MEM-
BER OF THE BOARD OF DIRECTORS OF THE STATE
JUSTICE INSTITUTE FOR A TERM EXPIRING SEPTEM-
BER 17, 2019. (REAPPOINTMENT)
IN THE NAVY
THE FOLLOWING NAMED OFFICER FOR APPOINT-
MENT IN THE UNITED STATES NAVY TO THE GRADE
400 Chapter 19
PRAYER
1
The Chaplain, the Reverend
Patrick J. Conroy, offered the follow-
ing prayer:
We give You thanks, O God, for giv-
ing us another day. In the wake of a
great American holiday, we ask Your
special blessing on American work-
ers, those fortunate to have jobs
GXULQJWKHVHGLIåFXOWHFRQRPLFWLPHV
and those desiring work. May they
NQRZDQGEHFRQåGHQWRIWKHQRELOLW\
and sacredness of their labor.
As the Members of the people’s
House return to the Capitol, call
them, as well, with Your gentling
voice of collegiality.
When a sense of alienation shadows
DOO RI RXU VRXOV ZH åQG RXU GLIIHU-
HQFHVGLIåFXOWWREHDUZHPRYHDZD\
from each other. Insofar as this spirit
of alienation has descended upon this
House, help each Member to overcome
unnecessary divisions that ham-
per productive work on behalf of our
Nation.
Bring them to a deeper level of
awareness of Your spirit, and make
us one Nation. Give the Members lis-
tening hearts, ready and willing to
respond to Your spirit living in each
one.
And may all that is done be for Your
greater honor and glory.
Amen.
THE JOURNAL
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The
Chair has examined the Journal of
the last day’s proceedings and an-
nounces to the House his approval
thereof.
Pursuant to clause 1, rule I, the
Journal stands approved.
[When the Speaker is in the Chair, follow
this style.]
The House met at noon.
The Chaplain, the Reverend
Patrick J. Conroy, offered the follow-
ing prayer:
Merciful God, we give You thanks
for giving us another day.
In this year of post-9/11, we pray
that the children of this generation
and their children’s children may
never have to experience another
GD\OLNHWKHRQHWKDWæRRGHGRXU79
screens so many years ago.
Protect and guide this Nation to a
new security, built upon human in-
tegrity and communal solidarity
with all who love freedom and human
dignity, while respecting the lives
and beliefs of others.
Empower the Members of Congress
and governments around the world to
establish just laws and seek the com-
mon good that will lead to ways of
equity and peace.
May all that is done this day be for
Your greater honor and glory.
Amen.
[When the Speaker is not in the Chair, fol-
low this style.]
The House met at 12:30 and was
called to order by the Speaker pro
tempore (Mr. BOST).
DESIGNATION OF SPEAKER PRO
TEMPORE
The SPEAKER pro tempore laid
before the House the following com-
munication from the Speaker:
WASHINGTON, DC,
June 17, 2016.
I hereby appoint the Honorable MIKE BOST
to act as Speaker pro tempore on this day.
PAUL D. RYAN,
Speaker of the House of Representatives.
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
FRIDAY, SEPTEMBER 9, 2016
1 Head is not used when the Speaker is in
the chair. See preceding example.
Congressional Record 401
WELCOMING THE HONORABLE
WARREN DAVIDSON TO THE
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
[Welcoming speeches follow.]
[Initial speech of new Representa-
tive follows.]
ANNOUNCEMENT BY THE
SPEAKER
The SPEAKER. Under clause 5(d)
of rule XX, the Chair announces to
the House that, in light of the admin-
LVWUDWLRQRIWKHRDWKRIRIåFHWRWKH
gentleman from Ohio (Mr. DAVIDSON),
the whole number of the House is 435.
OATH OF OFFICE OF MEMBERS
7KH RDWK RI RIåFH UHTXLUHG E\ WKH
sixth article of the Constitution of
the United States, and as provided
by section 2 of the act of May 13, 1884
(23 Stat. 22), to be administered to
Members, Resident Commissioner,
and Delegates or the House of
Representatives, the text of which is
carried in 5 U.S.C. 3331:
“I, AB, do solemnly swear (or
DIåUPWKDW,ZLOOVXSSRUWDQGGH-
fend the Constitution of the united
States against all enemies, for-
eign and domestic; that you will
bear true faith and allegiance to
the same; that you take this obli-
gation freely, without and mental
reservation or purpose of evasion;
and that you will well and faith-
fully discharge the duties of the
RIåFH RQ ZKLFK \RX DUH DERXW WR
enter, so help you God.
has been subscribed to in person and
åOHGLQGXSOLFDWHZLWKWKH&OHUNRIWKH
House of Representatives by the fol-
lowing Member of the 110th Congress,
pursuant to Public Law 412 of the 80th
Congress entitled “An act to amend
section 30 of the Revised Statues of
the United States’’ (2 U.S.C. 25, ap-
proved February 18, 1948:
WARREN DAVIDSON, 8th District of Ohio.
PLEDGE OF ALLEGIANCE
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Will
the gentleman from Iowa (Mr. BLUM)
come forward and lead the House in
the Pledge of Allegiance.
Mr. BLUM led the Pledge of
Allegiance as follows:
I pledge allegiance to the Flag of the
United States of America, and to the
Republic for which it stands, one nation
under God, indivisible, with liberty and
justice for all.
SWEARING IN OF THE HONORABLE
WARREN DAVIDSON, OF OHIO, AS
A MEMBER OF THE HOUSE
Ms. KAPTUR. Mr. Speaker, I ask
unanimous consent that the gen-
tleman from Ohio, the Honorable
WARREN DAVIDSON, be permitted
WRWDNHWKHRDWKRIRIåFHWRGD\
+LV FHUWLåFDWH RI HOHFWLRQ KDV QRW
arrived, but there is no contest and no
question has been raised with regard
to his election.
The SPEAKER. Is there objection
to the request of the gentlewoman
from Ohio?
There was no objection.
The SPEAKER. Will Representa-
tive-elect DAVIDSON and the
members of the Ohio delegation pres-
ent themselves in the well.
All Members will rise and the
Representative-elect will please
raise his right hand.
Mr. DAVIDSON appeared at the bar
of the House and took the oath of of-
åFHDVIROORZV
Do you solemnly swear that you will
support and defend the Constitution of the
United States against all enemies, for-
eign and domestic; that you will bear true
faith and allegiance to the same; that you
take this obligation freely, without any
mental reservation or purpose of evasion;
and that you will well and faithfully dis-
FK DU JHW KHGXWLHVRIWKHRI åFHRQZK LFK\RX
are about to enter, so help you God
The SPEAKER. Congratulations.
You are now a Member of the 114th
Congress.
402 Chapter 19
provided to former Presidents so as to
reduce unnecessary costs to taxpay-
ers. But if implemented as drafted,
the bill would have unintended con-
sequences. It would impose onerous
and unreasonable burdens on the of-
åFHVRIIRUPHU3UHVLGHQWVLQFOXGLQJ
by requiring the General Services
Administration to immediately ter-
PLQDWHVDODULHV DQGEHQHåWVRI RIåFH
employees and to remove furnish-
LQJVDQGHTXLSPHQWIURPRIåFHV,W
would withdraw the General Services
Administration’s ability to admin-
ister leases and negatively impact
operations, with unanticipated im-
plications for the protection and
security of former Presidents.
My Administration will work with
the authors of the bill and other lead-
ers in the Congress, in consultation
ZLWKWKHRIåFHVRIIRUPHU3UHVLGHQWV
to explore the best ways to achieve
these goals going forward. If the
Congress returns the bill having
appropriately addressed these con-
cerns, I will sign it. For now, I must
veto the bill.
BARACK OBAMA.
THE WHITE HOUSE, July 22, 2016.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The
objections of the President will be
spread at large upon the Journal, and
the veto message and the bill will be
printed as a House document.
Without objection, further consid-
eration of the veto message and the
bill, H.R. 1777, is postponed until the
legislative day of September 23, 2016.
There was no objection.
[Debate and vote follow.]
MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENT
A message in writing from the
President of the United States was
communicated to the House by Mr.
Sherman Williams, one of his secre-
taries, who also informed the House
that on the following dates the
MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE
A message from the Senate by
Ms. Curtis, one of its clerks, an-
nounced that the Senate concurs in
the amendment of the House to the
bill (S. 2146) “An Act to authorize the
Administrator of the Environmental
Protection Agency to accept, as part
of a settlement, diesel emission reduc-
tion Supplemental Environmental
Projects, and for other purposes.”
[Above usage occurs when there is only one
bill referenced. For more than one bill, use the
following style.]
MESSAGE FROM THE SENATE
A message from the Senate by Ms.
Curtis, one of its clerks, announced
that the Senate has passed without
amendment a bill of the House of the
following titles:
H.R. 3969. An act to designate the
Department of Veterans Affairs commu-
nity-based Outpatient clinic in Laughlin,
1HYDGDDVWKHÕÕ0DVWHU&KLHI3HWW\2IåFHU
Jesse Dean VA Clinic’’.
[Observe that bills from the Senate to the
House read An act. If the manuscript should
read $ ELOO, change to An act in conformity
ZLWKWKLVUXOHDQGSODFHQXPEHUåUVW1RWH
also the following forms:]
PRESIDENTIAL ALLOWANCE
MODERNIZATION ACT OF 2016—
VETO MESSAGE FROM THE
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED
STATES (H. DOC. NO. 114–155)
The SPEAKER pro tempore laid
before the House the following veto
message from the President of the
United States:
To the House of Representatives:
II am returning herewith with-
out my approval H.R. 1777, the
‘‘Presidential Allowance Mod-
ernization Act of 2016,’’ which would
amend the Former Presidents Act of
1958.
I agree with H.R. 1777’s goal of re-
forming the pensions and allowances
Congressional Record 403
MRS. VIRGINIA THRIFT
Mr. GOSAR. Ms. Speaker, by di-
rection of the Committee on House
Administration, I offer a privileged
resolution (H. Res. 321) and ask for its
immediate consideration.
The Clerk read as follows:
H. RES. 321
Resolved, That there shall be paid out
of the contingent fund of the House to
Mrs. Virginia Thrift, widow of Chester R.
Thrift, late an employee of the House, an
amount equal to six months' salary com-
pensation at the rate he was receiving at
the time of his death, and an additional
amount not to exceed $250 to defray funeral
expenses of the said Chester R. Thrift.
The Resolution was agreed to.
A motion to reconsider was laid on
the table.
BILLS PRESENTED TO THE
PRESIDENT
Karen L. Haas, Clerk of the House,
reported that on February 23, 2016,
she presented to the President of the
United States, for his approval, the
following bill:
H.R. 644. To reauthorize trade facilita-
tion and trade enforcement functions and
activities, and for other purposes.
ENROLLED BILLS SIGNED
Ms. Lorraine C. Miller, Clerk of
the House, reported and found truly
enrolled bills of the House of the fol-
lowing titles, which were thereupon
signed by the Speaker:
H.R. 430. An act to designate the United
States bankruptcy courthouse located at
271 Cadman Plaza East in Brooklyn, New
York, as the “Conrad B. Duberstein United
States Bankruptcy Courthouse”.
H.R. 781. An act to redesignate Lock and
Dam No. 5 of the McClellan-Kerr Arkansas
5LYHU1DYLJDWLRQ6\VWHPQHDU5HGåHOG
Arkansas, authorized by the Rivers and
Harbors Act approved July 24, 1946, as the
“Colonel Charles D. Maynard Lock and
Da m”.
H.R. 1019. An act to designate the United
States customhouse building located at 31
Gonzalez Clemente Avenue in Mayagüez,
Puerto Rico, as the “Rafael Martinez
Nadal United States Customhouse
B u il d i n g ”.
President approved and signed bills
of the House and Senate of the follow-
ing titles:
On July 1, 1996:
H.R. 3029. An act to designate the United
States courthouse in Washington, District
of Columbia, as the ‘‘E. Barrett Prettyman
United States Courthouse.’’
On July 2, 1996:
H.R. 2803. An act to amend the anti-car
theft provisions of title 49, United States
Code, to increase the utility of motor ve-
hicle title information to the State and
)HGHUDO ODZ HQIRUFHPHQWRIåFLDOV DQG IRU
other purposes.
On July 3, 1996:
H.R. 3525, An act amend title 18, United
States Code, to clarify the Federal juris-
diction over offenses relating to damage
to religious property. . . .
[Observe that bills coming from the Presi-
dent take the form of An act. This rule must
be followed invariably, even if the manuscript
reads $ELOO.]
MOURNING THE LOSS OF
SHIMON PERES
(Mr. CICILLINE asked and was
given permission to address the
House for 1 minute.)
Mr. CICILLINE. Mr. Speaker, I rise
to express my deep sadness on the
passing of former Israeli President
and Prime Minister Shimon Peres.
Shimon Peres was devoted to the
cause of the Jewish state and worked
tirelessly to achieve a lasting peace
in the Middle East.
He was the founding father of
the State of Israel and remained,
throughout his life, one of its great-
est champions. He was the central
architect of the Oslo Accords and was
respected around the world for his
strong leadership as Prime Minister
and President of Israel. His example
should be an inspiration to us all, as
he fought so long for peace.
My thoughts are with his family
and friends as well as the people of
Israel, who have lost a beloved leader.
404 Chapter 19
and passed, and a motion to reconsider was
laid on the table.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. This
concludes the call of the Private
Calend ar.
SENATE BILLS REFERRED
Bills of the Senate of the following
titles were taken from the Speaker’s
table and, under the rule, referred as
follows:
S. 1479. An act to amend the Comp-
rehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation, and Liability Act of 1980
to modify provisions relating to grants,
and for other purposes; to the Committee
on Energy and Commerce; in addition, to
the Committee on Transportation and
Infrastructure for a period to be subse-
quently determined by the Speaker, in
each case for consideration of such provi-
sions as fall with the jurisdiction of the
committee concerned.
S. 2829. An act to amend and en-
hance certain maritime programs of
the Department of Transportation, and
for other purposes; to the Committee
on Armed Services; in addition, to the
Committee on Transportation and
Infrastructure; to the Committee on
Natural Resources; to the Committee on
Veterans’ Affairs; to the Committee on
the Judiciary; and to the Committee on
Oversight and Government Reform for a
period to be subsequently determined by
the Speaker, in each case for consideration
of such provisions as fall within the juris-
diction of the committee concerned.
[In the reference of Senate acts to House
committees the name of the committee will
be repeated after the act, though there may be
several acts referred to the same committee.]
Will the gentleman from Illinois
(Mr. HULTGREN) kindly take the
chair.
□ 1535
IN THE COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE
Accordingly, the House resolved it-
self into the Committee of the Whole
House on the state of the Union for the
P R I VAT E CA L E N DA R
The SPEAKER pro tempore (Mrs.
BLACK). This is the day for the call of
the Private Calendar.
The Clerk will call the bill on the
calendar.
CORINA DE CHALUP TURCINOVIC
The Clerk called called the bill
(H.R. 306) for the relief of Corina de
Chalup Turcinovic.
There being no objection, the Clerk
read the bill as follows:
H.R. 306
Be it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled,
SECTION 1. PERMANENT RESIDENT
STATUS FOR CORINA DE CHALUP
TURCINOVIC.
(a) IN GENERAL.—Notwithstanding
subsections (a) and (b) of section 201 of
the Immigration and Nationality Act,
Corina de Chalup Turcinovic shall be eli-
gible for issuance of an immigrant visa
or for adjustment of status to that of an
alien lawfully admitted for permanent
UHVLGHQFHXSRQåOLQJDQDSSOLFDWLRQIRULV-
suance of an immigrant visa under section
204 of such Act or for adjustment of status
to lawful permanent resident. . . .
(e) DENIAL OF PREFERENTIAL
IMMIGRATION TREATMENT FOR
CERTAIN RELATIVES.—The natural
parents, brothers, and sisters of Corina de
Chalup Turcinovic shall not, by virtue of
such relationship, be accorded any right,
privilege, or status under the Immigration
and Nationality Act.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed and
read a third time, was read the third time,
WATER RESOURCES DEVELOP-
MENT ACT OF 2016
The SPEAKER pro tempore.
Pursuant to House Resolution 897 and
rule XVIII, the Chair declares the
House in the Committee of the Whole
House on the state of the Union for the
further consideration of the bill, H.R.
5303.
COMMITTEE OF THE WHOLE HOUSE ON
THE STATE OF THE UNION
Congressional Record 405
The Acting CHAIR. Under the rule,
the Committee rises.
Accordingly, the Committee rose;
and the Speaker pro tempore (Mr.
YODER) having assumed the chair,
Mr. EMMER of Minnesota, Acting
Chair of the Committee of the Whole
House on the state of the Union, re-
ported that that Committee, having
had under consideration the bill (H.R.
5303) to provide for improvements to
the rivers and harbors of the United
States, to provide for the conserva-
tion and development of water and
related resources, and for other
purposes, and, pursuant to House
Resolution 897, he reported the bill
back to the House with an amend-
ment adopted in the Committee of the
Whole.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. Under
the rule, the previous question is
ordered.
Is a separate vote demanded on
any amendment to the amendment
reported from the Committee of the
Whole?
If not, the question is on the amend-
ment in the nature of a substitute, as
amended.
The amendment was agreed to.
The SPEAKER pro tempore. The
question is on the engrossment and
third reading of the bill.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
and read a third time, and was read
the third time.
So the bill was passed.
The result of the vote was an-
nounced as above recorded.
A motion to reconsider was laid on
the table.
further consideration of the bill (H.R.
5303) to provide for improvements to
the rivers and harbors of the United
States, to provide for the conserva-
tion and development of water and
related resources, and for other pur-
poses, with Mr. HULTGREN (Acting
Chair) in the chair.
The Clerk read the title of the bill.
The Acting CHAIR. When the
Committee of the Whole rose earlier
today, amendment No. 10 printed
in House Report 114–790 offered by
the gentleman from Louisiana (Mr.
GRAVES) had been disposed of.
Pursuant to House Resolution 897,
no further amendment to the amend-
ment in the nature of a substitute
referred to in House Resolution 892
shall be in order except those printed
in House Report 114–794.
Each such further amendment
shall be considered only in the order
printed in the report, may be offered
only by a Member designated in the
report, shall be considered as read,
shall be debatable for the time speci-
åHGLQWKHUHSRUWHTXDOO\GLYLGHG
and controlled by the proponent and
an opponent, shall not be subject to
amendment, and shall not be sub-
ject to a demand for division of the
question.
AMENDMENT NO. 1 OFFERED BY MR. BYRNE
The Acting CHAIR. It is now in
order to consider amendment No. 1
printed in House Report 114–794.
Mr. BYRNE. Mr. Chairman, I have
an amendment at the desk.
The Acting CHAIR. The Clerk will
designate the amendment.
The text of the amendment is as
follows:
At the end of title I, add the following:
SEC. ll. GULF COAST OYSTER BED
RECOVERY ASSESSMENT. . . .
(Voting occurs)
The amendment was agreed to.
406 Chapter 19
For consideration of the Senate bill and
WKH+RXVHDPHQGPHQWVDQGPRGLåFDWLRQV
committed to conference:
FRED UPTON,
JOSEPH R. PITTS,
LEONARD LANCE,
BRETT GUTHRIE,
ADAM KINZINGER,
LARRY BUCSHON,
SUSAN W. BROOKS,
BOB GOODLATTE,
F. JAMES
SENSENBRENNER, JR.,
LAMAR SMITH,
TOM MARINO,
DOUG COLLINS,
DAVID A. TROTT,
MIKE BISHOP,
KEVIN MCCARTHY,
From the Committee on Education and
the Workforce, for consideration of title
9,, RI WKH +RXVH DPHQG PHQW DQG PRGLå-
cations committed to conference:
LOU BARLETTA,
EARL L. ‘‘BUDDY’’
CARTER,
From the Committee on Veterans’
Affairs, for consideration of title III of
WKH +RXVH DPHQGPHQW DQG PRGLåFDWLRQV
committed to conference:
GUS M. BILIRAKIS,
JACKIE WALORSKI,
From the Committee on Ways and
Means, for consideration of sec. 705 of
the Senate bill, and sec. 804 of the House
DPHQGPHQW DQG PRGLåFDWLRQV FRPPLW-
ted to conference:
PATRICK MEEHAN,
ROBERT J. DOLD,
CONFERENCE REPORT (H. REPT. 114–669)
The committee of conference on the dis-
agreeing votes of the two Houses on the
amendments of the House do the bill (S. 524),
to authorize the Attorney General to award
grants to address the national epidemics of
prescription opioid abuse and heroin use,
having met, after full and free conference,
have agreed to recommend and do recom-
mend to their respective Houses as follows:
That the Senate recede from its disagree-
ment to the amendment of the House to the
text of the bill and agree to the same with
an amendment as follows:
In lieu of the matter proposed to be in-
serted by the House amendment, insert the
following:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF
CONTENTS.
(a) SHORT TITLE.–This act may be cited as
the "Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery
Act of 2016".
(b) TABLE OF CONTENTS.–The table of con-
tents for this Act is as follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Title 1–PREVENTION AND EDUCATION
Sec. 101. Task force on pain management.
Sec. 102. Awareness campaigns. . . .
In lieu of the matter proposed to be in-
serted by the House amendment to the
title of the bill, insert the following: ‘‘An
Act to authorize the Attorney General and
Secretary of Health and Human Services
to award grants to address the prescrip-
tion opioid abuse and heroin use crisis, and
for other purposes.’’.
And the House agree to the same.
CONFERENCE REPORT AND STATEMENT
Conference reports and statements to be set in 7 point.
Use 3-point space before and aer conference report and statement.
In the House the names of Members are to be rst.
Follow manuscript literally in the report. Observe the form Amendments
numbered 1, 2, 3, etc., and, when the amendment is to make an independent
paragraph, the phrase And the Senate [or House] agree to the same will be a
paragraph by itself; otherwise it will be run in aer the amendment with a
semicolon. Examples of each are given in the report following.
In the statement change numbered to No., as amendment No. 1, but do not
supply No. or amendment if omitted in manuscript; otherwise regular style
will prevail.
Congressional Record 407
WKH +RXVH DPHQGPHQW DQG PRGLåFDWLRQV
committed to conference:
GUS M. BILIRAKIS,
JACKIE WALORSKI,
From the Committee on Ways and
Means, for consideration of sec. 705 of
the Senate bill, and sec. 804 of the House
DPHQGPHQW DQG PRGLåFDWLRQV FRPPLW-
ted to conference:
PATRICK MEEHAN,
ROBERT J. DOLD,
Managers on the Part of the House.
CHUCK GRASSLEY,
LAMAR ALEXANDER,
ORRIN G. HATCH,
JEFF SESSIONS,
Managers on the Part of the Senate.
Amendments
>$VåJXUHVDUHXVHGLQELOOVWRH[SUHVVVXPV
of money, dates, paragraph numbers, etc.,
amendments involving such expressions must
EH VHW LQ åJXUHV WKXV 6WULNH RXW ØÙ DQG
LQVHUW ØÙ HWF IRU RWKHU HQXPHUDWLRQV
etc., follow the manuscript as the data is
picked up from the bill and used for the Record
and then picked up from the Record and used
for the report.]
EMANUEL F. LENKERSDORF
The Clerk called the bill (H.R.
2520) for the relief of Emanuel F.
Lenkersdorf.
There being no objection, the Clerk
read the bill as follows:
H.R. 2520
Be it enacted by the Senate and House
of Representatives of the United States of
America in Congress assembled, That for
the purposes of the Immigration and
Nationality Act, Emanuel F. Lenkersdorf
shall be held and considered to have been
lawfully admitted to the United States
for permanent residence as of the date of
the enactment of this Act, upon payment
of the required visa fee. Upon the grant-
ing of permanent residence to such alien
as provided for in this Act, the Secretary
RI6WDWHVKDOOLQVWUXFWWKHSURSHURIåFHUWR
deduct one number from the total number
of immigrant visas and conditional en-
tries which are made available to natives
of the country of the alien’s birth under
paragraphs (1) through (8) of section 203(a)
of the Immigration and Nationality Act.
With the following committee
amend ment:
Managers on the Part of the House.
CHUCK GRASSLEY,
LAMAR ALEXANDER,
ORRIN G. HATCH,
JEFF SESSIONS,
Managers on the Part of the Senate.
JOINT EXPLANATORY STATEMENT OF
THE COMMITTEE OF CONFERENCE
The managers on the part of the House
and the Senate at the conference on the
disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the
amendments of the House to the bill (S. 524),
to authorize the Attorney General to award
grants to address the national epidemics of
prescription opioid abuse and heroin use,
submit the following joint statement to
the House and the Senate in explanation of
the effect of the action agreed upon by the
managers and recommended in the accom-
panying conference report:
The House amendment to the text of the
bill struck all of the Senate bill after the
enacting clause and inserted a substitute
text.
The Senate recedes from its disagree-
ment to the amendment of the House with
an amendment that is a substitute for the
Senate bill and the House amendment. . . .
CONSTITUTIONAL STATEMENT
OF AU T HORITY
Congress has the power to enact this leg-
islation pursuant to the following: Article
I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States
Constitution.
For consideration of the Senate bill and
WKH +RXVH DPHQGPHQWV DQG PRGLåFDWLRQV
committed to conference:
FRED UPTON,
JOSEPH R. PITTS,
LEONARD LANCE,
BRETT GUTHRIE,
ADAM KINZINGER,
LARRY BUCSHON,
SUSAN W. BROOKS,
BOB GOODLATTE,
F. JAMES
SENSENBRENNER, JR.,
LAMAR SMITH,
TOM MARINO,
DOUG COLLINS,
DAVID A. TROTT,
MIKE BISHOP,
KEVIN MCCARTHY,
From the Committee on Education and
the Workforce, for consideration of title
9,, RI WKH +RXVH DPHQG PHQW DQG PRGLå-
cations committed to conference:
LOU BARLETTA,
EARL L. ‘‘BUDDY’’
CARTER,
From the Committee on Veterans’
Affairs, for consideration of title III of
408 Chapter 19
SPECIAL ORDERS GRANTED
By unanimous consent, permis-
sion to address the House, following
the legislative program and any spe-
cial orders heretofore entered, was
granted to:
(The following Members (at the
request of Ms. HAHN) to revise and
extend their remarks and include ex-
traneous material:)
Ms. HAHN, for 5 minutes, today.
Mr. DEFAZIO, for 5 minutes, today.
Ms. KAPTUR, for 5 minutes, today.
Mr. SIMPSON, for 5 minutes, today.
(The following Members (at the re-
quest of Mr. SMITH of Nebraska) to
revise and extend their remarks and
include extraneous material:)
Mr. POE, for 5 minutes, June 20, 23
and 24.
Mr. JONES of North Carolina, for 5
minutes, June 20, 23 and 24.
Mr. BISHOP of Utah, for 5 minutes,
today and June 18.
Mr. MCCAUL, for 5 minutes, June 19.
ADJOURNMENT
Mr. FORBES. Mr. Speaker, I move
that the House do now adjourn.
The motion was agreed to; accord-
ingly (at 9 o’clock and 56 minutes
p.m.), under its previous order, the
House adjourned until tomorrow,
Wednesday, June 15, 2016, at 9:30 a.m.
RECESS
The SPEAKER pro tempore.
Pursuant to clause 12(a) of rule I, the
Chair declares the House in recess
until 2 p.m. today.
Accordingly (at 12 o’clock and 50
minutes p.m.), the House stood in re-
cess until 2 p.m.
□ 140 0
AFTER RECESS
The recess having expired, the House
was called to order by the Speaker pro
tempore (Mr. BOST) at 2 p.m.
On page 2, strike lines 4 through 6 and
insert in lieu thereof: “which are made
available to natives of the country of the
alien’s birth under section 203(a) of the
Immigration and Nationality Act or, if
applicable, from the total number of such
visas which are made available to such na-
tives under section 202(3) of such Act.”.
The committee amendment was
agreed to.
The bill was ordered to be engrossed
and read a third time, was read the
third time, and passed, and a motion
to reconsider was laid on the table.
CONTESTED ELECTION, CARTER
AGAINST LECOMPTE—MES-
SAGE FROM THE CLERK OF THE
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
(H. DOC. NO. 235)
The SPEAKER laid before the
House the following message from
the Clerk of the House of Rep-
resentatives, which was read and,
with the accompanying papers, re-
ferred to the Committee on House
Administration:
JULY 29, 2008.
The Honorable the SPEAKER,
House of Representatives.
SIR: I have the honor to lay before the
House of Representatives the contest for a
seat in the House of Representatives from the
Fourth Congressional District of the State
of Iowa, Steven V. Carter against Karl M.
/H&RPSW H QRWLFH RI ZKLFK KD V EHHQ åOHG LQ
WKHRIåFHRIWKH&OHUNRIWKH+RXVHDQGDOVR
transmit herewith original testimony, pa-
pers, and documents relating thereto.
LEAVE OF ABSENCE
By unanimous consent, leave of ab-
sence was granted to:
Mr. CONYERS (at the request of Mr.
HOYER) for today on account of per-
sonal business.
Mr. ENGEL (at the request of Mr.
HOYER) for today on account of a codel
æLJKWGHOD\
Mr. GENE GREEN of Texas (at the
request of Mr. HOYER) for today on ac-
count of a doctor’s appointment.
Congressional Record 409
Designations; California [Docket No.:
APHIS-2016-0052] received August 8, 2016,
pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); Public
Law 104-121, Sec. 251; (110 Stat. 868); to the
Committee on Agriculture.
6 341. A letter f rom t he Di re ctor, Is su ance s
Staff, Department of Agriculture, trans-
PLWWLQJ WKH 'HSDUWPHQWÖV åQDO UXOH
— Eligibility of Namibia To Export Meat
Products to the United States [Docket No.:
FSIS-2012-0028] (RIN: 0583-AD51) received
July 28, 2016, pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)
(A); Public Law 104-121, Sec. 251; (110 Stat.
868); to the Committee on Agriculture.
[Use the following form if only one commu-
nication is submitted—8 point:]
7147. Under clause 8 of rule
XII, a letter from the Director,
Regulatory Management Division,
Environmental Protection Agency,
transmitting the Agency’V åQDO
rule—(Z)-7,8-epoxy-2-methyloctade-
cane (Disparlure); Exemption from
the Requirement of a Tolerance
[EPA–HQ–OPP–2007–0596; FRL–8367–
7] received June 9, 2016, pursuant to
5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A), was taken from
the Speaker’s table, referred to the
Committee on Agriculture, and or-
dered to be printed.
REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON
PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
Under clause 2 of rule XIV, execu-
tive communications were taken
from the Speaker’s table and referred
as follows:
6340. A letter from the Congressional
Review Coordinator, Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service, Department
of Agriculture, transmitting the
Department’s interim rule — Tuberculosis
in Cattle and Bison; State and Zone
Designations; California [Docket No.:
APHIS-2016-0052] received August 8, 2016,
pursuant to 5 U.S.C. 801(a)(1)(A); Public
Law 104-121, Sec. 251; (110 Stat. 868); to the
Committee on Agriculture.
REPORTS OF COMMITTEES ON
PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
Under clause 2 of rule XIII, reports
of committees were delivered to the
[Follow manuscript as to expressing time of
DGMRXUQPHQWDVRÖFORFNDQGPLQXWHVSP
RUSP@
MOTION TO DISCHARGE
COMMITTEE
MARCH 17, 2008.
TO THE CLERK OF THE HOUSE OF REPRESEN-
TATIVES:
Pursuant to clause 4 of rule XXVII, I,
PERCY J. PRIEST, move to discharge the
Committee on Banking and Currency
from the consideration of the bill
(H.R. 2887) entitled “A bill transfer-
ring certain functions of the Price
Administrator, with respect to petro-
leum and petroleum products, to the
petroleum Administrator for War,”
which was referred to said committee
March 7, 2008, in support of which mo-
tion the undersigned Members of the
+RXVH RI 5HSUHVHQWDWLYHV DIå[ WKHLU
signatures, to wit:
1. Percy J. Priest.
2. Oren Harris. . . .
217. William E. Hess.
218. James G. Polk.
This motion was entered upon the
Journal, entered in the CONGRESSIOAL
RECORD with signatures thereto, and
referred to the Calendar of Motions
To Discharge Committees, February
29, 2008.
House briefs
[The briefs follow at end of day’s proceed-
ings, heads and dashes to be used as shown
here. This data is supplied from the House and
is printed as submitted.]
EXECUTIVE COMMUNICATIONS,
ETC.
Under clause 2 of rule XIV, execu-
tive communications were taken
from the Speaker’s table and referred
as follows:
6340. A letter from the Congressional
Review Coordinator, Animal and Plant
Health Inspection Service, Department
of Agriculture, transmitting the
Department’s interim rule — Tuberculosis
in Cattle and Bison; State and Zone
410 Chapter 19
the Department of Veterans Affairs for
medicines relating to preventive health
services, and for other purposes; to the
Committee on Veterans’ Affairs.
[Use the following form when only one bill
or resolution is submitted:]
Under clause 2 of rule XII:
Mr. FATTAH (for himself and Mr.
WOLF): introduced a bill (H.R. 5158) to
provide for the sealing or expungement
of records relating to Federal nonviolent
criminal offenses, and for other purposes;
which was referred to the Committee
on the Judiciary, and in addition to the
Committees on Agriculture, and Ways
and Means, for a period to be subsequently
determined by the Speaker, in each case
for consideration of such provisions as fall
within the jurisdiction of the committee
concerned.
MEMORIALS
Under clause 3 of rule XII, memo-
rials were presented and referred as
follows:
[Use the following form when submitted
by the Speaker if By the Speaker is not in
manuscript:]
296. The SPEAKER presented a memo-
rial of the Senate of the State of California,
relative to Senate Joint Resolution 26,
calling upon the President of the United
States to encourage the Secretary of the
United States Department of Health and
Human Services to adopt policies to re-
peal the current discriminatory donor
suitability policies of the United States
Food and Drug Administration (FDA) re-
garding blood donations by men who have
had sex with another man and, instead,
direct the FDA to develop science-based
policies such as criteria based on risky
behavior in lieu of sexual orientation; to
the Committee on Energy and Commerce.
297. Also, a memorial of the Senate
of the State of California, relative to
Senate Joint Resolution 29, declaring un-
necessary and unexplained increases in
pharmaceutical pricing is a harm to our
health care system that will no longer be
tolerated because the system cannot sus-
tain it; to the Committee on Energy and
Commerce.
Clerk for printing and reference to
the proper calendar, as follows:
Mr. GOODLATTE: Committee on the
Judiciary. H.R. 5578. A bill to establish
certain rights for sexual assault survi-
vors, and for other purposes (Rept. 114–707,
Pt. 1). Referred to the Committee of the
Whole House on the state of the Union.
Mr. MILLER of Florida: Committee
on Veterans’ Affairs. H.R. 3286. A bill to
encourage effective, voluntary private
sector investments to recruit, employ,
and retain men and women who have
served in the United States military
with annual presidential awards to pri-
vate sector employers recognizing such
efforts, and for other purposes; with an
amendment (Rept. 114–708). Referred to
the Committee of the Whole House on the
state of the Union.
[Use above form also when only one report
is submitted.]
PUBLIC BILLS AND RESOLUTIONS
Under clause 2 of rule XII, public
bills and resolutions of the following
titles were introduced and severally
referred, as follows:
By Mr. SHADEGG:
H.R. 6274. A bill to provide an equivalent
to habeas corpus protection for persons
held under military authority under that
part of Cuba leased to the United States;
to the Committee on the Judiciary, and
in addition to the Committee on Armed
Services, for a period to be subsequently
determined by the Speaker, in each case
for consideration of such provisions as fall
within the jurisdiction of the committee
concerned.
By Mr. ROYCE (for himself, Mr.
ZELDIN, Ms. ROS-LEHTINEN,
Mr. NUNES, Mr. MEADOWS, Mr.
THORNBERRY, Mr. SESSIONS,
Mr. DONOVAN, Mr. MCCAUL,
Mr. DENT, Mr. CHAFFETZ, Mr.
CONAWAY, M r. ROH R A B ACH E R ,
Mr. RIBBLE, Mr. TROTT, Mr.
YOUNG of Iowa, Mr. DESJARLAIS,
Mr. COOK, Mr. PITTENGER,
Mr. DESANTIS, Mr. DUFFY, Mr.
STIVERS, Mr. FITZPATRICK,
Mr. YOHO, Mr. ROTHFUS, Mr.
CHABOT, and Mr. WILLIAMS):
H.R. 5931. A bill to provide for the prohibi-
tion on cash payments to the Government
of Iran, and for other purposes; to the
Committee on Foreign Affairs.
By Ms. DUCKWORTH (for herself and
Mr. ZELDIN):
H.R. 5932. A bill to amend title 38, United
States Code, to eliminate copayments by
Congressional Record 411
[Note.—Set sponsors caps and Members
caps and lower case.]
DISCHARGE PETITIONS
Under clause 2 of rule XV, the fol-
ORZLQJGLVFKDUJHSHWLWLRQVZHUHåOHG
Petition 8, March 12, 2014, by Mr.
BRADLEY S. SCHNEIDER on House
Resolution 490, was signed by the follow-
ing Members: Bradley S. Schneider, Steny
H. Hoyer, James E. Clyburn, Sam Farr,
Sanford D. Bishop, Jr., Joseph Crowley,
Terri A. Sewell, Eddie Bernice Johnson,
Adam B. Schiff, Sander M. Levin, Sheila
Jackson Lee, Nydia M. Vela´zquez,
Rube´n Hinojosa, Zoe Lofgren, Janice D.
Schakowsky, . . .
DISCHARGE PETITIONS—
ADDITIONS OR DELETIONS
The following Members added their
names to the following discharge
petitions:
Petition 1 by Ms. DELAURO on the bill
(H.R. 377): Katherine M. Clark.
Petition 9 by Mr. GARCIA on the bill
(H.R. 15): Rosa L. DeLauro, David Scott,
William L. Enyart, Bennie G. Thompson,
John Conyers Jr., Allyson Y. Schwartz,
Eliot L. Engel, Brad Sherman, Suzan K.
DelBene, Donald M. Payne Jr., Carolyn
McCarthy, Theodore E. Deutch, John
B. Larson, Henry A. Waxman, Emanuel
&OHDYHU*.%XWWHUåHOG$QGUHt&DUVRQ
William R. Keating, Terri A. Sewell, and
Tim Ryan.
The following Member’s name was
deleted from the following discharge
petition:
Petition 1 by Ms. DELAURO on H.R. 377:
Edward J. Markey.
PETITIONS, ETC.
Under clause 3 of rule XII, petitions
and papers were laid on the Clerk’s
desk and referred as follows:
19. The SPEAKER presented a peti-
tion of the City Commission of the City of
Lauderhill, FL, relative to Resolution No.
15R-07-161, condemning the Dominican
Republic’s impending mass deportation of
Haitian immigrants; to the Committee on
Foreign Affairs.
20. Also, a petition of the Oakland County
Board of Commissioners, Oakland County,
MI, relative to Miscellaneous Resolution
No. 15154, objecting to the development of a
nuclear waste repository in close proxim-
ity to the Great Lakes; to the Committee
on Foreign Affairs.
MEMORIALS
Under clause 3 of rule XII,
[Use the following form when only one me-
morial is submitted:]
326. The SPEAKER presented a memo-
rial of the Legislature of the State of
Louisiana, relative to Senate Concurrent
Resolution No. 51 memorializing the
Congress of the United States to estab-
lish a grant program to assist the seafood
industry in St. Tammany, St. Bernard,
Orleans, and Plaquemines parishes; to the
Committee on Financial Services.
PRIVATE BILLS AND
RESOLUTIONS
Under clause 3 of rule XII, private
bills and resolutions of the following
titles were introduced and severally
referred, as follows:
By Mr. GROTHMAN:
H.R. 808. A bill to authorize the
President to award the Medal of Honor to
James Megellas, formerly of Fond du Lac,
Wisconsin, and currently of Colleyville,
Texas, for acts of valor on January 28, 1945,
during the Battle of the Bulge in World War
II; to the Committee on Armed Services.
By Mr. UPTON:
H.R. 809. A bill for the relief of Ibrahim
Parlak; to the Committee on the Judiciary.
[Use the following form when only one bill
or resolution is submitted:]
Under clause 3 of rule XII,
Mr. HUFFMAN introduced a bill (H.R.
6296) For the relief of Yeganeh Salehi
Rezaian; which was referred to the
Committee on the Judiciary.
ADDITIONAL SPONSORS
Under clause 7 of rule XII, sponsors
were added to public bills and resolu-
tions, as follows:
H.R. 27: Mr. RENACCI.
H.R. 169: Mr. REICHERT.
H.R. 213: Mrs. BEATTY and Mr. CONNOLLY,
H.R. 265: Ms. MCCOLLUM,
H.R. 297: Ms. ROYBAL-ALLARD, Ms. KELLY
of Illinois, Mr. FARR, Ms. EDDIE BERNICE
JOHNSON of Texas, Mr. RYAN of Ohio, and Ms.
WILSON of Florida.
412 Chapter 19
AMENDMENTS
Under clause 8 of rule XVIII, pro-
posed amendments were submitted
as follows:
H.R. 5303
OFFERED BY: MR. KILDEE
AMENDMENT NO.: Add at the end the
following:
TITLE V—DRINKING WATER
SEC. 501. DRINKING WATER
INFRASTRUCTURE.
(a) DEFINITIONS.—In this section: . . . .
[Use the following form when only one peti-
tion is submitted:]
Under clause 1 of rule XXII,
139. The SPEAKER presented a peti-
tion of the Council of the District of
Columbia, relative to the Council-adopted
resolution entitled, “National Park
Service-Georgetown Branch Rail Right-
of-Way Acquisition Resolution of 1990”;
which was referred to the Committee on
the District of Columbia.
Congressional Record 413
CONGRESSIONAL RECORD INDEX
General instructions
Set in 7 point on 8 point, Record measure (168 points, 14 picas).
Cap lines or italic lines are set ush le.
Entries are indented 1 em, with overs 2 ems.
Bill introductions are to be identied as to sponsor or cosponsor.
Bullet following page number in index identies unspoken material.
Pages are identied as S (Senate), H (House), and E (Extensions).
Pages in bound Record index are entered numerically, without S, H, or E
prexes.
Abbreviations and acronyms—
(for use on notation of content line)
Abbreviations
Streets: St.; Ave.; Ct.; Dr.; Blvd.; Rd.; Sq.; Ter.
Names: Jr.; Sr.; II (etc.)
Businesses: Co.; Corp. (includes all Federal corporations); Inc.; Ltd.; Bros.
States: See rule 9.13.
Dept. of Agriculture ............................................................................. Sec. of Agriculture.
Dept. of Commerce .............................................................................. Sec. of Commerce.
Dept. of Defense .................................................................................... Sec. of Defense.
Dept. of Education ................................................................................ Sec. of Education.
Dept. of Energy ...................................................................................... Sec. of Energy.
Dept. of Health and Human Services ............................................... Sec. of Health and . . .
Dept. of Homeland Security ............................................................... Sec. of Homeland Security
Dept. of Housing and Urban Development ..................................... Sec. of Housing and . . .
Dept. of the Interior .............................................................................. Sec. of the Interior.
Dept. of Justice ....................................................................................... Attorney General.
Dept. of Labor ........................................................................................ Sec. of Labor.
Dept. of State .......................................................................................... Sec. of State.
Dept. of Transportation ....................................................................... Sec. of Transportation.
Dept. of the Treasury ............................................................................ Sec. of the Treasury.
Dept. of Veterans Aairs ..................................................................... Sec. of Veterans Aairs.
414 Chapter 19
Agency for International Develop ment .......................................................................AID
Acquired immunodeciency syn drome .....................................................................AIDS
American Association of Retired Per sons ..................................................................AARP
American Bar Association .............................................................................................ABA
American Civil Liberties Union ...................................................................................ACLU
American Federation of Labor and Congress of Industrial Organiza tions .........AFL–CIO
American Medical Association .....................................................................................AMA
British Broadcasting Corp .............................................................................................BBC
Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives ............................................ATF
Bureau of Indian Aairs .................................................................................................BIA
Bureau of Land Management ........................................................................................BLM
Bureau of Labor Statistics ...............................................................................................BLS
Cable News Network .......................................................................................................CNN
Cable Satellite Public Aairs Net work ........................................................................C–SPAN
Central Intelligence Agency ..........................................................................................CIA
Civil Service Retirement System ...................................................................................CSRS
Civilian Health and Medical Program of the Uniformed Services .......................CHAMPUS
Commodity Credit Corp ................................................................................................CCC
Commodity Futures Trading Commis sion ................................................................CFTC
Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation and Liability Act ..... CERCLA
Congressional Budget Oce .........................................................................................CBO
Consolidated Omnibus Budget Reconcili ation Act ..................................................COBRA
Consumer Product Safety Commis sion ......................................................................CPSC
Daughters of the American Revolu tion .......................................................................DAR
Deoxyribonucleic acid ....................................................................................................DNA
Disabled American Veterans .........................................................................................DAV
Drug Enforcement Administration .............................................................................DEA
Employee Retirement Income Security Act ...............................................................ERISA
Environmental Protection Agency...............................................................................EPA
Equal Employment Opportunity Com mission .........................................................EEOC
Export-Import Bank of the United States ...................................................................EXIM Bank
Federal Aviation Administration .................................................................................FAA
Federal Bureau of Investigation .................................................................................... FBI
Federal Communications Commis sion ......................................................................FCC
Federal Crop Insurance Corp. .......................................................................................FCIC
Federal Deposit Insurance Corp. ..................................................................................FDIC
Federal Election Commission .......................................................................................FEC
Federal Emergency Management Agency ..................................................................FEMA
Federal Employee Retirement Sys tem .........................................................................FERS
Federal Energy Regulatory Commis sion ....................................................................FERC
Federal Housing Administration .................................................................................FHA
Federal Insurance Contributions Act ..........................................................................FICA
Acronyms
Congressional Record 415
Federal National Mortgage As soc iat ion ......................................................................Fannie Mae
Federal Reserve System ...................................................................................................FRS
Federal Trade Commission ............................................................................................FTC
Food and Drug Administration....................................................................................FDA
General Agreement on Taris and Trade ...................................................................GATT
General Services Administra tion .................................................................................GSA
Government Accountability Oce ..............................................................................GAO
Government Publishing Oce .....................................................................................GPO
Gross national product ...................................................................................................GNP
Health maintenance organiza tion(s) ...........................................................................HMO(s)
Human immunodeciency virus .................................................................................HIV
Internal Revenue Service ................................................................................................IRS
International Business Machines Corp. ......................................................................IBM
International Monetary Fund .......................................................................................IMF
International Trade Commission .................................................................................ITC
Legal Services Corp. ........................................................................................................LSC
Low-Income Home Energy Assistance Pro gram ......................................................LIHEAP
Missing in action .............................................................................................................. MIA(s)
National Aeronautics and Space Admini stration .....................................................NASA
National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ..............................NAACP
National Broadcasting Co. .............................................................................................NBC
National Collegiate Athletic Associ ation ....................................................................NCAA
National Institute of Standards and Technology ......................................................NIST
National Institutes of Health .........................................................................................NIH
National Labor Relations Board ...................................................................................NLRB
National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration ...............................................NOAA
National Railroad Passenger Corp. ..............................................................................Amtrak
National Rie Association .............................................................................................NRA
National Security Council..............................................................................................NSC
National Science Foundation ........................................................................................NSF
National Transportation Safety Board ........................................................................NTSB
North American Free Trade Agree ment .....................................................................NAFTA
North Atlantic Treaty Organiza tion ............................................................................NATO
Nuclear Regulatory Commis sion .................................................................................NRC
Occupational Safety and Health Admini stration .....................................................OSHA
Oce of Management and Budget ...............................................................................OMB
Oce of Personnel Manage ment ..................................................................................OPM
Organization of American States .................................................................................OAS
Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries .....................................................OPEC
Overseas Private Investment Corp. ..............................................................................OPIC
Palestine Liberation Organiza tion ...............................................................................PLO
Parent-Te achers Asso ciation ..........................................................................................PTA
Prisoner of war .................................................................................................................POW
416 Chapter 19
Public Broadcasting Service ..........................................................................................PBS
Racketeer Inuenced Corrupt Organization Act ......................................................RICO
Reserve Ocers’ Training Corps..................................................................................ROTC
Securities and Exchange Commission ........................................................................SEC
Small Business Administration ....................................................................................SBA
Social Security Administration ....................................................................................SSA
Supplemental security income ......................................................................................SSI
Tennessee Valley Authority ...........................................................................................TVA
Trans-Pacic Partnership ..............................................................................................TPP
United Auto Workers ......................................................................................................UAW
United Nations .................................................................................................................U.N.
United Nations Children’s Fund ...................................................................................UNICEF
United Nations Educational, Scientic, and Cultural Organization ....................UNESCO
Veterans of Foreign Wars ...............................................................................................VFW
Voice of America ..............................................................................................................VOA
Women, Infants, and Children Pro gram ....................................................................WIC
World Health Organization ...........................................................................................WHO
Young Men’s Christian Associ ation .............................................................................YMCA
Young Women’s Christian Associ ation .......................................................................YWCA
Spacing
Biweekly Record index folioed in upper right and le corner; no extra
spacing.
Bound Record index folioed in upper right and le corner; no extra
spacing.
History of Bills folioed in upper right and le corner using H.B. numbers;
no extra spacing.
Bound History of Bills folioed in lower right and le corner, rst folio
numerically higher than the last folio of index; no extra spacing.
Capitalization
Capitalize principal words aer these formats:
Addresses
Analyses
Appendices
Articles and editorials
Biographies
Book reviews
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Essays: Voice of Democracy
Eulogies
Congressional Record 417
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Granted
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Lowercase aer these formats:
418 Chapter 19
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Punctuation
Comma precedes folio gures.
If numbers of several bills are given, use this form: (see S. 24, 25); (see H.R.
217, 218), etc.; that is, do not repeat S. or H.R. with each number.
In consecutive numbers (more than two) use an en dash to connect rst with
last: S46–S48, 518–520.
Quotes are used for book titles.
A 3-em dash is used as a ditto for word or words leading up to colon:
Taxation: capital gains rates
——— earned income tax credit
——— r at e s
Congressional Record 419
Roman and italic
Use italic for Members of Congress descriptive data:
COCHRAN, THAD (a Senator from Mississippi);
CONYERS, JOHN, J. (a Representative from Michigan).
Names of vessels in italic:
Brooklyn (U.S.S.);
Savannah (vessel);
Columbia (space shuttle).
Flush cap lines
All cap lines are separate entries. ey are set ush with overs indented 2
ems:
LEAHY, PATRICK (a Senator from Vermont)
YOUNG, DON (a Representative from Alaska)
PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES (Barack Obama)
VICE PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES (Joseph R. Biden, Jr.)
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN AFFAIRS (House)
COMMITTEE ON FOREIGN RELATIONS (Senate)
FARMERS see A
SENATE related term(s) C   S; L
B   G; M  C; V
S
DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR related term(s) B  L
M, B  R
PRESIDENTIAL APPOINTMENTS
VOTES IN HOUSE
VOTES IN SENATE
420 Chapter 19
AARP (ORGANIZATION)
Letters
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Congressional Record 421
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COURTS
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ADRIAN, MI
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ADVANCING AMERICA’S PRIORITIES ACT
Bills and resolutions
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Remarks in Senate
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Remarks in Senate
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ACCESS, COMPARISON, CARE, AND
ETHICS FOR SERIOUSLY ILL PATIENTS
(ACCESS) ACT
Remarks in Senate
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ACCESS FOR ALL AMERICA ACT
Bills and resolutions
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Remarks in Senate
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ACHIEVING OUR IDEA ACT
Remarks in House
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ACKERMAN, GARY L. (a Representative from New
York)
Bills and resolutions cosponsored
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Religion: support spirit of peace and desire for unity
displayed in the letter from leading Muslim schol-
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Bills and resolutions introduced
Syria: express concern regarding continued viola-
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ADAMS, MICHAEL F.
Letters
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ADERHOLT, ROBERT B. (a Representative from
Alabama)
Bills and resolutions cosponsored
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422 Chapter 19
SENATE BILLS
S. 11—A bill to provide liability protection to volun-
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SENATE JOINT RESOLUTIONS
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States to initiate international discussions and take
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In history of bills, sequence is: Senate bills, Senate joint resolutions, Senate
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joint resolutions, House concurrent resolutions, and House resolutions: S.
14, S.J. Res. 7, S. Con. Res. 26, S. Res. 5, H.R. 980, H.J. Res. 9, H. Con. Res. 16,
and H. Res. 50.
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SENATE CONCURRENT
RESOLUTIONS
S. Con. Res. 82—A concurrent resolution supporting
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S. Con. Res. 85—A concurrent resolution authorizing
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Congressional Record 423
S. Con. Res. 85²&RQWLQXHG
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HOUSE BILLS
H.R. 158—A bill to direct the Secretary of the Treasury
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settlement agreement entered into to resolve claims
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Interior to execute and perform the Settlement
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H.R. 6166—A bill to impose certain limitations on the
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425
20. Reports and Hearings
e data for these publications arrives at GPO from many dierent
sources. Congressional committee sta members are responsible for gather-
ing the information printed in these publications.
Report language is compiled and submitted along with the bill language
to the clerks of the respective Houses. e clerks assign the report numbers,
etc., and forward this information to GPO for typesetting and printing. In
many instances the reports are camera-ready copy, needing only insertion
of the assigned report number.
Likewise, hearings are also compiled by committee sta members. e
data or captured keystrokes as submitted by the various reporting services
are forwarded to GPO where the element identier codes are programmati-
cally inserted and galley or page output is accomplished without manual
intervention. It is not cost eective to prepare the manuscript as per the GPO
S M as it is too time-consuming to update and change the data
once it is already in type form. erefore, these publications are to be FIC
& punc., unless specically requested otherwise by the committee. It is not
necessary to stamp the copy. However, style as stated in the following rules
will be followed.
Style and format of congressional reports
Below are rules that should be followed for the makeup of congres-
sional numbered reports. In either Senate or House reports, follow bill style
in extracts from bills. Report numbers run consecutively from rst to sec-
ond session:
1. All excerpts to be set in 10-point type, cut in 2 ems on each side, except
as noted in paragraph 3 below. For ellipses in cut-in matter, lines of ve as-
terisks are used.
2. Contempt proceedings to be considered as excerpts.
3. e following are to be set in 10-point type, but not cut in:
(a) Letters that are readily identied as such by salutation and
signature.
(b) Appendixes and/or exhibits that have a heading readily iden-
tifying them as such; and
426 Chapter 20
(c) Matter printed in compliance with the Ramseyer rule.1
4. All leaderwork and lists of more than six items to be set in 8-point
type.
5. All tabular work to be set in 7-point gothic type.
6. An amendment in the nature of a substitute to be set in 8-point type,
but quotations from such amendment later in the report to be treated as
excerpts, but set full measure (see paragraph 10 below).
7. Any committee print having a report head indicated on original copy to
be set in report type and style.
8. Committee prints not having a report head indicated on original copy
to be set in committee print style; that is, excerpts to be set in 8 point, full
measure.
9. If a committee print set as indicated in paragraph 8 is later submitted
as a report or included in a report, and the type is available for pickup, such
type shall be picked up and used as is in the report.
10. On matter that is cut in on the le only for purposes of breakdown,
no space is used above and below, but on all matter that is cut in on both
sides, 4 points are used above and below. Because of the indentions and the
limited number of element identiers, do not squeeze bills that are submit-
ted as excerpts.
11. In reports of immigration cases, set memorandums in full measure
unless preceded or followed directly by committee language. Memorandums
are indented on both sides if followed by such language. Preparers should in-
dicate the proper indention on copy.
12. Order of printing (Senate reports only): (1) Report, (2) minority or ad-
ditional views, (3) the Cordon rule, 2 (4) appendix (if any).
1 If a House report contains the "Changes in Existing Law" section (in compliance with the Ramsey-
er rule), all main heads within that report should be set in caps and small caps, with secondary heads
set in all small caps.
2 If a Senate report contains the "Changes in Existing Law" section (in compliance with the Cordon
rule) with potential changes in law indicated, all main heads within that report should be set in caps
and small caps, with secondary heads set in all small caps. However, if the "Changes in Existing Law"
section consists of only an explanatory paragraph, all main heads within that report should be set in
all small caps.
Reports and Hearings 427
13. Minority or additional views will begin a new page with 10-point cap
heading. In Senate reports, “Changes in Existing Law” begins a new page
if following “views.” In conference reports, “Joint Explanatory Statement”
begins a new odd page.
14. Minority or additional views are printed only if they have been signed
by the authoring congressperson.
[Sample of excerpt]
In Palmer v. Mass., decided in 1939, which involved the reorganization of
the New Haven Railroad, the Supreme Court said:
The judicial processes in bankruptcy proceedings under sec-
tion 77 are, as it were, brigaded with the administrative processes
of the Commission.
[Sample of an excerpt with an added excerpt]
The Interstate Commerce Commission in its report dated February 29,
1956, which is attached hereto and made a part hereof, states that it has no
objection to the enactment of S. 3025, and states, in part, as follows:
The proposed amendment, however, should be considered to-
gether with the provisions of section 959(b), title 28, United States
Code, which reads as follows:
“A trustee, receiver, or manager appointed in any cause pending
in any court of the United States,” etc.
[Sample of amendment]
On page 6, line 3, strike the words “and the service”, strike all of lines 4, 5,
and 6, and insert in lieu thereof the following:
and, notwithstanding any other provision of law, the service credit
authorized by this clause 3 of rule XIII of the Rule of the House of
Representatives, change shall not—
428 Chapter 20
(A) be included in establishing eligibility for voluntary or in-
voluntary retirement or separation from the service, under any
provision of law;
[Sample of amendment]
The amendments are indicated in the bill as reported and are as follows:
On page 2, line 15, change the period to a colon and add the following:
Provided, That such approaches shall include only those neces-
sary portions of streets, avenues, and boulevards, etc.
On page 3, line 12, after “operated”, insert “free of tolls”.
[Sample of amendment in the nature of a substitute]
The amendment is as follows:
Strike all after the enacting clause and insert the following:
That the second paragraph under the heading “National Park Service” in the
Act of July 31, 1953 (67 Stat. 261, 271), is amended to read as follows: “The
Secretary of the Interior shall hereafter report in detail all proposed awards
of concessions leases and contracts involving a gross annual business of
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thereof, sixty days before such awards are made, to the President of the
Senate and Speaker of the House of Representatives for transmission to the
appropriate committees.”
[Sample of letter inserted in report]
The Department of Defense recommends enactment of the proposed leg-
LVODWLRQDQGWKH2IåFHRI0DQDJHPHQWDQG%XGJHWLQWHUSRVHVQRREMHFWLRQ
as indicated by the following attached letter, which is hereby made a part
of this report:
Reports and Hearings 429
0ARCH 21, 2008.
Hon. NANCY PELOSI,
Speaker of the House of Representatives,
Washington, DC.
0Y DEAR MADAM SPEAKER: There is forwarded herewith a draft of legisla-
tion to amend section 303 of the Career Compensation Act.
*******
Sincerely yours,
DOUGLAS A. BROOK,
□□□□□
Assistant Secretary of the Navy
□□□
(Financial Management).
□
[Sample of cut-in for purposes of breakdown; no spacing above or below]
Under uniform regulations prescribed by the Secretaries concerned, a
member of the uniformed services who—
(1) is retired for physical disability or placed upon the tem-
porary disability retired list; or
(2) is retired with pay for any other reason, or is discharged with
severance pay, immediately following at least eight years of con-
tinuous active duty (no single break therein of more than ninety
days);
may select his home for the purposes of the travel and transportation allow-
ances payable under this subsection, etc.
[Sample of leaderwork]
 $PRQJWKHYHVVHOVPHQWLRQHGDERYHDUHFODVVLåHGDVPDMRUFRPEDW-
ant ships (aircraft carriers through escort vessels), in the following types:
Forrestal-class aircraft carriers ................................................................... 4
Des t r oyers .......................................................................................................... 10
* * * * * * *
Guided- missi le subma ri ne .............................................................................. 1
Total ............................................................................................................ 42
430 Chapter 20
[Sample of sectional analysis]
SECTIONAL ANALYSIS
Section 1. Increase of 1 year in constructive service for promotion
purposes
The principal purpose of the various subsections of section 1 is to provide
D\HDULQFUHDVHIRUPHGLFDODQGGHQWDORIåFHUVLQ  
*******
Subsection 101(a) is in effect a restatement of the existing law
This subsection authorizes the President to make regular appointments
LQWKHJUDGHRIåUVWOLHXWHQDQWWKURXJK  
*******
[Sample of amendment under Ramseyer rule]
CHANGES IN EXISTING LAW
In compliance with clause 3 of rule XII of the Rules of the House of
Representatives, changes in existing law made by the bill, as introduced,
are shown as follows (existing law proposed to be omitted is enclosed in
black brackets, new matter is printed in italic, existing law in which no
change is proposed is shown in roman):
EXPORT CONTROL ACT OF 1949
*******
TERMINATION DATE
SEC. 12. The authority granted herein shall terminate on June 30, [1956]
1959, or upon any prior date which the Congress by concurrent resolution
or the President may designate.
Reports and Hearings 431
[The following examples are for sample purposes only]
[Sample of "Report" Skeleton]
1 If title makes more than three lines in 10-point caps, set in 8-point caps.
2 Must be set as indicated in copy. If illustrations accompany copy and are not ordered to be printed,
do not add with illustrations. Return copy to Production Manager.
3 If the wording in this paragraph is prepared in the singular form, follow.
4 For Senate Committee on Finance and House Committee on Ways and Means, heads are set in bold
caps.
59–006
114
TH
C
ONGRESS
R
EPORT
" !
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
2d Session 114–716
PROVIDING FOR STABILITY OF TITLE TO CERTAIN LANDS
IN THE STATE OF LOUISIANA, AND FOR OTHER PUR-
POSES
S
EPTEMBER
6, 2016.—Committed to the Committee of the Whole House on the State
of the Union and ordered to be printed
Mr. B
ISHOP
of Utah, from the Committee on Natural Resources,
submitted the following
R E P O R T
together with
DISSENTING VIEWS
[To accompany H.R. 3342]
[Including cost estimate of the Congressional Budget Office]
The Committee on Natural Resources, to whom was referred the
bill (H.R. 3342) to provide for stability of title to certain lands in
the State of Louisiana, and for other purposes, having considered
the same, report favorably thereon without amendment and rec-
ommend that the bill do pass.
PURPOSE OF THE BILL
The purpose of H.R. 3342 is to provide for the stability of title
to certain lands in the State of Louisiana.
BACKGROUND AND NEED FOR LEGISLATION
In 1842, the U.S. government completed a survey of lands in
Louisiana that included the area surrounding Lake Bistineau.
Using the results of this survey, Louisiana delineated its ownership
of lands under the Equal Footing Doctrine and transferred 7,000
acres of land around Lake Bistineau to the Commissioners of the
Bossier Levee District in 1901. Three years later, the Commis-
sioners of the Bossier Levee District conveyed this land to private
ownership.
1
2
3
4
432 Chapter 20
1 Use this type and form only on Senate reports. ere is only one calendar in the Senate.
2 Style for led line, if present.
59–010
Calendar No. 584
114
TH
C
ONGRESS
R
EPORT
" !
SENATE
2d Session 114–312
JOHN MUIR NATIONAL HISTORIC SITE EXPANSION ACT
A
UGUST
30, 2016.—Ordered to be printed
Filed, under authority of the order of the Senate of July 14, 2016
Ms. M
URKOWSKI
, from the Committee on Energy and Natural
Resources, submitted the following
R E P O R T
[To accompany H.R. 1289]
The Committee on Energy and Natural Resources, to which was
referred the bill (H.R. 1289) to authorize the Secretary of the Inte-
rior to acquire approximately 44 acres of land in Martinez, Cali-
fornia, and for other purposes, having considered the same, reports
favorably thereon without amendment and recommends that the
bill do pass.
PURPOSE
The purpose of H.R. 1289 is to acquire approximately 44 acres
of land in Martinez, California.
BACKGROUND AND NEED
The John Muir National Historic Site was established by Con-
gress in 1964 (Public Law 88–547) and is located in the San Fran-
cisco Bay Area, in Martinez, California. The historic site preserves
the 14-room Italianate Victorian mansion where the naturalist and
writer John Muir lived, as well as a nearby 325-acre tract of native
oak woodlands and grasslands historically owned by the Muir fam-
ily.
The legislation would authorize the Department of the Interior
to acquire by donation approximately 44 acres for inclusion in the
John Muir National Historic Site. The 44 acres includes adjacent
lands from John Swett’s historic estate, who was also a farmer,
friend, and neighbor of John Muir in the Alhambra Valley hills. Se-
curing this property would benefit the Muir site as it will help pro-
[Sample of "Report" Skeleton]
2
1
Reports and Hearings 433
[Sample of "Report" Skeleton]
1 If copy reads "To make" change to "Making", "To provide" change to "Providing", "To amend"
change to "Amending".
2 Sample of 8-point head.
59–008
114
TH
C
ONGRESS
R
EPORT
" !
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
2d Session 114–724
PROVIDING FOR CONSIDERATION OF THE BILL (H.R. 5063) TO LIMIT DONA-
TIONS MADE PURSUANT TO SETTLEMENT AGREEMENTS TO WHICH THE
UNITED STATES IS A PARTY, AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES
S
EPTEMBER
6, 2016.—Referred to the House Calendar and ordered to be printed
Mr. C
OLLINS
of Georgia, from the Committee on Rules,
submitted the following
R E P O R T
[To accompany H. Res. 843]
The Committee on Rules, having had under consideration House
Resolution 843, by a record vote of 9 to 2, report the same to the
House with the recommendation that the resolution be adopted.
SUMMARY OF PROVISIONS OF THE RESOLUTION
The resolution provides for consideration of H.R. 5063, the Stop
Settlement Slush Funds Act of 2016, under a structured rule. The
resolution waives all points of order against consideration of the
bill. The resolution provides one hour of general debate equally di-
vided and controlled by the chair and ranking minority member of
the Committee on the Judiciary. The resolution makes in order as
original text for the purpose of amendment the amendment in the
nature of a substitute recommended by the Committee on the Judi-
ciary now printed in the bill and provides that it shall be consid-
ered as read. The resolution waives all points of order against that
amendment in the nature of a substitute. The resolution makes in
order only those further amendments printed in this report. Each
such amendment may be offered only in the order printed in this
report, may be offered only by a Member designated in this report,
shall be considered as read, shall be debatable for the time speci-
fied in this report equally divided and controlled by the proponent
and an opponent, shall not be subject to amendment, and shall not
be subject to a demand for division of the question in the House
or in the Committee of the Whole. The resolution waives all points
of order against the amendments printed in this report. The resolu-
tion provides one motion to recommit with or without instructions.
2
1
434 Chapter 20
97–818
114
TH
C
ONGRESS
R
EPORT
" !
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
1st Session 114–376
TRADE FACILITATION AND TRADE ENFORCEMENT ACT
OF 2015
D
ECEMBER
9, 2015.—Ordered to be printed
Mr. B
RADY
of Texas, from the committee of conference,
submitted the following
CONFERENCE REPORT
[To accompany H.R. 644]
The committee of conference on the disagreeing votes of the
two Houses on the amendment of the House to the amendment of
the Senate to the bill (H.R. 644), to reauthorize trade facilitation
and trade enforcement functions and activities, and for other pur-
poses, having met, after full and free conference, have agreed to
recommend and do recommend to their respective Houses as fol-
lows:
That the Senate recede from its disagreement to the amend-
ment of the House to the amendment of the Senate and agree to
the same with an amendment as follows:
In lieu of the matter proposed to be inserted by the House
amendment, insert the following:
SECTION 1. SHORT TITLE; TABLE OF CONTENTS.
(a) S
HORT
T
ITLE
.—This Act may be cited as the ‘‘Trade Facili-
tation and Trade Enforcement Act of 2015’’.
(b) T
ABLE OF
C
ONTENTS
.—The table of contents for this Act is
follows:
Sec. 1. Short title; table of contents.
Sec. 2. Definitions.
TITLE I—TRADE FACILITATION AND TRADE ENFORCEMENT
Sec. 101. Improving partnership programs.
Sec. 102. Report on effectiveness of trade enforcement activities.
Sec. 103. Priorities and performance standards for customs modernization, trade fa-
cilitation, and trade enforcement functions and programs.
Sec. 104. Educational seminars to improve efforts to classify and appraise imported
articles, to improve trade enforcement efforts, and to otherwise facilitate
legitimate international trade.
Sec. 105. Joint strategic plan.
Sec. 106. Automated Commercial Environment.
Sec. 107. International Trade Data System.
Reports and Hearings 435
(157)
JOINT EXPLANATORY STATEMENT OF THE COMMITTEE OF
CONFERENCE
The managers on the part of the House and the Senate at the
conference on the disagreeing votes of the two Houses on the
amendment of the House to the amendment of the Senate to the
bill (H.R. 644), to reauthorize trade facilitation and trade enforce-
ment functions and activities, and for other purposes, submit the
following joint statement to the House and the Senate in expla-
nation of the effect of the action agreed upon by the managers and
recommended in the accompanying conference report:
The Senate amendment struck all of the House bill after the
enacting clause and inserted a substitute text.
The House amendment struck all of the Senate amendment
after the enacting clause and inserted a substitute text.
The Senate recedes from its disagreement to the amendment
of the House with an amendment that is a substitute for the House
amendment and the Senate amendment. The differences between
the Senate amendment, the House amendment, and the substitute
agreed to in conference are noted below, except for clerical correc-
tions, conforming changes made necessary by agreements reached
by the conferees, and minor drafting and clarifying changes.
DIVISION A—TRADE FACILITATION AND TRADE
ENFORCEMENT ACT OF 2015
T
ITLE
I—T
RADE
F
ACILITATION AND
T
RADE
E
NFORCEMENT
SECTION 101
.
IMPROVING PARTNERSHIP PROGRAMS
Present Law
The Customs-Trade Partnership Against Terrorism (C–TPAT),
codified in the Security and Accountability for Every Port Act
(SAFE Port Act) of 2006 (6 U.S.C. 961 et seq.), is a voluntary trade
partnership program in which Customs and Border Protection
(CBP) and members of the trade community work together to se-
cure and facilitate the movement of legitimate trade. Companies
that are members of C–TPAT are considered low-risk, which expe-
dites cargo clearance based on the company’s security profile and
compliance history.
House Amendment
Section 101 requires the Commissioner of CBP to work with
the private sector and other Federal agencies to ensure that all
CBP partnership programs provide trade benefits to participants.
This would apply to partnership programs established before enact-
ment of this bill, and any programs established after enactment. It
establishes elements for the development and operation of any such
partnership programs, which require the Commissioner to: 1) con-
O S \ \OC\
436 Chapter 20
103
E
ARMARK
, L
IMITED
T
AX
B
ENEFITS
,
AND
L
IMITED
T
ARIFF
B
ENEFITS
In compliance with clause 9(e), 9(f), and 9(g) of Rule XXI of the
Rules of the House of Representatives, the conference report and
joint explanatory statement contain no earmarks, limited tax bene-
fits, or limited tariff benefits.
C
ONSTITUTIONAL
S
TATEMENT OF
A
UTHORITY
Congress has the power to enact this legislation pursuant to
the following: Article I, Section 8, Clause 3 of the United States
Constitution.
For consideration of the Senate bill and the House amend-
ments, and modifications committed to conference:
F
RED
U
PTON
,
J
OSEPH
R. P
ITTS
,
L
EONARD
L
ANCE
,
B
RETT
G
UTHRIE
,
A
DAM
K
INZINGER
,
L
ARRY
B
UCSHON
,
S
USAN
W. B
ROOKS
,
B
OB
G
OODLATTE
,
F. J
AMES
S
ENSENBRENNER
, Jr.,
L
AMAR
S
MITH
,
T
OM
M
ARINO
,
D
OUG
C
OLLINS
,
D
AVID
A. T
ROTT
,
M
IKE
B
ISHOP
,
K
EVIN
M
C
C
ARTHY
,
From the Committee on Education and the Workforce, for
consideration of title VII of the House amendment, and
modifications committed to conference:
L
OU
B
ARLETTA
,
E
ARL
L. ‘‘B
UDDY
’’ C
ARTER
,
From the Committee on Veterans’ Affairs, for consider-
ation of title III of the House amendment, and modifica-
tions committed to conference:
G
US
M. B
ILIRAKIS
,
J
ACKIE
W
ALORSKI
,
From the Committee on Ways and Means, for consider-
ation of sec. 705 of the Senate bill, and sec. 804 of the
House amendment, and modifications committed to con-
ference:
P
ATRICK
M
EEHAN
,
R
OBERT
J. D
OLD
,
Managers on the Part of the House.
C
HUCK
G
RASSLEY
,
L
AMAR
A
LEXANDER
,
O
RRIN
G. H
ATCH
,
J
EFF
S
ESSIONS
,
Managers on the Part of the Senate.
Æ
Reports and Hearings 437
FINANCIAL SERVICES AND GENERAL
GOVERNMENT APPROPRIATIONS FOR 2016
HEARINGS
BEFORE A
SUBCOMMITTEE OF THE
COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS
HOUSE OF REPRESENTATIVES
ONE HUNDRED FOURTEENTH CONGRESS
FIRST SESSION
SUBCOMMITTEE ON FINANCIAL SERVICES AND GENERAL GOVERNMENT
APPROPRIATIONS
ANDER CRENSHAW, Florida, Chairman
TOM GRAVES, Georgia
KEVIN YODER, Kansas
STEVE WOMACK, Arkansas
JAIME HERRERA BEUTLER, Washington
MARK E. AMODEI, Nevada
E. SCOTT RIGELL, Virginia
JOSE
´E. SERRANO, New York
MIKE QUIGLEY, Illinois
CHAKA FATTAH, Pennsylvania
SANFORD D. BISHOP, J
R
., Georgia
NOTE: Under Committee Rules, Mr. Rogers, as Chairman of the Full Committee, and Mrs. Lowey, as Ranking
Minority Member of the Full Committee, are authorized to sit as Members of all Subcommittees.
W
INNIE
C
HANG
, K
ELLY
H
ITCHCOCK
,
A
RIANA
S
ARAR
, and A
MY
C
USHING
,
Subcommittee Staff
PART 5 Page
Oversight Hearing: Internal Revenue Service ................. 1
Internal Revenue Service, FY 2016 Budget Request ...... 123
Department of the Treasury ................................................. 205
(
U.S. GOVERNMENT PUBLISHING OFFICE
96–927 WASHINGTON : 2015
438 Chapter 20
COMMITTEE ON APPROPRIATIONS
HAROLD ROGERS, Kentucky, Chairman
RODNEY P. FRELINGHUYSEN, New Jersey
ROBERT B. ADERHOLT, Alabama
KAY GRANGER, Texas
MICHAEL K. SIMPSON, Idaho
JOHN ABNEY CULBERSON, Texas
ANDER CRENSHAW, Florida
JOHN R. CARTER, Texas
KEN CALVERT, California
TOM COLE, Oklahoma
MARIO DIAZ-BALART, Florida
CHARLES W. DENT, Pennsylvania
TOM GRAVES, Georgia
KEVIN YODER, Kansas
STEVE WOMACK, Arkansas
JEFF FORTENBERRY, Nebraska
THOMAS J. ROONEY, Florida
CHARLES J. FLEISCHMANN, Tennessee
JAIME HERRERA BEUTLER, Washington
DAVID P. JOYCE, Ohio
DAVID G. VALADAO, California
ANDY HARRIS, Maryland
MARTHA ROBY, Alabama
MARK E. AMODEI, Nevada
CHRIS STEWART, Utah
E. SCOTT RIGELL, Virginia
DAVID W. JOLLY, Florida
DAVID YOUNG, Iowa
EVAN H. JENKINS, West Virginia
STEVEN M. PALAZZO, Mississippi
NITA M. LOWEY, New York
MARCY KAPTUR, Ohio
PETER J. VISCLOSKY, Indiana
JOSE
´E. SERRANO, New York
ROSA L. D
E
LAURO, Connecticut
DAVID E. PRICE, North Carolina
LUCILLE ROYBAL-ALLARD, California
SAM FARR, California
CHAKA FATTAH, Pennsylvania
SANFORD D. BISHOP, J
R
., Georgia
BARBARA LEE, California
MICHAEL M. HONDA, California
BETTY M
C
COLLUM, Minnesota
STEVE ISRAEL, New York
TIM RYAN, Ohio
C. A. DUTCH RUPPERSBERGER, Maryland
DEBBIE WASSERMAN SCHULTZ, Florida
HENRY CUELLAR, Texas
CHELLIE PINGREE, Maine
MIKE QUIGLEY, Illinois
DEREK KILMER, Washington
W
ILLIAM
E. S
MITH
,Clerk and Staff Director
(II)
Reports and Hearings 439
440 Chapter 20
441
A
Abbreviations and Letter Symbols
(Chapter 9), 221–262
Addresses:
Correspondence (16.3, 16.9–16.16),
313, 315–317
Ordinals (12.10), 278
Signatures, lists of names (9.37, 16.3),
231, 313
Street (9.16–9.19, 13.6), 224–225, 285
Article, section (9.39), 232
Calendar divisions (9.44–9.46, 13.5), 233,
285
Closed up, with periods (9.7), 222
College degrees (9.32, 9.35–9.36), 230,
231
Comma before and aer (8.39), 201
Company, etc. (9.25), 225–226
Not abbreviated (9.26), 226
Compass directionals (9.50), 235
Congressional terms (9.30, 9.41–9.43,
13.11), 230, 232–233, 286
Dates (9.44–9.46, 13.5), 233, 285
Et al., etc. (3.53, 8.59), 41, 205
Figure, not abbreviated (9.40), 232
Foreign countries (9.11), 223
Geographic terms (9.9–9.15), 222–224
Grammatical (7.13), 112
Information technology (9.64), 256
Land descriptions (9.20–9.22, 13.9), 225,
285
Latin (9.63, 11.3), 252–256, 269
Lists (9.61–9.64), 238–261
Measures, weights, etc. (9.5, 9.50–9.59),
221, 235–238
Metric (9.56–9.57), 236–237
Military titles, U.S., 226–230
Money (9.60, 12.9k), 238, 277
Foreign, 339–344
Numerals used with (9.5, 9.51, 13.4), 221,
236, 285
Organized bodies (9.8), 222
Parts of publications (9.38–9.40, 13.10),
231–232, 286
Period used (8.107–8.118), 212–214
Not used (8.119–8.127), 215–216
Preparing copy (2.42), 15
Provinces, etc. (9.13, 9.15), 223, 224
Senator, Representative (9.30), 230
States (9.12–9.13), 223–224
Tabular work (13.4–13.13), 285–286
Technology (9.64), 256–261
Territories and possessions (9.12–9.14),
223–224
Time zones (9.47), 234
Titles, civil and military, (9.25, 9.27, 9.29),
225–230
U.S.:
Before Government or Government
organization (9.9, 13.7), 222–223,
285
As adjective (9.10, 13.7), 223, 285
Vessels (9.27, 11.6–11.7), 226, 269–270
-able, words ending in (5.11, 6.30), 91–93,
105
About is Manual, v
Accents:
Anglicized and foreign words (3.15,
5.3–5.4), 30, 87–88
Geographic names (5.20–5.21), 95
Symbols (10.18), 262
Acronyms, initialisms, and coined words
(9.48, 9.61, 9.64), 234–235, 239–247,
256–261
Congressional Record (Ch. 19), 414–416
Plurals (8.11, 8.13), 195, 196
Act, 45
Adjectives (see also Compounding):
Capitalization (3.6–3.7), 28
Modier (7.7), 111
Nationalities (demonyms) (5.22, Ch. 17),
95, 337–339
Index
[Numbers in parentheses refer to rules; bold indicates chapter heading]
442 Index
Administration, 45
Adverbs ending in -ly (6.20), 102
Advice to Authors and Editors (Chapter
1), 1–5
Air Force, 46, 226–230
Allmark (2.101–2.102, 2.110, 2.113), 22, 23
American National Standards Institute
(ANSI) (2.2, 9.61), 7–9, 239
American Samoa (3.20, Ch. 4, 9.12–9.13,
9.47, Ch. 17), 33, 77, 223–224, 234, 334,
337, 339, 343, 354
Ampersand (&):
Comma omitted before (8.60), 204
Firm names (9.25), 225–226
Index entries (15.27), 310
Anglicized foreign words (3.15, 5.3–5.4), 30,
87–88
ANSI (American National Standards
Institute) (2.2, 9.61), 7–9, 239
Apostrophes and possessives (8.3–8.18),
193–197
Abbreviations (8.11–8.12), 195–196
Authentic form in names to be followed
(8.6), 194
Coined plurals (8.11), 195–196
Contractions (8.11), 195–196
Possessive (8.3–8.10), 193–195
Pronouns (8.8–8.9), 194–195
Spelled-out words (8.13), 196
Appendix:
Abbreviation (9.38), 231
Footnote numbering (15.2), 303
Part of book (2.3n), 10
Plural form (5.10), 90–91
Area:
Abbreviations (9.56–9.58), 236–237
Metric equivalents, 345–347
Army, 47–48, 227–230
Article:
Abbreviation (9.38–9.39), 231–232
Capitalization (3.12–3.13, 3.53), 29–30, 41
Caps and small caps (9.39), 232
Assembly:
Legislative, 66
United Nations (3.18), 31–32, 78
Association (9.25), 225–226
Asterisk(s):
Ellipses (8.80–8.82), 208–209
Footnote reference (13.67–13.68,
15.13–15.14, 15.17), 294, 308, 309
Astronomical:
Bodies, capitalization (3.31), 36
Time (12.9b), 275
Astrophysical abbreviations (9.59), 238
Atomic numbers (10.16), 264
B
Backstrips, run down (2.19), 12
Base lines and meridians, 352–353
Basin, 49, 62
B.C. (9.7, 9.61, 12.9c), 222, 238, 275
Bible, etc. (3.35), 37
Bibliography:
Footnote numbering (15.2), 307
Part of book (2.3m), 10
References (2.128, 8.33, 8.62, 8.75),
25–26, 201, 205–206
Bill style (2.40), 15
Blank pages, avoid more than two (1.15), 2
Board on Geographic Names (5.20–5.21),
95
Boldface:
Page numbers, contents (15.30), 311
Punctuation (8.150), 220
Braces, equations (10.14), 264
Brackets (8.19–8.22, 10.14), 197–198, 264
Dates abbreviated in (9.45), 233
Emphasis added, etc. (8.19, 11.4), 197, 265
Equations (8.21, 10.14), 198, 264
Headnotes (13.87–13.88), 296
More than one paragraph (8.22), 198
Type (8.153), 220
Bylines in parentheses (8.101), 211
C
Calendar divisions:
Abbreviations (9.44–9.46, 13.5), 233, 285
Capitalization (3.24), 34, 50
Index 443
Called, so-called (8.132), 216
Capacity:
Abbreviations (9.56, 9.58), 236, 237
Metric equivalents, 345–346
Capitalization Rules (Chapter 3), 27–43
Addresses, salutations, and signatures
(3.59, 16.2), 42, 313
Articles, denite (3.12–3.13), 29, 30
Calendar divisions (3.24), 34
Common nouns and adjectives (3.6–
3.11), 28–29
Continued (13.37), 290
Countries, domains (3.20–3.21), 32–33
Firm names (Ch. 4), 60–61
First words (3.44–3.49), 40–41
Heads, center and side (3.50–3.58), 41–42
Historic and documentary work (3.40),
39
Historic events (3.33), 36
Holidays, etc. (3.25), 34
Interjections (3.60), 43
Organized bodies (3.18–3.19), 31–32
Particles (3.14–3.17), 30
Proper names (3.3), 27
Derivatives (3.4–3.5), 27
Religious terms (3.35), 37
Scientic names (3.27–3.32), 35–36
Soil orders (3.30), 35
Time zones (Ch. 4), 77
Titles:
Persons (3.36–3.39), 37–38
Publications, etc. (3.40–3.43), 39
Trade names and trademarks (3.26,
Ch. 4), 35, 77
Capitalization Examples (Chapter 4),
45–80
Capitals, foreign (Ch. 17), 327–336
Capitals, U.S. (Ch. 17), 326, 354–374
Capitol (Ch. 4), 51
Caps and small caps:
Abbreviation (1.22), 4–5, 239
Article, section (9.39), 232
Capitalization, in heads (3.50–3.58),
41–42
Congressional Record, (Ch. 19), 382–383
Datelines, addresses, and signatures
(9.37, 16.3), 231, 313
Figure (2.71, 8.116), 18, 214
Heads spaced with regular justication
spaces (2.50), 16
Names, surnames (3.51–3.52), 41
Note (13.74), 294
Quotation marks in (11.10), 271
Use of in hearings (8.19), 197–198
Vessel names (11.6–11.7), 269–270
-cede, -ceed, -sede (5.13), 93
Celsius (9.53, 9.62), 236, 248
Centerheads (see Heads, center and side).
Chair (3.34), 36, 51
Chairman (3.37), 38, 51
Chapter:
Abbreviation (9.38), 231
Alignment, in contents (15.28), 310
Capitalization (3.10), 29
Chemical:
Elements:
Atomic numbers (10.16), 264–265
Compounding (6.43), 108
Numerals (6.43, 10.16), 108, 264–265
Symbols (10.16), 264–265
Formulas (6.44, 11.12, 12.15), 108, 271,
279
Symbols:
Preparing copy (2.34–2.35), 14
Set in roman (10.16), 264–265
Church (3.35), 37
And state (Ch. 4), 50
Ciphers:
Leaderwork (14.7–14.8), 304
Numerals (12.9d), 275
Tabular work (13.29–13.36), 289–290
Citations:
Abbreviations (9.42–9.43, 9.45), 232–233
Biblical, etc. (8.32), 200
Italic (11.3, 11.8), 269, 270
Punctuation (8.100–8.101), 211
Civil and military titles:
444 Index
Abbreviations (9.29–9.37), 226–231
Capitalization (3.34–3.37), 36–38
Plurals (5.8), 89–90
Coast (3.22), 33
Coast Guard (Chs. 4, 9), 45, 52, 226–230
Code (3.38), 39
Colon (3.44–3.45, 3.48, 8.23–8.37), 40,
198–201
Aecting use of numerals (12.8), 274
Aer salutations (8.30, 16.14), 200, 316
Biblical citations (8.32), 200
Bibliographic citations (8.33), 201
Bulleted or enumerated list (8.28),
199–200
Capitalization following (3.44–3.49,
8.24), 40, 198
Ratio (8.36–8.37), 201
Subentries (8.29, 14.15), 200, 305
Combining forms (6.29–6.35), 104–106
Comma (8.38–8.63), 201–205
Chemical formulas (6.44), 108
Compound sentences (8.47), 203
Omitted (8.54–8.63), 204–205
Semicolon, used with (8.148), 219
Commandant (9.30), 230
Commander in Chief (3.37), 37–38
Compounding (6.40), 107
Plural (5.8), 89
Commission (3.18), 31–32
Committee (Ch. 4), 53
Company:
Abbreviation (9.25–9.26), 225–226
Ampersand with (9.25), 225–226
List (Ch. 4), 54, 60
Compass directionals:
Abbreviations (9.50), 235
Capitalization (3.23), 34
Compound words (6.14), 100
Land tract description (9.20–9.21), 225
Punctuation (6.14, 8.61, 9.17, 9.20–9.21,
9.50–9.51), 100, 204, 224–225, 235
Compounding Examples (Chapter 7),
111–192
Compounding Rules (Chapter 6), 97–109
Chemical terms (6.42–6.44), 108
Civil and military titles (6.40–6.41), 105
Fractions (6.38–6.39, 12.26–12.28), 107,
283
General rules (6.4–6.7), 97–98
Improvised compounds (6.46–6.52),
108–109
Numerical compounds (6.36–6.39,
12.9o), 106–107, 278
Prexes, suxes, and combining forms
(6.29–6.35), 104–106
Short prexes (6.7), 98
Scientic and technical terms (6.42–
6.45), 108
Solid compounds (6.8–6.14), 98–100
Unit modiers (6.15–6.28), 100–104
Units of measurement (6.45), 108
Congressional:
Abbreviations (9.41–9.43, 13.11), 232–233,
286
Capitalization (3.18), 31–32
Ordinals (12.10–12.11), 278–279
Congressional Record (Chapter 19),
377–423
Addresses and signatures, 389–390
Call of the House, 388
Capitalization, 379–380
Caps and small caps, 382–383
Committee of the Whole House on the
state of the Union, 404–405
Conference report and statement,
406–407
Credits, 390
Extensions of Remarks, 392
Extracts, 391–392
Figures, 380
Forms of titles, 388–389
General rules, 377–378
In gross or en gros, 382
Italic, 380–381
Miscellaneous, 381–382
Parentheses and brackets, 384–385
Poetry, 390–391
Proceedings:
Index 445
House, 400–404
Senate, 393–399
Punctuation, 383
Samples, 382–412
Speech heads, 392
Tabular matter and leaderwork, 380
Text headings, 392
Title 44, U.S.C., iv, 377
Voting:
House and Committee of the Whole,
385–387
Pairs, 388
Yeas and nays, 387–388
Congressional Record Index, 413–423
Abbreviations and acronyms, 413–416
Capitalization, 416–418
Flush cap lines, 419
General instructions, 413
Punctuation, 418
Roman and italic, 419
Samples, 420–423
Spacing, 416
Congressional work:
Back title, 436, 438
Cover and title pages, 431–434, 437,
439–440
Joint explanatory statement, 435
Reports and hearings (2.39, Ch. 20), 15,
425–440
Consonants:
A, an, before (5.16–5.19), 94
Doubled (5.14–5.15), 94
Hyphen, to avoid tripling (6.7), 98
Contents (15.20–15.30), 309–311
Part of book (2.3i, 2.12), 10, 11
Type (15.28–15.30), 310–311
Contractions, apostrophe to indicate
(8.11–8.12), 195–196
Copy (see also Preparing copy):
Blank pages, avoid more than two (1.15),
2
Corrections marked (1.19–1.20), 2
Covers to be indicated (1.13), 2
Fold-ins, avoid use of (1.14), 2
Folioing looseleaf or perforated work
(1.12), 2
Footnote references (1.7), 1
Illustrations:
Instructions (1.8), 1
Position (1.8), 1
Separate sheets (1.8), 1
Legible (1.2), 1
Numbering (1.3), 1
Paper stock (1.16), 2–3
Paragraph, begin with (1.4), 1
Proofreader’s marks (1.22), 4–5
Proper names, signatures, etc., plainly
marked (1.5), 1
Reprint, in duplicate (1.3), 1
Style sheets furnished (1.11), 2
Trim size (1.11, 1.17), 2
Typewritten, one side only (1.3), 1
Cordon rule (Ch. 20), 426 fn.
Corrections:
Author’s (1.19–1.20), 2
Proofreading (2.79–2.80), 19
Counties and geographic divisions,
354–374
Common misspellings, 374–375
Cover:
Kind to be indicated (1.13, 2.5), 2, 11
Report sample, 9
Crown (3.37, Ch. 4), 37–38, 56
Currency (see also Money), 339–344
D
Dagger (13.67–13.68, 15.14), 294, 308
Dash (8.64–8.79), 205–208
Em dash (8.64–8.75), 205–206
En dash (8.76–8.79), 207
Figures, letters (8.76–8.77, 12.7), 207,
274
Not to be used for and (8.79), 208
Not to be used for to (8.78, 13.110),
208, 299
Proportion (8.36), 201
Date columns (see Tabular work).
446 Index
Datelines, Addresses, and Signatures
(Chapter 16), 313–324
Dates:
Abbreviations (9.44–9.46, 13.5), 233, 285
A.D., B.C. (8.56, 12.9c), 204, 275
Commas with (8.53, 8.56, 12.9c), 203,
204, 275
En dash (8.77–8.79, 12.9c), 207–208, 275
Ordinals in (12.11), 278
Roman numerals (12.29), 284
Tabular work (13.5), 285
Days:
Abbreviations (9.46), 233
Holidays, etc. (3.25), 34
Decimal inches, converted to (Chapter 17),
347
Decimals:
Alignment (2.28, 13.31), 13, 289
Ciphers with (13.29–13.33), 289
Comma omitted (8.58), 204
Used with numerals (12.9d), 275
Decorations, medals, etc. (Chapter 4), 56
Decree:
Executive (Chapter 4), 60
Royal (3.40), 39, 57
Degree mark:
Repeated (10.6), 263
Spacing (12.9f), 276
With gures (9.50–9.51, 9.53, 10.6, 12.9f),
235–236, 263, 270
Degrees (scholastic, etc.):
Abbreviations (9.32, 9.33, 9.35–9.36), 230,
231
Capitalization (9.36), 231
Closed up (9.7), 222
Sequence of (9.35), 231
Deity, words denoting (3.35, Ch. 4), 37, 55
Demonyms (nationalities, American)
(5.22–5.24, Ch. 17), 96–97, 337–339
Derivatives:
Compounds (6.6), 98
Proper names (3.4 –3.5, Ch. 4), 27, 57
Scientic names (3.27–3.29), 35
Devil, etc. (3.35), 37
Diacritical and writing marks (5.3–5.4,
5.25), 87–88, 96
Dimensions (12.9j), 276–277
Diseases and related terms (3.32, Ch. 4),
36, 58
Do. (ditto):
Leaderwork (14.4, 14.6), 303–304
Tabular work (13.41–13.50), 290–291
Dollar:
Abbreviation (9.60, 10.6), 238, 263
Leaderwork (14.7–14.8), 304
Tabular work (13.51–13.56), 292
Dr. (9.29, 9.33), 226, 230
Not used with other titles (9.33), 230
E
Earth (3.31), 36
Editorial marks (illustration) (1.22), 4–5
Editors and authors, suggestions (1.1–1.21),
1–3
E.g. (9.7, 9.63), 222, 253
Ellipses (8.80–8.86), 208–209
Email, email (Ch. 4, 11.16), 59, 272
Emphasis, italic not used (11.2), 269
Emphasis added, etc. (11.4), 269
Equations (10.8–10.15), 264
Esq., abbreviation (8.43, 9.32–9.33, 9.37,
16.3, 16.12, 16.19), 200, 230, 231, 313,
316, 317
Et al. (9.63), 253
Et cetera, etc. (2.29, 9.63), 13, 253
Et seq. (9.63, 11.3), 252, 269
Even space aer sentences (2.49), 16
Ex- (6.34), 105
Exclamation point (8.87–8.89), 209–210
Extracts:
Footnotes (15.8), 307–308
Quotation marks omitted (2.23), 12
F
Fahrenheit (9.53, Ch. 17), 235–236, 345
False title (2.3a), 10
Federated States of Micronesia (9.12, 9.13, Ch.
17, Ch. 18), 223–224, 332, 338, 342, 356
Index 447
FIC & punc. (2.29, 2.39, 2.41), 13, 15
Figure (2.70, 3.10), 18, 29
Not abbreviated (9.40), 232
Period not used at end (8.116), 214
Figures (see Numerals).
Firm names (see also Company) (Ch. 4), 60
First words capitalized (3.44–3.49), 40–41
Flush heads (see Heads, center and side).
Fol. lit. (2.39, 12.1), 15, 273
Fold-ins, oversize, avoided (1.14), 2
Footnotes, Indexes, Contents, and
Outlines (Chapter 15), 307–312
Footnotes and reference marks (15.1–
15.19), 307–309
Comma not used (8.54, 15.19), 204,
309
Follows punctuation (15.18), 309
Footnote added (2.95), 21
Footnote eliminated (2.94g), 21
Run across (1.7, 13.71), 1, 294
Sequence (15.14), 308
Superior gures (13.67, 15.12), 294, 308
in space (15.12), 308
Indexes and tables of contents (15.20–
15.30), 309–311
Leaderwork (14.11–14.13), 305
Outlines (15.31), 311–312
Tabular work (13.65–13.84), 293–295
Text (15.1–15.19), 307–309
Foreign:
Countries:
Abbreviations (9.11), 223
Capital cities (Ch. 17), 327–336
Currency (Ch. 17), 339–344
Heads of state (Ch. 17), 327–336
Money, abbreviations (9.60), 238
Nationalities (demonyms) (Ch. 17),
337–339
Rivers (Ch. 18), 353
Words:
Accents (5.3–5.4), 87–88
Compounding (6.24), 103
Italic (11.2), 269
Foreword (2.3f), 10
Fort (Ch. 4), 62
Not abbreviated (9.19), 225
State name with (9.12), 223
Fractions (12.26–12.28), 283
Comma omitted (8.58, 12.9e, 12.27), 204,
276, 283
Hyphen in (6.38–6.39, 12.27), 107, 283
Land descriptions (9.20–9.22), 225
Spelled out (6.38, 12.26), 107, 283
Tabular work (13.85–13.86), 295–296
Alignment (13.63), 293
Franking privilege (2.127), 25
Frontispiece (2.3b), 10
-ful, words ending in (5.9, 6.30), 90, 105
G
General Instructions (Chapter 2), 7–26
Geologic Terms and Geographic
Divisions (Chapter 18), 349–375
Geographic divisions, 352
Geographic terms (Ch. 4), 62
Geologic terms, 349
Gospel, etc. (3.35, Ch. 4), 37, 63
Government(s) (3.9, 3.21, Ch. 4), 28, 32–33,
60
Departments, capitalization (3.18), 31–32
Foreign (Ch. 17), 327–336
Governor (3.36), 37
GPO’s Digital Information Initiatives, ix
Gravity terms (9.53), 235–236
Guam (3.20, 4, 9.13–9.14, Ch. 17), 33, 77,
223–224, 337, 341, 358
H
Halitle:
Imprint (2.115), 23
Part of book (2.3j), 10
H-bomb, H-hour (Ch. 4, 6.51), 64, 109
Heads, center and side:
Capitalization (2.31, 3.50–3.58), 14,
41–42
Tabular work (13.25–13.27), 288
Heads of state, foreign (Ch. 17), 327–336
Hearings (see Reports and Hearings).
448 Index
Holidays, etc. (3.25), 34
Holy Scriptures, etc. (3.35, Ch. 4), 37, 62
Honorable, etc. (9.31), 230
House (Ch. 4), 64–65
Hyphen (see also Compounding Rules):
Chemical formulas (6.43–6.44), 108
Civil and military titles (5.8, 6.40),
89–90, 107
Compass directionals (6.14), 100
Division at end of line (8.91), 210
Fractions (6.38–6.39, 12.26–12.28), 105,
283
Numerical compounds (6.36–6.39,
12.9o), 106–107, 278
Prexes, suxes, and combining forms
(6.7, 6.29–6.35, 7.9–7.10), 98, 104–106,
112
Scientic terms (6.42–6.44), 108
State abbreviations (8.76, 9.12), 207, 223
Unit modiers (6.15–6.28), 100–104
Not used when meaning is clear (6.16),
101
I
Ibid, id. (9.63, 11.3), 253, 269
-ible, words ending in (5.11, 6.30), 91–93,
105
i.e. (9.7, 9.63), 222, 253
Illustrations:
Makeup (2.3i, 2.12, 2.18), 10, 11, 12
Separate sheets (1.8), 1
Imprints (2.111–2.122), 23–24
Signature marks (2.99–2.110), 22–23
Improvised compounds (6.46–6.52),
108–109
Inches, picas converted to (Ch. 17), 347
Indents (see also Overruns) (2.59–2.65),
17–18
Datelines, addresses, and signatures
(16.5–16.28), 313–324
Do. (13.41–13.50), 290–291
Extracts (2.23), 12
Footnote tables (13.83), 295
Hanging (2.62–2.63), 17
Heads (2.64–2.65), 18
Paragraphs (2.59–2.60), 17
Index (15.20–15.30), 309–311
Entries (15.27), 310
Part of book (2.3o), 10
Plural form (5.10), 90–91
Roman numerals (15.22), 309
See, see also (11.11, 15.20), 271, 309
Inferior gures and letters:
Chemical elements (6.43), 108
Chemical formulas (10.16, 11.12, 12.15),
264, 271, 279
Equations (10.8), 264
Italic (10.8, 11.12), 264, 271
Precede superiors (10.15), 264
Preparing (2.34), 14
Information technology acronyms (9.64),
256–261
Infra:
Italic (11.3), 269
Not abbreviated (9.49), 235
Integral sign (10.14), 264
Interjections:
Capitalization (3.60), 43
Exclamation point (8.87–8.89), 209–210
Internet, internet (Ch. 4), 65
Introduction (2.3f), 10
-ise, -ize, -yze (5.12), 93
Italic (Chapter 11), 269–272
Aircra (11.6), 269–270
Ante, post (11.3), 269
Continued from (11.11), 271
Credit line (8.66), 205
Datelines, addresses, and signatures
(16.5–16.26), 313–323
Emphasis (11.2), 269
Equations (10.7–10.8, 11.12–11.13), 264,
271–272
Fol. lit., etc. (2.39), 15
Foreign words, etc. (11.2–11.3), 269
Inferior letters (10.8, 11.12), 264, 271
Infra, supra (11.3), 269
Italic supplied, etc. (11.4), 269
Legal cases (11.8), 270
Legends (2.72, 11.14), 18, 272
Index 449
nth degree (11.12), 267
Not used for (11.2), 269
Paragraphs and sections, indicating
(11.15), 272
Provided, Resolved, etc. (3.49, 11.11),
40–41, 271
To be followed (11.5), 269
Publications, titles of (11.2), 269
Salutations (8.30, 16.14), 200, 316
Scientic names (11.9–11.10), 271
See, see also (11.11, 15.20), 271, 305
Symbols (2.73, 11.12–11.14), 18, 271–272
Tabular work (13.94–13.95), 297
Units of quantity (13.122, 14.14), 302, 305
v. (11.8), 270
Vessels (11.6–11.7, 13.94), 269–270, 297
x dollars (11.12), 271
-ize, -ise, -yze (5.12), 93
J
Journals (2.2), 8
Jr., Sr.:
Abbreviation (9.32, 9.34), 230
Index entries (15.27), 310
Punctuation (8.43, 9.34), 202, 230
Type (9.37, 16.3), 231, 313
K
King (3.36), 37
Known as (8.132), 216
L
Land area abbreviations (9.56), 236–237
Land descriptions (9.20–9.22, 12.9f), 225,
276
Latin abbreviations (9.63, 11.3), 252–256,
269
Latitude, longitude:
Abbreviated (9.51, 13.9), 235, 285
Division at end of line (9.52), 235
Spaces omitted (9.51, 12.9f), 235, 276
Law (3.40), 39
Leaders:
Abbreviation before (8.127, 13.13), 216,
286
Leaderwork (14.1), 303
Tabular work (13.96–13.100), 297–298
Leaderwork (Chapter 14) (see also Tabular
Work), 303–306
Bearo (14.2), 303
Clears (14.9), 304
Columns (14.3–14.4), 303–304
Continued heads (14.5), 304
Denition (14.1), 303
Do. (14.6), 304
Dollar mark and ciphers (14.7–14.8), 304
Double up (14.19), 306
Examples (14.15–14.20), 305–306
Flush items and subheads (14.9–14.10),
304
Footnotes (14.11–14.13), 305
Units of quantity (14.14–14.20), 305–306
Leading and spacing (2.47–2.58), 16–17
Leading:
Datelines, addresses, and signatures
(16.4), 313
Extracts (2.53–2.56), 16–17
Footnotes (2.57), 17
Legends (2.57), 17
Line of stars (8.83), 209
Page, section, etc., over gure columns
(15.21), 305
Tabular work, boxheads (13.18–13.21),
286
Tabular work, centerheads (13.25,
13.28), 288
Tabular work, footnotes (13.65–13.84),
293–295
Spacing:
Abbreviations with points (9.6), 221
Ampersand (9.7), 222
Article, section (9.39), 232
Citations (8.32), 200
Clock time (8.31, 12.9b), 200, 275
Colon (8.23–8.37), 198–201
Datelines, addresses, and signatures
(16.4), 313
450 Index
Degrees, academic (9.7, 9.32–9.33,
9.35–9.37), 222, 230, 231
Ellipses (8.80–8.86), 208–209
Footnote references (8.54, 15.12,
15.19), 204, 308–309
Footnote symbols (13.68, 15.12–15.13),
294, 304
Heads, center, side (2.50), 16
Initials, personal name (9.7), 222
Letters or gures in parentheses (2.39,
8.98), 15, 211
Mathematical signs (10.3), 263
Names, space aer in small cap heads
(3.14–3.17, 3.51–3.52), 30–31, 41
Particles (3.52), 41
Question mark (8.128–8.130), 216
Quotation marks (8.131–8.147),
216–219
Section mark (10.6), 263
Stars (8.83), 209
Symbols with gures (10.6), 263
Legal cases:
Capitalization (3.12), 29
Italic (11.8), 270
Legends (2.66–2.72), 18
Italic symbols (2.72, 11.14), 18, 272
Leading (2.57), 17
Makeup (2.67, 2.71, 2.94f), 18, 21
Punctuation (2.69, 8.116), 18, 214
Type (2.68), 18
Legislative bodies, foreign (Ch. 17), 327–336
Letter of transmittal (2.3e), 10
Looseleaf work, “blue” folios marked (1.12),
2
-ly, words ending in (6.20), 102
M
M., Mlle., etc. (9.29), 226
Magnication symbol (10.3), 263
Magnitudes (9.59), 238
Makeup (2.3–2.19), 10–12
Backstrips, run down (2.19), 12
Facing pages (2.7), 11
Fold-ins to be avoided (1.14), 2
Footnotes:
Leaderwork (14.11–14.13), 305
Tabular references repeated (2.13,
13.69), 11, 294
Tabular sample (14.15), 301
Tabular work (2.96), 21
Text (15.9–15.11), 308
Illustrations (2.66–2.72), 18
Parts of book (2.3), 10
Roman numerals (2.4), 11
Running heads and folios (2.9–2.10), 11
Signature marks, imprints, etc. (2.99–
2.126), 22–25
Signatures, jobs over 4 pages (1.15), 2
Sink (2.8), 11
Title pages (2.5), 11
Widow lines (2.6), 11
Marine Corps (3.18, Ch. 4, Ch. 9), 31, 67,
226–230
Market grades (3.26), 35
Marshall Islands (9.12, 9.13, Ch. 17),
223–224, 332, 338, 342, 361
Mathematical equations (10.8–10.15), 264
Signs (10.2, 10.3, 10.18), 263, 266
Measurement:
Abbreviations (9.56–9.58), 236–238
Conversion table (Ch. 17), 347
Metric equivalents (Ch. 17), 345–347
Numerals (12.9j), 276–277
Symbols (9.62), 248–252
Medals (see Decorations).
Meridians and base lines (Ch. 18), 352–353
Messrs. (9.29), 226
Meteorology signs/symbols (10.18),
266–268
Metric:
Abbreviations (9.56–9.57), 236–237
Equivalents (Ch. 17), 345–346
Military:
Dates (8.56, 12.9c), 204, 275
Installations, State name with (9.12), 223
Time (12.9b, 12.14), 275, 279
Titles:
Abbreviations (Ch. 9), 226–230
Index 451
Capitalization (3.36), 37
Enlisted rank, 228–230
Ocer rank, 226–228
Units, ordinals used (12.10), 278
Millimeters, converted to (Ch. 17), 341
Million, etc.:
Roman numerals (12.29), 284
Use of gures with (12.24), 282–283
Minute:
Abbreviation (9.58), 238
Latitude, longitude (9.51–9.52, 12.9f),
235, 276
Time (12.9b, 12.9n), 275, 277
Astronomical (9.59, 12.9b), 238, 275
Money:
Abbreviations and symbols (9.60, 12.9k,
Ch. 17), 238, 277, 339–344
Decimals (12.9k), 277
Fractions (12.26–12.28), 283
Months:
Abbreviations (9.44–9.45, 13.5), 233, 285
mo (9.58), 238
Punctuation (8.53, 8.77–8.79, 12.9c), 203,
207, 275
Moon (3.31), 36
Signs (10.18), 266–268
Mount, not abbreviated (9.19), 225
Mr., Mrs.:
Abbreviation, when used (9.29), 226
Type (9.37, 16.3), 231, 313
With other abbreviations (9.33), 230
Mr. Chairman, etc. (3.37), 38
N
Names (see Personal names, Natives).
Nation, etc. (3.20–3.21), 32–33
Nationalities (see Demonyms).
Natives:
Foreign countries (Ch. 17), 337–339
States, U.S. (5.23–5.24), 95–96
Nature (3.34), 36
Navy, Naval, etc. (3.18, Ch. 4, Ch. 9), 31,
68–69, 226–230
Near East (3.22), 33
Newspapers:
Capitalization (3.40), 39
Datelines (16.8), 315
Italic not used (11.2), 269
No., Nos. (9.38), 231
Not abbreviated (13.22), 287
Northern Mariana Islands (9.12–9.13, Ch.
17), 223–224, 342, 367
Note (1.22, 8.111, 13.53, 13.74), 5, 213, 292,
294
Nouns:
Capitalization (3.6–3.11, 3.50), 28–29, 41
Compounding (6.8–6.11), 98–99
Nationalities, foreign (Ch. 17), 337–339
Plural forms (5.5–5.10), 88–91
States, natives of (5.23), 95
nth degree (11.12), 271
Number:
Abbreviation (see No.).
Chemical elements (10.16), 264–265
Mark (#) (10.6, 10.18, 15.15), 263,
266–268, 308
Numerals (Chapter 12), 273–284
Age (12.9a), 274
Beginning a sentence (12.16), 280
Related numerals (12.25), 283
Chemical elements (6.43, 10.16), 108,
264–265
Chemical formulas (6.44, 12.15), 108, 279
Clock time (9.54, 12.9b), 236, 275
Colon aecting use (12.8), 274
Compound (6.36–6.39), 106–107
Dates (see Dates).
Decimals (12.9d), 275
Degrees (12.9f), 276
Equations (10.8–10.15), 264
Expressed in gures (12.4–12.13),
273–279
Formal writing (12.19), 281
Fractions (see Fractions).
Game scores (12.9g), 276
Hearings, etc. (12.17), 280
Indenite expressions (12.22), 281–282
Land descriptions (9.21), 225
452 Index
Large numbers (12.20, 12.24), 281–283
Market quotations (12.9h), 276
Mathematical expressions (12.9i), 276
Measurement and time (12.9a–12.9o),
274–278
In relation to other gures (12.6), 274
Money (9.60, 12.9k), 238, 277
Ordinals (see Ordinals).
Percentage (12.9l), 277
Proportion or ratio (12.9m), 277
Punctuation (8.52, 8.113–8.114, 12.14),
203, 214, 279
Roman (see Roman numerals).
Serial (12.7), 274
Single:
10 or more (12.4), 273
Under 10 (12.23), 282
Unit of measurement, etc. (12.6), 274
Spelled out (12.16–12.25), 276, 280–283
Tabular work (13.101), 298
Time (12.9n), 277
Unit modiers (6.23, 6.36–6.37, 6.39,
12.9o), 103, 106, 107, 278
Vitamins (12.9p), 278
With abbreviations (9.5, 13.4), 221, 285
O
O, Oh:
Capitalization (3.60), 43
Exclamation point (8.88–8.89), 209–210
-o, words ending in (5.5), 88
Occident, etc. (3.22–3.23), 33–34
O’clock (9.55, 12.9b), 236, 275
Oce (3.18), 31–32, 69
Op. cit. (11.3), 222, 245, 254, 269
Order (3.40), 39
Ordered (3.49, 11.11), 41, 271
Ordinals (12.10–12.13, 13.101), 278–279, 298
Beginning with 10th (12.13), 279
In relation to other ordinals or numerals
(12.11), 278–279
Leaderwork (12.13), 279
Military units (12.10), 278
Street address (12.13, 13.6), 279, 285
Tabular work (12.13, 13.102), 279, 298
Outlines:
Indents (15.31), 311–312
Numbering sequence (15.31), 311–312
Overruns (see also Indents):
Center, side heads (2.64–2.65), 18
Datelines, addresses, and signatures
(16.5, 16.26), 313–314, 320–324
Hanging indents (2.61–2.62), 17
Indexes (15.23–15.25), 309–310
Leaderwork (14.4), 303–304
Paragraphs (2.59–2.65), 17–18
Tabular work (13.89–13.93), 296–297
Total, mean, and average lines
(13.91–13.93), 296–297
P
Pact (3.40), 39
Page (3.10), 29
Abbreviation (9.38), 231
Numbers (2.4, 15.22, 15.30), 11, 309, 311
Palau (9.12–9.13, Ch. 17, Ch. 18), 223–224,
333, 338, 342, 368
Paper stock (1.16), 2–3
Paragraph (3.8), 29
Abbreviation (9.38), 231
Mark (¶) (10.6), 263
Paragraphs:
Brackets, more than one paragraph
(8.22), 198
Indents (2.60–2.61), 17–18
Overruns (2.61–2.62), 17
Italic letters indicating (11.15), 272
Numbering sequence (8.112), 213–214
Parentheses (8.95–8.106), 210–212
Abbreviations in (9.2), 221
Citations or references (9.45), 233
Congressional (9.41–9.43), 232–233
Latitude, longitude (9.51), 235
Parts of publications (9.38), 231
Steamships, railroads (9.27), 226
Alignment in tables (13.59, 13.63), 293
Byline (8.105), 212
Chemical formulas (6.44), 108
Index 453
Clauses (8.96), 210
Closed up (2.41, 8.98, 8.102), 15, 211
Column numbers or letters (13.23), 287
Enclose letters or gures (8.98), 211
Equations (10.14), 264
Explanatory word (8.97), 211
More than one paragraph (8.106), 212
Not part of main statement (8.95), 210
Paragraph sequence (8.112), 213–214
Type (8.153), 220
Verifying numbers (8.99, 12.18), 211, 280
With punctuation (8.100–8.102), 211–212
Part (3.9), 29
Abbreviation (9.38), 231
Particles (3.14–3.17), 30–31
Parts of books:
Abbreviations (9.38–9.40), 231–232
Capitalization (3.9, 3.40–341), 29, 39
Makeup (2.3), 10
Quotation marks (8.133), 217
Percent (5.2), 83
Mark (10.18, 15.15), 267, 304
Use of gures (12.9l), 277
Period (8.107–8.127), 212–216
Abbreviations (8.115, 9.6–9.7), 214,
221–222
Aer article, section, etc. (8.117), 214
Boxheads (8.119), 215
Decimals (8.113, 12.9d, 13.29–13.32), 214,
275, 285
Declarative sentence (8.107), 212
Ellipses (8.80–8.86), 208–209
Explanatory matter within parentheses
(8.126), 215
Indirect question (8.108), 212
In lieu of parentheses (8.109), 213
Inside-outside quotation marks (8.138–
8.139), 218
Legends (2.70, 8.116), 18, 214
Letters used as names (8.121), 215
Metric abbreviations (9.56–9.57),
236–237
Middle initial not abbreviation (8.122),
214
Multiplication (8.118), 214
Omitted (8.119–8.127, 9.3, 13.13, 15.23),
215–216, 221, 286, 309–310
Overruns, in indexes (15.23), 309–310
Roman numerals (8.124), 215
Run-in sideheads (8.111), 213
Short name not abbreviation (8.123,
9.23), 215, 225
Symbols (8.119), 215
To indicate thousands (8.114), 214
Words and incomplete statements
(8.125), 215
Periodicals, titles of:
Capitalization (3.40–3.41, 3.43), 39
Italic not used (11.2), 269
Makeup (2.2–2.3), 7–10
Personal names:
Abbreviations followed (8.123, 9.23–
9.24), 215, 225
Initials set without space (8.43, 9.7, 9.34),
202, 222, 230
Particles (3.14–3.17), 30–31
Variations (8.123, 9.23–9.24), 215, 225
Personication (3.34), 36
Physics, signs and symbols (10.18), 266–268
Physiographic regions (Ch. 18), 350–351
Pica conversion table (Ch. 17), 347
Pickup matter (2.32), 14
Correcting (2.44), 16
Place:
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 285
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 279, 285
Planets (3.31), 36
Plate (3.10), 29
Abbreviation (9.38), 231
Numbers aligned (15.28), 310
Plurals:
Apostrophe (8.7, 8.11), 194, 195–196
Coined (8.11), 195–196
Common noun as part of proper name
(3.9), 29
Compound words (5.6–5.8), 87–88
Irregular (5.10), 90–91
Latin names (3.29), 35
454 Index
Letters and gures (8.11), 195–196
Nouns ending in -ful (5.9), 90
Nouns ending in -o (5.5), 88
Word plurals (8.13), 196
Poetry:
Capitalization of titles (3.40), 39
Congressional Record (Ch. 19), 390–391
Credit line (8.70), 206
Quotation marks (3.40, 8.133), 39, 217
Point, not abbreviated (9.19), 225
Points, converted to (Ch. 17), 347
Political parties (3.18, Ch. 4), 31–32, 68
Adherents (3.19, Ch. 4), 32, 68
Port, not abbreviated (9.19), 225
Possessions, U.S. (9.12–9.14, Ch. 18),
223–224, 354–374
Possessives and apostrophes (see
Apostrophes and possessives).
Post (11.3), 269
Post Oce (Ch. 4), 71
Box, as part of address (Ch. 4), 71
Directory of Post Oces (5.20), 95
ZIP Code numbers (8.55, 16.1), 204, 313
Pound mark (see Money, Number).
Preface (2.3g, 2.12), 10, 11
Prexes (6.7, 6.29–6.35), 98, 104–106
Metric (9.56), 236–237
Preliminary pages (2.3–2.4), 10–11
Roman numerals for (2.4), 11
Preparing copy:
Abbreviations spelled out (2.42), 15
Bills (2.40), 15
Capitalization (2.26, 2.36), 13, 14
Copy kept clean (2.45), 16
Cut-in notes (2.33), 14
Datelines, addresses, and signatures
(2.27), 13
Addresses (16.9–16.16), 315–317
Datelines (16.5–16.8), 313–315
Signatures (16.17–16.28), 317–324
Decimals (2.28), 13
Et cetera, etc. (2.29), 13
Extracts (2.23), 12
FIC & punc., Fol. lit. (2.39–2.41), 15
Figures (2.25, 2.39), 13, 15
Folioing and stamping (2.30), 14
Footnotes and reference marks:
Tabular work (13.65–13.84), 293–295
Text (15.1–15.19), 307–309
Heads (2.31, 3.50–3.58), 14, 41–42
Instructions to be followed (2.41, 11.5),
15, 269
Italic (2.27, 2.39, Ch. 11), 13, 15, 269–272
Pickup (2.32), 14
Plurals (2.37, 8.13), 15, 196
Punctuation followed (2.39–2.41), 15
Sidenotes (2.33), 14
Signs, symbols, etc. (2.34–2.35), 14
Type to indicate shape (2.36–2.38), 14–15
Prepositions (3.53), 41–42
In compound nouns (6.47), 107
Presidents and Vice Presidents, U.S.,
325–326
Pronouns:
Compounding (6.12–6.13), 100
Possessive (8.8–8.9), 194–195
Proofreader’s marks (1.22), 4–5
Proofreading (2.73–2.85), 18–19
Proofs:
Clean (2.45, 2.94a), 16, 20
Marking (1.18–1.20), 2
Proportion (8.36, 12.9m), 201, 277
Provided, etc.:
Capitalization following (3.49), 40–41
Italic (3.49, 11.11), 40–41, 271
Province (3.20), 32–33
Not abbreviated (9.15), 224
Public Law, etc. (3.40), 39
Not abbreviated (9.41, 9.43), 232, 233
Publications (see Periodicals):
GPO (1.21), 3
Puerto Rico (9.12–9.13), 223–224, 369
Punctuation (Chapter 8), 193–220
Abbreviations:
Omitted (8.127, 9.3, 13.13), 216, 221,
286
Index 455
When used (8.43, 9.6), 202, 221
Apostrophe (8.3–8.18), 193–197
Brackets (8.19–8.22), 197–198
Colon (8.23–8.37), 198–201
Comma (8.38–8.63), 201–205
Before and aer abbreviations (8.43),
202
Omitted (8.54–8.63), 204–205
Used (8.38–8.53), 201–203
Dash (3-em) (8.75), 206
Dash (em) (8.64–8.74), 205–206
Not used (8.73–8.74), 206
Used (8.64–8.72), 205–206
Dash (en) (8.76–8.79), 207–208
Not used (8.78–8.79), 208
Used (8.76–8.77), 207
Ellipses (8.80–8.86), 208–209
Exclamation point (8.87–8.89), 209–210
Function (8.1, 8.2), 193
Hyphen (8.90–8.94), 210
Compounding (Ch. 6), 97–109
Legends (2.69, 8.116), 18, 214
Numerals (12.14), 279
Parentheses (8.95–8.106), 210–212
Period (8.107–8.127), 212–216
Omitted (8.119–8.127), 215–216
Used (8.107–8.118), 212–214
Question mark (8.128–8.130), 216
Quotation marks (8.131–8.147), 216–219
Not used (8.142–8.147), 218–219
Used (8.131–8.141), 216–218
Semicolon (8.148–8.151), 219–220
Sentence (2.49), 16
Single (8.128, 8.152), 216, 220
Q
Quantity (see Units of quantity).
Quart (9.58), 237–238
Metric equivalent (Ch. 17), 345, 347
Quasi-, ex-, self- (6.34), 105
Queen (3.36–3.37), 37–38
Queries:
Department must answer (1.20), 2
Not to be set (2.46), 16
Proofreading (2.74–2.76), 19
Question mark (8.128–8.130), 216
Closed up (8.130), 216
Direct query (8.45, 8.128), 202, 216
Doubt (8.129–8.130), 216
With quotation marks (8.138, 8.141), 218
Quotation marks (8.131–8.147), 216–219
Addresses, books, etc. (8.133), 217
Called, so-called, etc. (8.132), 216–217
Direct quotations (8.131), 216
Display initial with (8.147), 219
Double, single, double (8.141), 218
Entitled, marked, etc. (8.132), 216–217
Extracts, omitted (2.23, 8.145), 12, 219
Indirect quotations (8.146), 219
Letters within a letter (8.135), 217
Complete letter (8.144), 219
Misnomers, slang, etc. (8.136), 217–218
More than one paragraph (8.134), 217
Precede footnote references (8.140), 218
Punctuation with (8.51, 8.138–8.139),
203, 218
Scientic names (11.10), 267
Spacing (8.137, 8.141), 218
Tabular work (13.123), 298
in space (8.137), 218
Vessels (11.7, 11.8), 270
Quotations:
Capitalization (3.44, 3.46), 40
Comma before (8.39), 201
Ellipses (8.80–8.86), 208–209
R
Railroads, abbreviated (9.27, 13.8), 226, 285
Ramseyer rule (Ch. 20), 426 fn.
Reference marks (see Footnotes and
references).
Reference materials, GPO (1.21), 3
Region (3.10), 29
Ordinals (12.10), 278
Regular, etc. (3.18, Ch. 4), 31, 48, 59, 69–79
Related numbers:
456 Index
Group (12.5, 12.25), 273–274, 283
Ordinals (12.10–12.13), 278–279
Religious terms (3.35, Ch. 4), 37, 72
Report (3.40–3.41, Ch. 4), 39, 72
With quotation marks (3.41, 8.133), 39,
217
Reports and Hearings (Chapter 20),
425–440
Samples, 427–440
Representative (3.18), 32
Not abbreviated (9.30), 230
Reprint:
“All roman (no italic)” exceptions (11.5),
269
Dates (2.123–2.124), 25
Pickup (2.32), 14
Signature marks (2.124), 25
Republic (3.20), 32–33
Reservation (3.5), 27–28
State name with (9.12), 223
Resolution (3.40), 39
Abbreviation (9.42, 13.11), 232, 286
Resolved, etc. (3.49), 40
Italic (3.49, 11.11), 40–41, 271
Reverend, etc. (9.31), 230
Revising (2.86–2.98), 20–22
Galley (2.86–2.89), 20
Page (2.90–2.96), 20–21
Press (2.97–2.98), 21–22
Rivers (Ch. 18), 353
Road:
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 285
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 279, 285
Roman numerals:
Army corps (12.10), 274
Figure columns:
Indexes and contents (15.22), 309
Tabular work (13.62), 293
List (12.29), 284
Not preferred (12.3), 273
Period:
Aligned in contents (15.28), 310
Not used aer (8.124), 215
Preliminary pages (2.4), 11
Royal titles (3.36–3.37, 3.39), 37–38
Rules in tables (13.3), 285
Running heads:
Copy for, supplied (1.19), 2
Makeup (2.10–2.11), 11
Period omitted (8.119), 215
S
Sales notices (2.125–2.126), 25
Salutation:
Capitalization (3.59, 16.15), 42, 316
Colon aer (8.30, 16.15), 200, 316
Italic (8.30, 16.14), 200, 316
Scientic terms:
Abbreviations, punctuation omitted
(9.3), 221
Capitalization (3.27–3.32), 35–36
Compounding (6.42–6.45), 108
Italic (11.9–11.10, 13.95), 271, 297
Quotation marks with (11.10), 271
Set in roman (11.9), 271
Scriptures, etc. (3.33), 36
Seaboard (3.22), 33–34
Seal (16.27–16.28), 323–324
Seasons (3.23), 34
2d, 3d, etc.:
Comma omitted before (8.43, 8.63, 9.32),
202, 205, 230
Ordinals (12.10–12.11), 278–279
Type (9.32, 16.3), 230, 313
Secretary, etc. (3.35), 37–38, 74
General, 74
No hyphen (6.40), 107
Plural form (5.8), 89–90
Section (3.10), 29, 74
Abbreviation (9.38, 13.10), 231, 286
Not abbreviated (9.39), 232
Caps and small caps (9.39), 232
Italic to indicate (11.15), 272
Roman, over gure column (15.21), 309
Section mark (§):
Footnote reference (15.14), 308
Index 457
Space aer (10.6), 263
-sede, -cede, -ceed (5.13), 93
See, see also:
Italic (11.11, 15.20), 271, 309
Roman (13.95), 297
See footnote, etc. (15.4), 307
Self-, ex-, quasi- (6.34), 105
Semicolon (8.148–8.151), 219–220
Avoid, where comma will suce (8.151),
220
Before summarizing matter (8.150), 219
Clauses containing commas (8.148), 219
Senate, 74
Senator, 74
Not abbreviated (9.30), 230
Serial:
Letter, italic (11.15), 272
Parentheses (8.98), 211
Numbers:
Comma omitted (8.58, 12.14), 204, 279
Figures used (12.7), 274
Parentheses (8.98), 211
Session:
Abbreviation (9.41, 13.11), 232, 286
Ordinals (9.41, 13.11), 232, 286
Shape, letters used (2.36–2.38), 14–15
Shilling mark, in fractions (12.27), 283
Sign (10.18), 266–268
Signature marks (2.99–2.110), 22–23
Signatures:
Abbreviations (9.24, 16.19), 225, 317
Capitalization (3.59, 16.2), 42, 313
Caps and small caps (9.37), 231
Examples (16.17–16.27), 317–323
Preceded by dash (8.70, 16.17), 206, 317
Preparation (2.27), 13
Punctuation (16.23), 318
Quoted matter (16.25), 320
Signed (8.132), 216
In signatures (16.24), 318–321
Signs and Symbols (Chapter 10), 263–268
Chemical:
Elements (6.43, 10.16), 108, 264–265
Formulas (6.44, 10.15, 12.15), 108, 264,
279
Coined words and symbols (8.11, 8.76,
8.136, 9.48), 195–196, 207, 217, 234–235
Degree mark (9.50–9.51, 9.53, 9.56, 10.4,
12.9f), 235–237, 263, 276
Equations (10.8–10.15), 264
Footnote references (15.12–15.19),
308–309
Sequence (15.14), 308
Foreign money (9.60, Ch. 17), 238,
339–344
Italic letters (2.72, 10.7–10.8, 11.12–11.15),
18, 264, 271–272
Legends (2.73), 18
List (10.18), 266–268
Mathematical signs (10.2–10.3), 263
Preparing copy (2.34–2.35), 14
Standardized (10.17), 266
Symbol columns (13.114–13.115), 299
×, crossed with, magnication (10.3), 263
Single punctuation (8.128, 8.152), 216, 220
Sink (2.8), 11
Small caps:
Etc., et al. (3.57), 42
Heads spaced with regular justication
spaces (2.50), 16
Italic inferior letters (10.8), 264
Proper names (3.51–3.52), 41
Roman numerals (2.4, 15.22), 10, 309
Seal (16.27–16.28), 323
v., lowercase in legal cases (11.8), 270
Soil orders (3.30), 35
Spacing (see Leading and spacing).
Spelling (Chapter 5), 81–96
Anglicized and foreign words (5.3–5.4),
87–88
Apostrophes and possessives (8.3–8.18),
193–197
-cede, -ceed, -sede (5.13), 93
Doubled consonants (5.14–5.15), 94
Geographic names (5.20–5.21), 95
Idiomatic phrases (6.52), 109
Indenite articles, use of (5.16–5.19), 94
458 Index
List (5.2), 81–87
Nationalities (5.22–5.24), 95–96
Native American words (5.25), 96
Plural forms (5.5–5.10), 88–91
Transliteration (5.26), 96
Square (Ch. 4, Ch. 7), 75, 175
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 285
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 278, 285
Stars (see Ellipses).
State, etc. (3.20, Ch. 4), 32, 75
Staten Island (9.14), 224
States (3.6, 3.20, 3.22, Ch. 7), 28, 32, 33,
75–76, 175
Abbreviations (8.76, 9.12–9.13), 207,
223–224
Capitals (Ch. 17, Ch. 18), 326, 354–374
Counties (Ch. 17), 354–374
Natives of (5.23), 95
Station (3.7, 3.10, Ch. 7), 28–29, 76, 175
State abbreviation with (9.12), 223
Statutes, etc. (3.40), 39
Abbreviations (9.43, 13.11), 233, 286
Street, 76
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 285
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 279, 285
Subentries (8.29, 13.89–13.90, 13.112, 14.15),
200, 296, 299, 305
Subheads:
Indexes and contents (15.29), 310
Leaderwork (14.10), 304
Suxes (6.30–6.31), 105
Summation sign (10.14), 264
Sun (3.31), 36, 76
Sign (10.18), 266–268
Superior gures and letters:
Astrophysical matter (9.59), 238
Chemical elements (6.43), 108
Comma omitted (8.54), 204
Equations (10.8), 264
Follow inferiors (10.15), 264
Footnote references (13.66, 15.12, 15.17),
293, 308–309
Italic letters (8.54, 10.8, 11.12), 204, 264,
271
Preparing (2.33), 14
Type (8.153), 220
With punctuation (8.137), 218
Supra:
Italic (11.3), 269
Not abbreviated (9.49), 235
Survey (3.18), 31–32
Symbols (see Signs and Symbols)
T
Table (see also Useful Tables) (3.9, Ch. 4, Ch.
17), 29, 77, 325
Table of contents (see Contents).
Tabular Work (Chapter 13) (see also
Leaderwork), 285–302
Abbreviations (13.4–13.13), 285–286
Bearo (13.14–13.17), 286
Leaderwork (14.2–14.4), 303–304
Tables without rules (13.116, 13.119),
300, 301
Boxheads (13.18–13.23), 286–287
Horizontal (13.19–13.21), 286
Centerheads, ush entries, and
subentries (13.25–13.28), 288
Ciphers (13.29–13.36), 289–290
Column numbers or letters (13.23), 287
Continued heads (13.37–13.38), 290
Dash instead of colon (13.26), 288
Dashes or rules (13.39–13.40), 290
To separate nonmoney groups (13.53),
292
Date column (13.28), 288
Decimals, alignment (13.29–13.36,
13.64), 289–290, 293
Ditto (Do.) (13.41–13.50), 290–291
Closing quotes (13.41), 290
Divide tables (13.103–13.108), 296
Dollar mark (13.51–13.56), 292
Figure columns (13.57–13.64), 293
Decimals (13.29–13.32, 13.63–13.64),
289, 293
Footnotes and references (13.66–13.84),
293–295
Fractions (13.85–13.86), 295–296
Index 459
Hairline rules (13.3), 285
Headnotes (13.87–13.88, 13.103), 296, 298
Indents and overruns (13.89–13.93), 296
Subentries (13.89–13.90), 296
Total, mean, and average lines
(13.91–13.93), 296
Italic (13.94–13.95), 297
Leaders (13.96–13.100), 297–298
Leading:
Boxheads, solid in leaded tables
(13.20), 286
Notes (13.84), 295
Makeup (see Makeup)
No. (13.22), 287
None (13.33, 13.35, 13.45), 289–291
Numerals (13.101), 298
Parallel tables (13.102–13.108), 298
Quoted tables (13.123), 302
Reading columns (13.109–13.113), 299
See, see also (13.95), 297
Subentries (13.89–13.90, 13.112), 296, 299
Symbol columns (13.114–13.115), 299
Tables without rules (see also
Leaderwork) (13.116–13.119), 300–302
Total, mean, and average lines (13.91–
13.93), 296–297
Tracing gures (13.106, 13.108), 298
Type (2.23, 13.3), 12, 285
Units of quantity (13.120–13.122), 302
Spacing (13.28), 288
Years, spacing (13.28), 288
Technical terms (see Scientic terms).
Telephone numbers (8.58, 8.76, 12.7), 204,
207, 274
Temperature, abbreviations (9.53), 235–236
Temperature conversion (Ch. 17), 345
Terrace:
Abbreviation (9.16, 13.6), 224, 285
Ordinals (12.13, 13.6), 279, 285
Territory, etc. (3.20, Ch. 4), 32, 77
Territories, U.S. (9.12–9.18), 223–224,
354–374
Text footnotes (see Footnotes and
references).
e:
Part of speech (3.53), 41–42
Title, part of (3.12–3.13, 9.31), 29–30, 230
in space:
Footnotes (13.68, 15.12), 294, 308
Names (3.51–3.52), 41
Number mark, not used with (10.6), 263
Paragraph mark (10.6), 263
Quotation marks (8.137), 218
Section mark (10.6), 263
Time:
Abbreviations (9.54–9.55, 9.58, 9.59),
236–238
Astronomical (12.9b, 12.14), 275, 279
Capitalization, 77
Clock (12.9n), 277
Geologic, 349
Military (12.9b, 12.14), 275, 279
Use of gures (9.59, 12.9b, 12.9n), 238,
275, 277
Zones (Ch. 4, 9.47), 77, 234
Title (3.10), 29, 77
Title page:
Back of (2.3d), 10
Congressional back title samples:
Appropriations hearing, 438
Conference report, 434
Imprints, etc. (2.103, 2.111–2.122), 22–24
Makeup (2.3–2.19), 10–12
Part of book (2.3c), 10
Period omitted at ends of lines (8.119),
215
U.S., not abbreviated (9.9), 222–223
Titles:
Acts (3.42), 39
Books, plays, songs, publications, papers,
etc. (3.40–3.43, 8.133, 11.2), 39, 217, 265
Civil and military:
Abbreviations (9.25, 9.29–9.37),
225–226, 226–231
Compound (6.40–6.41), 107
Plurals (5.8), 89–90
Common nouns (3.37), 37–38
Foreign books (3.43), 39
460 Index
Heads of state, 327–336
Legal cases (3.40, 11.8), 39, 270
Persons (3.36–3.39), 37–38
Second person (3.39), 38
To, en dash for (8.78, 12.9c, 12.9m, 13.110),
208, 275, 277, 299
To Whom It May Concern (8.30, 16.14),
200, 316
Tracing gures (see Tabular work).
Trade names (3.26), 35, 77
Treasury, etc. (3.18), 31–32, 77
Treaty (3.10, 3.40), 29, 39, 77
Tribunal (3.18), 31–32, 78
Tunnel, 78
Type:
Boldface, punctuation in (8.153), 220
Brackets (8.153), 220
Illustrating shape and form (2.36–
2.38), 14–15
Composition:
Correcting pickup (2.44), 16
Proofs, clean (2.45), 16
Dash (8.153), 220
Datelines, addresses, and signatures
(16.2–16.3), 313
Extracts (2.23, 8.145), 12, 219
Footnotes (15.5), 307
Headnotes (2.14, 13.87–13.88), 11, 296
Headings (2.30, 3.50–3.58), 13, 41–42
Indexes and contents (15.20, 15.29–
15.30), 309, 310–311
Italic (Ch. 11), 269–272
Vessels (11.6–11.7), 269–270
Jr., Sr. (9.37, 16.3), 231, 313
Leaderwork (14.1), 303
Legends (2.68), 18
Mr., Mrs., etc. (9.37, 16.3), 231, 313
Note (8.111, 13.53), 213, 292
Parentheses (8.153), 220
Picas converted to inches (Ch. 17), 347
Seal (16.27–16.28), 323–324
Signature marks (2.101), 22
Special typefaces (1.11), 2
Tabular work (2.23, 13.3), 12, 285
Text (2.23), 12
U
Under Secretary (see also Secretary) (Ch.
4), 78
Union (3.20), 32, 78
& in name (9.25), 225–226
Comma omitted between name and
number (8.53), 203
Unit modiers (see Compounding).
United Nations (3.18, Ch. 7), 31, 78
Units of quantity:
Leaderwork (14.14), 305
Numerals (12.6, 12.9), 274–278
Tabular work (13.120–13.122), 302
U.S. (see Possessions, Territories):
Abbreviation (9.9–9.10, 13.7), 222–223,
285
Closed up (9.7), 222
Spelled out (9.9–9.10), 222–223
Presidents and Vice Presidents (Ch. 17),
325–326
USD (9.60, Ch. 17), 238, 343
Useful Tables (Chapter 17), 325–347
Chemical elements (10.61), 264–265
Currency (Ch. 17), 340–344
Demonyms (nationalities) (Ch. 17),
337–339
Foreign countries, capitals, chiefs of
state, etc. (Ch. 17), 327–336
Geologic time (Ch. 18), 349
Measures, metric, etc. (Ch. 17), 345–347
Meridians and base lines (Ch. 18), 352
Military titles (Ch. 9), 226–230
Physiographic regions, U.S. (Ch. 18),
350–351
Postal abbreviations (9.13), 224
Public land surveys (Ch. 18), 353
Rivers (Ch. 18), 353
Roman numerals (12.29), 284
Signs and symbols (10.18), 266–268
State populations and their capitals (Ch.
18), 326
Temperature conversion, 339
Index 461
U.S. Presidents and Vice Presidents (Ch.
17), 325–326
V
v.:
Italic (11.8, 13.94), 270, 297
Roman (11.8), 270
Van, von (3.14–3.17), 30–31
Verbs:
Adverb compounds (6.9), 98
Capitalization (3.53), 41–42
Innitive (3.53, 3.56), 41–42
Improvised (6.48), 109
Vessels:
Abbreviations (9.27), 226
Italic (11.6–11.7, 13.94), 269–270, 297
Quotation marks (11.7–11.8), 270
Virgin Islands (9.12–9.13, Ch. 17), 223–224,
344, 372
Volume (3.10, Ch. 4), 29, 79
Abbreviation (9.38), 231
Metric (9.56), 236–237
Vowels:
A, an, before (5.16–5.19), 94
Hyphen, to avoid doubling (6.7), 98
W
War (3.31, Ch. 4), 36, 79
Ward (3.10, Ch. 4), 29, 79
Web (Ch. 4), 79
Website (Ch. 4, Ch. 7, 11.16), 79, 188, 272
Webster’s Dictionary (5.1, 7.5), 81, 111
Weights:
Abbreviations (9.56, 9.58), 236–238
Metric (9.56–9.57), 236–237
Metric equivalents (Ch. 17), 345–347
Numerals (12.9j), 276–277
Widow lines (2.6), 11
Word division (8.91), 210
Land descriptions (9.20–9.22), 225
Latitude and longitude (9.50–9.52), 235
Words (see Spelling).
WWW (9.64), 261
X Y Z
x, dimension measurements (12.9j),
276–277
×, crossed with, magnication (10.3), 259
Yard (9.58), 237
Metric equivalent (Ch. 17), 346–347
-yze, -ise, -ize (5.12), 93
Your Honor, etc. (3.39, Ch. 4), 38, 80
ZIP Code numbers (Ch. 4, 8.55, 9.61, 16.1),
53, 80, 247, 313

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