LNW80 Microcomputer Operations Manual 1982 LNW Research

By

Ciarán McManus

First Edition - October, 1982

permission is prohibited. While every effort was taken in the

preparation of this book, the publisher assumes no liability

for errors or omissions. Neither is any liability assumed for

damages resulting from the use of the information contained

herein.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

SECTION 0: INTRODUCTION TO THE LNW80 OWNERS' MANUAL ...... 5

* Documentation * What is a Computer?

* I/0 Devices * CPU * Memory * Computer Languages

* What is an Operating System? * Utility Programs

* Application Programs

SECTION 1: UNPACKING THE HARDWARE ....................... 13

SECTION 2: DESCRIPTION OF THE LNW80 ..................... 14

* General Description * Keyboard

* Changing Key Definition * Z80A Microprocessor

* ROM * RAM * Parallel Printer Interface

* Cassette Interface * RS232C Interface

* Floppy Disk Controller * I/0 Panel

SECTION 3: VIDEO DISPLAY ................................ 22

* Introduction * Monitors for the LNW80

* Connecting a Monitor * Connecting an RGB Monitor

* Using the Monitor With BASIC

SECTION 4: CASSETTE INTERFACE ........................... 27

* Hooking up a Cassette Recorder

* Using a Cassette Recorder * Transfer Speed

* Saving a BASIC Program

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* Loading a BASIC Program * So, it Won’t Load

* Verifying a Load

* Loading a Machine-language Program

* Lower-case with Cassette Based System

* Complete Lower-case Program

SECTION 5: DISK INTERFACE ............................... 33

* Introduction

* What Kind of Disk Drives You Should Use

* Configuring 5-1/4" 6 8" Drives

* Connecting a 5-1/4" Drive * Connecting 8" Drives

* Disk Drive Set-up 6 the 5/8 Switch

* Other Considerations * Disk Descriptions

* Disk Care

SECTION 6: POWER ON ..................................... 41

* Connecting AC Power

* Power-up 6 Reset for Non-Disk Owners

* Power-up a Reset for Disk Owners

* Disk Power-up Malfunctions

* Monochrome Monitor Adjustments

* NTSC Monitor Adjustment * Monochrome Operation

* Color Operation

* RGB Monitor Adjustment a Operation * Power Off

* Memory Test * High Speed / Low Speed Test

* Graphics Test

SECTION 7: LNW80 GRAPHICS ............................... 47

* Introduction * Graphics Modes * Mode 0 * Mode 1

* Mode 2 * Mode 3 * Machine-language Overview

* Mode 0 Addressing * Mode 1 Addressing

* Mode 2 Addressing * Mode 3 Addressing

SECTION 8: LINE PRINTER INTERFACE ....................... 70

* Line Printer Types

* Outputting to the Printer Using BASIC

* Page Length * Line Count

* Printer Availability * Adjusting Printer Controls

SECTION 9: RS232C INTERFACING ........................... 74

* History of Serial Data Communication

* RS232C Standard * RS232C Operation

* Connecting Equipment to the RS232C

* The Baud * Transmission Techniques

* Transmitting and Receiving

* Setting Transmit and Receive Rates

* Setting Parity * Setting Word Length

* Setting Stop Bits * Getting the Most From RS232C

* Modem

SECTION 10: MEMORY UTILIZATION .......................... 90

* A Look at Memory in a Non-disk System

* A Look at Memory in a Disk System

* High Memory Protection

SECTION ll: CHOOSING AND USING A DISK OPERATING SYSTEM .. 92

* Introduction * Important Aspects of o DOS

* Brief History of TRS80 Model I Operating Systems

* Looking at the Various DOSes

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* Top Five DOSes * TRSDOS 2.3 * DOSPLUS 3.4

* NEWDOS80 2.0 * LDOS 5.0/5.1 * MULTIDOS

SECTION 12: COMPATIBILITY FEATURES OF THE LNW80 ......... 106

* DOSPLUS 3.4 CONVERT Command

* LNWBASIC 6 TRS EXTENDED COLOR BASIC

SECTION 13: LNW80 DETAILED DESCRIPTION & SPECIFICATIONS . 111

* General * CPU * Memory * Keyboard

* MICROSOFT BASIC Interpreter * Other Features

* Video Display Specifications

* Floppy Disk Interface * Printer Interface

* Cassette Interface * RS232C Interface

* Terminal Emulation Capability

* Expansion Port * Real-time Clock

* LNWBASIC

SECTION 14: SHOOTING TROUBLE ............................ 120

* Symptoms, Causes, Cures * Outside Interference

APPENDIX A: A BUYER’S GUIDE TO MONITORS ................. 122

* Introduction * Monochrome Monitors

* Recommended List of Monochrome Monitors

* NSTC Video Color Monitors

* RGB Color Monitors

APPENDIX B: DISK DRIVE TUTORIAL ......,....,............. 125

* The History of the TRS-80 Disk

* Termination Resistors

* Drive Selection & Pulled Pin Cables

* Double-sided Disk Drives

* Double-density Catches On

* Configuring 5-1/4" Disk Drives * Eight-inch Drives

* Configuring 8" Disk Drives

APPENDIX C: MODE 1 DRAWING PROGRAM ...................... 139

APPENDIX D: VIDEO DISPLAY DIAGRAM ....................... 142

APPENDIX E: GLOSSARY .................................... 145

INDEX: .................................................. 157

USER'S RESPONSE SHEET ................................... 167

SECTION 0: INTRODUCTION TO THE LNW80 OWNER MANUAL

Congratulations! You have purchased one of the finest

personal and small business computers available - the LNW80.

The LNW80 is software and hardware compatible with the TRS80

Model I computer. This means that one of the largest and most

mature libraries of software will run on the LNW80 without

modification. It also means that a huge selection of hardware

accessories, such as disk drives, printers, printers, modems,

video monitors, data acquisition equipment and much more will

plug right in and run. But the LNW80 is more than just a TRS80

work-alike. The LNW features high resolution graphics,

color, the interfaces for RS232, 5" and 8" single and

double-density floppy disk drives, printer and cassette. The

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LNW80 comes complete with 12K ROM, 48K RAM and a 74-key

keyboard with numeric entry pad. The LNW80 also comes complete

with the DOSPLUS 3.4 Disk Operating System (TRSDOS

compatible), Advanced Disk Basic (LNWBASIC) and complete

documentation. It is housed in a sleek steel case with a

cooling fan for increased reliability.

This owner manual was written to make your first experience

with the LNW80 a pleasant one. It also provides the link

between your computer and the following other documentation:

1. Level 2 BASIC Manual

Level 2 BASIC is the microsoft BASIC-88 interpreter written

for the LNW80. It is the BASIC which is compatible with the

TRS-80 Model I LEVEL 2 computer. This BASIC is "BUILT IN" to

the LNW80 and is permanently stored an ROM.

2. DOSPLUS 3.4 Disk Operating System Manual

DOSPLUS 3.4 is a DOS (Disk Operating System) which is

compatible with TRSDOS (Model I). It is authored by

Microsystem Software Inc.

3. LNWBASIC Advanced Disk BASIC Manual

LNWBASIC (written by Nodular Software Associates) is an

extension to the Disk BASIC Interpreter supplied in DOSPLUS

3.4, or to NEWDOS80 version 2.0, LDOS 5.1 and TRSDOS 2.3. This

is the part that has graphics, color, programmable key

functions and some other advanced features.

4. LNW80 Technical Reference Manual

This ls the Service manual for the LNW80. This manual is

intended for those technically- inclined individuals. Theory of

operations, logic diagrams, trouble-shooting tips, test

programs, parts lists, disaasembly and re-assembly

instructions are provided.

If you are a first-time computer owner -- sit back, relax

and read the following section before proceeding to tear the

wrapping off your LNW80 computer. If you have owned a TRS-80

or another personal computer (or if you just cannot wait to

get your hands on your LNW80) proceed to section 1, entitled

"Unpacking the Hardware".

What is a Computer?

Twenty years ago, the word "COMPUTER" meant an

air-conditioned room full of electronics costing millions of

dollars. Today the word "computer" can mean anything from a 10

million dollar mainframe computer to the "chip" inside the

electronics of your microwave oven. A computer is a machine

which can automatically do arithmetic and make logical

decisions.

Input Output (I/0) Devices

The computer can also make data available to and from us

via input and output, devices. A KEYBOARD (typewriter style

keys) is an INPUT device because it allows us to type

information into the computer. This information can then be

used by the computer to tell it what you want it to do, or it

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could be data for calculations or even a typed letter. An

OUTPUT device is one that allows the computer to make

information available to us. A video display is an output

device because it allows the computer to "write" to us via the

display screen. This display is fast and can be written over

and over again, It has a disadvantage that there is no

permanent "record" of this information. Once it "ROLLS" off

the screen (SCROLLS), it is lost. A printer is also an output

device. It "writes" on paper the information that the computer

would like to communicate to us in a more permanent manner.

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

To make a computer useful, we must have input devices,

output devices, and we must perform computations (arithmetic

and logical decisions). The device which performs the

computation is called the "CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT" or CPU.

The CPU in the LNW80 is the Z80A MICROPROCESSOR. It is the

world's most popular 8-bit microprocessor (small processor)

and can do thousands of computations in one second. In order

for the CPU to do computations, the CPU must be told what it

should do in a step-by-step fashion. Each step is an addition,

subtraction, logical operation, or input/output operation.

These step-by-step operations are called "instructions," or to

be more exact, MACHINE LEVEL INSTRUCTIONS.

Memory

These instructions are stored in main computer storage

before being executed. The main computer storage is called

MEMORY. Memory as analogous to 65536 mailboxes in a row on a

very long street. Each mailbox has an address marked on it

from 0 to 65535. Each mailbox may look different on the

outside, but can only hold the same amount of materia1 inside.

Each location of a mailbox as called a "memory location," or

"memory ADDRESS". For an 8-bit CPU, each address can contain a

number from 0 to 255. This corresponds to 2 to the eighth

power or 2exp(8) or 2x2x2x2x2x2x2x2=256. The reason that there

are 65536 memory locations as due to the memory addressing

capability of the Z80 microprocessor. Most of the eight-bit

microprocessors have this home addressing capability. Smaller

CPU's (4-bit) address fewer locations, and larger CPU's

(minicomputers and some 16-bit. CPU’s) can address much larger

memories (sometimes millions of locations). The advantage of

larger memories is the ability to have much larger programs.

Since memory is not cheap, this does cost money. There are

techniques of storing large programs in modules so that only a

few modules need to be in main computer storage at any time,

thus allowing larger programs to run in a smaller address

space. This as called memory management, or as it is more

commonly referred to an the microcomputer world - OVERLAYS.

OVERLAYS are just come of the programming techniques made easy

by LNWBASIC, and DISK BASIC.

In the LNW80, memory takes two different forms. There is

ROM (Read Only Memory) which as a "hard wired" memory that

cannot be changed, and there is RAM (Random Access Memory -

also called Read/Write Memory), which can be changed, but will

disappear when power is removed from the computer.

Instructions, when executed as a group to perform a desired

function are called PROGRAMS.

Computer Languages

Just as people developed a variety of languages to

communicate with each other, so there would become a variety

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of languages to communicate with computers. COMPUTER LANGUAGES

are machine level programs that make communication between us

and computer easier. Hundreds of computer languages have been

developed, and with time, even dialects of languages

developed. Cobol, Snobol, Algol, Fortran 4, Fortran 77, BASIC,

Tiny BASIC, Extended BASIC, Level 2 BASIC, Disk BASIC and

Advanced Disk BASIC are dialects of some fundamental computer

languages. These languages are called HIGH-LEVEL LANGUAGES. By

high-level we mean that a single high-level language

instruction is translated into multiple machine-level

instructions. This reduces the amount of time required to tell

the computer what to do - which simplifies programming. This

translation can occur during the time that the program is

being run (RUN-TIME), or the translation can be done in

advance, with the final translated version of the program

(COMPILED OBJECT CODE) stored for later execution.

A run-time translator is known as an INTERPRETER. One of

the advantages of an interpreted high-level language is the

reduced memory requirement for storing and executing the

program. Since the high-level language is in memory during the

execution, the program also can take advantage of the error

recovery facilities of the high-level language. This makes

interpretive languages qenerally easier to program and easier

to get the "bugs" out of the program (DEBUG) to make it

operational. All the levels of BASIC supplied with the LNW80

are interpretive.

A translator that does the translating in advance of

execution is commonly referred to as a COMPILER. A compiler

has the advantage of execution speed since it has all the

instructions, translated in advance and can directly execute

the translated instructions.

Assembly-Language

Assembly-language was the first of the computer languages

developed. It allows symbolic notation to represent

machine-language instructions. This makes for an easier way of

programming machine level instructions. This is sometimes

confusing to first-time computer owners, since much literature

is written using the terms MACHINE-LANGUAGE and ASSEMBLY-

LANGUAGE interchangably. The program that compiles the

assembly-language program is called an ASSEMBLER. For more

details concerning assembly-level programming, we recommend

the following book, available from Radio Shack:

TRS80 Assembly-Language Programming

by William Barden Jr.

BASIC

The most popular language used on the LNW80 computer is

BASIC. BASIC (Beginner's All-purpose Symbolic Instruction

Code) was developed at Dartmouth College in 1965. It has since

become the most widely used language of microcomputers and

small business computer systems. Both interpretive and

compiled forms of BASIC are commonly used. The LNW80 is

supplied with four levels of interpretive BASIC:

1. Level II BASIC (FOOTNOTE - if you are wondering what

happened to level 1, it is a small, very limited BASIC that

was originally sold on the TRS80 Model I and Model III)

occupies 12K (12 X 1024) bytes of memory, and is permanently

stored in ROM. It has full line editing features, string

variables, multiple dimension arrays, 14-digit accuracy, low

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resolution graphics, cassette I/0, Video I/0, Printer I/0,

scientific functions, string-handling operations, etc.

2. DOSPLUS 3.4 TINY DISK BASIC - This is supplied on the

DOSPLUS 3.4 diskette and provides an extension to the above

BASIC. It adds floppy disk file handling, advanced keyboard

I/0, in-string search command, programmer-defined BASIC

instructions, and loading, saving, killing, merging BASIC

programs to and from the floppy disk drive.

3. DOSPLUS 3.4 EXTENDED DISK BASIC - This BASIC adds to the

above BASIC the following features:

1. Execute DOS commands from BASIC

2. Advanced editing features

3. Program line renumbering

4. BASIC array sort verb

5. Controlled screen input routine

4. LNWBASIC Advanced Disk BASIC - This adds even more

commands to the above BASIC and is supplied on a 35-track

single-density data disk. It can be used with either Extended

Disk BASIC or Tiny Disk BASIC. It adds up to 40 new commands

to BASIC. It has a "creator" mode which allows the programmer

to create the BASIC he wants by selecting from a menu of new

commands which include:

1. High resolution graphics and color commands

2. Programmable keyboard features

3. Programming shorthand notation

4. Machine Language "CALL" command

5. Sound command

6. RS232 communications from BASIC

7. Printer Spooler

8. Execute string as BASIC statement

9. Block and blinking cursor

10. Do/Until Construct and Much more...

BASIC Compilers

There is quite a variety of BASIC Compilers available for

the LNW80 computer. The biggest disadvantage of most of these

compilers is the lack of compatibilty with their interpretive

counterparts. The Compiler BASIC available from Radio Shack is

not compatible at all. The Microsoft BASIC Compiler (for the

R/S Model I) is almost completely compatible with the DOSPLUS

3.4 Tiny Disk BASIC (including disk I/0), but it does have its

limitations and cannot take advantage of some of the advanced

features of DOSPLUS 3.4 Advanced Disk BASIC or LNWBASIC. There

are other compilers that vary in price and features end can be

found advertised in the computer magazines or available from

your local computer dealer.

Other Languages

One of the reasons for the many computer languages is that

the high-level language programmers have different needs as to

the high-level instructions they would prefer to use. For

example, scientific applications require fast data

computation, scientific accuracy, easy formula evaluation and

special scientific functions (trigonometry functions, etc.)

FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation) provides this by having

instructions which can do these types of functions easily.

Fortran is not a good language for business since it does not

have some of the high-level instructions for manipulating

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business data. Cobol (COmmon Business Oriented Language) was

developed for this purpose. Both Fortran and Cobol are

compiler languages. FORTRAN, COBOL and ASSEMBLER are available

for the LNW80 from a variety of sources including RADIO SHACK.

Some of the other languages that run on the LNW80 are PASCAL,

FORTH, "C" and many others,

What is an Operating System?

The Level II BASIC ROM in the LNW80 computer has a CASSETTE

OPERATING SYSTEM built in. This means that it provides a

method for loading, storing, and executing BASIC programs to

and from cassette and the loading and executing of machine

level programs from cassette. It also provides the overhead

functions, such as communicating with the keyboard and the

video display. In addition, it provides a method of loading in

from disk, the DISK OPERATING SYSTEM (DOS). This loading of

the DOS from the disk drive is called the BOOTSTRAP LOADER.

This is commonly referred to as "booting the disk." When the

disk is "booted," the first 256 memory locations on the disk

drive are loaded into main memory and executed. These first

256 locations are called the BOOT SECTOR. This 256-byte

program then loads the rest of the operating system from the

disk into main memory where it can be executed.

The disk operating system supplied with the LNW80 is

DOSPLUS 3.4. This is a very powerful, yet easy-to-use system

that provides the following functions:

1. Keeps track of programs and data (sometimes referred to

as FILES) stored on the disk. A DIRECTORY of programs and data

is kept. DOSPLUS allocates space on the disk for programs and

data, and the DIR command allows the operator to view the

contents of the disk at any time.

2. Provides a set of functions that the operator can use

to manipulate the programs and data on the disk and other

useful tasks. This set of commands is called the LIBRARY of

disk commands. The LIB command will display all available

functions. Here are a few examples of these functions:

COPY - Allows the transfer of a program or data from one

diskette to another.

AUTO - Automatically execute an application program when

the disk is "booted."

DIR - Display the contents of a selected disk.

CLOCK - Display the time of day on the screen.

RENAME - Change the name of a file.

KILL - Delete a file from the disk.

BUILD - Create a file that is a series of DOS commands or

programs to be linked together to run automatically.

3. Provides some specialized utility programs such as:

BACKUP - Duplicate the entire contents of one disk onto

another disk.

FORMAT - Initialize a blank diskette in such a way that

it has a directory of disk space and contains fields designed

for storing information.

DEBUG - Display and manipulate the contents of memory and

display the contents of the internal Z80A CPU registers. Debug

also provides the abilty to set stopping points to assist in

getting a machine level program to work.

DISKZAP - Display, modify or verify the contents of the

diskette itself.

SPOOL - Store what would nomally print on the printer in

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main memory and print as a background function (the printer is

usually very slow) while the operator is running another

program.

DO - Execute a BUILD file. A build file is a series of

DOS commands or programs which can be linked together (using

the BUILD command) to operate automatically. In the larger

computers this program control language is called a Job

Control Language (JCL) and is used to link programs together

to increase the efficiency of running a computer.

4. Provides the following BASIC interpreters:

TBASIC - The TRSDOS 2.3 compatible BASIC

BASIC - The Extended Disk BASIC

For more details concerning the above features of DOSPLUS

3.4, refer to the manual entitled:

USER MANUAL Ver A.x

for

DOSPLUS 3.4

DISK OPERATING SYSTEM

Utility Programs

These are generally (but not necessarily) written in

machine-language and provide some useful function for

programmers. An example of a utility program available from

your dealer is CHARM. This program allows the you to create

new character sets for use in BASIC programs. As mentioned

earlier, there are many utility programs supplied with DOSPLUS

3.4.

Application Programs

An application program is a program which is written in

machine-language or a high-level language that performs some

specialized application. Games, accounting and financial

programs, word processing and text editing programs, and

specialized industrial or business programs are all examples

of application programs. The entire manuscript of this manual

was prepared using the ELECTRIC PENCIL program. The ELECTRIC

PENCIL is a word processing and text editing program available

from your local dealer.

SECTION 1: UNPACKING THE HARDWARE

Now that the LNW80 Computer is in your possession, let's

get it out of the box and have a look at it. Decide where you

are going to put the computer before unpacking. Avoid the

temptation of setting it up on the floor, where the wayward

foot is a very plausible source of destruction! Clear a space

on a convenient table or desk that is near a power plug. You

should also have a power strip or plug bar for the various

pieces of equipment that will need 110V AC power.

The LNW80 is packed within a special protective foam

cushion. Fold back the packing, lift out your LNW80 Computer

and set it on the desk or table top.

After you have removed the computer, you will notice that

there is a package of printed material on the bottom of the

carton. This package contains your warranty information. Read

it carefully; fill out the warranty card and then mail it as

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soon as possible.

This packing list contains the equipment list. To ensure

that you have everything, check the list now. If you do not

have all of the equipment listed, notify your dealer

immediately.

Now that your LNW80 Computer has been unleashed from its

package, let’s sit back for a minute and describe the LNW80 in

a little more detail.

Note: Keep all packing materials. In the event that you have

to transport your computer, the packing material will help to

ensure safe passage.

SECTION 2: A DESCRIPTION OF THE LNW80 COMPUTER

The LNW80 computer comes to you with keyboard encased in a

steel housing. At first sight the most conspicuous features

are the 62-key keyboard and the 12-key numeric pad. Above the

numeric pad is the POWER-ON light. The input/output (I/0)

panel (for connecting peripheral equipment) is situated at the

rear of the housing. The following is a list outlining the

main features of the LNW80 Computer:

* 74-key keyboard (including a 12-key numeric pad)

for inputting data and programs.

* Z80A microprocessor with a 4Mhz clock.

* 12K Read Only Memory (ROM) containing the Microsoft

BASIC Language interpreter.

* 48K Random Access Memory (RAM) to store your programs

and data.

* Real time clock.

* Parallel Printer interface.

* Cassette interface.

* RS232C communications interface.

* Single and double-density floppy disk controllers

with 5-1/4 and 8 inch drive zero switch.

* 24 by 80 character screen capability.

* High resolution graphics in color and b/w.

* Upper and lower case character sets.

* 4MHz or 1.77MHz processor speeds.

* Cassette I/0 at either 500 or 1000 baud.

* Three video output jacks.

* Heavy duty power supply.

* All gold-plated edge card connectors.

All of these components are housed in a single steel case

and are powered by a single power cord.

Figure 2.0 - 3/4 Front view of the computer.

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Figure 2.1 - 3/4 Rear view.

Keyboard

The LNW80 keyboard is pictured in Figure 2.2. The keyboard

allows you to interact with the computer. You enter data,

programs and control characters by typing on the computer

keyboard. The main section of the keyboard is similar to that

of a typewriter, with some extra keys which relate strictly to

computer functions.

To the right of the keyboard is a numeric pad to facilitate

data entry in accounting or mathematical applications.

Figure 2.2 - Photo of LNW80 Keyboard

RESET - There are two reset keys, one on each side of the main

part of the key board. The RESET keys are used to reset the

computer AFTER it has been initially turned on.

If you don’t have disks, reset the system by holding down

the BREAK key and then pressing both RESET keys

simultaneously. If you have disks, reset the system by

pressing both RESET keys.

ENTER - When you type or enter data into the computer, you

must press the ENTER key to signal the computer that you are

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finished with your input. The computer will then process the

data you have entered.

BREAK - This key generates an escape code which is used by the

BASIC interpreter to stop execution of a program. It is also

used in word processing applications and in some system

programs, e.g., DISKZAP, which comes with the DOSPLUS disk

operating system. BREAK will not usually return control to you

when the system 'hangs.' For example, if you try to CLOAD a

program from cassette and it’s not set up correctly, the

system hangs. It will now ignore your incessant pounding on

the BREAK key until you either hook-up the cassette recorder

correctly or RESET the system.

CONTROL - This key is used to generate special codes when used

with another key. It is especially useful in data

communications and word processing.

HIGH/LOW - Ordinarily the LNW80 Computer runs at a clock speed

of 4MHz (4 million cycles per second). Certain input/output

(I/0) situations may require a slower processing cycle, in

which case, this key may be pressed to give a clock speed of

1.77MHz.

The 4MHz speed is over twice the speed of the TRS80 Model

I. When programs written for the Model I are run on the LNW80,

they may run up to twice as fast. Since this may not always be

desirable, just press the HIGH/LOW key down to return to TRS80

model I speed.

The HIGH/LOW key also serves to select the data transfer

rate for the cassette interface. When the H/L key is in the

HIGH position, data as SAVERS or LOADed at 1000 baud. With the

key down, data transfer is at 500 baud (TRS80 model I

compatible).

The processing speed of the computer is also affected by

the AUTO SWITCH (see Figure 2.3) . With the AUTO SWITCH in the

ON position (up) and the HIGH LOW key in the HIGH condition

(up), the LNW80 will automatically switch to the 1.77MHz

processing speed for ALL disk input/output operations. It will

automatically return to HIGH speed when the disk operation is

complete.

This allows programs written on TRSDOS 2.1 & 2.3 (as well

as NEWDOS 2.1 and operating systems listed in Section 11,

Table 11.0 which have a NO in the '4MHz OK' column) to operate

at the high CPU speed except for disk I/0. If these operating

systems are run at 4MHz during disk I/0, a "DISK ERROR"

message will be displayed.

Note: NEWDOS80 2.0 will run at 1.77MHz all the time if the

AUTO SWITCH is ON (up).

RIGHT ARROW - Tab key. Tabs 8 spaces to the right.

LEFT ARROW - Backspace one position and delete.

CLEAR - Clears screen, homes cursor, switches to 64 characters

per line.

Fl and F2 - The Fl key generates a down arrow. The F2

generates a right arrow. Disk operators use key to

effect same; otherwise, Fl generates an elongated colon (|)

which can be used to make lines down the page, and the F2 key

generates the Yen character

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These characters may by used for normal input or as special

program keys in applications programs since they generate

normal ASCII characters. These ASCII codes are:

Down arrow 92 Right arrow 94

Elongated colon 124 Yen character 126

Since these keys are not present in the TRS80 Model I, they

can be reprogrammed using LNWBASIC while still maintaining the

normal functions of all the standard keys. (See DEFKEY in the

LNWBASIC Manual).

CAPS LOCK - This key provides you with a means of locking all

the alphabetic keys into upper case. Fl, F2, "0" and the

underscore key (to the left of the down arrow) are also

affected. Fl generates a down arrow, F2 generatee a right

arrow, "0" generates "0" and the underscore key generates an

underscore when the CAPS LOCK is down.

The CAPS LOCK is only sensed by programs which use it

during the program LOAD. For example, when DOSPLUS is first

booted, the switch is sensed. If the CAPS LOCK is down, all

alphabetic characters will appear as upper case characters,

regardless of the SHIFT key operation. The same applies to

application programs such as Visicalc, where it is useful if

you only want to make your entries in upper case. The CAPS

LOCK is similarly sensed in Electric Pencil, ST80 and many

other application programs.

Note: Set the CAPS LOCK just prior to loading your program.

Changing the setting while the program is running will give

rise to unintelligible displays and may cause data loss.

The SHIFT Key:

As with a typewriter, the SHIFT key is used to print the

upper symbol on dual-symbol keys. The SHIFT key is, in fact,

used in a number of combinations as listed below in DOSPLUS,

BASIC (all kinds), Electric Pencil and most application

programs:

KEY FUNCTION

<SHIFT><right Switches to 32 charaters/line

arrow>

<SHIFT><left Backspace to beginning of line & erase

arrow>

<SHIFT><@> Stalls program execution, e.g., a

listing. Hit any key to continue

<SHIFT> 0 Toggle between: (a) capitals only,

or (b) capitals and lower case on

the A - Z keys. In mode (b), switch

from upper to lower, or vice versa

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using . Available to

disk operators only.

Changing key definition

Using the LNWBASIC command DEFKEY, you may redefine any 10

keys as strings of ASCII character codes of length 1 or more.

You may also use the Quickey option in LNWBASIC to enter

entire commands by just pressing one key. See the LNWBASIC

manual for more details.

Z80A Microprocessor

Often called the Central Processing Unit (CPU), this is the

focal point of all events taking place within the computer.

All the calculations and logical operations are carried out

here and then routed or addressed for storage, video display,

printing, etc. Sometimes the CPU is referred to as the

"brains" of the computer.

The microprocessor has two operating speeds. The higher

operating speed is 4MHz. A lower operating speed is obtained

at the flick of a switch, as explained in the HIGH-LOW notes

above.

The Z80A belongs to the 8080 family of microprocessors. It

has 158 machine-language instructions (including all 78 8080

instructions) and 16 internal registers, It is capable of

processing approximately 400,000 instructions per second.

ROM

ROM stands for Read Only Memory. The ROM memory is

preprogrammed. There is 12K of ROM in your LNW80 Computer. The

"K" unit refers to 1024 single units of storage. These units

are known as "bytes." The ROM contains the MICROSOFT BASIC and

other information required by the CPU. As the name implies,

information may only be read from ROM. You cannot write or

store information in ROM.

RAM

RAM refers to Random Access Memory. A more accurate name

would be Read/Write Memory. As this latter name suggests, RAM

can be either written to or read from. It is true that RAM is

accessed randomly, but so is ROM. However, unlike ROM, RAM

loses the information stored in it when the power to the

computer is turned off. The contents of RAM can also be

changed at any time, whereas those of ROM cannot be changed.

You can address a total of 65K of memory address space in

the LNW80 computer. Of this, 48K is available for programming

use; 16K x 6 bits is used for graphics, and the remaining 1K

is tied up for video use.

Parallel Printer Interface

The parallel printer interface allows you to attach any

Centronics-compatible parallel printer and get a "hard copy"

of your programs and other files. It is invaluable if you

intend to use your computer for word processing, invoicing or

other applications where the printed word is a must.

Cassette Interface

If you do not intend to use disk drives, the need will

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arise for you to store your programs for later recall. You

will also find that many programs (even programs for disk) are

distributed on cassettes. A cassette player can be attached to

your LNW80 computer that will allow you to read and write

programs and data to cassette tape. The LNW80 allows you to

output data to tape at either 1000 or 500 baud (bits per

second).

The baud rate is controlled by the HIGH/LOW speed switch.

In the HIGH position, the tape is recorded at 1000 baud; and

in the LOW position, it is recorded at 500 baud.

Standard TRS-80 Model I cassette tapes are recorded at 500

baud.

RS232C Communications Interface

This interface will allow you to communicate via a modem

and telephone with any other computer similarly equipped. It

also serves as a serial printer interface. The RS232C port may

be configured to the various settings required by serial

devices by setting switches located on the rear panel (see

Figure 2.3) or by software.

Expansion Port

The expansion interface is located on the I/0 panel at

rear. This interface allows you to connect such devices as

speech and music synthesizers to your LNW80 computer. For more

details see section 13 and the LNW80 Technical Reference

manual.

Single- & Double-Density Floppy Disk Controller

Your LNW80 Computer has a single/double-density disk

controller that will support 5-1/4 and 8 inch, dual or single

headed, floppy disk drives. 5-1/4 and 8 inch drives may be

hooked up in any order on the disk drive cable.

When applied to storage on disks, density refers to the

amount of information that, can be stored on a storage medium.

Specifically, in the case of floppy disks, it refers to the

number of bits per track. Double-density offers 80% more

capacity and twice the data transfer rate of single-density.

Single-density is retained for compatibility reasons.

To take advantage of this increased potential for storage,

a microcomputer must have, as part of the hardware, a

double-density floppy disk controller (as does the LNW80).

Also, the disk operating system (DOS) used in a disk drive

system must take advantage of this hardware.

The big advantage of double-density storage is that it

helps to reduce costs by minimizing the number of disk drives

required.

The Input/Output Panel

At the opposite end of the computer from the keyboard is

the input/output (I/0) panel. It is to this panel that all of

the peripheral devices are connected. And, as a picture is

worth a thousand words, see Figure 2.3.

Figure 2.3 The I/0 Panel

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SECTION 3: VIDEO DISPLAY

Introduction

You will require a video display unit (VDU or monitor) to

operate your LNW80 Computer (The video display is sometimes

called a CRT or Cathode Ray Tube). Your selection of VDU will

no doubt depend on what you want from your computer.

If color graphics is your bag, then a color monitor of some

sort is required. An ordinary color TV (NTSC) will suffice,

but there are some limitations when using a TV set as a

monitor. The resolution of a TV set is not sufficient for the

display of text unless the display is set for a screen width

of 32 characters. Also, you will need to attach an R/F

modulator between your LNW80 and the TV set. TV sets aren’t

very good monitors, and because of the low resolution,

graphics displays are rather fuzzy.

An NSTC color monitor, with composite video input, will

provide good color graphics and text an 32 characters per line

mode.

An RGB (Red Green Blue) color monitor will provide

excellent resolution for graphics and text.

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See Appendix A, "A Buyer's Guide to Monitors".

Connecting a Monitor

Set the monitor on top of the computer and locate the three

monitor jacks on the I/0 panel at rear (see Figure 3.1).

Notice there are separate jacks for B/W, color TV with RF

modulator or color monitor, and RGB monitors. Attach your

monitor with the appropriate cable. The B/W and color TV

cables are standard computer-to-monitor connector cables.

Connecting an RGB Monitor

The RGB monitor has a separate gun for each of the three

colors red, green and blue. Each gun requires a distinct

signal, and hence, the computer-to-monitor cable is a little

more sophisticated. You will notice that the RGB jack is a

six-pin DIN type female connector. A mating connector for this

jack is provided; however, you will have to provide the cable

and connector for the RGB monitor. Below are the pin

specifications for the monitor and RGB connectors:

LNW80 RGB Connector Signal Monitor Connector

Pin 1 Vertical Sync Pin 8

Pin 2 Blue Pin 4

Pin 3 Green Pin 3

Pin 4 Red Pin 2

Pin 5 Horizontal Sync Pin 7

Pin 6 Ground Pin 5,6

The RGB interface is shown below with pin numbering.

Figure 3.1 - LNW80 RGB Monitor Jack

Figure 3.2 - LNW80 Video Display

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Note: For "First Time Through The Manual" People . . .

If this is your first time reading through the manual,

please move on to the next section at this point. When you

have made your way through Section 6, entitled "Power On," the

rest of this section will make more sense.

Using the Monitor with BASIC

Cursor

After performing an operation, BASIC announces its return

to the immediate mode as follows:

READY

>_

( ">" = PROMPT, "_" = CURSOR )

The cursor may be moved along the line by the space bar or

the right arrow, which tabs eight spaces to the right.

Scrolling

When the cursor is positioned on the bottom line of the

display and ,you depress the ENTER key, another line is added

to the display. At the same time, all the lines currently

displayed move upwards, and the line at the top is erased.

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Inverse Video

Inverse video can be generated by the following program.

You may have to brighten the screen to observe the effect.

(Results can vary with different monitor types).

10 A=INP (254)

20 A=A OR 1

30 OUT 254,A

Inverse video is only good for black and white. It is not

defined for color.

Text Characters

The BASIC program below displays the text characters

together with their ASCII codes that are available from the

character generator.

10 '......TEXT GENERATOR

15 CLS: X=0

20 FOR K=32 TO 127

30 PRINT @ (X),Z; CHR$(Z)

40 LET X=X+8

50 NEXT Z

You may alter the text and graphics characters by using the

CHARM program, which is available from your dealer.

Graphics Characters

The low-resolution graphics characters available from the

character generator and their accompanying ASCII codes are

displayed by this next program.

10 ’.....GRAPHICS GENERATOR

20 CLS: X=0: Y=0

30 FOR Z=128 TO 191

40 PRINT @ (X),Z; CHR$(Z)

50 LET X=X+8: LET Y=Y+1

60 IF Y/8=INT(Y/8) THEN X=X+64

70 NEXT

80 GOTO 80

to exit program.

You can display any of the characters yourself by typing:

PRINT CHR$(nnn)

... where nnn is a whole number from 128 to 191 inclusive.

Character Size

32 Characters per Line:

The 32 characters per line mode can be effected from the

keyboard by using the combination. Return

to 64 c.p.l. by CLEARing the screen.

80 Characters per line:

This feature is only available to Disk Operating Systems

(DOS) owners. The program to generate this display, called a

"driver," is loaded from disk after booting up the system.

These drivers are available from your dealer. Before trying to

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load the drivers, read Section 5 concerning the disk

interface.

Drivers are available to generate both an 80xl6 and an

80x24 display. These drivers have limitations, however, in

that they cannot be used (to date) in word processing

applications.

40 Characters per line:

Depending on which 80x24 driver is in use (or up), using

introduces the 40x24 display mode.

Programmable Character Font

With the use of CHARM (available from your computer

dealer) the LNW80 can have user programmable character sets.

The user can program foreign language, scientific and even

special graphics symbols, and then save them to disk. CHARM

features three display formats: 80 x 24 80 x 16 and 64 x 16.

CHARM also features standard video as well as inverse video on

a character by character basis.

SECTION 4: CASSETTE INTERFACE

Hooking up a Cassette Recorder

Any good quality cassette tape unit may be attached to the

LNW80 Computer with a cassette cable (Figure 4.0). The

cassette cable is available from your local Radio Shack store

(Radio Shack Catalog No. 26-1207).

A cassette player is not required for immediate operation.

However, if you have one available and intend to store

programs and data on tape, now would be an appropriate time to

attach it to the computer.

The cable has a DIN plug at one end and three color-coded

miniature phone plugs at the other. The DIN plug is attached

to the cassette jack on the I/0 panel (Figure 4.0). The DIN

plug may be attached to the computer only one way, so there is

no danger of plugging it in backwards.

Figure 4.0 - Cassette Cable Attachment

The phone plugs are connected to the cassette player by

color code as follows:

GREY - connects to the AUXillary input

SMALL GREY - connects MIC REMote control

BLACK - connects to the EAR phone input

The AUX line carries information from the computer to the

cassette tape.

The EAR line carries information in the other direction,

from the cassette to the computer.

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The MIC REM line carries a signal from the computer which

controls the motor in the cassette player.

Using a Cassette Recorder

A cassette player provides a handy, low-cost method of

loading and storing programs. If this is your first computer,

experiment to get familiar with cassette player operation

before storing any close-to-your-heart programs. Before

playing with the cassette recorder, it would be a good idea to

clean the tape heads and the rubber pinch roller with

isopropyl alcohol. An alcohol swab after every few hours of

use, will keep the heads and roller clean. So called "cleaning

tapes" are not recommended, as their abrasive action may

damage the heads. Cheap tapes are not recommended.

Transfer Speed

Programs and data can be transferred to and from the tape

surface at two different transfer speeds. The faster transfer

rate is 1000 bits per second (baud), and the slower rate is

500 baud. By using the key, you switch to fast or

slow, respectively.

The faster transfer rate (1000 baud) allows you to save and

load programs twice as fast as the slower rate, and in

addition it saves tape. The faster rate is also more sensitive

to tape noise while loading. For this reason, the tape should

be well erased (see below) before SAVEing programs or data to

it. Always note at which speed a program was saved, as

programs saved at one speed cannot be loaded at the other

speed.

SAVEing a BASIC Program

Begin with a blank tape. To blank a tape, run a commercial

tape eraser slowly over the surface of the cassette a few

times. Alternatively, you may put a shorting plug in the AUX

input, insert the cassette and place the recorder in record

mode.

1) Mount the cassette in the recorder and run it

forward a little to clear the non-magnetic strip

at the ends of the tape. Note position of tape

counter and transfer speed.

2) Put recorder in record mode.

3) Type:

CSAVE"N"

where N is a one-character name of the program.

LOADing a BASIC Program

1) Mount cassette and set recorder in play mode just

a little before start of the program on tape. Set

the transfer speed and adjust volume control to

mid-range.

2) Enter:

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CLOAD"N"

where N is the name of the program. If no program

name is specified, the first program or file

encountered will be LOADed.

When the program begins LOADing, an asterisk will appear in

the upper-right corner of the screen. This means that it has

found the synchronization pattern that leads the file on tape.

So far, so good! Next the file name is read and compared with

the requested filename. If the names match, the file will be

LOADed. WhiIe the file is being loaded, a second asterisk will

appear to the right of the first. If the LOAD is successful,

this second asterisk blinks.

If the file names do not match, the first asterisk remains

on display while the next synchronization pattern is searched

for.

So It Won't Load

If the second asterisk doesn't appear after a short time,

or appears and fails to blink, the program is not LOADing

correctly.

Go through the list below. The solution will most likely

lie within the bounds of steps 1 through 3.

1) Check that all electrical connections are secure.

2) Check that the transfer speed is correct.

3) Starting with the lowest volume setting, proceed a

half-step at a time for each LOAD attempt.

4) If there is a tone control, adjust it.

5) Demagnetize the head of the recorder.

6) REWIND and FAST FORWARD the tape a few times

to remove any tape surface debris.

7) If you have just turned on the computer, let it

warm up for a few minutes before attempting

another LOAD.

8) Unplug the earphone jack and play the tape to

check where the program begins and to make sure

you have a program.

9) Try another cassette recorder.

Verifying a LOAD or SAVE

When a SAVE is complete, the computer responds with

READY

>_

To ensure that no errors have occurred during the transfer

of data, rewind the tape and ENTER

CLOAD? "N"

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This will compare the version of the program loaded into

the computer with the program on tape. If all went well, the

computer replies with

READY

>_

In the event of an incorrect read, the response will be

BAD

SAVE the program again and repeat the procedure.

In the case of LOADing, rewind the tape after the LOAD and

proceed as above.

If the program continues to misbehave during the SAVEing or

LOADing procedure, take a break before you drive yourself

crazy! On your return, take a look at the cassette recorder.

Examine the rubber pinch roller. If it's smooth and shiney, it

may not be gripping the tape properly, with tape slip

resulting. Clean it with isopropyl alcohol and then rough it

up lightly with a strip of emery paper.

If the program loads but fails to run, and upon scrutiny

reveals erroneous characters here, there and yonder, then you

have probably CSAVEd your progran on a tape that wasn’t fully

blanked.

Loading a Machine Language Program

As with the BASIC program, mount the cassette in the

recorder and rewind to the correct position. Then enter the

command

SYSTEM

The computer responds with

*?

to which you add the program name

*? PROGRAM

Press the PLAY button on the recorder. As the program

loads, an asterisk will appear on the top right hand corner of

the screen, followed by a second blinking asterisk immediately

to its right. When the program has loaded, the prompt

reappears ...

*?

You are presented with three options at this point:

(i) respond with to return to BASIC

(ii) you may load a second program

(iii) respond with

*? / ENTRY ADDRESS

if you want to execute the program at a specific

location in memory, or,

*? /

if the entry address is specified by the program.

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Lower Case With a Cassette Based LNW80 Computer

The LNW80 computer has the hardware necessary to implement

lower case characters. Since hardware does not function

without software, the following program is included. Note that

this program is not necessary when the LNW80 is used with

cassette or disk versions of word processors such as ELECTRIC

PENCIL since they contain their own display drivers that

support lower case. This program is also not necessary when

the LNW80 is used with disk drives and one of the following

operating systems:

1) DOSPLUS

2) NEWDOS80

3) MULTIDOS

4) LDOS

5) VTOS

6) Any other operating

system or program that

supports lower case.

Complete Lower Case Program

This program allows the full implementation of the lower

case in BASIC. It has only one known peculiarity, - the "@"

key will display as the monetary pound symbol in the unshifted

position. Before typing in the program, type in a short

program and verify that it can be saved to cassette. Once this

is done, begin typing in the program. Check carefully for

typing errors. Once you have the program typed in, save the

program out to cassette at least twice. Then perform a

cassette verify with the CLOAD? command, Make sure that your

recorder is correctly set to playback before attempting this.

Once the program has been entered and saved to cassette, you

may now attempt to use it. This is done by setting the memory

size to 65375 on power up and then loading the program off

cassette. List the program to verify a good load and then type

RUN. The program will then ask the operator if both upper and

lower case is desired. Unless you respond with N the

program will assume that you want both upper and lower case

characters.

LOWER CASE PROGRAM

10 REM SET MEMORY SIZE AT 65375

20 FOR X=-160 TO -1:READ I: POKE X,I:NEXTX

30 POKE 16414,96:POKE16415,255:POKE16422,167:POKE16423,255

40 INPUT"WOULD YOU LIKE UPPER AND LOWER CASE (N=NO)";A$

50 IF A$="N"THENPOKE16409,0ELSEPOKE16409,1

60 DATA 245,58,24,64,254,01,32,6,121,197,205,59,0,193,58,25

70 DATA 64,254,1,40,4,241,195,88,4,241,221,110,3,221,102,4

80 DATA 218,154,4,221,126,5,183,40,1,119,121,254,128,210,166,4

90 DATA 254,32,218,6,5,254,64,218,125,4,254,96,48,5,246,32

100 DATA 195,125,4,230,159,195,125,4,58,25,64,254,1,32,20,121

110 DATA 254,65,56,14,254,122,48,l0,254,91,56,4,254,32,56,2

120 DATA 238,32,79,58,26,64,254,1,194,141,5,l21,254,13,40,5

130 DATA 254,l0,194,141,5,l7,0,32,27,122,179,32,251,62,13,50

140 DATA 232,55,17,00,32,27,122,179,32,251,62,10,50,232,55

150 DATA 17,0,48,27,122,179,32,254,l4,13,201,0,0,0,0,0,0

SECTION 5: DISK INTERFACE

Introduction

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A disk drive system has the great advantage over tape in

that it permits greater dexterity in handling masses of

information. Large amounts of information can be stored or

accessed quickly, reliably and with a minimum of fuss.

Programs and files can be loaded from disk about 250 times

faster than from tape. Files can be manipulated with relative

ease and can be designed to suit a particular application.

In a disk operating system (DOS), the operating system for

the computer resides on disk. A DOS is more powerful than the

ROM operating system. It affords flexibility as regards data

storage and makes available problem-solving programs

(debugging software) to observe data at almost any memory

location within the system.

The LNW80 allows you to attach up to four disk drive units

to the disk interface. These may be 5 1/4 inch or 8 inch

drives, a combination of both, or even hard disk drives. Dual

headed drives (two read/write heads) may also be used, but in

this case, only 3 drives are allowed. Disks may be formatted

in single-or double-density.

As an introduction to disk drives and their development,

you might want to read through Appendix B before reading this

section.

What kind of Disk Drives should you use?

The LNW80 will work with virtually any type of disk drive

(once configured for the LNW) and any floppy disk. Armed with

this knowledge, you may be tempted to use the cheapest disk

drives you can find. However, these may prove to be quite a

frustation, so with your long term mental health in mind, we

make the following suggestions:

1). Use double-density rated disk drives.

Single-density drives may work, but the proper

operation in double-density cannot be guaranteed for

the life of the drive (See list of compatible

drives in appendix).

2). Clean and align your drives according to

manufacturer specifications.

Configuring 5-1/4" & 8" Disk Drives for the LNW80

Disk drives and cables which are configured to run on the

TRS-80 Model I are fully compatible with the LNW80. Any eight

inch drive which is Shugart compatible should run on the

LNW80. If you are about to purchase drives and are unfamiliar

with the concept of drive configuration, Appendix B should set

you straight.

Proper configuration for drives and cables should be

provided by your computer dealer.

Connecting a 5 1/4" Disk Drive

Disk drives are connected to the computer's disk interface

with a ribbon cable. 5-1/4" drives require a 34-wire cable

with a card edge connector at each end. The drive cover must

be removed to connect the ribbon cable. It is a good idea to

fit the drive with an extender cable so that connection and

removal are made easier.

Table 5.0 - Pin specifications for the 34-pin 5-1/4"

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drive bus. The unlisted pins are used as

grounds.

Figure 5.0 - Extender Cable

Connecting an 8" Disk Drive

Eight-inch drives require 50 - wire ribbon cables for

operation, You will notice that the disk interface on the

computer is made for a 34-wire cable (17 connections on each

side). A 50-to-34 adapter board is available from LNW (stock#

1096) to connect the 8" drive to the 34-wire cable. One end of

this board plugs into the 8" drive cable-connector (50-pin),

the other into the 5-1/4" drive cable-connector (34-pin) as

shown in Figure 5.1. If the connector on the 34-pin cable has

pins pulled, you may only connect one 8" drive per adapter.

Otherwise, the drive select process will not be able to "see"

any 8" drive after the first one it encounters. If the cable

is not of the pulled pin type, then you may connect a few 8"

Pin # Description

2 Not Used

4 Not Used

6 Not Used

8 Index

10 Drive Select 1

12 Drive Select 2

14 Drive Select 3

16 Motor On

18 Direction Select

20 Step

22 Write Data

24 Write Gate

26 Track 0

28 Write Protect (Active Low)

30 Read Data

32 Side Select (Dual Sided Drives)

34 Not Used

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drives to the 34-pin cable using just one adapter. Figures 5.2

and 5.3 outline the rights and wrongs of the matter.

Figure 5.1 - 34 to 50 Pin Adapter

Figure 5.2 - Pulled pin cable and 8" drive

Figure 5.3 - No pins pulled cable and 8" drive hook-up.

Table 5.1 - Pin Specifications for the 50-pin 8-inch Drive Bus

Pin # Description

2Ground or Lower Write

4Not Used / Reserved

6Not Used

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In the RARE event that you haVe an 8" disk drive which

requires the "write current" line on the disk drive to be

driven when using double-density above track 43, the adapter

requires a small modification. A jumper cable (LNW stock#

1097) must be soldered between TG43 on the adapter board to

pin 2 of the 50-pin bus. Test out your drives first, and if

you're having trouble above track 43 in double-density, get

out the soldering iron!

Disk Drive Set-up and the 5/8 Switch

The layout for a typical disk drive system is shown in

Figure 5.4.

Figure 5.4 - Typical Disk Drive System Showing

Mixed Drive Setup & 5/8 Switch

8Not Used

10 Two Sided (Not Used)

l2 Disk Change (Not Used)

14 Side Select (Dual-sided drives)

16 Activity / In Use

18 Head Load (Not Used)

20 Index

22 Ready (Not Used)

24 Not Used

26 Drive Select 1

28 Drive Select 2

30 Drive Select 3

32 Drive Select 4

34 Direction Select

36 Step

38 Write Data

40 Write Gate

42 Track 0

44 Write Protect (Active High)

46 Read Data

48 Not Used

50 Not Used

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5-1/4" or 8" disk drives may be used together in a mixed

set-up, although you must make the computer aware of the size

of drive zero (whether it is 5-1/4 inch or 8 inch). You do

this by way of the 5/8 Switch, This is located in o recessed

position above the cassette jack on the I/0 panel. The

information relevant to this switch is shown in Table 5.2.

Table 5.2 - Drive 0 and the 5/8 Switch

Disk Description

The names "disk" and "diskette" have become

interchangeable. Formerly, "disk" was reserved to describe the

large rigid disks associated with bigger computers, and

"diskette" was used to describe the smaller flexible or

"floppy" disks of microcomputers.

Refer to Figure 5.5 for a graphic description of the disk.

Figure 5.5

1) Protective cover - should not be opened.

2) Read/write opening. It is through this aperture

that data is read from and written to the disk.

3) Write protect notch. In the case of 5 1/4 inch

disks, covering the notch with an opaque label

protects the disk from being written to

accidentally. The reverse is true in the case of

Drive 0 Type 5/8 Switch

5-1/4 Inch Towards Floppy Port

8 Inch Away from Floppy Port

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8 inch disks - no label gives write protect

status.

4) Timing aperture. The disk also has a small hole

in it. When the disk is rotating, each time the

hole is aligned with the timing aperture, a beam of

light passes through. This triggers an electronic

signal, letting the computer know that the disk has

made one revolution.

5) Disk label. Use only a felt-tipped pen when writing

on the label. Ballpoints and lead pencils may leave

impressions on the disk.

6) Disk envelope. Inner lining helps to keep the disk

clean.

Floppy disks are made of a thin plastic material which is

coated on one or both sides with a thin, uniform layer of

metal oxide. Data is stored on the disk on concentric tracks,

which are arranged on the disk by the read/write head of the

disk drive. This process is called formatting, and is carried

out under control of the disk operating system (DOS).

The number of tracks is optional, but is usually 35, 40, 77

or 80. The tracks are numbered from the outer edge inwards.

Each track is divided into sectors. The number of sectors per

track depends on the DOS used to format the disk and whether

single or double-density is involved. Most TRSDOS-like DOSes

use 10 sectors per track in single-density and 18 sectors per

track in double-density, Figure 5.6 clarifies this

information.

Figure 5.6 - Sketch of disk, tracks a sector.

Disk Care

- Keep disks away from magnetic fields. Many

domestic appliances have transformers which

are capable of generating a magnetic field

strong enough to erose all or part of a disk.

Refrigerators, telephones a TV's are among these.

- Avoid touching disk surface. Keep the disk in its

envelope when not in the drive.

- Remove disks from drives before turning drives or

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computer on or off.

- In dry climates guard against static. Ground

yourself by touching something metallic before

handling disks.

- Store disks standing on edge (not flat).

- Store in a clean, dust-free environment between

50 and 125 degrees Fahrenheit (10 - 50 degrees C).

Avoid leaving disks in the sunlight.

Next page | TOC

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SECTION 6: POWER ON

Connecting AC Power

As you prepare to hook up to the main power supply, ensure

that the computer and all peripherals are switched OFF.

Locate the power cord exiting from the rear of the computer

and plug it inta a 110V AC outlet. All peripherals attached to

the computer must also be supplied with AC power

independently.

Turn on the monitor and let it warm up for a minute or

two,

Power Up & Reset for Non-Disk Owners

Press the BREAK key and switch the computer on. After a

moment's hesitation, the computer will respond with the

following prompt:

MEMORY SIZE?

MEMORY SIZE? _

(If this is not displayed clearly or if the monitor is not

in a cooperative mood, see the relevant sub-sections below on

monitor adjustment).

We may ignore the MEMORY SIZE? question for the moment (see

SECTION 10) and simply press the ENTER key.

The computer in its turn replies with,

READY

>_

To restart the system in ROM once the power is on, press

the BREAK key first and then the two RESET keys

simultaneously.

Power Up and Reset for Disk Owners

- Switch on drive(s).

- Switch on computer.

- Wait until drives stop running.

- Insert the system disk in drive 0, with the label

facing the arm of the door (see Figure 6.0).

- Close the drive door gently. The door will not

close if the disk is not fully inserted.

- Press both RESET keys simultaneously. The computer

responds with the system logo.

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Figure 6.0

You should now make a backup copy of your system disk

before proceeding any further. This is most important. It is

not beyond the realms of possibility to destroy the

information on disk at this initial phase of investigation and

experimentation.

The BACKUP utility is described on page 80 of the DOSPLUS

manual.

Disk Power Up Malfunctions

If the drives fail to stop running after switching the

computer on or the system fails to boot, check the following:

- Are the drive cables connected correctly and

securely at both the computer and drive outlets?

Note that the drive connection is "backwards"

relative to TRS80 Model I, with cable up vs. down.

- Is the disk in drive 0 a system disk?

- Is the drive running smoothly? If not, the disk is

not securely mounted on the drive spindle.

Re-insert the disk.

To RESET the disk operating system (to "boot" the system),

hit the two RESET keys simultaneously.

Monochrome Monitor Adjustment

1. BRIGHTNESS - turn fully clockwise.

2. CONTRAST - turn fully clockwise.

If the display is not stable (ie. rolls vertically,

horizontally or tears diagonally) make the following two

adjustments. If the display is stable, then skip this section

and go on to final adjustments.

3. HORIZONTAL HOLD - adjust for a picture that does not "tear"

diagonally and is stable horizontally. It may still have

vertical roll at this point.

4. VERTICAL HOLD - adjust for a picture that does not roll

vertically and does not have any multiple or overlayed

images.

Make the following final adjustments:

5. BRIGHTNESS - turn counterclockwise till the background scan

lines are just no longer visible (but the letters should still

be brightly displayed.

6. CONTRAST - turn counterclockwise for the sharpest, roundest

characters with a bright, easy-to-read display. The individual

dots that make the letters should be visible, and the black

space between the letters Z and E at the top and bottom of the

letters should be seen. The following drawing illustrates

this:

Figure 6.1 - High and normal contrast drawings

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GOOD CONTRAST CONTRAST TOO HIGH

If you cannot achieve crisp characters with the following

adjustments, then either - adjust the SIGNAL ADJUSTMENT (if

any) to reduce the amplitude of the video OR install a series

resistor in line (10 - 33 ohm) with the "hot side" of the

video cable.

If you intend to use the LNW80 computer in the inverse

video display mode, then you will have to repeat the above

adjustments while in the inverse display mode. Most monitors

will probably not be properly adjusted for both inverse and

normal display modes with the same settings. When you turn on

the inverse display mode, don't, be suprised to see the screen

go blank. When adjusting for BOTH display modes simply adjust

to your own preference.

NTSC Color Monitor Adjustment

An NTSC color monitor has some of the same adjustments as

your home television: BRIGHTNESS (may be called BACKGROUND),

CONTRAST, COLOR, TINT, VERTICAL H0LD, HORIZONTAL HOLD and

SHARPNESS (sometimes called FOCUS). The first step of

alignment is to perform the same adjustments, as with a

monochrome monitor (the procedure is listed in the previous

section). Some of the controls found in a monochrome monitor

(i.e., horizontal and vertical sync) may, or may not be

present in your color monitor. If the control cannot be found,

then it should be assumed that the control is automatically

set internally and needs no adjustment. Check the owner's

manual for more details concerning your monitor.

Monochrome Operation

The NTSC color monitor cannot display the 64-column text

screen with clarity. With some monitors it may be possible to

read the characters in this mode, but it will require the

optimum setting of the above-mentioned controls and a very

high quality set with a +6MHz luminance bandwidth. It may also

require that the NTSC color monitor be connected to the B/W

video output since the bandwidth is higher through that

display channel, and the color setting on the set should be

turned completely off.

Color Operation

In order to align your monitor for color operation, you

must first display the color bar pattern generated by the

program listed below. IF THE NTSC MONITOR IS YOUR ONLY

MONITOR, THEN YOU MUST PERFORM THE MONOCHROME DISPLAY

ADJUSTMENTS MENTIONED IN THE PREVIOUS SECTION TO MAKE THE

DISPLAY READABLE WHILE TYPING IN THE PROGRAM THAT IS LISTED

BELOW. This program is written using LNWBASIC and is easy to

type in. It does require that the programmer has a working

knowledge of DOSPLUS 3.4 and LNWBASIC. These details can be

found elsewhere in this manual and in the LNWBASIC USER MANUAL

or the DOSPLUS 3.4 USER MANUAL.

1 'LNWBASIC Color Bar Test Program

10 MODE2

20 PCLS

30 FLS(191)

40 FOR X=0 TO 7

50 COLORX

60 Xi=16*X:Y1=0:X2=(16*X+14):Y2=191

70 LINE Xl,YlgX2,Y2,SET,BF

80 NEXTX

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90 END

Once you have typed in the program, save it for future use

by typing:

SAVE"COLOR/BAS"

This program should generate 8 color bars in the following

order:

White Green Yellow Red Magenta Blue Blue-green Black.

Once the color bar program has been run, make the following

adjustments:

1. BRIGHTNESS (May be Called BACKGROUND) - adjust such that 7

color bars (may appear as 7 grey areas) appear, but the BLACK

bar (eighth bar) at the right of the screen is completely

black.

2. CONTRAST - adjust so that the bars have adequate range of

intensity. The BLACK bar should be black, and the WHITE bar

should be a bright white. The thin black borders between the

color bars should have the sharpest edges attainable.

3. COLOR - adjust so that the colors (may not be the correct

colors yet) are bright and clean, but not saturated so much

that there is color "bleeding" and distortion in the black

borders between the color bars.

4. TINT - adjust the tint so that the colors displayed on the

screen match the 8 color bars and suit your individual

preference. From left to right:

white green yellow red magenta blue blue-green black

5. SHARPNESS - Between the color bars are thin, two-pixel

borders of black. Adjust the sharpness or focus such that the

sharpest edges are obtained.

RGB Monitor Adjustment and Operation

The RGB monitor generally requires no more adjustments than

a monochrome monitor:

l. Perform the MONOCHROME MONITOR ADJUSTMENTS

2. Type in the COLOR BAR program listed in the previous

section and run it using LNWBASIC.

Power Off

When turning off your computer, allow at least 15 seconds

before turning it on again. This time allows any power that

may not have drained away in the electrical circuitry to do

so,

Memory Test

Although your LNW80 has been thoroughly tested at our

manufacturing plant, we include this memory test in case you

ever need to use it in the years ahead.

10 REM Memory Test for LNW80

20 REM This is a simple test of computer memory.

30 REM Each memory location is tested by using the

40 REM the GOSUB instruction. It should run

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50 REM continously until it reaches location 100

60 REM or so. Total memory is printed on the top

65 REM left hand corner of the screen.

70 CLS

80 PRINT CHR$(23)

85 PRINT @ 0,MEM

90 PRINT @ 470,MEM

100 IF MEM < 100 THEN STOP ELSE GOSUB 90

Now type:

RUN

means that you press the ENTER key after typing RUN.

The program should run continuously until location 100 or

so is encountered.

High Speed / Low Speed Test

We can make convenient use of this program to do another

test. As was indicated earlier, the LNW80's microprocessor

operates at two clock speeds: 4MHz and 1.77MHz. By timing the

program with the key in the up position (HIGH) and

down position (LOW), the following approximate results should

be obtained:

HIGH 119 seconds

LOW 222 seconds

You may wonder why the result for the faster clock speed is

not twice that of the slower. The reason it isn't is that the

CPU works at a faster clock speed than the Level II ROMs are

capable of. As a result, the CPU must slow slightly (using

"wait states") so that the ROMs can keep up.

Graphics Test

Running the program below will fill the display with the

standard text and low-resolution graphics characters available

from the character generator.

10 REM Mode 0 text and graphics test.

20 LET Y=0

30 FQR X=15360 TO 16363

40 IF Y>192 LET Y=0

50 POKE X,Y

60 LET Y=Y+1

70 NEXT X

80 GOTO 80

To exit from this program, you must press the key.

Line 80 in the program puts the program into an infinite loop

so as not to disrupt the display on the screen.

SECTION 7: LNW80 GRAPHICS

Introduction

The color graphics capabilities of the LNW80 make up one of

the computer's real highlights. You now have a machine which

not only allows good data manipulation, but also has high

resolution graphics. The LNW80 comes to you with LNWBASIC, a

tailor made BASIC, designed to extract the maximum potential

from the machine in terms of color and black and white

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graphics.

This section introduces you to the machine's graphics

capabilities and lays the foundation for your adventures into

LNWBASIC. The second half of this section was written for the

benefit of machine-language programmers. It is not vital

reading for the novice.

Note: As LNWBASIC is only supplied on disk, a subsection is

included for non-disk owners on how to generate both black 6

white and color graphics.

Graphics Modes

The LNW80 has four different graphics modes:

Mode 0 Low Resolution (LORES) graphics mixed

with text. Control of 128 x 48

picture elements (pixels).

Mode l High Resolution (HIRES) graphics

mixed with LORES graphics and text.

Control of 480 x 192 pixels.

Mode 2 LORES Color, with control of

128 x 192 pixels. There are 8 colores

available in this mode.

Mode 3 HIRES Color. Control of 480 x 192

pixels. The screen may be mapped in

color blocks of 128 x 16 pixels.

There are 8 colors available in this

mode.

Note that the picture element (pixel) size depends on the

graphics mode in operation.

Mode 0 - Low Resolution Graphics a Text

In this mode you have 128 (64x2) points of reference across

the screen and 48 (16x3) points down the screen.

Mode 0 is the normal operating mode. The mode 0 screen is

laid out as shown on the video display worksheet in Appendix

D. Turning your attention to this for a moment, you will see

that there are 64 character positions across the screen,

numbered from 0 to 63. There are 16 lines of 64 characters

each, ending up at character position 1023 on the lower

right-hand corner. You will notice also that each character

which is outlined in dark ink is subdivided into 6 smaller

units. These smaller units are called graphics cells. Neither

character positions nor graphic cells are physical areas on

the screen, but rather areas of the screen that the computer

has chosen.

Figure 7.0 - character position and Graphics cell

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The mode 0 graphics cell corresponds to the mode 0 pixel.

The term graphics cell is retained here, as it is often used

to describe the size of pixel which is controllable using SET

and RESET in BASIC.

To see the size of one mode zero pixel, use the following

BASIC statement:

CLS : PRINTS 480, CHR$(129)

or

CLS : SET (64,21)

A text character appears as a 5 x 7 matrix within the

sounds of the 12 x 6 dot matrix that makes up a character

position.

Figure 7.1 - 12 x 6 dot matrix of character posn

with 5 x 7 text character imposed on

it.

The 5 x 7 format allows a one dot space between characters

and a 5 dot space between lines.

Figure 7.2 - Interspacing of text characters

Mode 1 - High Resolution Graphics & LORES Graphics a Text.

In this mode, you may reference 480 dots across the screen

and 192 down the screen, giving you the highest resolution

possible on the LNW80. The normal screen width of 64

characters is extended to 80 character positions in this mode.

These additional 16 character positions give you an extra 96

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(16x6) pixels per line. This mode allows you to turn on or off

the smallest dots which we saw in the mode 0 character

position.

This mode can be entered in LNWBASIC by simply typing,

MODE 1

The pixel size in this mode can be seen by RUNning the

following LNWBASIC program:

l ' LNWBASIC program to light up mode 1 pixel

10 MODE 1: CLS: PCLS

20 PSET 240,96

30 CIRCLE 240,96,40

40 GOTO 40

Press the BREAK key to exit the program.

A drawing program is included in Appendix C to illustrate

some of the possibilities in this mode.

Mode 2 - Low Resolution Color

This color mode is the highest resolution mode possible for

NTSC composite video. The resolution in this mode offers you

128 pixels across the screen and 192 pixels down the screen.

To give you an idea of the size of pixel we're talking about,

the following figure shows the relationship between the mode 0

character position and the mode 2 pixel.

Figure 7.3 - Mode 0 character position with mode

2 pixel outlined.

As you can see, four vertically-stacked mode 2 pixels are

equivalent to a mode zero graphics cell.

To enter this mode in LNWBASIC, use the mode command,

MODE 2

The mode 2 pixel can be displayed on the screen using this

LNWBASIC program. Press BREAK to exit the program.

1 ' LNWBASIC program to display mode 2 pixel

10 MODE 2 : PCLS 2 : CLS

20 COLOR 5 : FLS REM FLS 'WHITES' MODE 0 SCREEN TO DISPLAY COLOR

30 PSET 63,97

40 CIRCLE 63,97,15

50 GOTO 50

To get the most of the computer's color capabilities in

this mode, examine the COLOR, FLS and PCLS commands in the

LNWBASIC manual.

Mode 3 Graphics - High Resolution Color

This high resolution graphics display mode allows the high

resolution graphics monochrome (MODE1) information to be

displayed on an RGB color monitor. This high resolution

information is displayed with limited color control. This

means that while the number of individually controllable color

dots that can be displayed is 480H (horizontal) by 192V

(vertical), the colors that they can be set to are limited to

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128H by 16V color fields. These color fields have a

relationship to. the high resolution position such that one

color field controls the color of 36 high resolution pixels

(dots). Color information is provided by the MODE0 text memory

(memory from 3C00H to 3FFFH). The data stored in a given

character position will determine the color of the high

resolution graphics at that position. To better understand

this, we will run the following program in LNWBASIC:

10 MODEl:PCLS:CLS' set to high res and clear all screens

20 LINE 0,3,383,3,SET ' draw high res line

30 MODE3 ? note the line above can be drawn in mode 3 also

40 FORC=0T07 ' step through all the colors

50 FOR I=0 TO 3'PUT EACH COLOR FIELD FOUR TIMES

60 AD=&H3C00+C*4+I? COLOR FIELD ADDRESS

70 POKEAD,C*9 'must use poke to output

80 NEXT I

90 NEXTC

100 GOTO 100 'wait forever and do not disturb screen

When this program is run with a monochrome monitor

installed, a high res (MODE1) LINE is drawn across the top of

the screen, followed by characters overlapping the line on the

screen. If we install an RGB monitor to the LNW80 now, we

would see that the various characters cause the line to change

colors. This overlapping of characters with high resolution

graphics is how MODE3 graphics works. You might have noticed

that after the color bars there was a blank space (color

black) and then the rest of the line is displayed as

alternating violet and white dots. Each of these dots

represents the width of the smallest unit of color field which

is one-half of a character position. This example used an

entire character position as a color field with four

consecutive color fields set to the same color. If we wanted

to use the maximum color resolution, we could change the

program to the following:

10 MODE1:PCLS:CLS? set to high res and clear all screens

20 LINE 0,7,479,11,SET,BF ' draw a high res line

30 MODE3 ? note the line above can be drawn in mode 3 also

40 FOR I=0 TO 15

50 FORC=0T07 ' step through all the colors

60 IF(C AND l)=0THEN90ELSE70 'is the pixel even or odd?

70 AD=INT(C/2)+I*4:D=PEEK(6H3C00+AD)?ODD find address and get

data

80 D=DAND&H38:D=DORC:POKE(6H3C00+AD),D:GOT0110 'mask upr 3

bits, output

90 AD=INT(C/2)+I*4:D=PEEK(aH3C00+AD)'EVEN find address, get

data

100 D=DAND7:D=DOR(C*8):POKEfaH3C00+AD),D'mask, or data,

output

110 NEXTC

120 NEXTI

130 FOR Z=1T01000:NEXTZ

140 LINE 0,0,479,11,SET,BF

150 GOTO 150

This program draws a high res bar that extends beyond 383,

and you should have noticed on the monochrome monitor that the

characters that appear above the high res bar change the color

of the bar on the RGB color monitor. Note that characters do

not appear above the bar beyond character position 64 or high

res position 383. Run the program again and watch the

extension region while the inner region is writing the color

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fields. You will see that while colors are written to the

inner region there is a duplication into the outer region. Due

to the design of the hardware, the color information for any

horizontal position past 383 is taken from color information

from the same vertical position but from an assortment of

horizontal positions (with values less than 383). This means

that. if you use high resolution graphics beyond 383, you

cannot be guaranteed the color unless all the color fields for

pixels less than 383 are set to the same color.

Mode 3 With LNWBASIC

The initial release of LNWBASIC does not totally support

MODE3 graphics. The mode command will set the LNW80 to the

correct setting, but lines drawn in MODE3 are the same as

lines drawn in MODEl with no color information provided. Later

versions of LNWBASIC (if you registered with MODULAR SOFTWARE

ASSOCIATES, you will be notified when this new version is

ready) will fully support MODE3. In order to use the high

resolution capability at this time, special subroutines must

be written to write the color fields to match the high res

graphics of LNWBASIC. The following programs provide

rudimentary routines to fill fields and do limited line

drawings in MODE3.

1 'THIS PROGRAM CONTAINS 3 MODULES. THE FIRST STARTING AT

LINE

10 WILL DRAW A SINGLE LINE FROM 0,0 TO 383,191 AND THEN USE

A COLOR FIELD TO MAKE THE LINE A GIVEN COLOR

2 ?THE SECOND MODULE (AT LINE 200) IS A DEMONSTRATION OF THE

WAY LINES CAN BE DRAWN AND MADE TO HAVE A SPECIFIED COLOR

USING MODE 3. THE ACTUAL SUBROUTINE TO DRAW THE LINE IS

LOCATED AT LINE 1000

3 ?THE THIRD MODULE IS A DEMONSTRATION OF THE ABILITY TO

CREATE BLOCKS OF COLORS. IT STARTS AT LINE 300. THE ACTUAL

ROUTINE TO CREATE BLOCKS IS FOUND AT LINE 1000. NOTE THAT

THIS THIRD MODULE DOES REQUIRE MODULE 2.

4 'IF ALL THIS SEEMS TERRIBLY CLUMSY- IT IS. THE FIRST

RELEASE

OF LNWBASIC DID NOT HAVE ANY MENTION OF MODE3 LATER

RELEASES OF LNWBASIC WILL ALLOW THE USER THE ABILITY TO

DRAW LINES' BOXES' CIRCLES' ETC IN MODE3

5 ?NOTE THAT THE PROGRAM TO DRAW LINES IS TERRIBLY

INACCURATE

10 INPUT"COLOR";C

20 INPUT"X";X:INPUT"Y";Y

30 CLS

40 PCLS

50 MODE3

60 LINE 0,0,383,191,SET

70 MODE3

80 FLS(191)

90 POKE (&H3C00+Y*64+X),C*9

100 FOR X=1 TO 64

110 Y=INT(X/4)

120 POKE (6H3C00+Y*64+X),C*9

130 NEXTX

140 GOTO 140

200 'THIS DEMONSTRATES DRAWING A MODE 3 LINE

210 FOR P=1 TO 10

220 GOSUB 510

230 GOSUB 1040

240 NEXTP

250 GOTO 250

300 'THIS DEMONSTRATES DRAWING BLOCKS OF COLORS IN MODE3

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310 FOR P=1 TO 10

320 GOSUB 510

330 GOSUB 2000

340 NEXTP

350 GOT0350

510 Xl=RND(383):X2=RND(383):Yl=RND(191):Y2=RND(191):C=RND(7)

515 RETURN

1000 REM THE FOLLOWING ROUTINE DRAWS A LINE OF A SPECIFIED

COLOR IN MODE3

1010 INPUT"DESIRED COLOR";C

1020 INPUT"Xl,Yl";Xl,Yl

1030 INPUT"X2,Y2";X2,Y2

1040 MODE1

1050 CLS:PCLS:LINE Xl,Yl,X2,Y2,SET

1055 GOSUB 1060

1056 GOTO 1075

1060

Xl=INT(X1/6+.5):X2=INT(X2/6+.5):Yl=INT(Yl/12+.5):Y2=INT(Y2/12

+.5)

1070 IF

Xl>63THENX1=63ELSE:IFX2>63THENX2=63ELSE:IFYl>15THENY1=15ELSE:

IFY2>15THENY2=15

1072 RETURN

1075 IF100*Xl+Yl>100*X2+Y2 THEN T=Xl:Xl=X2:X2=T:T=Yl:Yl=Y2:

Y2=T

1080 IF Xl=X2THENGOT01090ELSEGOT01100

1090 MODE3:FORY=YlTO Y2:POKESH3C00+Y"64+Xl,C*9:NEXTY:GOT01210

1100 M=(Y2-Yl)/(X2-Xl)

1110 B=Yl-M*Xl

1120 MODE3

1125 IFM>0

THENIFM<=1THEN1130ELSE1300

ELSEIFM>=-1THEN1130ELSE1350

1130 FORX=X1TOX2-1

1140 Y=INT((M*X+B)+.5)

1145 GOSUB1150

1146 NEXTX:RETURN

1150 Z=&H3C00+Y*64+X:IFZ<&H3C00ORZ>6tH3FFFTHENGOT01210

1160 POKE Z,C*9

1165 IF(X-2)>=0THENPOKE(&H3C00+Y*64+X-l),C*9 ELSEGOT01170

1170 IF(X-l)>0THEN POKE(&H3C00+Y*64+X-1),C*9 ELSEGOT01180

1180 IF(X+1)<65THENPOKE(&H3C00+Y*64+X+l),C*9 ELSEGOT01190

1190 IF(X+2)<64THENPOKE(&H3C00+Y*64+X+2),C*9 ELSE GOT01200

1200 RETURN

1210 RETURN

1220 Xl=0:Y1=0:X2=63:Y2=15

1230 MODE1

1240 LINE 0,0,377,179,SET

1250 MODE3

1260 GOTO 1100

1300 FORY=Y1TOY2'SLOPE BETWEEN -1 AND 1

1310 X=INT((Y-B)/M+.5)

1320 GOSUB 1150

1330 NEXTY

1340 RETURN

1350 T=Y1:Yl=Y2:Y2=T? SLOPE BETWEEN -1 AND -INFINITY

1360 GOT01300

2000 IFXl=X2THEN1050ELSEIFYl=Y2THENGOT01050

2010 LINE Xl,Y1,X2,Y2,SET,B

2020 M0DE3

2030 GOSUB 1060

2040 IFY1<Y2THEN2060

2050 T=Y1:Yl=Y2:Y2=T

2060 IFXl<X2THEN2080

2070 T=X2:X2=X1:X1=T

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2080 IFY1=0THENY1=1ELSE:IFX1=0THENX1=1

2090

FORY=Y1-1T0Y2:FORX=X1-1TOX2:POKE&H3C00+Y*64+X,C*9:NEXTX:NEXTY

2100 RETURN

High Resolution Graphics for Non-Disk Owners

The program listed below sets up tables in memory which

hold information on the coordinates of points to be SET, RESET

or POINTed. (The machine-language program encoded in the DATA

statements is listed at the end of this section).

0 REM This program POKES 2 tables into memory. The first one

1 REM generates 2 bytes for each horizontal coordinate (X).

2 REM This two byte pair consists of (a) the character

3 REM position (0-79) and (b) the one of six pattern

4 REM selecting the pixel within the character position.

5 REM The second table gives the vertical coordinate. It

6 REM consists of 192 locations each of which holds the

7 REM row (D4-7) and the line (D0-3).The tables start at

8 REM 30000.

10 X=30000

20 FOR Y=0 TO 79

30 GOSUB 100

40 NEXT Y

50 X=31024

55 FOR L=0 TO 15

60 FOR R=0 TO 11

65 N=(16*R)+L

70 POKE X,N

75 X=X+1

80 NEXT R

85 NEXT L

90 GOTO 171

100 N=l

101 FOR Z=0 TO 5

120 POKE X,Y

130 X=X+1

140 POKE X,N

150 X=X+1

155 N=N*2

160 NEXT Z

165 RETURN

166 REM This routine POKES the machine-language USR program

168 REM (encoded in the DATA statements) into RAM from

167 REM location 79F0H (31216) to 7A90H (31376)

169 REM (31376).

171 FOR X=31216 TO 31376

172 READ Y

173 POKE K,Y

174 NEXT X

175 REM The POKE command at line 200 gives the entry point of

177 REM the one USR call. The low order byte must be changed

179 REM to point to one of the other routines if desired:

185 REM To select SET,RESET,POINT use the following values:

187 REM SET - POKE 16526,240:POKE 16527,121

189 REM RESET - POKE 16526,243:POKE 16527,121

191 REM POINT - POKE 16526,246:POKE 16527,I21

182 REM Remember that these address locations are decimal.

193 REM Once you have POKEd these values out, you need only

195 REM POKE the LOW ORDER BYTE to change to a different

197 REM routine (e.g. POKE 16526,246 gives POINT).

199 REM

200 POKE 16526,240:POKE 16527,121 ' SET Routine

210 CLS ?Clears LORES screen

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220 OUT 254,2 'Turns HIRES (Mode 1) on

230 FOR X=0 TO 479 'Bumps through all X

240 FOR Y=0 TO 191 'Bumps through all Y

250 POKE 31257,Y ?POKES Y value to 31257 (in USR)

260 A=USR(X) 'X is passed to USR routine

270 NEXT Y

280 NEXT X

290 END

300 DATA 195,67,122,195,88,122,195,113,122,205,127,10

310 DATA 1,48,117,4lg9,126,254,64,242,35,122,205,19,122

320 DATA 203,60,203,29,203,60,203,29,201,35,70,33,48,121

330 DATA 17,0,0,25,102,111,203,37,203,37,201,205,19,122

340 DATA 203,37,203,37,203,4,203,4,203,60,203,29,203,60

350 DATA 203,29,203,60,203,29,203,60,203,29,124,198,48

360 DATA 103,20l,205,249,121,219,254,246,8,211,254,126

370 DATA l76,ll9,219,254,230,247,211,254,195,154,10,205

380 DATA 249,121,219,254,246,8,211,254,120,238,255,71

390 DATA 126,160,119,219,254,230,247,211,254,195,154,10

400 DATA 205,249,121,219,254,246,8,211,254,126,160,194,133

410 DATA 122,33,0,0,195,l36,l22,33,1,0,219,254,230,247

420 DATA 211,254,195,154,10

Color Graphics for Non-Disk Owners

The following listing demonstrates how to generate colors

on the LNW80 without using LNWBASIC.

10 REM COLOR BAR TEST PROGRAM

20 REM CASSETTE (16K) VERSION

30 REM This test should generate the following colors:

35 REM White Green Yellow Red Magenta Blue Blue-Green Black

36 CLS:PRINTCHR$(23)

40 PRINT "LNW RESEARCH COLOR BAR TEST"

45 REM Delay before starting test

50 FOR Z=0 TO 1000

60 NEXT Z

70 OUT 254,4

72 FOR X=15360 TO 16383

74 POKE X,255

76 NEXT X

80 FOR X=32512 TO 32533

90 READ D

100 POKE X,D

110 NEXT X

120 POKE 16526,0:POKE 16527,127

125 FOR X=0 TO 12288

130 FOR Y=0 TO 7

135 FOR Z=0 TO 7

150 POKE 32522,Y*9

180 A=USR(X)

190 LET X=X+1

200 NEXT Z

210 NEXT Y

220 LET X=X-1

230 NEXT X

240 END

270 DATA 205,127,l0,219,254,246,8,211,254,54,0,0,110,38,0

280 DATA 230,247,211,254,195,154,10

GRAPHICS FOR MACHINE-LANGUAGE PROGRAMMERS

Machine-Language Overview

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The four different graphics modes are selected by I/0 port

254 (FE Hex). The definition of port 254 is shown

schematically in Figure 7.4.

Figure 7.4 - 8 bit address of port 254 showing

bit definition.

Data bit 0 controls inverse video operation in modes 0 and

1 only. Data bits 1 and 2 together give mode control, as can

be seen from Table 7.1.

Table 7.1 - Mode Control Using Port 254

Data bit 3 controls graphics RAM enable. Data bits 4 to 7

are reserved and should not be used.

When modifying port 254, first read the port and then

change only the bits that you want to change. As an example,

consider the following LNWBASIC program (any level of BASIC

will do) which sets data bit 0 of port 254, thus changing over

to inverse video.

1 ?PROGRAM TO SET DATA BIT 0 OF PORT 254

10 A=IMP(254)

20 A=1 OR A

30 OUT 254,A

To return to normal white on black, substitute 0 for 1 in line

20.

Mode 0 Adressing

Video display memory for this mode runs from 15360 (3C00

Hex) to 16383 (3FFF HEX) . A two-byte address is used to point

to a location in video RAM. The relationship between the

memory location and the visibly displayed character is defined

by the following address chart:

Figure 7.5 - Mode 0 addressing as in p. 64 of

original LNW manual.

The least significant (rightmost) 6 bits, bits 0 to 5, of the

D2 D1 Mode

0 0

0 1

1 0

1 1

0

1

2

3

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address specify the character position. With all 6 bits on for

example, character position 63 would be specified. Bits 6 to 9

inclusive store the binary code for the line (0 - 15) on which

the character posit.3.on is found.

Take, for example, address 3C97. Filling the address chart

we get:

Figure 7.6 - Mode 0 address chart with 3C97

displayed.

This translates to line 2, character position 23, as shown

in Figure 7.7.

Figure 7.7 - Screen with character 23, line 3

highlighted.

We have seen how screen positions are addressed and how

both graphics characters and text characters are constituted.

But how does the computer know whether a graphics character or

a text character is to be displayed? The answer is encoded in

the data byte to be displayed. When data bit 7 of the data

byte is on, bits 0 to 5 select all possible combinations of

graphics characters. With data bit 7 off, bits 0 to 5 are

together interpreted as an ASCII text code. See figure 7.8.

Figure 7.8 - Data byte, 8 bits, bit 7 on/off -

graphics/text respectfully. Bit 6

not used, bits 0 to 5 store code.

Note that graphics RAM is not used in this mode.

Accessing Graphics RAM

Graphics modes I, 2 and 3 make use of graphics RAM. The

graphics RAM, running from address 0 to 3FFF (hex), is located

in the lower 16K of LNW80 address space. This is also where

the the Level II ROMs, keyboard, mode 0 video RAM, and

miscellaneous I/0 is mapped.

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I/0 port 254, data bit 3 (D3), selects which block of

memory is enabled in the lower 16K. With D3 on (1), the

graphics memory is enabled. With D3 off (0), the keyboard,

video RAM, 12K ROM and anything else which might be mapped in

the lower 16K of address space are enabled. Figure 7.9

illustrates this bank switching operation.

Figure 7.9 - Memory bank switching diagram

Since the Level II ROMs are also disabled when D3 is on,

using the out command in BASIC to turn this bit on will cause

a system "crash." This is because the computer will be

operating out of graphics RAM instead of ROM. The implication

of this is that D3 can only be accessed by a machine-language

program (or USR call from BASIC). Note that while the graphics

RAM is enabled, the lower 16K is inaccessible.

Mode 1 Addressing

The high resolution graphics RAM is located between 0 and

3FFF (hex). The 16K x 6 bits of graphics memory allows

individual control of 480 x 192 dots. The addressing is not

simple X,Y addressing, but is optimized for rapid character

generation, In this scheme of things, the video memory map is

broken into two fegiona: an inner region comprised of 384 x

192 dots, and an extension region comprised of 96 x 192 dots.

Figure 7.10 shows this screen breakdown.

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Figure 7.10 - Screen inner and extension regions.

The 384 x 192 inner region runs from address 0 to 2FFF

(hex). The address chart for the inner region is as follows:

Figure 7.11 - Inner region address chart.

The 96 x 192 extension region is addressed from 3000 to

3FFF (hex). The address chart for the inner region is given

below. In this case, the row field has been divided in two:

bits 10 and 11 holding the two least significant bits (LSB),

and bits 4 and 5 holding the two most significant bits (MSB).

This was done for hardware implementation reasons only.

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Figure 7.12 - Extension region addressing.

We said that the addressing was not simple X,Y addressing.

So what does that mean? An example will help to illustrate the

situation.

Take address 2000H. Going to the address chart and filling

in 2000H, we get:

Figure 7.13 - Address chart with 2000H, and

character position, line & row,

marked.

This takes us to row 8 of line 0, character position 0.

This is a bit unexpected, as we have been used to the idea of

starting at the top left hand corner of the screen and then

addressing all points down the screen, in a contiguous

fashion. If we start with address 0 and sequentially move

through to address 2FFF, examining the positions pointed to on

the screen by each address, we will see that row 0 of all

character positions is addressed first, then row 1 of all

character positions, then row 2... and so on. The same holds

for the extension region. (Try a few examples).

The information telling us which pixels are on in a

particular row, comes from the 6 bit-datum byte located in

graphics RAM:

Figure 7.14 - Graphics Data Byte in LSB (0-2)

and MSB (3-5) Format

Each bit in the byte corresponds to one of the pixels in

the row, pointed to by the address we just deciphered.

Mode 2 Addressing

The mode 2 pixel differs from the mode l pixel in that it

is 3 times larger, being composed of 3 horizontal dots, The

loss of resolution is compensated for by way of color

information for each pixel. Mode 2 addressing is similar to

mode 1 inner region addressing (see Fig. 7.15). In this case

however, the data byte holds information for two adjacent

color pixels, each half of the byte containing three bits

specifying one of 8 colors.

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Figure 7.15- Mode 0 character position w/mode 2

pixel outlined, and data byte

underneath.

Bits 3, 4 and 5 contain color information for the pixels on

the left hand aide of the character position. Bits 0, 1 and 2

contain color information for the right-hand side of the

character position. The codes for the 8 colors available are

as follows:

Table 7.2 - Color coding for mode 2 pixels.

Mode 3 Addressing

A simple relationship exists between the high resolution

video and the mode 3 color fields. This relationship is due to

the fact that the low res text memory and the high res memory

share the same addressing in the hardware. The inner region

addressing and the low res addressing are compared below:

Figure 7.16

Data Color

000 White

001 Green

010 Yellow

011 Red

100 Magenta

101 Blue

110 Blue/Green

111 Black

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It should be noted that the character position of the MODE3

color field addressing is divided into two color fields. When

a byte is written to 3C00H to 3FFFH, two color fields are set

as illustrated below:

Figure 7.17 Mode 3 Character Position With Color Fields

WITH COLORS DEFINED AS:

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5 4 3 or

2 1 0

----------

0 0 0 0 white

0 0 1 1 green

0 1 0 2 yellow

0 1 1 3 red

1 0 0 4 magenta

1 0 1 5 blue

1 1 0 6 blue-green

1 1 1 7 black

The second LNWBASIC program in this section illustrates how

MODE 3 graphics is done from BASIC. Once this is clearly

understood, machine-language use should be simple. When using

MODE 3 to draw lines, circles, etc., setting the correct color

field can be easily done at the same time that the

machine-language routine is outputting to the high res screen.

If the high res address has been computed or looked-up via

some form of address computation table, this address needs

only to have the most significant 6 bits masked and set as

follows:

A15=0

A14=0

A13=1

A12=1

All=1

A10=1

The only additional consideration is which color field is to

be written at that character position? Is it color field A or

B? The software that writes the high res information must have

some method of knowing which high res data bit was the one

that was being written to. If the data bit(s) of the high res

memory was 0, 1 or 2 (the leftmost 3 dots on the screen) then

the color field to be written to is color field A. If the data

bit(s) of high res are 3, 4 or 5 (the right three bits) then

the appropriate color field is B. In order to write only the

desired color field, the program must first read the entire

byte (both color fields) with masking and ORing to put the

3-bit color information in the right place without disturbing

the other color field. Refer to the LNWBASIC program in the

above section for the conceptual details.

Remember that when the high res video memory is enabled via

port 254 data bit 3, the low res video memory 3C00 to 3FFFH is

not accessible. This means that before writing the color field

you must turn off the graphics enable as follows:

IN A,(0FEH) ; INPUT FROM 254

AND 0F7H ; TURN OFF GRAPHICS RAM

OUT (0FEH),A ; OUTPUT TO 254

Then the graphics mode must again be turned on before

writing more graphics.

Machine-language Routine to SET, RESET, POINT

The following is the machine-language listing to SET, RESET

or POINT a video RAM location. This is the listing for the

machine-language that was encoded in the DATA statements in

the program listed under the subsection entitled "Graphics for

Non-Disk Owners."

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79F0 00100 ORG 79F0H

79F0 C3437A 00101 SET JP SETR ;SET ROUTINE ENTRY

79F3 C3587A 00102 RESET JP RESR ;RESET ENTRY

79F6 C3717A 00103 POINT JP POIR ;POINT ROUTINE

79F9 CD7F0A 00110 ADCAL CALL INPX GET X POSITION IN

HL PAIR

79FC 013075 00120 LD BC,7530H ;START OF

HORIZONTAL

TBL

79FF 29 00125 ADD HL,HL ;DOUBLE HL IN TABLE

7A00 09 00130 ADD HL,BC ;POINT TO

CHARACTER POS. IN TBL

7A01 7E 00140 LD A,(HL) ;INPUT CHARACTER

POSITION

7A02 FE40 00150 CP 64 ;IS > THAN CHAR 64

(IN EXTENSION)

7A04 F2237A 00160 JP P,EXTEND ;YES USE

EXT. ALGORlTHM

7A07 CD137A 00170 CALL VERT ;GET

ROW.LINE,CHARACTER

ADJUSTED

7A0A CB3C 00180 SRL H ;SHIFT LSB OF H

INTO

CARRY

7A0C CB1D 00190 RR L ;GET LSB OF H INTO

MSB OF L REG

7A0E CB3C 00200 SRL H ;SHFT LSB OF H INTO

MSB OF L

7A10 CB1D 00210 RR L ;ONCE AGAIN

7A12 C9 00220 RET ;NOW HL HAS ADDRESS

OF GRAPHICS

7A13 23 00240 VERT INC HL ;THlS PUTS ROW.LINE

INTO H AND

00245 ;PUTS CHARACTER

POSITION SHIFTED

00247 ;LEFT TWO BITS INTO

L WITH THE

00249 ;TWO LSB SET TO

ZERO

7A14 46 00250 LD B,(HL) ;NOW B REG HAS ONE

OF SIX PATERN

7A15 213079 00260 LD HL,7930H ;START OF VERTICAL

LOOKUP TABLE

7A18 110000 00265 LD DE,0H ;POKE DATA HERE

7A1B 19 00270 ADD HL,DE ;POINT TO VALUE IN

TABLE

7A1C 66 00280 LD H,(HL) ;PUT ROW.LINE INTO

H

7AlD 6F 00290 LD L,A ;COPY CHARACTER

POSITION TO L

7A1E CB25 00300 SLA L ;SHIFT LEFT ONE

PLACE

7A20 CB25 00310 SLA L ;NOW L HAS LEFT

JUSTIFIED CHAR

7A22 C9 00320 RET

7A23 CD137A 00330 EXTEND CALL VERT ;GET VERT IN H,CHAR

IN L,DAT IN B

7A26 CB25 00340 SLA L ;ROTATE 2 MSB OF

ROW

AND

7A28 CB25 00350 SLA L ;PUT THEM IN THE 2

LSB OF H

7A2A CB04 00360 RLC H

7A2C CB04 00370 RLC H

7A2E CB3C 00375 SBL H ;NOW SHIFT HL RIGHT

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4 PLACES

7A30 CB1D 00380 RR L

7A32 CB3C 00398 SRL H

7A34 CB1D 00400 RR L

7A36 CB3C 00410 SRL H

7A38 CB1D 00420 RR L

7A3A CB3C 00430 SRL H

7A3C CB10 00440 RR L ;HL OK NOW

7A3R 7C 00445 LD A,H

7A3F C630 00447 ADD A,30H ;MAKE ADDRESS

ABOVE ROW 11

7A41 67 00449 LD H,A

7A42 C9 00460 RET

7A43 CDF979 00478 SETR CALL ADCAL

7A46 DBFE 00480 IN A,(0FEH) ;INPUT FROM 254

7A48 F688 08498 OR 8 ;TURN ON

GRAPHICS

RAM ENABLE BIT

7A4A D3PE 00500 OUT (0FEH),A ;OUTPUT TO 254

7A4C 7E 00510 LD A,(HL) OLD DATA IN A

REG

7A4D BS 80520 OR B ;SET BIT

7A4E 77 00530 LD (HL),A ;WRITE DATA BACK

OUT

7A4F DBFE 00540 IN A,(0FEH) ;INPU AGAIN

7A51 E6F7 00550 AND 0F7H ;TURN OF

GRAPHICS

RAM

7A53 D3FE 00560 OUT (0FEH),A ;OUTPUT PORT 254

7A55 C39A0A 00570 JP RETURN

7A58 CDF979 00580 RKSR CALL ADCAL

7A58 DBFE 00590 IN A,(0FEH) ;INPUT PORT 254

7A5D F608 00600 OR 8 ;SET GRAPHICS

RAM

ENABLE BIT

7A5F D3FE 00610 OUT (0FEH),A ;OUTPUT TO PORT

254

7A61 78 00620 LD A,B

7A62 EEFF 00630 XOR 0FFH ;COMPLEMENT A

7A64 47 00640 LD B,A

7A65 7E 00650 LD A,(HL)

7A66 A0 00660 AND B

7A67 77 00670 LD (HL),A ;WRITE DATA BACK

OUT

7A68 DBFZ 00688 IN A,(0FEH) ;INPUT AGAIN

7A6A EGF7 00690 AND 0F7H ;TURN OFF

GRAPHICS RAM

7A6C D3FE 00700 OUT (0FEH) ,A

7A6E C39A0A 00710 JP RETURN

7A71 CDF979 00720 POIR CALL ADCAL

7A74 DBPR 00730 IN A,(0FEH)

7A76 F608 08748 OR 8

7A78 D3FE 00750 OUT (0FEH),A

7A7A 7E 00760 LD A,(HL) ;GET SIX BITS OF

DATA

7A7B A0 00770 AND 8 ;MASK ALL BUT

SELECTED BIT

7A7C C2857A 00780 JP NZ,SETHL ;MAKE L=l IF NOT

ZERO

7A7F 210000 00790 LD HL,0H ;MAKE BL PAIR 0

7A82 C3887A 00800 JP QUIT ;EXIT

7A85 210100 00810 SETHL LD HL,1H ;SET HL=00018

7A88 DBFE 00812 QUIT IN A,(0FEH) ;INPUT PORT

7A8A E6F7 00814 AND 0F7H ;TURN OFF

GRAPHICS RAM

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BIT

7A8C D3FE 00816 OUT (0FEH),A ;0UTPUT TO PORT

254

7A8E C39A0A 00820 JP RETURN

0A9A 00838 RETURN EQU 0A9AH

0A7P 00840 INPX EQU 0A7FH ;THIS PUTS

VARIABLE INTO

HL

0000 00850 END

00000 TOTAL ERRORS

Next page | TOC

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SECTION 8: LINE PRINTER INTERFACE

Line Printers

There are two types of line printer:

1. Serial line printer

2. Parallel line printer

You can connect either type to the LNW80 Computer. The

physical connections for each differ from one another, as they

carry data differently.

A serial line printer handles a byte of information by

receiving the basic elements of information (the bits) in

serial fashion, i.e., one after another, or bit-by-bit, like

eight cars following any behind the other on a single-lane

road. On reception of eight bits the printer reconstructs the

appropriate character.

Parallel printers, on the other hand, receive information

byte-by-byte. At any one time, at least 8 bits are travelling

parallel to one another along the ribbon cable, much like 8

cars abreast on an 8-lane freeway.

Figure 8.0 - Parallel and Serial Data Flow

Serial Line Printer

Serial line printers must be connected to the RS-232 serial

communications interface. A DB25 socket is required to make

this connection. The transmitting rate must be set on the TX

switch to the right of the interface. You will also, in all

probability, have to modify the the printer line so that it

can interface with the RS-232 interface. Because connection of

a serial printer requires some knowledge of RS-232 operation,

details on tne "how tos" of serial printer connection are

found in Section 9.

If you are currently on the hunt for a printer, do yourself

a favor and make it a parallel one.

Note: In order that the LPRINT and LLIST commands of BASIC

work properly, a special program must be used. This program is

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resident in DOSPLUS 3.4 as part of the forms command. For

serial printers which require handshaking, this can be

configured the RS232 command in DOSPLUS 3.4. LNWBASIC allows a

serial printer (no handshaking) with the RSOUT command. For

cassette based systems or other DOSes, a serial printer driver

program is supplied at the end of Section 9.

Parallel Line Printer

The LNW80 8-bit parallel printer interface is CENTRONICS

compatible. Parallel line printers are hooked up to the line

printer interface via a card edge connector and a ribbon

cable.

Outputting to the Printer using BASIC

There are two BASIC commands which output material to the

printer:

LLIST LPRINT

These correspond to the commands:

LIST PRINT

which display material on the video display. The PRINT @

command does not have a line printer equivalent. Also, not all

line printers are able to display the ASCII coded graphics

characters 128 through 151. Some line printers may have their

own graphics characters.

Page Length

The page length may be controlled from the keyboard. Memory

location 16424 stores the number of lines per page plus one.

The value stored at this location can be examined by using:

PRINT PEEK (16424)

The reply is:

67

The page length being ll inches and the printing rate being

set at 66 lines per inch for most printers, the number of

lines per page is 66. Some line printers, however, require that

this value be adjusted (see adjusting printer controls) .

Line Count

The line count plus 1 is stored at the adjacent memory

location, address 16425. This value can be retrieved as before

by using:

PRINT PEEK (16425)

the reply at boot up being 0. This value should be initialized

to 1 or more.

Printer Availability

The next location we PEEK at is memory address 14312. This

contains a code depicting printer status.

Table 8.0 - Line Printer Status

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The 4 most significant bits (MSB) at byte 14312 are used to

code printer status. Each of these bits represents a

particular aspect of printer status. For example, when bit 6

is on (set) it means the printer is out of paper. When it's

off, it means the printer has paper. The 4 least significant

bits (LSB), which are not used, are always set. The codes

above are a result of a combination of the various conditions.

(For a detailed account of printer status coding and Microsoft

BASIC coding in general, see "Microsoft BASIC Decoded" by

James Farvour, available through your IJG dealer).

Adjusting Printer Controls

The value at any RAM address in the computer can be changed

using the POKE verb in BASIC. A good idea is to initialize the

line count and page length at the beginning of every program

in which there is line printer output. At this point, printer

status can also be ascertained.

l0 REM Program code to alter page-length and

20 REM line-count and to check line printer status.

30 POKE 16424,nnn ' Number of lines per page.

40 POKE 16425,nnn ' Line-count

50 A = PEEK(143l2)

55 B = A AND 240

60 IF B <> 48 THEN PRINT " PRINTER NOT READY"

SECTION 9: RS232C INTERFACING

This section is a bit long, so you might want to grab a cup

of tea, coffee or whatever before launching into it.

The RS-232-C interface was mentioned fleetingly in Section

3 in connection with serial printers. How come we had all of

this to-do about an RS-232-C when all we wanted was to hook-up

a serial printer? Parallel printers, being good little

printers, provided no problem at all!

Serial devices handle digital data in serial form; whereas,

the computer handles data in parallel form. The circuitry

associated with the RS-232-C asynchronous serial

communications interface, to give it its full name, performs

the change over from parallel form to serial form and

vice-versa.

Note: A program is required that supports the RS-232-C. See

page 85.

History of Serial Data Communication

Not long after Babbage introduced his "Analytical Machine"

in 1822, Andre Ampere toyed with various concepts for

communicating information over electrical wires. In the

1830's, Samuel Morse took Ampere's idea and went on to develop

the telegraph using a code he developed, - Morse Code. This

CODE EXPLANATION

16 Cable connection upside down

48 Hooked up and on-line

128 Hooked up, not on-line

192 Printer out of paper

240 Printer not available

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was the first step in communication over wires, using

electrical signals to encode human symbols.

From that time to the development of computers, coding

information over single wires in serial fashion, gave rise to

various standards. As a result, when it came to interfacing

computers with the serial communications network, which is now

the phone system, computer manufacturers had to develop their

own standard: the RS-232.

RS-232-C Standard

The "C" in RS-232-C refers to the particular version of the

standard. The LNW80'S RS-232-C interface conforms to the

Electronic Industries Association (EIA) standard RS-232-C.

However, different computers employing the RS-232-C standard

often interpret it differently. As a result, various makes of

computer claiming RS-232-C compatibility will not necessarily

communicate or "talk" with each other without some adjustment.

Figure 9.0 shows the pin specifications on the 25-pin

connector, as defined by the RS-232-C standard.

Only pins marked with an asterisk are connected in the LNW80.

Figure 9.0 - RS-232-C pin connector as defined

by EIA.

Some equipment which is attached to computers only uses

pins 2, 3 (data lines) and pin 7 (ground), while other

equipment may use the unassigned and reserved pins while still

going under the label 'RS-232-C Standard’.

The Baud

The BAUD, like many of the terms in RS232 jargon, has a bit

of history behind it. Named after Baudot, a pioneer in

telegraphic communications, the baud was the unit of

transmision speed for serial data communication. It

represented the number of half-dot cycles transmitted

continuously in one second (which is in fact the modulation

rate). We can think of the modulation rate as being the rate

at which a carrier wave is adjusted to accomodate data

transmission,

In the present-day scheme of things, when the data

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signalling rate (measured in bits per second) is equal to the

modulation rate (expressed as baud), then the number of bits

transmitted per second is equal to the baud rate. (Long

sentence, that!). In our situation of asynchronous data

transmission, the baud rate is equal to the bit rate when one

stop bit is used.

Transmission Techniques

Inter-computer communication over a distance is almost

always achieved using serial data transmission, as the

communications,network is already there (the phone system).

As we have seen, data in the form of characters is encoded

in bits. The character length is optional here and can be

either 5, 6, 7 or 8 bits. This is to allow for various word

lengths that have arisen as standard over the years.

Each bit is transmitted as an electrical pulse along the

transmission line. The pulses are of a definite time

duration.

At the other end of the line, the receiver must somehow be

in synchronization with the pulses it receives. It must be

able to recognize when a bit starts and how long it lasts, and

when a character starts and ends. There are two modes of

operation to achieve synchronization between receiver and

transmitter:

- asynchronous operation

- synchronous operation

The LNW80 uses the asynchronous method, as do most

microcomputers.

With asynchronous communication, characters can be dumped

on to the transmission line raggle-taggle fashion, i.e., the

timing of character placement on the line is not important. In

allowing this, however, the receiver demands that each

character must be transmitted at a fixed rate and must be

framed with a start-bit and stop-bit(s).

Figure 9.1 - asynchronous transmission showing

character with start and stop bits.

Connecting Equipment to the RS-232-C

When connecting equipment to the RS-232-C interface, we

must take into account whether it is:

Data Terminal Equipment (DTE), or

Data Communications Equipment (DCE).

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DTE includes serial printers, teletypes and Decwriters. DCE

refers to modems.

As is, the LNW80’s RS-232-C interface is configured to

interact with DCE.

Serial Printer a the RS232

Serial printers and teletypes (DTE) have the same signals

on the RS232 cable as the LNW80. This is because Teletypes

were designed to interface directly with modems (as is the

LNW80) to act as a remote terminals. This means that there

will be conflicts on the RS232 lines since the printer's

outputs are the same as the computer’s. Fortunately not all of

the RS232 signals are required when connecting to a serial

printer. Usually only the Transmit Data (TD) for the computer

is tied to the Receive Data (RD) of the printer along with the

chassis and signal ground (see table 9.0).

Some printers also require the use of handshaking lines.

Handshaking is the printers way of telling the computer that

it's buffers are full, and to hold off until it has printed

their contents. The computer must then wait until the printer

is ready to recieve data again. This signal should be received

on DSR (pin 6) and may be output by the serial printer on

either DTR (pin 20) or a separate RS232 handshaking signal.

For handshaking to operate properly, the handshaking signals

should be "ON" (+12V) when ready to receive more data, and

"OFF" (-12V) when busy. Check with the operations manual of

your printer if in doubt.

The following drawing illustates the lines connected. Some

serial printers require that CTS (pin 5) or DSR (pin 6) of the

printer be tied to either +12V or -12V for proper operation.

The operating manual for the printer should provide the

details.

Figure 9.2 - Serial printer interfacing with the

computer.

Table 9.0 - Specifications for the LNW80's RS-232-C Interface

Pin Number Signal

1 PGND (protective ground)

2 TD (transmit data)

3 RD (receive data)

4 RTS (request to send)

5 CTS (clear to send)

6 DSR (data set ready)

7 SGND (signal ground)

8 CD (carrier detect)

20 DTR (data terminal ready)

22 RI (ring indicator)

TD -- Serial data is output to external device.

RD -- Serial data is received from external device.

RTS - Outputs a request to the external device to allow the

computer to transmit serial data.

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CTS - Inputs a response from an external device to a RTS

saying that the external device is ready to receive serial

data.

DSR - Input to the computer saying that the receiving device

(at the other end of the telephone) is ready to receive from

the computer. In the case of a modem, this signal acknowledges

that it is not in test, talk or dial mode.

CD -- Input to the computer saying that the modem has sensed a

carrier signal over the telephone.

DTR - Output by the computer to tell the external device that

the computer is ready to transmit or receive serial data.

RI -- Input to the computer indicating that the modem has

received a ringing tone at the other end of the telephone.

Connecting a Modem

This device allows information to be transmitted from one

computer to another over the telephone lines. Telephone lines,

however, were designed, not for transmitting data, but with

the human voice in mind. The result is a system designed to

reproduce an analog signal representing the fluctuations of

the human voice in the frequency range 300 to 3400 Hertz

(cycles per second). Analog signals vary continuously with

time, rising and falling between high and low values. Digital

signals, on the other hand, have either a constant high value

or a constant low value at any one instant, changing from one

value to the other over a negligible period of time.

Figure 9.3 - Analogue and Digital Signals

The modem forges the gap between the two worlds. The word

modem is an acronym for MOdulator/DEModulator, indicating the

two functions a modem performs. When serial digital data from

the computer presents itself to the modem for transmission

over the telephone lines, it is first coded as an analog

signal, and then "applied" to a carrier wave resident in the

telephone network. This "applying" is called modulation.

A modulated signal arriving at the computer must be

demodulated. That is, the analog information imposed on the

carrier wave must be stripped off and converted into serial

digital information.

Figure 9.4 - Modem Interfacing With the Computer

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Acoustic modems convert transmission data received into

audible tones which are fed to the computer via the earpiece

of the phone.

When data is going in the other direction, from the

computer to the transmission line, the modem converts data

into audible tones which are fed to the transmission line via

the phone mouthpiece.

A modem is DCE and, as a result, interfaces directly with

the RS-232-C serial communications interface. (Pin 2 on the

modem receives data, and pin 3 transmits). A cable with a male

DB25 plug is required to make this connection.

Figure 9.5 - Hooking Up a Modem

Switch Settings on the RS232C Interface

Located on the I/0 panel, next to the RS232 DB25 connector,

are 3 sets of small DIP switches, as shown in figure 9.6.

These switches are used to set the BAUD RATE and the UART (see

RS232 Operation 6 Programing) configuration settings (parity,

word length and number of stop bits).

Figure 9.6 - Close up of RS232C dip switches.

The two BAUD RATE switches select the actual baud clocks (for

both receive and transmit) to the UART. The baud rate is not

software selectable on the LNW80 as it was on the TRS80 Model

I. Almost all TRS80 Model I software can still be used even if

it thinks it can set the baud rate under software control.

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Only applications where the baud rates MUST be controlled by

the application program will the LNW80 not be compatible with

the TRS80 Model I . Some programs will attempt to display or

otherwise indicate the current baud rate setting under software

control. This is not possible on the LNW80 and this

information should be ignored.

The configuration switches for parity, word length, and

number of stop bits do not actually set these values directly

in the UART. These switches simply are present to allow the

application program to read back what they have been set to.

Since many existing TRS80 model 1 RS232 programs require that

these switches are present, it is also included on the LNW80.

These switches can be read by inputting from port E9H. For

more information on these configuration switches refer to the

section on programming the RS232 interface.

Transmitting and Receiving

The programmer has a number of things to consider before

communicating via the RS-232-C interface:

- Transmit and receive rates

- Parity

- Word length

- Start and stop bits

Setting Transmit and Receive Rates

For most applications the Transmit (TX) and Receive (RX)

switches (located next to the RS232 interface) will be both

set at the same value. Only one switch on the TX and one

switch on the RX should be on at any one time.

Table 9.1 - Setting Tx and Rx Rates

TX & RX Switch Baud rate

1 9600

2 2400

3 4800

4 1200

5 150

6 110

7 600

8 300

Setting Parity

When data is transmitted, errors often occur due to

electrical interference, or "noise," on the line. This may

result in an extra bit being included in a character, for

example. To provide a check on this, a parity bit is appended

to the word making the total number of "ones" in the word odd

or even, depending on whether you have chosen odd or even

parity for transmission.

The configuration switches on the I/0 panel are used to set

parity.

Table 9.2 - Setting Parity With the Configuration Switches

Parity Con Switch Position

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Inhibit 1 Off

2 Off

Even 1 On

2 Off

Odd 1 On

2 On

Setting Word Length

A word (character) length of 5, 6, 7 or 8 bits may be used.

The reason for the various word lengths (just when we had

gotten used to 8 bits to a character) is that older machines

have different word lengths. For example, teletypes use a

5-bit word length.

Table 9.3 - Setting Word Length

Word Length Con Switch Position

5 4 On

5 On

6 4 Off

5 On

7 4 On

5 Off

8 4 Off

5 Off

Setting Stop Bits

You may select 1 or 2 stop bits. When using a 5-bit word

length, the configuration corresponding to 2 bits is, in

actual fact, 1.5 atop bits. You may well wonder how a half-bit

is arrived at. A hali-bit is represented by a time pulse half

that of full bit.

Table 9.4 - Setting Stop Bits

Stop Bits Con Switch Position

1 3 On

2 3 Off

Note: Configuration switch 6 is not used for anything.

RS-232-C Operation

The circuitry associated with the RS-232-C has as its

centerpiece a small dedicated processor, - the UART (Universal

Asynchronous Transmitter/Receiver). It is dedicated in the

sense that it has nothing else to do except to look after the

RS-232-C's goings on.

It is within the UART that the parallel data structure of

the computer is interfaced with the serial data structure of

the communications channel. The transmitter section of the

UART takes a parallel byte from the CPU bus (information

route) and converts it to a serial word with start, stop and

parity bits. The receiver section accepts a serial word from a

serial device complete with its adornment of stop, start and

parity bits, checks its validity, and then reconstitutes a

parallel byte.

Programming the RS232C Interface

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In order for the UART to function to receive and transmit

serial data, a program within the LNW80 must communicate with

the UART writing commands, configuration information, and data

to its internal registers and reacting status and data back.

Here is a list of the requirements for programming the UART:

1. MASTER RESET

After power has been applied to the UART, it must be reset

before attempting to program any of the internal registers.

This can be done by outputting anything to port location E8

(hex). Here is an example of the assembly language source

code.

OUT (0E8H),A ;OUTPUT ANYTHING

2. CONFIGURATION OF UART

The UART will transmit and receive at the baud rate that is

provided by the switch settings but it must be told how it is

to transmit the serial data. Should there be PARITY? If so,

should it be EVEN PARITY or ODD PARITY? Should 5,6,7 or 8 bits

of data be transmitted? Should the STOP BITS be set at 1 or 2?

This information is programmed into the UART by certain bits

set or not set in the UART CONTROL REGISTER. This register is

addressed at port location EAH. The upper 5 bits of this

location determine the setting of this configuration while the

lower 3 bits are also used to set some of the handshaking

output lines.

The relationship between these switches and the UART

CONTROL REGISTER is such that by manually setting the

switches, your program can simply read the switches, mask the

lower 3 bits and then output that value to the UART CONTROL

REGISTER at EAH. This feature is provided for the purpose of

remaining compatible with programs written for the TRS80 Model

1 that read the switches and do not allow the user to select

this configuration under software control. Since both DOSPLUS

3.4 and LNWBASIC allow programming of the configuration AND it

is done in the BASIC programs provided at the end of this

section it is not recommended that new programs be written

that depend on these switches. Here is an example of how the

UART CONTROL REGISTER is set:

LD A,(CONFIG) ;load value from memory

OUT (EAH),A ; actually output to UART

CONFIG DEFB ; here is where the BASIC

; program put the

; configuration settings.

The example programs are provided at the end of this section

to illustrate how the configuration settings are selected from

a basic program.

Or if you are using the configuration switches...

IN A,(0E9H) ; INPUT FROM CONFIGURATION

SWITCHES

AND 0F8H ; MASK OFF LOWER 3 BITS

OR 05H ; SET THE LOWER 3 BITS AS DESIRED

FOR HANDSHAKING (BRK,DTR,RTS)

OUT (0EAH),A ; OUTPUT TO UART

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3. TRANSMIT AND RECEIVE DATA

In order for the UART to transmit data, data must output

to the UART TRANSMIT REGISTER (EBH). Data can be input from

the UART RECEIVE REGISTER (EBH). Status concerning data

received, data transmitted, and errors can be read back on the

UART STATUS REGISTER (EAH). The status bits are defined in

figure 2 above. For more details in programming the UART,

refer to the LNW80 TECHNICAL REFERENCE MANUAL and the data

sheets on the TR1602B.

4. MODEM STATUS REGISTER

When communicating over voice grade telephone lines and

using a modem, various modem status conditions can be read

back. CTS, DSR, CD, RI can all be input at port location E8H.

See page 40 of the LNW80 Technical Reference Manual for the

bits associated with these status signals.

The assembly listing of the serial terminal program which

follows illustrates how the RS232 interface and the UART are

programmed.

;

; Assembly-language Listing of Terminal Program

;

0033 00010 DSP EQU 338

002B 00020 KBD EQU 2BH

FF70 00100 ORG 0FF70H

FF70 3E1C 00110 START LD A,1CH ;HOME CURSOR

FF72 CD3300 00120 CALL DSP

FF75 3E1F 00130 LD A,lFH ;CLEAR SCREEN

FF77 CD3300 00140 CALL DSP

FF7A 3E0E 00150 LD A,0EH ;TURN ON CURSOR

FF7C CD3300 00160 CALL DSP

FF7F D3E8 00170 IUART OUT (MR),A ;RESET UART WITH

ANYTHING

FF81 DBE9 00180 IN A,(CONFIG) ;GET TERM

CONFIG

JUMPERS

FF83 E6F8 00190 AND 0FSH ;MASK LOWER 3 BITS

FF85 F605 00200 OR 5H ;SET BRK, RESET,

DTR, SET RTS

FF87 D3EA 00210 OUT (CTRL),A;PUT IN CONTROL

REG

FF89 DBEA 00220 RSRD IN A;(CTRL)

FFSB CB7F 00230 BIT 07H,A ;IS RECEIVE DATA

AVAILABLE

FFSD 2817 00240 JR Z,SEROUT

FFSF DBEB 00250 IN A;(DATA) ;GET DATA

FF91 B7 00260 OR A

FF92 2812 00270 JR Z;SEROUT ;IF NO INPUT LOOK

TO OUT

FF94 E67F 00280 AND 7FH ;STRIP PARITY

FF96 FE60 00290 CP 60H

FF98 FA9DFF 00300 JP M,AAT

FF9B E65F 00310 AND 5FH ;LOWER TO UPPER

CASE

FF9D FE0A 00320 AAT CP 0AH

FF9F 28E8 00330 JR Z,RSRD

FFA1 CD3300 00340 CALL DSP ;DISPLAY

CHARACTER

FFA4 18E3 00350 JR RSRD

FFA6 CD2B00 00360 SEROUT CALL KBD ;INPUT FROM

KEYBOARD?

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FFA9 B7 00370 OR A

FFAA 28DD 00380 JR Z,RSRD ;IF NOTHING THEN

BACK TO INPUT

FFAC FE05 00390 CP 5H

FFAE F2B9FF 00400 JP P,NOSPCH ;NOT A SPECIAL

CHARACTER

FFB1 21CSFF 00410 LD HL,SPCHTB-1 ;SPECIAL

CHARACTER

TABLE

FFB4 4F 00420 LD C,A

FFB5 0600 00430 LD B,0H

FFB7 09 00440 ADD HL,BC ;HL POINTS TO

SPEC. CHARACTER

FFB8 7E 00450 LD A,(HL) ;GET SPECIAL

CHARACTER CODE

FFB9 FE1A 00460 NOSPCH CP 1AH

FFBB 28CC 00470 JR Z,RSRD ;IS SHIFT DOWN

ARROW? IGNORE

FFBD 4F 00480 RSWR LD C,A ;SAVE DATA

FFBE DBEA 00490 IN A,(CTRL) ;GET UART STATUS

FFC0 CB77 00500 BIT 06H,A ;IS TRANSMIT

REGISTER EMPTY

FFC2 28F9 00510 JR Z,RSWR ;IF NOT LOOP

FFC4 79 00520 LD A,C ;PUT CHAR IN A

FFC5 D3EB 00530 OUT (DATA),A gOUTPUT CHAR

FFC7 18C0 00540 JR RSRD ;BACK TO INPUT

ROUTINE

FFC9 03 00550 SPCHTB DEFB 03H

; DEFAULT: EOT-CNT "A"

FFCA 1B 00560 DEFB 1BH

;DEFAULT:ESC-CNT"B"

FFCB 7C 00570 DEFB 7CH ;DEFAULT:VERT BAR

-CNT"C"

FFCC 7F 00580 DEFB 7FH

;DEFAULT:DEL-CNT"D"

00E8 00720 MR EQU 00E8H

00E9 00730 CONFIG EQU 00E9H

00EA 00740 CTRL EQU 00EAH

00KB 00750 DATA EQU 00EBH

FF70 00770 END START 00000 TOTAL ERRORS

Getting the Most From the RS-232-C

The RS-232-C may well be one of the most important features

on your LNW80. It allows you to communicate with your local

community college computer (educational budget permitting), or

work computer, your LNW80 acting as a terminal. Thus you can

interact with large computer systems from your home.

The ramifications of this kind of setup could have dramatic

effects on society in the not so distant future. Ponder for a

moment if you will, on the work habits of people in

metropolitan areas. Every morning large numbers of citizens

from the suburbs pile into their automobiles and drive towards

downtown. Once there, they assume positions at desks where

they write on paper and pass information, one to the other,

again on paper.

Adding up the cost of this kind of modus operandi, a number

of inefficiences come rushing to mind. Think of the time spent

commuting and the cost of this on both pocket and environment.

The astronomical cost of harboring thousands of people in one

big building also springs to the fore. If only we could

communicate, perform more direct accounting and commit

information to store without all of this paper!

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Let's be glib here. Instead of spending the tons of money

(literally) on office construction and maintenance, why not

give all of the employees a microcomputer and modem (I have

just the system in mind!) and the resources for a small bureau

at home. The employees could log on every morning to a central

computer and find out what was wanted of them today. They

could submit work to the computer, which would spout out the

facts to the company president and his aides. The considerable

savings on gasoline could be used to improve the

communications network.

This rather loosely strung together train of thought hints

at the real possibilities the RS-232-C communications unit

could present.

BASIC RS232C Serial Printer & Terminal Programs

The following program can be used as a terminal program,

which allows your computer to communicate with other computers

via a modem.

10 REM SERIAL CRT TERMINAL PROGRAM

20 REM

30 REM This program allows the use of the LNW80 computer

40 REM system as a CRT terminal. This program may also be

50 REM used for testing the serial interface by connecting

60 REM pins 2 & 3 of the RS232C DB25 connector together.

65 REM BE SURE TO SET HIGH MEMORY TO 65390

70 FOR X=-144 TO -52

80 READ D

90 POKE X,D

100 NEXT X

110 POKE 16526,112 '070H

120 POKE 16527,255 '0FFH

130 A=USR(N)

200 DATA 62,28,205,51,0,62,31,205,51,0,62,14,205,51,0,211

210 DATA 232,219,233,230,248,246,5,211,234,219,234,203,127

220 DATA 40,23,219,235,183,40,18,230,127,254,96,250,157,255

230 DATA 230,95,254,10,40,232,205,51,0,24,227,205,43,0,183

240 DATA 40,221,254,5,242,285,255,33,200,255,79,6,0,9,126

250 DATA 254,26,40,204,79,219,234,203,119,40,249,121,2ll

260 DATA 235,24,192,3,27,124,127

Serial Printer Program

10 REM BASIC SERIAL PRINTER PROGRAM

30 REM This program allows the use of a serial printer

40 REM with the LNW80. This program is left in memory

50 REM unaltered by BASIC and user programs. The program

60 REM is executed during each LPRINT and LLIST statement

70 REM Handshaking is supported as the software reads the

71 REM the printer busy (DSR) before outputting a

72 REM character. If your printer does not support

73 REM handshaking, change line number 340 to:

74 REM 340 DATA 219,232,203,119,0,0,219,234

75 REM BE SURE TO SET HIGH MEMORY TO 65278 BEFORE

76 REM entering BASIC.

77 REM

78 REM

80 CLS:PRINTCHR$(23):PRINT"LNW RESEARCH CORP.":PRINT"BASIC

SERIAL PRINTER PROGRAM"

90 FOR X=-256 TO -207

100 READ D

110 POKE X,D

120 NEXT X

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130 A$="E":P=128:L=0:WL=1:SB=7:B=32

140 'INITALLY SET FOR 1 START BIT, SEVEN BITS DATA, EVEN

PARITY,ONE STOP BIT

150 POKE 16421,2:POKE 16422,0:POKE 16423,255 'POKE NEW DCB

160 FORZX=1T0600:NEXTZX:CLS:PRINT"CONFIGURATION MENU":

PRINT: PRINT"RS232 CONFIGURATION SETTINGS"

170 PRINT"1) PAR1TY (E-EVEN)g(O-ODD),(D-DISABLED) ";A$

180 PRINT"2) STOP BITS ";WL

190 PRINT"3) WORD LENGTH ";SB

200 PRINT"4) RUN TERMINAL PROGRAM":PRINT"SELECT FUNCTION"

210 Z$ =INKEY$:IFZ$=""THENGOT0210ELSEIFZ$="1"THENGOT0220ELSE

IFZ$=" 2" THENGOT0270ELSEIFZ$="3"THENGOT0240ELSEIFZ$="4"

THEN GOT0290ELSE GOT0210

220 P=0:INPUT"PARITY EVEN (E), ODD (0), OR DISABLED (D)";

A$:IFA$="E" THENP=POR128ELSEIFA$="0"THENP=PAND127ELSE

IFA$="D"THENP=POR8 ELSEGOT0220

230 GOTO 160

240 INPUT"WORD LENGTH (5,6,7,8)";SB:IF SB<5THEN240ELSE

IFSB>8THEN240

250 IFSB=5THENB=0ELSEIFSB=6THENB=64ELSEIFSB=7THENB=32ELSE

IFSB=STH ENB=96

260 GOT0160

270 INPUT"STOP BITS (1 OR

2)";WL:IFWL>2THENGOT0270ELSEIFWL

SECTION 10: MEMORY UTILIZATION

A Look at Memory in a Non-Disk System

The computer is now operating out of ROM using the Level II

BASIC language.

On power up we have 64K of memory address space in the

machine. 12K of this is Read Only Memory (ROM), which we

cannot use to hold programs or data. In addition, the computer

takes up just over 2K bytes of memory space which it uses to

operate the keyboard, the video, I/0 routines and other

computer "housekeeping" functions. Almost 2K is not used for

anything.

So, of the 64K of memory space that we started out with,

the computer has earmarked 16K for its own purposes. This

leaves us, the programmers, with 48K or thereabouts. See

figure 10.0 for a schematic presentation of memory

allocation.

Figure 10.0 - Simple Rectangular Memory Block Diagram.

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A Look at Memory in a Disk System

With system start-up from disk, the DOSPLUS disk operating

system is loaded from disk into RAM. The system doesn't just

load into memory at any old position. No, the DOS loads in at

the 16K mark in memory and extends for 5K to 21K. The memory

up to 16K is the same as that in a non-disk system. In fact

the DOS enhances the ROM based system ay acting in cooperation

with it. Figure 10.1 is a schematic drawing of memory

allocation in a disk system.

Figure 10.1 - Memory block diagram for a disk

system. (Before BASIC is called).

A disk operating system takes up more memory than the ROM

based system. However, the availability of a large amount of

quickly accessible storage on disk, more than compensates for

the extra 5K of memory we have sacrificed.

High Memory Protection

The BASIC interpreter uses as much memory as you will allow

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it. In a ROM based system, BASIC uses a variable amount of

space beyond the 16K region, where it stores tables and

variables. In the case of a disk system, these tables and

variables are stored just beyond the 26K region. In both

cases, BASIC also stores information way up there in high

memory (in the 40K+ region).

You may put a ceiling on BASIC's use of memory by replying

to the MEMORY SIZE? question on power up or reset. By replying

with say 32768, you will keep BASIC out of memory locations

above 32K. This is important if you want to use

assembly-language programs.

For a memory map showing how Level II BASIC uses memory,

see Appendix D of the Radio Shack Level Il manual. This is not

vital information if you are a beginner, but it is important

if you are an assembly-language enthusiast.

SECTION ll: CHOOSING AND USING A DISK OPERATING SYSTEM

Introduction

The LNW80 supports a wide number of disk operating systems

(DOS). A full list is supplied in Table 11.0. This versatility

towards software will be welcome news to those programmers who

want to continue using the same software that wooed them

towards microcomputers in the first place. However, the first

time owner may find the choice of DOSes a bit bewildering, and

for this reason we include DOSPLUS 3.4 in the LNW80 package.

We think this is a well-documented and easy to use DOS.

Knowing full well that the first operating system that you

come to know generates a feeling not unlike that towards your

first car, this section includes detailed instructions on how

to set up a disk system for a number of DOSes.

But first, as a backdrop (hey, this is southern

Californian) to all of this technical mumbo jumbo, let’s take

a vague look at microcomputer operating systems and their

background. (For a detailed description of a disk operating

system, see the introduction to this manual).

Important Aspects of a DOS

From a programmer’s point of view, a DOS should be

transparent and fast. Transparent means that it should perform

the various data manipulations in such a way that the

programmer is hardly aware of what's going on. When the DOS

needs to look up system tables, or bring another system module

from disk into RAM (overlaying), we, the programmers, want it

to do so without bothering us as we slave away at the

keyboard. We would also like to have some data recovery

facilities, in the event that the DOS tells us it can’t read a

disk sector. Ideally, the DOS should do all of this using a

minimum of valuable RAM.

A very important aspect of any operating system is its

documentation. If the documentation is not very clear, and you

can't find out how to use the system, or you find yourself

encountering difficulties which are not explained, then the

system ends up being of little use and a real pain in the

byte.

A Brief History of the TRS80 Model I Operating Systems

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Since the introduction in 1978 of tba TRS80 Model I

microcomputer and its disk operating system, TRSDOS, a wide

variety of operating systems have been developed to operate on

the TRS80 Model I. These systems were developed, for the most

part, to improve upon a poor TRSDOS 2.1. One of the operating

systems to emerge was NEWDOS. This operating system was

written because its owners, Apparat Inc., needed a DOS for

their own internal use that actually worked. Before long,

others heard that a DOS really did exist that worked and

Apparat became a DOS company.

Meanwhile, the original author of the Radio Shack TRSDOS

2.1, Randy Cook, began improving on what he had written and

created what would be known as VTOS 3.0. He marketed the DOS

under the company name of Virtual Technology Inc. Apparat

continued to improve the NEWDOS and released NEWDOS 2.1,

NEWDOS+, and NEWDOS80 1.0. VTOS 3.0 evolved to VTOS 4.0 as

more features were added.

At about the same time, a young programmer in Florida had

written a DOS for both single-density and for the new

double-density adaptor from Percom Data Co. This DOS became

widely known as DOSPLUS 3.2 and 3.2D, and was marketed by a

company known as Microsystems Software. This DOS evolved to

3.3D, which became the standard DOS supplied with the

LNDOUBLER. At about the same time, other DOS systems were

springing up almost from nowhere. The DOS WAR had just begun.

Radio Shack did not sit still during the DOS WAR. They

improved upon TRSDOS and finally developed a DOS which both

worked and offered some usable features, - TRSDOS 2.3.

VTOS was sold to Lobo Drives fox use on their LX80

interface, and with a major effort in both programming and

documentation, LDOS 5.0 and 5.1 emerged. LDOS was a powerful

"device independent" system with the features of VTOS, but

without the bugs. LDOS uses the same syntax as TRSDOS, but has

many additional features and capabilities. With the LDOS PATCH

(available from your LNW dealer), diskettes that were written

using the LX80 interface under LDOS (5-1/4" and 8" double or

single-sided, single or double-density) can be read or written

to with an LNW80 or LNDOUBLER 5/8 (with a speed-up kit) and

the appropriate disk drives under LDOS 5.0 or 5.1.

With the emergence of the standard of double-density,

Apparat released NEWDOS80 version 2.0. This DOS was by far the

most powerful and flexible system ever developed. It would

interface not only 5-1/4" disk drives but, with the use of the

LNDOUBLER 5/8, would interface both single and double-density

(double-density required a speed-up kit on the TRS80 Mod I)

8-inch floppy disk drives, The only drawback of this

outstanding system was the complexity of operation and the

differences in syntax between TRSDOS 2.3 and NEWDOS.

Microsystems Software had also developed a new DOS with the 8

inch and hard drive features, as well as adding many other

powerful functions. This was to be called DOSPLUS 3.4.

DOSPLUS 3.4 has become the standard DOS supplied with both

the LNW80 and the LNDOUBLER 5/8 double-density adaptor. This

DOS has the great advantage of simplicity. It matches TRSDOS

syntax, has clear and concise documentation, and thus, is a

good DOS for the first-time owner.

Looking at the Various Disk Operating Systems

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There are two important points to note at this juncture:

NOTE 1

Some of the operating systems that will operate on the

TRS80 will not support the 4MHz CPU speed of the LNW80. Some

of the operating systems may operate at the 4HMz speed with

special configuration of the operating system. Others will

operate at the high speed, but will not properly boot (reset)

at the high speed. For these reasons, we recommend that the

HIGH/LOW speed switch on the keyboard be set to LOW (down)

before booting a previously untested DOS. Table 11.0 lists the

known compatible systems.

NOTE 2

The double-density disks created on the following DOSes are

not necessarily read/write compatible with each other. Of all

the DOSes listed, only MULTIDOS has the ability to read the

formats of the other operating systems (note that MULTIDOS

will not read double-sided or 8 inch formats). Single-density

disks created using any of the operating systems listed in

Table 11.0 are, for the most part, fully interchangeable.

Table 11.0 - LNW80 Compatible DOSes

S = system disk, D = data disk,

SD = single-density, DD = double-density

DUAL = dual-sided drive support

1 = Double Zapii from Software Etc. required

2 = LDOSPATCH from LNW Research required

The Top Five Operating Systems

TRSDOS 2.3

DOSPLUS 3.4

NEWDOS80 U 2.0

LDOS 5.0 AND 5.1

MULTIDOS

TRSDOS 2.3

While probably the most popular of all the DOSes, TRSDOS is

OPERATING

SYSTEM NAME

4MHZ

OK

5-1/4"

SD

DISK DRIVE SUPPORT

5-1/4" | 8" | 8"

DD | SD | DD

DUAL

DOSPLUS 3.2S NO S,D YES

DOSPLUS 3.2D NO D S YES

DOSPLUS 3.4 YES D S,D D S,D YES

DBLDOS NO D S,D YES

EZ-DOS YES S,D S,D S,D S,D YES

LDOS 5.0 YES S,D S,D(2) S,D(2) D(2) YES

LDOS 5.1 YES S,D S,D S,D(2) D(2) YES

MULTIDOS YES S,D S,D

NEWDOS 2.1 NO S,D

MEWDOS+ NO S,D

NEWDOS80 1.0 NO S,D S,D(l) YES

NEWDOS80 2.0 YES S,D S,D S,D S,D YES

OS-80 NO S,D S,D YES

TRSDOS 2.3 NO S,D

ULTRADOS NO S,D

VTOS 4.0 NO S,D S,D(1) YES

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the simplest, will only operate with single-density, 5-1/4"

35-track floppy drives and has a limited BASIC as well as a

limited set of library commands. The TRSDOS manual is by far

the finest piece of documention written on any of these

operating systems and is available at Radio Shack stores

around the world:

TRSDOS & DISK BASIC Reference Manual

For the TRS80 TRSDOS 2.3

Disk BASIC Version 2.2

LNWBASIC is fully compatible with the DISK BASIC in TRSDOS

2.3.

DOSPLUS 3.4

DOSPLUS 3.4 is a powerful, easy-to-use system that is well

documented and is fully TRSDOS compatible. DOSPLUS 3.4 was

supplied on either a

5-1/4 inch 35 track double-density system disk, OR

An 8 inch double-density 77 track system disk

with your LNW80 computer. In order to make a back-up copy,

simply use the BACKUP command while referring to the first six

pages of the DOSPLUS 3.4 USER manual.

Eight-inch Data Disks

In order to tell the operating system that you have

installed an eight-inch drive on your system, DOSPLUS 3.4

requires that you use the CONFIG command. The following

example assumes that an eight-inch drive is installed at

position 3.

1. For Eight-inch Single-sided type:

CONFIG :3 (SIZE=8,SIDES=1)

For Eight-inch Double-sided type:

CONFIG :3 (SIZE=8,SIDES=2)

2. Next type:

CONFIG (SAVE)

The CONFIG command can also be used to set the LNW80

computer to inverse video on power up. This is done by typing

CONFIG :0 (MODE=1)

and then typing

CONFIG (SAVE)

To restore to standard video on power up, type:

CONFIG :0 (MODE=0)

and then:

CONFIG (SAVE)

For more details on the CONFIG command, refer to page 32 of

the DOSPLUS 3.4 USER MANUAL.

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DOSPLUS 3.4 and LNWBASIC

LNWBASIC is 100% compatible with DOSPLUS 3.4. In order to

bring a program written in LNWBASIC to execute automatically,

create a DO file using the BUILD command. For example, say we

wanted to automatically power up and run a demonstration

program called DEMO/LNW. First we would create a DO file like

this:

BUILD DEMO:0

After the system asks you to type in commands of 64

characters or less:

LNWBASIC

RUN "DEMO/LNW"

Using the AUTO library command, now make the DO file

execute on BOOT or power up:

AUTO DO DEMO

Now the demo program will run automatically when your

DOSPLUS disk with LNWBASIC is booted.

NEWDOS80 VERSION 2.0

BEFORE ATTEMPTING TO USE THIS OPERATING SYSTEM,

READ THIS SECTION CAREFULLY!

This operating system is by far the most powerful of the

operating systems that will run on the LNW80 computer. It has

so many options and features that it can leave many owners

lost attempting to sift through the huge manual. The manual,

like the operating system, is not intended for the first-time

computer owner, and if you can read faithfully through the

second page, you are instructed to spend a couple of hours

reading through the manual before even touching the diskette.

It is the first 50 pages in the manual that provide the key to

the operation of the DOS, and we recommend that you slowly

read through these first two sections before even attempting

to use the DOS.

NEWDOS80 System Configuration

When using NEWDOS80 V2 at the high CPU speed (HIGH/LOW UP

and AUTO SWITCHING DOWN) the SYSTEM option BJ must be set to

3. In order to set this, boot a copy of the MASTER system disk

(not write protected) with the HIGH/LOW switch set to the low

position. Type:

SYSTEM,0,BJ=3

Now RESET your computer again before proceeding. You may

now use this system disk (or copies made from it) with the

HIGH/LOW switch set to the high position (mandatory for 8 inch

drives).

Disk Drives and NEWDOS80 Version 2.0

NB: Proper 8 inch operation requires that ZAPS up to and

including 047 must be applied to the NEWDOS80 system disk. If

you are in doubt, contact Apparat Inc. or your computer

dealer. LNW Research cannot distribute this zap information.

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Also, since proper electrical configuration of your drives

must be assured BEFORE proceed, you must have operated your

drives under DOSPLUS 3.4 before attempting to use any other

operating system.

NEWDOS80 2.0 allows the programmer a tremendous degree of

flexibility in choosing the type of disk drive to be used with

the system. Disks can be set as single-density,

double-density, any number of tracks, 5-1/4 and 8 eight-inch,

single or double-sided. Configuring the operating system such

that it knows what type of drives you have connected to your

LNW80 is accomplished with the PDRIVE library command. This is

a more complex form of the CONFIG command in DOSPLUS. Section

2.37, on pages 2 - 33 of the NEWBOS80 manual, details just how

to use this command. You will notice that LNW has its own

interface setting TI=E. This means that although your system

will boot with the TI=A setting, as set on the diskette

supplied from Apparat, in order to use double-density or 8

inch disk drives, the TI=E flag must be set for ALL of the

drives (all 10 of them) REGARDLESS of whether or not you have

a drive at that position. Double-density, single-density, 5

inch, 8 inch, single-sided, dual-sided system disks can be

made by correctly setting the PDRIVE specification and using

the correct form of the COPY command. To simplify things a

bit, the following sections will illustrate just how to make

some of the most common forms of SYSTEM as well as DATA

disks.

Backing Up

Before proceeding, lets make sure that we have made a

"back-up" of our one and only copy of the NEWDOS80 V 2 SYSTEM

DISK. How to make a backup is found on pages 1 - 4. Since

there is no BACKUP command, the COPY command is used:

for SINGLE drive system configuration

COPY,0,0,,FMT,USD

for MULTIPLE drive configuration

COPY,0,l,,FMT,USD

Now, using the backup copy of the operating system, a

double-density system disk can be made.

Making a NEWDOS80 2.0 Double Density 5-1/4" System Disk

The NEWDOS80 VERSION 2.0 system disk comes in

single-density format and requires that a DOUBLE-DENSITY

SYSTEM DISK be created using the procedure which follows. Read

the section in the NEWDOS80 2.0 manual on PDRIVE specification

(pages 2 – 33) before proceeding, and do not attempt to create

a double-density system disk without reading the following

instructions. Going to double-density is not as simple as just

changing the pdrive specifications for your single-density

diskette. A NEW diskette must be created!

Instructions

l. Insert the backup NEWDOS80 system disk into drive 0

and put the master system disk away.

2. After each of the following commands in STEP 3,the

system will respond by listing the PDRIVE specifications for

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all drives and also print an error message. Wait for the

NEWDOS80 READY prompt and then type in the next command. Do

not reset the computer until instructed to. Resetting the

computer with an error in the PDRIVE specifications will

result in the destruction of your system diskette.

3. Type in the following commands and then return

:

PDRIVE 0,0,TI=E,TC=40

PDRIVE 0,l,TI=EK,TD=E,TC=39,SPT=18

PDRIVE 0,2=0

PDRIVE 0,3=0

PDRIVE 0,4=0

PDRIVE 0,5=0

PDRIVE 0,6=0

PDRIVE 0,7=0

PDRIVE 0,8=0

PDRIVE 0,9=0,A

The error message should disappear after the last entry is

made. If it does not, redo the entire procedure, exercising

more care this time. Once this process is complete, the DOUBLE

DENSITY system disk can be generated.

Multiple Drive Systems

1. Insert a blank diskette in drive 1

2. Type COPY 0 1,,CBF

Type "Y" to FORMAT prompt

and "Y" to the SYSTEM 0 prompt.

Enter return

to the DESTINATION DRIVE prompt.

3. When the copy is done, type DIR :1

You should be able to verify that there are considerably

more granules (grans) free on the new double-density disk than

on the single-density system disk in drive 0.

4. Remove the system disk from drive 0 and replace it

with the newly created double-density system disk from drive

1. Press RESET and now the double-density disk should boot.

Type:

PDRIVE 0

Notice that the pdrive specifications for both drive 1 and

drive 0 are the same (double-density).

Single Drive Systems

With the system disk in drive 0 type:

COPY,0,0,,FMT,USD,CBF,DPDN=l

The system will instruct you when to remove the source disk

and insert the destination (blank) disk. Follow as instructed,

remembering that your original diskette is the source and the

blank diskette is the destination diskette. Usa great care not

to become confused as to which disk is which since you will

have to do this several times.

When the copy is complete, replace the system disk in drive

0 with the destination diskette and reset the system. Type DIR

. More grans should be available on this newly created

disk.

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Special Note

NEWDOS80 2.0 does not have automatic density recognition as

does DOSPLUS 3.3D, 3.4 and the zaps from CIRCLE J. This means

that if you would like to look at the directory or copy files

to and from or execute a file from a single-density diskette,

you cannot do it without first changing the PDRIVE

specifications on your NEWDOS80 2.0 drive 0 disk. Automatic

density recognition for NEWDOS80 2.0 is available from TAS

(The Alternate Source, 704 North Pennsylvania Ave., Lansing,

MI., 48906 (517) 482-TAS0) under the product name of DDSD/CMD.

Without this program, switching PDRIVE specifications manually

can be done by typing:

PDRIVE 0,1=3,A

This assumes that drive 1 is the drive that the

single-density disk will be inserted into. To change back to

double-density on drive 1, simply type:

PDRIVE 0,1=0,A

This sets (or equates) the pdrive specifications for drive

1 to be the same as drive 0 (double-density).

Other Types of Drives

NEWDOS80 supports any type of disk drive from single-sided,

single-density five inch to dual-sided eight-inch

double-density. Even system disks can be made on any drive

type. This flexibility offers potential problems for the

uninitiated owner. The following should help clear up some

possible points of confusion:

Double-sided Disk Drives

Going to dual-sided disk drives is similar to upgrading to

double-density. A NEW diskette must be created using the

correct PDRIVE spec.

Eight-inch Disk Drives

For proper double-density operation, the HIGH/LOW key on

the keyboard must be UP and the AUTO SWITCHING control on the

I/0 panel. By setting the PDRIVE specs as listed below,

eight-inch system or data disks can be made.

Making an Eight-inch System Disk with NEWDSO80

An eight-inch single or double-sided, single or

double-density system disk can be created from the NEWDOS80

system disk created above (with NO write-protect tab). The

following example assumes that an eight-inch drive is on drive

2 and a five-inch drive is on drive 0.

1. Depending on which type of disk you want to create type

one of the following:

For

Single-density, 77 Track, Single-sided Eight-inch type:

PDRIVE,0,2,TI=EH,TD=B,TC=77,SPT=l7,TSR=3,GPL=3,DDSL=17,DDGA=6

For

Single-density, 77 Track, Double-sided Eight-inch type:

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PDRIVE,0,2,TI=EH,TD=D,TC=77,SPT=34,TSR=3,GPL=3,DDSL=17,DDGA=6

For

Double-density, 77 Track, Single-sided Eight-inch type:

PDRIVE,0,2,TI=EHK,TD=F,TC=76,SPT=30,TSR=3,GPL=3,DDSL=17,DDGA=4

For

Double-density, 77 Track, Double-sided Eight-inch type:

PDRIVE,0,2,TI=EHK,TD=H,TC=76,SPT=60,TSR=3,GPL=3,DDSL=17,DDGA=4

2. The complete PDRIVE table should have been displayed. If

an error was indicated, then either you do not have the proper

PDRIVE settings OR you do not have ZAPS up to and including

047 installed on your system disk.

3. RESET the computer.

4. Install a blank 8 inch disk in drive 2 and type:

COPY,0,2,,CBF,NDMW,FMT

5. Once the format and copy are complete, this new

eight-inch disk drive can be booted by:

a. Changing the drive select such that an eight-inch

drive is set for drive 0.

b. Change the position of the 5/8 switch on the

LNDOUBLER 5/8 circuit board inside the LNW80 such that it is

set to the 8 position. This means the switch lever faces AWAY

from the floppy disk connector.

c. Reset the computer (make sure that the computer has

had power applied for at least 10 seconds).

77 or 80 Track 5-1/4 Inch Drives and NEWDOS80

If you have ONLY this type of drive, a special system disk

must be obtained from Apparat since the standard 35 track

diskette cannot be used as a system disk on reset.

List of the Most Common NEWDOS80 PDRIVE Specifications

System Disks

SIZE DENSITY TRACKS SIDES TI TD TC SPT TSR GPL DDSL DDGA

5 SINGLE 35 1 E A 35 10 3 2 17 2

5 SINGLE 35 2 E C 35 20 3 2 17 2

5 SINGLE 40 1 E A 40 10 3 2 17 2

5 SINGLE 40 2 E C 40 20 3 2 17 2

5 SINGLE 80 1 E A 80 10 3 2 35 2

5 SINGLE 80 2 E C 80 20 3 2 35 2

5 DOUBLE 35 1 EK E 34 18 3 2 17 2

5 DOUBLE 35 2 EK G 34 36 3 2 17 2

5 DOUBLE 40 1 EK E 39 18 3 2 17 2

5 DOUBLE 40 2 EK G 39 36 3 2 17 2

5 DOUBLE 80 1 EK E 79 18 3 2 35 4

5 DOUBLE 80 2 EK G 79 36 3 2 35 4

8 SINGLE 77 1 EH B 77 17 3 3 17 6

8 SINGLE 77 2 EH D 77 34 3 3 17 6

8 DOUBLE 77 1 EHK F 76 30 3 3 17 4

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8 DOUBLE 77 2 EHK H 76 60 3 3 17 4

Data Disks

When using diskettes simply for storing data, the following

formats will increase slightly your storage space over the

above system disk capacity. If possible, stay with the above

formats and STANDARDIZE on the formats that you use such that

you do not forget which PDRIVE spec is used on which diskette.

This will reduce frustration later when reviewing old

diskettes. Use the FORMAT command in NEWDOS80 with the correct

PDRIVE specification to properly initialize data diskettes

(even when using the above formats).

SIZE DENSITY TRACKS SIDES TI TD TC SPT TSR GPL DDSL DDGA

5 SINGLE 35 1 E A 35 10 3 2 17 2

5 SINGLE 35 2 E C 35 20 3 2 17 2

5 SINGLE 40 1 E A 40 10 3 2 17 2

5 SINGLE 40 2 E C 40 20 3 2 17 2

5 SINGLE 80 1 E A 80 10 3 2 35 2

5 SINGLE 80 2 E C 80 20 3 2 35 2

5 DOUBLE 35 1 E E 35 18 3 2 17 2

5 DOUBLE 35 2 E G 35 36 3 2 17 2

5 DOUBLE 40 1 E E 40 18 3 2 17 2

5 DOUBLE 40 2 E G 40 36 3 2 17 2

5 DOUBLE 80 1 E E 80 18 3 2 35 2

5 DOUBLE 80 2 E G 80 36 3 2 35 25

8 SINGLE 77 1 EH B 77 17 3 3 17 6

8 SINGLE 77 2 EH D 77 34 3 3 17 6

8 DOUBLE 77 1 EH F 77 30 3 3 17 4

8 DOUBLE 77 2 EH H 77 60 3 3 17 4

LNWBASIC and NEWDOS80 2.0

LNWBASIC is fully compatible with NEWDOS80 2.0. In order to

run LNWBASIC, simply type: LNWBASIC. To chain automatic

execution of programs written in LNWBASIC, the programmer can

either chain together the commands in a DO file (like DOSPLUS

3.4) using the CHAINBLD/BAS program or a simple one-line

command can be used to bring up the program:

LNWBASIC RUN"DEMO/LNW"

LDOS 5.0 AND 5.1

Before attempting to use this DOS, please read this section

carefully!

NOTE: LDOS WILL NOT BOOT AT THE HIGH CPU SPEED

OF THE LNW80 COMPUTER ALWAYS MAKE SURE THAT THE

HIGH/LOW SWITCH IS DEPRESSED PRIOR TO RESETTING

THE SYSTEM

LDOS is a powerful and well-documented operating system for

the LNW80. It is a good system for the first-time owner since

it uses the same syntax as TRSDOS 2.3 yet offers quite a few

additional features. As supplied from Logical Systems Inc.,

LDOS will operate with 5 inch single or double-density, single

or double-sided disk drives. LDOS is supplied on two

single-density, single-sided diskettes. These diskettes should

be backed up according to the instructions supplied in the

owner manual's introductory section BEFORE using LDOS.

Disregard the constant mention of the LX80 interface when it

is referenced in their manual. This interface can only be used

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with the TRS80 Model I. A program called LDOSPATCH is

available from your dealer. This program allows the LNW80

computer and LDOS to operate with 5 or 8 inch disk drives in

single or double-density and single and double-sided operation

fully compatible with the LX80 interface. LDOSPATCH also

provides AUTO DENSITY recognition such that either single or

double-density diskettes can be read with the density set

automatically by the operating system.

Setting the LDOS System

The SYSTEM library command allows the programmer to

configure many parameters in LDOS. The system FAST command

does allows the LNW80 to operate (except on reset) at the high

CPU speed. It unfortunately has one bad side effect, - it

turns on inverse video. This can be eliminated by outputting

OUT 254,0 during BASIC.

LNWBASIC and LDOS

The resident DISK BASIC on LDOS is called LBASIC. Its name

on the diskette creates an incompatibility with LNWBASIC. In

order to use LNWBASIC with LDOS, LBASIC must be renamed in the

directory. Type in the statement below exactly as shown.

RENAME LBASIC/CMD.RS0LT0FF TO BASIC/CMD

Note: The character between the S and L and again between

the T and F is a ZERO and not "O".

The mechanism for bringing up a program written in LNWBASIC

to automatically run (CHAIN or AUTO) DOES NOT WORK in LDOS.

THIS DOES NOT MEAN THAT LNWBASIC WILL NOT WORK IN LDOS, IT

MEANS THAT AUTOMATIC EXECUTION OF A BASIC PROGRAM WRITTEN IN

LNWBASIC CANNOT BE DONE.

Using Eight-inch and Double-density

For proper double-density operation on EIGHT INCH drives

the HIGH/LOW key on the keyboard must be UP and the AUTO

SWITCHING control on the I/0 panel should be down.

Important Note:

Since proper electrical configuration of your drives must

be assured BEFORE proceed, you must have operated your drives

under DOSPLUS 3.4 before attempting to use any other operating

system.

LDOSPATCH provides the necessary routines to allow LDOS to

support all the common disk drive types. To use LDOSPATCH,

simply copy the program called LPATCH/CMD from the LDOSPATCH

diskette to your working LDOS system disk using the copy

command. When you have it copied, your drive settings can then

be configured by typing:

LNW (N0,N1,N2,N3)

Where N0 indicates the drive size for the drive at location

0 (5 or 8), Nl indicates either 5 or 8 at drive position 1,

etc. For example, if you had five inch drives at 0 and 1 and

eight-inch drives at 2 and 3 you would enter the following:

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LNW (5,5,8,8)

Remember that for 8 inch double-density operation, the

HIGH/LOW switch must be high and the AUTO SWITCH must be set

low. Refer to the instructions supplied with LDOSPATCH for

more information concerning its use.

Limitations of LDOS

Eight-inch SYSTEM disks cannot be made using the BACKUP

utility in LDOS from a 5 inch master. A single-density 8"

system disk is available (referred to as OMIKRON format) from

Logical Systems Inc. for those that only have eight-inch disk

drives. ONLY single-density system disks are available for 8

and 5 inch systems.

MULTIDOS MULTIDOS

MULTIDOS is so named because of a unique feature of

supporting the different double-density disk formats that are

used by NEWDOS80, DOSPLUS, DOUBLEDOS, LDOS and others.

MULTIDOS also features a very powerful disk basic called

SUPERBASIC. MULTIDOS is quite simple to use and is very much

like TRSDOS 2.3 in syntax.

MULTIDOS is also compatible with LNWBASIC, and a chained DO

file can be used (as with DOSPLUS) to automatically bring a

BASIC application program up and running.

SECTION 12: COMPATIBILITY FEATURES OF THE LNW80

Introduction

It has been more the rule than the exception that new

microcomputers which introduce new hardware also introduce a

whole new software system. This has led to a great

diversification of hardware and software in the growth of the

microcomputer. Enter the exception! The LNW80 stands at a new

juncture in computer development. While providing new hardware

features which allow greater disk drive support ( 5-1/4" or 8"

single or double-headed drives operating under single or

double-density), and color high resolution graphics, the LNW80

remains faithful to proven software. Rather than starting out

on a new evolutionary limb, the LNW80 stands along side that

software which has had a precocious development since the

birth of the TRS80 Model I. Supporting ALL software ever

conceived for the Model I, the LNW80 will also accept Model II

and Model III file use with the aid of the CONVERT utility in

DOSPLUS 3.4, which is supplied with the documentation.

LNWBASIC is upward compatible with all of the disk BASICs

which evolved under the TRS80 Model I umbrella. Model II BASIC

files may be transferred across to the LNW80 using a variation

of the CONVERT command. LNWBASIC retains close similarity to

TRS COLOR BASIC.

LNWBASIC goes on to offer you many more functions, such as

changing key function (DEFKEY), conditional loops (DO UNTIL),

locating strings in files (LOG.), saving graphics memory to

disk (PSAVE) and many others.

DOSPLUS 3.4 CONVERT Command

DOSPLUS allows the conversion of both the TRS80 Model II (8

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inch double-density) AND Model III (5-1/4 inch double-density)

disks to DOSPLUS on the LNW80 (any drive type and any

density).

Converting TRS80 Model III Disks to DOSPLUS

DOSPLUS 3.4 allows the conversion of files that were

created on the Model III with TRSDOS Versions l.l, 1.2 or 1.3.

In order to copy files across to a DOSPLUS formatted diskette,

type:

CONVERT FILENAME :S :D (V13)

where S is the source drive number, D is the destination drive

number and (V13) is an optional flag to indicate that the

source disk is a Version 1.3 format (not necessary if 1.1 or

1.2). Filename is a wild card mask that allows you to select

either a file name, extension or part of a file name, or if no

file name is entered, the entire disk will be converted. Note

that not all TRS80 Model III programs are fully compatible

with the LNW80 computer. For more details, refer to page 84 of

your DOSPLUS 3.4 user manual.

Eight Inch Drives

For proper double-density operation, the HIGH/LOW key on

the keyboard must be UP and the AUTO SWITCHING control on the

I/0 panel should be down.

Eight-inch System Disks

DOSPLUS 3.4 is also available on an 8 inch double-density

SYSTEM DISK. On this disk is a program called CONV2/CMD. This

program allows the conversion of programs from Radio Shack

Model II disks to DOSPLUS on the LNW80. BASIC programs must be

stored in ASCII format to be converted properly. NOTE THAT

THERE ARE SOME DIFFERENCES BETWEEN MODEL2 BASIC and the

LNWBASIC. Other ASCII files, such as SCRIPSIT files (not the

program) can also be transferred using this program. The

program can be used in two ways:

1. Convert entire disk by typing:

CONV2 :S :D

where S is the number of the source disk drive and D is the

number of the destination disk drive.

2. Convert one program at a time by typing:

CONV2 FILESPEC:S :D

where FILESPEC is the name of the file or program to be

converted, S is the source drive and D is the number of the

destination drive.

CONV2/CM3 is also available on a 35 track single-density

data disk. Contact your LNW dealer for additional details.

Color Mapping - TRS80 Black/White Games in Color

While MAP/BAS may be used as a color "etch-a-sketch" type

program, one of the uses to which this program may also be put

is to take to take graphics games written for the TRS80 Model

I and convert them to color. This is done in a 3-step

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process.

1. Load in the TRS80 game with the color monitor connected.

While running the program, mark the different areas of the

screen that you would like to see appear as different colors

with a grease pencil or erasable felt tip marker.

2. Run the MAP/BAS program from LNWBASIC. Move the cursor

to the left top edge of the rectangular region to be set and

mark that point using selection 1. Then move the cursor to the

bottom rightmost point of the rectangular color region and

mark that using selection 2. Now, using selection 3, set the

region to your desired color. Continue to map all the color

regions that you desire. Now save the final mapped screen to

disk using the name of your game as a guide (i.e. ANDROID/GRF

for the ANDROID/NIM game).

3. Now create a BLD file which:

a. Loads LNWBASIC

b. PLOAD" your file"

c. Sets the LNW80 to NODE2

d. Exits LNWBASIC and loads and executes the

machine-language game OR

a. Runs your BASIC game.

For the game called GAME/CMD and our color file named

GAME/GRF, here is how the BLD file would appear:

LNWBASIC

PLOAD"GAME/GRF"

MODE2

EXIT

GAME/CMD

In this manner your old TRS80 games will automatically load

and run in beautiful living color!

MAP/BAS Program Listing

10 CLEAR1000

20 CLS:PRINT"WELCOME TO THE COLOR MAP AND DRAW PROGRAM":PRINT

30 PRINT"0. CURSOR IS THE TINY FLASHING DOT (UPPER LEFT OF

SCREEN)":PRINT"1, TYPE FROM MAP SCREEN TO ENTER SYSTEM

MENU

40 PRINT"2. USE ARROWS TO DIRECT CURSOR

50 PRINT"3' DEPRESS THE HIGH/LOW SWITCH TO SLOW MOVEMENTS WHEN

DESIRED

60 PRINT"4. EACH TIME THE SYSTEM MENU IS ENTERED, THE DRAW

FUNCTION

70 PRINT" (SELECTION 8) IS TURNED OFF'

80 PRINT"5. LIFT FINGERS COMPLETELY OFF ARROWS TO CHANGE

DIRECTION"

90 PRINT"6 THE SCREEN IS CLEARED EACH TIME THE PROGRAM IS

RUN"

100 PRINT"7. YOU MUST USE A COLOR MONITORED WITH THIS PROGRAM"

110 PRINT:PRINT

120 INPUT"TO BEGIN THE PROGRAM DEPRESS ";X$

130 CLS

140 FLS(191)

150 PCLS

160 MODE2

170 COLOR7

180 X=0:Y=0:X1=0:Y1=0

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190 Cl=POINT(Xl,Yl):IFM8=1THENCl=C

200 PSETXl,Yl:A$=INKEY$:IFA$=""THEN210ELSE230

210 I=I+1:IFI=5THENGOT0220ELSEGOT0200

220 I=0:COLOR0:PSETX1,Y1:COLOR7:GOT0200

230 IF A$=CHRS(10)THEN660 ELSE 240

240 IFA$=CHR$(91)THEN690

250 IFA$=CHR$(08)THEN720

260 IFA$=CHR$(09)THEN750

270 IFA$="

"ORA$=CHR$(13)THENGOT0290

280 GOTO 200

290 MODE0:CLS:C0=0:MS=0

300 PRINT"X,Y COORDINATES OF CURRENT CURSOR POSITION ARE

";X;",";Y

310 PRINT"X1,Y1 IS MARKED AS ";21;","'Z2

320 PRINT"X2,Y2 IS MARKED AS" 23;",0;24

330 PRINT"COLOR IS SET TO ";C

340 PRINT:PRINT"SELECT ONE OF THE FOLLOWING

FUNCTIONS:0:PRINT"1. MARK CURRENT CURSOR POSITION AS X1,Y1"

350 PRINT"2. MARK CURRENT CURSOR POSITION AS X2,Y2"

360 PRINT"3. SET COLOR VALUE AND MAP COLOR FIELD"

370 PRINT"4. SET CURSOR POINT TO NEW POSITIONS

380 PRINT"5 SET ENTIRE SCREEN TO A COLOR"

390 PRINT"6. LOAD SCREEN FROM DISK"

400 PRINT"7. SAVE SCREEN TO DISKS

410 PRINT"8. DRAW SCREEN FROM CURRENT CURSOR POSITION USING

CURRENT COLOR"

420 PRINT" TO RETURN TO MAP SCREEN"

430 A$=INKEY$:IFA$=""THEN430

440 IF A$="1"THENGOT0540

450 IF A$="2"THENGOT0550

460 IF A$="3"THENGOT0560

470 IF A$="4"THENGoT0570

480 IF A$="5"TBENGOT0640

490 IFA$="6"THENGOT0630

500 IFA$="7"THENGOT0600

510 IF A$="8"THENGOT0650

520 IFA$=CHR$(13)THENGOT0590

530 GOTO 430

540 21=X:22=Y:FLS:MODE2:COLOR7:GOT0200

550 Z3=X:Z4=Y:GOT0290

560

INPUT"COLOR";C:COLORC:MODE2:LINEZ1,Z2,Z3,Z4,SET,BF:GOT0580

570 INPUT"X COORDINATE";X:INPUT"Y

COORDINATE";Y:GOSUB780:FLS:GOT0200

580 FLS:MODE2:COLOR7!GOT0190

590 FLS:MODE2:COLOR7:GOT0200

600 INPUT"FILE NAME TO SAVE TO";F1$:MODE2

610 COLORCl:PSETXl,Yl

620 PSAVE F1$:GOT0290

630 INPUT"FILE NAME TO LOAD";F1$:PLOAD F1$:MODE2:FLS:GOT0190

640 INPUT"BACKGROUND COLOR (0- SET TO

WHITE)";C3:MODE2:PCLS(C3):FLS:GOT0190

650 M8=1:INPUT"WRITE COLOR";C0:NODE2:FLS:GOTO200

660 Y=Y+1:IFY=192THENY=0'MOVE Y UP ONE

670 GOSUB 780 ’ CLEAR SCREEN AND WRITE NEW SCREEN

680 GOSUB S0 0: IFA=1THENGOT0660ELSEGOT0200

690 Y=Y-1:IFY=-1THENY=191

700 GOSUB 780 '

710 GOSUB800:IFA=1THENGOT0690ELSEGOT0200

720 X=X-1:IFX=-1THENX=127

730 GOSUB 780

740 GOSUB800:IFA=lTHENGOT0720ELSEGOT0200

750 X=X+1:IFX=128THENX=0

760 GOSUB 780

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770 GOSUB800:IFA=1THENGOT0750ELSEGOT0200

780

MODE2:COLORCl:PSETXl,Yl:COLORH:Cl=POINT(X,Y):PSETX,Y:Xl=X:Y1=

Y:COLOR7:PSETX,Y:IFM8=0THENRETURNELSECl=C0

790 RETURN

800 A=PEEK(&H38FF):IFA=0THENRETURNELSEA=1

810 A=1:RETURN

LNWBASIC and TRS EXTENDED COLOR BASIC

Because of the hardware differences between the TRS COLOR

computer and the LNW80, there are some differences between

LNWBASIC and TRS EXTENDED COLOR BASIC. However, the

similarities between the two remains most striking.

Below is a table showing the similarity between the

graphics commands,

Table 12.0 - Similarity Between LNWBASIC & TRS

EXTENDED COLOR BASIC Graphics.

Next page | TOC

Command LNW80 Color Computer

Circle

Color

Draw

Fill Screen

Line

Resolution

Clear

memory,set

color

Point

Set, reset

point

CIRCLE X,Y,XR(,YR)(,SA)

COLOR C

DRAW + numerous

options

FLS X

LINE Xl,Y1,X2,Y2,SET

(,B)

MODE X

PCLS X

POINT(X,Y)

PSET X,Y

PRESET X,Y

CIRCLE (X,Y),R,HW,l,SP

EP

COLOR Cl,C2

DRAW + numerous

options

SCREEN

LINE (Xl,Yl)-(X2,Y2)

PSET(,B)

PMODE X,Y

PCLS X graphics

POINT (X,Y)

SET(X,Y(,C))

PRESET (X,Y)

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SECTION 13: LNW80 DETAILED DESCRIPTION AND SPECIFICATIONS

General

The LNW80 base unit measures 16.5"W x 3.5"H x 22"D and

weighs 26 lbs. The base unit contains the CPU, Memory,

Keyboard, Video and peripheral controllers, power supply and

cooling fan. All peripherals and accessories connect to the

LNW80 via connectors on the rear panel. The optional color or

monochrome monitor fits easily on the large surface of the

LNW80 .

The LNW80 is available in TWO different models:

#105000 LNW80 120 VAC 60Hz

NTSC VIDEO (525 LINES USA/JAPAN)

#105001 LNW80 as listed above with optional RGB

interface installed.

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

Processor: Z80A

Features: 158 instructions (with all 78 of the 8080

CPU instructions)

Clock Speed: 4MHz

ROM Wait States: 1 (250ns)

RAM Wait States: NONE

MEMORY

User RAM: 48K Bytes

Graphics RAM: 16K X 6 Bits

Video RAM: 1K Bytes

ROM: 12K Bytes MICROSOFT BASIC-80 (Level 2

compatible)

KEYBOARD

73 KEY expanded professional typewriter style keyboard

including:

1. 11 key numeric pad

2. Control key

3. Shift lock and caps lock keys

4. Localized cursor control keys (arrows)

5. Cassette speed switch (500/1000 baud)

6. Underline key

7. Contains all the TRS-80 Model I keys plus more

The keyboard also includes two RESET (RST) Keys which, when

depressed together, cause a system master reset.

MICROSOFT BASIC-80 Interpreter

BASIC Functions:

ABS ASC ATN

CDBL CHRIS CINT

COS CSGN ERL

ERR EXP FIX

FRE FRE($) INKEY$

INP INT LEFTY

LEN LOG MEN

MID$ PEEK POINT

POS RIGHT$ RND

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FGN SIN SQR

STR$ STRING$ TAN

USR VAL VARPTR

BASIC Statements:

AUTO CLEAR CLOAD

CLOAD? CLS CONT

CSAVE DATA DEFDBL

DEFINT DEFSGN DEFSTR

DELETE DIM EDIT

END ERROR FOR..TO..STEP/NEXT

GOSUB GOTO IF...THEN...ELSE

INPUT LET LIST

LLIST LPRINT LPRINTTAB

LPRINTUSING NEW ONERROR GOTO

ON..GOSUB ON..GOTO OUT

POKE PRINT PRINT0

PRINTS PRINTTAB PRINTUSING

RANDOM READ REM

RESET RESTORE RESUME

RETURN RUN SET

STOP SYSTEM TROFF

TRON

OTHER FEATURES

Auto Line Numbering

Full Editing Features

Keyboard Rollover

16 Digits Accuracy

Unlimit Array Dimensions

255 Character String Length

Upward Compatible with Disk BASIC

100% TRS80 Model I Level 2 Compatible

VIDEO DISPLAY SPECIFICATIONS

Text Modes:

l. 64 Characters per line, 16 lines.

2. 32 Characters per line, 16 lines.

Each character is a 5x8 matrix in a 6xl2 rectangle. The

hardware character generator supports both upper and lower

case (with descenders) for a total of 96 characters and

symbols.

Graphics Display Modes

Table 13.1 - Graphics display mode details

GRAPHICS MODES GRAPHICS RESOLUTION

TEXT MODE 1 TEXT MODE 2 COMMENTS

"0" LOW RES 128X48 64X48 +TEXT

1" HIGH RES BSM 128X48+ 64X48 +TEXT

480X192 240X192 +TEXT

"2" LOW RES COLOR 12SX192 (8) 64X192(8) +TEXT NOTEl

"3" HI RES COLOR 48SX192 pixels 240X192 pixels

color defined by: 128X16 (8) 64X16 (8)

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NOTEl: If text is displayed in text mode l and graphics mode 2

then the display will exceed the bandwidth of NTSC video. An

RGB monitor will display this mode accurately, however.

Software Character Generation

Besides using the capabilities of mode 1 and mode 3 for

graphics alone, these modes can be used to extend the TEXT

DISPLAY modes. With the special character generation software

supplied with the LNW80, the following additional text modes

are usable both at the operating system level and from BASICS

STANDARD TEXT MODE GRAPHICS TEXT NODE

l. 64 characters, 16 lines 80 characters, 16 lines OR

88 characters, 24 lines

2. 32 characters, 16 lines 40 characters, 16 lines OR

40 characters, 24 lines

In this software, each character is a 5x8 matrix in a 6xl2

rectangle (16 lines) or a 5x8 matrix in a 6x8 rectangle (24

lines).

VIDEO DISPLAY OUTPUTS

Table 13.2 - Video display output specifications

Standard:

OUTPUT SPECIFICATIONS

1 . B&W VIDEO IMPEDANCE: 75 OHM

SIGNAL : 1.8V p-p (+/-.25V)

SYNC : NEGATIVE

2. LOW RES COLOR OUTPUT IMPEDANCE: 75 OHM

SIGNAL : 1.5V p-p (+/-.35V)

SYNC : NEGATIVE

CHROMA : 3.579 MHz (NTSC)

Optional

OUTPUT SPECIFICATIONS

3. HIGH RES COLOR IMPEDANCE: 330 OHM

(RGB) SIGNAL : TTL OPEN COLLECTOR

SIGNAL POLARITY

RED, GREEN, BLUE POSITIVE

HORIZONTAL SYNC POSITIVE

VERTICAL SYNC POSITIVE

The following chart defines the display content of the

three display outputs under the four display modes.

DISPLAY MODE # B&W VIDEO LOW RES COLOR HIGH RES COLOR

MODE 0 X X X

MODE 1 X X X

NODE 2 X X

MODE 3 X

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Recommended Monitor Types

The following chart details the recommended video

peripherals which can be connected to the LNW80.

Table 13.3 - Video Peripheral Types

OUTPUT DEVICE COMMENTS

B&W VIDEO

l. MONOCHROME MONITOR >10MHz bandwidth

2 VIDEO COLOR MONITOR 32 & 40 CHARS/LINE ONLY

3. TELEVISION SET 32 & 40 CHARS/LINE ONLY

With user supplied

RF modulator

LOWRES COLOR

1. VIDEO COLOR MONITOR 32 6 40 CHARS/LINE TEXT

128X192 COLOR OK,NO TEXT

2. COLOR TELEVISION 32 & 40 CHARS/LINE TEXT

With user supplied 128X192 LIMITED CLARITY

RF modulator

3. MONOCHROME MONITOR USE ON B&W VIDEO OUTPUT

RGB COLOR 1. LOW RES RGB MONITOR GOOD CLARITY IN LOW RES

<320 lines horiz. FAIR CLARITY IN HIGH RES

resolution

2. MEDIUM RES RGB EXCELLENT DISPLAY IN ALL

MONITOR DISPLAY MODES

FLOPPY DISK DRIVE INTERFACE

Drive Types: 5-1/4" and 8" SHUGART compatible

Number of Drives: 4 Single-sided or 3 dual-sided drives

Interface: 34 Contact 5-1/4" floppy drive compatible

Optional 34 to 50 conductor cable adaptor

required to connect 8" disk drives.

Drive Density: Single or Double

Data Separation: Analog Phase Locked Loop

Maximum Storage: 3,550,000 Bytes on 3 dual-sided 8" drives

Other Features

5-1/4" and 8" drives in any mix.

Single and double-density in any mix.

35, 40, 77, 80 track drive support

5-1/4" or 8" system disk (drive 0).

Precision Write Precompensation.

Double-Density Storage Capacity:

Five Inch Drives (formatted storage per drive).

161,280 bytes -35 track ss

322,560 bytes -35 track ds

184,320 bytes -40 track ss

368,640 bytes -40 track ds

368,640 bytes -80 track ss

737,280 bytes -80 track ds

Eight Inch Drives (formatted storage per drive).

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591,360 bytes -77 track ss

1,182,720 bytes -77 track ds

PRINTER INTERFACE

Type: Industry Standard Centronics 8-bit parallel

100% TRS-80 compatible

NOTE: The RS232C serial communication interface can be

configured for operation with printers which require a serial

RS232 port. Routing the printer output from most application

software requires that a program (listing supplied in the

LNW80 computer documentation) be resident (usually high

memory) in memory. Software which uses its own printer driver

software may not function with this arrangement.

CASSETTE INTERFACE

Format: Amplitude Nodulated.

TRS-80 Model I and III (500 baud only)

compatible.

Data Rate: Baud Rate CPU Speed

500 1.77MHz

1000 4.00MHz

Recorder Type: Inexpensive Battery or Line-Powered Portable.

RS232-C ASYNCHRONOUS SERIAL INTERFACE

Type: Full Duplex.

Handshaking: Fully supported under software control.

Baud Rates: Switch selectable at the following rates:

110, 155, 300, 600, 1200, 2400, 4800, 9600

Parity: Even, odd, or disabled (sofware selectable)

Word Length: 5, 6, 7, 8 BITS (software selectable).

Stop Bits: 1, 1.5, 2 (software selectable),

Connector: FEMALE DB25, mounted on the rear panel.

Config: Factory configured to connect to Data

Communication Equipment (DCE, e.g., modems).

Proper cable wiring will allow connection of

Data Terminal Equipment (DTE, e.g., serial

printers and other LNW80 computers).

TERMINAL EMULATION CAPABILTY

A large amount of dumb and intelligent terminal software is

available to run on the LNW80. A listing of a dumb terminal

program is supplied in the LNW80 documentation.

EXPANSION PORT

This 40-pin CPU bus has all the ADDRESS, DATA, and control

lines to expand the capabilities of the LNW80. This bus is

electrically equivalent to the SCREEN PRINTER" bus on the

TRS-80 Model I. Here are just some of the products which

connect to the EXPANSION BUS and are available from

independent hardware suppliers:

* Exatron Stringy Floppy

* Eprom add-on memory/ programmers

* Corvus Hard Disk/ Constellation

* TCHRON-Battery-powered clock calender

* Data aquisition equipment

* Industrial controllers

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* Speech synthesizers

* Voice recognition equipment

* Orchestra85-stereo,multi-voice,music synthesizer

PLUS ANY ACCESSORY designed to connect to the TRS-80

Model I screen printer port.

REAL TIME CLOCK

Type: Interrupt "heartbeat" type

Frequency: 40 HZ

NOTE: The real time clock feature is not available on the

cassette only systems without one of the following programs:

1. Microsoft Level 3 BASIC

2. Radio Shack Real Time Clock Cassette program

WE RESERVE THE RIGHT TO CHANGE SPECIFICATIONS WITHOUT NOTICE

LNWBASIC (C) MODULAR SOFTWARE ASSOCIATES

AN ADVANCED DISK BASIC FOR THE LNW80

Specifications

LNWBASIC provides an EXTENSION to the DISK BASIC in

DOSPLUS, NEWDOS80 2.0, or TRS-DOS 2.3 to add high resolution

graphics, color, special keyboard functions, sound, RS232

communications and advanced programming commands. LNWBASIC

features a CREATOR which allows the user to select from the

more than 40 new commands to make a custom-tailored BASIC

interpreter. Syntactically similar to the R/S Color Computer

Extended Color Basic, LNWBASIC offers such commands as DRAW,

LINE, COLOR, CIRCLE, MODE and SOUND. The following is a brief

list of the commands:

BLINK - Switch blinking cursor on/off

CALL - Execute a machine-language subroutine

CIRCLE - Draw circle with parameters

COLOR - Set color for mode 2 graphics (color)

CONV - Convert input to hex, decimal, or ASCII

DEFKEY - Modify 10 user-definable keys

DISKEY - Display the current set of defined keys

DLOAD - Load an object code file from disk

DO/UNTIL - Do/Until construct

DRAW - Draw lines with Turtle Graphics, rotation and

scale parameters

DRUN - Exit LNWBASIC and execute disk object program

EXIT - Exit LNWBASIC to DOS

FLS - Fill the text screen with ASCII character

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GSUB - GOSUB or

GTO - GOTO or

HIMEM - Change MEMORY SIZE? from BASIC

#"label" - Make this line referenced by a label rather than

line number

LCASE - Toggle CAPS LOCK on and off

LINE - Set or reset line, box, or box with fill

LOADKEY - Load a user-definable key definition file from disk

LOC. - Locate a string or BASIC token(s)

MODE - Set the graphics display mode

NTROFF/ON- Turn NEW TRACE UTILITY off/on

PCLS - Fill the graphics screen with a specific value

PLOAD - Load the graphics screen from a disk file

PON/POFF - Route video to the printer also

POINT - Test graphics point/return color

PSAVE - Save the graphics memory to a specified disk file

PSET - Set a point (with color parameter if in mode 2)

PRESET - Reset a point (in color will be set to white)

QUICKEY - Turn on/off key to enter shorthand BASIC

keywords

REPEAT - Turn on/off repeating key functions

REST - ’RESTORE' to a specified data line

RS232 - Set RS232 initialization

RSIN - Input from the RS232C device or from the keyboard

RSOUT - Route the printer output to the RS232 port

SAVEKEY - Output the current user-definable key list to a

specified disk file

SOUND - Output tone to the cassette port with frequency,

duration, and waveform

SPOOLON - Direct the printer output to a specified disk file

SPOOLOFF - Turn off spooling

XSTR$() - Execute a string as a BASIC statement(s)

SECTION 14: SHOOTING TROUBLE

Every now and then (usually Monday mornings) the computer

will not behave as desired. We are faced with the sudden

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realization that the noble computer has its own defects, just

like any other manufactured contraption.

The majority of problems arise at electrical or data path

connections. If we stop for a minute and focus our thoughts on

what actually happens at electrical junctions, we might get a

better appreciation as to why good connections are important.

There are the electrons travelling merrily along the surface

of the wires, when suddenly they encounter a break (as in the

case of a socket). If the the two sockets are only loosely

interconnected, and as a result only making contact at a few

points, then you have a situation similar to that at the exit

points of a crowded building during a fire. The pile up of

electrons causes heat generation. This melee results in

distortion of data signals, and voltage fluctuations on power

lines. The moral: Look after your connections.

Below is a list of symptoms, causes and cures.

Symptom. Cause. Cure.

No video Bad connections Check all

response. or monitor. connections and

switches. Are you

using the correct

monitor jack?

Adjust brightness

& contrast.

Screen full BREAK not depressed Depress BREAK &

of gibberish during power up, or both RESET keys.

after ROM CAPS LOCK pressed. For disk system,

reset. depress both RESET

keys only.

Cassette Various. See "So It Won't

program will Load," page 29.

not load.

Computer Programming error. Uarious

"hangs." improper use of

POKE, calling a

peripheral which is

not connected or

somehow damaged.

Loose electrical or

peripheral contact.

Disk system Is drive zero 5/8 See page 37.

won’t boot switch set correctly?

Are drives connected

correctly?

Outside Interference

AC power supplies vary slightly in their output during peak

usage periods. This rarely presents a problem, and most people

never become aware of it. As a precaution, the LNW80 contains

a line filter to smooth out any fluctuations. In some areas,

voltage fluctuations may be large (noticeable in sudden

dimming of lights, for example). Local heavy electrical

industry, home-grown power source or faulty electrical

equipment on the same circuit as the computer can present

problems.

Voltage fluctuations outside of your control can be

resolved by fitting a line filter designed for microcomputers.

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In extreme cases, an alternate power supply may be the only

answer.

APPENDIX A: A BUYER’S GUIDE TO MONITORS

The LNW80 interfaces with three different types of video

monitors:

1. Monochrome (commonly called Black and White)

or Green Phosphor Monitor

2. NTSC Composite Color Monitor

(a TV set with an RF modulator may be used)

3. RGB TTL TYPE direct drive monitor

Ask your dealer to recommend the monitor that he feels will

best suit your needs. Remember that only the Monochrome and

the RGB monitors will deliver a sharp 80-column text display

and crisp, high resolution graphics.

Monitors come in a variety of prices and levels of quality,

and since you cannot tell how well it will work before you

hook it up, we suggest you ask your dealer for his

recommendation. Here is a list of monitors known to interface

properly with the LNW80 computer. We have included only 12"

monochrome and 13" color monitor tube sizes. Other sizes are

available, but we recommend these sizes for optimum viewing.

To see if other monitors not listed here will work properly,

refer to the complete LNW80 and the monitor’s specifications,

or ask your dealer for his recommendations. This is by no

means an all inclusive list. We regret that we cannot test and

approve all the monitors that will work properly with the

LNW80 due to the vast number of monitors available.

Monochrome Monitors

There is an abundance of low cost monochrome monitors that

will work with the LNW80. There are two basic types of

monochrome monitors - (1)STANDARD and (2) GREEN PHOSPHOR. The

green phosphor type monitor displays the characters in green

and is easy to read for extended periods of time. Whichever

monitor type you choose, be sure to select a monitor that can

use the 1.8VP-P video signal output by the LNW80 through a low

cost RCA type phono jack. The TRS80 Model I monitor will not

work with the LNW80 because it requires a special connection

with +5V DC power, and it cannot handle the 80-column display

width. In addition, it lacks the overall bandwidth and clarity

to display the high resolution graphics.

There are some brands of monitors which may not function

properly with the LNW80 computer without reducing the signal

level driving the monitor. These monitors are too sensitive to

the video signal and will display characters in such a manner

as to make them appear "block-like" or smeared. These monitors

can have their input signal reduced by installing a resistor

in series with the "hot side" of the cable. The value of this

resistor should be somewhere in the neighborhood of 33 to 75

ohms. The following monitors may or may not require this

modification:

NEC JB1201M

HEATH/ZENITH ZVM 121

AMDEK VIDEO 300-G

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Recommended List of Monochrome Monitors

The following two monitors are known to function ideally

with the LNW80. The AMDEK monitor has a strange connector and

an "RCA PHONO JACK to UHF" cable must be purchased from your

dealer. The BMC monitor uses a simple, low-cost "RCA to RCA"

cable just like the HI-FI cables on your stereo system. The

AMDEK 100G and the BMC monitors are both GREEN PHOSPHOR types.

Of the two monitors, the BMC has the highest quality display.

Table A.0 - Green Phosphor Monitors for the LNW80

MANUFACTURER/MODEL# BANDWIDTH COLOR/STYLING COMMENTS

ANDEK VIDEO 100/100G 12MHz WHITE/GRAY LOW COST

BMC KG12/BN12A 18MHZ TAN/GRAY HIGH Quality

NTSC Composite Video Color Monitors

As with the monochrome monitors, there is a wide choice of

monitors to choose from. All the following monitors use a

standard "RCA to RCA" cable (HI-FI type) to connect to the

computer. A color television with an RF modulator will not

achieve the resolution of these monitors:

AMDEK COLOR 1

ZENITH 13" COLOR MONITOR (HEATHKIT)

BNC BM1400CLU

SANYO 13" COLOR

NEC 12" JC1201 M(A) COLOR

RGB Color Monitors

Due to the wide differences in the electrical requirements

of the many RGB monitors that are on the market, it is

important that you check with the LNW80 specifications or your

dealer before purchasing an RGB monitor. There are two basic

resolution levels in RGB monitors - high and low. The high

resolution RGB monitors allow for a very crisp, clear display

in both graphics and text for up to 80 characters/line and 24

lines. These monitors use a picture tube that has tiny round

dots that make up the picture (one dot/color).

The selection of RGB monitors for the LNW80 is more limited

than the other monitor types. The monitors that will work on

the LNW80 computer without modification to either the monitor

or the computer (they may require modification to the

connecting cable) are:

AMDEK COLOR 2

AMDEK COLOR 3

HITACHI CM1472

There are firms modifying other monitors for use on the IBM

PC, and these may be compatible with the LNW80. If the monitor

has been modified to accept positive TTL data, positive TTL

horizontal sync, positive TTL vertical sync and the monitor

has internal pull up resistors for termination on the RGB

input lines, then it should be compatible with the LNW80. For

more details on the RGB interface in the LNW80, refer to the

LNW80 Technical Reference Manual or contact your LNW Research

dealer.

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The monitors that WILL NOT WORK without modification to

either the computer or the monitor are:

NEC 1202DH RGB

TECO RGB

No details are available for connection to these monitor

types, and therefore, we do not recommended using these

monitors.

APPENDIX B: DISK DRIVE TUTORIAL

The LNW80 computer can interface with a wide variety of

flexible disk drives. Connecting disk drives to your LNW80

computer, when the drives are properly configured, is as easy

as plugging the drivers) cable into the rear of the computer.

Disk drives and cables which are configured to run on a TRS80

Model I are fully compatible with the LNW80. Up to 4

single-sided drives and 3 dual-sided drives can be attached to

the LNW80. Proper configuration for drives and cables should

be provided by your computer dealer.

In the event that the computer retailer cannot provide this

configuration or you have drives that are not configured

properly or there is some aspect of the configuration that you

do not understand, this section is written for you.

The History of the TRS80 Disk

When Tandy introduced their minidisk drive for the TRS80

Model I, they developed some unique conventions. The 34-pin

SHUGART (Shugart Associates was the first to set the standard

in flexible disk drives) compatible minifloppy (5-1/4")

interface was already the standard in the industry. The 50-pin

Shugart-compatible 8 inch drive interface had been developed

years earlier and was adopted by most of the disk drive

manufacturers. The way Shugart-compatible disk systems work is

that the operator can daisy-chain (parallel) up to four disk

drives on the same cable. While the disk interface circuits

can only talk to one drive at a time, there is a mechanism for

selecting which of the four drives the interface is talking

to. This mechanism of selection is done by providing four

unique signals (would be known as select lines, - DS1 to DS4)

that would be on the cable. Each drive would be selected by

only one of these signals, Since no two would be on at one

time, each drive could be told when the disk interface wanted

to talk to that drive. The other non-selected drives would

then act as though they were not even on the cable. Tandy then

only had to develop a system of SELECTING the four disk drives

from the expansion interface to the minifloppy through the

34-pin cable. Drive selection was accomplished on the disk

drive itself through a DIP shunt or DIP switch that could be

set by the operator. Most of the original disk drives had only

3 drive-select positions, DSl-DS3.

Termination Resistors

Since the data to and from the disk drive was high-speed

information and it had to travel a long distance along the

cable, TERMINATION was required of the last drive along the

cable, Termination resistors varied from drive to drive.

Termination is a process by which a transmitted signal is

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absorbed so as not to allow any reflection of the signal on

the line. Some drives had permanently wired resistors and a

DIP shunt to select whether the drive would be terminating or

not. Other drives had termination resistor packs mounted in a

DIP package (mounted in a socket) that could be removed if the

drive was not to be the terminating drive.

Termination, cabling and drive selects were just some of

the problems that had to be overcome in developing a system of

connecting disk drives to the TRS80.

Drive Selection & Pulled-Pin Drive Cables

Tandy wanted to select up to 4 drives, To do this, the

customer was required to open up his drives and change the

settings as new drives were added to the system. This was

impractical. A mechanism was developed that would use the

cable to perform the task of assigning the drive numbers based

on their position along the cable. The mechanism would become

known as "pulled pins". Here is how it works:

Each drive is made the same. Pins 10, 12, 14 on the edge

card of the drive are tied together. Since the fourth drive

select did not exist on the EARLY GENERATION drives, the disk

drive is modified to connect pin 32 of the edge card to the

drive select lines on the edge card at pins 10, 12, and 14.

The disk drive cable is a 34-pin ribbon-cable assembly with

termination-type edge card plugs at the head (where the

computer connects) of the cable and at each of the 4 drive

positions along the cable. Each connector along the cable has

a different set of pins pulled, such that only one of the 4

drive select pins is installed at each location.

Table B.0 - Drive Selection by Pulled Pins

Tandy sells the FIRST drive with the cable and the

termination installed. The second, third and fourth drives do

not have the termination installed. They sell the first drive

as a different part from the rest. The following chart

illustrates the drive select lines on the cable and the

drive:

Table B.l - Drive Select Lines on Cable 6 Drive

(* = Early Generation Drives

** = Later Generation Drives)

Drive Pins Pulled Drive Select Line

0 12, 14, 32 10

1 10, 14, 32 12

2 10, 12, 32 14

3 10, 12, 14 32

Disk

Drive

Select

Disk Drive

Pinout

Interface

Pinout

0 DS1 10 10

1 DS2 12 12

2 DS3 14 14

3 * N/A N/A 32

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If it is so simple, why are we spending so much time

talking about it? Because before too long, Tandy wasn't the

only company selling disk drives for the Model I. There were

VISTA, MTI, PERCOM, AEROCOMP and many others trying to sell

drives a little less expensive. These firms do not actually

build the disk drive mechanism and electronics themselves

(neither did Tandy at the time). They simply purchase the disk

drive from manufacturers such as TANDON, MPI, SHUGART, TEAC,

QUME, PERTEC and others and supply the disk drive installed

with a power supply in a metal enclosure. This made life

difficult since these firms supplied little, if any

documentation, to assist the first-time computer owner. This

mail-order business grew rapidly since the lower prices

attracted many.

The powerpack on the back of the Radio Shack supplied

TRS-80 disk drive allowed the case to be designed to allow the

cable to be connected from outside the drive. When the user

adds a new drive to his system, he simply plugs the cable into

the rear of the drive. The other manufacturers, in their

effort to save a few dollars, have designed drive cases with

the power supply inside the case, thus making it too deep for

the disk drive's edge card to be accessible from the outside

of the drive. So what happens next? Extender cables must be

used to allow the edge card to be extended to the rear of the

case, making it accessible without opening the drive's case.

Are our problems now solved? No, they just began...

Double-Sided Disk Drives: Two Heads Are Better than One

Double-sided disk drives meant another problem for the disk

drive business. Pin 32 of the Radio Shack interface and the

LNW SYSTEM EXPANSION was used for the fourth drive select, and

the disk drive manufacturers (of these new dual-sided drives)

used that pin for the side select control. This did mean that

through a bit of luck double-sided disk drives could be easily

configured for operation by using the fourth drive select as

the side select. But it did not happen that easily.

When double-sided drives were introduced, no operating

system would support double-sided operation. The disk drive

manufacturers did not modify the drives when they sold them,

but instead provided difficult instructions for the user to

modify the drive himself, This modification used the drive

selects to select a different side of the same drive. It was

messy, very difficult to do, and it never caught on. When

double-sided operation was finally accepted by the operating

system companies (NEWDOS80 and DOSPLUS) there were differences

in opinion on how it would be implemented. Dosplus 3.3 treats

each side of a double-sided disk as a separate volume with its

own directory, On Dosplus 3.4, this would be changed and

double-sided operation would allow each dual-sided diskette to

represent one volume with only one directory. Newdos80 V2.0

and LDOS 5.0 and 5.1 have a similar structure.

Double-Density Catches On

Double-density operation became popular with the PERCOM

DOUBLER. LNW Research released the LNDoubler soon after. After

that, a wide variety of doublers appeared. Even Tandy has

introduced a doubler. Eight-inch drives became popular with

3 ** DS4 6 N/A

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the OMIKRON CP/M adaptor and eight-inch adaptor board. When

the LNDoubler 5/8 was announced, eight-inch support for

double-density had already been developed by Microsystems

(DOSPLUS 3.4) and by Apparat (NEWDOS80 VERSION 2).

Double-density also provided its own problems. Shugart SA400

drives (early Tandy drives) would only access 35 tracks, and

the drive heads did not have adequate resolution for

double-density operation. The OLD Shugart SA800,801 8-inch

disk drives (newer 800, 801's work perfectly) also did not

have the resolution for double-density operation. The newer

Shugart drives, and almost all other drives, can handle

double-density operation with no problem.

Number of tracks, head-stepping rate, and bead-load delay

have also been drive parameters that have caused some

interfacing problems between operating systems and disk

drives. Drives should be configured such that when the motor

comes on, the heads load regardless of the drive select. Be

sure to set the stepping rate (programmable in DOSPLUS and

NEWDOS80) to the appropriate setting. These operating systems

are initially set at 40ms (milliseconds) and should work with

any disk drive as initially configured.

Configuring 5-1/4 Inch Drives

The pulled-pin cable will work adequately with four

single-sided drives, but fails to function with the dual-sided

drives, since pin 32 (side select) is only available to the

last drive on the cable. A pulled-pin cable may be "fixed" by

removing the keys in the cable-connectors (small piece of

plastic that prevents the connector from being plugged in

backwards) and turning the cable around. The pulled pins will

then become unused ground lines, and all the drive selects

will be available on each connector. This means that the

drives themselves must be designed to accomodate the drive

selection on the drive and not on the cable. Older drives did

not have four drive-select positions, but this is not

important since we are using up to 3 dual-sided drives.

Table B.2 shows the pin specifications for the 34-pin drive

bus.

The following describes the configuration shunt settings

for the most popular minifloppy disk drives. Double-sided

Pin # Description

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

Not Used

Index

Drive Select 1

Drive Select 2

Drive Select 3

Motor On

Direction Select

Step

Write Data

Write Gate

Track 0

Write Protect (Active Low)

Read Data

Side Select (Dual Sided Drives)

Not Used

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drives already use pin 32 for the side select.

MPI Disk Drives

This description follows for these models only:

51, 52, 91 and 92

Shunt Description No Pins Pulled Pins Pulled

1 Head load on select Open

2 Drive select 1 On if drive 0 On

3 Drive select 2 On if drive 1 On

4 Drive select 3 On if drive 2 On

5 Mux Open Open

6 Drive select 4 On if drive 3 On

Note: If drive 4 is selected, a jumper must be installed

between pin 32 and pin 6 of the edge card. For double-sided

operation, do not use more than three drives total.

Tandon Disk Drives

Models TM100-1,TM100-2,TM100-3 and TM100-4

Shunt Pins at 1E

Shunt Description Correct Setting

1 Head load on select Open

2 Drive select 1 On if drive 0

3 Drive select 2 On if drive 1

4 Drive select 3 On if drive 2

5 Drive select 4 On if drive 3

6 MUX Open

7 Not used

8 HM On

Note: If drive 4 is selected, a jumper must be installed

between pin 32 and pin 6 of the edge card. For double-sided

operation, do not use more than three drives total.

Siemens/Wangco Model 82

Shunt Description Correct Setting

1 Head load on select Open

2 Drive select 1 On if drive 0

3 Drive select 2 On if drive 1

4 Drive select 3 On if drive 2

5 Mux Open

6 Not used

7 Head load, motor on On

Note: If configuring for drive number 4, a wire must

connected between pin 32 of the edge card and pin 1 of IC 1D.

All the rest of the drive selects should be off.

Teac Model FD50 Series

Switch Description No Pins Pulled Pins Pulled

HS Head load on select Open

DSO Drive select 0 On if drive 0 On

DSl Drive select 1 On if drive 1 On

DS2 Drive select 2 On if drive 2 On

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MX MUX Open Open

DS3 Drive select 3 On if drive 3 On

HM Head load on motor On On

Note: If configuring for drive number 4, a jumper must be

installed between pin 32 and pin 6 of the edge card. For

double-sided operation, do not use more than three drives

total.

Other 5-1/4 Inch Drives

If you have a drive that is not listed above, refer to the

user manual for that disk drive. Most drives are similar to

one of the above types.

Eight-inch Drives

Eight-inch disk drives have a 50-pin edge card to interface

to a 50-pin cable instead of the 34-pin cable used on the

5-1/4" drives. It is then necessary to use some type of

cable-adaptor between a 34-pin cable connected to the rear of

the LNW80 and a 50-pin disk drive cable for the 8" drives.

This 34-to-50 pin cable-adaptor is available from your

computer retailer under the LNW part number 1096, and it has

two gold contact edge cards which mate the 34-pin cable and

the 50-pin cable. The 34-pin cable must not be of the

pulled-pin type since missing pins will not allow drive select

lines to pass to the 8" drive 50-pin cable. Here is a drawing

to illustrate a typical multidrive setup with both 5-1/4" and

8" disk drives. Note that an 8" disk drive may be the system

disk (drive select 0) if the 5/8 SWITCH inside the LNW80 is

positioned to the 8" side. (See Figure 5.4 - 5/8 switch in

action).

Configuring 8-inch Drives

The LNW80 is designed to interface with 8" disk drives

without the drives themselves requiring modification. As with

5-1/4" disk drives, drive select shunts or switches on the

drives themselves, as well as termination resistors must be

properly configured. Note that termination resistor packs are

still only required on one of the disk drives. A properly

configured disk drive and cable requires only the simple

connection between the 34-pin cable, the cable-adaptor and the

50-pin 8" drive cable, Proper configuration for drives and

cables should be provided by your computer dealer. In the

event that the computer retailer cannot provide this

configuration or you have drives that are not configured

properly or there is some aspect of the configuration that you

do not understand, this section is written for you.

Eight-inch Disk Drive Specifications

Eight-inch disk drives are different from five-inch drives

in many ways. As mentioned earlier, the interface between the

drive and the controller is a 50-pin bus. The pin

specifications for the 50-pin bus are given below.

Table B.3 - Pin Specifications for the 50-pin 8-inch

Drive Bus

Pin # Description

2

4

Ground or Lower Write

Not Used / Reserved

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Note: In the eight-inch drive manuals, - "NOT USED" may be

referred to as alternate I/0 or reserved.

If the drive that you would like to use has a cable

interface that differs radically from the above, then it is

possible that you do not have a Shugart-compatible disk drive.

If that's the case, then it will not properly interface with

the LNW80. The following drives are the ONLY drives that have

been used extensively with the LNW80 computer and the DOSPLUS

3.4 operating systems

Table B.4 - 8 Inch Drives Tested With LNW80 & DOSPLUS 3.4.

Eight-inch drives also provide more configuration options.

Luckily, most of the manufacturers have retained the Shugart

notation for the most part. The proper configuration for the

drives is such that the drives have not been modified in any

manner, and the jumper (or trace) options are installed just

as the drive is delivered from the factory.

Some 8-inch drives that are sold through many mail-order

disk drive firms, are specially configured for other

computers, and may not operate on the LNW80 as configured.

Make sure that the drive that you purchase is configured just

as it came from the factory OR CONFIGURED SPECIFICALLY FOR THE

LNW80 COMPUTER. The proper configuration for the drives listed

in Table B.5 is detailed below.

Shugart SA800/801:

There is a bit of confusion between the Shugart SA800 and

6

8

10

12

14

16

18

20

22

24

26

28

30

32

34

36

38

40

42

44

46

48

50

Not Used

Two Sided (Not Used)

Disk Change (Not Used)

Side Select (Dual-sided drives)

Activity / In Use

Head Load (Not Used)

Index

Ready (Not Used)

Not Used

Drive Select 1

Drive Select 2

Drive Select 3

Drive Select 4

Direction Select

Step

Write Data

Write Gate

Track 0

Write Protect (Active High)

Read Data

Not Used

MANUFACTURER MODEL NUMBER SIDES

Shugart

Qume

Tandon

SA800/801

SA850/851

DATA TRACK 8

TM848-1

TM848-2

Single

Dual

Single

Dual

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SA801. The correct drive is the SA800. An SA801 can be easily

converted to an SA800 by moving the shorting plug on the

drive’s PCB from the 801 position to the 800 position. The

summary of the correct option settings is listed below:

Table B.5 - Correct Option Settings for Shugart

SA80 0/80 I.

NOTE: The above options are selected via pins or circuit

trace. CLOSED means that either a Berg pin-shorting-plug or a

circuit trace is making continuity. OPEN means that a

shorting-pin is not present or that the circuit etch is

broken. For more information, refer to the SA800/801 diskette

storage drive OEM manual.

Qume Data Track 8

The Data Track 8 (DT-8) is a Shugart-compatible, dual-sided

disk drive that is compatible with the LNW80 computer. It has

virtually the same option settings and factory configuration

as the Shugart SA850. It should require no modification other

than the setting of the drive selects and the proper

termination, The termination resistors consist of two (2)

dual-inline IC type packages mounted in sockets on the disk

drive's PCB. They should only be installed in the last drive

on the cable. Remember that only one set of termination

resistors is required for both 5" and 8" drives. A 16-pin dip

shunt is provided for the seven most commonly used trace cut

options. These options include:

Trace

Designator Description Correct

Setting

T3,T4,T5,T6

T1

T2

DS1

DS2

Ds3

DS4

RR

RI

R,I,S

HL

DS

WP

NP

8,16,32

D

2,4,6,8,10,

12,14,16,18

D1,D2,D4,DDS

A,B,X

C

Z

Y

DC

Termination for mux inputs

For last drive on cable

Termination for drive select

Spare termination

Drive select 1 - drive 1

- others

Drive select 2 - drive 2

- others

Drive select 3 - drive 3

- others

Drive select 4 - drive 4

- others

Radial ready

Radial index 6 sector

Ready, Index, Sector alternate

Stepper power from head load

Stepper power from drive

select

Enable write protect feature

Disable write protect

8,16,32 Sectors (801 only)

Alternate input-in use

Nine alternate I/0 pins

Drive select decode option

Radial head load

Alternate input-head load

In use from drive select

In use from head load

Alternate output-disk change

Open

Closed

Open

Closed

Open

Closed

Open

Closed

Open

Closed

Open

Closed

Open

Closed

Open

Don't care

Open

Closed

Open

Closed

Open

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Table B.6 - Qume Data Track 8 Option Settings

This shunt should be installed with no positions broken.

OTHER OPTION SETTINGS

Table B.7 - Other Option Settings for 8 Inch Drives.

NOTE: The above options are selected via pins or circuit

trace. CLOSED means that either a Berg pin-shorting-plug or a

circuit trace is making continuity. OPEN means that a

shorting-pin is not present or that the circuit etch is

broken. For more information refer to the Qume Memory Products

Data Trak 8 Maintenance Manual.

Tandon 848-1 and 848-2

These drives are the single (-1) and dual-sided (-2) disk

drives that occupy one-half the space of a standard 8-inch

drive. These drives also feature DC-only operation. These

drives do not have a head-load solenoid as a standard feature

Trace

Designator Description Correct

Setting

R

I

HL

A

B

X

Z

READY IN THE MUX MODE

INDEX IN THE MUX NODE

STEPPER POWER FROM HEAD LOAD

DRIVE SELECT ACTIVE

HEAD LOAD ACTIVE ON DRIVE SLCT

IN USE FROM DRIVE SELECT

CLOSED

TRACE

DESIGNATOR DESCRIPTION CORRECT SETTING

DS1 DRIVE SELECT 1 FOR DRIVE l: CLOSED

OTHERS: OPEN

DS2 DRIVE SELECT 2 FOR DRIVE 2: CLOSED

OTHERS: OPEN

DS3 DRIVE SELECT 3 FOR DRIVE 3: CLOSED

OTHERS: OPEN

DS4 DRIVE SELECT 4 FOR DRIVE 4: CLOSED

OTHERS: OPEN

RR RADIAL READY CLOSED

RI RADIAL INDEX AND SECTOR CLOSED

R,I READY, INDEX ALTERNATE CLOSED

HL STEPPER POWER FROM HEAD LOAD CLOSED

DS STEPPER POWER FROM DRIVE SELECT OPEN

WP ENABLE WRITE PROTECT FEATURE CLOSED

NP DISABLE WRITE PROTECT OPEN

D ALTERNATE INPUT-IN USE OPEN

6,8,l0,12,

16,18,24 SEVEN ALTERNATE I/0 PINS OPEN

Dl,D2,D4,DDS DRIVE SELECT DECODE OPTION OPEN

A,B,X RADIAL HEAD LOAD CLOSED

C ALTERNATE INPUT-HEAD LOAD OPEN

Z IN USE FROM DRIVE SELECT CLOSED

Y IN USE FROM HEAD LOAD OPEN

2S ALTERNATE OUTPUT DISK 2 SENSE OPEN

DL DOOR LOCK LATCH OPEN

Bl-B4 TWO, DOUBLE SIDED DRIVE SELECT OPEN

S2 HEAD SELECT FROM SIDE SELECT CLOSED

Sl,S3 CONFIGURATION FOR HEAD SELECT OPEN

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(the heads are loaded all the time). WE RECOMMEND, for the

sake of media and head wear, that the spindle motor should be

configured to be turned on and off by the MOTOR ON line on the

output of the LNW80 disk controller. This modification

procedure is detailed in the next section. The TM848 is fully

Shugart-compatible, with the following exceptions:

Table B.8 - TM848 Exceptions to Shugart Compatibility

The factory options are configured via a DIP shunt at U3,

pins and circuit traces. The factory settings require no

changes with the exception of drive selects and the removal of

the termination resistor DIP pack from all the drives except

the last drive on the cable. Table B.9 is a summary of the

factory selected options.

Table B.9 - TM848 Factory Selected Options

This shunt should be installed with no positions broken

Other Options

Table B.10 - Other Options for the Tandon 848-1

and 848-2 Drives.

Configuring the TM848 for MOTOR-ON Controlled Operation

PIN # DESCRIPTION COMMENTS

6

18

MOTOR OFF

NOT USED

WILL BE MODIFIED TO BE MOTOR ON

IS HEAD LOAD ON OTHER DRIVES

Trace

Settings

Description

Correct

Settings

R READY IN THE MUX MODE CLOSED

I INDEX IN THE MUX MODE CLOSED

HL STEPPER POWER FROM HEAD LOAD CLOSED

A DRIVE SELECT ACTIVE CLOSED

B DRIVE SELECT ACTIVE CLOSED

X HEAD LOAD ACTIVE ON DRIVE SLCT CLOSED

Z IN USE FROM DRIVE SELECT CLOSED

TRACE

DESIGNATOR DESCRIPTION CORRECT SETTING

DS1 DRIVE SELECT 1 FOR DRIVE 1: CLOSED

OTHERS: OPEN

DS2 DRIVE SELECT 2 FOR DRIVE 2: CLOSED

OTHERS: OPEN

DS3 DRIVE SELECT 3 FOR DR1VE 3: CLOSED

OTHERS: OPEN

DS4 DRIVE SELECT 4 FOR DRIVE 4: CLOSED

OTHERS: OPEN

RR RADIAL READY CLOSED

RI RADIAL INDEX AND SECTOR CLOSED

R,I READY, INDEX ALTERNATE CLOSED

DS STEPPER POWER FROM DRIVE SELECT OPEN

WP ENABLE WRITE PROTECT FEATURE CLOSED

NP DISABLE WRITE PROTECT OPEN

DC ALTERNATE DISK CHANGE OPEN

D ALTERNATE INPUT-IN USE OPEN

Z IN USE FROM DRIVE SELECT CLOSED

2S ALTERNATE OUTPUT DISK 2 SENSE OPEN

DL DOOR LOCK LATCH (OPTIONAL) OPEN

Bl-B4 TWO, DOUBLE SIDED DRIVE SELECT OPEN

S2 HEAD SELECT FROM SIDE SELECT CLOSED

Sl,S3 CONFIGURATION FOR HEAD SELECT OPEN

Y (OPTIONAL) IN USE FROM HEAD LOAD OPEN

HL (OPTIONAL) STEPPER POWER FROM HEAD LOAD CLOSED

MC1 MOTOR ON CONTROL FROM PIN 4 CLOSED

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If the TM848 that you are using does not have the HEAD LOAD

SOLENOID OPTION OR it is desired that the TM848 motor control

operates like a minifloppy (for noise or media wear

considerations), the following procedure can be performed to

configure the drive to operate in this manner:

1. Modify the Disk Drive:

Install a jumper from Pin 6 of the drive’s 50-pin edge card

(a pad is provided at MC2) to U35-10 (available at one side of

jumper strap M2). This can be accomplished using a 30 AWG wire

of sufficient length soldered properly and mechanically

secured with some type of glue or tape to keep it close to the

surface of the PCB. Refer to the silkscreen on the circuit

board and, if possible, the schematic diagrams (Tandon Dwg. #

210092-00) and the technical documentation on the drive.

2. Install a Jumper on the 34 to 50 Cable Adapter

The motor-on control (from the 5-1/4" 34-pin cable) should

then be routed to Pin 6 of the 50-pin 8" disk drive bus so

that the motor-on control will drive the 8" disk drive(s).

This can be accomplished by installing a jumper (soldering a

small wire) across the pads that are conveniently provided on

the 34-to-50 pin adaptor-cable LNW STK# 1096. To find these

unmarked pads, simply trace Pin 6 of the 50-pin side to a

"dead end" pad. Another pad is located nearby and should be

connected to Pin 16 of the 34 pin 5-1/4" side of the adaptor

board.

Other Considerations.

Now that the 8" drives act similar in nature to the 5-1/4"

drives, there is a small problem with the DOSPLUS 3.4

operating system. DOSPLUS does not wait for the drive to come

up to speed on the 8" disk drives (since this burdens the

performance of the other type of drives). In order to use

DOSPLUS, a patch is required to allow the disk drive adequate

time for the drive to come up to speed. Here it is:

5-1/4 or 8 Inch System Disk

Using the DISKZAP utility program in DOSPLUS, modify the

following two bytes ON A BACKUP OF YOUR DOSPLUS MASTER

DISKETTE:

Track: F

Sector: 3

Table B.11 - Zaps to 5-1/4 or 8 Inch System Disk

APPENDIX C: DRAWING PROGRAM FOR LNWBASIC MODE 1

10 '...DRAWING PROGRAM - This program allows you to draw

20 '...lines and circles on the screen

30 CLEAR200:CLS:PCLS:MODE 1

40 GSUB #"MENU"

60 DRAW"B,M240,96" ' Start at centre of screen

Bytes Was Should Be

CF

D0

20

09

00

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90 CLS:PCLS

100 IN$="UDLREFGHBZCSO"

120 A=PEEK(SH4099)IFA=0THEN120

140 A$=CHRS(A)

160 AX=INSTR(IN$gA$)

180 ON AX GOSUB

500,500,500,500,500,500,500,500,600,700,800,900,950

190 GOT0100 '...Erroneus entry disregarded

499 '...Main draw section

500 B$=A$

520 DO

540 DRAWAS+"1"

560 A=PEEK(kH4099):A$=CHR$(A)

580 UNTIL (A$

900 INPUT"Name of graphics screen to be saved ";S$

910 PSAVE S$: CLS: RETURN

950 INPUT"Name of graphics screen to be loaded ";O$

960 PLOAD O$: CLS: RETURN

1000 4"MENU"

1010 PRINT @0,STRING$(64,131)

1020 PRINT @85,"DRAWING PROGRAM MENU"

1030 PRINT @128,STRING$(64,131)

1040 PRINT @259,"By pressing any of the keys U,D,L,R,E,F,G or

H, you may draw lines as indiated in the diagram"

1050 DRAW"B,N100,120"

1060 DRAW"N,U20,N,D20,N,L20,N,R20,N,E20,N,F20,N,G20,N,H20"

1070

PRINT@460,"H";:PRINT@464,"U";:PRINT@469,"E";:PRINT@651,"L";:P

RINT@662("R";

1080 PRINT0780,"G";:PRINT@784,"D";:PRINT@789,"F";

1090 PRINT@480,"Z = Zero (erase) last line ";:RINT@544,"B =

Move to new start point";

1100 PRINT@800,"Press space-bar to halt a line";

1110 PRINT@608,"C = Draw circle";

1120 PRINT@896,"S = Save graphics screen";: PRINT@928,"0 =

Load graphics screen";

1130 A=PEEK(&H4099): IF A=0 THEN 1130 ELSE RETURN

APPENDIX D

Video Display Worksheet

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APPENDIX E

GLOSSARY

access

The operation of seeking, reading or writing data on a storage

unit (in this case, the diskette).

access time

The time that elapses between any instruction being given to

access some data and that data becoming available for use.

address

An identification (number, name, or label) for a location in

which data is stored.

algorithm

A computational procedure.

alphanumeric (characters)

A generic term for numeric digits and alphabetic characters.

alphanumeric string

A group of characters which may include digits, alphabetic

characters, punctuation characters and special characters, and

may include spaces. (Note: a space is a ’character' to the

computer, as it must generate a code for spaces as well as

symbols.)

ASCII

Abbreviation for American Standard Code for Information

Interchange. Pronounced: ’ass-key'. Usually refers to a

standard method of encoding letter, numeral, symbol and

special function characters, as used by the computer

industry.

assembly language

A machine-oriented language for programming mnemonics and

machine readable code from the mnemonics.

base

Quantity of characters for use in each of the digital

positions of a numbering system.

base 2

The 'binary’ numbering system consisting of more than one

symbol, representing a sum, in which the individual quantity

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represented by each figure is based on a multiple of 2.

base 10

The 'decimal' numbering system HMD consisting of more than one

symbol, representing a sum, in which the individual quantity

represented by each symbol is based on a multiple of 10.

base 16

The 'hexadecimal’ numbering s stem HMD consisting or more than

one symbol representing sum, in which the individual

quantity represented by eac symbol is based on a multiple of

16.

binary

See ’base 2'

bit

a. single 'binary’ digit whose value is 'zero' or 'one'.

Boolean

This word isn't really bere (for you folks who paid attention

to the general information section). A form of algebra applied

to binary numbers which is similar in form to ordinary

algebra. It is especially useful for logical analysis of

binary numbers as used in computers.

'BOOT' -- BOOTSTRAP

A machine language program file that is put onto every

diskette by the 'FORMAT' routine. This routing is invoked when

reset or power-on occurs. It automatically loads the necessary

programs (SYS0/SYS) to cause the computer to respond to the

DOS commands; i.e., the machine is 'BOOTSTRAPPED' or ’BOOTED'

into operation,

buffer

A small area of memory used for the temporary storage of data

to be processed.

buffer track

A track on a diskette used for the temporary storage of data

or program material during a recovery process.

bug

A Software fault that results in the malfunction of a program.

May also refer to hardware malfunctions.

byte

Eight ’bits'. A 'byte' may represent any numerical value

between '0' and '255'.

command file

A file consisting of a list of commands, to be executed in

sequence.

contiguous

Adjacent or adjoining.

control code

In programming, instructions which determine conditional jumps

are often referred to as control instructions and the time

sequence of execution of instructions is called the flow of

control.

CRC error

Cyclic Redundancy Check. A means of checking for errors by

using redundant information used primarily to check disk I/0

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while verifying

data base

A collection of interrelated data stored together with

controlled redundancy to serve one or more applications. The

data are stored so that they are independent of programs which

use the data. A common and controlled approach is used in

adding new data and in modifying and retrieving existing data

within a data base. A system is said to contain a collection

of data-based information if they are disjoint in structure.

data-base management system

The collection of software required for using a data base.

data element

Synonymous with ’data item' or 'field’

data type

The form in which data is stored; i.e., integer, single

precision, double precision, ’alphanumeric' character strings

or 'strings'.

DEC

Initials for Directory Entry Code.

decimal

See 'base 10'.

direct access

Retrieval or storage of data by a reference to its location on

a disk, rather than relative to the previously retrieved or

stored data.

DIRECT STATEMENT (IN FILE)

A program statement that exists in the disk file that is not

assigned a line number.

LNW80 Microcomputer Operations Manual 1982 LNW Research

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