LINC_Vol_16_Section_3_LAP6_Handbook_May67 LINC Vol 16 Section 3 LAP6 Handbook May67

WASHINGTON

~

UNIVl<JRSITY

~~

ST.

LOUIS.

MISSOURI

63110

COMPUTER

SYSTEMS

LABORATORY

TELEPHONE:

AREA

CODE

314

724

SOUTH

EUCLID

AVENUE

FO\

~7356

June

9,

1967

Memo

to:

Holders

of

LINC

Hanufacturing

Description,

Volume 6

From:

Wesley

A.

Clark,

Director,

Computer

Systems

Laboratory

Enclosed

is

section

3

of

Volume 16

of

the

LINC

documentation

-

Pro~amming

and

Use.

May, 1967

LINC

Volume

16

Programming and

Use

I

Section

3

LAP6

HANDBOOK

Mary

Allen

Wilkes

Computer

Research

Laboratory

Washington

University

724

South

Euclid

Avenue

St.

Louis,

Missouri

This work

was

supported

by

the

Division

of

Research

Facilities

and Resources

of

the

National

Institutes

of

Health

under

grant

FR-218.

Requests

to

repro-

duce

this

document,

in

whole

or

in

part,

should

be

directed

to

the

author.

History

and

Acknowledgments

Until

1965

the

standard

LINC

had

only

1024 words

of

memory.

Its

assembly

programs

include

LAP3,

written

in

1963,

which

could

handle

the

fundamentals

of

program

preparation

and

storage

but

lacked

the

automatic

filing

capabilities

of

the

widely

used

LINC

Utility

System

written

by

McDonald,

Davisson,

and

Cox

in

1965.

Doubling

a

l024-word

memory

produces

another

small

memory,

but

at

this

level

the

increment

is

dramatic;

it

is

not

possible

to

handle

the

file

copying

and

editing

techniques

of

LAP6

on

the

smaller

LINC.

Discussion

of

the

specifications

for

a

new

assembly

program

be-

gan

in

January,

1965 .

Visits

to

several

biomedical

research

laborato-

ries,

where

the

LINC

is

in

application,

were

made

in

an

effort

to

es-

tablish

some

consensus

of

users'

needs.

All

of

us

who

use

LAP6

are

indebted

to

the

many,

especially

to

participants

in

the

LINC

Evaluation

Program,

whose

suggestions

and

LINC

experience

greatly

influenced

its

formulation.

The

technique

of

handling

the

LINC

tape

to

accomplish

the

editing

facility

is

the

contribution

of

my

colleagues

Mishell

J.

Stucki

and

Severo

M.

Ornstein,

and was

proposed

in

discussions

during

March

of

1965.

Their

careful

thought

has

saved

LINC

users

hours

of

time.

Colleagues

at

Washington

University

have

not

only

made

valuable

suggestions,

but

fearlessly

have

faced

unproven

versions

and

forced

the

flaws

to

surface.

Any

"guarantee"

of

reliability

is

largely

due

to

them.

Any

resemblance

between

LAP6

and

an

errant

program

known sometimes

as

"LAP5"

is

purely

intentional.

The

name

has

been

changed

to

protect

the

innocent.

To

promise

the

System

is

a

serious

thing.

S~ren

Kierkegaard,

PhiZosophicaZ Fragments

Abstract

LAP6

is

an

on-line

program

for

the

2048-word

LINC

which

uses

the

LINC

keyboard

and

scope

for

communication

with

the

user,

and

the

magnetic

tapes

for

storage

and

working

area.

It

may

be

used

for

preparation

and

editing

of

any

character

string

(manuscript)

or

specifically

for

LINC

program

preparation.

For

general

manu-

script

preparation

not

all

of

section

V and none

of

section

VI

will

be

of

interest.

LAP6

handles

the

manuscript

display

in

such

a

way

that

any

portion

of

the

manuscript

can

be

displayed

at

any

time

and

edited

directly

by

s

imply

adding

or

deleting

lines.

Changes

are

shown

integrated

with

the

manuscript

display

as

the

user

types.

Meta

commands

provide

automatic

filing

of

manuscripts

and

programs on

LINC

tapes

and

handle

the

conversion

and

memory

load-

ing

of

LINC

binary

programs.

Debugging

aids

include

displays

of

symbol

tables

and

errors,

and

repeatable

access

to

the

manuscript

display

for

editing

and

reconverting.

Meta

commands

may

be

added

by

the

user

to

suit

his

needs.

The Handbook

describes

the

"Standard"

configuration

of

LAP€)

when

referring

to

specific

tape

block

numbers

or

block

areas

(manu-

script

working

area,

file

area,

etc.).

LAP€)

may, however, have

other

configurations

as

described

in

the

"Notes."

LAP6

HANDBOOK

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

Contents

Operating

Procedure.

Display

Format

.......

.

Keyboard

Input

..

Files

........

.

Meta

Commands

......•.

SAVE

MANUSCRIPr.

ADD

MANUSCRIPT

•.

DISPLAY

INDEX

...

COPY

MANUSCRIPT

..

COPY

BINARY

..

COPY

FILE

..

CONVERT

.••

DISPLAY

SYMBOLS.

SAVE

BINARY

...

EXIT

•.•....•.

LOAD

BINARY

...

FREE

••

COPY

•.

PRINT

INDEX

..

PRINT

MANUSCRIPr

..

LIST

.............

.

VI. Conversion

Conventions.

Bibliography

•.....•.•.........

...

-.

Chart

I.

Standard

LAP6

Tape

Organization.

Chart

II.

LAP6

Keyboard

Code

.•...•••...••....

Chart

III.

LAP6

Instruction

Mnemonics and Codes.

Chart

IV. Reasons

for

NO

.•

LAP6

Operation

Summary.

Notes

Efficient

Handling

of

LAP6.

Conversion

Procedure

...

Exiting

...................

.

Working Area Length

......•.

LAP6

Manuscript

Structure

..

Copying

LAP6

Tapes

..

Filing

Limitations

...

Index

Structure

•....

LAP6

Configuration

..

Various

Failures

•.

Tape

Stopping.

Bad

Block

......

.

Tape

Missing

••

Damaged

or

Lost

Manuscript

..

Damaged

Index

.....

Damaged

File

Area.

.1

•

•••••••

2

.

..

· . · · · 5

.

.7

· · · 7

·

..

8

·

..

8

·

.10

·

.10

·

.11

.12

.

........

12

•

...

13

.13

...

14

· .15

.16

· .19

.26

.27

.•••••.••

28

.29

.

•..

30

.

...

31

1

2

3

4

5

6

?

8

. • 8

•

•••

9

16-3

LAP6

HANDBOOK

I.

Operating

Procedure

A.

LAP6

occupies

blocks

300-347

of

a

LINe

tape.

To

operate:

1.

Mount a

LAP6

tape

on

unit

O.

2.

Read

blocks

300

through

307

into

quarters

.0

through

7:

Set

LEFT

SWITCHES:

RCG

(code

701)

Set

RIGHT

SWITCHES:

7300

Raise

the

DO

TOG

INSTR

lever.

3.

When

the

tape

stops,

push

START

20.

This

is

the

only

console

start

or

restart

procedure.

LAP6

is

ready

to

accept

keyb

oard

input.

B . At

the

keyb

oard

you

may:

1.

2.

3.

4.

Ask

LAP6

to

lido

something"

by

stating

a

meta

command.

Add

or

delete

a

manuscript

line.

Change

the

display

to

look

at

different

manuscript

lines

with

a

locate

request.

Rescind

any

of

the

above

while

they

are

being

typed

by

striking

the

delete

key,

marked

del

on

the

keyboard.

C.

At

the

console

you

may

push

START

20

to

erase

the

current

manuscript.

II.

Display

Format

All

manuscript

lines

and

meta

connnand

statements

are

displayed

as

they

are

typed.

All

keyboard

characters

(see

Chart

II)

are

displayed

except

EOL,

del,

and

CASE.

A.

Manuscript

lines

are

automatically

centered

around

the

middle

of

the

scope

and

are

displayed

with

"line

numbers"

assigned

by

LAP6.

The manu-

script

lines

appear

at

the

right

of

the

corresponding

line

numbers.

1.

Six

manuscript

lines

are

normally

displayed.

This

may

be

varied

between

1

and

15

lines

by

rotating

knob 7 on

the

display

module.

2.

Lines

which

begin

with

either

a number

sign

(H)

or

a

left

bracket

([)

are

automatically

positioned

one

space

to

the

right

of

the

line

number.

All

other

manuscript

lines

are

positioned

5

spaces

to

the

right.

3. A

marker,

_,

appears

with

the

current

line

(~)

on

the

right

of

the

scope

and

marks

the

last

usable

slot

on

the

scope

line.

Manu-

script

lines

which

are

too

long

to

fit

on one

scope

line

(more

than

20

characters)

are

automatically

carried

over

to

the

line.

Breaking

words

between

scope

lines

can

be

avoided

by

spacing

over

to

the

marker

when

the

is

too

long

to

fit

in

the

remaining

space.

1

Keyboard

Input

B. Meta

command

statements,

preceded

by

the

META

arrow,

appear

automatically

at

the

bottom

of

the

scope

without

a

line

number.

III.

Keyboard

Input

A.

Some

keys on

the

keyboard have

been

assigned

both

upper

and

lower

cases.

The

characters

in

the

middle

of

the

keys

are

lower

case

(see

Chart

II),

and

LAP6

normally

interprets

the

keyboard

as

lower

case.

To

select

upper

case,

strike

CASE,

and

then

strike

the

upper

case

character.

The

shift

is

not

permanent;

it

is

good

for

one

character

only.

LAP6

returns

to

lower

case

automatically.

B •

META

COMMANDS

~

1.

A meta

command

is

one

of

17

special

directives

to

LAP6.

It

is

ex-

ecuted

by

LAP6

at

the

time

it

is

stated

and

erased

f:rom

the

display

at

that

time.

16-3

a.

The

upper

case

character

META

produces

an

arrow

at

the

bottom

of

the

scope.

To

state

a

command,

type

the

META

arrow and

the

command,

followed

by

any arguments

the

command

may

require.

Terminate

the

statement

by

striking

the

TrEnd

of

Line"

key,

EOL.

1)

The

command

is

executed

when

the

terminating

EOL

is

struck.

2)

Illegal

command

statements

are

deleted

automatically.

Try

again.

3) A meta

command

must be

stated

on a

line

by

itself,

i.e.,

a

line

beginning

with

the

META

arrow.

It

cannot

be

sta:ted

while

entering

a

manuscript

line.

C.

MANUSCRIPr

1.

A

manuscript

is

a

collection

of

manuscript

lines

retained

by

LAP6

as

a permanent

record

of

keyboard

input.

A

manuscript

can

be

edited,

saved

in

a

file,

copied

from

file

to

file,

or

otherwise

manipulated.

a.

b.

c.

One

quarter

of

the

LINC

memory

is

used

to

collect

manuscript.

As

the

quarter

is

filled,

it

is

saved

on

the

LAP6

tape

in

the

"manuscript

working

area"

beginning

in

block

350

(see

Chart

I).

512 keyboard

characters

fill

one

block.

LAP6

will

accept

up

to

45

1

blocks

of

manuscript.

Additional

manuscript

is

ignored

unt~2

the

size

of

the

manuscript

is

reduced.

The

manuscript

in

the

working

area,

accessible

to

the

scope and

keyboard,

is

called

the

current

manuscript.

16-3 Keyboard

Input

2.

A

manuscript

line

is

any

combination

of

keyboard

characters

(Chart

II)

excluding

del

which

does

not

constitute

a

meta

command

or

locate

request,

and

which

is

terminated

with

EOL.

An

EOL

by

itself

does

not

constitute

a

manuscript

line

and

will

be

ignored

by

LAP6.

a.

A

manuscript

line

may

not

exceed

512

struck

characters.

This

includes

spaces

and

the

terminator.

It

does

not

include

CASE.

Lines

are

terminated

with

EOL

by

LAP6

automatically

after

the

511th

character

is

struck.

b.

LAP6

assigns

a

line

number

to

every

line

entered.

The numbers

are

sequential,

beginning

with

1,

and

octal.

c.

LAP6

will

accept

no more

than

7775R

manuscript

lines.

Additional

lines

are

ignored

until

the

size

of

the

manuscript

is

reduced.

56

ADD

9J

57

#6K

STC

p+5

60

JMP

3Y-2

61

LOA

;

62

MTB

63

STA

Example

l~

Manuscript

Display.

3.

Current

Line

a.

The

last

line

number on

the

scope

(~,

63

above)

is

called

the

current

line

number.

It

identifies

the

manuscript

line

currently

being,

or

about

to

be,

added

to

the

manuscript.

At no

time

during

the

manuscript

display

does

the

manuscript

not

have

a

current

line

number.

b.

The number 1

appears

as

the

current

line

number whenever

the

current

manuscript

is

erased

by

pushing

START

20.

After

that

the

line

number

appears

every

time

EOL

is

struck

in

terminating

a

manuscript

line.

In

Example 1 when

the

current

line

63

is

terminated

with

EOl,

all

the

lines

will

move

up one

space,

line

56

will

disappear

and

64

will

appear

as

the

new

current

line

number.

3

4

Keyboard

Input

D.

LOCATE,

REQUESTS

1.

The

manuscript

is

said

to

be

"located"

at

the

current

line.

For

reading

or

editing,

it

may

be

relocated,

establishing

a

new

line

number

as

the

current

line

number,

at

any

time.

There

are

two

kinds

of

locate

requests:

a.

Meta

connnand:

the

,manuscript

may

be

relocated

by

typing

the

META

arrow,

the

line

number

of

the

last

line

you want

to

read,

and

EOL'.

E.g.,

to

locate

at

line

105,

type

which

will

cause

LAP6

to

display

lines

through

104,

and

to

display

105

as

the

current

line

number (Example

2).

b.

The

manuscript

may

also

be

located

by

using

the

following

undisplayed

key

combinations:

CASE

0

(zero):

Forward one frame

(begin

display

with

current

line)

CASE

1:

Forward one

line

CASE

~

Backward one frame (make

first

line

on scope

the

current

line)

CAS

E

W:

Backward one

line

~,

to

change Example 2

so

that

102

is

the

current

line

number,

type

either

.....

101

EOl

or

strike

CASE

W

three

times.

Like

the

meta

commands

these

key

combinations

cannot

be

given

while

a

manuscript

line

is

being

entered.

c.

Since

you

will

seldom

know

the

exact

line

number

of

the

line(s)

you

would

like

to

see,

.....

Line

NumberEOL

can

be

used

to

locate

the

general

area,

and

the

above key

combinations

to

'zero

in.'

101

102

103

104

105

Example

2.

-------EOL

-------EOl

-------EOL

Locating

at

line

105.

2.

To

locate

at

the

end

of

the

manuscript,

request

any

line

number

(octal)

larger

than

the

last

line

number.

To

locate

at

the

beginning

of

the

manuscript,

type

...

OEOl.

(

.....

7777

EOl

is

equivalent

to

.....

OEOl.)

16-3

E.

Keyboard

Input

EDITING

1.

Manuscript

lines

may

be

added

or

deleted

wherever

the

manuscript

is

located.

You

may

add

or

delete,

in

any

combination,

as

many

lines

as

you

like.

a.

By

definition,

a

new

line

of

manuscript

is

added

on,

and

only

on,

the

current

line.

It

is

retained

exactly

at

the

point

at

which

it

is

added

as

a

permanent

part

of

the

manus~ript.

In

Example

2,

lines

added

will

become

lines

105

and

following.

b.

Striking

del

will

delete

the

information

on

the

current

line.

If

no

information

has

been

entered

on

the

current

line,

the

will

be

deleted.

In

either

case

the

line

number

of

the

deleted

line

is

retained

as

the

current

line

number.

In

Example

1,

striking

del

will

delete

"STA"

on

line

63,

leaving

63

as

the

current

line

number.

Striking

del

again

wil~

delete

"MTB"

on

line

62;

all

the

lines

will

move

down

one

space,

line

55

will

appear

as

the

first

line

displayed,

and

62

will

be

the

new

current

line

number.

In

Example

2,

deletions

will

begin

with

line

104.

1)

A

deleted

line

is

permanently

deleted

from

the

manuscript.

2)

It

is

not

necessary

after

deleting

to

strike

EOL

before

continuing

with

the

2.

Manuscript

lines

following

the

point

at

which

changes

are

made

are

automatically

renumbered

by

LAP6.

3.

The

LAP6

tape

will

move

frequently,

but

briefly,

while

you

are

locating

or

editing.

It

will

however,

move

at

unpredictable

times,

perhaps

even

when you

are

entering

a

manuscript

line

or

meta

command.

Try

to

ignore

it.

IV.

Files

Any

tape

on

any

unit

may

be

used

as

a

LAP6

file,

and

several

of

the

meta

commands

described

in

the

use

the

tapes

in

this

way.

A

tape

need

not

have

LAP6

on

it

to

be

a

file

tape.

(In

which

case

the

LAP6

area

may

be

used

for

anything

you

like.

See

Chart

I.)

An

entry

in

a

LAP6

file

may

be

either:

a

LAP6

manuscript

or

a

LINC

binary

program.

A

file

may

contain

only

binary

programs,

or

only

manuscripts,

or

b8th.

6

Files

A.

File

Index

When

a

tape

is

used

as

a

file,

blocks

426

-

427

are

automatically

reserved

for

an

Index

in

which

information

about

the

file

entries

is

recorded

by

LAP6.

1.

Entry

Names

a.

A

file

entry

must be

given

a

name

at

the

time

~t

is

filed.

In

the

Index

one

name

describes

one

manuscript

or

one

binary

pro-

gram,

or

both.

A

full

Index,

63 names,

therefore

describes

a

maximum

of

126

entries.

(1)

A

binary

program

given

the

same

name

as

a

manuscript

is

not

necessarily

the

same

program.

b.

An

entry

name'

can be any

combination

of

displayable

keyboard

characters

(except

the

comma),

so

long

as

at

least

one

character

is

not

a number between 0 and 7.

c.

Names

can

be no more

than

8

characters

long.

Spaces

at

the

beginning

of

a

name

do

not

count;

spaces

in

the

middle

or

at

the

end do

count.

B.

File

Entry

Placement

1.

When

a

tape

is

used

as

a

file,

blocks

430

through

777

and

b~Cks

0

through

267

are

reserved

by

LAP6

for

file

entries

(Chart

I).

Within

the

reserved

area

a

file

entry

is

automatically

saved

as

close

as

possible

to

the

Index

at

426

-427. Thus,

blocks

430

through

about

570,

being

closer

to

the

Index,

will

be

filled

with

file

entries

before

any

entry

is

saved

below

block

270.

The

order

of

entries

on

the

tape

can

thus

be

controlled

by

the

order

in

which

they

are

filed,

-

if

you

care.

~,the

first

entry

filed

in

a

new

file

will

always be

put

at

block

430.

If

it

is,

say,

five

blocks

long,

the

second

entry

filed

will

be

put

at

block

435,

etc.,

until

the

free

area

below

block

270

is

closer

to

the

Index

than

the

free

area

above

it.

The

rule

is

simply

that

the

unused

file

space

nearest

the

Index,

on

either

side,

will

be

the

used.

2.

A

file

entry

is

always

saved

in

contiguous

blocks.

Block

777

is

not

contiguous

to

block

o.

16-3

3.

Since

the

assignment

of

tape

blocks

within

the

reserved

file

area

is

entirely

controlled

by

LAP6,

care

should

be

taken

to

distinguish

file

tapes

from

tapes

you want

to

structure

yourself.

~locks

270-277

are

never

'used

by

LAP6;

they

are

yours.

16-3 Meta

Commands

v . Meta

Connnands

The

following

meta

commands

all

use

the

tape(s)

or

scope,

or

both,

for

their

execution.

Most

return

automatically

to

the

manuscript

display

when

the

operation

is

finished.

They do

not,

however,

necessarily

always

return

with

the

manuscript

located

at

the

line

which was

current

when

the

command

was

given.

A.

The

meta commands,

with

the

exception

of

ADD

MANUSCRIPT,

do

not

change

the

current

manuscript

in

any way.

(Except

perhaps

to

relocate

it.)

B.

Meta

commands

may

be

given

at

any

time

during

the

manuscript

display,

i.e.,

no

matter

where

the

current

manuscript

is

located

or

what

sort

of

editing

has

been

done.

They

may

be

given

in

any

order.

C.

If

LAP6

finds

that

a

legallY

stated

command

cannot

be

executed,

NO

will

appear

on

the

scope.

Strike

EOL

to

return

to

the

manuscript

display.

The

current

manuscript

and

all

files

are

still

intact.

(See

Chart

IV.

to

explain

the

NO.)

D.

Except

for

FREE,

the

following

meta

commands

nruBt

be

two

letters,

fol-

lowed sometimes

by

arguments

such

as

LNJ~NJNAMEJUN~

in

that

order.

-

~~~

1.

LN

means a

manuscript

line

number.

NAME

means

the

name

of

a

file

1

entry.

UNIT

means

the

tape

unit,

either

0

or

1,

holding

the

file.

2.

When

there

are

two

or

more

arguments,

they

must

be

separated

by

a

comma.

3.

Spaces

are

permitted

almost

anywhere.

4.

In

the

following,

~ses

indicate

optional

argumen~s.

,

\a,..v-'~

-1'11.

('

-

..;;::

I

...

~

--~:>j",,-

1-

IS'

E. C omrnands

-L~

....,

SM

-7:<

()

)

tv

A

,.,

It

,_

....,

,--

'"

...

1.

SAVE

MANUSCRIPI'

Format:

...

SM

(LN,

(LN,))

NAME,

UNIT

EOL

a.

When

no

line

numbers

are

given,

the

current

manuscript

is

saved

by

N~

in

the

selected

file,

as

close

as

possible

to

the

Index.

b.

When

line

numbers, LN,

are

specified,

IAP6

saves

part

of

the

cur-

rent

manuscript

as

a

separate,

new

manuscript

in

the

file

by

NAME.

The

line

numbers,

inclusive,

indicate

the

part

to

save.

When

only

one

line

number

is

given,

the

second

line

number

is

assumed

to

be

the

last

line

number

of

the

current

manuscript.

lUNIT

may

also

be

specified

as

4

or

5

if

there

is

a

second

tape

transport

whose

instructions

are

coded

7~0

(MTT)

and

72

0

(MTT

u).

7

8

Meta

Connnands

When

part

of

a

manuscript

is

saved,

LAP6

must

isolate

that

part

as

a

separate

manuscript;

to

do

this

LAP6

uses

the

working

area

on

the

other

unit

of

the

tape

transport.

I.e.,

to

save

part

of

a

manuscript

you

must have a

tape

on

the

other

unit,

and you must

tem-

porarily

not

care

about

the

contents

of

the

working

area

blocks

(350 and

following).

This

is

the

only

command

which

automatically

uses

the

other

unit;

it

does

so

only

when

line

numbers

are

included

in

the

argumentS:--

c.

If

a

manuscript

of

the

given

NAME

is

already

present

in

the

selected

file,

LAP6

will

display

REPLACE?

Strike

R

to

replace

the

file

entry.

Strike

EOl

not

to.

d.

Strike

EOl

to

interrupt

the

command

and

return

to

the

manuscript

dis-

play.

This

has

no

effect

once

LAP6

has

updated

the

Index.

2.

ADD

MANUSCRIPI'

Format:

...

AM

BN~UNITEOl

or

...

AM

NAME~

UNITEOl

Any

LAP6

manuscript

may

be added

to

the

current

manuscript.

a.

The

manuscript

to

be added

is

identified

either

by

its

first

block

number,

BN,

on any

tape

UNIT,

or

by

NAME

in

a

file.

16-3

b.

The incoming

manuscript

is

added

to

the

current

manuscript

at

the

cur-

rent

line.

This

is

the

only

time

that

the

location

of

the

current

manuscript

is

relevant

to

the

execution

of

a meta

command.

'fire

eta!

Enb

ilJaiRlleel."!ifJ-&

~

@e

8ie.e~

iss

res@ll

SPiO'xhii'@ (

..

tOM

35

0,Of6l:J·

~7

f"\Q

c.

After

the

command

the

new

current

line

will

be

at

the

end

of

the

added

manuscript

(just

as

though

the

incoming

manuscript

had

been

added

at

the

keyboard

one

line

at

a

time).

Manuscript

lines

which

follow

the

added

manuscript

are

automatically

renumbered.

d.

If

there

is

no

current

manuscript,

the

added

manuscript

will

be

the

entire

manuscript.

e.

If

the

arguments

are

inadvertently

omitted,

LAP6

will

try

to

add a manu-

script

from

block

0,

unit

0.

It

is

best

not

to

interrupt

it.

3. DISPLAY INDEX Format:

.....

oX

UNITEOL

This

command

displays

the

contents

of

the

Index

of

the

specified

LAP6

file,

and

permits

unwanted

entries

to

be

deleted.

An

example

of

the

dis-

play

might

be:

16-3 Meta

Commands

NAME

BN

#BlKS

GEORGE

M

430

12

B

262

2

12345678

B

442

3

DP-MAR20

M

445

27

B

474

6

DP2

APR2

M

264

4

DISPLAY

B

502

3

MNEMONIC

M

505

11

Example 3.

Index

Display.

I.e.,

the

manuscript

(M)

named

GEORGE

starts

at

block

number

(BN)

430,

and

is

12

(octal)

blocks

long

(#BlKS).

The

binary

program

(B)

named

GEORGE

is

in

blocks

262-

263.

Etc.

a.

8

entries

are

displayed

per

frame.

b.

A

manuscript

and a

binary

program

with

the

same

name

(~,

GEORGE,

or

DP-MAR20)

always

appear

together,

manuscript

first,

in

the

Index

display.

Thus,

by

inference,

this

file

contains

no

manuscript

named

12345678

or

DISPLAY,

and

no

binary

program

named

DP2

APR2.

(No

in-

ference

can

be

made

about

a

binary

program

named

MNEMONIC

without

displaying

at

least

one more

entry.)

c.

The

following

key

combinations

relocate

the

display:

CASE

0:

Forward

one frame

CASE

1:

Forward

one

entry

CASE

Q:

Backward one frame

CASE

W:

Backward one

entry

d.

Strike

EOl

to

return

to

the

manuscript

display.

e.

Striking

del

will

delete

the

last

entry

displayed

(~,

the

manuscript

named

MNEMONIC

in

Example 3).

Whatever

is

deleted

from

the

Index

dis-

play

is

effectively

deleted

from

the

file.

The

file

space

is

made

available

for

later

use

by

LAP6.

(1)

Strike

R

to

restore

the

Index

if

you

delete

the

wrong

thing.

(2)

Strike

the

number

sign,

#,

to

make

the

deletions

permanent

and

return

to

the

manuscript

display.

(Returning

with

EOl

effectively

ignores

any

deletions.)

9

10

Meta

Co:rmnands

4.

COPY

MANUSCRIPl'

5.

COPY

BINARY

Format:

...

CM

NAME~UNITEOL

......

CB

NAME~

UNIT

EOL

An

entry

may

be moved from one

file

to

the

file

on

the

other

unit

of

the

tape

transport1

with

a

COPY

MANUSCRIPl'

or

a

COPY

BINARY

command.

The

commands

are

identical

except

for

the

kind

of

file

entry

copied.

a.

The arguments

identi~

the

entry

to

be

copied;

i.e.,

UNIT

is

the

unit

where

the

entry

of

that

NAME

is

to

be found.

--

b.

The

entry

is

automatically

given

the

same

NAME

in

the

other

file,

and

s"",~~s

close

as

possible,

to

the

In~x.

QL

..

:tll-e.w.o.:tlt~

fil~.

The

orig-

inal

entry

is-not

affected.

c.

If

an

entry

of

the

given

name

is

already

present

in

the

other

file,

LAP6

will

display

REPLACE?

Strike

R

to

replace

the

entry.

Strike

EOL

not

to.

d.

Strike

EOL

to

interrupt

these

commands

and

return

to

the

manuscript

display.

This

has no

effect

once

LAP6

has

updated

the

Index.

e.

These

commands

can

be

used

to

reorder

file

entries.

If,

for

example,

the

three

binary

programs A, B, and C

are

to

be

each

other

and

in

that

order

in

a

file,

copy them (+CB) one

at

a

time

in

that

order

into

a

new

file.

16-3

6.

COPY

FILE Format:

...

CF

UNIT

EOL

The

COPY

FILE

command

copies

all

the

entries

from

the

specified

file

into

the

file

on

the

other

unit

of

the

tape

transport.

1

It

does

not,

how-

ever,

disturb,

or

replace,

any

entries

which

are

already

in

the

other

file.

Thus, a

file

may

be

reorganized

by

combinations

of

the

commands

eM

or

CB,

to

move

specific

entries,

and

CF

to

move

all

the

remaining

entries.

COPY

FILE,puts

the

entries

as

close

as

possible

to

the

Index

in

the

other

file.

It

uses

any

possible

gaps

created

by

former

deletions

and

thus

"packs"

the

file.

The

original

file

is

not

affected.

If

COPY

FILE

is

used

to

merge two

files,

NO

may

be

displayed

if

the

entries

from

the

original

file

do

not

all

fit

into

the

other

file

or

Index.

LAP6

has,

however,

copied

as

many

entries

as

it

could;

inspection

of

the

two

indices

will

shOw

which

entries

were

not

copied.

Strike

EOL

to

interrupt

the

command

and

return

to

the

manuscript

dis-

play.

This

has

no

effect

once

LAP6

has

updated

the

Index.

~rom

0

to

1,

1

to

0,

4

to

5,

or

5

to

4.

16-3 Meta

Commands

7.

CONVERT

Format:

~CVEOL

The

current

manuscript

is

converted

to

a

LINC

binary

program,

and

three

displays

of

information

about

the

program

are

presented.

Conventions

which

should

be

followed

to

prepare

a

LINe

program

manuscript

are

described

in

section

VI.

a.

The

binary

program

will

be

in

blocks

340-347

of

the

LAP6

tape

after

,conversion.

The

block

numbers

correspond

to

memory

quarters

0-7

respectively;

~,

a

program

written

to

occupy

memory

registers

in

quarters

0

and

2

will

be

found

in

tape

blocks

340

and

342.

Locations

not

occupied

by

the

binary

program

are

cleared

(set

to

+0).

b.

Strike

EOl

to

interrupt

the

conversion

process

and

return

to

the

manu-

script

display.

This

leaves

no

binary

program

in

blocks

340-347.

c.

Displays:

ERRORS.

There

are

two

kinds:

undefined

symbols

appear

with

one

manuscript

line

number;

multiply

defined

symbols

appear

with

at

least

two

line

numbers. Ten

errors

are

displayed

per

frame.

More

than

45

errors

will

not

be

displayed,

and

the

display

is

automatically

omitted

if

there

were no

errors.

ERRORS

2A

1072

6015

1 X

75

~,

2A

is

defined

at

both

line

1072

and

line

6015.

~s

referred

to

on

line

75,

but

never

defined.

Keyboard

Control:

CASE

0:

CASE

Q:

R:

EOl:

Forward

one frame

Backward one frame

Return

to

the

manuscript

display

Get

MEMORY

ALLOCATION.

This

display

shows

the

memory

locations,

inclusive,

required

by

the

binary

program.

If

the

manuscript

contains

more

than

10

"location

statements"

(see

section

VI),

only

10

allocations

will

be

displayed.

MEMORY

AllOCATION

20-

-401

3670-

40

11

12

Meta

Commands

!:.s.:..,

the

binary

program

requires

memory

registers

20

through

401

plus

registers

3670

through

3777,

and

o

through

40.

Reading

this

display

is

the

simplest

way

to

tell

whether

a

program

exceeds

a

certain

num-

ber

of

memory

quarters,

or

whether

perhaps

certain

portions

overlap.

Keyboard

Control:

R:

EOl:

Return

to

the

manuscript

display

Get

SYMBOlS.

All

Meta

Commands

(1)

If

the

first

instruction,

or

a

J.MP

to

the

first

instruction

is

put

in

register

1

(i.e.,

in

the

program

manuscript

following

a

81

statement),

the

program

will

start

automaticalJ..y"

as

soon

as

it

is

read

in.

(2)

If

nothing

is

put

in

register

1 and

the

first

instruction,

or

a

JMP

to

the

first

instruction

is

put

in

register

2,

the

com-

puter

will

halt

at

register

1,

but

the

program

can

be

started

by

raising

the

RESUME

lever.

This

is

a

helpf'ul

procedure

when

there

are

perhaps

switches

to

be

set

or

tapes

to

change

before

the

program

can

be

run.

d.LO

leaves

the

first

block

number

of

the

program's

tape

location

in

the

left

9

bits

of

the

Z

register.

It

leaves

the

corresponding

unit

number

in

the

right

3

bits

of

Z

(to

make

it

easier

to

"layer"

pro-

grams which have no

fixed

tape

location).

e.

LO

"EXITs" from

LAP6

before

reading

the

binary

program.

I.e.,

the

current

manuscript

may

be

recovered

by

executing

the

regular

console

start

procedure,

or

by

reentering

LAP6

under

program

control

as

de-

scribed

below.

Combinations

of

manuscript

editing,

CV,

DS,

and

LO

can

therefore

be

used

for

fairly

efficient

on-line

debugging.

12.

FREE

Format:

...

F

EOl

The

FREE

meta

connna.nd

makes

it

possible

to

add

features

to

LAP6.

When

the

command

is

given,

LAP6

reads

block

317

into

quarter

0 and

JMPs

to

20.

You

may

put

any

program you

like

into

block

317.

FREE

is

probably

best

used

for

programs which work

closely

with

LAP6,

such

as

manuscript

manip-

ulators,

or

for

programs which have

frequent

use

in

the

local

environment.

It

is,

of

course,

possible

to

have

different

FREE

programs

with

different

copies

of

LAP6.

FREE

may

be

used

as

a

dispatcher

to

aIry

one

of

several

separate

pro-

grams.

To

facilitate

this,

LAP6

leaves

the

code

(Chart

II)

for

any

char-

acter

typed

after

the

F

in

the

right

6

bits

of

the

Accumulator.

~,

the

commands

~FfOl'

...

FW

EOL

' and

...

F:

EOl

will

leave

the

codes

for-EOl,

W,

and

:,

respec~1vely,

in

fhe

Accumulator.

If

nothing

is

put

in

block

317,

the

computer

simply

halts

at

20.

LAP6

may

be

reentered

at

any

time

under

program

control

as

described

below.

(Starting

LAP6

by

executing

the

regular

console

start

procedure

is

always

legal,

but,

except

following

EX

or

10,

the

current

manuscript

will

be

erased.)

N.b.:

the

rest

of

the

memory, which

contains

the

LAP6

tape

instructions,

IS'Iiot

cleared

when

FREE

is

executed.

Putting

undebugged programs

into

the

FREE

block

is

not

recommended.

s6'ec("o

~

w

ItlT

c

-()

P,

16-3 '

16-3

Meta

Commands

Programmed

Return

from EXIT,

FREE,

or

LOAD

BINARY

These

three

co:rmn.a.nds

do

not

return

automatically

to

I.AP6.

Since

they

essentially

provide

the

ability

to

leave

LAP6

gracefully

in

order

to

run

other

programs,

what ,happens

after

one

of

these

commands

is

executed

is

up

to

you.

If

you

wish,

however,

after

executing

one

of

these

commands,

to

re-

enter

LAP6

other

than

manually,

you

may

do

so

in

the

memory

under

control

of

your

own

program.

Put

15)

RCG

~

7

()

I

16)

71300

in

registers

15 and 16 and

JMP

15.

(Executing

RCG,

7\300

from

the

console

switches

and

starting-at

17

is

equivalent.)

LAP6

and

the

current

manu-

script

will

be

as

they

were

before

the

command

was

executed.

There

is

no

other

way

to

enter

I.AP6

under

program

control.

Do

not

change

the

instruction,

and do

not

move

it

to

some

other

register.

Do

not

enter

LAP6

this

way

illlless

you

left

via

EXIT,

FREE,

or

LOAD

BINARY.

13.

COPY

Format:

+CP

EOl

This

command

copies

the

contents

of

any number

'of

consecutive

tape

blocks

on any

unit

to

any

place

on

any

unit.

l

It

should

not

be

confused

with

putting

entries

in

a

LAP6

file,

and has no

effect

on a

file

Index.

When

the

command

is

given,

the

following

appears

on

the

scope:

COpy

?

BLOCKS

FROM

BLOCK

?

UNIT

1,

TO

BLOCK

1

UNIT

1

~Number

of

blocks

to

move,

octal

}

Present

location

}

Requested

location

a.

Fill

in

the

question

marks

as

i:ndicated:

type

the

number

of

blocks

to

be

copied.

This

will

replace

the?

on

the

second

line.

Terminate

with

EOl

and

type

the

first

block

number

of

the

blocks

to

be

copied.

This

will

replace

the

1 on

the

third

line.

Terminate

with

EOl.

Continue

answering

the

questions,

terminating

each

answer

with

EOl.

The

command

will

be

executed

when

the

last

EOl

is

struck

after

the

sixth

line.

lunit

= 0 1 4 5

, ,

,or

.

15

16

Meta

Commands

b.

Striking

del

will

delete

the

answers

and

restore

the

question

marks,

one

at

a

time.

Answer

the

question

again.

(Do any

dels

before

the

sixth

EOl.)

If

LAP6

doesn't

like

what

you

typed,

the

question

mark(s)

will

reappear

automatically.

c.

Strike

CASE

to

interrupt

the

display

and

return

to

the

manuscript

dis-

play.

d.

The

blocks

being

copied

are

not

affected.

e.

To

copy

an

entire

tape,

copy

1

000

blocks

from

block

O.

f.

To

copy

LAP6

itself,

copy

50

blocks

from

block

300

on

unit

O.

(See

Notes,

"Copying

LAP6

Tapes.")

g.

Since

LAP6

can

move

only

7

blocks

at

a

time

(because

of

memory

limita-

tions),

care

must

be

taken

not

to

overlap

the

blQck

numbers

on

the

same

unit

when COPYing more

than

7

blocks.

Example:

requesting

LAP6

to

copy

12

blocks

from

block

550

to

block

552

on

the

same

unit

will

not

work,

because

LAP6

must

write

the

first

7

blocks

in

blocks

552-560

be-

fore

it

can

read

the

last

3

blocks

from

blocks

557-561.

Requesting

it

to

copy

7

or

fewer

blocks,

however,

from

block

550

to

block

552

on

the

same

unit

will

work.

(Obviously,

if

the

units

are

different,

the

COPY

will

be

successful.)

14.

PRINT

INDEX

Format:

.....

PX

UNIT

EOl

The

contents

of

the

specified

Index

are

printed

on

a

teletype

which

is

connected

to

the

LINC

through

bit

0

of

the

Relay

Register,

and

which

is

turned

on

in

the

"line"

mode.

Printing

time

is

1

to

2

minutes.

a.

Strike

EOl

to

interrupt

the

printing

and

return

to

the

manuscript

dis-

,

play.

15 .

PRINT

MANUSCRIPl'

16. LIST

Format:

....PM

(LN,

(LN,))

(NAME~

UNIT

~Ol

....

lI

(LN~

(LN~))

(NAME~

UNIT

{OL

These

two

co:mmands

both

use

a

teletype

to

PRINT

or

LIST

LAP6

manuscripts,

and

have

several

operating

features

in

common:

(1)

The

teletype

must

be

connected

to

the

LINC

through

bit

0

of

the

Relay

Register

and

turned

on

in

the

"line"

mode.

(2)

Arguments

-

all

optional:

(a)

If

no

name

and

unit

are

given,

the

current

manuscript

will

be

printed

or

listed.

If

NAME

and

UNIT

are

given,

LAP6

will

print

or

list

the

manuscript

of

that

NAME

from

the

file

on

that

UNIT.

16-3

16-3 Meta

Commands

(b)

If

no

line

numbers

are

given,

the

entire

manuscript

will

be

printed

or

listed.

When

line

numbers,

LN,

are

specified,

part

of

the

manuscript

will

be

printed

or

listed.

The

line

numbers,

inclusive,

indicate

the

part.

When

only

one

line

number

is

given,

the

second

line

number

is

assumed

to

be

the

last

line

number

of

the

manuscript.

(3)

Approximately

708

manuscript

lines

are

printed

or

listed

per

tele-

type

page.

The

pages

are

approximately

11

inches

long

if

cut

at

the

marker

which

appears

between

pages.

(4)

The

NAME,

if

any,

and

the

page

number

in

octal

appear

at

the

top

left

corner

of

each

page.

The

line

number

of

the

first

manuscript

line

which

be~ins

on

that

page

appears

at

the

top

of

the

page

in

the

format

"LN=

.

(5)

Strike

EOL

to

interrupt

the

printing

or

listing

at

any

time

and

to

return

to

the

manuscript

display.

Interrupt

with

EOL

if

you

forget

to

turn

on

the

teletype.

(6)

Manuscript

lines

which

are

too

long

to

fit

on one

teletype

line

are

automatically

carried

over

to

the

line.

(7)

The

following

characters

differ

between

LINC

keyboard

(Chart

II)

and

teletype

print:

(8)

LINC

Keyboard

CASE

A

CASE

B

Scope

Teletype

II

When

the

printing

or

listing

is

finished,

you

muBt

strike

EOL

to

return

to

the

manuscript

display.

(This

prevents

the

manuscript

display

from

burning

the

scope

if

you have

left

the

teletype.)

a.

Print

Manuscript

Any

LAP6

manuscript

can

be

printed

with

PM.

PRINT

MANUSCRIPl'

will

not

split

words

between

teletype

lines.

Printing

time

is

approximately

1

minute

per

page

for

LINC

program

manuscripts.

b.

List

Any

LAP6

manuscript

which

LAP6

can

convert

to

a

LINC

program

can

be

listed

with

LI.

In

addition

to

the

manuscript

lines,

LIST

prints

the

symbols

associated

with

the

manuscript,

and

the

memory

address

and

mem-

ory

contents

of

each

register

of

LINC

program

generated

by

the

manuscript~

The symbols

are

printed

first,

in

as

many

as

4 columns

if

necessary,

but

nevermore

than

one

page.

The

manuscript

is

then

listed

one

line

at

a

time

with

the

memory

address

(p),

and

the

memory

contents

(CONT),

in

octal

in

the

left

two columns

preceding

the

associated

manuscript

line:

17

18

NAME"PAGE

VAIDE

LINE

]A

0030

17

lB

0067

57

IF

1737

2051

NAME"PAGE

LN=l

p

CONT

Meta

Commands

VAIlJE

LINE

3T

0426

441

4B

1301

1354

[LIST

SAMPLE

815

15

0077

#4D

SET

i 17

16

6063

JMP

lB-4

17

0704

WRC

20

6040

6

140

21

7301

JMP

4B

Example

4.

LIST

Format.

(1)

When

line

numbers

are

specified,

the

symbols

are

not

printed.

ThU$,

~LI

1

("NAME"UNITJEO

L

'

lists

the

entire

manuscript

without

the

symbols.

(2)

Do

not

try

to

LIST

a

manuscript

which

LAP6

cannot

convert;

use

PRINT

MANUSCRIPl'

instead.

LIST

does

not,

however,

affect

the

program.

last

converted

with

CV,

the

operation

of

either

SAVE

BINARY

or

LOAD

BINARY,

and

there

is

no

need

to

convert

a

manuscript

before

you

list

it.

(3)

If

the

manuscript

contains

"text"

(see

section

VI),

the

following

should

be

noted:

(a)

The

"p" and

"CONT"

columns

of

converted

text

are

listed

before

the

corresponding

manuscript

line

of

text.

(The

manuscript

line

is

not

broken;

it

appears

on

one

line

in

the

listing

as

it

does

on

the

scope.)

16-3

16-3 Conversion Conventions

Occasionally

(because

of

the

placement

of

EOLs

within

the

text))

"p" and

"CONT"

will

be

repeated

for

a

single

register.

The

second

listing

for

the

register

is

the

correct

one.

(4)

Listing

time

is

approximately

2 minutes

per

page.

Hint:

the

fastest

way

to

produce

printed

copy

of

pro-

gram

manuscripts

on

the

teletype

is

to

LIST

the

manu-

script

only

through

the

symbol

table.

Interrupt

by

striking

EOl.

Then

PRINT

the

MANUSCRIPr.

The symbol

table,

providing

both

the

value

and

the

line

number

of

all

the

symbols

in

the

manuscript,

contains

all

the

in-

formation

needed

to

find

your

way

around

the

printed

manuscript.

VI.

Conversion

Conventions

To

facilitate

program

writing

we

generally

prefer

to

use

symbols

instead

of

the

binary,

or

even

octal,

numbers which

we

understand

the

symbols

to

rep-

resent.

We

prefer

to

write

"ADD,"

not

"2000"

or,

even

worse,

"010 000 000

000,"

making a

note

that

when

the

program

is

put

into

the

memory, 010 000 000 000

must be

substituted

for

the

mnemonically

easier

"ADD."

The

CONVERT

command,

by making

the

appropriate

binary

substitutions

for

you,

permits

a

LINC

program

to

be

written

in

a symbolic form

as

a

LAP6

manu-

script

(Example

5).

To

prepare

the

manuscript

so

that

it

can

be

converted

correctly,

certain

conventions

must be

observed.

The symbols

used

~enerally

follow

those

in

the

programming examples

in

"Programming

the

LINC,

"

with

amplifications.

1 [lINe

PROGRAM

SAMPLE

2

8200

3

#9R

lOA

;

4

7B

[VARIABLE

5

ADA

;

6

p+4

7

#6X

JMP

6X-10

10

JMP

9R

11

7B=ADD

[EQUALITY

12

-4000

13

9R-6X

Example 5.

LAP6

Program.

Manuscript.

fV

..

·:C'

lwilkes,

M.A.

and

W.

A.

Clark,

LINC,

Vol.

l~

Prosramming

and

Use-I,

Section

2,

Washington

University,

St.

Louis,

June 1 5.

19

20

Conversion

Conventions

For

example, a

single

register

instruction

(line

7

or

10) mu£t occupy one

manuscript

line;

double

register

instructions

(lines

3-4,

and 5-6) occupy two

lines.

In

addition

to

these

instruction

lines,

some

special

lines

may

also

appear

in

program

manuscripts,

such

as

comments

(line

1),

location

statements

(line

2),

and

equality

statements

(line

11).

In

the

following,

converted

values

are

represented

in

octal

(not

binary).·

A.

Location

Statements

-8

To

convert

the

manuscript

to

a

binary

program,

LA.P6

must

know

what

registers

you

intended

the

program

to

occupy. A

location

statement

(line

2 above)

tells

LA.P6

to

put

the

instructions

(or

perhaps

data

tables)

which

follow

it

into

sequential

registers

beginning

with

the

specified

location.

In

Example 5,

the

LOA

i

instruction

on

line

3

will

therefore

be

put

in

register

200,

the

ADA

i

instruction

on

line

5

into

register

202,

etc.

LAP6

continues

to

use

sequential

registers

(2000

following

1777, and

o

following

3777)

until

a

new

location

statement

is

encountered.

There

may

be

as

many

location

statements

in

a

manuscript

as

you

like.

If

portions

of

the

binary

program

overlap

as

a

result,

the

location

state-

ment which

appears

latest

in

the

manuscript

has

precedence;

the

instructions

(or

tables)

which

follow

it

will

be

the

ones which

appear

in

the

binary

program.

This

is

sometimes

useful

when programs must be

written

to

run

with

different

segments

using

the

same

memory

locations

at

different

times.

1.

A

location

statement

must

begin

with

the

location

symbol, 8.,

followed

by

octal

constants

which

represent

a

memory

address.

2.

Manuscripts

containing

no

initial

location

statement

will

be

located

at

20.

3. A

location

statement

must occupy a

manuscript

line

by

itself,

except

that

it

may

include

a comment.

It

is

not,

however, a

line

of

program

and does

not

appear

in

the

binary

program

after

conversion.

B. Tags -#

To

eliminate

the

need

to

know

the

actual

memory

address

of

a

given

instruction

or

data

word, any program

line

(i.e.,

any

manuscript

line

except

location

statements

and

equality

statements)

may

be

"tagged."

That

is,

it

may

be

identified

by

symbols which

represent

its

memory

address,

and

it

may

be

referred

to

by

its

symbolic,

rather

than

its

actual,

address.

In

Example 5,

the

tag

#9R

on

line

3

represents

the

actual

memory

address,

200,

of

the

LOA

i

instruction.

This

symbolic

address

is

then

used

on

line

10 where

the

code

for

"JMP

200"

is

represented

symbolically

by

JMP

gR.

Similarly

the

tag

#6X

on

line

7

represents

the

actual

memory

address

204.

"9R"

is

said

to

be

"defined"

on

line

3;

"6x"

is

defined

on

line

7.

16-3

Conversion

Conventions

1.

A

tagged

line

must

begin

with

the tag

symbol,

#,

followed

by

a

Number

Letter

combination.

C.

Equality

statements

_ a

The

equality

symbol,

=,

can

be

used

to

assign

any

value

you

like

to

a

Numbep

Lettep

combination.

Equalities

should

not

be

confused

with

tags,

whose

values

are

assigned

by

LAP6

relative

to

location

statements.

Equality

statements

are

generally

used

when a

program

value

must

be

treated

as

a

variable.

E.g.,

in

Example 5,

7B

is

defined

by

an

equality

symbol on

line

11

to

represent

the

code

for

ADD,

or

2000. The

equality

statement

tells

LAP6

to

convert

all

references

to

7B,

such

as

the

one on

line

4,

to

the

value

2000:

The-

value

can

be

'changed

later

simply

by

rede-

fining

7B,

i.e.,

setting

it

equal

to

a

different

value,

and

converting

the

program

again.

"7B"

is

"defined"

on

line

11.

1.

An

equality

statement

is

a

Number

Letter

combination

followed

by

the

=

sign,

followed

by

the

definition

of

the

Number

Letter

combination.

2.

The

definition

may

be

any

combination

of

characters

which

LAP6

can

convert

except

"text"

(~).

If,

however,

the

definition

itself

con-

tains

Number

Letter

comblnations,

they

must have

been

defined

earlier

in

the

manuscript.

~,

putting

7B=6X

on

line

11

in

Example 5 would

properly

assign

the

value

20~to

7B,

because

6x

is

itself

defined

on

line

7. Were

6x

not

defined

ear-

lier

,

it

would

appear

as

an

undefined

symbol

in

the

ERROR

display

following

conversion.

3.

An

equality

statement

must occupy a

line

by

itself,

except

that

it

may

include

a comment.

It

is

not,

however,

a

line

of

program

and

does

not

appear

in

the

binary

program

after

conversion.

D.

Number

Letter

Combinations

1.

The

Number

must

precede

the

Letter.

The Numbers

are

1

through

9;

Letters

are

capitals

A

through

Z.

2.

A

Number

Letter

combination

may

be

defined

once

as

a

tag

if

it

is

not

also

defined

as

an

equality.

If

it

is

defined

more

than

once,

it

will

appear

as

a

multiple

definition

in

the

ERROR

display

following

conver-

sion.

The

latest

definition

in

the

manuscript

will

be

the

one

used.

~,

the

following

will

be

converted

as

shown:

Manuscript

Conversion

1

8100

p

CONT

2

#2F

ADD

3 100 2003

3

JMP

2F+2

101

6042 (Not 6102)

4

2F=40

2F

is

defined

on

both

line

2

and

line

4.

21

22

Conversion

Conventions

2.

A

Number

Letter

combination

which

is

used,

but

not

defined,

is

assigned

the

value

zero,

and

appears

as

undefined

in

the

ERROR

display

fol-

lowing

conversion.

~,

JMP

3X,

when

3X

is

not

defined,

is

converted

:w-oOOO. .

E.

Comments

'- [

The

manuscript

may

be

annotated

anywhere

with

"comments"

which

LAP6

ignores

during

conversion.

1.

Comments

must

begin

with

the

comment symbol,

[.

Any

displayable

character

may

follow

the

comment symbol.

2.

A comment

may

be

either

on a

line

by

itself

(line

1,

Example

5),

or

included

on

any

other

line

so

long

as

it

is

the

last

thing

on

the

line

(lines

4

and

11,

Example 5).

F.

Symbolic

Operation

Mnemonics

1.

Three

letter

mnemonics

may

be

used

to

represent

instruction

codes.

The

mnemonics

which

LAP6

recognizes,

and

the

codes which

they

represent,

are

defined

on

Chart

III.

G.

Present

Location

-p

The

small

p

is

used

as

a symbol

for

the

memory

address

itself

on which

it

appears.

~,the

information

on

line

will

be

converted

for

register

203

(counting

from

the

8200

The p on

that

line,

therefore,

represents

the

address

203.

be

converted

to

203 +

4,

or

207.)

of

the

line

6

in

Exarrrple 5

statement)

.

(p+4

will

then

A

tag

reference

can

certainly

be

used

instead

of

p

(on

line

6,

6X+3

would

be

equivalent

to

p+4

),

but

P

is

often

simpler.

H.

Special

Symbols

1.

The

"i"

bit:

A

small

i on a

line

of

program

or

in

the

definition

of

an

equality

will

be

converted

to

20.

2.

The "u"

bit:

A

small

U on a

line

of

program

or

in

the

definition

of

an

equality

will

be

converted

to

10.

3.

The

vertical

bar,

I,

can

be

used

to

separateQN

and

BN

in

the

second

line

of

tape

instructions

or

to

separate

the

h-bit

in

half

word

addressing:

~,

412777

will

be

converted

to

6777.

317E, where

7E

has

the

value,

say, 45,

will

be

converted

to

3045.

16-3

Conversion

Conventions

The

value

on

the

left

of

the

bar

is

multiplied

by

1000

and

added

to

the

value

on

the

right

of

the

bar.

You

may

have

any

combination

of

symbols which

LAP6

can

convert

on

either

side

of

the

bar.

I.

Plus

and Minus +

and

-

These symbols

are

simply

used

to

combine

other

symbols

arithmetically,

as

in:

1.

Relative

addressing:

p + 4 and

6X

-

10

in

Example 5

will

be

converted

respectively

to

207

and

174

(6X

represents

204).

2.

Signed

numbers: -4000

will

be

converted

to

3777.

3000

-

4000

will

be

converted

to

6777

(-1000).

3. Computing

differences

in

memory

addresses:

Example 5,

will

be

converted

to

7773

(-4).

for

determining

the

lengths

of

tables.

9R

-

6X

on

line

13,

This

is

sometimes

useful.

4.

Odd

combinations:

Any

combination

of

convertible

symbols

may

be

manipu-

lated

arithmetically

in

any

order.

~,

; + ; - U -

6X

+ P -

LAM

+

ROC

••. ,

while

perhaps

not

meaningful,

is

perfectly

legal.

LAP6

does

all

calculations

sequentially

in

ones'

complement,

end-

around

carry

arithmetic.

Thus, 6 - 6

(or

ADD

-

ADD)

will

be

converted

to

7777

(-0).

J . 8'

sand

9'

s

All

numerical

information

on a program

line

must

be

in

octal

(6X - 1 0,

-400~).

LAP6

will

usually

convert

meaninglessly

any

numbers

containing

an

or

9.

K.

Text

-

1111

LAP6

will

retain

in

the

binary

program

the

6-bit

~board

Co..9:.§.s

of

any

characters

in

the

manuscript

which

are

set

off

as

"text

lt

by

the

upper

and

lower

quotation

marks.

~,The

following

will

be

converted

as

shown:

81000

SAE

;

"1RII

P

CONT

1000

1460

1001

0145

(01

is

the

code

for

1,

45

'for

R;

see

Chart

II.)

This

facility

simply

elimi-

nates

the

need

to

refer

to

a

keyboard

coding

sheet,

and

provides

more

readable

manuscript.

23

~4

Conversion

Conventions

Clear

ly

SAE

;

0145

would

accomplish

the

same

thing.

The

text

feature,

however,

is

useful

for

coding

characters

for,

say,

display

programs.

The

"rule"

for

using

text

is

simply:

every

character

between

quotation

marks

is

retained

as

keyboard

code

in

consecutive

half

words

in

the

binary

program.

1.

The

text

initiator

is

the

up~er

quotation

mark

(CASE

A).

The

terminator

is

the

lower

quotation

mark

tCASE

B).

The

quotation

marks

are

not

re-

tained.

a.

There

may

be

~

keyboard

characters

between

the

quotation

marks

ex-

cept

the

lower

quotation

mark

(which

terminates

the

text)

and

del

(which

deletes

the

line).

This

includes

the

upper

quotation

mark

itself.

1

82000

EOL

2

[LABELS

EOL

3

#3R

"GRAPH

#?IIEOL

4

#4X

"DAIA\t_:t~_OL

5

RUN

,?"

[COMMENT

EOL

Example

6.

Text

•

2.

A

line

of

text

may

be

of

any

length.

LAP6

will

assign

2

character

codes

to

a

register,

beginning

in

the

left

half

of,

in

Example

6,

register

2000:

P

CONT

2000 3245

2001 2443

2002 3314

2003 2260

Since

there

are

a

total

of

8

characters

between

the

quotation

marks on

line

3,

four

registers

will

be

required.

The

used

by

LAP6

will

then

be

2004.

a.

When

the

number

of

characters

between

the

quotation

marks

is

odd,

the

character

for

SPACE

(14)

is

automatically

put

in

the

right

half

of

the

last

word:

16-3

Conversion

Conventions

SHD

i

"Au

Conversion

1420

2414

(This

will

then

act

as

a

"blank"

if

the

characters

are

displayed.)

3. A

several

manuscri

t

lines

when

the

text

in-

cludes

.

In

Example a

text

line

is

begun

on

manuscript

line

4 and

terminated

on

manuscript

line

5.

The

rule

is

the

same, however,

-

every

character

between

the

quotation

marks

is

retained,

regardless

of

how

many

manuscript

lines

are

involved.

4.

A

line

of

text

may

be

tagged.

Tag

text

before

the

upper

quotation

mark.

The

tag

will

represent

the

memory

address

of

the

first

register

used

by

the

text.

Thus,

the

tag

#3R

on

line

3

of

Example 6

will

have

the

value

2000,

and

the

tag

#4X

on

line

4

will

have

the

value

2004.

(The

instruction

smr

i a

3R-4X

can

then

be

used

to

supply

an

index

regis-

ter

with

the

length

of

the

character

table

generated

by

the

text

on

line

3.)

5. A

manuscript

line

which

contains

a

line,

or

part

of

a

line,

of

text

may

not

contain

any

non-text

information

(program

instruction,

equal-

ity,

etc.)

except

that

it

may

be

tagged

before

an

upper

quotation

mark, and

may

include

a comment

after

a

lower

quotation

mark

(line

5,

Example

6).

L.

Spaces

and

Line

Format

1.

Spaces

are

permitted

anywhere

in

a

manuscript,

except

between

the

number and

the

letter

of

a

Number

Letter

combination.

~,

ADD,

P - 1 0 , 3 I

7C

,

6X

= ROC, 8 2 0 , #

2A

,

etc.

2.

Spaces

are

not

required

anywhere,

except

between

a number

and

a

let-

ter

which

do

not

represent

a

Number

Letter

combination.

~,

SAEi5

=

SAE5i

= 5

SAEi

,

etc.

3. The

elements

of

a

program

line

may

appear

in

any

order

on

the

line

so

long

as

META

COMMANDS.

State

during

MD.

Begin

with

META

(~).

Separate

two

or

more

arguments*

by commas.

Terminate

with

EOl.

If

NO

on

scope,

EOl

to

MD.

..

SM

+1 Save

current,

or

part

of

current,

ms

in

file

on

UNIT.

If

LN

given,

then

d

temporary

use

of

blocks

350-425 on

other

unit

durin~

execution

.

..

AM

U

Add

ms

to

current

ms

at

current

line.

NAME

or

BN

must

precede

UNIT.

..

OX

U

Display

Index

of

file

on

UNIT.

R:

restore

Index

after

wrong

deletions

.

#: make

deletions

permanent.

return

to

MD

•

c,e

..

CM

I

Copy

ms

from

file

on

UNIT

to

other

unit.

d

.....

CB

I

Copy

binary

from

file

on

UNIT

to

other

unit.

d

..

CF

u

COpy

all

non-duplicate

file

entries

from

UNIT

to

other

unit.

e

..

CV

Convert

current

ms.

Binary

to

blocks

340-347~

LAP6

tape.

3

displays:

e

ERRORS.

Multiply

defined.

two

LNs.

Undefined,

one

LN.

a.b

MEMORY

ALLOCATION.

Inclusive

locations

reQuired

by

binary

program.

a

SYMBOLS.

Value.

LN

for

all

symbols.

EOl:

save

SYMBOLS.

return

to

MD

. b

..

OS

Display

SYMBOLS

saved

durina

CV.

b.e

.....

SB

I Save

relevant

auarters

of

binary

or02ram from

last

CV

in

file

on

UNIT.

d

...

EX

Exit

from

LAP6.

Halt.

RESUME

rewinds

LAP6

tape.

CSP

or

PGR.

...

lO o Load

Binary

into

memory.

BN

to

Z3-Z11.

Unit

no.

to

ZO-Z2· Uses

reg.O.

Starts

binary

at

reR.

1.

CSP

or

PGR.

+F

Free

meta command.

Block

317

to

quarter

O.

Code

of

char.

following

F

to

Accumulator.

Starts

rea.

20.

PGR.

+CP

Copy

blocks.

Octal

keyboard

answers

to

displayed

questions.

EOl:terminate

answers.

del:

delete

answers.

CASE:

interrupt

display.

return

to

MD

...

PX

U

Print

Index

on

UNIT

on

teletype

(bit

O.

Relay

Reaister).

e

..

PM

+0

Print

ms

on

teletvoe

(bit

O.

Relav

Re2ister)

• e

...

lI

+0

List

ms

with

symbols,

memory

address,

and memory

contents

on

teletype

e

(bit

O.

Relav

Re2ister).

LN

-1

lists

without

symbols.

*

I:

NAME,

UNIT

required.

U:

UNIT

required.

0:

N~,UNIT

optional.

If

none,

uses

current

ms

or

binary

from

340-347.

+:

LN

or

LN.LN

optional

(before

NAME.UNIT

if

any).

Indicates

part

of

ms.

I

BN:

first

Block

Number

a EOl:

2et

CSP:

Console

Start

Procedure,

to

MD

a b

R:

return

to

MD

current

ms:

ms

displayed

during

MD

b c

CASE

0:

fwd

1

frame

LN:

ms

line

number (max. 7775

octal)

b c

CASE

0:

bkwd

1

frame

ms:

manuscript

(max.

no.

blocks

-

45;

c

CASE

1:

fwd

1

line

max.

no.

chars./line

= 512) c

C~S~

W:

bkwd

1

line

NAME:

name

of

file

entry,

max. 8

chars.

e

del:

delete

last

scope

line

PGR:

Programmed

Return

to

MD

dl

R:

replace

duolicate

entry

UNIT:

tape

unit

number (0. 1. 4.

5)

die

EOl:

interrupt;

return

to

MD

LAP6

Operation

Summary

16-3

Notes

Efficient

Handling

of

LAP6

Editing.

Although

lines

may

be

edited

in

any

order,

LAP6

is

occasionally

more

efficient

(less

tape

shuffling)

if

low numbered

lines

are

edited

before

high

numbered

lines.

If

you

are

simply

reading

the

manuscript

(i.e.,

not

chang-

ing

it),

the

tape

efficiency

is

not

affected.

The

abilities

to

SAVE

part

of

a

manuscript

and

to

ADD

one

manuscript

in

the

middle

of

another

manuscript

can

be

used

to

reconfigure

large

manuscripts

and

to

substitute

for

a

REMOVE

command.

Saving

part

of

a

manuscript

not

only

puts

the

new

manuscript

in

a

file,

but

also

leaves

it

in

the

working

area

of

the

oth-

er

tape.

It

can

be

brought

into

the

current

working

area

with

the

command

..

AM

350,1

EOL'

Adding a

manuscript

is

much

faster

if

the

manuscript

is

not

on

the

LAP6

tape.

Move

it

with

CM

or

CP

to

another

tape

before

executing

the

AM

command.

Conversion

is

faster

if

location

statements

which

refer

to

addresses

in

one

pair

of

memory

quarters

(pairs:

0-1,

2-3, 4-5, 6-7)

are

not

interspersed

with

location

statements

which

refer

to

addresses

in

different

pairs.

This

technique

will

save

some

tape

shuffling

during

conversion.

Conversion

Procedure

The

converted

values

of

discrete

elements

of

a

program

line

are

always

added

to

the

word

being

assembled.

The complemented

value

of

an

element

pre-

ceded

by

a minus

sign

is

added.

Thus,

SET

OPR,

which

is

converted

to

540,

is

equivalent

to

SET+OPR;

i

i,

which

is

converted

to

40,

is

equivalent

toi+i.

Exiting

If

either

EX

or

10

is

executed

when 1

is

the

current

line

number,

the

manu-

script

display

will

suggest

that

there

is

no

current

manuscript,

which

mayor

may

not

be

the

case.

Therefore,

if

~

when

restarted,

displays

only

the

line

number

1,

do

not

assume

that

there

is

no

current

manuscript

without

trying

to

locate

forward

(to

a

higher

line

number)

once.

Working Axea

Length

LAP6

checks

for

various

boundary

crossings"

It

will

not,

for

example,

permit

a

manuscript

to

go beyond

the

working

area

into

the

Index.

If

the

manuscript-Index

boundary

is

encountered,

LAP6

ignores

additional

manuscript

input.

It

will,

however,

continue

to

honor

all

the

meta

commands.

You

can

thus

SAVE

the

MANUSCRIPT,

equip

yourself

with

a

configuration

of

LAP6

which

has

a

larger

working

area,

and

continue.

1

2

Notes

LAP6

Manuscript

structure

COding

Rules:

A

LAP6

manuscript

is

a

single

string

of

6-bit

character

codes.

On

a

LINC

tape

the

codes

are

stored

in

sequential

half-words

in

sequential,

contiguous

blocks,

in

the

order

in

which

they

appear

on

the

scope.

1.

The

first

word

of

the

first

block

contains

the

number

2065.

The

second

word

contains

5712.

The

last

half-word

of

the

manuscript

contains

77.

There

is

no

other

control

information

associated

with

a

LAP6

manuscript.

2.

The

characters

are

coded

as

on

Chart

II.

The codes

for

del

(13),

CASE

(23),

META

(56

and 57), and

77

(except

last)

do

not

appear

in

a

LAP6

manuscript.

One

EOL

(12) does

not

appear

another

EOL.

3.

There

are

no

more

than

51110

codes between two

EOLs.

Generat~ManUScript:

A

manuscript

may

be

generated

other

than

with

LAP6,

and

used

with

LAP6.

However,

it

must:

1.

Conform

to

the

above

coding

rules.

2.

Be

put

in

contiguous

blocks

on a

LINC

tape.

16-3

3.

Not

be

put

in

the

manuscript

working

area

(blocks

350-425)

of

a

LAP6

tape.

4.

Be

added

to

LAP6

with

ADD

MANUSCRIPr,

..

AM

BN,

UNITEOL

•

If

the

above

procedure

is

followed,

the

generated

manuscript

may

then

be

treated

as

any

other

tAP6

manuscript.

.

Manipulating

Manuscript:

LAP6

maybe

used

to

generate

a

manuscript

(~,

a programming

language,

a

bibliography,

etc.)

which

is

to

be

the

data

source

for

some

other

program.

You

may

assume

that

the

current

manuscript

on

the

LAP6

tape

(blocks

350

ff.)

conforms

to

the

above

coding

rules,

and

is

therefore

accessible,

following

the

commands

EX,

F,

CP,

CV,

W,

and

SM.

You

may

read

the

manuscript

directly

from

the

working

area.

Do

not,

however,

write

back

into

the

working

area.

Following

these

com-

mands you'

may

ADD

the

MANUSCRIPr

from

the

current

working

area

into

the

working

area

of

another

copy

of

LAP6.

Copying

LAP6

Tapes

To

copy a

LAP6

file

use

CF.

(see

"Manipulating

Manuscript").

To

copy

the

current

manus

cript

use

CP

or

AM

To

copy

LAP6

use

CP

and

note

the

following:

Since

LAP6

writes

over

parts

of

itself

in

blocks

300-347

while

running,

the

probability

that

any two

copies

of

LAP6

are

ever

exactly

alike

is

extremely

re-

mote. Copying

only

some

of

the

blocks

between

300

and 347,

i.e.,

to

patch

up a

damaged

LAP6,

will

therefore

generally

result

in

a mess.

Yo~t

copy

all

508

blocks

at

once.

16-3

Notes

Avoid

copying

a

version

in

which

either

EX

or

10

was

the

last

command

ex-

ecuted.

Such a

version

assumes

that

there

is

a

particular

manuscript

in

its

working

area.

Using

this

version

on a

different

tape

may

result

in

another

mess

unless

the

working

area

is

also

copied.

One

procedure

guaranteed

to

work

is

for

the

version

which

is

to

be

copied

to

do

the

copying

and

to

COPY

itself.

The

last

command

executed

will,

of

course,

have

been

CP

when

the

version

is

started

from

another

tape,

and

there

will

be

no

confusion

about

the

current

manuscript.

Filing

Limitations

The

filing

limitations

of

LAP6

are

obvious.

The

SAVE

BINARY

command

will

file

only

a program which

LAP6

has

converted,

and

which

therefore

is

no more

than

8

blocks

long.

Furthermore,

no

command

will

permit

an

entry

to

be

filed

in

specific

blocks.

If

LAP6

files

it,

LAP6

decides

where

to

put

it.

There

are

various

ways

around

these

limitations.

In

this

connection

note.

that

the

COPY

BINARY,

COPY

FILE, and

LOAD

BINARY

commands

are

not

bothered

by

binary

entries

longer

than

8

blocks.

The

first

two

simply

copy

entries

as

they

are

described

in

the

Index,

no

matter

how

long

they

are,

and

LOAD

BINARY

loads

as

many

blocks

as

it

can,

through

quarter

7.

It

does

not

load

around

the

end

of

the

memory.

Thus,

if

a

binary

entry

is,

say,

12

blocks

long

and

its

first

block

is

for

quarter

3,

LO

will

load

only

the

first

five

blocks

of

the

entry,

into

quarters

3

through

7.

To

file

binary

information

which

LAP6

has

not

converted,

you

can

create

a

pseudo

file

entry

and

then

COPY

into

the

entry's

file

space

the

binary

infor-

mation

you want

in

the

file.

The

easiest

way

to

do

this,

if

8

or

fewer

blocks

are

needed,

is

to

make

up

the

three

line

manuscript:

1 83777

2 0

3 0

Convert

it

(CV). Save

the

resulting

8

block

binary

"program"

in

a

file

(SB).

This

provides

a named

binary

entry

in

the

Index,

and

8

contiguous

blocks

(of

zeros)

in

the

file.

Display

the

Index

to

find

out

where

the

8

blocks

·~e,

and

then

copy (CP)

whatever

you

want

into

the

8

blocks.

LOAD

BINARY

will,

in

this

case,

load

all

8

blocks.

You

may

also,

of

course,

COPY

anything

into

a

manuscript

file

space,

which

is

thus

not

limited

to

8

blocks

.

Neither

ADD

MANUSCRIPr

nor

WAD

BINARY,

how-

ever,

will

be

any

use

in

retrieving

it.

All

the

filing

limitations

can

be

avoided

by

creating

a

file

Index

your-

self.

You

can

prepare

a

LAP6

manuscript

of

Index

entries

which

when

converted

is

identical

to

a

LAP6

Index,

and

can

be

copied

(CP)

into

the

two

Index

blocks

on a

tape.

This

permits

you

to

make

entries

of

any

length,

or

to

claim

specif-

ic

blocks

in

a

file

before

LAP6

has

a chance

to

assign

the

blocks

to

something

else.

The

Index

thus

created

can

then

be

used

by

any

LAP6

filing

commands,

which

will

simply

file

around

your

entries.

So

long

as

the

fixed

entries

are

4

Notes

not

deleted

from

the

Index,

their

file

space

will

never

be

used

by

LAP6.

If

file

entries

are

to

keep

fixed

tape

locations

when

being

copied

to

anoth-

er

file,

they

must,

of

course,

be

moved

with

CP

(not

CM

or

CB).

To

copy a whole

file

which

contains

some

fixed

location

entries,

COPY

the

Index

first.

Delete

from

the

"new"

Index

all

the

entries

which do

not

need

a

fixed

location.

COPY

FILE from

the

old

file

into

the

new

one

to

move

those

entries,

and

COPY

the

en-

tries

which have a

fixed

location.

Index

Structure

You

may

have

occasion

to

make

up a

file

Index

as

a

LAP6

manuscript,

or

to

write

programs which

scan

an

Index

for

specific

entries.

The

Index

structure

must

be

well

understood.

A

LAP6

Index

is

always two

blocks

long

and

is

always

in

tape

blocks

whose

block

numbers end

in

6 and 7

(regardless

of

configuration).

The

two

blocks

are

divided

into

1008 segments

of

lOR

words

each.

The

first

segment

is

the

Index

identifier;

the

other

778

segments

are

for

Index

entries.

An

Index

always

has

the

correct

identifier

and

at

least

one

entry.

Identifier:

if

the

two

blocks

are

an

Index,

this

segment has 5757

in

all

8 words.

If

the

two

blocks

are

not

an

Index,

these

8 words

contain

anything

but

5757.

Entry

Segments:

an

entry

segment always

contains

the

entry

name

in

the

first

four

words.

If

the

segment

contains

a name,

it

must

describe

either

a

manuscript

in

the

fifth

and

sixth

words,

or

a

binary

program

in

the

seventh

and

eighth

words,

or

both.

A

name

does

not

appear

without

at

least

one

of

these

entries.

A manu-

script

and a

binary

program

of

the

same

name

must

be

described

in

the

same

entry

segment.

An

unused

entry

segment

has

5757

in

all

8 words.

Name:

first

four

words.

The

entry

name

is

stored

in

8

half-words

beginning

m'the

left

half

of

the

first

word

of

the

segment. Unused

half-words

in

the

name

contain

77. The

name

confo~

to

the

rules

for

entry

names

described

under

"Files"

in

the

Handbook, and does

not

begin

with

a

space.

The

char-

acters

are

coded

as

on

Chart

II.

Manuscript

Entry:

the

first

block

number

of

the

manuscript's

location

in

the

file

is

stored

in

the

fifth

word. The

length

of

the

manuscript

(number

of

blocks)

is

in

the

sixth

word.

If

there

is

no

manuscript

entry,

these

two words

contain

5757'.

Binary

Entry:

the

first

block

number

of

the

binary

program's

location

in

the

file

is

stored

in

the

seventh

word,

with

the

number

of

the

first

quarter

into

which

it

is

to

be

loaded

in

the

left

three

bits.

The

length

of

the

binary

program (number

of

blocks)

is

in

the

eighth

word.

If

there

is

no

binary

entry,

these

two words

contain

5757.

16-3

Example:

Name

Manuscript

Entry

Binary

Entry

Coded

Entry

Segment

Notes

NAME

GRAPH

BN

#BLKS

M

100

B

230

33

16

Corresponding

Index

Display

Used segments

are

not

necessarily

"packed"

in

the

Index.

They

may

be

inter-

spersed

with

unused

segments.

Since

all

unused

segments,

or

unused

2 word

entries

within

a

segment,

con-

tain

5757,

this

number

can

be

used

for

scanning

the

Index

to

locate

specific

entries.

If

a segment

is

not

used,

it

will

contain

5757

in

the

first

word

of

the

name.

If

it

is

used,

and

describes

a

manuscript,

the

left

three

bits

of

the

fifth

and

sixth

words

will

contain

O.

If

the

segment

does

not

describe

a

manuscript,

these

bits

will

contain

a 5.

If

the

segment

describes

a

binary

entry,

the

left

three

bits

of

the

eighth

word

will

contain

0;

otherwise,

5.

(The

seventh

word,

which

may

contain

quarter

number 5,

should

be

ignored.)

LAP6

Configuration

As

has

been

suggested,

LAP6

need

not

have

the

tape

configuration

described

in

the

Handbook,

and

a

different

configuration

may

be

more

appropriate

in

cer-

tain

cases.

Other

configurations

operate

exactly

as

the

standard

LAP6,

but

do

so

with

reference

to

different

tape

blocks

and

block

areas.

Thus

if

you

are

using

another

configuration,

you

must

note'

the

different

block

numbers

and

make

the

appropriate

adjustment

when

reading

the

Handbook.

Regardless

of

what

configuration

LAP6

has,

it

assumes

that

any

other

tape

which

it

ma

use

durin

eration

has

the

same

confi

ation.

You

cannot,

for

example,

use

a

configuration

of

whose

Index

is

at

52

to

file

entries

in

a

file

whose

Index

is

at

426.

Any,

or

all,

of

the

following

may

differ

from

the

standard

configuration:

Tape

Unit:

LAP6

may

operate

from

another

tape

unit.

If,

for

example,

the

con-

figuration

is

for

unit

1,

it

must

be

mounted on

unit

1,

and

read

with

RCG

u,

etc.

SAVE

MANUSCRIPr

with

line

number arguments

will

then

use

the

unit

0

work-

area

during

execution.

Lower

File:

(standard:

0-267)

Begins

at

block

0 and

may

end

anywhere

below

LAP6.

I.e.,

may

be

of

any

length,

creating

more

or

less

UNUSED

blocks

between

the

lower

file

and

LAP6.

5

6

Notes

LAP6:

(standard:

300-347)

May

be

anywhere,

but

is

always 508

blocks

long.

The

configuration

of

blocks

within

LAP6

does

not

change.

The

FREE

meta

block

(stan-

dard:

317) and

the

binary

working

area

(standard:

340-347)

are

always

in

the

same

position

relative

to

the

first

block

of

LAP6.

Working Area:

(standard:

350-425)

May

begin

anywhere above

LAP6,

creating

UN-

trsED

blocks

between

LAP6

and

the

working

area.

It

may

be

of

any

length,

but

al-

ways ends

at

the

block

before

the

Index.

Index:

(standard:

426-427)

May

be anywhere above

the

beginning

of

the

working

area,

but

is

always 2

blocks

long

and

terminates

the

working

area.

~r

File:

(standard:

430-777)

May

begin

anywhere above

the

Index,

creating

ED

blocks

between

the

Index

and

the

upper

file,

but

always ends

in

block

777.

The

relative

positions

of

the

Index

and

the

two

file

areas

will

affect

the

filing

behavior

of

LAP6.

Regardless

of

configuration,

however,

the

filing

algo-

rithm

does

not

change.

LAP6

always

files

within

the

reserved

file

area

only,

as

close

as

possible

to

the

Index.

If,

for

example,

there

is

no

lower

file

at

all,

all

entries

will

be

filed

sequentially

in

the

upper

file

area

only.

If

you change from

configuration

A on

tape

A

to

configuration

B whose

Index

B

is

in

a

different

place,

you

can

move

the

Index

on

tape

A

to

the

Index

blocks

that

configuration

B

requires

with

CPo

Although

LAP6

will

file

entries

only

in

the

file

area

reserved

for

the

new

configuration,

it

makes

no-assumptions

about

the

information

already

in

a

file

Index.

If,

in

order

to

work

with

a

new

configuration,

an

Index

is

moved,

say,

from

blocks

426-427

to

blocks

576-577, and

that

Index

describes

a 10

block

manuscript

named

CHARLES

in

the

old

file

area

at

block

430,

it

still

describes

such

a manu-

script.

The

manuscript

CHARLES

will

be

properly

found

by

the

new

configuration.

If,

however,

the

Index

is

copied

into

the

old

file

area

on

top

of

a

file

en-

try,

the

record

of

the

now

destroyed

entry

must

be

deleted

from

the

Index.

It,

of

course,

cannot

be

properly

found

by

the

new

configuration.

Various

Failures

LAP6

makes

fairly

heavy demands on

the

tapes

and

requires

well

tuned

units.

Trouble

may

appear

which a machine has

not

previously

exhibited.

Although any

sort

of

trouble

should

be

fixed

immediately,

LAP6

is

written

to

maximize

the

pos-

sibility

of

recovery.

LAP6,

the

current

manuscript,

the

Index,

and

the

file

entries

can

all

be

treated

as

separate

elements

should

you

ever

have

to

patch

things

up.

If

one

element

is

damaged,

the

others

are

probably

all

right

and

can

be

salvaged.

In

addi

tion,

the

general

structure

and

identif'ying

coding

of

manuscripts

and

file

indices

have

been

kept

as

simple

as

possible.

Tape StoEPing

LAP6

uses

the

IBZ

instruction

frequently

to

control

the

tape

motion.

Occa-

sionally,

however, a

tape

will

suddenly

stop

in

the

middle

of

otherwise

very

busy

looking

activity,

and

LAP6

will

loop:

16-3

p-l

P

(START

RS

here)

p+l

Notes

r

IBZ

JMP

p-l

(code 453)

(code 6000 +

p-l)

Since

the

tape

has

stopped,

the

program

will

never

skip

on

the

IBZ

test.

Recovery:

if

you

suspect

this

problem,

you

simplY

have

to

take

LAP6

out

of

the

loop:

1.

Push

INSTR

BY

INSTR.

(This

is

always

safe.)

The

INSTRUCTION

lights

will

show

the

code

for

either

IBZ

or

JMP

p-l.

2.

STEP

a

few

times

to

verify

that

the

program

is

indeed

in

the

2

instruc-

tion

IBZ

loop.

If

not,

raise

RESUME.

3.

Put

"p+l"

(the

location

after

the

JMP

instruction)

in

the

RIGHT

SWITCHES.

4.

Push

START

RS.

LA.P6

will

continue

unharmed.

Cure:

if

this

happens

frequently,

you

should

find

out

why

the

tape

is

stopping

before

an

IMARK

appears.

Possibilities:

1.

The

tape

heads need

cleaning.

Frequently

this

is

all

that

is

required.

2.

The

tape

reel

is

slipping

on

the

hub. The hub needs

another

rubber

band.

3.

4.

The

tape

timing

channel

is

noisy;

spurious

END

MARKS

are

appearing.

l

1

A

spurious

Unit

change

is

causing

a motion

stop.

Bad

Block

ottA.,.

tOL~

~

M

If

the

execution

of

a meta

command~eveals

a

bad

block

not

in

the

LAP6

or

current

manuscript

area,

~,

on

another

tape

or

in

a

file,

you

can

recover:

1.

STOP

the

computer.

2. Read

LAP6

in

again

(RCG,

7300).

3.

Put

17

in

the

RIGHT

SWITCHES

and push

START

RS.

EXIT

from

LAP6

and,

if

LAP6

was

executing

a

filing

command

at

the

time,

read

the

section

on "Damaged

File

Area."

Tape

Missing

If

you

forget

to

mount a

tape

on

another

unit,

whose hub

frustratingly

DI*i,.

~

starts

to

spin

because

LAP6

is

trying

to

execute

a meta commandkwhich needs

1\-1\1\

that

unit,

use

the

3-step

recovery

procedure

described

under

"Bad

Block."

Then

mount

the

needed

tape

and

restate

the

meta

command.

~or

standard

LINCs

see

dwg.

1025,

LINC,

Vol.

12,

Logic Drawings and Timing Diagrams. 7

8

Notes

Damaged

or

Lost

Manuscript

There

is

no

need

to

erase

the

current

manuscript

if

you

suspect

that

part

of

it

has

been

damaged.

Manuscript

lines

are

self-contained;

therefore

any

line

which

looks

strange

can

simply

be

deleted

and

replaced.

If

LAP6

loses

track

of

the

current

manuscript

(START

20

pushed

too

often,

or

LAP6

replaced

and

restarted),

execute

~AM

350,OEOL.

The

manuscript

will

be

all

right

if

the

last

thing

LAP6

did

was

EX,

F,

CP,

CV,

10,

or

SM.

If

you

aren't

sure

what

it

did,

proofread

the

manuscript.

In

a;ny

case,

executing

the

AM

command

will

do no harm.

If

LAP6

refuses

to

add a

manuscript

(AM)

to

the

working

area,

the

first

two

coding

words

are

damaged.

Put

2065

and

5712

into

the

first

two words

of

the

first

block

of

the

manuscript.

Add

the

manuscript

again

and

proofread

it.

If

the

final

77

is

damaged,

LAP6

will,

while

locating

forward,

or

adding

it

with

AM,

keep

adding

manuscript

until

it

finds

a

77

or

stops

because

of

a

boundary

condition.

In

either

case

no harm

will

be

done.

The

garbage

will

probably

be

innnediately

obvious on

the

scope

and

can

be

deleted.

Between

the

first

two

coding

words and

the

final

77,

the

only

thing

that

can

be

wrong

results

from

rare

trouble

of

the

bit

dropping

(or

picking

up)

va-

riety

which changes one

character

code

into

another.

Thus

it

is

possible

that

character

codes

which

"do

not

appear

lf

in

a

LAP6

manuscript

may

do

just

that.

The

spurious

codes

will

do no harm

in

the

manus

cript

• A

23

(CASE)

however,

will

give

the

CONVERT

and

LIST

commands

indigestion.

To

make

them

easier

to

spot

and

delete,

these

codes

are

all

displayed:

1.

13

(delete)

and

23

(CASE)

appear

as

?

2.

56

(META)

in

the

middle

of

a

line

unfortunately

appears

as

a

dash,

-,

but

usually

in

an

unlikely

post

tion

in

the

line.

At

the

beginning

of

a

line

it

appears

as

a

meta

command.

3.

57

(META)

appears

as

the

arrowhead.

4.

77

appears

as

an

unrecognizable

"squiggle."

The

line

should

be

deleted

innnediately

since

the

77

will

truncate

the

manuscript.

Damaged

Index

The

Index

of

a

file

tape

has

no

back-up.

If

damage

to

these

two

blocks

is

such

that

they

cannot

be

read

even

with

RDE,

there

is

nothing

you

can

do.

If

the

tape

is

all

right,

however,

the

only

reason

LAP6

will

refuse

to

display

the

Index

(displays

NO)

is

that

the

Indexidentifieris

incorrectly

coded.

Read

the

first

block

(426)

of

the

Index

into

the

memory

and

put

5757

in

the

first

eight

words

only.

Write

the

block

back

in

426.

Execute

the

DX

command

again,

and

delete

any

damaged

entries.

If

one

block,

but

not

both,

of

an

Index

cannot

be

read,

the

other

block

is

worth

salvaging.

On

another

tape

make

an

Index

you

don't

care

about

by

saving

something

(SM

or

SB). Then

try

to

COPY

(CP)

separately

each

of

the

two

Index

blocks

on

the

bad

tape

into

the

Index

blocks

on

the

good

tape.

If

at

least

one

block

copies

successfully,

that

half

of

the

Index

is

probably

all

right.

Display

16-3

16-3 Notes

or

print

the

good

Index

to

find

out

where

the

file

entries

are

on

the

bad

tape,

and

move

them

with

CP

to

the

good

tape.

To

salvage

the

information

in

an

Index

block

which

can

be

read

with

RDE,

but

which

does

not

check,

read

the

damaged

block

into

the

memory

and

decode

it

segment

by

segment

at

the

console

(see

"Index

structure").

Damaged

File

Area

If

there

is

tape

trouble

while

LAP6

is

reading

or

writing

a

file

entry,

you

can

salvage

the

rest

of

the

file

by

deleting

from

the

Index

the

entry

in

the

bad

blocks,

and

then

copying

the

file

(CF) from

the

bad

tape

onto

a good

tape.

Since

the

entry

is

not

described

in

the

Index,

LAP6

will

not

try

to

read

the

bad

blocks.

LAP6

always

writes

the

Index

before

it

writes

the

corresponding

entry

in

the

file.

Thus,

if

trouble

occurs

inbetween

these

two

operations,

the

Index

will

describe

an

entry

which

is

not

there.

The

entry

should

be

deleted

from

the

Index

before

you

try

to

recover.

9

Notes

LAP6

Haster

Tape

This

tape

contains

several

configurations

(see

Handbook)

of

LAP6

plus

a few

special

programs~

It

should

be

viewed

as

a back=up

tape,

not

to

be

used,

from

which

the

things

you

want

to

use

must

be

copied

onto

another

,

tape.

Mos~

of

the

copies

of

LAP6,

in

particular,

are

not

in

the

correct

blocks

for

their

configurations,

and

cannot

be

run

from

this,

tape.

The

'programs

and

LAP6

configurations

are

described

in

detail

on

'subsequent

pages.

I

The

format

of

the.

Master

Tape

is

as

follows:

S2ecial

Programs

COPY

TAPE

TRANSLAT

MARK

INDEX

MS

LAP6GRID

LAP6

Configurations

STANDARD

LAP6

Standard

BACK-UP

Configuration

1

Configuration

2

Configuration

3

Configuration

4

Configuration

5

Block

o

430

431-

434

440

. 300

350

10

60

130

, 200

600

l~qt-Blocks

(octal~

1

(Binary

Program)

1

(Binary

Program)

3

(Binary

Program)

4

(Manuscript)

2 (Manuscript)

50

Any

deviation

from

the

Standard

configuration

is

given

a

configuration

number.

It·

is

strongly

recotnmended

that

the

reel

of

any·

LAP6

tap~wh~ch

has

a

non-Standard

configuratio~.be

clearly

marked

with

its

configuration

number.

Index

The

2

block

INDEX

on

this

tape

in

blocks

426-427.

which

can

be

displayed

by

any

Standard

LAP6.

describes

the

above

tape

contents.

M.A.

Wilkes

Computer

Research

Laboratory

Washington

University

724

S.

Euclid

Ave.

St.

Louis,

Mo.

63110

COPYTAPE

Block

0 1

block

Author:

Robert

Abbott

Thi.s

program

copies

the

contents

of

the

entire

tape

on

Unit

Q

onto

the

tape

on

Dni

t

l.

On

the

LAP6

Master

Tape

~

t

is

supplied

as

a

lead.er

in

Block

o

for

making

back-ups

of

the

Master

Tape.

It

can,

however,

operate

from

any

block

on

any

unit.

-To

operate:

..

1.

Read

COFYTAPE

into

Quarter

o.

'2.

Mount

the

tape

to

be

copied

on

Unit

o.

3. ' Mount a

marked

tape

on

Unit

1'.

,4.

Push

SIfAR1r

20.

All

the

blocks

will

be

read

from

Unit

0

and

written

on

Unit

1.

All

the

blocks

on

Unit

1

will

then

be

checked.

A

block

will

be

rewritten

if

it

does

not

check.

'When

all

have

checked,

"nONE:"

will

be

displayed

on

the

scope,

and

,

the

tape

on

Unit

1

will

be

rev,ound.

START

20

may

be

pushed

again

to

copy

a

second

tape,

or'to

restart

if

'there

is

trouble

during

operation.

There

is

no

need

to

read

COPYTAPE

in

again

before

restarting

it.

TRANSLAT

Block

430 1

block

Author:

Mary

Allen

Clark

LAP6

manuscripts

are

not

compatible

with

manuscripts

prepared

by

other

LINC

Assembly Programs.

'rRANSLAT

translates

LAP3

or

LAP4

manuscripts

into

LAP6

manuscripts.

The

LAP3

or

J~4

manuscripts

must

be

on a

tape

on

Unit

1.

They

will

be

filed

by

name

in

a

LAP6

file

on

Unit

O.

. -

TRANSLAT

operates

as

a

FREE

meta

command

for

the

Standard

configuration

of

LAP6

.

To

use:

I

1.

\

Copy

TRAl'ISLAT

from

block

430 on

the

master

tape

into

block

3i

7

(the

FREE

block)

of

a

Standard

configuration

ofLAP6.

'2.

Using

the

same

Standard

configuration,

start

LAP6

and

prepare'

a

LAP6

manu-

script

describing

the

manuscripts

to

be

trans~ated:

.

a.

On

manuscript

line

1

type

the

block

number

of

the

first

block

of

a

LAP3

or

LAP4

manuscript

which

can

be

found on

Unit

1.

b.

On

manuscript

line

2

type

the

NAME

the

manuscript

(from

step

a)

is

to

have

in

the

LAP6

file.

'-

c

..

Repeat

steps

a-b

for

each

manuscript

to

be

translated,

describing

as

many

manuscripts

as

necessary.

Block'numbers

should

appear

on odd

numbered

lines;

corresponding

Names

on even numbered

lines.

Do

not

put

anything

except

block

numbers

and

legal

LAP6

file

Names

in

the

manuscript.

'"

':"

Example:

f

1

201

.2

TAPETEST

3 206

4

DATA

RUN

..

, 3· When

all

the

Unit

I

manuscripts

which

are

to

be

translated

have

been

de-

scribed

in

the,

LAP6

manuscript"

state

the

FREE

meta

C?mmand

(..,..F

EOL

).

TRANSLAT

will

move

the

manuscripts

from

Unit'

1

into

a

Standard

LAP6

f.ile

on

Unit

O.

The

Unit

0

tape

may

not

contain

a

needed

LAP6

file

or

Index;

TRANS-

LAT

creates

its

own

Index

for

the

LAP6·tape, and

uses

whatever.ij.le

space

it

needs..

It

does

not,

however,

disturb

the.

information

on

the

Uril t I

tape.

;'

\

. "

1..J-

r v •

".s

a h

~

P

r-e

" \ 0

vS

,\....

i.e..

x 0

11\

V

~

{t-·

o.

II

s e

"'-

S

cr

~

~d'\

~~

f'e I \ \

...

' The

burden

is

on

the

user

to

prepare

the

manuscript

for

TRANSLAT

correctly.'

LAP6

file

Names

may

be

no more

than

-8'

characters

long,

not

all

numbers.

'Two·

.

manp.scripts

in

the

same

file

may

not

have

the

same.,Warne

(see.

"Files"

in

the

H~0..oook).

..

TRANSLAT

returns

automatically

to

LAP6.

Display

the

Index

on

Unit

0

(~DX

0V.OL)

to

make

sure

that

all

the

manuscripts

described

were

translated.

A

manus~rlpt

will

be

omitted

if

it

was

not

foun4

as

a

legal

LAP3

or

LAP4

manu-

script

on

Unit

1,

or

if

the

Index

or

file

on

Unit

0

fills

up

before

all

have

been

translated.

~ve

the

man1l;scri:p~j_~~tr~?Xls.l?-.t~ct~Q..ff.

__

the..Jlnit~Q~-,.t_~l?_~

__

w~

th

COPY

.~.!!:lE>

__

"~~

-+-~~~QJl_~e!?!,~~..rw.mi~g...:the._~S!u\TJ!_~~E~_~~~~~;

MARK

Block

431

3

blocks

Author:

Severo

M.

Ornstein

The

.NARK

program

marks

virgin

tape

for

use

by

the

IJINC.

After

marking,

,

the

tape

'\-lill

begin

with

a

short

end

zone

and

end

with

a

long

end

zone.

There"

are

two

extra

check

'marks

at

the

end

of

each

tape

block.

To

use:'

1.

Check

the

mark

clock.

It

should

be

set

as

precisely

as

possible

at

10

us.

'

2.

Degauss

the

tape.

(rfmove.

~O(J"'·

Wl;Sfw

ot+

e4

()

.

'3.

If

the

tape

is

new,

run

it

manually

across

the

head

a few

times

to

align

it

on

the

reels.

4.

Clean

the

tape

heads.

5.

Read

the

3

blocks

of

the

MARK

program

into

quarters

0-2

and

push

START

20,

£E.

,mount

a

Standard

LAP6

on

Unit

0

and

LOAD

the

program

(-)LO

MARK,Unit

EOL

).

The

following

"Till

be

displayed:

'

,

ALLOW

UNIT

0

TO

REWIND,

THEN

MOUNT

VIRGIN

TAPE

ON

UNIT

1,

Al~

PRESS

MARK

BUTTON

,6'.

Allow

the

tape

on

Unit

0

to

rewind

and

mount

the

tape

to

be

marked

on

Unit

1.

,Wind

about

6"

of

the

tape

onto

the

lefthand

hub

(about

one

turn

of

the'

, ;

reel).

7.

Press

the

"MARK"

button.

8. When

the

prpgram

halts,

manually

rewind

the

tape

onto

the

righthand

hub

to'

get

the

tape

beyond

the

righthand

end

zone.

This

is

accomplished.

by

press-

.

ing

the

righthand

pushbutton

for

about

five

seconds.

9.

Raise

the

,,"RESUME"

lever.

When

the

tape

has

been

marked,

written

upon,

and

checked

properly,

the

.following

will

be

displayed:

GOOD

TAPE

EOL

FOR

LAP

If

the

MARK

program

was,

LOADed

by

LAP6,

you

can

remount

the

LAP6

tape

on

Unit

o

and

strike

EOL

to

return

to

LAP6.

If,

however,

you

wish

to

mark

another

tape,

repeat

steps

2

through

!~

and

6

through

9

above.

If'

there

has

been

a.

failuxe

in

the

marking

process,

"CHECK

FAILURE"

will

be

displayed.

Start

over

again

at

step

~.

INDEX

MS

Block

434 4

blocks

Author:

Mary

Allen

Clark

INDEX

MS

is

a

LAP6

manuscript

which when

converted

supplies

the

5757 code

for

unused

slots

in

a

LAP6

Index.

It

is

simply

an

aid

to

creating

indices

of

your

own.

To

use:

l.

Start

LAP6,

and

erase

any

current

manuscript

by

pushing

START

20;

2.

Add

INDEX

ME

to

the

working

area

(-+AM

INDEX

MS,

Uni t

EOL

) . The

current

line

number

will

be

1007.

3.

Starting

at

line

1007; add

as

many

manuscr'ipt

lines

as

necessary

to

de-

scribe

the

entries

you want

in

the

Index.

(study

the

tlIndex

structure"

,'described

in

the

IIandbook.)

Fo:c

exwn.ple,

the

following

nine

manuscript

lines,

when

converted

with

INDEX

MS,

will

describe

the

two

entries

on

p.

5

of

the

Handbook:

1007

1010

1011

1012 ,

1013

1014

1015

1016

1017

810

32'45

}

24,43

.

3377

7777

100 1

33

4230J

16

Entry

Name,

4

lines

Manuscript

Entry,

2

lines

Binary

Entry,

2'lines

a.

Locate

each

entry

segment

(line

1007 above)

at

multiples

of

108

(i.e.,

920,

830,

etc.),

in

the

range

10

throu_gh 770.

b.·

Be

sure

that

when

the

Index

Manuscript

is

converted,

each

entry

seg-

ment added

will

account

for

8 words. (Name,

4;

manuscript

entry,

2;

binary.entry,

2.)

(1)

Remember

to

put

77

in

each

unused

half-word

of

the

four

Name

words,

and 5757

in

the

two words

not

used

by

a

manuscript

or

binary

entry.

(2)

If

you

use

"text"

for

the

Name,

remember

that

a

SPACE

code

(14)

will

be

filled

in

the

last

half-word

if

the

number

of

characters

in

the

Name

is

odd. The

SPACE

will

.then

be

part

Of

the

Name.

4.

When

as

many

entry

segments

as

needed have

been

added

to

INDEX

ME,

convert

the

manuscript

(-.CV

EOL

).

The

Index

created

will

be

in

blocks

340-341

(if

Standard

configuration).

Copy

these

two

blocks

(~CPEOL)

into

the

two

Index

blocks

(blocks

426-427,

Standard)

on a

tape.

I,

'

5·

Display

the

new

Index

(-+OX

Unit

EOL

)'

If

it

looks

strange,

return

to

the

manuscript

display

and

correct

the

Index

Manuscript.

It

has

been

incor-

rectly

formatted.

6.

In

creating

the

Index,

be

sure

to

describe

entries

which

LAP6

can

handle.

I.

e

.,

do

not

duplicate

Names,

or

describe

entries

which

"go

around

the

end"

of

the

tape,

etc.

LA.P6GRID

Block

440

2

blocks

Author: Mary

Allen

Clark

LAP6GRID

is

a

manuscript

of

the

grid

patterns

used

by

LA.P6

to

generate

the

characters

described.

on

Chart

II

of

the

Handbook.

It

may

be

added

to

any

other

LAP6

manuscri.pt and converted.

with

it.

LAP6GHID

contains

LINC_Vol_16_Section_3_LAP6_Handbook_May67 LINC Vol 16 Section 3 LAP6 Handbook May67

LINC_Vol_16_Section_3_LAP6_Handbook_May67 LINC_Vol_16_Section_3_LAP6_Handbook_May67

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