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FINAL, v.1 Author Guide - CACM Research Highlights with LATEX2ε 20 MARCH 2008 1
AUTHOR'S GUIDE TO PREPARING ‘RESEARCH HIGHLIGHTS’ FOR CACM
USING LATEX2ε AND BIBTEX
Overview of this Document
1. Getting Started
1.1 Summary of CACM Research Highlights Format
1.2 Using the CACM LATEX2ε Document Class and BIBTEX Style Files
1.3 Beginning your LATEX Source File
2. The Structure of the Article
2.1 Some Housekeeping Details
2.2 The Title and Author Information
2.3 The Body of the Article
2.4 Acknowledgements
2.5 The Bibliography
2.6 A Final Bit of Formatting?
OVERVIEW OF THIS DOCUMENT
This document explains how to use LATEX2ε and BIBTEX with the document class/style file
(research4cacm.cls) provided by ACM to create a paper suitable for submission to Research
Highlights in CACM. Section 1 gives a summary of the CACM Research Highlights format
and a general look at the use of the ACM LATEX2ε document class and BIBTEX style files.
Section 2 discusses, in fairly thorough detail, the structure of the LATEX file for your
Research Highlights article and, in much more general terms, the structure of a BIBTEX file.
NOTE:
The reason for the existence of this Research Highlights style is to allow authors, who have
published an article in a conference proceedings, a chance to disseminate their work to a
broader audience.
For detailed instructions on using LATEX2ε, refer to the LATEX User's Guide and Reference
Manual, Second Edition, by Leslie Lamport.
1. GETTING STARTED
1.1 Summary of CACM Research Highlights (Format)
Articles cited to be published in the Research Highlights section of CACM will provide
readers with a collection of outstanding research articles, selected from the broad spectrum of
computing-research conferences. Submissions for this section are first nominated by Editorial
Board Members or Approved Nominating Organizations, and are then subject to final
selection by the Editorial Board. Authors are then invited to submit their article, after they
have rewritten and expanded the scope of their articles as appropriate for the broad
readership of Communications. It is important to note that publication in Communications, a
FINAL, v.1 Author Guide - CACM Research Highlights with LATEX2ε 20 MARCH 2008 2
computing-technology and science magazine, does not conflict with publication in archival
journals. Articles in archival journals are typically expanded versions of conference
publications, while Communications aims at publishing somewhat shorter and higher-level
versions of these articles.
Submissions must address topics of relevance and professional value to a very broad-based
readership. It is best to remember that most readers are not experts in the author's particular
discipline, but expect to get a broad perspective on computing practice and research.
We’ll begin by summarizing some formatting guidelines for CACM Research Highlights.
PAGE SIZE AND LAYOUT: All material on each page should fit within a rectangle of 18.3 cm
/ 23.5 cm (7.3" / 9.25"), centered on the page, beginning 2.54 cm (1") from the top of the
page and ending with 2.54 cm (1") from the bottom. The right and left margins should be
1.9 cm (.75"). The text should be in two 8.45 cm (3.33") columns with a .83 cm (.33") gutter.
All body text is set in two columns. For CACM, the two columns on the last page do not
necessarily have to be of equal length. Remember, your text will be ‘flowed’ into CACM,
thus page-endings will differ from your original.
NORMAL OR BODY TEXT: The body text is set in 9-point Times Roman (cmr). Use sans
serif or nonproportional fonts only for special purposes, such as distinguishing source code
text. Right margins should be justified, not ragged. This Research Highlights style uses the
indenting of paragraphs, to visually distinguish between successive paragraphs, instead
of the de facto style which uses a full line space.
TITLE AND AUTHOR INFORMATION: The title (Helvetica or Arial 18-point bold), authors’
names (Helvetica or Arial 12point), author addresses, affiliations and phone number
(Helvetica or Arial 10-point) and email address (Helvetica 12 point) run across the full width
of the page. There is no restriction on the number of author names (and information blocks)
that may appear in the byline. These should be aligned at the top of the first page. Editorial
staff will fashion the byline even further and place email addresses and affiliation
information towards the back of the finalized article.
REFERENCES AND CITATIONS: Footnotes should be Times New Roman 9-point. The format
of references is a numbered list at the end of the article, sorted alphabetically by surname
and referenced by numbers in brackets e.g. [1]. The bibstyle is ‘abbrv’.
References should be published materials accessible to the public. Internal technical reports
may be cited only if they are easily accessible (i.e. you can give the address to obtain the
report within your citation) and may be obtained by any reader. Proprietary information may
not be cited. Private communications should be acknowledged, not referenced (e.g.
"[Robertson, personal communication]").
FINAL, v.1 Author Guide - CACM Research Highlights with LATEX2ε 20 MARCH 2008 3
PAGE NUMBERING, HEADERS AND FOOTERS: Do not include headers or footers in your
submission. Page numbers etc. are not output by the research4cacm.cls file.
HIERARCHICAL SECTION HEADINGS: The heading of a section should be in Times New
Roman 12 point bold in all-capitals flush left. Sections and subsequent subsections should
be numbered and flush left.
The heading of subsections should be in Times New Roman 12 point bold with only the
initial letters capitalized. (Note: For subsections and subsubsections, a word like the or a is
not capitalized unless it is the first word of the header.)
The heading for subsubsections (or lower) should be in Times New Roman 11-point italic
with initial letters capitalized.
1.2 Using the ACM LATEX2ε Document Class and BIBTEX Style Files
Now that you know more about the Research Highlights CACM format, you can rest assured
that you won’t have to fuss very much with the niceties of it. By using LATEX2ε and
BIBTEX with the Research Highlights CACM document class and bibliographic style files,
and creating .tex and .bib files that use the appropriate commands, virtually all of the nitty-
gritty of the format detailed above is handled properly for you.
The balance of this document will focus on using LATEX2ε and BIBTEX with the Research
Highlights CACM document class and bibliographic style files to produce your article. In
general, it assumes you are familiar with LATEX and BIBTEX on your site. [For those who
are not: LATEX is available for a variety of computer systems. While all versions are
essentially the same — an input file created on one should produce identical output on any
other (font issues notwithstanding) but how you actually run LATEX may vary from system
to system.]
OBTAINING THE DOCUMENT CLASS AND BIBLIOGRAPHIC STYLE FILES. You can receive
instructions on how to obtain the document class file (research4cacm.cls) and related
information (including this document) by visiting ACM’s home page at
• http://www.acm.org/Publications/cacm/guidelines/RHTemplate.html
You will probably want to put the research4cacm.cls file in your LATEX local style
directory so that LATEX can find it at run time.
As said, the document class file contains the commands which define the various structural
parts of the document to format a CACM Research Highlights paper. Since such articles are
derived from (ACM) Conference Proceedings, the similarity between the styles is far from
co-incidental. ACM wants you to focus on adjusting the content – to edit the article so that it
can be understood by a wider audience – instead of spending time changing LaTeX
commands to suit a new style.
FINAL, v.1 Author Guide - CACM Research Highlights with LATEX2ε 20 MARCH 2008 4
NOTE: Remember, when you are morphing your article, from a Proceedings paper to one
suitable for publication in the magazine, you are NOT trying to produce camera-ready copy!
Once you have the document class file and are ready to begin writing/editing your article,
write, revise, and prepare your article for submission as you usually do with LATEX, using
information from:
• Author's Guide to Preparing ‘Research Highlights’ for CACM Using LATEX2
ε
and
BIBTEX (this document)
• LATEX User's Guide and Reference Manual [Second Edition] (Leslie Lamport)
Remember, you should use only the structural commands in the research4cacm.cls file, but
you many use any of the typographical commands – such as accented or non-English
characters and the mathematical characters and structures – from LATEX.
1.3 Beginning Your LATEX Source File
It is not necessary, but it is sensible and highly recommended, to begin your document with
several comment lines showing the file name, your name, a brief revision history, and any
other pertinent comments about the file. Each line of a comment in a LATEX document
begins with a %; comments in the source document do not appear in the output.
EXAMPLE
% research4cacm.tex
% Preparation of my Proceedings Conference Paper to one more
% suitable for publishing in CACM.
% Author: John Doe
% Revisions: 20 March 2008
The very first (non-commented) lines in your file must be
\documentclass{research4cacm}
\begin{document}
This tells LATEX to add the Research Highlights CACM style file’s structural commands to
the suite of typographic commands already available, and to begin working in the ACM
document environment.
The very last (non-commented) line in your file must be
\end{document}
All the rest of your LATEX document is “bracketed”, as it were, by these commands.
A word to the novice: if you have some previous experience with LATEX, you will probably
find it very helpful and instructive to obtain the source files of the sample document;
FINAL, v.1 Author Guide - CACM Research Highlights with LATEX2ε 20 MARCH 2008 5
research-highlights.tex, research4cacm.cls, bibs4cacm.bib along with the three pieces of
artwork; rosette.ps, fly.eps and flies.eps), and compile them with LATEX and BIBTEX, and
then compare the source with your output.
A word to the expert: If you have routinely used LATEX or TEX for a long time, you may be
tempted to write your own improvements to the structural definitions in the
research4cacm.cls file, or to use other commands to streamline typesetting. Please refrain
from doing this! Remember your final submission file will be edited and recompiled by a
vendor using un-hacked .tex, .sty and .cls files. The vendor’s versions will, therefore, not
contain any author-specific tweaks, hacks or local enhancements. Problems will arise if your
source file expects them to. Also, please be very careful when using \def in your source file
as you may, inadvertently, redefine a reserved LATEX or TEX keyword.
2. THE STRUCTURE OF THE ARTICLE
Your can think of your article as having this general structure: the Title and Author
Information (including title and author information along with any footnotes on title, subtitle
and authors); the Body of the Article (including text, citations, figures, tables and equations);
Acknowledgements and Bibliography.
The Title and Author Information is rather rigid in its internal organization, requiring specific
elements in a specific order. The organization of the Body of the Article is determined to a
great extent by the type of information you are communicating in your article. The
Acknowledgements section is optional, but is included only if required, likewise, its content
and internal organization are entirely up to you. The Bibliography section is produced
‘automatically’ by the abbrv.bst (bibstyle file) utilizing BIBTEX, from the ‘cites’ you insert
in your article and, of course, from the (database-like) contents of your .bib file.
Each of these general parts of the document is dealt with in detail below.
2.1 Some Housekeeping Details
There are a few details that must be attended to during the morphing of any Conference
Proceeding article to one suitable for publication in CACM. In addition, there are some
formatting tweaks specific to the final, published, version. Such final formatting tweaks, are
really the purview of the editor for CACM, and are not, strictly speaking, the author’s
responsibility. (But they are mentioned here for completeness.)
2.1.1 Conference Information
The \conferenceinfo{}{} command, normally seen in a Conference Proceedings
submission should be commented out.
EXAMPLE
%\conferenceinfo{STOC}{'97 El Paso, Texas USA}
FINAL, v.1 Author Guide - CACM Research Highlights with LATEX2ε 20 MARCH 2008 6
2.1.3 Copyright Date
The \CopyrightYear{} command, normally seen in a Conference Proceedings submission
should be commented out.
EXAMPLE
%\CopyrightYear{1999}
2.1.4 Copyright Data
The \crdata{} command, takes a single argument: the fourteen digit number that
comprises the copyright data. This appears in the copyright notice at the bottom of the first
page of each article. This information defaults to 0001-0782/08/0X00 if not specified. The
\crdata{} command allows the default to be overridden, if need be.
EXAMPLE
\crdata{0001-0782/08/0200}
2.2 Title and Author Information
As noted above, the internal organization of the title and author is rather rigid. The following
outline shows the basic organization of the front matter; an explanation of each element is
given in subsections 2.2.1 through 2.2.4. Unless noted as OPTIONAL, each element below is
required, and required in the order indicated. (This same outline is repeated, with the actual
LATEX command or environment in lieu of the description for each element given below, in
section 2.2.4 of this document.)
• Title
footnote about title (OPTIONAL)
• Subtitle (OPTIONAL)
footnote(s) about subtitle (OPTIONAL)
• Author or authors’ information
includes names, affiliations, addresses and e-mail addresses
footnote(s) about author(s) (OPTIONAL)
2.2.1 Title of the Paper
The \title{} command takes one argument: the title of your article. You may insert \\
(line breaks) to indicate desirable line breaks for the title; if you do not insert line breaks,
LATEX may insert them in ways that you find unaesthetic.
You should enter the title in mixed upper and lower case. You may indicate emphasis with
the \ttlit command, and you may of course enter any required special characters with the
appropriate LATEX command. If you need to enter math mode characters, use \huge size for
the best match of math characters to title characters.
FINAL, v.1 Author Guide - CACM Research Highlights with LATEX2ε 20 MARCH 2008 7
EXAMPLE
\title{On {\huge$\mathrm{ACC}^0[p^k]$} Proofs}
If you need to include any information about the title in a note at the bottom of the page, use
the \titlenote{} command. The text of the note is the argument of the \titlenote{}
command; ‘numbering’ (actually, symbols are used to indicate order in the title notes) is done
automatically. The \titlenote{} command and its argument should be contained within
the argument of the \title{} command.
EXAMPLE
\title{A Novel Application for B$\acute{\mbox{e}}$zier Curves}
or
\title{On Sorting Strings in External Memory\titlenote{Paper
presented at the STOC ’97 in El Paso.}}
You may have up to five occurrences of the \titlenote{} command throughout the title
and author information block.
2.2.2 Subtitle of the Paper
The \subtitle{} command takes one argument: a subtitle of your paper. Most often, this
is the remark that a paper is an “Extended Abstract”, but you may use it for any text that
should be centered in a smaller type size below the title and before the author information
block.
You should enter the subtitle in mixed upper and lower case. You may indicate emphasis
with the \subttlit command or emboldening with \subttlbf, and you may of course
enter any required special characters with the appropriate LATEX command.
If you need to include any information about the subtitle in a note at the bottom of the page,
use the \titlenote{} command. The text of the note is the argument of the
\titlenote{} command; numbering is done automatically. The \titlenote{}
command and its argument should be contained within the argument of the \subtitle{}
command. (The \subtitle{} command is optional.)
EXAMPLE
\subtitle{[Extended Abstract]\titlenote{The full paper will appear
in the Journal of Theoretical Practice.}}
2.2.3 Author or Authors
The style calls for ‘alignment’ of the names and affiliations, of the authors’, beneath the
article title. There is no restriction on the number of authors that can appear beneath the title.
FINAL, v.1 Author Guide - CACM Research Highlights with LATEX2ε 20 MARCH 2008 8
To help LATEX to handle this formatting, use the command \numberofauthors{}, which
takes the single argument, none other than the total number of authors.
Now, how to handle all those author names… The \author{} command takes one
argument, but it may be a long and complex one: the names of all authors who wish to appear
beneath the article title, along with their affiliations and addresses and email addresses, and
any footnotes that must go with an individual’s name. Let’s go through the details of this
block of author information.
Start each of the author’s name and affiliation with the \alignauthor command, which
takes no argument, but handles some calculations to align and center the author information
properly. If there is a footnote for an author, you must use the \titlenote{} command,
with the text of the footnote as its argument. End each line of the author information with \\
to ensure proper line breaks.
Next, use the command \affaddr{} which takes as its argument a line of affiliation or
address to ensure the proper formatting of the address and affiliation for each author. Finally,
use \email{} with the argument of an email address to properly format that nugget of
author information.
EXAMPLES
A single author:
\numberofauthors{1}
\author{
\alignauthor Ben Trovato\titlenote{ A note from Dr.~Trovato.}\\
\affaddr{Institute for Clarity in Documentation}\\
\affaddr{1932 Wallamaloo Lane}\\
\affaddr{Wallamaloo, New Zealand}\\
\email{trovato@corporation.com}
}
Two authors:
\numberofauthors{2}
\author{
\alignauthor Ben Trovato\titlenote{ A note from Dr.~Trovato. }\\
\affaddr{Institute for Clarity in Documentation}\\
\affaddr{1932 Wallamaloo Lane}\\
\affaddr{Wallamaloo, New Zealand}\\
\email{trovato@corporation.com}
\alignauthor Lars Th{\o}rv{\"a}ld\titlenote{A note from Lars.}\\
\affaddr{The Th{\o}rv{\"a}ld Group}\\
\affaddr{1 Th{\o}rv{\"a}ld Circle}\\
\affaddr{Hekla, Iceland}\\
\email{larst@affiliation.org} }
FINAL, v.1 Author Guide - CACM Research Highlights with LATEX2ε 20 MARCH 2008 9
Six authors:
\numberofauthors{6}
\author{
% 1st. author
\alignauthor
Ben Trovato\titlenote{ A note from Dr.~Trovato.}\\
\affaddr{Institute for Clarity in Documentation}\\
\affaddr{1932 Wallamaloo Lane}\\
\affaddr{Wallamaloo, New Zealand}\\
\email{trovato@corporation.com}
% 2nd. author
\alignauthor
G.K.M. Tobin\titlenote{ A note from G. Tobin.}\\
\affaddr{Institute for Clarity in Documentation}\\
\affaddr{P.O. Box 1212}\\
\affaddr{Dublin, Ohio 43017-6221}\\
\email{webmaster@marysville-ohio.com}
% 3rd. author
\alignauthor Lars Th{\o}rv{\"a}ld\titlenote{A note from Lars.}\\
\affaddr{The Th{\o}rv{\"a}ld Group}\\
\affaddr{1 Th{\o}rv{\"a}ld Circle}\\
\affaddr{Hekla, Iceland}\\
\email{larst@affiliation.org}
\and % use '\and' if you need 'another row' of author names
% 4th. author
\alignauthor Lawrence P. Leipuner\\
\affaddr{Brookhaven Laboratories}\\
\affaddr{Brookhaven National Lab}\\
\affaddr{P.O. Box 5000}\\
\email{lleipuner@researchlabs.org}
% 5th. author
\alignauthor Sean Fogarty\\
\affaddr{NASA Ames Research Center}\\
\affaddr{Moffett Field}\\
\affaddr{California 94035}\\
\email{fogartys@amesres.org}
% 6th. author
\alignauthor Charles Palmer\\
\affaddr{Palmer Research Laboratories}\\
\affaddr{8600 Datapoint Drive}\\
\affaddr{San Antonio, Texas 78229}\\
\email{cpalmer@prl.com}
}
If you need more than two rows, use the \and command ‘in between’ each row.
NOTE: If you have used the \additionalauthors{} feature, in your Conference article,
you need to comment this out and, instead, move ALL authors to the byline. In this way,
FINAL, v.1 Author Guide - CACM Research Highlights with LATEX2ε 20 MARCH 2008 10
ALL, authors get ‘equal billing’. Do not worry if the first page appears as though it is ‘full of
authors’ because, during the editing stage, author affiliations, emails, etc. will be moved to
the back of the article, when published in CACM.
EXAMPLES
\numberofauthors{5}
.
[\author{…} 3 of the 5 would normally go here, so as to appear beneath the title, in a Conference article.
But, for a CACM article, ALL authors get equal billing so ALL 5 should appear in the byline.]
.
%\additionalauthors{Additional authors: John Smith (The Th{\o}rvald
%Group, email: {\texttt{jsmith@affiliation.org}}) and Julius
%P.~Kumquat (The Kumquat Consortium, email:
%{\texttt{jpkumquat@consortium.net}}).}
% Memo to self: put all these authors into the byline ALSO!
Be certain to note that there is only one occurrence of \author in each document; you do
not have multiple occurrences of \author surrounding each author and affiliation. You
should insert \\ (line breaks) between a name and each line of affiliation and/or address, and
you may insert one for a desirable break if either line is too long to fit on a single line.
You should enter the author’s/authors’ names and affiliation in mixed upper and lower case.
You may use any of LATEX’s accented characters as required in an author or organization
name. You may put a tie accent (the tilde with no backslash) between an initial and a
subsequent part of the name to improve spacing.
2.3 The Body of the Article
The body of your paper, just like for a Conference, will start out with an abstract.
NOTE: For CACM, the categories, subject descriptors and general terms are to be
commented out.
Beyond that, there are very few requirements: the text of the body of the article is organized
as you see fit to best communicate your ideas. Type style changes and accents and symbols
from languages other than English may be necessary for clarity and precision. Moreover, the
body of the article may contain equations and other mathematical structures, as well as
figures and tables. The body of the article will also include citations to works referenced in
the bibliography.
Each of these different aspects of the body of your article will be considered in turn below.
FINAL, v.1 Author Guide - CACM Research Highlights with LATEX2ε 20 MARCH 2008 11
2.3.1 Abstract
The abstract of the article is put in the abstract environment. Place the control sequence
\begin{abstract} at the front of the abstract and \end{abstract} at the end.
Multiple paragraphs may be separated by a blank line.
2.3.2 Categories and Subject Descriptions
For CACM, the Categories and Subject Descriptions are to be commented out.
EXAMPLES
Note: both are from the same document:
%\category{D.2}{Software}{Software Engineering}
%\category{D.2.8}{Software Engineering}{Metrics}[complexity
%measures, performance measures]
2.3.3 General Terms
For CACM, the General Terms are to be commented out.
EXAMPLE
%\terms{Languages, Performance}
2.3.4 Keywords
For CACM, Keywords are to be commented out.
EXAMPLE
%\keywords{Discrete event modeling, encapsulation, event-driven
%simulation, modularity, parallel discrete event simulation, process
%interaction}
2.3.5 Type Styles and “Special” Characters
As you probably know, LATEX has the ability to change type styles and to use accents and
symbols from other languages. Remember, that the type style changes that occur in
distinguishing structural parts of the document are handled by the research4cacm.cls
commands. For instance, the larger, bolder type of the title is provided automatically by
making the text the argument to the \title command. Nevertheless, you will likely need
occasionally to denote non-structural text as italicized (use the \textit command), as
emboldened (use the \textbf command) or as typewriter style (use \texttt
command). Please take care with the position of the curly brackets when changing typefaces;
all text you wish to be in the “changed” typeface must be contained within the curly brackets.
An aside for users of earlier versions of LaTEX or plain old TEX: The way that font style
changes are done has changed, viz. the \textit command italicizes only its argument; thus,
\textit{Italicize this!} But not this.
will result in
Italicize this! But not this.
FINAL, v.1 Author Guide - CACM Research Highlights with LATEX2ε 20 MARCH 2008 12
However, those used to the old “toggle” style change command might be surprised that
\textit Italicize this! \textrm But not this.
will result in:
Italicize this! But not this.
Because, in the absence of brackets delineating the argument, only the first letter of the
following text has the style change applied.
Another change is that style change commands can be combined to produce a variety of
styles within the current font family. So, for instance,
\textit{Italicize this, and \textbf{boldly}!}
produces
Italicize this, and boldly!
while
Make all your style changes \textbf{boldly} and with conviction.
Results in
Make all your style changes boldly and with conviction.
In short, the result of \textbf, or any other text style command, is dependent upon the font
context (i.e., the current style of text) in which it is applied.
Note also that the old “toggle” commands \it, \tt, and so on still work; but do upgrade to
the newer commands to keep your documents as clean and consistent as possible.
Finally, note that none of the style commands discussed above (or any of the other \textnn
commands) can be used in math mode. See section 2.3.7 below for a discussion of changing
font style in math mode.
EXAMPLES
. . .since we would have to be in \textit{both} of \textit{B} and
{\textit{C}. . .
We extend \textbf{superstate} and \textbf{overlap} to sets . . .
. . .type \texttt{help@acm.org} in the . . .
You may also require accented characters or foreign language characters. These commands
allow you to handle very small pieces of foreign text in an English document. Note that
Greek letters used in mathematics are handled in a slightly different way from these
commands (see section 2.3.7). Refer to the LATEX User’s Guide & Reference Manual for a
complete list of the commands available.
Remember that the commands for accented and foreign characters can be used in any section
of your document where needed, not just in the body of the article.
FINAL, v.1 Author Guide - CACM Research Highlights with LATEX2ε 20 MARCH 2008 13
2.3.6 Headings within Text
The text of your article probably has a hierarchical organization of major sections and various
smaller sections. The research4cacm.cls file has commands available to assist you in
delineating this structure, by providing different type conventions for each level of heading
and providing automatic numbering where desired.
The command \section is the highest hierarchical section heading. It takes a single
argument: the text of the heading for that section. The heading should be entered in mixed
upper and lower case, and no heading number should be given. LATEX will add the
appropriate heading number of form digit., cause a line break to occur after the heading, and
set the heading in the appropriate type style. Although sections are generally numbered in
ACM journals, \section* may be used in lieu of \section to produce an unnumbered
section-level heading. Since a special typeface is stipulated in the .cls file for the section
headings, use the command \secit to indicate italicized text in the section heading.
The command \subsection is the next, or second highest, hierarchical section heading. It
takes a single argument, the text of the heading for that subsection. The heading should be
entered in mixed upper and lower case, and no heading number should be given. LATEX
will add the appropriate heading number of form digit.digit, cause a line break to occur after
the heading and set the heading in the appropriate type style. Although subsections are
generally numbered in ACM journals, \subsection* may be used in lieu of \subsection
to produce an unnumbered subsection-level heading. Since a special typeface is stipulated in
the .cls file for the subsection headings, use the command \subsecit to indicate
emphasized text in the subsection heading.
The command \subsubsection is the third highest hierarchical section heading. It takes a
single argument, the text of the heading for that sub-subsection. The heading should be
entered in mixed upper and lower case, and no heading number should be given. LATEX
will add the appropriate heading number of form digit.digit.digit and set the heading in the
appropriate type style. The command \subsubsection* may be used in lieu of
\subsubsection to produce an unnumbered subsection-level heading.
The command \paragraph is the lowest hierarchical section heading. It takes a single
argument, the text of the heading for that portion of the article (paragraph is a bit of a
misnomer, as more than one paragraph of text can occur below a \paragraph heading).
The heading should be entered in mixed upper and lower case, and no heading number
should be given. LATEX will add the appropriate heading number of form
digit.digit.digit.digit and set the heading in the appropriate type style. The command
\paragraph* may be used in lieu of \paragraph to produce an unnumbered subsection-
level heading.
By the way, there is no visual distinction between the output of the command
\subsubsection* and that of \paragraph*; only the numbered versions are
distinguishable. The reader may decide whether that is a hint or a caveat.
FINAL, v.1 Author Guide - CACM Research Highlights with LATEX2ε 20 MARCH 2008 14
EXAMPLE
\section{Conclusion}
text
\subsection{Experimental Results}
text
\subsection{Analysis of Results}
text
\subsubsection{Analytical Method}
text
\subsubsection{Problems with Data}
text
\paragraph*{The Dog Ate the Printout}
text
\subsection{Author's Findings}
text
\subsection{{\subsecit De Facto} Conclusions}
text
2.3.7 Mathematical and Logical Structures
The research4cacm.cls file already provides you with environments for math expressions
and provides you with a means to add additional logical constructs.
The equation environment renders mathematical expressions within it in “display math
style” (i.e. vertical space occurs before and after the equation(s), and it is/they are centered
horizontally) and automatically adds the appropriate equation number in parentheses right
justified and vertically centered.
EXAMPLE
\begin{equation}
y = x^2 + x + 1
\end{equation}
The displaymath environment renders mathematical expressions within it in “display math
style” (as described above) but does not number the equation.
EXAMPLE
\begin{displaymath}
y = x^2 + x + 1
\end{displaymath}
The math environment renders mathematical expressions within it in inline (i.e., no vertical
space between text and equation) math style. Surrounding dollar signs are a common and
useful shortcut for the math environment.
EXAMPLE
We find that \begin{math} y = x^2 + x + 1\end{math} is. . .
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We find that $y=x^2 + x + 1$ is. . .
Users of earlier versions of LATEX will want to note the new rules in LATEX2ε for changing
fonts within math mode, such as \mathit (change to italic in math), \mathrm (change to
roman in math) and \mathbf (change to bold in math). These commands change the style
only of letters, numbers and uppercase Greek letters; nothing else is affected.
The rules for all the complexities of math expressions that may be expressed within such
environments are far beyond the scope of this document. Please refer to the LATEX User’s
Guide & Reference Manual for a complete list of mathematical structures and symbols.
In addition to the actual “math mode” environments, wherein math symbols and structures
are the norm and text is the exception, you may also want environments in which the content
is primarily textual, but which contain logical constructs, such as algorithms, answers,
assertions and axioms (and that’s just the A’s!).
One group of such constructs has the form of a theorem, i.e. the name of the construct
appears in small caps, its appropriate number is appended, and the text is set in italics. For
each of these, use the command \newtheorem once, before the first use of the construct.
The command \newtheorem takes two arguments, the first the lowercase name of the
environment, and the second the capitalized tagline to appear before each occurrence of the
construct.
EXAMPLE
\newtheorem{axiom}{Axiom}
\begin{axiom}Every nonempty set of real numbers that has an upper
bound has a {\it least} upper bound.\end{axiom}
Note that the \newtheorem command occurs only once for each different logical construct
you specify. Also remember that text is assumed as the contents of any of the environments
created with the \newtheorem command; if you use a mathematical expression, you must
stipulate the math environment you want.
Other logical constructs that have the same appearance, for which you will want to add an
appropriate \newtheorem command when they occur in your document, are:
Algorithm Corollary Proposition
Assertion Criterion Reduction
Axiom Hypothesis Sublemma
Conjecture Lemma Theorem
Another group of such constructs has the form of a definition or convention (among others),
i.e., the name of the construct appears in italics, its appropriate number is appended, and the
text is set in Roman. For each of these, use the command \newdef once, before the first
use of the construct. The command \newdef takes two arguments, the first the lowercase
name of the environment, and the second the capitalized tagline to appear before each
occurrence of the construct.
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Please note: the first argument is the non-displayed name of the environment; you can name
your environment anything you want, of course, but it makes most sense to simply call the
environment by the same word that will appear in the tagline (the second argument).
EXAMPLE
\newdef{answer}{Answer}
\begin{answer}
\begin{displaymath}
{\bf a \cdot b} = (2)(1) + (1)(1) + (1)(-3) =2+1-3=0
\end{displaymath}
Since the dot product is 0, the two vectors must be perpendicular.
The angle between them is $\frac{1}{2}\pi$ radians.\end{answer}
% later in document, answer to another problem
\begin{answer}42\end{answer}
Note that the \newdef command occurs only once for each different logical construct you
specify. Also remember that text is assumed as the contents of any of the environments
created with the \newdef command; if you use a mathematical expression, you must
stipulate the math environment you want.
Other logical constructs that have the same appearance, for which you will want to add an
appropriate \newdef command when they occur in your document, are:
Answer Convention Problem
Application Definition Property
Affirmation Discussion Subcase
Assumption Example Step
Case Exercise Technique
Claim Fact Type
Comment Notation Question
Conclusion Note Remark
Condition Observation
One other environment is already provided by research4cacm.cls. The proof environment
precedes the text entered with the tagline Proof in the appropriate typestyle, is not numbered
and concludes the text with an open square dingbat.
EXAMPLE
\begin{proof} If $x$ is in the range of $f$, then $f$ must take on
the value $x$ at some number. Since $f$ is one-to-one, there can be
only one such number. We call it $g(x)$. \end{proof}
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2.3.8 Citations
Citations to articles or books listed in the Bibliography section of your article will occur
throughout the text of your article. You should create a .bib source file and use BIBTEX to
automatically produce this bibliography; you simply need to insert the command \cite in
the proper location in the text of the body of the article. The command \cite has a single
argument, the key for the item cited. The key is a short reference you invent to uniquely
identify each work; typically the key is the first author's surname and a word from the title,
separated by a colon. This unique identifying key is included with each item in the .bib file
for your article.
A citation may reference more than one work.
EXAMPLE
..with the second edition of \textit{Fundamentals of Interactive
Computer Graphics}, by Foley et al. \cite{foley:fundamentals}
Other systems use a spreadsheet model for accessing attributes of
objects \cite{myers:graphical,wilde:spreadsheet}
These examples are from an article in \textit{ACM Transactions on
Information Systems} \cite{pausch:lessons}
More information on how the indentifier key must tie in to the .bib file, and on the .bib file
itself, can be found below in Section 2.6.
2.3.9 Tables
The research4cacm.cls file already provides you with environments for proper placement
and formatting of tables with captions in your document. Because tables cannot be split
across pages, and because half-empty pages are undesirable, the table and table*
environment allows tabular information to “float” to a convenient location, such as the start
of the following page.
To include a table that is no wider than a single column of text, use the table environment.
The commands \begin{table} and \end{table} should surround all material
comprising the table, including the table caption. This should be followed by the command
\centering (which takes no argument) to center the tabular information horizontally on the
page. Then, use the command \caption with a single argument, the text of the caption, to
correctly number and caption your table. Next, you must use the tabular environment to
control the formatting of the actual contents of the table; use the commands
\begin{tabular} and \end{tabular}.
To include a table that is wider than a single column of text, up to the total page width, use
the table* environment. The commands \begin{table*} and \end{table*} should
surround all material comprising the table, including the table caption. This should be
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followed by the command \centering (which takes no argument) to center the tabular
information horizontally on the page. Then, use the command \caption with a single
argument, the text of the caption, to correctly number and caption your table. Next, you must
use the tabular environment to control the formatting of the actual contents of the table; use
the commands \begin{tabular} and \end{tabular}.
The niceties of formatting tabular material in rows and columns are beyond the scope of this
document; you can find all the details in the LATEX User Guide. Note that mathematical
symbols, non-English language symbols and/or changes in typestyle are permitted in the
table and tabular environments; use the normal commands or environments.
EXAMPLES
% Single-column table
\begin{table}
\centering
\caption{Frequency of Special Characters}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|l|} \hline
Non-English or Math Characters&Frequency&Comments\\ \hline
\O & 1 in 1,000& Useful for Swedish names\\ \hline
$\pi$ & 1 in 5& Very common in math\\ \hline
\$ & 4 in 5 & Used in business\\ \hline
$\Psi^2_1$ & 1 in 40,000& Unexplained usage\\ \hline
\end{tabular}
\end{table}
% Full page width table
\begin{table*}
\centering
\caption{Some Typical Commands}
\begin{tabular}{|c|c|l|} \hline
Command&A Number&Comments\\ \hline
\texttt{{\char'134}alignauthor} & 100 & Author alignment\\ \hline
\texttt{{\char'134}numberofauthors} & 200 & Author enumeration\\
\hline
\texttt{{\char'134}table} & 300 & For tables\\ \hline
\texttt{{\char'134}table*} & 400 & For wider tables\\
\hline\end{tabular}
\end{table*}
% end the environment with {table*}, not {table}!
You may use the table, table* and tabular environments anywhere in the body of the article
or the appendices, for every occurrence of table information. Place the table or table*
environment and its contents just past the point where it is first mentioned; remember, this
location will change to accommodate desirable page breaks.
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2.3.10 Figures
The research4cacm.cls file already provides you with environments for proper placement of
figures with captions in your document. Because figures cannot be split across pages, and
because half-empty pages are undesirable, the figure and figure* environments allows
graphics to “float” to a convenient location, such as the start of the following page.
To include a figure that is no wider than a single column of text, use the figure environment.
The commands \begin{figure} and \end{figure} should surround the figure,
including the figure caption. The \begin{figure} command should be followed by the
command \centering (which takes no argument) to center the graphic horizontally on the
page.
To include a figure that is wider than a single column of text, up to the total page width, use
the figure* environment. The commands \begin{figure*} and \end{figure*} should
surround the figure, including the figure caption. The \begin{figure*} command should
be followed by the command \centering (which takes no argument) to center the graphic
horizontally on the page.
Encapsulated PostScript – Use the command \epsfig to reference an .eps figure in the
body of the article in order to preview or print it with LATEX (assuming you have the proper
driver).
The command \epsfig takes a single argument composed of one or more parameters (more
on that, in a moment) separated by commas. The first (and only required) parameter is
file=filename, the name of the graphics file including the .eps suffix. If the graphic is the
proper size for your document, nothing additional is needed; but if you wish to resize the
graphic, add the parameters height=graphicheight and width=graphicwidth.
EXAMPLES
\begin{figure}
\centering
\epsfig{file=fly.eps}
\caption{A sample black and white graphic (.eps format).}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure}
\centering
\epsfig{file=fly.eps, height=1in, width=1in}
\caption{A sample black and white graphic (.eps format) that has
been resized with the \texttt{epsfig} command.}
\end{figure}
\begin{figure*}
\centering
\epsfig{file=flies.eps}
\caption{A sample black and white graphic (.eps format) that needs
to span two columns of text.}
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\end{figure*}
% and don't forget to end the environment with {figure*}, not %
{figure}!
PostScript – Use the command \psfig to reference a .ps figure in the body of the article in
order to preview or print it with LATEX (assuming you have the proper driver).
The command \psfig works just like \epsfig: it takes a single argument composed of one
or more parameters separated by commas. The first (and only required) parameter is
file=filename, the name of the graphics file including the .ps suffix. If the graphic is the
proper size for your document, nothing additional is needed; but if you wish to resize the
graphic, add the parameters height=graphicheight and width=graphicwidth.
EXAMPLE
\begin{figure}
\centering
\psfig{file=rosette.ps, height=1in, width=1in}
\caption{A sample black and white graphic (.ps format) that has been
resized with the \texttt{psfig} command.}
\end{figure}
Finally, use the command \caption with a single argument, the text of the caption, to
correctly number and caption your figure.
You may use the figure environment anywhere in the body of the article or the appendices,
for every occurrence of figures. Place the figure or figure* environment and its contents just
past the point where it is first mentioned; remember, this location will change to
accommodate desirable page breaks. We have also experienced success including PDF files
as figures/images, so feel free to use PDFs!
2.4 Acknowledgements
The Acknowledgements section of your document is optional; it is used, as the name
suggests, to acknowledge contributions of individuals or organizations to the document or the
research it discusses. This section should immediately follow the end of the body of your
document. Use the command \section{Acknowledgements} to start the text of your
acknowledgements. A new paragraph can be indicated by a blank line in the input file.
EXAMPLE
\section{Acknowledgements}
We would like to thank Ben Trovato, for his many helpful comments,
and his insightful perusal of our first draft.
We also want to thank the many referees of the previous versions of
this paper for their extremely useful suggestions.
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2.5 Additional Authors
This may appear in your Conference Proceedings paper before the Bibliography, however,
for CACM, all authors get equal billing so this section is now inapplicable. You need to
insert ALL authors into the byline and comment out the \additionalauthors in your .tex
file. The ‘number’ of authors, appearing in the byline, is unrestricted.
EXAMPLE
%\additionalauthors
% Memo to self: Move ALL authors to the byline
2.6 Bibliography
You should use the BIBTEX facility to produce the bibliography for your article. If you do,
you must write a bibliography input (.bib) file, which must be run through LATEX and
BIBTEX to create a bibliography output (.bbl) file. You should remember to supply the .bbl
file, along with all your other files, when your article is ready for submission.
You need only two commands in your LaTeX file to produce the bibliography:
\bibliographystyle and \bibliography.
The command \bibliographystyle takes a single argument, the name of the
bibliography style (abbrv) file which you should use to properly format your citations and
the bibliography, in this case, the abbreviated style. The command \bibliographystyle
should immediately follow the end of the body of the article or any acknowledgements or
appendices. The command \bibliography should immediately follow the command
\bibliographystyle. The command \bibliography takes a single argument, the
name of the bibliography database file (the .bib file) for your article.
EXAMPLE
\bibliographystyle{abbrv}
\bibliography{bibs4cacm}
\end{document}
% Memo to self: Remember to supply the .bbl file when submitting
The .bib file is separate from the .tex file, and consists of entries for each item cited in your
article. These entries must be arranged alphabetically according to author's or editor's names,
or publishing organizations for items to which no names can be attached. The complete rules
for the construction of a proper 'bib' file are beyond the scope of this document, but may be
found in the LATEX User’s Guide & Reference Manual.
You will also need to consult your Local Guide for complete details on running BibTEX.
The main point to remember is that you must run:
latex yourarticle[.tex]
bibtex yourarticle[.aux]
latex yourarticle[.tex]
latex yourarticle[.tex]
FINAL, v.1 Author Guide - CACM Research Highlights with LATEX2ε 20 MARCH 2008 22
in order to completely resolve all references and produce a proper .bbl file.
EXAMPLES OF BIB FILE ITEMS
These items correspond to citations in Section 3.3.3. Note identifier key.
@BOOK{foley:fundamentals,
AUTHOR = "Foley, J. and ",
TITLE = "Computer Graphics: Principles and Practice ",
PUBLISHER = {Addison-Wesley Publishing Co.},
ADDRESS = {Reading, MA},
YEAR = "1990" }
@INPROCEEDINGS{myers:graphical,
AUTHOR = "B. Myers",
TITLE = "Graphical Techniques in a spreadsheet for
specifying user interfaces",
BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of ACM CHI’91 Conference
on Human Factors in Computing Systems, (New Orleans,
LA, Apr 27 - May 2, 1991)},
PAGES = {243-250}
YEAR = {1991} }
@ARTICLE{pausch:lessons,
AUTHOR = "Randy Pausch and Matthew Conway and Robert DeLine",
TITLE = "Lessons Learned from SUIT, the Simple
User Interface Toolkit",
JOURNAL = {ACM Transactions on Information Systems},
VOLUME = {10},
NUMBER = {4},
PAGES = {320-344},
MONTH = {October},
YEAR = {1992} }
@INPROCEEDINGS{wilde:spreadsheet,
AUTHOR = "Wilde, J. and Lewis, C.",
TITLE = "Spreadsheet-based interactive graphics: from
prototype to tool",
BOOKTITLE = {Proceedings of ACM CHI’90 Conference on
Human Factors in Computing Systems, (Seattle Washington,
April 1-5, 1990)},
PAGES = {153-159}
YEAR = {1990} }
FINAL, v.1 Author Guide - CACM Research Highlights with LATEX2ε 20 MARCH 2008 23
The following is an example of what a .bbl file looks like.
EXAMPLES OF BBL FILE ITEMS
\begin{thebibliography}{10}
\bibitem{Alexander2004}
R.~T. Alexander, J.~M. Bieman, and A.~A. Andrews.
\newblock Towards the systematic testing of aspect-oriented
programs.
\newblock Technical Report CS-4-105, Department of Computer Science,
Colorado
State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, 2004.
\bibitem{Binder1999}
R.~V. Binder.
\newblock {\em Testing object-oriented systems: models, patterns,
and tools}.
\newblock Addison-Wesley Longman Publishing Co., Inc., 1999.
\bibitem{bowman:reasoning}
M.~Bowman, S.~K. Debray, and L.~L. Peterson.
\newblock Reasoning about naming systems.
\newblock {\em ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst.}, 15(5):795--825,
November 1993.
\bibitem{braams:babel}
J.~Braams.
\newblock Babel, a multilingual style-option system for use with
latex's
standard document styles.
\newblock {\em TUGboat}, 12(2):291--301, June 1991.
\bibitem{clark:pct}
M.~Clark.
\newblock Post congress tristesse.
\newblock In {\em TeX90 Conference Proceedings}, pages 84--89. TeX
Users Group,
March 1991.
\bibitem{herlihy:methodology}
M.~Herlihy.
\newblock A methodology for implementing highly concurrent data
objects.
\newblock {\em ACM Trans. Program. Lang. Syst.}, 15(5):745--770,
November 1993.
\bibitem{Lamport:LaTeX}
L.~Lamport.
FINAL, v.1 Author Guide - CACM Research Highlights with LATEX2ε 20 MARCH 2008 24
\newblock {\em LaTeX User's Guide and Document Reference Manual}.
\newblock Addison-Wesley Publishing Company, Reading, Massachusetts,
1986.
\bibitem{McGregor1996}
J.~D. McGregor.
\newblock Testing object-oriented components.
\newblock In {\em Proceedings of the 10th European Conference on
Object-Oriented Programming}, Berlin, 1996. Springer-Verlag.
\newblock Tutorial Notes.
\bibitem{Pressman2002}
R.~S. Pressman.
\newblock {\em Engenharia de Software}.
\newblock McGraw-Hill Interamericana, 2002.
\bibitem{salas:calculus}
S.~Salas and E.~Hille.
\newblock {\em Calculus: One and Several Variable}.
\newblock John Wiley and Sons, New York, 1978.
\bibitem{Zhao2003}
J.~Zhao.
\newblock Data-flow-based unit testing of aspect-oriented programs.
\newblock In {\em Proceedings of the 27th Annual International
Computer
Software and Applications Conference (COMPSAC 2003)}, pages 188--
197. IEEE
Computer Society, 2003.
\end{thebibliography}
2.7 Appendices
The Appendix/Appendices section of your document is optional in a Conference article but
wholly inappropriate for CACM. You need to suitably edit your article so that it is shorter
and appeals to a wider audience.
2.8 A Final Bit of Formatting?
Once you have your paper written, try not to spend time formatting it. The article will
undergo editing and will be ‘flowed’ into CACM. Thus, time spent adjusting
widows/orphans, page-breaks, etc. etc. will be for naught. Again, we emphasize that you
focus on adjusting the content and let CACM be the ‘publisher’.
Your file should, for all practical purposes, now be ready for submission!
