Introduction To LaTeX Writing Papers The Right Way La Te X MIT Guide
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Introduction to LATEX
Introduction to LATEX
Writing papers the right way
RSI 2015 Staff
Research Science Institute
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
Introduction to LATEX
Introduction
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
2 A Basic Document
3
4
5
6
Writing LaTeX Code
Basic Formatting
LATEX and You
The Files
Math Mode
Figures and Tables
Beamer
LATEX Extended
Common Errors
More Math
Macros
Conclusion
Introduction to LATEX
Introduction
LATEX is. . .
. . . a sophisticated document preparation sytem.
LATEX has. . .
Stylistic uniformity
Bibliography support
Sophisticated structuring abilities
Reference tracking
Highly extendible capabilities
Introduction to LATEX
Introduction
LATEX is not. . .
. . . a word processor.
LATEX does not. . .
Spell-check your documents1
Give you complete control over formatting
Provide a graphical interface for editing
“You take care of writing, and we’ll take care of presentation.”
1
You can use ispell to check your LATEX
Introduction to LATEX
Introduction
Why LATEX?
Presentation shouldn’t get in the way of content.
For example. . .
With a word processor, you spend valuable time agonizing over
what font size to make the section headings.
With LATEX, you just tell it to start a new section.
With a word processor, changing the formatting means you have to
change each instance individually.
With LATEX, you just redefine the relevant commands.
With a word processor, you have to carefully match any provided
templates.
With LATEX, you can be sure you’ve fit the template, and switch
templates easily.
Introduction to LATEX
A Basic Document
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
2 A Basic Document
3
4
5
6
Writing LaTeX Code
Basic Formatting
LATEX and You
The Files
Math Mode
Figures and Tables
Beamer
LATEX Extended
Common Errors
More Math
Macros
Conclusion
Introduction to LATEX
A Basic Document
”Hello LATEX!”
Creating a LATEX Document
Write a .tex file using any text editor and save it in the
MiniPaper folder
% this is hello.tex
\documentclass{article}
\begin{document}
Hello, \LaTeX!
\end{document}
Compile using the RSI Makefile
$ cd ∼/RSI/MiniPaper/
$ make hello.pdf
Preview the results
$ evince hello.pdf &
Introduction to LATEX
A Basic Document
Writing LaTeX Code
documentclass
LATEX has several templates, selected using \documentclass
Classes:
book
report
article
letter
beamer
Etc.
You’ll be using the ‘article’ class for your paper, ‘beamer’ class for
your presentation
Introduction to LATEX
A Basic Document
Writing LaTeX Code
Declarations and Environments
Declarations. . .
Are stated once
Take effect until further notice
Can optionally be constrained
Ex. \documentclass, \small
Environments. . .
Have matching begin and end declarations
Must be constrained
Ex. \begin{document} ...\end{document}
Introduction to LATEX
A Basic Document
Writing LaTeX Code
Arguments
Required arguments. . .
Are contained in curly braces
Must be included
Ex. \documentclass{article}
Optional arguments. . .
Are contained in square brackets
Can be left out
Give you more control over the commands
Ex. \documentclass[12pt]{article}
Introduction to LATEX
A Basic Document
Writing LaTeX Code
Special Characters
Another type of command
Don’t define any formatting or structure
Print non-standard characters or characters which usually
mean something else
Ex. \LaTeX, \textbackslash, \%
Note: % is a special character reserved for comments (after a %,
the rest of a line is ignored by the compiler)
Introduction to LATEX
A Basic Document
Writing LaTeX Code
Packages
Packages allow you to further customize LATEX.
The command:
\usepackage{name}
Some packages:
graphicx, epsfig, geometry, fancyhdr, setspace, amsmath, listings,
xcolor, url. . .
Most of the packages you’ll need are already included in the
template
Introduction to LATEX
A Basic Document
Basic Formatting
Font Types
Font face:
\emph{Text}, \textbf{Text}, \texttt{Text}, \textrm{Text},
\textsf{Text}, \textsc{Text}
Font size:
{\tiny Text}, {\scriptsize Text}, {\footnotesize Text},
{\small Text}, {\normalsize Text}, {\large Text}, {\Large
Text}, {\LARGE Text}, {\huge Text}, {\Huge
Alignment:
\begin{center/flushright/flushleft}
...
\end{center/flushright/flushleft}
Text}
Introduction to LATEX
A Basic Document
Basic Formatting
Spacing
Margins
The default: between 1.5 inches and 1.875 inches
Setting margins: \usepackage[margin=0.5in]{geometry}
Paragraphs and other breaks
Paragraphs are separated by a blank line.
You can force a new line using \\
To force a new page, use \newpage or \clearpage
Other spacing
Force a space using ∼
Add space using \hspace{1in} or \vspace{1in}
Fill space using \hfill or \vfill
Introduction to LATEX
A Basic Document
Basic Formatting
Lists
There are two main types. . .
Bulleted lists:
\begin{itemize}
\item Text
\item Text
\end{itemize}
Text
Text
Numbered lists:
\begin{enumerate}
\item Text
\item Text
\end{enumerate}
1
Text
2
Text
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX and You
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
2 A Basic Document
3
4
5
6
Writing LaTeX Code
Basic Formatting
LATEX and You
The Files
Math Mode
Figures and Tables
Beamer
LATEX Extended
Common Errors
More Math
Macros
Conclusion
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX and You
The Files
The RSI File Structure
In your MiniPaper or Paper directory, you’ll notice several files. . .
main.tex brings everything together, don’t edit it
preamble.tex contains any additional packages or macros
cover.tex contains the cover information (title, author, etc.)
abstract.tex and summary.tex contain the text of your
scientific abstract and executive summary, respectively
paper.tex contains the main body of your paper, including
any and all figures, tables, etc.
biblio.bib is a BibTEX file containing your references
appa.tex contains the text of any appendices you may have
Compile using make main.pdf
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX and You
The Files
The Title Page
cover.tex is where you define the content of your title page
It includes declarations of the title, author, and date
You should replace the title and author as needed, but leave
the date alone
\title{Length-enhanced superlative verbiage}
\author{Joe Everystudent
\vspace{0.5in}\\
under the direction of\\
Dr. Famous Person\\
Massachusetts Institute of Technology
\vspace{1in}}
The title page is created automatically using the maketitle
command in main.tex
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX and You
The Files
Abstract and Summary
The minipaper only has an abstract
Your final paper will have both a technical abstract and a
non-technical summary
All you need to do is fill in the text, and the template takes
care of the rest
Behind the Scenes
\begin{abstract}
\input{abstract}
\vspace{1in}
\begin{center}\textbf{Summary}\end{center}
\input{summary}
\end{abstract}
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX and You
The Files
Bibliography
biblio.bib acts as a database of references, and only includes in
the bibliography those references you cite in your paper
BibTEX
@article{nameofentry,
author = {John Backus},
title = {Symmetric Encryption},
journal = {Journal of Modalities},
volume = 46,
year = 1993,
number = 2,
pages = {44--57}
}
A more complete list of examples can be found at
web.mit.edu/rsi/www/pdfs/bibtex-format.pdf
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX and You
The Files
The Paper
LATEX is built off of the idea of structure over formatting
\section{Introduction}
Layers of sectioning
section
subsection
subsubsection
paragraph
subparagraph
These commands should be used as needed in both paper.tex
and appa.tex
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX and You
The Files
Referencing
References
\section{Results}\label{res}
...
As seen in Section \ref{res} ...
Footnotes
...telephony\footnote{Phony telephones}
Citations
Redundancy \cite{nameofentry}
For multiple citations:
...methodology \cite{nameofentry, nameofotherentry}
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX and You
Math Mode
Typesetting Math
LATEX allows you to typeset any sort of equations.
LATEX math support
Z
a
b
dθ
= tan−1 b − tan−1 a
1 + θ2
Using math mode
Inline math mode: $...$
R∞
1
e −x dx
P∞
n=0 n!
Display math mode: $$...$$
Numbered equations: \begin{equation}...\end{equation}
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX and You
Math Mode
Some Commands
974
4+
2
√
3
5
Pn
x
y
Axy
k=1 k
2 6= 4
φ∈Ψ
ı̂ × ̂ = k̂
f 00 (ξ)
CH3 COOH
180◦ C
$974$
$4+2$
$\sqrt[3]{5}$
$\frac{x}{y}$
$A^{x} {y}$
$\sum {k=1}^n k$
$2 \ne 4$
$\phi \in \Psi$
$\hat{\i} \times \hat{\j} = \hat{k}$
$f’’(\xi)$
CH$ 3$COOH
180$^{\circ}$C
...runs in $\Theta(\log n)$ time...
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX and You
Math Mode
Math symbols resources
Detexify: http://detexify.kirelabs.org
Draw a symbol, Detexify tells you a bunch of possible
LATEXsymbols
AoPS symbols: http://www.artofproblemsolving.com
/wiki/index.php/LaTeX:Symbols
Also has lots of other LATEXresources
RSI Website (go to “Tech help”)
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX and You
Math Mode
Math exercises
Write the follow basic equations in LATEX.
3 1
+
2 2
n
X
=
i
2 =
n(n + 1)
2
x
i=1
=
−b ±
√
b 2 − 4ac
2a
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX and You
Math Mode
More math exercises
Here are some trickier equations (not just math) to try:
I
dΦE
B · dS = µ0 0
+ µ0 ienc
dt
k = Ae −EA /RT
[H3 0+ ][A− ]
Ka =
[HA]
M
V =
V (λ) ⊕ V non-sp
λ∈Spec(T )
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX and You
Figures and Tables
Figures and Tables
Both are environments:
Figures
\begin{figure}
...
\end{figure}
Tables
\begin{table}
...
\end{table}
Positioning can be defined as an optional argument:
\begin{figure}[htbp]
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX and You
Figures and Tables
includegraphics
The Commands
\subsection{Hardware Configuration}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[height=3in]{figure0.png}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}[ht]
\centering
\includegraphics[width=\textwidth]{figure1.png}
\end{figure}
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX and You
Figures and Tables
Formatting Tables
The table environment defines the figure style. The tabular
environment defines the table itself.
\section{Related Work}
\begin{table}[ht]
\centering
\begin{tabular}{|r||c|c|} \hline
Trial & $n$ & $t$ \\ \hline
1 & 23 & 2 \\ \hline
2 & 15 & 10 \\ \hline
3 & 100 & 20 \\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
Trial
1
2
3
n
23
15
100
t
2
10
20
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX and You
Figures and Tables
Captions and Labels
Captioning
\end{tabular}
\caption{The data.}
\end{table}
Labeling
\caption{The data.}
\label{nameoftable}
\end{table}
Referencing
...in Table \ref{nameoftable}
Introduction to LATEX
Beamer
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
2 A Basic Document
3
4
5
6
Writing LaTeX Code
Basic Formatting
LATEX and You
The Files
Math Mode
Figures and Tables
Beamer
LATEX Extended
Common Errors
More Math
Macros
Conclusion
Introduction to LATEX
Beamer
Getting Started
Beamer allows all the same commands as a normal
LATEX document, plus some.
Adding a Slide
\begin{frame}{Title}
...
\end{frame}
Special slides
Title slide:
\titlepage
Table of contents:
\tableofcontents[currentsection]
Introduction to LATEX
Beamer
Beamer at RSI
We have a template for this too! It’s in the file slides.tex
Title Slide
Be sure to fill in the title, subtitle (if necessary) and author
\title{Witty catch-phrase}
\subtitle{Length-enhanced superlative verbiage}
\author[Joe Everystudent]{Joe Everystudent\\
Research Science Institute\\
Under the Direction of Dr. Famous Person\\
Massachusetts Institute of Technology}
The template already includes a title slide!
Introduction to LATEX
Beamer
Formatting
Some special environments can be useful for presentations
Blocks
\begin{block}
...
\end{block}
Columns
\begin{columns}
\column{0.5\textwidth}
Column 1
\column{0.5\textwidth}
Column 2
\end{columns}
Introduction to LATEX
Beamer
Animation
You can also do some basic animation in beamer.
Introduction to LATEX
Beamer
Animation
You can also do some basic animation in beamer.
\pause puts a pause before revealing the rest of the slide
Introduction to LATEX
Beamer
Animation
You can also do some basic animation in beamer.
\pause puts a pause before revealing the rest of the slide
command makes the command apply only for
some number of the “frames”
Introduction to LATEX
Beamer
Animation
You can also do some basic animation in beamer.
\pause puts a pause before revealing the rest of the slide
command makes the command apply only for
some number of the “frames”
The previous bullet is defined by \item<3-4>
Introduction to LATEX
Beamer
Animation
You can also do some basic animation in beamer.
\pause puts a pause before revealing the rest of the slide
The previous bullet is defined by \item<3-4>
The bullet disappears after the fourth “frame”
Introduction to LATEX
Beamer
Themes
You can also choose different themes for beamer.
Design
\usetheme{theme}
Antibes, Berkeley, Berlin, Goettingen, Malmoe, Szeged, Warsaw. . .
Color
\usecolortheme{theme}
beaver, crane, lily, rose, seahorse, whale. . .
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX Extended
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
2 A Basic Document
3
4
5
6
Writing LaTeX Code
Basic Formatting
LATEX and You
The Files
Math Mode
Figures and Tables
Beamer
LATEX Extended
Common Errors
More Math
Macros
Conclusion
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX Extended
Common Errors
The Structure of an Error
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX Extended
Common Errors
Missing Closing Braces
The Code
\includegraphics{picture.png
The Error Message
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX Extended
Common Errors
Missing Environment End
The Code
\begin{itemize}
\item Text.
The Error Message
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX Extended
Common Errors
Spaces in Filenames
The Code
\includegraphics{a picture.png}
The Error Message
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX Extended
Common Errors
Forgetting to Escape
The Code
ab
The Error Message
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX Extended
Common Errors
Forgetting to Use Math Mode
The Code
\frac{1}{2}
The Error Message
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX Extended
More Math
Defining Theorems and More
The Code
% This is preamble.tex
\newtheorem{name}{Display Name}
Example
% This is preamble.tex
\newtheorem{thm}{Theorem}
Example, continued
% This is paper.tex
\begin{thm}
Herding cats is hard.
\end{thm}
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX Extended
More Math
More on Theorems
Adding a Reference
\begin{thm}[Cain, 2002]
Herding Rickoids is harder.
\end{thm}
Proving your Theorems
% This is paper.tex
\begin{proof}
...
\end{proof}
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX Extended
Macros
What are Macros?
LATEX allows you to define or redefine commands as you please
In fact, LATEX itself is a set of macros on top of TEX
\newcommand{name}[num]{definition}
Introduction to LATEX
LATEX Extended
Macros
Resetting Commands
Changing lengths
\setlength{command}{length}
Ex.
\setlength{\parindent}{1cm}
\setlength{\parskip}{1cm plus4mm minus3mm}
Changing titles
Ex.
\renewcommand{\abstractname}{Summary}
Introduction to LATEX
Conclusion
Table of Contents
1 Introduction
2 A Basic Document
3
4
5
6
Writing LaTeX Code
Basic Formatting
LATEX and You
The Files
Math Mode
Figures and Tables
Beamer
LATEX Extended
Common Errors
More Math
Macros
Conclusion
Introduction to LATEX
Conclusion
So, why LATEX?
LATEX allows you to worry about the content and the
structure, rather than the presentation.
LATEX has one of the most advanced math typesetting systems
around.
LATEX is incredibly extendible.
LATEX keeps track of references so you don’t have to.
LATEX allows you to make more consistent, and more easily
changeable, documents.
Introduction to LATEX
Conclusion
Getting Help and Learning More
LATEX Wikibooks:
en.wikibooks.org/wiki/LaTeX
The Not So Short Introduction to LATEX 2ε :
www.ctan.org/tex-archive/info/lshort/english/lshort.
pdf
A Short Math Guide for LATEX:
ftp:
//ftp.ams.org/pub/tex/doc/amsmath/short-math-guide.pdf
The Beamer Theme Matrix:
www.hartwork.org/beamer-theme-matrix/
Google is still your best friend!
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