23_9 M16 Marksmanship Training Manual FM 23 9

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FM 23-9 Preface

PREFACE
This manual provides guidance for planning and executing training on the 5.56-mm M16Al and M16A2
rifles to include the conduct of basic rifle marksmanship and advanced rifle marksmanship. It is a guide
for commanders, leaders, and instructors to develop training programs, plans, and lessons that meet the
objectives/intent of the United States Army rifle marksmanship program and FM 25-100.
This manual is organized to lead the trainer through the material needed to conduct training in IET and
units. Preliminary subjects include discussions on mechanical training, the weapons' capabilities, and the
principles and fundamentals of marksmanship. Live-fire applications are scheduled after the soldier has
demonstrated preliminary skills. Initial firing will be a grouping exercise that leads to the soldier
adjusting the sights on the weapon and to setting the battlesight zero.
The proponent of this publication is HQ TRADOC. Submit changes for improving this publication on
DA Form 2028 (Recommended Changes to Publications and Blank Forms) and forward it to
Commandant, US Army Infantry School, ATTN: ATSH-I-V-P, Fort Benning, GA 31905-5593.
Unless otherwise stated, whenever the masculine
gender is used,both men an women are included.

file:///E|/FM 23-9/Preface.html [3/17/2000 3:07:36 PM]

CHAPTER 1

Introduction
The procedures and methods used in the Army rifle marksmanship program are based on the concept that
soldiers must be skilled marksmen who can effectively apply their firing skills in combat. FM 25-100 stresses
marksmanship as a paramount soldier skill. The basic firing skills and exercises outlined in this manual must be
a part of every unit's marksmanship training program. Unit commanders must gear their advanced
marksmanship training programs to their respective METLs. The proficiency attained by a soldier depends on
the proper training and application of basic marksmanship fundamentals. During initial marksmanship training,
emphasis is on learning the firing fundamentals, which are taught in a progressive program to prepare soldiers
for combat-type exercises.

TRAINING STRATEGY
Training strategy is the overall concept for integrating resources into a program to train individual and collective
skills needed to perform a unit's wartime mission.
Training strategies for rifle marksmanship are implemented in TRADOC institutions (IET, NCOES, basic and
advanced officer's courses) and in units. The overall training strategy is multifaceted and is inclusive of the
specific strategies used in institution and unit programs. Also included are the supporting strategies that use
resources such as publications, ranges, ammunition, training aids, devices, simulators, and simulations. These
strategies focus on developing critical soldier skills, and on leader skills that are required for success in combat.
Two primary components compose the training strategies: initial training and sustainment training. Both may
include individual and collective skills. Initial training is critical. A task that is taught correctly and learned well
is retained longer and skills can be quickly regained and sustained. Therefore, initial training must be taught
correctly the first time. However, eventually an individual or unit loses skill proficiency. This learning decay
depends on many factors such as the difficulty and complexity of the task. Personnel turnover is a main factor in
decay of collective skills, since the loss of critical team members requires retraining to regain proficiency. If a
long period elapses between initial and sustainment training sessions or training doctrine is altered, retraining
may be required.
The training strategy for rifle marksmanship begins in IET and continues in the unit. An example of this overall
process is illustrated in Figure 1-1 and provides a concept of the flow of unit sustainment training (Appendix A).
JET provides field units with soldiers who have been trained and who have demonstrated proficiency to standard
in basic marksmanship tasks. The soldier graduating from these courses has been trained to maintain the rifle and
to hit a point target. He has learned target detection, application of marksmanship fundamentals, and other skills
needed to engage a target. The specific tasks and programs taught in IET are explained in Appendix A, FM 21-3,
and in commanders' manuals.

Training continues in units on the basic skills taught in IET. Additional skills such as area fire are trained and
then integrated into collective training exercises, which include platoon and squad live-fire STXs. (A year-round
unit marksmanship training program is explained in Appendix A.) The strategy for sustaining the basic
marksmanship skills taught in IET is periodic preliminary rifle instruction, followed by instructional and
qualification range firing. However, a unit must set up a year-round program to sustain skills. Key elements
include training of trainers, refresher training of non firing skills, and use of the Weaponeer or other devices for
remedial training.
Additional skills trained in the unit include semiautomatic and automatic area fires, night fire, MOPP firing, and
moving target training techniques. Related soldier skills of camouflage, cover and concealment, fire and
movement, and preparation and selection of a fighting position are addressed in FM 21-3, which must be
integrated into tactical training.
In the unit, individual and leader proficiency of marksmanship tasks are integrated into collective training to
include squad, section, and platoon drills and STXS; and for the collective tasks in these exercises, and how they
are planned and conducted, are in the MTP and battle drills books for each organization. (Force-on-force
exercises using MILES are discussed in detail in TC 25-6). Based on the type organization, collective tasks are
evaluated to standard and discussed during leader and trainer after-action reviews. Objective evaluations of both
individual and unit proficiency provide readiness indicators and future training requirements.
A critical step in the Army's overall marksmanship training strategy is to train the trainers and leaders first.
Leader courses and unit publications develop officer and NCO proficiencies necessary to plan and conduct
marksmanship training and to evaluate the effectiveness of unit marksmanship programs. Training support
materials are provided by the proponent schools to include field manuals, training aids, devices, simulators, and
programs that are doctrinal foundations and guidance for training the force.
Once the soldier understands the weapon and has demonstrated skill in zeroing, additional live-fire training and a
target acquisition exercise at various ranges are conducted. Target types and scenarios of increasing difficulty
must be mastered to develop proficiency.
Initial individual training culminates in the soldier's proficiency assessment, which is conducted on the standard
record fire range or approved alternates. This evaluation also provides an overview of unit proficiency and
training effectiveness.
General marksmanship training knowledge and firing well are acquired skills, which perish easily. Skill practice
should be conducted for short periods throughout the year. Most units have a readiness requirement that all
soldiers must zero their rifles within a certain time after unit assignment. Also, soldiers must confirm the zeros of
their assigned rifles before conducting a qualification firing. Units should conduct preliminary training and
practice firing throughout the year due to personnel turnover. A year-round marksmanship sustainment program
is needed for the unit to maintain the individual and collective firing proficiency requirements to accomplish its
mission (see Appendix A).

COMBAT FACTORS
The ultimate goal of a unit rifle marksmanship program is well-trained marksmen. In order for a unit to survive
and win on the battlefield, the trainer must realize that rifle qualification is not an end but a step toward reaching
this combat requirement. To reach this goal, the soldier should consider some of the factors of combat
conditions.
•

Enemy personnel are seldom visible except when assaulting.

•

Most combat fire must be directed at an area where the enemy has been detected or where he is suspected
of being located but cannot be seen. Area targets consist of objects or outlines of men irregularly spaced
along covered and concealed areas (ground folds, hedges, borders of woods).

•

Most combat targets can be detected by smoke, flash, dust, noise, or movement and are visible only for a
moment.

•

Some combat targets can be engaged by using nearby objects as reference points.

•

The range at which enemy soldiers can be detected and effectively engaged rarely exceeds 300 meters.

•

The nature of the target and irregularities of terrain and vegetation may require a firer to use a variety of
positions in addition to the prone or supported position to fire effectively on the target. In a defensive
situation, the firer usually fires from a supported position.

•

Choosing an aiming point in elevation is difficult due to the low contrast outline and obscurity of most
combat targets.

•

Time-stressed fire in combat can be divided into three types:
- A single, fleeing target that must be engaged quickly.
- Area targets that must be engaged with distributed fires that cover the entire area. The firer must
maintain sustained fire on the sector he is assigned.
- A surprise target that must be engaged at once with accurate, instinctive fire.

CHAPTER 2

Operation and Function
The procedures and techniques described in this chapter provide commanders, planners, and trainers
information on the M16A1 and M16A2 rifles. These include mechanical training, operation, functioning,
preventive maintenance, and common malfunctions. Technical data are presented in a logical sequence from
basic to the more complex. Additional information is provided in technical manuals for the rifle.

________________
CLEAR the RIFLE

Section I. OPERATIONAL CHARACTERISTICS
This section describes general characteristics of the M16A1 and M16A2 rifles.

M16A1 RIFLE
The M16A1 rifle (Figure 2-2) is a 5.56-mm, magazine-fed, gas-operated, shoulder-fired weapon. It is designed
for either semiautomatic or automatic fire through the use of a selector lever (SAFE, SEMI, and AUTO).

M16A2 RIFLE
The M16A2 rifle features several product improvements illustrated in this chapter and the operator's manual. The
rifle (Figure 2-3) is a 5.56-mm, magazine-fed, gas-operated, shoulder-fired weapon. It is designed to fire either
semiautomatic or a three-round burst through the use of a selector lever (SAFE, SEMI, and BURST).

NOTE: The procedures for disassembly, inspection, and maintenance of the M16A1 and M16A2 rifles are
contained in the appropriate operator's technical manual.

Section II. FUNCTION
The soldier must understand the rifles' components and the mechanical sequence of events during the firing
cycle. The M16A1 rifle is designed to function in either the semiautomatic or automatic mode. The M16A2 is
designed to function in either the semiautomatic or three-round burst mode.

STEPS OF FUNCTIONING
The eight steps of functioning (feeding, chambering, locking, firing, unlocking, extracting, ejecting, and
cocking) begin after the loaded magazine has been inserted into the weapon.
STEP 1: Feeding (Figure 2-4). As the bolt carrier group moves rearward, it engages the buffer assembly and
compresses the action spring into the lower receiver extension. When the bolt carrier group clears the top of the
magazine, the expansion of the magazine spring forces the follower and a new round up into the path of the
forward movement of the bolt. The expansion of the action spring sends the buffer assembly and bolt carrier
group forward with enough force to strip a new round from the magazine.

STEP 2: Chambering (Figure 2-5). As the bolt carrier group continues to move forward, the face of the bolt
thrusts the new round into the chamber. At the same time, the extractor claw grips the rim of the cartridge, and
the ejector is compressed.

STEP 3: Locking (Figure 2-6). As the bolt carrier group moves forward, the bolt is kept in its most forward
position by the bolt cam pin riding in the guide channel in the upper receiver. Just before the bolt locking lugs
make contact with the barrel extension, the bolt cam pin emerges from the guide channel. The pressure exerted
by the contact of the bolt locking lugs and barrel extension causes the bolt cam pin to move along the cam track
(located in the bolt carrier) in a counterclockwise direction, rotating the bolt locking lugs in line behind the barrel
extension locking lugs. The rifle is then ready to fire.

STEP 4: Firing (Figure 2-7). With a round in the chamber, the hammer cocked, and the selector on SEMI, the
firer squeezes the trigger. The trigger rotates on the trigger pin, depressing the nose of the trigger and
disengaging the notch on the bottom on the hammer. The hammer spring drives the hammer forward. The
hammer strikes the head of the firing pin, driving the firing pin through the bolt into the primer of the round.
When the primer is struck by the firing pin, it ignites and causes the powder in the cartridge to ignite. The gas
generated by the rapid burning of the powder forces the projectile from the cartridge and propels it through the
barrel. After the projectile has passed the gas port (located on the upper surface of the barrel under the front
sight) and before it leaves the barrel, some gas enters the gas port and moves into the gas tube. The gas tube
directs the gas into the bolt carrier key and then into the cylinder between the bolt and bolt carrier, causing the
carrier to move rearward.

STEP 5: Unlocking (Figure 2-8). As the bolt carrier moves to the Tear, the bolt cam pin follows the path of the
cam track (located in the bolt carrier). This action causes the cam pin and bolt assembly to rotate at the same
time until the locking lugs of the bolt are no longer in line behind the locking lugs of the barrel extension.

STEP 6: Extracting (Figure 2-9). The bolt carrier group continues to move to the rear. The extractor (which is
attached to the bolt) grips the rim of the cartridge case, holds it firmly against the face of the bolt, and withdraws
the cartridge case from the chamber.

STEP 7: Ejecting (Figure 2-10). With the base of a cartridge case firmly against the face of the bolt, the ejector
and ejector spring are compressed into the bolt body. As the rearward movement of the bolt carrier group allows
the nose of the cartridge case to clear the front of the ejection port, the cartridge is pushed out by the action of the
ejector and spring.

STEP 8: Cocking (Figure 2-11). The rearward movement of the bolt carrier overrides the hammer, forcing it
down into the receiver and compressing the hammer spring, cocking the hammer in the firing position. The
action of the rifle is much faster than human reaction; therefore, the firer cannot release the trigger fast enough to
prevent multiple firing.

SEMIAUTOMATIC MODE (M16A1 AND M16A2)
The disconnector is mechanism installed so that the firer can fire single rounds in the M16A1 and M16A2 rifles.
It is attached to the trigger and is rotated forward by action of the disconnector spring. When the hammer is
cocked by the recoil of the bolt carrier, the disconnector engages the lower hook of the hammer and holds it until
the trigger is released. Then the disconnector rotates to the rear and down, disengaging the hammer and allowing
it to rotate forward until caught by the nose of the trigger. This prevents the hammer from following the bolt
carrier forward and causing multiple firing. The trigger must be squeezed again before the next round will fire.

AUTOMATIC FIRE MODE (M16A1)
When the selector lever (Figure 2-12) is set on the AUTO position, the rifle continues to fire as long as the
trigger is held back and ammunition is in the magazine. The functioning of certain parts of the rifle changes
when firing automatically.
Once the trigger is squeezed and the round is fired, the bolt carrier group moves to the rear and the hammer is
cocked. The center cam of the selector depresses the rear of the disconnector and prevents the nose of the
disconnector from engaging the lower hammer hook. The bottom part of the automatic sear catches the upper
hammer hook and holds it until the bolt carrier group moves forward. The bottom part strikes the top of the sear
and releases the hammer, causing the rifle to fire automatically.
If the trigger is released, the hammer moves forward and is caught by the nose of the trigger. This ends the
automatic cycle of fire until the trigger is squeezed again.

BURST FIRE MODE (M16A2)
When the selector lever is set on the BURST position (Figure 2-13), the rifle fires a three-round burst if the
trigger is held to the rear during the complete cycle. The weapon continues to fire three-round bursts with each
separate trigger pull as long as ammunition is in the magazine. Releasing the trigger or exhausting ammunition at
any point in the three-round cycle interrupts fire, producing one or two shots. Reapplying the trigger only
completes the interrupted cycle -it does not begin a new one. This is not a malfunction. The M16A2 disconnector
has a three-cam mechanism that continuously rotates with each firing cycle. Based on the position of the
disconnector cam, the first trigger pull (after initial selection of the BURST position) can produce one, two, or
three firing cycles before the trigger must be pulled again. The burst cam rotates until it reaches the stop notch.
NOTE: See the operator's manual for a detailed discussion on the burst position.

Section III. MALFUNCTIONS AND CORRECTIONS
Commanders and unit armorers are responsible for the organizational and direct support maintenance of
weapons. Soldiers are responsible for keeping their weapons clean and operational at all times -in training and in
combat. Therefore, the soldier should be issued an operator's technical manual and cleaning equipment for his
assigned weapon.

STOPPAGE
A stoppage is a failure of an automatic or semiautomatic firearm to complete the cycle of operation. The firer can
apply immediate or remedial action to clear the stoppage. Some stoppages that cannot be cleared by immediate
or remedial action could require weapon repair to correct the problem. A complete understanding of how the
weapon functions is an integral part of applying immediate-action procedures.
Immediate Action. This involves quickly applying a possible correction to reduce a stoppage based on initial
observation or indicators but without determining the actual cause. To apply immediate action, the soldier would
perform these steps: Gently slap upward on the magazine to ensure it is fully seated, and the magazine follower
is not jammed. Pull the charging handle fully to the rear and check the chamber (observe for the ejection of a live
or expended cartridge). Release the charging handle (do not ride it forward). Strike the forward assist assembly
to ensure bolt closure. Try to fire the rifle.
Apply immediate action only one time for a given stoppage. Do not apply immediate action a second time. If the
rifle still fails to fire, inspect it to determine the cause of the stoppage or malfunction and take appropriate
remedial action.
Remedial Action. Remedial action is the continuing effort to determine the cause for a stoppage or malfunction
and to try to clear the stoppage once it has been identified.

MAJOR CATEGORIES OF MALFUNCTIONS
A malfunction is caused by a procedural or mechanical failure of the rifle, magazine, or ammunition. Pre-firing

checks and serviceability inspections identify potential problems before they become malfunctions. Three
primary categories of malfunctions are:
1. Failure to Feed, Chamber, or Lock.
Description. A malfunction can occur when loading the rifle or during the cycle of operation. Once the magazine
has been loaded into the rifle, the forward movement of the bolt carrier group could lack enough force (generated
by the expansion of the action spring) to feed, chamber, and lock the first round. While firing, the cycle of
function is interrupted by a failure to strip a round from the magazine, to chamber the round, and to lock it
(Figure 2-14).

Probable causes. The cause could be the result of one or more of the following: excess accumulation of dirt or
fouling in and around the bolt and bolt carrier, defective magazine (dented or bulged), magazine improperly
loaded. A defective round (projectile forced back into the cartridge case that could result in a "stubbed round") or
the base of the previous field cartridge could be separated, leaving the remainder in the chamber. Other causes
could be: damaged or broken action spring, exterior accumulation of dirt in the lower receiver extension, or
fouled gas tube resulting in short recoil.
Corrective action. Applying immediate action usually corrects the malfunction. However, to avoid the risk of
further jamming, the firer should watch for ejection of a cartridge and ensure that the upper receiver is free of
any loose rounds. If immediate action fails to clear the malfunction, remedial action must be taken. The carrier
should not be forced. If resistance is encountered, which can occur with an unserviceable round, the bolt should
be locked to the rear, magazine removed, and malfunction cleared-for example, a bolt override is when a
cartridge has wedged itself between the bolt and charging handle. The best way to relieve this problem is by-•

Ensuring that the charging handle is pushed forward and locked in place.

•

Holding the rifle securely and pulling the bolt to the rear until the bolt seats completely into the buffer
well.

•

Turning the rifle upright and allowing the overridden cartridge to fall out.

2. Failure to Fire Cartridge.
Description. Failure of a cartridge to fire despite the fact that a round has been chambered, the trigger is pulled,
and the sear has released the hammer. This occurs when the firing pin fails to strike the primer with enough force
or when the ammunition is bad.
Probable causes. Excessive carbon buildup on the firing pin (Figure 2-15A) is often the cause, because the full
forward travel of the firing pin is restricted. However, a defective or worn firing pin can give the same results.
Inspection of the ammunition could reveal a shallow indentation or no mark on the primer, indicating a firing pin
problem (Figure 2-15B). Cartridges that show a normal indentation on the primer but did not fire indicate bad
ammunition.

Corrective action. If the malfunction continues, the firing pin, bolt, carrier, and locking lug recesses of the barrel
extension should be inspected, and any accumulation of excessive carbon or fouling should be removed. The
firing pin should also be inspected for damage. Cartridges that show a normal indentation on the primer but
failed to fire could indicate a bad ammunition lot. Those that show a complete penetration of the primer by the
firing pin could also indicate a bad ammunition lot or a failure of the cartridge to fully seat in the chamber.
NOTE: If the round is suspected to be faulty, it is reported and returned to the agency responsible for issuing
ammunition
3. Failure to Extract and Eject.
Failure to extract. The cartridge must extract before it can eject.
Description. A failure to extract results when the cartridge case remains in the rifle chamber. While the bolt and
bolt carrier could move rearward only a short distance, more commonly the bolt and bolt carrier recoil fully to
the rear, leaving the cartridge case in the chamber. A live round is then forced into the base of the cartridge case
as the bolt returns in the next feed cycle. This malfunction is one of the hardest to clear.
NOTE: Short recoil can also be caused by a fouled or obstructed gas tube.

Probable cause. Short recoil cycles and fouled or corroded rifle chambers are the most common causes of
failures to extract. A damaged extractor or weak/broken extractor spring can also cause this malfunction.
Corrective action. The severity of a failure to extract determines the corrective action procedures. If the bolt has
moved rearward far enough so that it strips a live round from the magazine in its forward motion, the bolt and
carrier must be locked to the rear.
The magazine and all loose rounds must be removed before clearing the stoppage. Usually, tapping the butt of
the rifle on a hard surface causes the cartridge to fall out of the chamber. However, if the cartridge case is
ruptured, it can be seized. When this occurs, a cleaning rod can be inserted into the bore from the muzzle end.
The cartridge case can be forced from the chamber by tapping the cleaning rod against the inside base of the
fired cartridge. When cleaning and inspecting the mechanism and chamber reveal no defects but failures to
extract persist, the extractor and extractor spring should be replaced. If the chamber surface is damaged, the
entire barrel must be replaced.

Failure to Eject. A failure to eject a cartridge is an element in the cycle of functioning of the rifle, regardless of
the mode of fire. A malfunction occurs when the cartridge is not ejected through the ejection port and either
remains partly in the chamber or becomes jammed in the upper receiver as the bolt closes. When the firer
initially clears the rifle, the cartridge could strike an inside surface of the receiver and bounce back into the path
of the bolt.
Probable cause. Ejection failures are hard to diagnose but are often related to a weak or damaged extractor
spring and/or ejector spring. Failures to eject can also be caused by a buildup of carbon or fouling on the ejector
spring or extractor, or from short recoil. Short recoil is usually due to a buildup of fouling in the carrier
mechanism or gas tube, which could result in many failures to include a failure to eject. Resistance caused by a
carbon-coated or corroded chamber can impede the extraction, and then the ejection of a cartridge.
Corrective action. While retraction of the charging handle usually frees the cartridge and permits removal, the
charging handle must not be released until the position of the next live round is determined. If another live round
has been sufficiently stripped from the magazine or remains in the chamber, then the magazine and all live
rounds could also require removal before the charging handle can be released. If several malfunctions occur and
are not corrected by cleaning and lubricating, the ejector spring, extractor spring, and extractor should be
replaced.

OTHER MALFUNCTIONS
Some other malfunctions that can occur are as follows.
•

Failure of the bolt to remain in a rearward position after the last round in the magazine is fired. Check for
a bad magazine or short recoil.

•

Failure of the bolt to lock in the rearward position when the bolt catch has been engaged. Check bolt
catch; replace as required.

•

Firing two or more rounds when the trigger is pulled and the selection lever is in the SEMI position. This
indicates a worn sear, cam, or disconnector. Turn in to armorer to repair and replace trigger group parts
as required.

•

Trigger will not pull or return after release with the selector set in a firing position. This indicates that the
trigger pin (Figure 2-16A)has backed out of the receiver or the hammer spring is broken. Turn in to
armorer to replace or repair.

•

Failure of the magazine to lock into the rifle (Figure 2-16B). Check the magazine and check magazine
catch for damage. Turn in to armorer to adjust the catch; replace as required.

•

Failure of any part of the bolt carrier group to function (Figure 2-16C). Check for incorrect assembly of
components. Correctly clean and assemble the bolt carrier group, or replace damaged parts.

•

Failure of the ammunition to feed from the magazine (Figure 2-16D). Check for damaged magazine. A
damaged magazine could cause repeated feeding failures and should be turned in to armorer or
exchanged.

NOTE: Additional technical information on troubleshooting malfunctions and repairing components is
contained in the organizational and DS maintenance publications and manuals.

Section IV. AMMUNITION
This section contains information on different types of standard military ammunition used in the M16A1 and
M16A2 rifles. Use only authorized ammunition that is manufactured to US and NATO specifications.

TYPES AND CHARACTERISTICS
The characteristics of the M16 family of ammunition are described in this paragraph.
Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Dummy, M199. (Used in both rifles.) The M199 dummy cartridge is used during dry fire
and other training (see 3, Figure 2-17). This cartridge can be identified by the six grooves along the side of the
case beginning about 1/2 inch from its head. It contains no propellant or primer. The primer well is open to
prevent damage to the firing pin.

Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Blank, M200. (Used in the M16A1 or M16A2 rifle.) The M200 blank cartridge has no
projectile. The case mouth is closed with a seven-petal rosette crimp and shows a violet tip (see 4, Figure 2-17).
(See Appendix C for use of the blank firing attachment.). The original M200 blank cartridge had a white tip.
Field use of this cartridge resulted in residue buildup, which caused several malfunctions. Only the violet-tipped
M200 cartridge should be used.
Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Plastic Practice Ammunition, M862. (Used in the M16A1 and M16A2 rifles.) The M862
PPA is designed exclusively for training. It can be used in lieu of service ammunition on indoor ranges, and by
units that have a limited range fan that does not allow the firing of service ammunition. It is used with the M2
training bolt.
Although PPA (see 7, Figure 2-17) closely replicates the trajectory and characteristics of service ammunition out
to 25 meters, it should not be used to set the combat battlesight zero of weapons to fire service ammunition. The
setting that is placed on the sights for a weapon firing PPA could be different for service ammunition.

If adequate range facilities are not available for sustainment (particularly Reserve Components), PPA can be
used for any firing exercises of 25 meters or less. This includes the 25-meter scaled silhouette, 25-meter alternate
qualification course, and quick-fire training. Units that have an indoor range with adequate ventilation or MOUT
site could use PPA. (See Appendix C for use in training.)
Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Ball, M193. The M193 cartridge is a center-fire cartridge with a 55-grain, gilding-metal,
jacketed, lead alloy core bullet. The primer and case are waterproof The M193 round is the standard cartridge for
field use with the M16A1 rifle and has no identifying marks (see 1, Figure 2-17). This cartridge has a projectile
weight of 55 grains and is 1.9 cm long, with a solid lead core.
Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Tracer, M196. (Used in the M16A1 rifle.) The M196 cartridge is identified by a red- or
orange-painted tip (see 2, Figure 2-17). Its main uses are for observation of fire, incendiary effect, and signaling.
Soldiers should avoid long-term use of 100-percent tracer rounds. This could cause deposits of incendiary
material/chemical compounds that could cause damage to the barrel. Therefore, when tracer rounds are fired,
they are mixed with ball ammunition in a ratio no greater than one-to-one with a preferred ratio of three or four
ball rounds to one tracer round.
Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Ball, M855. The M855 cartridge has a 62-grain, gilding-metal, jacketed, lead alloy core
bullet with a steel penetrator. The primer and case are waterproof. This is the NATO standard round for the
M16A2 rifle (also used in the M249 SAW). It is identified by a green tip (see 5, Figure 2-17). This cartridge has
a projectile weight of 62 grains and is 2.3 cm long, with a steel penetrator in the nose.
Cartridge, 5.56-mm, Tracer, M856. (Used in the M16A2 rifle.) The M856 tracer cartridge has similar
characteristics as the M196 but slightly longer tracer burnout distance. This cartridge has a 63.7-grain bullet. The
M856 does not have a steel penetrator. It is also identified by a red tip (orange when linked 4 and 1) (6, Figure 217).

CARE AND HANDLING
When necessary to store ammunition in the open, it must be raised on dunnage at least 6 inches from the ground
and protected with a cover, leaving enough space for air circulation. Since ammunition and explosives are
adversely affected by moisture and high temperatures, the following must be adhered to:
•

Do not open ammunition boxes until ready to use.

•

Protect ammunition from high temperatures and the direct rays of the sun.

•

Do not attempt to disassemble ammunition or any of its components.

•

Never use lubricants or grease on ammunition.

Section V. DESTRUCTION OF MATERIEL
Rifles subject to capture or abandonment in the combat zone are destroyed only by the authority of the unit
commander IAW orders of or policy established by the Army commander. The destruction of equipment is
reported through regular command channels.

MEANS OF DESTRUCTION
Certain procedures outlined require use of explosives and incendiary grenades. Issue of these and related
principles, and specific conditions under which destruction is effected, are command decisions. Of the several
means of destruction, the following apply:
•

Mechanical. Requires axe, pick mattock, sledge, crowbar, or other heavy implement.

•

Burning. Requires gasoline, oil, incendiary grenades, and other flammables, or welding or cutting torch.

•

Demolition. Requires suitable explosives or ammunition. Under some circumstances, hand grenades can
be used.

•

Disposal. Requires burying in the ground, dumping in streams or marshes, or scattering so widely as to
preclude recovery of essential parts.

It is important that the same parts be destroyed on all like materiel, including spare parts, so that the enemy
cannot rebuild one complete unit from several damaged units. If destruction is directed, appropriate safety
precautions must be observed.

FIELD-EXPEDIENT METHODS
If destruction of the individual rifle must be performed to prevent enemy use, the rifle must be damaged so it
cannot be restored to a usable condition. Expedient destruction requires that key operational parts be separated
from the rifle or damaged beyond repair. Priority is given in the following order:
FIRST: Bolt carrier group; removed and discarded or hidden.
SECOND: Upper receiver group; separated and discarded or hidden.
THIRD: Lower receiver group; separated and discarded or hidden.

CHAPTER 3

Rifle Marksmanship Training
The procedures and techniques for implementing the Army rifle marksmanship training program are based on
the concept that all soldiers must understand common filing principles, be proficient marksmen, and be confident
in applying their firing skills in combat. This depends on their understanding of the rifle and correct application
of marksmanship fundamentals. Proficiency is accomplished through practice that is supervised by qualified
instructors/trainers and through objective performance assessments by unit leaders. During preliminary
training, instructors/trainers emphasize initial learning, reviewing, reinforcing, and practicing of the basics.
Soldiers must master weapon maintenance, functions checks, and firing fundamentals before progressing to
advanced skills and firing exercises under tactical conditions. The skills the soldier must learn are developed in
the following four phases:
- PHASE I. PreliminaryRifle Instruction.
- PHASE II. Downrange Feedback Range Firing.
- PHASE III. Field Firing on Train-Fire Ranges.
- PHASE IV. Advanced and Collective Firing Exercises.
Each soldier progresses through these phases to meet the objective of rifle marksmanship training and
sustainment. The accomplishment of these phases are basic and necessary in mastering the correct techniques of
marksmanship and when functioning as a soldier in a combat area. (See Chapter 1 and Appendix A.)

Section I. BASIC PROGRAM IMPLEMENTATION
Knowledgeable instructors/cadre are the key to marksmanship performance. All commanders must be aware of
maintaining expertise in marksmanship instruction/training. (See Appendix D.)

INSTRUCTOR/TRAINER SELECTION
Institutional and unit instructors/trainers are selected and assigned from the most highly qualified soldiers. These
soldiers must have an impressive background in rifle marksmanship; be proficient in applying these
fundamentals; know the importance of marksmanship training; and have a competent and professional attitude.
The commander must ensure that selected instructors/trainers can effectively train other soldiers. Local
instructor/trainer training courses and marksmanship certification programs must be established to ensure that
instructor/trainer skills are developed.
Cadre/trainer refers to a marksmanship instructor/trainer that has more experience and expertise than the firer.
He trains soldiers in the effective use of the rifle by maintaining strict discipline on the firing line, insisting on
compliance with range procedures and program objectives, and enforcing safety regulations. A good
instructor/trainer must understand the training phases and techniques for developing marksmanship skills, and he
must possess the following qualifications:
Knowledge. The main qualifications for an effective instructor/trainer are thorough knowledge of the rifle,
proficiency in firing, and understanding supporting marksmanship manuals.
Patience. The instructor/trainer must relate to the soldier calmly, persistently, and patiently.
Understanding. The instructor/trainer can enhance success and understanding by emphasizing close observance
of rules and instructions.
Consideration. Most soldiers enjoy firing regardless of their performance and begin with great enthusiasm. The
instructor/trainer can enhance this enthusiasm by being considerate of his soldiers feelings and by encouraging
firing abilities throughout training, which can also make teaching a rewarding experience.
Respect. An experienced cadre is assigned the duties of instructor/trainer, which classifies him as a technical
expert and authority. The good instructor/trainer is alert for mistakes and patiently makes needed corrections.
Encouragement. The instructor/trainer can encourage his soldiers by convincing them to achieve good firing
performance through practice. His job is to impart knowledge and to assist the soldier so he can gain the practical
experience needed to become a good firer.

DUTIES OF THE INSTRUCTOR/TRAINER
The instructor/trainer helps the firer master the fundamentals of rifle marksmanship. He ensures that the firer
consistently applies what he has learned. Then, it is a matter of practice, and the firer soon acquires good firing
skills. When training the beginner, the instructor/trainer could confront problems such as fear, nervousness,
forgetfulness, failure to understand, and a lack of coordination or determination. An expert firer is often unaware
that some problems are complicated by arrogance and carelessness. With all types of firers, the instructor/trainer
must ensure that firers are aware of their firing errors, understand the causes, and apply remedies. Sometimes
errors are not evident. The instructor/trainer must isolate errors, explain them, and help the firer concentrate on
correcting them.
Observing the Firer. The instructor/trainer observes the firer during drills and in the act of firing to pinpoint
errors. If there is no indication of probable error, then the firer's position, breath control, shot anticipation, and
trigger squeeze are closely observed.

Questioning the Firer. The firer is asked to detect his errors and to explain his firing procedure to include
position, aiming, breath control, and trigger squeeze.
Analyzing the Shot Group. This is an important step in detecting and correcting errors. When analyzing a
target, the instructor/trainer critiques and correlates observations of the firer to probable errors in performance,
according to the shape and size of shot groups. A poor shot group is usually caused by more than one observable
error.
NOTE: To assist instructors/trainers, TVTs 7-1 and 7-2 should be viewed before conducting training.

Section II. CONDUCT OF TRAINING
In the conduct of marksmanship training, the instructor/trainer first discusses an overview of the program to
include the progression and step-by-step process in developing firing skills. (This can be accomplished by
showing TVT 7-13.) Once the soldier realizes the tasks and skills involved, he is ready to begin. He receives
preliminary rifle instruction before firing any course. Also during this initial phase, an understanding of the
service rifle develops through review.

MECHANICAL TRAINING
Mechanical training includes characteristics and capabilities, disassembly and assembly, operations and
functioning, serviceability checks, and weapons maintenance. It also stresses the performance of immediate
action to clear or reduce a stoppage, and the safe handling of rifles and ammunition (see Chapter 2). Examples of
mechanical training drills, along with tasks, conditions, and standards, are provided in Appendix A. These
examples are also used for initial entry training at the Army training centers. Mechanical training must
encompass all related tasks contained in the soldier's manual of common tasks (SMCT) to include the correct
procedures for disassembly, cleaning, inspection, and reassembly of the rifle and magazine (Figure 3-1).

Serviceability inspections and preventive maintenance checks must be practiced to ensure soldiers have reliable
weapons systems during training and in combat. Technical information necessary to conduct mechanical training
is contained in the soldier's operator's manual (Ml6Al - TM 9-1005-249-10; M16A2 - TM 9-1005-319-10). Once
the basic procedures have been demonstrated, soldiers should practice the mechanical training skills under varied
conditions to include during nighttime, and in MOPP and arctic clothing.
As part of mechanical training, soldiers must be taught and must practice procedures for properly loading
ammunition into magazines to include both single loose rounds and speed loading of 10-round clips (Figure 3-2).

Emphasis on maintenance and understanding of the rifle can prevent most problems and malfunctions. However,
a soldier could encounter a stoppage or malfunction. The soldier must quickly correct the problem by applying
immediate action and continue to place effective fire on the target.
Immediate-action procedures contained in Chapter 2 and the operator's technical manual should be taught and
practiced as part of preliminary dry-fire exercises, and should be reinforced during live-fire exercises.
Immediate-action drills should be conducted using dummy ammunition (Ml99) loaded into the magazine. The
soldier chamber the first dummy round and assume a firing position. When he squeezes the trigger and the
hammer falls with no recoil, this is the cue to apply the correct immediate-action procedure and to refire. Drill
should continue until soldiers can perform the task in three to five seconds.

The word SPORTS is a technique for assisting the soldier in learning the proper procedures for applying
immediate action to the M16Al and M16A2 rifles.
First, THINK, then:

Slap up on the bottom of the magazine.
Pull the charging handle to the rear.
Observe the chamber for an ejection of the round.
Release the charging handle.
Tap the forward assist.
Squeeze the trigger again.
NOTE: When slapping up on the magazine, be careful not to knock a round out of the magazine onto the line of the bolt carrier,
causing more problems. Slap hard enough only to ensure the magazine is fully seated.

MARKSMANSHIP FUNDAMENTALS
The soldier must understand the four key fundamentals before he approaches the firing line. He must be able to
establish a steady position that allows observation of the target. He must aim the rifle at the target by aligning
the sight system, and he must fire the rifle without disturbing this alignment by improper breathing or during
trigger squeeze. The skills needed to accomplish these are known as rifle marksmanship fundamentals. These
simple procedures aid the firer in achieving target hits under many conditions when expanded with additional
techniques and information. Applying these four fundamentals rapidly and consistently is called the integrated
act of firing.
Steady Position. When the soldier approaches the firing line, he should assume a comfortable, steady firing
position in order to hit targets consistently. The time and supervision each soldier has on the firing line are
limited (illustrated on the following page in Figure 3-3), Therefore, he must learn how to establish a steady
position during dry-fire training. The firer is the best judge as to the quality of his position. If he can hold the
front sight post steady through the fall of the hammer, he has a good position. The steady position elements are
as follows:

Nonfiring hand grip. The rifle handguard rests on the heel of the hand in the V formed by the thumb and fingers.
The grip of the nonfiring hand is light, and slight rearward pressure is exerted.
Rifle butt position. The butt of the stock is placed in the pocket of the firing shoulder. This reduces the effect of
recoil and helps ensure a steady position.

Firing hand grip. The firing hand grasps the pistol grip so that it fits the V formed by the thumb and forefinger.
The forefinger is placed on the trigger so that the lay of the rifle is not disturbed when the trigger is squeezed. A
slight rearward pressure is exerted by the remaining three fingers to ensure that the butt of the stock remains in
the pocket of the shoulder, thus minimizing the effect of recoil.
Firing elbow placement. The location of the firing elbow is important in providing balance. The exact location,
however, depends on the firing/fighting position used - for example, kneeling, prone, or standing. Placement
should allow shoulders to remain level.
Nonfiring elbow. The nonfiring elbow is positioned firmly under the rifle to allow for a comfortable and stable
position. When the soldier engages a wide sector of fire, moving targets, and targets at various elevations, his
nonfiring elbow should remain free from support.
Stock weld. The stock weld is taught as an integral part of various positions. Two key factors emphasized are that
the stock weld should provide for a natural line of sight through the center of the rear sight aperture to the front
sight post and to the target. The firer's neck should be relaxed, allowing his cheek to fall naturally onto the stock.
Through dry-fire training, the soldier is encouraged to practice this position until he assumes the same stock
weld each time he assumes a given position. This provides consistency in aiming, which is the purpose of
obtaining a correct stock weld. Proper eye relief is obtained when a soldier establishes a good stock weld. There
is normally a small change in eye relief each time he assumes a different firing position. Soldiers should begin
by trying to touch his nose close to the charging handle when assuming a firing position.
Support. If artificial support (sandbags, logs, stumps) is available, it should be used to steady the position and to
support the rifle. If it is not available, then the bones, not the muscles, in the firer's upper body must support the
rifle.
Muscle relaxation. If support is properly used, the soldier should be able to relax most of his muscles. Using
artificial support or bones in the upper body as support allows him to relax and settle into position. Using
muscles to support the rifle can cause it to move.
Natural point of aim. When the soldier first assumes his firing position, he orients his rifle in the general
direction of his target. Then he adjusts his body to bring the rifle and sights exactly in line with the desired
aiming point. When using proper support and consistent stock weld, the soldier should have his rifle and sights
aligned naturally on the target. When this correct body-rifle-target alignment is achieved, the front sight post
must be held on target, using muscular support and effort. As the rifle fires, the muscles tend to relax, causing
the front sight to move away from the target toward the natural point of aim. Adjusting this point to the desired
point of aim eliminates this movement. When multiple target exposures are expected (or a sector of fire must be
covered), the soldier should adjust his natural point of aim to the center of the expected target exposure area (or
center of sector).
Aiming. Focusing on the front sight post is a vital skill the firer must acquire during practice. Having mastered
the task of holding the rifle steady, the soldier must align the rifle with the target in exactly the same way for
each firing. The firer is the final judge as to where his eye is focused. The instructor/trainer emphasizes this point
by having the firer focus on the target and then focus back on the front sight post. He checks the position of the
firing eye to ensure it is in line with the rear sight aperture. He uses the M16 sighting device to see what the firer
sees through the sights. (See Appendix C.)

Rifle sight alignment. Alignment of the rifle with the target is critical. It involves placing the tip of the front sight
post in the center of the rear sight aperture. (Figure 3-4.) Any alignment error between the front and rear sights
repeats itself for every 1/2 meter the bullet travels. For example, at the 25-meter line, any error in rifle alignment
is multiplied 50 times. If the rifle is misaligned by 1/10 inch, it causes a target at 300 meters to be missed by 5
feet.

Focus of the eye. A proper firing position places the eye directly on line with the center of the rear sight. When
the eye is focused on the front sight post, the natural ability of the eye to center objects in a circle and to seek the
point of greatest light (center of the aperture) aid in providing correct sight alignment. For the average soldier
firing at combat-type targets, the natural ability of the eye can accurately align the sights. Therefore, the firer can
place the tip of the front sight post on the aiming point, but the eye must be focused on the tip of the front sight
post. This causes the target to appear blurry, while the front sight post is seen clearly. Two reasons for focusing
on the tip of the front sight post are:
Only a minor aiming error should occur since the error reflects only as much as the soldier fails to determine the
target center. A greater aiming error can result if the front sight post is blurry due to focusing on the target or
other objects.
Focusing on the tip of the front sight post aids the firer in maintaining proper sight alignment (Figure 3-4).
Sight picture. Once the soldier can correctly align his sights, he can obtain a sight picture. A correct sight picture
has the target, front sight post, and rear sight aligned. The sight picture includes two basic elements: sight
alignment and placement of the aiming point.
Placement of the aiming point varies, depending on the engagement range. For example, Figure 3-5 shows a
silhouette at 250 meters--the aiming point is the center of mass, and the sights are in perfect alignment; this is a
correct sight picture.

A technique to obtain a good sight picture is the side aiming technique (Figure 3-6). It involves positioning the
front sight post to the side of the target in line with the vertical center of mass, keeping the sights aligned. The
front sight post is moved horizontally until the target is directly centered on the front sight post.

Front sight. The front sight post is vital to proper firing and should be replaced when damaged. Two techniques
that can be used are the carbide lamp and the burning plastic spoon. The post should be blackened anytime it is
shiny since precise focusing on the tip of the front sight post cannot be done otherwise.
Aiming practice. Aiming practice is conducted before firing live rounds. During day firing, the soldier should
practice sight alignment and placement of the aiming point. This can be done by using training aids such as the
M15AI aiming card and the Riddle sighting device. (See Appendix C.)

Breath Control. As the firer's skills improve and as timed or multiple targets are presented, he must learn to
hold his breath at any part of the breathing cycle. Two types of breath control techniques are practiced during dry
fire.
•

The first is the technique used during zeroing (and when time is available to fire a shot) (Figure 3-7A.
There is a moment of natural respiratory pause while breathing when most of the air has been exhaled
from the lungs and before inhaling. Breathing should stop after most of the air has been exhaled during
the normal breathing cycle. The shot must be fired before the soldier feels any discomfort.

•

The second breath control technique is employed during rapid fire (short-exposure targets) (Figure 3-7B).
Using this technique, the soldier holds his breath when he is about to squeeze the trigger.

The coach/trainer ensures that the firer uses two breathing techniques and understands them by instructing him to
exaggerate his breathing. Also, the firer must be aware of the rifle's movement (while sighted on a target) as a
result of breathing.

Trigger Squeeze. A novice firer can learn to place the rifle in a steady position and to correctly aim at the target
if he follows basic principles. If the trigger is not properly squeezed, the rifle is misaligned with the target at the
moment of firing.
Rifle movement. Trigger squeeze is important for two reasons:
•

First, any sudden movement of the finger on the trigger can disturb the lay of the rifle and cause the shot
to miss the target.

•

Second, the precise instant of firing should be a surprise to the soldier.

The soldier's natural reflex to compensate for the noise and slight punch in the shoulder can cause him to
miss the target if he knows the exact instant the rifle will fire. The soldier usually tenses his shoulders when
expecting the rifle to fire, but it is difficult to detect since he does not realize he is flinching. When the
hammer drops on a dummy round and does not fire, the soldier's natural reflexes demonstrate that he is
improperly squeezing the trigger.
NOTE: See Appendix
trigger squeeze.

C for the Weaponeer and ball-and-dummy exercise.They are good training devices in detecting improper

Trigger finger. The trigger finger (index finger on the firing hand) is placed on the trigger between the first joint
and the tip of the finger (not the extreme end) and is adjusted depending on hand size, grip, and so on. The
trigger finger must squeeze the trigger to the rear so that the hammer falls without disturbing the lay of the rifle.
When a live round is fired, it is difficult to see what affect trigger pull had on the lay of the rifle. Therefore, it is
important to experiment with many finger positions during dry-fire training to ensure the hammer is falling with
little disturbance to the aiming process.
As the firer's skills increase with practice, he needs less time spend on trigger squeeze. Novice firers can take
five seconds to perform an adequate trigger squeeze, but, as skills improve, he can squeeze the trigger in a
second or less. The proper trigger squeeze should start with slight pressure on the trigger during the initial
aiming process. The firer applies more pressure after the front sight post is steady on the target and his is holding
his breath.
The coach/trainer observes the trigger squeeze, emphasizes the correct procedure, and checks the firer's applied
pressure. He places his finger on the trigger and has the firer squeeze the trigger by applying pressure to the
coach/trainer's finger. The coach/trainer ensures that the firer squeezes straight to the rear on the trigger avoiding
a left or right twisting movement. A steady position reduces disturbance of the rifle during trigger squeeze.
From an unsupported position, the firer experiences a greater wobble area than from a supported position.
Wobble area is the movement of the front sight around the aiming point when the rifle is in the steadiest position.
If the front sight strays from the target during the firing process, pressure on the trigger should be held constant
and resumed as soon as sighting is corrected. The position must provide for the smallest possible wobble area.
From a supported position, there should be minimal wobble area and little reason to detect movement. If
movement of the rifle causes the front sight to leave the target, more practice is needed. The firer should never
try to quickly squeeze the trigger while the sight is on the target. The best firing performance results when the
trigger is squeezed continuously, and the rifle is fired without disturbing its lay.

FIRING POSITIONS
All firing positions are taught during basic rifle marksmanship training. During initial fundamental training, the
basic firing positions are used. The other positions are added later in training to support tactical conditions.
Basic Firing Positions. Two firing positions are used during initial fundamental training: the individual
supported fighting position and prone unsupported position. Both offer a stable platform for firing the rifle. They
are also the positions used during basic record fire.
Supported fighting position. This position provides the most stable platform for engaging targets (Figure 3-8).
Upon entering the position, the soldier adds or removes dirt, sandbags, or other supports to adjust for his height.
He then faces the target, executes a half-face to his firing side, and leans forward until his chest is against the
firing-hand corner of the position. He places the rifle handguard in a V formed by the thumb and fingers of his
nonfiring hand, and rests the nonfiring hand on the material (sandbags or berm) to the front of the position. The
soldier places the stock butt in the pocket of his firing shoulder and rests his firing elbow on the ground outside
the position. (When prepared positions are not available, the prone supported position can be substituted.)

Once the supported fighting position has been mastered, the firer should practice various unsupported positions
to obtain the smallest possible wobble area during final aiming and hammer fall. The coach/trainer can check the
steadiness of the position by observing movement at the forward part of the rifle, by looking through the M16
sighting device, or by checking to see that support is being used.
NOTE: The objective is to establish a steady position under various conditions. The ultimate performance of this task is in a combat
environment. Although the firer must be positioned high enough to observe all targets, he must remain as low as possible to provide
added protection from enemy fire.

Prone unsupported position. This firing position (Figure 3-9) offers another stable firing platform for engaging
targets. To assume this position, the soldier faces his target, spreads his feet a comfortable distance apart, and
drops to his knees. Using the butt of the rifle as a pivot, the firer rolls onto his nonfiring side, placing the
nonfiring elbow close to the side of the magazine. He places the rifle butt in the pocket formed by the firing
shoulder, grasps the pistol grip with his firing hand, and lowers the firing elbow to the ground. The rifle rests in
the V formed by the thumb and fingers of the nonfiring hand. The soldier adjusts the position of his firing elbow
until his shoulders are about level, and pulls back firmly on the rifle with both hands. To complete the position,
he obtains a stock weld and relaxes, keeping his heels close to the ground.

Advanced Positions. After mastering the four marksmanship fundamentals in the two basic firing positions, the
soldier is taught the advanced positions. He is trained to assume different positions to adapt to the combat
situation.
Alternate prone position (Figure 3-10). This position is an alternative to both prone supported and unsupported
fighting positions, allowing the firer to cock his firing leg. The firer can assume a comfortable position while
maintaining the same relationship between his body and the axis of the rifle. This position relaxes the stomach
muscles and allows the firer to breathe naturally.

Kneeling supported position (Figure 3-11). This position allows the soldier to obtain the height necessary to
better observe many target areas, taking advantage of available cover. Solid cover that can support any part of
the body or rifle assists in firing accuracy.

Kneeling unsupported position (Figure 3-12). This position is assumed quickly, places the soldier high enough to
see over small brush, and provides for a stable firing position. The nonfiring elbow should be pushed forward of
the knee so that the upper arm is resting on a flat portion of the knee to provide stability. The trailing foot can be
placed in a comfortable position.

Standing position (Figure 3-13). To assume the standing position, the soldier faces his target, executes a facing
movement to his firing side, and spreads his feet a comfortable distance apart. With his firing hand on the pistol
grip and his nonfiring hand on either the upper handguard or the bottom of the magazine, the soldier places the
butt of the rifle in the pocket formed by his firing shoulder so that the sights are level with his eyes. The weight
of the rifle is supported by the firing shoulder pocket and nonfiring hand. The soldier shifts his feet until he is
aiming naturally at the target and his weight is evenly distributed on both feet. The standing position provides the
least stability but could be needed for observing the target area since it can be assumed quickly while moving.
Support for any portion of the body or rifle improves stability. More stability can be obtained by adjusting the
ammunition pouch to support the nonfiring elbow, allowing the rifle magazine to rest in the nonfiring hand.

Modified Firing Positions. Once the basic firing skills have been mastered during initial training, the soldier
should be encouraged to modify positions, to take advantage of available cover, to use anything that helps to
steady the rifle, or to make any change that allows him to hit more combat targets. The position shown in Figure
3-14 uses sandbags to support the handguard and frees the nonfiring hand to be used on any part of the rifle to
hold it steady.

NOTE: Modified positions can result in small zero changes due to shifting pressure and grip on the rifle.

MOUT Firing Positions. Although the same principles of rifle marksmanship apply, the selection and use of
firing positions during MOUT requires some special considerations. Firing from around corners could require
the soldier to fire from the opposite shoulder to avoid exposing himself to enemy fire.
The requirement for long-range observation can dictate that positions be occupied that are high above ground.
Figure 3-15 shows a soldier firing over rooftops, exposing only the parts of his body necessary to engage a
target. Figure 3-16 shows a soldier firing around obstacles. Figure 3-17 highlights the need to stay in the
shadows while firing from windows, and the requirements for cover and rifle support.

Section III. DRY FIRE
Dry-fire exercises are conducted as they relate to each of the fundamentals of rifle marksmanship. The standard
25-meter zero targets (Figures 3-18 and 3-19) are mounted as illustrated, because they provide the consistent
aiming point the soldier must use throughout preparatory marksmanship training.

CONDUCT OF DRY-FIRE TRAINING
A skilled instructor/trainer should supervise soldiers on dry-fire training. Once an explanation and demonstration
are provided, soldiers should be allowed to work at their own pace, receiving assistance as needed. The peer
coach-and-pupil technique can be effectively used during dry-fire training with the coach observing performance
and offering suggestions. Several training aids are available to correctly conduct initial dry-fire training of the
four fundamentals (Appendix C).
A supported firing position should be used to begin dry-fire training. Sandbags and chest-high support are used
to effectively teach this position. While any targets at any range can be used, the primary aim point should be a
standard silhouette zeroing target placed at a distance of 25 meters from the firing position. The other scaledsilhouette targets - slow fire and timed fire - are also excellent for advanced dry-fire training.
After the soldier understands and has practiced the four fundamentals, he proceeds to integrated dry-fire
exercises. The objective of integrated dry fire is to master the four fundamentals of Marksmanship in a complete
firing environment. With proper dry-fire training, a soldier can assume a good, comfortable, steady firing
position when he moves to the firing line. He must understand the aiming process, breath control is second
nature, and correct trigger squeeze has been practiced many times. Also, by adding dummy ammunition to the
soldier's magazine, other skills can be integrated into the dry-fire exercise to include practicing loading and
unloading, reinforcing immediate-action drills, and using the dime (washer) exercise.
When correctly integrated, dry fire is an effective procedure to use before firing live bullets for grouping and
zeroing, scaled silhouettes, field firing, or practice record fire. It can be used for remedial training or opportunity
training, or as a primary training technique to maintain marksmanship proficiency.

PEER COACHING
Peer coaching is using two soldiers of equal firing proficiency and experience to assist (coach) each other during
marksmanship training. Some problems exist with peer coaching. If the new soldier does not have adequate
guidance, a "blind-leading-the-blind" situation results, which can lead to negative training and safety violations.
However, when adequate instruction is provided, peer coaching can be helpful even in the IET environment.
Since all soldiers in units have complete BRM, peer coaching should yield better results.
Benefits. The pairing of soldiers can enhance learning for both of them. The coach learns what to look for and
what to check as he provides guidance to the firer Communication between peers is different than
communication between a firer and drill sergeant or senior NCO. Peers have the chance to ask simple questions
and to discuss areas that are not understood. Pairing soldiers who have demonstrated good firing proficiency
with those who have firing problems can improve the performance of problem firers
Duties. The peer coach assists the firer in obtaining a good position and in adjusting sandbags. He watches the
firer -not the target- to see that the firer maintains a proper, relaxed, steady position; that he holds his breath
before the final trigger squeeze; that he applies initial pressure to the trigger; and that no noticeable trigger jerk,
flinch, eye blink, or other reaction can be observed in anticipating the rifle firing. The peer coach can use an M16
sighting device, allowing him to see what the firer sees through the sights. (Appendix C.)
The peer coach can load magazines, providing a chance to use ball and dummy. At other times, he could be
required to observe the target area - for example, when field-fire targets are being engaged and the firer cannot
see where he is missing targets. The peer coach can add to range safety procedures by helping safety personnel
with preliminary rifle checks.
NOTE: When a peer coach is used during M16A1live-fire exercises, a brass deflector should be attached to the rifle and eye protection
should be worn.

CHECKLIST FOR THE COACH
The procedures to determine and eliminate rifle and firer deficiencies follows.
The coach checks to see that the-•

Rifle is cleared and defective parts have been replaced.

•

Ammunition is clean, and the magazine is properly placed in the pouch.

•

Sights are blackened and set correctly for long/short range.

The coach observes the firer to see that he-–
•

Uses the correct position and properly applies the steady-position elements.

•

Properly loads the rifle.

•

Obtains the correct sight alignment (with the aid of an M16 sighting device).

•

Holds his breath correctly (by watching his back at times).

•

Applies proper trigger squeeze; determines whether he flinches or jerks by watching his head, shoulders,
trigger finger, and firing hand and arm.

•

Is tense and nervous. If the firer is nervous, the coach has the firer breathe deeply several times to relax.

Supervisory personnel and peer coaches correct errors as they are detected. If many common errors are
observed, it is appropriate to call the group together for more discussion and demonstration of proper procedures
and to provide feedback.

POSITION OF THE COACH
The coach constantly checks and assists the firer in applying marksmanship fundamentals during firing. He
observes the firer's position and his application of the steady position elements. The coach is valuable in
checking factors the firer is unable to observe for himself and in preventing the firer from repeating errors.
During an exercise, the coach should be positioned where he can best observe the firer when he assumes
position. He then moves to various points around the firer (sides and rear) to check the correctness of the firer's
position. The coach requires the firer to make adjustments until the firer obtains a correct position.
When the coach is satisfied with the firing position, he assumes a coaching position alongside the firer. The
coach usually assumes a position like that of the firer (Figure 3-20), which is on the firing side of the soldier.

GROUPING
Shot grouping is a form of practice firing with two primary objectives: firing tight shot groups and consistently
placing those groups in the same location. Shot grouping should be conducted between dry-fire training and
zeroing. The initial live-fire training should be a grouping exercise with the purpose of practicing and refining
marksmanship fundamentals. Since this is not a zeroing exercise, few sight changes are made. Grouping
exercises can be conducted on a live-fire range that provides precise location of bullet hits and misses such as a
25-meter zeroing range or KD range.

CONCEPT OF ZEROING
The purpose of battle sight zeroing is to align the fire control system (sights) with the rifle barrel, considering
the given ammunition ballistics. When this is accomplished correctly, the fire control and point of aim are point
of impact at a standard battlesight zero range such as 250 (300) meters.
When a rifle is zeroed, the sights are adjusted so that bullet strike is the same as point of aim at some given
range. A battlesight zero (250 meters, M16Al; 300 meters, M16A2) is the sight setting that provides the highest
hit probability for most combat targets with minimum adjustment to the aiming point.
When standard zeroing procedures are followed, a rifle that is properly zeroed for one soldier is close to the zero
for another soldier. When a straight line is drawn from target center to the tip of the front sight post and through
the center of the rear aperture, it makes little difference whose eye is looking along this line. There are many
subtle factors that result in differences among individual zeros; however, the similarity of individual zeros
should be emphasized instead of the differences.
Most firers can fire with the same zeroed rifle if they are properly applying marksmanship fundamentals. If a
soldier is having difficulty zeroing and the problem cannot be diagnosed, having a good firer zero the rifle could
find the problem. When a soldier must fire another soldier's rifle without opportunity to verify the zero by firing
- for example, picking up another man's rifle on the battlefield - it is closer to actual zero if the rifle sights are left
unchanged. This information is useful in deciding initial sight settings and recording of zeros. All rifles in the
arms room, even those not assigned, should have their sights aligned (zeroed) for battlesight zero.

There is no relationship between the specific sight setting a soldier uses on one rifle (his zero) to the sight setting
he needs on another rifle. For example, a soldier could be required to move the rear sight of his assigned rifle 10
clicks left of center for zero, and the next rifle he is assigned could be adjusted 10 clicks right of center for zero.
This is due to the inherent variability from rifle to rifle, which makes it essential that each soldier is assigned a
permanent rifle on which all marksmanship training is conducted. Therefore, all newly assigned personnel
should be required to fire their rifle for zero as soon as possible after assignment to the unit. The same rule must
apply anytime a soldier is assigned a new rifle, a rifle is returned from DS or GS maintenance, or the zero is in
question.

M16Al STANDARD SIGHTS AND ZEROING
To battlesight zero the rifle, the soldier must understand sight adjustment procedures. The best possible zero is
obtained by zeroing at actual range. Because facilities normally do not exist for zeroing at 250 meters, most
zeroing is conducted at 25 meters. By pushing the rear sight forward so the L is exposed, the bullet crosses line
of sight at 25 meters, reaches a maximum height above line of sight of about 11 inches at 225 meters, and
crosses line of sight again at 375 meters (Figure 3-21).

To gain the many benefits associated with having bullets hit exactly where the rifle is aimed during 25-meter
firing, the long-range sight is used on the zero range. Therefore, when bullets are adjusted to bit the same place
the rifle is aimed at 25 meters, the bullet also bits where the rifle is aimed at 375 meters. After making this
adjustment and flipping back to the short-range sight and aiming center of mass at a 42-meter target, the bullet
crosses the line of sight at 42 meters and again at 250 meters as shown in Figure 3-22.

Most combat targets are expected to be engaged in the ranges from 0 to 300 meters; therefore, the 250-meter
battlesight zero is the setting that remains on the rifle. At 25 meters, the bullet is about I inch below line of sight,
crossing line of sight at 42 meters. It reaches its highest point above the line of sight (about 5 inches) at a range
of about 175 meters, crosses line of sight again at 250 meters, and is about 7 inches below line of sight at 300
meters. Targets can be hit out to a range of 300 meters with no adjustments to point of aim. (A somewhat higher
hit probability results with minor adjustments to the aiming point.)
Sights. The sights are adjustable for both elevation and windage. Windage adjustments are made. on the rear
sight; elevation adjustments on the front sight.
Rear sight. The Tear sight consists of two apertures and a windage drum with a spring-loaded detent (Figure 323). The aperture marked L is used for ranges beyond 300 meters, and the unmarked or short-range aperture is
used for ranges up to 300 meters. Adjustments for windage are made by pressing in on the spring-loaded detent
with a sharp instrument (or the tip of a cartridge) and rotating the windage drum in the desired direction of
change (right or left) in the strike of the bullet.

Front sight. The front sight consists of a round rotating sight post with a five-position, spring-loaded detent
(Figure 3-24). Adjustments are made by using a sharp instrument (or the tip of a cartridge). To move the front
sight post, the spring-loaded detent is depressed, and the post is rotated in the desired direction of change (up or
down) in the strike of the bullet.

Sight Changes, To make sight changes, the firer first locates the center of his three-round shot group and then
determines the distance between it and the desired location. An error in elevation is measured vertically, while a
windage error is measured horizontally. When using standard zero targets or downrange feedback targets, sight
adjustment guidance on the target is provided. (See Appendix F for the elevation and windage rule.)
To raise the strike of the bullet, the firer rotates the front sight post the desired number of clicks clockwise (in the
direction of the arrow marked UP in Figure 3-24). Thus, the strike of the bullet is raised but the post is lowered.
He reverses the direction of rotation to move the strike of the bullet down.
To move the strike of the bullet to the right, the windage drum is rotated the desired number of clicks clockwise
(in the direction of the arrow marked R, Figure 3-23). The firer reverses the direction of rotation to move the
strike of the bullet to the left.
NOTE: Before making any sight changes, the firer should make a serviceability check of the sights, looking for any bent, broken, or
loose parts. The firer must also be able to consistently fire 4-cm shot groups.

M16A2 STANDARD SIGHTS AND ZEROING
When the soldier can consistently place three rounds within a 4-cm circle at 25 meters, regardless of group
location, he is ready to zero his rifle.
The front and rear sights are set as follows:
Rear sight. The rear sight consists of two sight apertures, a windage knob, and an elevation knob (Figure 3-25).

The larger aperture, marked 0-2, is used for moving target engagement and during limited visibility. The
unmarked aperture is used for normal firing situations, zeroing, and with the elevation knob for target distances
up to 800 meters. The unmarked aperture is used to establish the battlesight zero.
After the elevation knob is set, adjustments for elevation are made by moving the front sight post up or down to
complete zeroing the rifle. Adjustments for windage are made by turning the windage knob.
The rear windage knob start point is when the index mark on the 0-2 sight is aligned with the rear sight base
index (Figure 3-26).

Front sight. The front sight is adjusted the same as the front sight of the M16Al. It consists of a square, rotating
sight post with a four-position, spring-loaded detent (Figure 3-27). Adjustments are made by using a sharp
instrument or the tip of a cartridge. To raise or lower the front sight post, the spring-loaded detent is depressed,
and the post is rotated in the desired direction of change. (Figure 3-28).

DOWNRANGE FEEDBACK TRAINING
The term downrange feedback describes any training method that provides precise knowledge of bullet strike
(exactly where bullets hit or miss the intended target) at ranges beyond 25 meters. The soldier gains confidence
in his firing abilities by knowing what happens to bullets at range. The inclusion of downrange feedback during
the initial learning process and during refresher training improves the soldier's firing proficiency and record fire
scores. Downrange feedback can be incorporated into any part of a unit's marksmanship program. However, an
ideal sequence is to conduct downrange feedback following 25-meter firing and before firing on the field fire
range. (See Appendix G.)
The use of a KD firing range is an excellent way of providing downrange feedback. Also a good way to obtain
downrange feedback is to modify existing field fire ranges by constructing target-holding frames, which requires
the soldier to walk from the firing line to the target to locate bullet strike.
Units can design their own downrange feedback training to accommodate available facilities. Any silhouette
target with a backing large enough to catch all bullet misses can be set up at any range. For example, it would be
ideal if the confirmation of weapon zero could be conducted at the actual zero range of 250 meters/300 meters.

FIELD FIRE TRAINING
Field fire training provides the transition from unstressed slow firing at known-distance/feedback targets to
engaging fleeting combat-type pop-up silhouettes. Two basic types of field firing exercises are single-target and
multiple-target engagements, which use 75-, 175-, and 300-meter targets. Once the soldier has developed the
unstressed firing skills necessary to hit single KD targets, he must learn to detect and quickly engage combattype targets at various ranges. Time standards are provided during this instruction to add stress and to simulate
the short exposure times of combat targets. The soldier must, therefore, detect, acquire, and engage the target
before the exposure ends. During field fire training, the firer learns to quickly detect and apply the fundamentals
at the same time. (See Appendix G.)

PRACTICE RECORD FIRE
Practice record fire is a training exercise designed to progressively develop and refine the soldiers combat firing
skills. During this exercise, the soldier is exposed to a more difficult course of fire with increased time stress to
include single and multiple target engagements at six distances ranging from 50 to 300 meters. This exercise also
provides the opportunity to practice and demonstrate skills learned during target detection. To perform well, a
soldier must integrate all the tasks learned from previous training. When firing exercises are properly organized,
conducted, and critiqued, the soldier gains knowledge and confidence in his firing performance. Through close
observation, coaching, and critiquing, instructors/trainers can base remedial training on specific needs. (See
Appendix G.)

RECORD FIRE
Qualification ratings and first-time GO rates are important during record fire, if properly used. They provide
goals for the soldier and aid the commander in identifying the quality of his training. This should be considered
in the assignment of priorities, instructor personnel, and obtaining valuable training resources. The objective of
record firing is to access and confirm the individual proficiency of firers and the effectiveness of the training
program. (See Appendix A for information on unit training and Appendix G for detailed information on record
fire.)

CHAPTER 4

Combat Fire Techniques
The test of a soldier's training is applying the fundamentals of marksmanship and firing skills in combat. The
marksmanship skills mastered during training, practice, and record fire exercises must be applied to many
combat situations (attack, assault, ambush, MOUT). Although these situations present problem, only two
modifications of the basic techniques and fundamentals are necessary (see Chapter 3): changes to the rate of fire
and alterations in weapon target alignment. The necessary changes are significant and must be thoroughly
taught and practiced before discussing live-fire exercises.
NOTE: For tactical applications of fire see FM

7-8.

Section I. SUPPRESSIVE FIRE
In many tactical situations, combat rifle fire will be directed to suppress enemy personnel or weapons positions.
Rifle fire, which is precisely aimed at a definite point or area target, is suppressive fire. Some situations may
require a soldier to place suppressive fire into a wide area such as a wood line, hedgerow, or small building.
While at other times, the target may be a bunker or window. Suppressive fire is used to control the enemy and
the area he occupies. Suppressive fire is employed to kill the enemy or to prevent him from observing the
battlefield or effectively using his weapons. When a sustained volume of accurate suppressive fire is placed on
enemy locations to contain him, it can be effective even though he cannot be seen. When the enemy is
effectively pinned down behind cover, this reduces his ability to deliver fire and allows friendly forces to move.

NATURE OF THE TARGET
Many soldiers have difficulty delivering effective suppressive fire when they cannot see a definite target. They
must fire at likely locations or in a general area where the enemy is known to exist. Even though definite targets
cannot be seen, most suppressive fire should be well aimed. Figure 4-1, shows a landscape target suitable for
suppressive fire training. When this type target is used, trainers must develop a firing program to include areas of
engagement and designated target areas that will be credited as sustained effective suppressive fire. At 25 meters,
this target provides the firer with an area to suppress without definite targets to engage.

POINT OF AIM
Suppressive fire should be well-aimed, sustained, semiautomatic fire. Although lacking a definite target, the
soldier must be taught to control and accurately deliver fire within the limits of the suppressed area. The sights
are used as when engaging a point-type target -- with the front sight post placed so that each shot impacts within
the desired area (window, firing portal, tree line).

RATE OF FIRE
During most phases of live fire (grouping, zeroing, qualifying), shots are delivered using the slow semiautomatic
rate of fire (one round every 3 to 10 seconds). During training, this allows for a slow and precise application of
the fundamentals. Successful suppressive fire requires that a faster but sustained rate of fire be used. Sometimes
firing full automatic bursts (13 rounds per second) for a few seconds may be necessary to gain initial fire
superiority. Rapid semiautomatic fire (one round every one or two seconds) allows the firer to sustain a large
volume of accurate fire while conserving ammunition. The tactical situation dictates the most useful rate of fire,
but the following must be considered:
Applying Fundamentals. As the stress of combat increases, some soldiers may fail to apply the fundamentals of
marksmanship. This factor contributes to soldiers firing less accurately and without obtaining the intended
results. While some modifications are appropriate, the basic fundamentals should be applied and emphasized
regardless of the rate of fire or combat stress.
Making Rapid Magazine Changes. One of the keys to sustained suppressive fire is rapidly reloading the rifle.
Rapid magazine changes must be correctly taught and practiced during dry-fire and live-fire exercises until the
soldier becomes proficient. Small-unit training exercises must be conducted so that soldiers who are providing
suppressive fire practice magazine changes that are staggered. Firing is, therefore, controlled and coordinated so
that a continuous volume of accurate suppressive fire is delivered to the target area.
Conserving Ammunition. Soldiers must be taught to make each round count. Automatic fire should be used
sparingly and only to gain initial fire Superiority. Depending on the tactical situation, the rate of fire should be
adjusted so that a minimum number of rounds are expended. Accurate fire conserves ammunition, while
preventing the enemy from placing effective fire on friendly positions.

Section II. RAPID SEMIAUTOMATIC FIRE
Rapid semiautomatic fire delivers a large volume of accurate fire into a target or target area. Increases in speed
and volume should be sought only after the soldier has demonstrated expertise and accuracy during slow
semiautomatic fire. The rapid application of the four fundamentals will result in a well-aimed shot every one or
two seconds. This technique of fire allows a unit to place the most effective volume of fire in a target area while
conserving ammunition. It is the most accurate means of delivering suppressive fire.

EFFECTIVENESS OF RAPID FIRE
When a soldier uses rapid semiautomatic fire, he is sacrificing accuracy to deliver a greater volume of fire. The
difference in accuracy between slow and rapid semiautomatic fire diminishes with proper training and repeated
practice. Training and practice improve the soldier's marksmanship skills to the point that accuracy differences
become minimal. There is little difference in the volume of effective fire that would be delivered by units using
much less accurate automatic fire.
NOTE: Learning rapid fire techniques also improves the soldier's response time to short-exposure, multiple, and moving targets.

MODIFICATIONS FOR RAPID FIRE
Trainers must consider the impact of the increased rate of fire on the soldier's ability to properly apply the
fundamentals of marksmanship and other combat firing skills. These fundamentals/skills include:
Immediate Action. To maintain an increased rate of suppressive fire, immediate action must be applied quickly.
The firer must identify the problem and correct the stoppage immediately. Repeated dry-fire practice, using
blanks or dummy rounds, followed by live-fire training and evaluation ensures that soldiers can rapidly apply
immediate action while other soldiers initiate fire.
Marksmanship Fundamentals. The four fundamentals are used when firing in the rapid semiautomatic mode.
The following differences apply:
Steady position. Good support improves accuracy and reduces recovery time between shots. somewhat tighter
grip on the handguards assists in recovery time and in rapidly shifting or distributing fire to subsequent targets.
When possible, the rifle should pivot at the point where the non firing hand meets the support. The soldier should
avoid changing the position of the non firing hand on the support, because it is awkward and time-consuming
when rapidly firing a series of shots.
Aiming. The aiming process does not change during rapid semiautomatic fire. The firer's head remains on the
stock, his firing eye is aligned with the rear aperture, and his focus is on the front sight post.
Breath control Breath control must be modified because the soldier does not have time to take a complete breath
between shots. He must hold his breath at some point in the firing process and take shallow breaths between
shots.
Trigger squeeze. To maintain the desired rate of fire, the soldier has only a short period to squeeze the trigger
(one well-aimed shot every one or two seconds).
The firer must cause the rifle to fire in a period of about one-half of a second or less and still not anticipate the
precise instant of firing. Rapid semiautomatic trigger squeeze is difficult to master. It is important that initial
trigger pressure be applied as soon as a target is identified and while the front sight post is being brought to the
desired point of aim. When the post reaches the point of aim, final pressure must be applied to cause the rifle to
fire almost at once. This added pressure, or final trigger squeeze, must be applied without disturbing the lay of
the rifle.
Repeated dry-fire training, using the Weaponeer device, and live-fire practice ensure the soldier can squeeze the
trigger and maintain a rapid rate of fire consistently and accurately.

NOTE: When presented with multiple targets, the soldier may fire the first round, release pressure on the trigger to reset the sear, then
reapply more pressure to fire the next shot. This technique eliminates the time used in releasing all the trigger pressure. It allows the
firer to rapidly deliver subsequent rounds. Training and practice sessions are required for soldiers to become proficient in the technique
of rapid trigger squeeze.

Magazine Changes. Rapid magazine changes are an integral part of sustaining rapid semiautomatic suppressive
fire. Soldiers must quickly reload their rifles and resume accurate firing.
Magazine handling. Most units establish the soldier's basic load of ammunition and loaded magazines. The
number of magazines vary based on the mission and tactical situation. During combat, some magazines are lost,
but it is the soldier's responsibility to keep this loss to a minimum. While training a soldier to reload his
magazines, the trainer must emphasize the need to account for these magazines.
The sequence for magazine handling during rapid changes is illustrated for right and left-handed firers in Figure
4-2.

Rifle loading. Removing a magazine from the firing side ammunition pouch is the same for both right- and lefthanded firers. Empty magazines must be removed from the rifle before performing the following.
To remove a magazine from the pouch, the magazine is grasped on the long edge with the thumb, and the first
and second fingers are placed on the short edge.
The magazine is withdrawn from the ammunition pouch, and the arm is extended forward, rotating the hand and
wrist so that the magazine is in position (open end up and long edge to the rear) to load into the rifle. It is loaded
into the rifle by inserting the magazine straight up into the magazine well until it is seated. The base of the
magazine is tapped with the heel of the hand to ensure the magazine is fully seated.
Removing a magazine from the non firing side of the ammunition pouch requires the firer to support the rifle
with his firing hand. His non firing hand grasps the magazine and loads it into the rifle.
Rapid magazine changing. Training and repeated practice in this procedure improves soldier proficiency. The
firer does not move the selector lever to SAFE during a rapid magazine change, but he must maintain a safe
Posture during the change.
The following is a step-by-step sequence for rapid magazine changing.
•

Right-handed firer. Remove the index finger from the trigger and depress the magazine catch button
while keeping a secure grip on the rifle with the non firing hand (Figure 4-3). Release the pistol grip,
grasp and remove the empty magazine with the right (firing) hand, and secure it. Grasp the loaded
magazine with the right hand (rounds up and forward). Insert the loaded magazine into the magazine well
and tap upward with the palm of the right hand. This ensures that the magazine is fully seated and locked
into the rifle. Depress the upper half of the bolt catch with the fingers of the right hand. This allows the
bolt to go forward, chambering the first round. If necessary, use the right hand to tap the forward assist to
fully chamber the first round. Return the right hand to its original firing position on the pistol grip. Return
the index finger to the trigger.

•

Left-handed firer. Remove the index finger from the trigger and release the pistol grip. Depress the
magazine catch button with the index finger of the left (firing) hand. Remove the empty magazine with
the left hand and secure it. Grasp the loaded magazine with the left hand (rounds up, bullets forward).
Insert the loaded magazine into the magazine well and tap upward with the palm of the left hand. This
ensures that the magazine is fully seated and locked into the rifle. Depress the upper half of the bolt catch
with a finger of the left hand. This allows the bolt to go forward, chamber the first round. If necessary,
use the right hand to tap the forward assist to fully chamber the first round. Return the left hand to its
original firing position on the pistol grip. Return the index finger to the trigger. The firer must maintain a
safe posture during the change.

When loading from the non firing side, the previous steps are followed with this exception: the loaded magazine
is secured and inserted into the magazine well with the non firing hand. The firing hand supports the rifle at the
pistol grip. After the magazine is inserted, the firer should shift the rifle's weight to hisnon firingg hand and
continue with the recommended sequence.

RAPID-FIRE TRAINING
Soldiers should be well trained in all aspects of slow semiautomatic firing before attempting any rapid-fire
training. Those who display a lack of knowledge of the fundamental skills should not advance to rapid
semiautomatic training until these skills are learned. Initial training should focus on the modifications to the
fundamentals and other basic combat skills necessary during rapid semiautomatic firing.
Dry-Fire Exercises. Repeated dry-fire exercises are the most efficient means available to ensure soldiers can
apply modifications to the fundamentals. Multiple dry-fire exercises are needed, emphasizing a rapid shift in
position and point of aim, followed by breath control and fast trigger squeeze. Blanks or dummy rounds may be
used to train rapid magazine changes and the application of immediate action. The soldier should display
knowledge and skill during these dry-fire exercises before attempting live fire.
Live-Fire Exercises. There are two types of live-fire exercises.
Individual. Emphasis is on each soldier maintaining a heavy volume of accurate fire. Weapon down time (during
immediate action and rapid magazine changes) is kept to a minimum. Firing should begin at shorter ranges,
progressing to longer ranges as soldiers display increased proficiency. Exposure or engagement times are
shortened and the number of rounds increased to simulate the need for a heavy volume of fire. Downrange
feedback is necessary to determine accuracy of fire.
Unit. Rapid semiautomatic fire should be the primary means of delivering fire during a unit LFX. It is the most
accurate technique of placing a large volume of fire on poorly defined targets or target areas. Emphasis should be
on staggered rapid magazine changes, maintaining a continuous volume of fire and conserving ammunition.

Section III. AUTOMATIC FIRE
Automatic fire delivers the maximum amount of rounds into a target area. It should be trained only after the
soldier has demonstrated expertise during slow and rapid semiautomatic fire. Automatic fire involves the rapid
application of the four fundamentals while delivering from 3 to 13 rounds per second into a designated area. This
technique of fire allows a unit to place the most fire in a target area (when conserving ammunition is not a
consideration). It is a specialized technique of delivering suppressive fire and may not apply to most combat
engagements. The M16A1 rifle has a full automatic setting. (The M16A2 uses a three-round burst capability.)
Soldiers must be taught the advantages and disadvantages of automatic firing so they know when it should be
used. Without this knowledge, in a life-threatening situation the soldier will tend to switch to the automatic/burst
mode. This fire can be effective in some situations. It is vital for the unit to train and practice the appropriate use
of automatic fire.

EFFECTIVENESS OF AUTOMATIC FIRE
Automatic fire is inherently less accurate than semiautomatic fire. The first automatic shot fired may be on
target, but recoil and high-cyclic rate of fire often combine to place subsequent rounds far from the desired point
of impact. Even controlled (three-round burst) automatic fire may place only one round on the target. Because of
these inaccuracies, it is difficult to evaluate the effectiveness of automatic fire, and even more difficult to
establish absolute guidelines for its use.
Closely spaced multiple targets, appearing at the same time at 50 meters or closer, may be engaged effectively
with automatic/burst fire. More widely spaced targets appearing at greater distances should be engaged with
semiautomatic fire.
The M16A1 and M16A2 rifles should normally be employed in the semiautomatic mode. Depending on the
tactical situation, the following conditions would be factors against the use of automatic fire:
•

Ammunition is in short supply or resupply may be difficult.

•

Single targets are being engaged.

•

Widely spaced multiple targets are being engaged.

•

The distance to the target is beyond 50 meters.

•

The effect of bullets on the target cannot be observed.

•

Artificial support is not available.

•

Targets may be effectively engaged using semiautomatic fire.

In some combat situations, the use of automatic fire can improve survivability and enhance mission
accomplishment. Clearing buildings, final assaults, FPF, and ambushes may require the limited use of automatic
fire. Depending on the tactical situation, the following conditions may favor the use of automatic fire:
•

Enough available ammunition. Problems are not anticipated with resupply.

•

Closely spaced multiple targets appear at 50 meters or less.

•

Maximum fire is immediately

•

Leaders can maintain adequate control over rifles firing on automatic.

•

Good artificial support is available

•

The initial sound of gunfire disperses closely spaced targets.

Trainers must ensure soldiers understand the capabilities and limitations of automatic fire. They must know
when it should and should not be used.

MODIFICATIONS FOR AUTOMATIC FIRE POSITIONS
Trainers must consider the impact of the greatly increased rate of fire on the soldier's ability to properly apply the
fundamentals of marksmanship and other combat firing skills. These fundamentals/skills include:
Immediate Action. To maintain automatic fire, immediate action must be applied quickly. The firer must
identify the problem and correct it immediately. Repeated dry-fire practice, using blanks or dummy rounds,
followed by live-fire training and evaluation ensures that soldiers can rapidly apply immediate action.
Marksmanship Fundamentals. The four fundamentals are used when firing in the automatic mode. The
following differences apply:
Steady position (Figure 4-4). Maximum use of available artificial support is necessary during automatic fire. The
rifle should be gripped more firmly and pulled into the shoulder more securely than when firing in the
semiautomatic mode. This support and increased grip help to offset the progressive displacement of
weapon/target alignment caused by recoil. To provide maximum stability, prone and supported positions are
best. One possible modification involves forming a 5-inch loop with the sling at the upper sling swivel, grasping
this loop with the non firing hand, and pulling down and to the rear while firing. Another modification involves
grasping the small of the stock with the non firing hand, and applying pressure down and to the rear while firing.
If a bipod is not available, sandbags may be used to support the rifle. The non firing hand may be positioned on
the rifle wherever it provides the most stability and flexibility. The goal is to maintain weapon stability and
minimize recoil.

Aiming. The aiming process does not change during automatic fire. The firer's head remains on the stock, his
firing eye stays aligned with the rear sight aperture, and his focus is on the front sight post. Although recoil may
disrupt this process, the firer must try to apply the aiming techniques throughout recoil.
Breath control. Breath control must be modified because the firer will not have the time to breathe between
shots. He must hold his breath for each burst and adapt his breathing cycle, taking breaths between bursts.
Trigger squeeze. Training and repeated dry-fire practice will aid the soldier in applying proper trigger squeeze
during automatic firing. Live-fire exercises will enable him to improve this skill.
NOTE: The trigger is not slapped or jerked. It is squeezed and pressure is quickly released.

•

M16AI. Trigger squeeze is applied in the normal manner up to the instant the rifle fires. Because threeround bursts are the most effective rate of fire, pressure on the trigger should be released as soon as
possible. The index finger should remain on the trigger, but a quick release of pressure is necessary to
prevent an excessive amount of rounds from being fired in one burst. With much dry-fire practice, the
soldier can become proficient at delivering three-round bursts with the squeeze/release technique.

•

M16A2. Trigger squeeze is applied in the normal manner up to the instant the rifle fires. Using the burstmode, the firer holds the trigger to the rear until three rounds are fired. He then releases pressure on the
trigger until it resets, then reapplies pressure for the next three-round burst.

NOTE: Depending on the position of the burst cam when the selector is moved to the burst mode, the rifle may fire one, two, or three
rounds when the trigger is held to the rear the first time. ff the rifle fires only one or two rounds, the firer must quickly release pressure
on the trigger and squeeze again, holding it to the rear until a three-round burst is completed.

Magazine Changes. Rapid magazine changes are vital in maintaining automatic fire. (See SECTION II. RAPID
SEMIAUTOMATIC FIRE, Magazine Handling, for detailed information on rapid magazine changes.)

TRAINING OF AUTOMATIC FIRE TECHNIQUES
Soldiers should be well trained in all aspects of slow semiautomatic firing before attempting any automatic
training. Those who display a lack of knowledge of the fundamental skills should not advance to automatic fire
training until these skills are learned. Initial training should focus on the modifications to the fundamentals and
other basic combat skills necessary during automatic firing.
Dry-Fire Exercises. Repeated dry-fire exercises are the most efficient means available to ensure soldiers can
apply these modifications. Multiple dry-fire exercises are needed, emphasizing a stable position and point of
aim, followed by breath control and the appropriate trigger squeeze. Blanks or dummy rounds may be used to
train trigger squeeze, rapid magazine changes, and application of immediate action. The soldier should display
knowledge and skill during these exercises before attempting live fire.
Live-Fire Exercises. There are two types of live-fire exercises.
Individual. Emphasis is on each individual maintaining a heavy volume of fire. Weapon down time (during
immediate action and rapid magazine changes) is held to a minimum. Firing can begin at 25 meters, progressing
to 50 meters as soldiers display increased proficiency. Exposure or engagement times, as well as ranges, are
varied to best simulate the need for a heavy volume of fire. Downrange feedback is necessary to determine
effectiveness of fire. The course of fire should allow the soldier to decide whether he should engage a given
target or area with automatic or semiautomatic fire.
A soldier's zero during automatic fire may be different than his semiautomatic (battlesight) zero. This is due to
the tendency of the lightweight M16 barrel to respond to external pressure such as the bipod or pulling on the
sling. However, it is recommended that the battlesight zero be retained on the rifle and hold off used to place
automatic fire on the target. This holdofff training requires downrange feedback and should be conducted before
other live-fire exercises.

The soldier can begin by loading and firing one round from an automatic fire position. Three of these rounds,
treated as a single group, can establish where the first shot of a three-round burst will probably strike. Loading
and firing two rounds simulates the dispersion of the second shot of a three-round burst. Finally, several threeround bursts should be fired to refine any necessary hold off to center these larger groups on the desired point of
impact.
Unit. Unit LFXs should include the careful use of automatic fire. Emphasis should be on staggered rapid
magazine changes, maintaining a continuous volume of heavy fire, and conserving ammunition.

Section IV. QUICK FIRE
The two main techniques of directing fire with a rifle are to aim using the sights; and to use weapon alignment,
instinct, bullet strike, or tracers to direct the fire. The preferred technique is to use the sights, but sometimes
quick reflex action is needed to survive. Quick fire is a technique used to deliver fast, effective fire on surprise
personnel targets at close ranges (25 meters or less). Quick-fire procedures have also been referred to as "instinct
firing" or "quick kill."

EFFECTIVENESS OF QUICK FIRE
Quick-fire techniques are appropriate for soldiers who are presented with close, suddenly appearing, surprise
enemy targets; or when close engagement is imminent. Fire may be delivered in the SEMIAUTO or
BURST/AUTO mode. For example, a point man in a patrol may carry the weapon on BURST/AUTO. This may
also be required when clearing a room or bunker. Initial training should be in the SEMI mode. Two techniques of
delivering quick fire are-Aimed. When presented with a target, the soldier brings the rifle up to his shoulder and quickly fires a single
shot. His firing eye looks through or just over the rear sight aperture, and he uses the front sight post to aim at the
target (Figure 4-5). Using this technique, a target at 25 meters or less may be accurately engaged in one second
or less.

Pointed. When presented with a target, the soldier keeps the rifle at his side and quickly fires a single shot or
burst. He keeps both eyes open and uses his instinct and peripheral vision to line up the rifle with the target
(Figure 4-6). Using this technique, a target at 15 meters or less may be engaged in less than one second.

The difference in speed of delivery between these two techniques is small. Pointed quick fire can be used to fire
a shot about one-tenth of a second faster than aimed quick fire. The difference in accuracy, however, is more
pronounced. A soldier well trained in pointed quick fire can hit an E-type silhouette target at 15 meters, although
the shot may strike anywhere on the target. A soldier well trained in aimed quick fire can hit an E-type silhouette
target at 25 meters, with the shot or burst striking 5 inches from the center of mass.
The key to the successful employment of either technique is practice. Both pointed and aimed quick fire must be
repeatedly practiced during dry-fire training. Live-fire exercises provide further skill enhancement and illustrate
the difference in accuracy between the two techniques. Tactical considerations dictate which technique is most
effective in a given situation, and when single shot versus burst fire is used.
Pointed and aimed quick fire should be used only when a target cannot be engaged fast enough using the sights
in a normal manner. These techniques should be limited to targets appearing at 25 meters or less.

MODIFICATIONS FOR QUICK--FIRE TECHNIQUES
Quick-fire techniques require major modifications to the four fundamentals of marksmanship. These
modifications represent a significant departure from the normal applications of the four fundamentals. Initial
training in these differences, followed by repeated dry-fire exercises, will be necessary to prepare the soldier for
live fire.
Steady Position. The quickness of shot delivery prevents the soldier from assuming a stable firing position. He
must fire from his present position when the target appears. If the soldier is moving, he must stop. Adjustments
for stability and support cannot be made before the round being fired.
Aimed. The butt of the rifle is pulled into the pocket of the shoulder as the cheek comes in contact with the stock.
Both hands firmly grip the rifle, applying rearward pressure. The firing eye looks through or just over the rear
sight aperture (Figure 4-5). The firer's sight is in focus and placed on the target.
Pointed. The rifle is pulled into the soldier's side and both hands firmly grip the rifle, applying rearward pressure
(Figure 4-6).
Aiming. This fundamental must be highly modified because the soldier may not have time to look through the
rear sight, find the front sight, and align it with the target.
Aimed. The soldier's initial focus is on the target. As the rifle is brought up, the firing eye looks through or just
over the rear sight aperture at the target. Using his peripheral vision, the soldier locates the front sight post and
brings it to the center of the target. When the front sight post is in focus, the shot is fired. Focus remains on the
front sight post throughout the aiming process.
Pointed The soldier's focus is placed on the center or slightly below the center of the target as the rifle is aligned
with it and is fired. The soldier's instinctive pointing ability and peripheral vision are used to aid in proper
alignment.
NOTE: When using either aiming technique, bullets may tend to impact above the desired location. Repeated live-fire practice is
necessary to determine the best aim point on the target or the best focus. Such practice should begin with the soldier using a center
mass arms/focus.

Breath Control. This fundamental has little application to the first shot of quick fire. The round must be fired
before a conscious decision can be made about breathing. If subsequent shots are necessary, breathing must not
interfere with the necessity to fire quickly. When possible, use short, shallow breaths.
Trigger Squeeze. Initial pressure is applied as weapon alignment is moved toward the target. Trigger squeeze is
exerted so that when weapon/target alignment is achieved, the round is fired at once. The soldier requires much
training and practice to perfect this rapid squeezing of the trigger.

TRAINING OF QUICK- FIRE TECHNIQUES
Initial training should focus on the major modifications to the fundamentals during quick fire.
Dry-Fire Exercises. This dry-fire exercise requires no elaborate preparations or range facilities, yet it provides
the soldier with an opportunity to learn and practice quick-fire techniques. Repeated dry-fire exercises ensure
soldiers can apply the modifications to the fundamentals. Multiple dry-fire exercises are needed, emphasizing a
consistent firing position and weapon alignment with the target, followed by rapid trigger squeeze. No more than
one second should elapse between the appearance of the target and a bullet striking it. One example of a dry-fire
exercise is:

The trainer/coach places an E-type silhouette target 15 meters in front of the soldier. The soldier stands facing
the general direction of the target (vary direction to simulate targets appearing at different locations), holding his
rifle at or above waist level. His firing hand should be on the pistol grip; the non firing hand cradling the rifle
under the handguards.
The trainer/coach should stand slightly behind the soldier, out of his field of view. 'Me trainer/coach claps his
hands, signaling target appearance. Immediately after clapping his hands, the trainer/coach counts out loud "one
thousand one."
The soldier must either point or aim, squeeze the trigger, and bear the hammer fall before the trainer/coach
finishes speaking (about one second or less).
NOTE: When using the aiming technique, the soldier holds his aim and confirms alignment of the rifle with the target. He keeps the
rifle pointed toward the target after the hammer falls and looks through the sights to check his actual point of aim for that shot.

Live-Fire Exercises. There are two types of live-fire exercises.
Individual. Emphasis is on engaging each target in one second or less. The previously described timing
technique may be used, or pop-up targets set to lock in the full upright position may be used. Pop-up targets
require about one second to move from the down to the full up position. Targets set to lock in the upright
position must be engaged as they are being raised to "kill" them. This gives the soldier a one-second time limit.
At 15 meters (the maximum recommended range), an E-type silhouette engaged using pointed quick fire may be
hit anywhere. Using aimed quick fire at the same target, hits should fall within a 10-inch circle located center of
target.
NOTE: Repeated live-fire exercises are necessary to train the soldier. If 5.56-mm service ammunition is in short supply, the 5.56-mm
practice ammunition and M2 bolt or the .22-caliber rim fire adapter device may be used.

Unit. Unit MOUT LFXs should include the use of quick fire. Targets should be presented at 25 meters or less
and soldiers must engage them within one second.

Section V. MOPP FIRING
All soldiers must effectively fire their weapons to accomplish combat missions in an NBC environment. With
proper training and practice, soldiers can gain confidence in their ability to effectively hit targets in full MOPP
equipment. MOPP firing proficiency must be a part of every unit's training program.

EFFECTS OF MOPP EQUIPMENT ON FIRING
Firing weapons is only part of overall NBC training. Soldiers must first be familiar with NBC equipment, its use,
and proper wear before they progress to learning the techniques of MOPP firing. Trainers must consider the
impact of MOPP equipment (hood/ mask, gloves, overgarments) on the soldier's ability to properly apply the
fundamentals of marksmanship and combat firing skills.
Immediate Action. Under normal conditions a soldier should be able to clear a stoppage in three to five
seconds. Under full MOPP, however, this may take as long as ten seconds to successfully complete. Dry-fire
practice under these conditions is necessary to reduce time and streamline actions. Hood/mask and gloves must
be worn. Care must be taken not to snag or damage the gloves or dislodge the hood/mask during movements.
Applying immediate action to a variety of stoppages during dry fire must be practiced using dummy or blank
ammunition until such actions can be performed by instinct.
Target Detection. Techniques and principles outlined in Chapter 3 remain valid for target detection while in
MOPP, but considerations must be made for limiting factors imposed by MOPP equipment.
Vision is limited to what can be seen through the mask lenses/faceplate. Peripheral vision is severely restricted.
The lenses/faceplate may be scratched or partly fogged, thus further restricting vision. Soldiers requiring
corrective lenses must be issued insert lenses before training.
Scanning movement may be restricted by the hood/mask. Any of these factors could adversely affect the soldier's
ability to quickly and accurately detect targets. Additional skill practice should be conducted.
Marksmanship Fundamentals. Although the four marksmanship fundamentals remain valid during MOPP
firing, some modifications may be needed to accommodate the equipment.
Steady position. Due to the added bulk of the overgarments, firing positions may need adjustment for stability
and comfort. Dry and live firing while standing, crouching, or squatting may be necessary to reduce body contact
with contaminated ground or foliage. A consistent spot/stock weld is difficult to maintain due to the shape of the
protective masks. This requires the firer to hold his head in an awkward position to place the eye behind the
sight.
Aiming. The wearing of a protective mask may force firers to rotate (cant) the rifle a certain amount to see
through the rear aperture. The weapon should be rotated the least amount to properly see through and line up the
sights, as previously discussed in Chapter 3. The center tip of the front sight post should be placed on the ideal
aiming point. This ideal aiming procedure (Figure 4-7) should be the initial procedure taught and practiced. If
this cannot be achieved, a canted sight picture may be practiced.

Breath control Breathing is restricted and more difficult while wearing the protective mask. Physical exertion
can produce labored breathing and make settling down into a normal breath control routine much more difficult.
More physical effort is needed to move around when encumbered by MOPP equipment, which can increase the
breath rate. All of these factors make holding and controlling the breath to produce a well-aimed shot more
energy- and time-consuming. Emphasis must be placed on rapid target engagement during the limited amount of
time a firer can control his breath.
Trigger squeeze. Grasping the pistol grip and squeezing the trigger with the index finger are altered when the
firer is wearing MOPP gloves. The action of the trigger finger is restricted, and the fit of the glove may require
the release of the swing-down trigger guard. Because the trigger feels different, control differs from that used in
bare-handed firing. This difference cannot be accurately predicted. Dry-fire training using dime (washer)
exercises is necessary to ensure the firer knows the changes he will encounter during live fire.

EFFECTS OF AIMING MODIFICATIONS
The normal amount of cant needed by most firers to properly see through the sights has a limited influence on
rounds fired at ranges of 75 meters or less. At longer ranges, however, the change in bullet strike becomes more
pronounced.

Rifle ballistics (Appendix F) causes the strike of the bullet to impact low in the direction of the cant (when a cant
is used) at longer ranges. Due to this shift in bullet strike and the many individual differences in sight alignment
when wearing a protective mask, it is important to conduct downrange feedback training (Appendix G) at ranges
beyond 75 meters. This allows soldiers to determine what aiming adjustments are needed to achieve center target
hits. Figure 4-8 shows what might be expected for a right-handed firer engaging a target at 175 meters with no
cant, a certain amount of cant, and the adjustment in point of aim needed to move the bullet strike to the center of
the target. Figure 4-9 shows what might be expected for a right-handed firer engaging a 300-meter target. (The
adjustments in point of aim for left-handed firers are the opposite of those shown in Figures 4-8 and 4-9.)

Although bullet strike is displaced when using a cant, individual differences are such that center-of-mass aiming
should be used until the individual knows what aiming adjustment is needed. When distant targets are missed, a
right-handed firer should usually adjust his point of aim to the right and high; a left-handed firer should adjust to
the left and high. Then, the aiming rules are clear. All targets should initially be engaged by aiming center mass,
regardless of cant. When targets are missed while using a cant, firers should adjust the point of aim higher and
opposite the direction of the cant. Actual displacement of the aiming point must be determined by using
downrange feedback targets at ranges beyond 75 meters.

OPERATION AND FUNCTION MODIFICATIONS
Handling the rifle, performing operation and function checks, loading and unloading, and cleaning are affected
by MOPP equipment. Movements are slowed, tasks take longer to complete and often require more effort, vision
is impaired, and care is needed to avoid damaging MOPP equipment and possible exposure to lethal agents.
Because of the great differences between no MOPP and MOPP4, soldiers must be trained in all aspects of
operation and maintenance of the weapon while practicing at the highest MOPP level. Only through repeated
training and practice can the soldier be expected to perform all tasks efficiently.

MOPP FIRE EXERCISES
The many difficulties the soldier encounters while firing with MOPP gear must be experienced and overcome
during training.
Dry-Fire MOPP Exercises. Repeated dry-fire exercises covering all aspects of MOPP firing are the most
effective means available to ensure all soldiers can function during a live-fire MOPP situation. Multiple dry-fire
exercises must be conducted before the first live round is fired. Otherwise, valuable ammunition and training
time are wasted in trying to teach soldiers the basics. The soldier is trained in the fundamentals; repeated dry-fire
or Weaponeer exercises are conducted; grouping, zeroing, qualifying, and evaluating are performed using
standard non-MOPP firing; the differences and modifications are trained for MOPP firing; and repeated MOPP
dry-fire exercises are conducted. The soldier is now ready to move on to MOPP live fire.
Live-Fire MOPP Exercises. These exercises further develop the learned firing skills and allow the soldier to
experience the effects of wearing MOPP equipment on downrange performance.
Individual Application of immediate action, rapid magazine changes, grouping, and adjusted point of aim at 25
meters should all be tested and evaluated for further training. After soldiers exhibit proficiency at these tasks,
further training and evaluation at extended ranges are indicated.
Unit. Parts of unit LFXs should be conducted in the highest MOPP level with a planned system of target hit
evaluation. As in all aspects of marksmanship training, the emphasis is on soldier knowledge and skills
displayed.
Basic 25-meter proficiency course. Initial live-fire exercises are conducted at 25 meters. This training provides
all soldiers the basic techniques and introduces firing the rifle in MOPP equipment. This basic proficiency
exercise must be fired while wearing gloves and protective mask with hood. The basic 25-meter proficiency
exercise is fired to standard and is an annual/semiannual GO/NO-GO requirement for most soldiers. It is entered
on the record fire scorecard when completed.
The course of fire can be conducted on any range equipped with mechanical target lifters. Soldiers are given
initial instruction and a demonstration of the techniques of firing in MOPP equipment.

Each soldier is issued 20 rounds of 5.56-mm ball ammunition to engage 20 three-to-five-second exposures of Ftype silhouette targets at 25 meters. Initial firing is performed with 10 rounds from the individual fighting
position (supported), and 10 rounds from a prone unsupported position. Each soldier must obtain a minimum of
11 target hits out of 20 exposures to meet the basic requirement. This initial basic 25-meter exercise prepares
soldiers for future individual and unit training in full MOPP gear.
Downrange feedback Once the soldier has mastered basic marksmanship proficiency, he should be introduced
to firing at range. This phase of firing should provide the maximum hit-and-miss performance feedback; it can be
conducted on a KD or modified field fire range at 75, 175, and 300 meters.
Practice firing under full MOPP can also be conducted on the standard RETS ranges -for example, the standard
record fire tables may be fired in MOPP. MOPP fire must also be part of unit tactical exercises, which are fired
on MPRC as part of STXS.
NOTE: The .22-caliber rimfire adapter or plastic practice ammunition may be used during live-fire practice at scaled 25-meter targets
when 5.56-mm ammunition is not available.

When the rimfire adapter, plastic ammunition, or live-fire range is not available, the Weaponeer device may be
used. Scaled silhouette targets may also be used at this distance to introduce the many target sizes common at
longer ranges. The slow-fire target and course outlined in Appendix E are appropriate.
Having mastered the 25-meter firing phase, the soldier is then introduced to firing at range, using the standard
75-, 175-, and 300-meter downrange feedback targets (Chapter 3). Adjusted point of aim, for individual
differences of cant, is first used during this training. Live-fire training is conducted on a KD or modified field
fire range, giving the soldier feedback on targets engaged at many ranges,

Section VI. MOVING TARGET ENGAGEMENT
The enemy normally moves by rushes from one covered or concealed position to another. While making the
rush, the enemy soldier presents a rapidly moving target. However, for a brief time as he begins, movement is
slow since many steps are needed to gain speed. Many steps are needed to slow down at the new position. A
moving target is open to aimed fire both times.

MOVING TARGET TECHNIQUES
There are two primary techniques of engaging moving targets.
Tracking. Tracking is a more accurate technique of engaging targets by experienced firers. It involves the
establishment and maintaining of the aiming point in relationship to the target and maintaining that sight picture
(moving with the target) while squeezing the trigger. As the target moves, this technique puts the firer in position
for a second shot if the first one misses.
Trapping. Trapping is the setting up of an aiming point forward of the target and along the target path. The
trigger is squeezed as the target comes into the sights. This is a technique that works on targets with slow lateral
movement. It does not require tracking skills. It does require that the firer know precisely when the rifle is going
to fire. Some soldiers can squeeze the trigger without reacting to the rifle firing, and they may fire better using
this technique.
Another technique is to use a modified 25-meter scaled timed-fire silhouette (see Figure 4-10). Trainers evaluate
performance based on where shot groups are placed when the lead rule is applied. This target can be used for
both the M16A1 and M16A2 rifles.

MOVING TARGET FUNDAMENTALS
The fundamentals needed to hit moving targets are similar to those needed to hit stationary targets. The main
skill is to engage moving targets with the least changes to procedures. Another consideration is that soldiers in a
combat defensive position do not know if their next target will be stationary or moving -they must fire
immediately at whatever targets occur.
The fundamentals for engaging stationary targets are steady position, aiming, breath control, and trigger squeeze.
They are also used to engage moving targets. Considering the environment and the variables of the rifle and
ammunition, the well-trained soldier should be able to hit 300-meter stationary silhouette targets with a .5 PH.
When the target has lateral movement, hits at 150 meters may be seven out of ten times, which is a good
performance. Therefore, twice as much variability, twice as much dispersion, and a few more erratic shots are
expected when soldiers are trained to hit moving targets.
The procedures used to engage moving targets vary as the angle and speed of the target vary. For example, when
a moving target is moving directly at the firer, the same procedures are used as would be used if the target were
stationary. However, if it is a close, fast-moving target at a 90-degree angle, the rifle and entire upper body of the
firer must be free from support so that the target can be tracked. To hit moving targets, the firer must move the
rifle smoothly and steadily as the target moves. The front sight post is placed with the trailing edge at target
center, breath is held, and the trigger is squeezed. Several factors complicate this process.
Steady position. When firing from a firing position, the firer is in the standard supported position and is flexible
enough to track any target in his sector. When a moving target is moving directly at the firer, directly away, or at
a slight angle, the target is engaged without changing the firing position. When targets have much lateral
movement, only minor changes are needed to allow for effective target engagement. Most moving targets are
missed in the horizontal plane (firing in front of or behind the target) and not in the vertical plane (firing too low
or too high). Therefore, a smooth track is needed on the target, even if the support arm must be lifted. Other
adjustments include the following:
-- Non firing hand. The grip of the non firing hand may need to be increased and more pressure applied to the
rear. This helps to maintain positive control of the rifle and steady it for rapid trigger action.
-- Non firing elbow. The elbow is lifted from the support position only to maintain a smooth track.
-- Grip of the tight hand Rearward pressure may be applied to the pistol grip to steady the rifle during trigger
squeeze.
-- Firing elbow. The firing elbow is lifted from support only to help maintain a smooth track.
NOTE: The rifle pocket on the shoulder and the stock weld are the same for stationary targets.

Aiming. The trailing edge of the front sight post is at target center.
Breath control. Breathing is locked at the moment of trigger squeeze.
Trigger squeeze. Rearward pressure on the handguard and pistol grip is applied to hold the rifle steady while
pressure is applied to the trigger. The trigger is squeezed fast (almost a controlled jerk). Heavy pressure is
applied on the trigger (at least half the pressure it takes to make the rifle fire) before squeezing the trigger.

SINGLE-LEAD RULE FOR MOVING TARGETS
A target moving directly toward the firer can be engaged the same way as a stationary target. However, to hit a
target moving laterally, the firer places the trailing edge of the front sight post at target center. The sight-target
relationship is shown in Figure 4-11. The single-lead rule automatically increases the lead as the range to the
target increases.

Figure 4-12 shows how this works, with the front sight post covering about 1.6 inches at 15 meters and about 16
inches at 150 meters. Since the center of the front sight post is the actual aiming point, this technique of placing
the trailing edge of the front sight post at target center provides for an.8-inch lead on a 15-meter target, and an 8inch lead on a target at 150 meters.

This rules provides for a dead-center hit on a 15-meter target that is moving at 7 mph at a 25-degree angle
because the target moves .8 inch between the time the rifle is fired and the bullet arrives at the target. A 150meter target moving at 7 mph at a 25-degree angle moves 8 inches between the time the weapon is fired and the
bullet arrives. This rule provides for hits on the majority of high-priority combat targets.

LEAD REQUIREMENTS
To effectively engage moving targets on the battlefield, soldiers must understand lead requirements. Figure 4-13
shows the amount of lead required to hit a 300-meter target when it is moving 8 mph at an angle of 90 degrees.
Aiming directly at the target would result in missing it. When an enemy soldier is running 8 mph, 90 degrees to
the firer, and at a range of 300 meters, he covers 4 1/2 feet while the bullet is traveling toward him. To get a hit,
the firer must aim and fire at position D when the enemy is at position A. This indicates the need for target lead
and for marksmanship trainers to know bullet speed and how it relates to the range, angle, and speed of the
target. Soldiers must understand that targets moving fast and laterally are led by some distance if they are to be
hit.

Target Speed. Figure 4-14 reflects the differences in lateral speed for various angles of target movement for a
target that is traveling at 8 mph at a distance of 150 meters from the firer. The angle of target movement is the
angle between the target-firer line and the target's direction of movement. An 8-mph target moves 24 inches
during the bullet's flight time. If the target is moving on a 15-degree angle, it moves 6 inches (the equivalent of 2
mph). For the firer to apply precise lead rules, he must accurately estimate speed, angle, and range to the target
during the enemy soldier's brief exposure. The single-lead rule (place the trailing edge of the front sight post at
target center) places effective fire on most high-priority combat targets. At 100 meters, the rule begins to break
down for targets moving at slight and large angles.

Since the target lead is half the perceived width of the front sight post, at 100 meters the standard sight provides
for 5.4 inches of lead for the M16A1 and M16A2 front sights (Figure 4-15).

Target Distance. The front sight post covers only a small part of close-in targets, providing for target hits on
close targets moving at any angle and any speed. However, if the lead rule is applied on more distant targets
moving at a slight angle - for example, 5 degrees at 100 meters - the bullet strikes forward of target center, about
4 inches with standard sights and about 7 inches with LLLSS sights. Therefore, soldiers are taught to fire at
targets as though they are stationary until lateral movement is observed (15 degrees).
The rule provides for many speed-angle combinations that place the bullet within 2 inches of target center
(Figure 4-16). Since the soldier is expected to fire a 12-inch group on moving targets at 100 meters, the rule
provides for hits on the majority of targets. Even the worst case (a 90-degree target moving at 8 mph) would
result in the shot-group center being located 9.8 inches behind target center. If bullets were evenly distributed
within a 12-inch group, this would result in hitting the target 40 percent of the time.

Soldiers should be taught to increase their lead when targets are missed. This increases their probability of
hitting all targets. The amount of additional lead required should be developed through experience with only
general guidance provided. For example, if there is much lateral movement of the target and the soldier feels by
applying the lead rule and firing fundamentals he has missed the target, then he should increase his lead.
The training program must be simple and provide soldiers with only relevant information to improve their
performance in combat. First, all soldiers should understand and apply the single-lead rule in the absence of
more information. Second, soldiers should understand that moving targets coming toward them or on a slight
angle (O to 15 degrees) should be engaged as stationary targets. Third, information should be presented and
practice allowed on applying additional lead to targets for soldiers who demonstrate an aptitude for this skill.
Target Angle. The rule does not apply to targets moving at small and large angles (Figure 4-16). For example, a
walking enemy soldier at 250 meters is hit dead center when he is moving at 40 degrees. Hits can be obtained if
he is moving on any angle between 15 and 75 degrees. When he is running (a center hit is obtained when the
target is on an angle of 18 degrees), misses occur when he exceeds an angle of 30 to 35 degrees. The information
provided in Figures 4-13, and 4-14, is designed to enhance instructor understanding so proper concepts are
presented during instruction. For example, a target at 100 meters moving at 6 mph receives a center hit when
moving at 29 degrees. When moving at an angle less than 29 degrees, the bullet strikes somewhat in front of
target center. When moving at an angle of more than 29 degrees, the bullet strikes somewhat behind target
center.

MULTIPURPOSE RANGE COMPLEX TRAIN-UP
MPRCs require soldiers to hit moving targets. Ranges are used for collective training. Commanders should try to
use the MPRCs for individual training and to teach the individual to engage moving targets. If no MPRCs are
available for individual training, any range can be used that will support any type of moving target. Building a
moving target range is limited only by the imagination of the trainer, but always within safety constraints. The
following are examples that can be incorporated on many ranges.
Popsicle Sticks. This requires placing an E-type silhouette on a long stick and having an individual walk back
and forth behind a high berm (high enough to protect the individual from fire) the length of the berm. Feedback
should be made available for the firer such as for lowering the target when a hit is scored or reversing direction
upon a bit.
Sled Targets. This requires constructing a simple sled that has one or more targets attached. The sled is pulled
by a rope or cable across and off the range safely by a vehicle.

CHAPTER 5

Night Firing
All units must be able to fight during limited visibility. All soldiers should know the procedures for weapons
employment during such time. Soldiers must experience the various conditions of night combat -- from total
darkness, to the many types of artificial illumination, to the use of surveillance aids. All units must include basic,
unassisted night fire training annually in their unit marksmanship program. Combat units should conduct
tactical night fire training at least quarterly. This tactical training should include MILES during force-on-force
training as well as live fire. Night-fire training must include the use of applicable night vision devices when this
equipment is part of a TOE. The many effects darkness has on night firing are discussed herein.
NOTE: Although this chapter addresses night firing, the appropriate modifications to the fundamentals of firing may be applied
whenever visibility is limited.

CONSIDERATIONS
Trainers must consider the impact of limited visibility on the soldier's ability to properly apply the fundamentals
of marksmanship and combat firing skills. These fundamentals/ skills include:
Operation and Maintenance of the Weapon. Handling the weapon, performing operation and function checks,
loading and unloading, and maintenance are affected by nighttime conditions. Movements are slowed, tasks take
longer to complete, vision is impaired, and equipment is more easily misplaced or lost. Because combat
conditions and enforcement of noise and light discipline restrict the use of illumination, soldiers must be trained
to operate (load, unload, and clear), service, and clean their weapons using the lowest lighting conditions.
Although initial practice of these tasks should occur during daylight (using simulated darkness) to facilitate
control and error correction, repeated practice during actual nighttime conditions should be integrated with other
training. Only through repeated practice and training can the soldier be expected to perform all tasks efficiently.
Immediate Action. Under normal conditions, a soldier should clear a stoppage in three to five seconds. After
dark, this task usually takes longer. Identifying the problem may be frustrating and difficult for the soldier. A
tactile (hands only) technique of identifying a stoppage must be taught and practiced. Clearing the stoppage
using few or no visual indicators must also be included. The firer must apply immediate action with his eyes
closed. Dry-fire practice using dummy or blank rounds under these conditions is necessary to reduce time and
build confidence. Training should be practiced first during daylight for better control and error correction by the
trainer. Practice during darkness can be simulated by closing the eyes or using a blindfold. Once the soldier is
confident in applying immediate action in daylight or darkness, he can perform such actions rapidly on the firing
line.
Target Detection. Many of the skills discussed in Appendix B apply to target detection after dark. Light from a
cigarette or flashlight, discharge of a rifle (muzzle flash), or reflected moonlight/starlight are the main means of
target location. Sounds may also be indicators of target areas. Because the other techniques of detection
(movement, contrast) are less apparent at night, light and sound detection must be taught, trained, and reviewed
repeatedly in practice exercises. Exercises should also emphasize shortened scanning ranges, night vision
adaptation, and use of off-center vision. Target detection exercises should be integrated into all collective
training tasks.
NOTE: Binoculars are often overlooked as night vision aids. Because they amplify the available light, binoculars or spotting/rifle
scopes can provide the firer with another means to locate targets during limited visibility. Also, the use of MILES equipment is
effective for use in engaging detected targets.

Marksmanship Fundamentals. The four marksmanship fundamentals apply to night firing. Some
modifications are needed depending on the conditions. The firer must still place effective fire on the targets or
target areas that have been detected.

Steady position. When the firer is firing unassisted, changes in his head position/stock weld will be necessary,
especial when using weapon-target alignment techniques. When using rifle-mounted night vision devices, head
position/stock weld must be changed to bring the firing eye in line with the device. Also, such mounted devices
alter the rifle's weight and center of gravity, forcing a shift in placement of the support (non firing arm or
sandbags). Repeated dry-fire practice, followed by live-fire training, is necessary to learn and refine these
modifications and still achieve the most steady position.
Aiming. Modifications to the aiming process vary from very little (when using LLLSSs) to extensive (when
using modified quick-fire techniques). When firing unassisted, the firer's off-center vision is used instead of
pinpoint focus. When using a mounted night vision device, the firer's conventional iron sights are not used. The
soldier uses the necessary aiming process to properly use the device.
Breathing. Weapon movement caused by breathing becomes more apparent when using night vision devices that
magnify the field of view. This fundamental is not greatly affected by night fire conditions.
Trigger squeeze. This important fundamental does not change during night fire. The objective is to not disrupt
alignment of the weapon with the target.

PRINCIPLES OF NIGHT VISION
For a soldier to effectively engage targets at night, he must apply the three principles of night vision:
Dark Adaptation. Moving from lighted to darkened areas (as in leaving a tent) can be temporarily blinding.
After several minutes have passed, the soldier can slowly see his surroundings. If he remains in this completely
darkened environment, he adapts to the dark in about 30 minutes. This does not mean he can see in the dark at
the end of this time. After about 30 minutes, his visibility reaches its maximum level. If light is encountered, the
eyes must adapt again. The fire on the end of a cigarette or a red-lensed flashlight can degrade night vision;
larger light sources cause more severe losses.
Off-Center Vision. During the day, the soldier focuses his vision on the object he wants to see. Shifting this
pinpoint focus slightly to one side causes the object to become blurry or lose detail. At night, the opposite is true.
Focusing directly on an object after dark results in that object being visible for only a few seconds. After that, the
object becomes almost invisible. To view an object at night, the soldier must shift his gaze slightly to one side.
This allows the light-sensitive parts of the eye (parts not used during daylight) to be used. These can detect faint
light sources or reflections and relay their image to the brain. (Figures 5-1 and 5-2.)

NOTE: Vision is shifted slightly to one side, but attention is still on the object. Because of the blind spot at the center of vision,
directing attention to an off-centered objective is possible (with practice).

Scanning. Scanning is the short, abrupt, irregular movement of the soldier's eyes around an object or area every
4 to 10 seconds. Off-center vision is used. Scanning ranges vary according to visibility.
NOTE: For detailed information on the three principles, see FM

21-75.

TARGET ENGAGEMENT TECHNIQUES
Night fire usually occurs under three general conditions.
Unassisted Firing Exercise. The firer must detect and engage targets without artificial illumination or night
vision devices. Potential target areas are scanned. When a target is detected, the firer should engage it using a
modified quick-fire position. His head is positioned high so that he is aligning the weapon on the target and
looking just over the iron sights. His cheek should remain in contact with the stock.
The firer should take a few seconds to improve weapon/target alignment by pointing slightly low to compensate
for the usual tendency to fire high. Both eyes are open to the maximum advantage of any available light, and the
focus is downrange. Off-center vision is used to keep the target in sight. Tracer ammunition may provide
feedback on the line of trajectory and facilitate any adjustments in weapon/target alignment.
Repeated dry-fire training, target detection, and proper aiming practice are the most efficient means to ensure the
soldier can successfully engage short-range targets (50 meters or closer) unassisted during MILES exercises, and
then live-fire training.
Artificial Illumination. Targets as distant as 175 meters can be engaged successfully with some type of artificial
illumination. Illumination may be from hand flares, mortar or artillery fire, or bright incandescent lights such as
searchlights.
When artificial illumination is used, the eyes lose most of their night adaption, and off-center vision is no longer
useful. Aiming is accomplished as it is during the day. Artificial illumination allows the firer to use the iron
sights as he does during the day. (M16A2 users should keep the large rear sight aperture flipped up during
darkness.)

Engaging targets under artificial illumination allows for better target detection and long-range accuracy than the
unassisted technique. When the light is gone, time must be spent in regaining night vision and adaptation. Only
when the light level drops enough so that the target cannot be seen through the iron sights should the firer
resume short-range scanning, looking just over the sights.
Soldiers have sometimes been taught to close their eyes during artificial illumination to preserve their night
vision. This technique is effective but also renders the soldier (or entire unit) blind for the duration of the
illumination. Keeping one eye closed to preserve its night vision results in a drastically altered sense of
perception when both eyes are opened, following the illumination burnout. Tactical considerations should be the
deciding factor as to which technique to use. Repeated dry-fire training and target detection practice are the keys
to successful engagement of targets out to 150 meters or more during live fire under artificial illumination.
Night Vision Devices. Rifle-mounted night vision devices are the most effective night fire aids. By using these
devices, the firer can observe the area, detect and engage any suitable targets, and direct the fire of soldiers who
are firing unassisted.
NVDs can be used to engage targets out to 300 meters. Repeated training, dry-fire practice, and correct zeroing
are vital to the proper employment of NVDs during live-fire training.

TRAINING
Dry-fire training and live-fire training are necessary to mastering basic rifle marksmanship. The soldier must
adhere to the following procedures and applications to be effective in combat.
Dry-Fire Exercises. Repeated training and dry-fire practice are the most effective means available to ensure all
soldiers can function efficiently after dark.
Target detection and dry-fire exercises must be conducted before the first live round is fired. They can take place
almost anywhere -elaborate live-fire range facilities are not needed. Modified fundamentals can be taught in a
classroom/practical exercise situation. Further training in the proper zeroing and engagement techniques can take
place anywhere that targets can be set up and darkness can be expected.
Without extensive dry-fire training, soldiers do not perform to standards during live fire. Valuable range time
and ammunition are wasted in a final attempt to teach the basics.
The soldier must demonstrate skill during daylight live fire. Next, he is trained in the differences and
modifications needed for successful night firing. Many dry-fire exercises are conducted until skill at night firing
is displayed. Only then is the soldier ready to move on to the night live-fire exercises.
Live-Fire Exercises. These exercises continue to develop the firing skills acquired during dry-fire exercises, and
they allow the soldier to experience the effects of darkness on downrange performance.
The basic unassisted live-fire exercise allows all soldiers to apply night-fire principles, and to gain confidence in
their abilities to effectively engage targets at 25 and 50 meters. Practice and proficiency firing can be conducted
on any range equipped with mechanical lifters and muzzle flash simulators. A small square of reflective material
and a shielded low wattage flashing light (protected from bullet impact) may be used to facilitate target
detection. (Figures 5-3) The light should be placed to highlight the center of the target with a flashing, faint glow
(intended to represent a muzzle flash). The light should not be on constantly, when the target is not exposed, or
on when the target is exposed but not being used in actual engagement. The light should provide the firer with a
momentary indication that a target is presenting itself for engagement. It should not be attached to the target or
provide the firer with a distinct aiming point, regardless of how dim it may be. Practice can also be accomplished
by the use of MILES equipment and target interface devices.

When an automated record fire range (RETS) is used for this exercise, the two 50-meter mechanisms are used.
Before training, one E-type silhouette target is replaced with an F-type silhouette target. The F-type silhouette
target is engaged at 25 meters from the prone unsupported position. The soldier is issued one magazine of 15
rounds (5 rounds ball; 10 rounds tracer) and presented 15 ten-second exposures. The firing line is moved, and the
soldier engages the E-type silhouette target at 50 meters. He is issued a second 15-round magazine (5 rounds
ball; 10 rounds tracer) to engage 15 ten-second exposures.
When the automated range is used, the soldier's performance is recorded in the tower. If automatic scoring is not
available, F-type and E-type silhouette paper facings are attached to the mechanical target, and bullet holes are
counted. Facings may be repaired or replaced for each firer.
To meet the annual/semiannual minimum performance requirements, all soldiers must hit and kill seven separate
targets out of 30 exposures. The results are annotated on the soldier's record fire scorecard.
•

Individual. Application of immediate action, rapid magazine changes, and refinements of the modified
quick-fire aiming point should be tested and evaluated for further training.

•

Unassisted. After soldiers exhibit proficiency of individual tasks, training and evaluation at ranges
beyond those possible using only the rifle are indicated.

•

Artificial illumination. After mastering the unassisted night fire task and after repeated dry-fire training
under artificial illumination, the soldier is ready to be tested and evaluated using live fire under
illumination. Pop-up or stationary targets at ranges out to 175 meters (depending on light conditions,
terrain features, and vegetation) may be used. Illumination is provided by flares, mortar/artillery, or
floodlights. Once these tasks are mastered, further training and evaluation using NVDs is indicated.
Multipurpose range complexes can be used for night firing by using artificial illumination. Automated
field fire or record fire ranges can also be used by adding lighting. During this training, soldiers engage
targets at 75 to 175 meters. Several target scenarios are possible. A typical training exercise would
present 30 random exposures of the 75-meter and 175-meter targets (or optional 100-meter and 200meter targets). Soldiers should be expected to hit at least 10 targets. Tracer ammunition can be used to
enhance training.

•

Night vision devices. Repeated training and dry-fire practice on the proper use of NVDs are essential to
the successful conduct of any live-fire training using these devices. Firers must understand the equipment
and skillfully employ it. NVDs can provide engagement capabilities out to 300 meters.

NOTE: Spotlights or floodlights can be modified through use of a rheostat to simulate the flickering, bright/dim nature of artificial
illumination. Lights should not be used to continuously spotlight targets. Unanticipated artificial illumination may render NVDs
difficult to see through or may shut the device off. Live-fire training should consider any problems incurred by such unexpected
illumination.

•

Unit. Parts of unit STXS, FTXS, and LFXs should be conducted at night. This training should include
target detection, unassisted MILES and live fire, artificial illumination, and NVDS. Targets out to 300
meters may be used, depending on the existing conditions. Emphasis is on soldier knowledge and skills
displayed.

NOTE: See FM

25-7 for a description of ranges available and recommended for live-fire training.

APPENDIX A

Year-Round Marksmanship Training
An effective unit marksmanship program reflects the priority, emphasis, and interest of commanders and
trainers. This appendix proposes a rifle marksmanship training strategy as guidance in establishing and
conducting an effective training program. The strategy consists of the individual and leader refresher training
for maintaining the basic skills learned during IET. It progresses to training advanced and collective skills under
near-combat conditions during live-fire STXs.

MARKSMANSHIP AND THE METL
Marksmanship proficiency is critical and basic to soldiering and is required for any unit deployed to a wartime
theater. All commanders should develop a METL and organize a training program that devotes adequate time to
marksmanship.
The unit's combat mission must be considered when establishing training priorities. This not only applies to the
tasks selected for the unit's METL but also the conditions under which the tasks are to be performed. If a unit
may be employed in a MOUT environment, the effects of range, gravity, and wind may not be too important, but
automatic/burst fire, quick fire, and assault fire would be. The reverse may be true of a unit that expects to
engage the enemy at long range with rifle fire.

ASSESSMENT OF MARKSMANSHIP STATUS
To conduct an effective marksmanship program, the unit commander must determine the current marksmanship
proficiency of all assigned personnel. To check the effectiveness of a unit's marksmanship program, constant
evaluation is required. Observing and accurately recording performance reveals the status of rifle and magazine
maintenance, the quality of rifle zeros, and the ability of each soldier to hit targets. This also allows the
commander to identify soldiers who need special assistance in order to reach required standards, and to
recognize soldiers who exceed these standards. Based on this evaluation, marksmanship training programs can
be developed and executed.
This assessment is continuous, and the program is modified as required. Spot-checks of individual
marksmanship performance, such as interviews and evaluations of soldiers, provide valuable information as to
whether the soldier knows how to zero, to use NVDS, and to perform other marksmanship tasks.
In addition to spot-checks and direct observation of training, assessment includes a review of past training,
which provides valuable information for developing a training plan. The assessment should include how record
fire was conducted, what course of fire was used, how often the units conducted collective NBC or night fire,
and so on. The results are reviewed to determine unit weaknesses and which individuals require special attention.
Based on the commander's evaluation, goals, and missions, training events are identified that should be
conducted quarterly, semiannually, or annually -- rifle marksmanship programs must be continuous. While the
unit may only qualify its soldiers annually or semiannually, test results show that sustainment training is required
at least quarterly to maintain marksmanship skills.

TRAINING THE TRAINER
Knowledgeable small-unit leaders are the key to marksmanship training. This manual and other training
publications provide the unit instructor with the required information for developing a good train-the-trainer
program. The commander should identify unit personnel who have had assignments as marksmanship
instructors. These individuals should be used to train other unit cadre by conducting preliminary rifle instruction
and live-fire exercises for their soldiers.
Assistance and expertise from outside the unit may also be available such as the Army Marksmanship Unit, Fort
Benning, Georgia. A suggested train-the-trainer program is outlined below:
•

Marksmanship diagnostic test.

•

Review of operation and function, immediate action, and safety of rifle and ammunition.

•

Conduct of PRI; review of four fundamentals.

•

Review of coaching techniques and device usage.

•

Principles and execution of grouping and zeroing.

•

Effects of wind and gravity on long-range firing out to 300 meters (then 400 to 500 meters).

•

Purpose and conduct of practice fire, and scaled target, and at range out to 300 meters (then 400 to 500
meters).

•

Range operations.

•

Purpose and conduct of qualification/record firing.

•

Diagnosis of firing problems

References.
•

AR 350-41.

•

DA Pamphlet 350-38.

•

TRADOC BTFOSUT POI.

•

FC 23-11.

•

FM 25-1, - 2, -3, and -4.

•

Supporting television tapes that teach BRM partsTV 7-1 and TVT 7-2.

•

FM 25-7.

QUALIFICATION TRAINING
Although marksmanship is a continuous training requirement, units normally conduct a refresher program before
qualification. Soldiers must be well-rounded in marksmanship fundamentals and have preparatory marksmanship
training before qualification. This applies to qualification for the entire unit or for newly assigned personnel. All
trainers must understand that rifle marksmanship is not a series of exercises to be trained in a planned sequence.
The unit must prepare for training by -•

Issuing soldiers a serviceable and accurately firing rifle.

•

Repairing and replacing bad magazines.

•

Issuing and assigning each soldier his own rifle that only he zeros and fires.

•

Considering available or required resources early such as targets, ranges, ammunition, training aids,
devices, and publications.

Before the soldier can fire, he must know how to adjust rifle sights and should understand ballistics to include
the effects of wind and gravity on a bullet strike. A refresher training program can prevent frustration and loss of
confidence in the soldier, and also prevent wasting ammunition and training time. This program is conducted for
all soldiers so they can meet the standards outlined in this manual and soldier's manuals.
NOTE: Many individual marksmanship tasks, such as operation and function checks, immediate action, target detection, and dry fire,
DO NOT require live fire.

Feedback (precise knowledge of bullet strike) must be included in all live-fire training. Downrange feedback,
known-distance (KD) firing, or scaled-silhouette target exercises provide the results at extended ranges.
Feedback is not adequate when bullets from previous firings cannot be identified such as previous shot groups on
a zero target that are not triangulated and clearly marked.
The initial live fire should be a grouping exercise, which allows soldiers to apply marksmanship fundamentals to
obtain tight, consistent shot groups. Following a successful grouping exercise, zeroing is quick and simple using
only a few rounds.
After zeroing, downrange feedback should be conducted. A series of scaled-silhouette targets provide unlimited
situations for training on the 25-meter range if modified field-fire or KD ranges are not available. The timed-fire
scaled-silhouette target can add to successful record fire performance since it represents targets at six different
ranges, requires quick response, and allows precise feedback. It is another way to confirm zero and requires the
application of the four fundamentals. This exercise can benefit units that have access only to 25-meter ranges.
(See Appendix E for use of scaled targets.)
Field-fire training is a transitional phase that stresses the focusing on a certain area. Soldiers must detect the
target as soon as it comes up and quickly fire with only hit-or-miss feedback; this is an important combat skill.
Soldiers who are exposed to the field-fire range before they have refined their basic firing skills cannot benefit
from the exercise. For example, if most 175- and 300-meter targets are missed, additional feedback or PRI
training should be conducted.
The Army standard record fire course involves an element of surprise in that the soldier is not be familiar with
the lane in which he qualifies. He must scan the sector and apply detection skills and range estimation skills.
However, practice can be repeated on the record fire course when available. This course provides the best
opportunity for practicing target detection skills and for engaging targets at ranges from 50 to 300 meters.
For poor firers, remedial training is conducted to include the use of the Weaponeer device discussed in Appendix
C. Soldiers proficient in marksmanship skills can assist in the remedial training effort.

MARKSMANSHIP TRAINING TASKS
The following marksmanship training guide contains the current tasks that are trained in basic rifle
marksmanship programs, during basic combat training at ATCS, and during infantry OSUT. It provides a basis
for structuring unit sustainment programs. The unit normally trains by performing a diagnostic test of the tasks
and conducts training only for soldiers who must improve their firing skills. Training is usually conducted in a
shorter time frame than at IET.
Introduction to Rifle Marksmanship and Mechanical Training.
(4 hours)
TASK: Perform operator maintenance on M16A1/A2 rifle, magazine, and ammunition.
CONDITIONS: Given an M16A1/A2 rifle, magazine, 5.56-mm dummy ammunition, and small-arms
maintenance equipment case.
STANDARDS:
a. Clear and disassemble an M16A1/A2 rifle.
b. Inspect, clean, and lubricate the rifle.
c. Assemble the rifle and perform a functional check.
d. Disassemble the magazine.
e. Clean and lubricate the magazine.
f. Assemble the magazine.
g. Clean the ammunition.
TASK: Perform immediate-action procedures on the M16A1/A2 rifle to reduce a stoppage.
CONDITIONS: Given an M16A1/A2 rifle, 5 rounds of dummy 5.56-mm ammunition, and a 20-/30-round
magazine.
STANDARDS: Soldiers must demonstrate the ability to reduce a stoppage by applying the six steps of
immediate action.
NOTE: Care must be taken in teaching immediate action (SPORTS) to clear a weapon stoppage. This technique must not be confused
with the procedure for Correctly loading a magazine into the weapon due to the position of the bolt.

TASK: Load and unload an M16A1/A2 rifle magazine.
CONDITIONS: Given either a 20- or 30-round magazine and 5 rounds of dummy ammunition.
STANDARDS: Load and unload the magazine.
a. Loading the Magazine. Cartridges are loaded into the magazine so that the projectile or the rounds point
in the same direction as the raised portion of the follower.
b. Unloading the Magazine. Hold the magazine open end away from the body and depress the center of the
top round in the magazine, allowing the first round to be slipped out of the magazine. This process is
repeated until all rounds have been removed.

TASK: Adjust front and rear sights on the M16A1/A2 rifle.
CONDITIONS: Given an M16A1/A2 rifle, dummy 5.56-mm bullet, nail or other suitable instrument,
explanation, demonstration, and practical exercise.
STANDARDS: Demonstrate an understanding of sight adjustment procedures by moving the front and rear
sights in relationship to the intended movement of the strike of a bullet.
Fundamentals of Rifle Marksmanship (Dry Fire).
(6 hours)
TASK: Apply the four basic fundamentals of marksmanship.
a. Steady position.
b. Aiming.
c. Breath control.
d. Trigger squeeze.
CONDITIONS: Day, in a suitable training area given, an M16A1 rifle from either the supported or prone
unsupported position; and using the target-box exercise, dime (washer) exercise, M16 sighting device, and riddle
sighting device while wearing a helmet and LBE.
STANDARDS: Correctly apply the basic fundamentals while dry firing from or using -a. The supported position at 250-meter (M16A1) or 300-meter (M16A2) zero targets,
b. The prone unsupported position at 250-meter (M16A1) or 300-meter (M16A2) zero targets,
c. The dime (washer) exercise, M16 sighting device, riddle device, immediate action, 250-meter (M16A1) or
300-meter (M16A2) zero target, and target-box exercise.
Fundamentals of Rifle Marksmanship and Diagnostic: (Dry Fire).
(6 hours)
TASK: Demonstrate the integrated act of firing while using the Weaponeer device.
CONDITIONS: Given a demonstration and practical application with 12 shots and a diagnostic of 9 shots in a
suitable training area, and with a Weaponeer and simulated supported firing position while wearing a helmet and
LBE.
STANDARDS: Each soldier demonstrates the integrated act of firing by the proper application of the four
fundamentals of marksmanship and achieves 6 hits out of 9 shots on the 250-meter (M16A1) or 300-meter
(M16A2) zero target displayed on the device.
NOTE: Soldiers who do not meet the standard will receive remedial training on the fundamentals of rifle marksmanship before
subsequent instruction.

Shot Grouping: (Live Fire).
(4 hours)
TASK: Apply the four fundamentals of rifle marksmanship in the integrated act of firing with the M16A1/A2
rifle (live fire).
CONDITIONS: Day, on a 25-meter firing range, given a 250-meter (M16A1) or 300-meter (M16A2) zero
target placed in the center of an E-type silhouette, M16A1/A2 rifle, and 27 rounds of ammunition while wearing
a helmet and LBE.
STANDARDS: From the supported position, fire up to 27 rounds or less in 3-round shot groups and achieve two
consecutive 3-round shot groups (measured separately) within the plastic target-box paddle template (DVC-T 786) 4-cm circle.
NOTE: Once the soldier has demonstrated a consistency in his point of aim and achieved the standard in less than 27 rounds, a bold
sight adjustment can be made to bring the groups closer to the aim point in preparation for subsequent training.

25-meter Battlesight Zeroing.
(8 hours)
TASK: Battlesight zero an M16A1/A2 rifle.
CONDITIONS: On a 25-meter range, given an M16A1/A2 from the supported position, 18 rounds of 5.56-mm
ammunition, 250-meter (M16A1) or 300-meter (M16A2) zeroing target placed on the standard E-type silhouette,
sandbag for support, and an M16A1/A2 rifle while wearing a helmet and LBE.
STANDARDS: Each student must adjust the sights so that 5 out of 6 rounds in two consecutive shot groups
strike within the 4-cm circle on the 25-meter zero target.
NOTE: Bullets that break the line of the 4-cm circle should be used in evaluating the soldier's overall performance of the standard.
Soldiers not achieving an acceptable zero in 18 rounds will be diagnosed on the Weaponeer and given appropriate remedial training.
Once the soldier's problem has been corrected, he returns to the firing line and is given up to 18 additional rounds for zeroing. A careful
serviceability check of the weapon is made for all soldiers failing to zero on the second attempt.

Downrange Feedback Firing: (75, 175, 300 meters).
(8 hours)
TASK: Confirm zero at 175 meters.
CONDITIONS: Day, from the supported position, on a modified field or known-distance (KD) firing range
with an E-type silhouette feedback target at 175 meters and given an M16A1/A2 rifle and 6 rounds of 5.56-mm
ammunition while wearing a helmet and LBE.
STANDARDS: Demonstrate consistent application of the integrated act of firing and obtain 4 out of 6 hits
within the 11-inch circle on the 175-meter downrange feedback target.
NOTES: 1. Soldiers are given preliminary instructions on the effects of wind and gravity, and proper hold off at range before
conducting live fire. Soldiers go downrange and record target hits after each 3-round shot group.
2. Instructors/cadre critique the soldier's performance after each 3-round shot group and have the soldier make the necessary sight
or aiming adjustments to bring the shot groups within the 11-inch circle. If a KD range is used, feedback is provided by spotters in
the pits, and soldiers do not leave the firing line.
3. Soldiers not confirming zero at range receive remedial training by instructors/cadre personnel and refire with the last firing
order.

TASK: Obtain downrange feedback at 75, 175, and 300 meters.
CONDITIONS: Day, given an M16A1/A2 rifle on a modified field or known-distance firing range with F&E
feedback targets while wearing a helmet and LBE, engage the 75-meter target with 5 rounds from the prone
unsupported position and with 5 rounds from the supported position, engage the 175-meter target from the
supported position with 10 rounds and with 10 rounds from the prone unsupported position, and engage the 300meter target with 5 rounds from the supported position and with 5 rounds from the prone unsupported position.
STANDARDS: Demonstrate consistent application of the four fundamentals in the integrated act of firing and
obtain 8 hits out of 10 shots on the 75-meter target, 14 hits out of 20 shots on the 175-meter target, and 5 hits out
of 10 shots on the 300-meter target.
NOTES: 1. If a KD or location-of-misses-and-hits (LOMAH) range is available, training should be conducted there. If not, use a
modified field-fire range.
2. Soldiers go downrange and record target hits after each 5-round shot group. Instructors/cadre critique the soldier's performance
after each 5-round exercise. Sights or aiming point is adjusted as necessary. Soldiers should do not adjust sights to zero for each
range versus using the correct hold-off or adjusted aiming point for range.

Field Fire I (Single Timed Targets) and Target Detection.
(3 hours)
TASK: Detect and engage single timed targets with the M16A1/A2 rifle.
CONDITIONS: Day, given an M16A1/A2 rifle on a field-fire range with timed single target exposures
presented at 75, 175, and 300 meters; and given 18 rounds of 5.56-mm ammunition for an introduction to field
fire and 36 rounds of ammunition, and a requirement to engage all targets within the time exposed while wearing
a helmet and LBE.
STANDARDS: Detect and achieve a total of 22 target hits out of 36 timed target exposures.
TASK: Detect targets.
CONDITIONS: Given instruction on target detection during daylight hours on a target-detection range with 10
target exposures at ranges from 50 to 300 meters.
STANDARDS: Each soldier must detect 9 out of 10 targets to receive a GO.
Field Fire II (Single and Multiple Timed Targets).
(3 hours)
TASK: Detect and engage single and multiple timed targets with the M16A1/A2 rifle.
CONDITIONS: Day, given an M16A1/A2 rifle, while wearing a helmet and LBE, on a field-fire range with
timed single and multiple target exposures presented at 75, 175, and 300 meters; and given 10 rounds of 5.56mm ammunition for an introduction to field fire single and multiple targets and 44 rounds of ammunition, and a
requirement to engage all targets within the time exposed.
STANDARDS: Detect and achieve 27 target hits out of the 44 timed target exposures.
NOTE: Using peer coaching for firing performance and for assisting in target detection on the firing line is permitted during Practice
Record I and II.

Practice Record Fire I.
(4 hours)
TASK: Detect and engage timed targets with the M16A1/A2 rifle.
CONDITIONS: Day, given an M16A1/A2 rifle on a record fire range, 40 timed target exposures at ranges from
50 meters to 300 meters, and 40 rounds of ammunition. Engage 20 targets from the supported position and 20
targets from the prone unsupported position while wearing a helmet and LBE.
STANDARDS: Detect and obtain at least 23 target hits on the 40 exposed timed targets.
Practice Record Fire II.
(4 hours)
TASK: Detect and engage timed targets with the M16A1/A2 rifle.
CONDITIONS: Given an M16A1/A2 rifle on a record fire range, 40 target exposures at ranges from 50 to 300
meters, and 40 rounds of ammunition; engage 20 targets from the supported position and 20 targets from the
prone unsupported position while wearing a helmet and LBE.
STANDARDS: Obtain at least 23 hits on the 40 targets exposed.
NOTE: Practice Record Fire I should not be fired on the same range as Practice Record Fire II. If scheduling requires use of the same
practice range, soldiers fire from different positions or lanes. The same range is not used for Practice Record Fire II and Record Fire
Qualification, which are not conducted on the same day. Coaching the firer on the firing lane is permitted during Practice Record Fire
II.

Record Fire.
(4 hours)
TASK: Detect and engage timed targets with an M16A1/A2 rifle.
CONDITIONS: Given an M16A1/A2 rifle on a record fire range, 40 target exposures at ranges from 50 meters
to 300 meters and 40 rounds of ammunition; engage 20 targets from the supported position and 20 targets from
the prone unsupported position while wearing a helmet and LBE.
STANDARDS: Without assistance, the soldier detects and engages targets with the M16A1/A2 rifle, and
achieves a minimum of 23 target hits out of 40 target exposures.
Qualification Table
•

Personnel hitting 22 or fewer targets are unqualified.

•

Personnel hitting 23 to 29 targets qualify as marksman.

•

Personnel hitting 30 to 35 targets qualify as sharpshooter.

•

Personnel hitting 36 to 40 targets qualify as expert.

NOTE: Verifiable inoperative targets are the only alibis allowed during record fire. Soldiers whose weapons fail to operate due to
broken parts or bad ammunition are withdrawn from the firing line to have the weapon repaired or ammunition replaced. Then the
soldier retires as a first-time firer. Failures to fire due to the soldier not applying immediate action or detecting a target are not
considered alibis.

Automatic Firing (M16A1)/Burst Firing (M16A2).
(2 hours)
TASK: Apply the integrated act of automatic rifle/burst firing using automatic firing positions.
CONDITIONS: Given an explanation, demonstration, M16A1/A2 rifle with bipod, 21 rounds of ammunition,
and using the automatic firing position from a supported position on a field fire range, engage target exposures at
75, 175, and 300 meters while wearing a helmet and LBE.
STANDARDS: Correctly fire the weapon in 3-round bursts and obtain target hits at each range while
demonstrating control of the weapon in the automatic/burst mode (instructional requirement only).
Protective Mask Firing.
(3 hours)
TASK: Engage targets in an NBC environment with the M16A1/A2 rifle.
CONDITIONS: Given an explanation, demonstration, M16A1/A2 rifle, and 20 rounds of 5.56-mm ammunition,
engage 20 five-second exposures of F-type silhouette targets at 25 meters, firing 10 from the prone unsupported
and 10 from the prone or supported position, using semiautomatic fire, while wearing helmet, mask with hood,
gloves, and LBE.
STANDARDS: Obtain a total of 11 hits out of the 20 target exposures. This is a GO/NO-GO exercise.
Night Fire.
(3 hours)
TASK: Engage targets while applying night-fire techniques with the M16A1/A2 rifle.
CONDITIONS: Given an explanation, demonstration, and practical exercise with 5 rounds during the day, and
with semiautomatic fire at night (EENT), engage F-type silhouette targets at 25 meters from the prone
unsupported position and E-type silhouette targets at 50 meters from the prone supported position; given 35
rounds of tracer and ball mix ammunition and an M16A1/A2 rifle while wearing a helmet and LBE.
STANDARDS: Achieve 7 hits out of 30 target exposures. This is a GO/NO-GO exercise.
NOTE: Five rounds are fired during daylight hours, using night-fire techniques for a practice exercise.

Advanced Rifle Marksmanship.
(8 hours)
TASK: Detect and engage moving and stationary targets with the M16A1/A2 rifle (practice).
CONDITIONS: Day, on a remote target system range, given an M16A1/A2 rifle, 8 moving target exposures at
ranges from 35 to 125 meters, 2 stationary target exposures at ranges of 175 and 300 meters, and 10 rounds of
ammunition; engage targets from the semi supported firing position while wearing a helmet and LBE.
STANDARDS: Obtain at least 5 target hits on the 10 targets exposed.
NOTE: Soldiers who do not hit at least 5 out of 10 target exposures will perform remedial training before firing the 40-round scenario.

TASK: Explain the semi supported firing position.
CONDITIONS: Given an explanation and demonstration.
STANDARDS: Explain the following performance measures:
a. Increase the grip of the non firing hand.
b. Lift the non firing elbow to maintain a smooth track.
c. Maintain rearward pressure with the firing hand.
d. Lift the firing elbow to maintain a smooth track.
e. Spread feet a comfortable distance apart.
f. Do not assume chest-to-wall contact.
TASK: Apply lead guidance rules using the Aid to Improved Marksmanship (AIM) booklet.
CONDITIONS: Given an explanation and practical application using the AIM booklet.
STANDARDS: Each soldier must select the correct lead on a target in an AIM booklet exercise.
NOTE: Each soldier is tested by the instructor at the end of the exercise.

TASK: Perform rapid magazine change.
CONDITIONS: Given an M16A1/A2 rifle and two magazines.
STANDARDS: Perform a rapid magazine change within 5 seconds.
TASK: Engage the dry-fire mover.
CONDITIONS: Given an explanation, practical exercise, and an M16A1/A2 rifle, the dry-fire mover is engaged
from the semi supported firing position.
STANDARDS: Correctly apply the moving target techniques of tracking and trapping.
TASK: Detect and engage moving and stationary targets with the M16A1/A2 rifle (record fire).
CONDITIONS: Day, on a remote target system range, given an M16A1/A2 rifle, 30 moving target exposures at
ranges from 35 to 125 meters, 10 stationary target exposures at ranges of 175 and 300 meters, and 40 rounds of
ammunition; engage targets from the semi supported firing position.
STANDARDS: Obtain at least 15 target hits on the 40 targets exposed.
Advanced Rifle Marksmanship Qualification.
(8 hours)
TASK: Detect and engage moving and stationary targets with the M16A1/A2 rifle.
CONDITIONS: Day, on a remote target system range, given an M16A1/A2 rifle, 25 moving target exposures at
ranges from 35 to 185 meters, 25 stationary target exposures at ranges from 50 to 300 meters, and two magazines
with 25 rounds each of 5.56-mm ball ammunition.
STANDARDS: Each soldier must achieve 18 target hits out of 50 target exposures.
NOTE: Firing scenario is engaged once for practice and then for qualification. Soldiers who fail to qualify on the initial day of
qualification receive only one refire the same day.

Quick Fire.
(2 hours)
TASK: Engage F-type and E-type silhouettes at 15 and 25 meters, respectively, using quick-fire techniques.
CONDITIONS: Day, given an operational M16A1/A2 rifle, 20 rounds of 5.56-mm ball ammunition, and 10
target exposures of 2 seconds each at 15 meters and 25 meters.
STANDARDS: Achieve 7 target hits at 15 meters and 5 target hits at 25 meters for 10 target exposures.
NBC Fire.
(2 hours)
TASK: Engage personnel targets while wearing a protective mask.
CONDITIONS: Day, on a field-fire range, given an M16A1/A2 rifle, 30 rounds of 5.56-mm ball ammunition, 3
magazines, and E-type silhouette targets at 75, 175, and 300 meters.
STANDARDS: Each firer has 60 seconds at each target distance. The standard for each distance is as follows:
•

75 meters: 7 target hits of 10 rounds.

•

175 meters: 6 target hits of 10 rounds.

•

300 meters: 2 target hits of 10 rounds.
Night Fire.
(4 hours)

TASK: Engage targets under artificial illumination.
CONDITIONS: Night, on a field-fire range, given an M16A1/A2 rifle with bipod, 20 rounds of 5.56-mm ball
ammunition, 10 rounds of 5.56-mm tracer ammunition, and 2 magazines- of 15 rounds each; assuming a prone
bipod supported position; using 75 and 175-meter E-type silhouettes; and given 90 seconds at each distance.
STANDARDS: Each soldier must obtain a total of 5 target hits out of 15 rounds at 75 meters and 3 target hits
out of 15 rounds at 175 meters.
TASK: Engage targets using an AN/PVS-4 and M16A1/A2 rifle.
CONDITIONS: Night, on a field-fire range, given an M16A1/A2 rifle, 30 rounds of 5.56-mm ball ammunition,
3 magazines of 10 rounds each, and E-type silhouettes at 75, 175, and 300 meters.
STANDARDS: Each firer has 60 seconds at each distance. The standards for each distance are as follows:
•

75 meters: 7 target hits of 10 rounds.

•

175 meters: 5 target hits of 10 rounds.

•

300 meters: 2 target hits of 10 rounds.

TASK: Mount, dismount, and place into operation the AN/PVS-4.
CONDITIONS: During daylight or limited visibility, given an AN/PVS-4 with mounting knob assembly and
M16A1/A2 rifle.

STANDARDS: Each firer performs the following to the standard:
a. Mount the AN/PVS-4 to an M16A1/A2 rifle in three minutes.
b. Dismount the AN/PVS-4 from an M16A1/A2 rifle in one minute.
c. Place the AN/PVS-4 into operation in five minutes.
TASK: Determine the effects of wind and gravity on sight adjustments for engagements out to 400 meters (500
meters, M16A2).
CONDITIONS: Given an M16A1/A2 rifle, scaled targets that represent various ranges, scaled sight training aid,
information on wind, paper and pencil, and an explanation and practical application.
STANDARDS: Each soldier demonstrates the correct sight adjustment technique, considering the effects of
wind and gravity on a bullet at long ranges, and how to apply hold-off on a silhouette target.
TASK: Zero the M16A1/A2 rifle at ranges of 300, 400, 500, and 600 yards.
CONDITIONS: Given an E-type silhouette and 36 rounds of 5.56-mm ammunition fired in four 3-round shot
groups at each range from the prone supported position.
STANDARDS: Each soldier correctly demonstrates the techniques of sight adjustment to zero the M16A1/A2
rifle for each range, and obtains a zero within 12 rounds at 300, 400, and 500 yards.
TASK: Engage targets at distances of 300, 400, 500, and 600 yards with the M16A1/A2 rifle.
CONDITIONS: Given an M16A1/A2 rifle and 46 rounds of 5.56-mm ammunition on a KD range from the
prone supported position, fire at E-type silhouette targets with 2 sighter rounds fired at each range, 10 rounds at
300, 15 at 400, and 15 at 500 fired in succession.
STANDARDS: Within the time specified, one minute at 300, two minutes at 400 and two minutes at 500, each
soldier is required to meet the minimum gate at each range and an overall score of 30 hits out of 40 rounds on an
E-type silhouette. Times specified are: 300 yards: 1 minute, 10 rounds achieve 8 hits minimum; 400 yards: 2
minutes, 15 rounds achieve 12 hits minimum; and 500 yards: 2 minutes, 15 rounds achieve 10 hits minimum.
TASK: Engage scaled silhouette targets using rapid semiautomatic fire.
CONDITIONS: During daylight hours on a 25-meter range; given an M16A1 rifle, one 20-round magazine of
5.56-mm ball ammunition, and a 25-meter scaled silhouette timed-fire target; using the prone supported firing
position; fire 1 round at each of the 10 silhouettes on the timed-fire target using rapid semiautomatic fire.
NOTE: This exercise is fired twice: the first iteration is fired in a time limit of 40 seconds, and the second iteration is fired in a time
limit of 30 seconds. Targets are inspected and posted after each iteration.

STANDARDS: Each soldier must obtain 14 silhouette target hits.
TASK: Engage a scaled landscape target using suppressive fire.
CONDITIONS: During daylight hours on a 25-meter range, given an M16A1/A2 rifle, 25-meter scaled
landscape suppressive fire range, one 15-round magazine, one 10-round magazine, and three 5-round magazines
of 5.56-mm ball ammunition; using the supported firing position. Using rapid semiautomatic fire, fire 9 rounds at
the "open window" area of the target and 12 rounds at the "fence/hedgerow" area of the target. Using automatic
fire, fire three 3-round bursts at the "tank turret" area of the target.
STANDARDS: Each soldier must obtain 10 hits inside the dotted lines surrounding the "fence/hedgerow" area
within 24 seconds, 5 hits inside the "open window" area within 18 seconds, and 3 hits inside the "tank turret"
area (no time limit).

TASK: Apply the integrated act of automatic rifle firing using the automatic firing position.
CONDITIONS: Given the M16A1/A2 rifle with bipod, 36 rounds of ammunition, and scaled silhouette targets
at 25 meters; assume the M60 modified prone position or M60 modified supported position.
STANDARDS: Fire the weapon in rapid 3-round bursts and obtain 5 target hits while demonstrating control of
the weapon in the automatic mode.

UNIT LIVE--FIRE EXERCISES
Unit live-fire exercises are planned, prepared, and performed as outlined in the mission training plan for the
infantry platoon and squad. It is within the framework of these exercises that the soldier performs marksmanship
tasks under realistic combat conditions.
During training, the fundamentals must apply to combat as well as to the range. Too often soldiers disregard the
fundamentals while under the pressure of combat. Therefore, it is imperative the soldier receives feedback
regarding his firing results and his use of the fundamentals during collective live-fire exercises. This training
should also discuss target acquisition, area fire, quick fire, assuming firing positions, responding to oral fire
commands, and safety. Dry fire or MILES rehearsals at crawl, walk, and run paces are required to learn SOPs
and proper procedures.
Enough evaluators must be present during training to observe each soldier to provide performance feedback. The
evaluator must know the scenario, the location of targets, the friendly plan, and SOPS. He must watch to
determine if the soldier identifies targets in his sector and successfully engages them. The evaluator must also
know the fundamentals of marksmanship to detect soldier mistakes and review them during the AAR.

UNIT SUSTAINMENT TRAINING
A unit cannot sustain marksmanship proficiency based only on qualification preceded by preliminary training.
Soldier skills and marksmanship fundamentals deteriorate within two months, and mechanical skills weaken
even sooner. Dry-fire training can strengthen marksmanship skills and assess their deterioration.
Each new soldier should be assigned a rifle and must perform shot grouping, zero firing, and diagnostic testing
to assess training status. Many of the non firing tasks may be accomplished as opportunity training or concurrent
training.
NOTE: Mechanical training can be considered as part of the normal weapons maintenance. Using details to clean weapons deprives
soldiers of refresher training.

Problem firers must be given special attention. They must participate in bimonthly training on the Weaponeer or
dry-fire exercises. When fielded, the basic/advanced rifle marksmanship trainer will provide leaders with a better
method of sustaining marksmanship skills since it provides accurate feedback.

SAMPLE EVALUATION GUIDE
The following questions are provided as an example of a self-evaluation guide for commanders/leaders to help
evaluate unit marksmanship training and small-arms readiness. Other areas of interest should be developed
locally, based on the unit's missions and state of training.

COMMANDER'S/LEADER'S RIFLE MARKSMANSHIP EVALUATION GUIDE
1. Have you clearly stated the priority of rifle (small-arms) proficiency in your unit? What is it? Is this priority
supported by the staff and subordinates? Is it based on your METL and an understanding of FM 25-100?
2. Have you clearly stated the intent of record fire? Are leaders accurately evaluating firing performance, based
on accurately recorded data and results?
3. Have you clearly stated that weapons qualification or record fire is one of the commander's opportunities to
assess several skills relating to small-arms readiness?
4. What qualification course will be used to evaluate your unit's rifle (small-arms) readiness?
a. Is the standard combat course 300-yard KD or 25-meter scaled target used?
b. How will it be conducted? Will the prescribed procedures be followed?
c. Who will collect the data?
5. Have you clearly stated the purpose and intent of PRI?
a. What skills will PRI address?
b. Will PRI be performance-oriented? Are tasks integrated?
6. Do soldiers maintain their assigned weapons and magazines LAW the technical manual? Do they have a
manual?
7. Do soldiers conduct serviceability checks of weapons and magazines before training? Were maintenance
deficiencies corrected?
8. Do soldiers demonstrate an understanding of the weapon's operation, functioning, and capabilities?
9. Can your soldiers correctly apply immediate-action procedures to reduce weapon stoppages and then quickly
continue to fire? Have they demonstrated this during dry fire?
10. Are your soldiers firing their assigned weapons?
a. How often are weapons reassigned between individuals?
b. What is the value of a recorded zero?
11. Can your soldiers precisely and consistently apply the four fundamentals of rifle marksmanship? To what
standard? Have they demonstrated their mastery on a device-a. During dry fire?
b. During live fire?
c. During firing on the 25-meter course?
d. During KD firing?

12. Can your soldiers accurately battlesight zero their assigned rifle to standards?
a. Do they understand sight adjustment procedures?
b. Do they record rifle zeros? How is it done? Why?
c. Do they record the date the specific soldier last zeroed his specific rifle? What is the specific sight setting?
Are these linked? How do you check this?
13. Do your soldiers demonstrate their knowledge of the effects of wind and gravity while firing out to 300
meters? What feedback was provided? How?
14. Can your soldiers scan a designated area or sector of fire and detect all targets out to 300 meters? If not,
why?
15. Can your soldiers quickly engage timed single and multiple targets from both supported and unsupported
firing positions out to 300 meters? If not, which targets were not engaged? Which were missed? Why?
16. During individual and collective training, do soldiers demonstrate their ability to manage allocated
ammunition and to service all targets? Do they fire several rounds at one target? Which targets? Why?
17. Based on an analysis of individual qualification scores, what is the distribution?
a. Are most soldiers just meeting the minimum acceptable performance (marksman)?
b. Are most soldiers distributed in the upper half of the performance spectrum (sharpshooter, expert)?
c. What is the hit distribution during collective LFXS?
18. Do your soldiers demonstrate proficiency during night-fire, target detection and acquisition, and night fire
engagement techniques? Use of night vision devices?
19. Do your soldiers demonstrate individual marksmanship proficiency during MOPP firing conditions? During
collective exercises?
20. Do your soldiers demonstrate proficiency in moving target engagements? Do they demonstrate proficiency
collectively at the multipurpose range complex by hitting moving targets? If not, do you conduct moving target
training?
21. Do you integrate marksmanship skills into tactical exercises and unit live-fire exercises? If so, do you
conduct suppressive fire, rapid-semiautomatic fire, and automatic/burst fire? What tasks in the mission training
plan are evaluated?
22. Based on your on-site observations and analysis of training and firing performance, what skills or tasks show
a readiness deficiency?
a. What skills need training emphasis? Individual emphasis? Leader emphasis?
b. What are your performance goals?
23. Who has trained or will train the trainers?
a. What is the subject matter expertise of the cadre?
b. Are they actually training the critical skills?
c. Have they addressed the non firing skills first?
d. What aids and devices are being used?

24. What administrative constraints or training distractors can you overcome for the junior officer and NCO?
a. At what level are the recourses necessary to train marksmanship controlled -- time, aids, weapons,
ammunition, ranges?
b. Do the sergeants do the job they are charged with?

FM 23-9 Appendix B

APPENDIX B

Target Detection and Exercises
The material contained in this appendix provides the detailed information on the skills required for proper
target detection and identification. The exercises contained herein will train and sustain those skills.

Section I. TARGET DETECTION AND ENGAGEMENT
Target detection is the process of locating, marking, and determining the range to combat targets. For most
soldiers, finding the target can be a greater problem than hitting it. Target detection must be conducted as part
of individual training and tactical exercises and must be integrated into night live-fire exercises. The
observation lines on target detection ranges approximate the location a soldier might occupy when in combat.
Provisions must be made to incorporate night target detection.

TARGET LOCATION
The ability to locate a combat target depends on the observer's position and skill in searching and maintaining
observation of an area, and the target indications of the "enemy" during day or night.
Selection of a Position. A good position is one that offers maximum visibility of the area while affording
cover and concealment. Position has two considerations -- the observer's tactical position in a location and his
body position at that location.
Usually, the firer is told where to prepare his defensive position. However, some situations (such as the attack
and reorganization on the objective) require him to choose his own defensive position.
Although target training courses prescribe conferences and demonstrations on choice of steady firing positions,
the instruction does not normally include applying this skill. Therefore, instructors/trainers must emphasize the
importance of the observer's position when conducting practical exercises in other target-detection techniques.
Observation of an Area. When a soldier moves into a new area, he quickly checks for enemy activity that
could be an immediate danger. This search entails quick glances at specific points throughout the area rather
than just sweeping the eyes across the terrain. The eyes are sensitive to slight movements occurring within the
arc on which they are focused. However, they must be focused on a certain point to have this sensitivity.
If the soldier fails to locate the enemy during the initial search, he then begins a systematic examination known
as the 50-meter overlapping strip technique of search (Figure B-1). Normally, the area nearest the soldier
offers the greatest danger to him. Therefore, the search begins with the terrain nearest the observer's position.

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Beginning at either flank, the soldier searches the terrain to his front in a 180-degree arc that is 50 meters deep.
After reaching the opposite flank, the soldier searches over a second 50-meter strip farther out but overlapping
the first strip by about 10 meters. The soldier continues until the entire area has been searched.
To benefit from his side vision, the soldier looks at certain points as he searches from one flank to the other.
He remembers prominent terrain features and areas that offer cover and concealment to the enemy, learning the
terrain as he searches it.

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After completing his detailed search, the soldier maintains observation of the area. He should use a technique
the same as his initial quick search of the area. He uses quick glances at various points throughout the entire
area, focusing his eyes on certain features as he conducts this search. He devises a set sequence of searching
the area to ensure complete coverage of all terrain. Since this quick search could fail to detect the initial enemy
movement, the soldier routinely repeats a systematic search of the area. This systematic search is conducted
anytime the attention of the soldier has been distracted from his area of responsibility.
Target Indicators. A target indicator is anything a soldier (friendly or enemy) does or fails to do that reveals
his position. Since these indicators apply to both sides of the battlefield, a soldier learns target indicators from
the standpoint of locating the enemy. At the same time, he must prevent the enemy from using the same
indicators to locate him. These indicators can be grouped into three areas for instruction: sound, movement,
and identifiable shapes.
Sound. Potential targets indicated by sounds (footsteps, coughing, or equipment noises) provide only a
direction and general location. It is difficult to pin-point a specific target's location only by sound. However,
the fact that an observer was alerted by a sound greatly increases the chances that he will locate the target
through subsequent target indicators.
Movement. The problem in locating moving targets depends mainly on the speed of movement. Slow,
deliberate movements are much harder to notice than those that are quick and jerky. The techniques previously
outlined are the best procedures for locating moving targets.
Identifiable shapes. The lack of or poor use of camouflage and concealment are indicators that reveal most of
the targets on the battlefield. Light reflecting from shiny surfaces or a contrast that presents a clearly defined
outline are indicators easily noticed by an alert observer. For instruction, camouflage indicators are divided
into three groups:
● Shine. Items such as belt buckles or other metal objects reflect light and act as a beacon to the wearer's
position; therefore, such objects should be camouflaged. This is true during the day or night.
● Outlines. The human body and most types of military equipment are outlines known to all soldiers. The
reliability of this indicator depends upon the visibility and experience of the observer. On a clear day,
most soldiers can identify the enemy or equipment if there is a distinct outline. During poor visibility, it
is not only harder to see outlines, but inexperienced troops often mistake stumps and rocks for enemy
soldiers. Therefore, the soldier should learn the terrain during good visibility.
● Contrasts. If a soldier wearing a dark uniform moves in front of a snowbanks the contrast between the
white snow and dark uniform makes him clearly visible. However, if he wears a white (or light-colored)
uniform, he is harder to see. Contrast with the background is one of the hardest target indicators to
avoid. During operations in which the soldier is moving, he is usually exposed to many types of color
backgrounds. No camouflage uniform exists that can blend into all backgrounds. Therefore, a moving
soldier must always be aware of the surrounding terrain and vegetation. A parapet of freshly dug earth
around a fighting position is noticeable. Even if camouflaged, the position can still be located due to the
materials used for concealing. Camouflage materials are usually cut from vegetation close by but
eventually wilt and change color. An observer, seeing an area that has been stripped of natural growth,
can assume there are close camouflaged emplacements.

TARGET MARKING
When a target has been located, the soldier should mark its location in relation to visible terrain or a man-made
feature. If the soldier observes several targets at one time, he can fire on only one of them; therefore, he must
mark the locations of the others for later engagement. To mark the location of a target, the soldier uses an
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FM 23-9 Appendix B

aiming or reference point. An aiming point is a feature directly on line between the soldier and target, such as a
tree trunk, which is usually the most effective means of delivering accurate fire. Using a reference point or
aiming point to mark targets moving from one location to another depends on the following factors:
Number of Targets. If several targets appear and disappear at the same time, the point of disappearance of
each is hard to determine.
Exposure Time. Usually, moving targets are exposed for only a short period; therefore, the observer must be
alert to see the point of disappearance for most of the targets.
Target Spacing. The greater the distance between targets, the harder it is to see the movements of each. When
there is a great distance between targets, the observer should carefully locate and mark the one nearest his
position first.
Aiming Points. Aiming points can be either good or poor. Good aiming points are easily determined in the
nearby terrain. Targets disappearing behind good aiming points, such as man-made objects and large terrain
features, can be easily marked for future engagement. Poor aiming points are not easily distinguishable within
the surrounding terrain. Targets disappearing behind poor aiming points are hard to mark and are easily lost,
and they should be engaged first.

RANGE DETERMINATION
Range determination is the process of finding the distance between two points -- one point is usually the
observer's own position and the other a target or prominent feature. Range determination is an important skill
in completing several types of missions since it affects combat marksmanship proficiency. It is needed in
reporting information, and in adjusting artillery and mortar fires.
Many techniques are used to determine range: measuring distances on maps, pacing the distance between two
points, using an optical range finder. However, the soldier does not usually have a map, and he rarely has
access to an optical range finder. Pacing the distance between two points is one technique a soldier can use, as
long as the enemy is not near. A sector sketch is a rough schematic map of an observer's area of responsibility
(Figure B-2). It shows the range and direction from the soldier's position to recognizable objects, terrain
features, avenues of approach, and possible enemy positions. The soldier paces the distance between his
position and reference points to reduce range errors. By referring to the sector sketch, the soldier can quickly
find the range to a target appearing near a reference point.

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The 100-Meter Unit-of-Measure Technique. To use this technique, the soldier must visualize a distance of
100 meters on the ground. For ranges up to 500 meters, he determines the number of 100-meter increments
between the two points (Figure B-3). Beyond 500 meters, the soldier must be select a point halfway to the
target, determine the number of 100-meter increments to the halfway point, and then double it to find the range
to the target (Figure B-4). During training exercises, the soldier must aware of the effect that sloping ground
has on the appearance of a 100-meter increment. Ground that slopes upward gives the illusion of greater
distance and soldiers have a tendency to overestimate a 100-meter increment. Conversely, ground that slopes
downward gives the illusion of a shorter distance; therefore, the soldier tends to underestimate.

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To obtain proficiency in the 100-meter unit-of-measure technique requires dedicated practice. Throughout
training, the soldier should compare his estimated range to the actual range determined by pacing or other
reliable means. The best training technique is to require the soldier to pace the range after he has made a visual
estimation, realizing the actual range for himself. This teaches him more than being told by the
instructor/trainer.
One shortcoming of the 100-meter unit-of-measure technique is that its accuracy is depends upon the amount
of visible terrain for ranges up to 500 meters. If a target appears at a range greater than 500 meters, and the
soldier can see only a portion of the ground between himself and the target, it is hard to accurately use the
100-meter unit-of-measure technique.

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FM 23-9 Appendix B

The Appearance-of-Objects Technique. This technique determines range by the size of the object observed.
This is a common technique of determining distances and is used by most people in their everyday living. For
example, a motorist trying to pass another car must judge the distance of an oncoming vehicle. He does this
based on his knowledge of how vehicles appear at various distances. Suppose the motorist knows that at a
distance of 1 mile an oncoming vehicle seems to be 1 inch wide and 2 inches high. Then, anytime he sees
another oncoming vehicle that fits this dimension, he knows it is about 1 mile away. This same technique can
be used by the firer to determine ranges on the battlefield. If he knows the size and detail of personnel and
equipment at known ranges, then he can compare these traits to like objects at unknown ranges -when the traits
match, so do the ranges.
The Front Sight Post Estimation. The front sight post can be used to estimate range. The targets in Figure
B-4 show the soldier perceives the front sight post to be the same width as a man-size target when the target is
located at a distance of 175 meters. A man can be covered using half of the front sight post when the range to
the target is doubled to 350 meters. An easy rule to remember: if the target is bigger than the front sight post,
the target must be within 175 meters; when the target is less than the full width of the front sight post, the
target is beyond 175 meters. The silhouette zeroing target provides the same perception to the firer as a
man-sized target at 250 meters. The various scaled-silhouette targets provide a means for soldiers to practice
range estimation with the front sight post. This is a method of dry-fire training, and soldiers should be aware of
the importance of range estimation du-ring all of their marksmanship training.

Section II. TARGET DETECTION RANGES
The following information gives specific instructions on target detection range design. Additional information
should be reviewed in FM 25-7.

CONSTRUCTION
Target detection ranges must be located in areas having good natural vegetation and close to the firing range.
(Figure B-5.)

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The observation line should be the first area of the target detection range to be built. The location of all
downrange panels, sound systems, and foliage depends on the degree of visibility from the defensive position
(observation) line. The observation line should be wide enough to accommodate 50 points. The distance
between observation points should be no closer than two meters. An observation line of this size can
accommodate half of a 200-man unit (50 two-man teams).
NOTE: An initial rehearsal should be conducted for each target detection exercise. More rehearsals are needed only if target men
are changed. A presentation refers to each time one exercise is conducted. A rehearsal is counted as a presentation.

The observation fan should cover an area between 30 degrees left of the left flank point of the observation line
to 30 degrees right of the right flank point. To provide maximum flexibility in conducting exercises in range
determination, the target detection range should be deeper than 500 meters. Installations having limited
training space can conduct effective training on ranges at least 300 meters deep.
Both lettered and numbered panels are placed throughout the observation area. The lettered panels serve two
purposes: first, they divide the range into sectors defining a firer's area of responsibility; and second, they serve
as reference points for marking targets. The numbered panels are used during exercises to locate sound targets.
These panels are built so they can be raised or lowered, as needed.
The number of panels needed depends on the size of the range. For a range having a 50-point observation tine

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and 300 meters deep, about 7 lettered panels and 14 numbered panels will be needed.
Numbered stakes are placed downrange. These stakes are not visible from the observation line since they are
used only by instructors and target men in presenting target situations. The number of stakes needed depends
on the depth of the range. As a guide, a range 300 meters deep has about 150 stakes. When placing numbered
stakes, one technique is to divide the range into three sectors: A, B, and C. This allows for easy reference.
Stakes are then numbered beginning at the maximum depth of the range and proceeding forward to the
observation line. All stakes in one sector would have the sector letter following the number. For example, if
the right sector is designated A, all numbers on stakes in that sector are followed by the letter A. Stakes in the
center and left sectors have the letter B or C, respectively, after the number. The location of all panels and
stakes must be recorded on the master trial sheets (see Figure B-6).

For proper control of target men, sound equipment is used throughout the observation area. Since problems of
adequate sound vary according to location, it is best that a sound survey be conducted of each target detection
range before the equipment is installed.
The exact positioning of panels, stakes, and sound equipment is checked from the observation line. Sound

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equipment should be concealed from the observation line.

FIELD EXPEDIENT AREA FOR TRAINING
If standard detection ranges are not available, the principles can be applied to parks, wooded fields, vegetated
areas, and urban areas. The following checklist provides suggestions for adapting areas for target detection
training.
The range should have more depth than a standard target detection range. The fan of observation should be
increased, depending on the degree of camouflage in the area.
Target men should be spaced farther apart in areas having little natural vegetation. Logs, man-made objects,
and piles of logs may be needed to add to the number of concealed positions.
For MOUT training, a MOUT site should be used. If one is not available, buildings in a company area could be
used with target men or silhouettes.

PERSONNEL AND EQUIPMENT
The following personnel are needed to conduct and supervise target-detection training:
● OIC or principal instructor.
● Four assistant instructors (based on a 50-point observation line).
● Target men for the period of instruction.
The following equipment is needed to conduct target -- detection training:
● One aiming device (see Figure B-7) for each observation point for the period of instruction.
● One master trial sheet (Figure B-8) for each instructor and assistant instructor.
● One answer sheet for each observer.
● One target trial card (Figure B-9) for each target man. Camouflage paint tubes.
● One rifle for each observation point (for exercises in which observers simulate firing on target men).
● Combat field equipment including helmet and rifle for target men.

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Section III. CONDUCT OF TRAINING
Demonstrators for target detection training wear combat field equipment. This increases their value as target
men simulating the movements and appearance of "enemy" soldiers. Target detection is taught in three phases:
first, how to locate a target; second, how to mark the location of the target; and third, how to determine the
range to the target.

MASTER TRIAL SHEETS AND TARGET TRIAL CARDS
Trial sheets and trial cards contain the following information:
Master Trial Sheets. The master trial sheet (Figure B-6) shows the number Of target men needed for an
exercise, the actions to be performed by the target men, the duration of the actions, and the panel or stake
locations where the actions occur. A master trial sheet is made for each period of instruction.
Target Trial Cards. A target trial card (Figure B-8) is issued to each man who acts as an enemy "target" in
the area of observation. These men, called target men, use the target trial cards as a basis for their location and
actions throughout an exercise. All actions performed by a target man, which lead to his eventual disclosure,
are termed trials.

CONDUCT OF TRIALS
Before a trial is conducted, soldiers face away from the range area so that target men can assume their
positions unobserved. When target men are in position, soldiers are told to face downrange. There are four
types of trials conducted during target detection training: stationary trials, moving trials, stationary sound
trials, and multiple moving and sound target trials. Certain factors can affect the appearance of objects and
should be known by the firer (Table B-1).
Table B-1 Factors affecting the appearance of objects
Factors in determining
range by eye

Objects appear nearer
than
they are--

Objects appear more
distant
than they are--

The target--its
clearness of out
line and details.

When most of the target
is visible and offers a clear
outline.

When only a small part of
the target may be seen or is
small in relation to its
surroundings.

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Nature of the
terrain or position of
the observer.

Light and
atmosphere.

When looking across a
When looking across a
depression, most of which is depression, all of which is
hidden from view.
visible.
When looking downward
from a high ground.

When looking from low
ground toward high ground

When looking down a
straight, open road or along
a
railroad track.

When field of vision
narrowly confined as in
twisted streets, draws, or
forest trails.

When looking over
uniform surfaces like
water, snow, desert, or grain
fields or when the sun is
shining from behind the
observer.

In poor light such as
dawn and dusk in rain, snow
or fog, or when the sun is in
the observer's eyes.

When the target is in
When the target blends
sharp contrast with the
into the background or
background or is silhouetted terrain.
by reason of size, shape, or
color.
When seen in the clear
atmosphere of high
altitudes,
in bright light.
Stationary Trials. Normally, there are four phases in each stationary trial. The first three phases last 30
seconds each.
PHASE ONE: The target man remains motionless in a slightly exposed position. This allows him to observe
the heads and chests of soldiers along the observation line.
PHASE TWO: The same target man slowly raises his head and shoulders until he can observe the soldiers on
the observation line from the ground up.
PHASE THREE: The same target man makes quick, jerky movements constantly for 30 seconds.
PHASE FOUR: The same target man fires one or two blank rounds toward the observation line (safety
permitting). The command to begin a stationary target trial is
TRIAL ONE, PHASE ONE, OBSERVE.
If during the first phase the observer thinks he has located the target, he notes the letter of the panel nearest the
target and determines the range from his position to the target. He enters this information on his answer sheet,
and an assistant instructor checks his answer. A range error of not more than 10 percent is satisfactory. If the

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observer has chosen the wrong panel or the error in range exceeds 10 percent, he is told his answer is incorrect
and to continue his observation.
If the answer is correct, the soldier continues his observation of the area, recording the required information on
his answer sheet for the subsequent phases. This procedure is followed throughout the four phases of stationary
trials.
NOTE: For more detailed information, see Exercise 1 and 2.

Moving Trials. The target trial cards for moving trials indicate the certain trials in which the target man
engages, the stake location to which he moves, and the type of movement or other actions he performs. For
example, the target trial card for target man No. 1 might indicate that he engages in trials 1, 5, 6, and 8. In trial
1, the instructions state that he perform four phases of a stationary target exercise. In trial 5, he is told to make
five short rushes from stake 25 to stake 25C.
To check the accuracy of soldiers, aiming devices are used to mark the points of disappearance of multiple
moving targets.
The observer aligns the two sight knobs on the aiming device where he thinks the targets are located.
Normally, two soldiers are assigned to an aiming device: one to act as the observer and one to check the
observer's work.
To begin a moving trial, the command is MOVING TARGET(S) STAND UP; DISAPPEAR AND BEGIN
YOUR MOVEMENTS. On these commands, the applicable target men reveal themselves to the observers,
move back into their concealed positions, and begin the movements as directed on their target trial cards.
During some exercises, the target men may fire blank rounds after reaching a new location. Observers are
allowed 30 seconds to mark the point(s) of disappearance with the aiming device. The instructor then
commands, TARGETS STAND UP, ALTERNATE OBSERVERS CHECK ALIGNMENT The alternate
observer then checks the accuracy of the observer's work. This procedure continues until all of the trials have
been conducted.
NOTE: For more detailed information, see Exercises 3, 4, and 6.

Stationary Sound Trials. Before the trials begin, the observers should draw a sector sketch of the area.
All of the numbered panels should then be raised for stationary sound trials. Each target man occupies a
concealed position near one of the numbered panels. The instructor then informs the observer that a shot will
be fired from one of the numbered panels. The observers must determine the panel location nearest the sound
and record the information on their answer sheets. The commands to conduct the exercise are TRIAL
NUMBER (ONE): READY, AIM, FIRE. OBSERVERS RECORD YOUR ANSWERS.
Should it be necessary to reposition target men for subsequent trials, the observers should face away from the
range while the movement is taking place. In some trials, two target men should fire at the same time to
demonstrate how hard it is to locate similar sounds coming from two directions at the same time.
NOTE: For more detailed information, see Exercise 5.

Multiple Moving and Sound Targets. To conduct multiple moving and sound target trials, eight target men
are needed (two 4-man teams).
Soldiers are divided into two groups with each pair having one aiming device. The command to begin the
exercise is MOVING TARGETS STAND UP; DISAPPEAR AND BEGIN YOUR MOVEMENT. The
moving target men expose themselves, resume their concealed positions, and begin their ashes forward. After

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making their move, some of the target men should fire one or more blank rounds. The observer uses the aiming
device to mark the point of disappearance of as many moving targets as possible.
Upon completing a trial, the instructor commands, TARGETS STAND UP, CHECK ALIGNMENT. The
target men stand up and the alternate observer checks the accuracy of the observer's work. In the next trial, the
alternate observer and observer change places.
NOTE: For more detailed information, see Exercise 7.

TESTS
In the final stage of target detection training, soldiers are tested on their ability to detect and determine ranges
to single stationary targets. They mark the points of disappearance of single and multiple moving targets and
locate targets by sound.
Test Number One - Stationary Targets. Test number one is conducted using the same four phases prescribed
for the target detection trials of stationary targets. The soldier receives points in proportion to the number of
phases needed to detect the target. If the soldier detects the target in phase one, he receives four points; in
phase two, three points; and so on down to zero points if he fails to detect the target after four phases. To be
considered correct, the soldier (again) selects the lettered panel nearest the target and determines the range
from his position to the target. A range error of 10 percent or less is satisfactory. Master trial sheets, target
cards, and range procedures are the same as prescribed for the practical exercises in detecting stationary
targets. Each soldier is given 16 trials involving detection of stationary targets to provide enough information
to judge his ability.
NOTE: For more detailed information, see Exercise 8.

Test Number Two - Moving Targets. Target detection test number two requires the soldier to mark the points
of disappearance of multiple moving targets. These tests are conducted the same as the practical exercises for
moving targets. After the target men have completed their movements, soldiers are allowed 30 seconds to mark
the points of disappearance using the aiming device. Assistant instructors check the results and award one
point for each correctly marked target location.
NOTE: For more detailed information, see Exercise 9.

Test Number Three - Sound Targets. Test number three involves sound targets. The test is conducted the
same as practical exercises for locating sound targets. On command, one or two target men fire their rifles, and
the observer tries to locate the sound using the numbered panels as reference points. One point is awarded for
each correct answer.
NOTE: For more detailed information see Exercise 9. All reproducible forms are contained in Appendix H.

EXERCISES
The following exercises teach soldiers the skills and techniques of detecting, marking, and determining the
range to realistic battlefield targets.
Exercise 1: Introduction to Target Detection (Two Hours).
Range facilities. Two target detection ranges.
Personnel.

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FM 23-9 Appendix B
●
●

Two principal instructors (one for each range).
Six target men (three for each range).

NOTE: One principal instructor is needed at each range. He sets up the range, trains target men, and conducts the class. Four
assistant instructors are needed for each range. They control the observers, assist in scoring, and are familiar with the position of
the targets. The six target men (three for each range) must be trained to perform the duties of "targets' Each is assigned a number
of target placements within a certain area. All target men are given a target trial card containing only the trial numbers and the
indications he is to perform.

Blank ammunition requirements.
● For each presentation:

●

First hour: Five rounds for demonstration.
Second hour: Fifteen rounds for practice exercise.
For each rehearsal:
First hour: Five rounds.
Second hour: Fifteen rounds.

Master trial sheet. Exercises 1, 2 and 8. ( Table B-2).
Table B-2. Exercises 1, 2 and 8.
TRAIL
NO.

TARGET DESCRIPTION
LOCATION RANGE STAKE
MEN
OF
(METERS)
REQUIREMENTS

1

1

1. Slightly exposed,
motionless.
2. Raise and lower
head, slowly.
3. Repeat 2 (above),
rapidly
4. Fire one blank
round.

A-D

22

41A

2

2

1. Slightly exposed,
motionless.
2. Slowly move
head from side to
side.
3. Raise head
slowly; drop
quickly.
4. Fire one blank
round.

B-D

66

31B

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3

3

1. Slightly exposed,
motionless.
2. Move forward
and back every ten
seconds.
3. Step out and back
rapidly
4. Fire two blank
rounds.

E-F

161

11C

Change Target Locations
4

1

1. Slightly exposed,
motionless.
2. Shake bush every
five seconds.
3. Raise and lower
head slowly while
wearing shiny
helmet liner.
4. Fire two blank
rounds.

G

119

13B

5

2

1. Kneeling partly
exposed,
motionless.
2. Raise and lower
head, slowly.
3. Jump out and
back every five
seconds.
4. Fire one blank
round.

C

44

32A

6

3

1. Slightly exposed,
motionless.
2. Slowly assume
kneeling position.
3. Raise up slowly;
drop quickly.
4. Fire two blank
rounds.

D

95

19B

Change Target Locations

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7

1

1. Slightly exposed,
kneeling.
2. Raise head
slowly; drop
quickly.
3. Repeat 2 (above),
rapidly.
4. Fire two blank
rounds.

B

91

27

8

2

1. Slightly exposed,
motionless.
2. Slowly move up
and down.
3. Make rapid, jerky
movements.
4. Fire one blank
round.

D

51

27

9

3

1. Slightly exposed,
motionless.
2. Slowly move
head and shoulders
from side to side.
3. Same as 2
(above) with shiny
helmet liner.
4. Fire one blank
round.

A-D

41

29A

D-E

88

28B

Change Target Locations
10

1

1. Slightly exposed.
2. Move slowly.
3. Move quickly.
4. Fire two blank
rounds.

NOTE: An individual target trial card (Figure B-8) is prepared for each target man. It contains only those trials in which he
engages, the location (stake number) used, and the action performed in each trial. Although each target man has rehearsed, the
target trial cards ensure that no mistakes are made.

Answer sheet. See DA Form 3009-R (Target Detection Exercise Answer Sheet -- Periods 1, 2, and 8) (Figure
B-9).
Exercise 2: Detection of Realistic Battlefield Targets (Two Hours). If possible, this exercise is conducted
the same as Exercise 1, but on a different range. Range facilities, personnel, organization, ammunition
requirements, master trial sheet, and answer sheet are the same as outlined for Exercise 1.
Exercise 3: Detection of Single Moving Targets (Two Hours). This exercise gives the soldier practice in
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detecting and simulating the engagement of single, combat--type moving targets.
Range facilities. One target detection range.
Personnel.
● One principal instructor.
● Three target men.
Blank ammunition requirements.
● Rounds for each presentation - 10.
● Rounds for each rehearsal - 10.
Master trial sheet. Exercise 3. (Table B-3).
Table B-3. Exercise 3.
TRAIL
NO.

TARGET DESCRIPTION
RANGE STAKE
MEN
OF
(METERS)
REQUIREMENTS

1

1

2

2

3

3

1. Standing by tree.
2. Kneel slowly.
3. Move slowly
from view.
4. Fire two blank
rounds. Same
as trial 1 (above).
Poor
aiming point
location
5. Start standing.
Disappear
on command,
reappear in same
position. Make four
4-second
rushes to good
aiming points.
Change Target Locations

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200

6A

150

28B

175

27C-28C-29C
30C-32C

FM 23-9 Appendix B

4

1

5

3

6

2

1. Start from
kneeling position
behind bush. Make
five rushes.
Disappear at poor
aiming points.
Reappear from
same position;
5-3-3-5-5
seconds. Fire one
blank round from
last position.
2. Start prone. Make
five rushes.
Disappear after each
rush and
roll or crawl to a
new location
before reappearing;
5-3-2-8-8 seconds.
Fire one blank
round from last
position
3. Start prone. Make
five lateral
rushes. Reappear at
same
location; 4-5-4-4-3
seconds
Fire one blank
round from last
position.

300

1A-2A-3A-4A5A-6A

300

1C-2C-3C-4C5C-6C

175

28B-29B-30B31B-32B-33B

300

33B-32B-31B30B-29B-28B
25C-39C

Change Target Locations
7

2

8

3

9

1

10

2

1. Run 6 meters in
reverse

200
2. Run 100 meters
from tree to
position with poor
aiming point.
3. Start prone.
5-L-3-3-6-R-4-5
seconds; through
draw. Fire one
blank round from
last position.

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260

6A-7A-8A-9A
10A-11A

300

1B-2B-3B-4B5B-5B

FM 23-9 Appendix B

(Numbers indicate
direction of roll or
crawl after each
rush.)
4. Start behind
bush; 6-8-R-3-R4-3 seconds. Fire
one blank
from last position.
Answer sheet. See DA Form 3010-R (Target Detection Exercise Answer Sheet -Period 3) (Figure B-10).

Exercise 4: Detection of Multiple Moving Targets (Two Hours). This exercise gives the soldier practice in
detecting and aiming at multiple, combat-type moving targets.

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Range facilities. Two target detection ranges.
Personnel.
● Two principal instructors (one for each range).
● Eight assistant instructors (four for each range).
● Sixteen target men (eight for each range).
Organization. One order of soldiers is assigned to each range.
Blank ammunition requirements.
● Rounds for each presentation -- 47.
● Rounds for each rehearsal -- 47.
Master trial sheet: Exercise 4. Soldiers use target aiming device to mark the points of disappearance of
moving targets (Table B-4).
Table B-4. Exercise 4.
TRAIL
NO.
1

2

TARGET DESCRIPTION
RANGE STAKE
MEN
OF
(METERS)
REQUIREMENTS
1

3

4
3

5
6

4

7

8

1. Kneeling
exposed. Crawl to
new
position in
five-meter
crawling
movements. Fire
one
blank round for
each new 2
position. (Five
rounds for each
target man.) Good
aiming point
positions.
2. Start Same as
above. Poor aiming
point positions, but
reference
points available.
Reference
points increase in
difficulty
each time.
3. Start with target
men walking
through woods or

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75

42A-43A-44A-45A46A

40B-41B-42B-43B44B
100

39A-40A-41A-42A43A
37B-38B-39B-40B41B

300

9A-10A-11A-12A13A-14A
11B-12B-13B-14B15B-16B7C-8C-9C-10C11C-12C9C-10C-11C-12C13C-14C
12C-13C-14C-15C16C-17C
14C-15C-16C-17C18C-19C

200

FM 23-9 Appendix B

other partial
concealment.
Disappear when
fired on. Make five
4-second
rushes to positions
with good
aiming points. Fire
one blank
round from last
position.
4. Start from
kneeling position
behind bush. Make
five rushes.
DDisappear where
there is a poor
aiming point.
Reference points
available but not
easy;
4-2-4-4 seconds.
Fire one blank
round from last
position.
Change Target Locations
5

4
5
6

6

7

1

3

1. Start prone. Make
five rushes,
good and poor
aiming point
positions; 2-4-6-2
seconds.
Fire on blank round
from last
position.
2. Start at tree.
Make five
rushes to new
positions
affording good and
poor aiming
points; 2-3-4-2
seconds. Fire
one blank round
from last

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300

175

175

8A-9A-10A-11A12A-13A
11A-12A-13A-15A16A
10B-11B-12B-13B14B-15B
14A-15A-16A-17A18A-19A
18B-19B-20B-21B22B-23B
17C-18C-19C-20C21C-22C
19C-20C-21C-22C23C-24C
17A-18A-19A-20A21A-22A
13A-14A-15A-16A17A-18A
16A-17A-18A-19A20A-21A

FM 23-9 Appendix B

position.

3. Start at different
distances.
Make five approach
rushes;
4-2-4-3-4 seconds.
Varied good
and poor aiming
point
positions. Fire one
blank from
last position.
Change Target Locations
8

1

9

3
4
5

10

3
4
6
6

1. Make five
5-meter crawling
movements to
positions with
good aiming points.
Reference
points increase in
difficulty
each time. Fire one
blank
round fron last
position.
2. Start walking in
woods. Make
five rushes;
4-2-2-6-4
seconds. Fire one
blank round
from last position.
3. Make five rushes;
4-3-6-2-3
seconds. Fire one
blank round
from last position.

200

300

150

11A-12A-13A-14A15A-16A
12B-13B-14B-15B16B
12C-13C-14C-15C16C 9A-10A-11A12A-13A-14A
10B-11B-12B-13B14B-15B
10C-11C-12X-13C14C-15C
20A-21A-22A-23A24A-25A
21B-22B-23B-24B25B-26B
18B-19B20B-21B-22B-23B
19C-20C-21C-22C23C-24C

Exercise 5: Locating Target by Sound (Two Hours). This exercise gives the soldier practice in locating
targets by the sound of firing from hostile firing position.
Range facilities. One target detection range.

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Personnel.
● One principal instructor.
● One assistant instructor for every 10 soldiers.
● Five target men.
Organization. One order of soldiers on the range at a time.
Blank ammunition requirements.
● Rounds for each presentation -- 46.
● Rounds for each rehearsal -- 46.
Master trial sheet: Exercise 5 (Table B-5).
Table B-5. Exercise 5.
TRAIL NO.

TARGET MEN

PANEL LOCATION

1
2

1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
2

14
11
4
7
9
14
11
4
7
9
11

3
4
5
6
7

Change Target Locations
8
9
10
11
12
13

1
3
4
2
5
3
4
1
2
4
5
Change Target Locations

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2
2
12
13
6
8
12
2
13
12
6

FM 23-9 Appendix B

15
16
17
18
19
20
21

4
5
1
3
2
4
1
3
5
2
4
3

1
3
10
5
9
1
10
5
3
9
1
5

Change Target Locations
22
23
24
25
26
27
28

1
2
3
4
5
1
2
3
4
5
4

3
9
14
10
8
3
9
14
10
8
8

Answer sheet. See DA Form 3011-R (Target Detection Answer Sheet-Period 5) (Figure B-11).

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FM 23-9 Appendix B

Exercise 6: Detection of Movement by Opposing Teams, Personal Camouflage. This exercise gives
soldiers practical work in target detection and movement as target teams. Demonstrations and practical work in
personal camouflage are conducted.
Range facilities. Two target detection ranges.
Personnel.
● Two principal instructors (one for each range).
● Four assistant instructors (two for each range).
● Four demonstrators (two for each range).
Organization. One order of observers is assigned to each range.
Blank ammunition requirements. None.
Master trial sheet. Exercise 6. (Table B-6.)

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FM 23-9 Appendix B

Table B-6. Exercise 6.
TRAIL (1)
NO.
6-sec
rush
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14

(2)
2-sec
rush

(3)
5-m
low
crawl

(4)
4-sec
rush

x
x

(5)
5-m
low

(6)
4-sec
rush

x

x
x
x

x
x

x
x
x

x

x
x

x
x

x
x
x

x

x

x

x

x
x

x

x

x
x
x
x

x

x
x

x
x

x
x
x
x

x
x
x
x

(9)
(10)
6-sec 50-m
rush bound

x
x

x
x
x

(8)
2-sec
rush

x

x

x
x

(7)
10-m
high
crawl

x

x
x

x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x
x

This master trail sheet reflects 10 trials for 14 soldiers acting
as targets. Units may revise the master trial sheet to include
additional target requirements to ensure maximum
participation when larger squads are used.
Exercise 7: Combination of Sound and Multiple Moving Targets (Two Hours). This exercise gives soldiers
practice in locating, marking, aiming, and firing at moving combat-type targets.
Range facilities. Two target detection ranges.
Personnel.
● Two principal instructors (one for each range).
● Ten assistant instructors (five for each range).
● Sixteen target men (eight for each range).
Organization. One order of soldiers assigned to each range.
Blank ammunition requirements.
● Rounds for each presentation -- 75.
● Rounds for each rehearsal -- 75.
Master trial sheet. Exercise 7. (Table B-7.)

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FM 23-9 Appendix B

Table B-7. Exercise 7.
TRAIL
NO.

TARGET DESCRIPTION
RANGE STAKE
MEN
OF
(METERS)
REQUIREMENTS

1

1
2
3
4

2

5
6
7
8

1. Two targets make
clumsy 5meter crawls; two
target men
fire four flank
rounds each
toward the
observation line.
All located at good
aiming
point positions.
2. Three target men
make skilled
5-meter crawls; one
target man
fires two blank
rounds. All
positions lack good
aiming
points. Distance
between targets
is 25 meters.

150

28A-31A
28B-31B
P14
P3

200

22A-23A
20B-22B
21C-23C
P4

300

1A-2A
2B-3B
1C-2C
P12

250

14B-15B
13C-14C
P13
P10

Change Target Locations
3

1
2
3
4

4

5
6
7
8

1. Two target men
are walking through
woods, disappear on
command,
and make one
4-second rush.
Two target men fire
two blank
rounds each.
2. Three target men
make one 3second rush and
disappear
at poor aiming point
positions.
Two target men fire
three

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FM 23-9 Appendix B

blank rounds each.
Change Target Locations
5

1
2
3
4

6

5
6
7
8

1. One target man
make a 5meter crawl and
stops at a
good aiming point
position.
One target man
makes a 5meter rush and
stops at a poor
aiming point
position. One target
makes a 10-meter
rush. One target
man fires five
blanks.
2. Three target men
make one 5meter clumsy crawl.
One target man
man fires two blank
rounds.
All positions at poor
aiming points.
Good reference
points are available.

100

31A-32A
31B-32B
29C-31C
P9

150

27B-28B
26C-27C
25A-26A
P2

225

P11
P1
13C-14C
14B-15B

300

P6
2C-3C
2A-3A
2B-3B

Change Target Locations
7

1
2
3
4

8

5
6
7
8

1. Two target men
make a skilled
5-meter crawl. Two
target
men fire two blank
rounds each.
All positions have
good aiming
points
2. Three target men
walk through
woods until fired on
from
observation line.
They disappear
and make one

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FM 23-9 Appendix B

5-meter crawl.
One target man fires
four
blank rounds.
Change Target Locations
9

10

1
2
3
4
5
6

1. Same as above
except all target
men stop at poor
aiming point
positions.
2. Three target men
make a fivesecond rush. Two
target men
fire one blank round
each.

150

225

24A-25A
25B-24B
P6-26C-27C
15C-15C
P8
19B-20B

Change Target Locations
11

12

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1. Four target men
fire one blank
round each.

250

100
2. One target man
makes a 10-meter
rush to a poor
aiming point
position. Three
target men
fire two blank
rounds each.

P11
P13
P9
P12
P6
P10
P4
39B-42B

Change Target Locations
13

1
2
3
4

14

5
6
7
8

1. Two target men
fire one
blank round each.
Two target
men make a 5-meter
crawl.
Varied good and
poor aiming
point positions.
2. Same as above
except all
positions are at poor
aiming

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200

11A-12A
9B-10B
P2
P5

75

P3
P1
44B-45B
44C-45C

FM 23-9 Appendix B

points and require
the use of
reference points.
Change Target Locations
15

1
2
3
4

16

5
6
7
8

17

18

1. Two target men,
spaced far
apart, make a
three-second
rush. Two target
men, close
together, fire two
blank
rounds each.
2. Four target man
make onetwo-, three-, and
four second
rushes after being
fired on
from the
observation line.
Each target man
fires one
blank round two
seconds after
disappearing.
Varied, good and
poor aiming point
positions.
3. Four target men
alternately
fire one round each;
varied
good and poor
aiming point
positions.
4. Two target man
make a
one-second rush;
two target men
fire one blank round
each.
Varied, good and
poor aiming
points.

Change Target Locations
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225

8A-9A
7C-8C
P14
P11

275

15A-16A
14B-13B
16B-15B
14C-15C

125

36A
35A
31B
32C
P9
P13
1A-2A
2C-3C

300

FM 23-9 Appendix B

19

20

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8

1. Three target man
make a threesecond rush, and
one target man
fires on blank
round.
2. One target man
makes a 5meter crawl and
three target
men fire one round
each.
Varied, good and
poor aiming
points.

125

175

35A-34A
36A-37A
31B-32B
P9
23B-24B
P14
P11
P1

Answer sheet. See DA Form 5791-R (Target Detection Exercise Answer Sheet-Period 7) (Figure B-12).

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FM 23-9 Appendix B

Exercise 8: Target Detection Test One (One Hour). This exercise tests the soldier's ability to locate and
deter- mine ranges to single, stationary battlefield targets.
Range facilities. One target detection range.
Personnel.
● One principal instructor.
● Seven assistant instructors.
● Three target men.
Blank ammunition requirements.
● Rounds for each presentation -- 15.
● Rounds for each rehearsal -- 15.
Master trial sheet. Same as for Exercise 1, except locations of target men should be changed.
Answer sheet. Same as for Exercise 1 (Figure B-9).
Exercise 9: Target Detection Tests Two and Three (One Hour). This exercise tests the soldier's ability to
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FM 23-9 Appendix B

locate and mark the points of disappearance of single and multiple moving targets (test two) and his ability to
locate sound targets (test three).
Range facilities. One target detection range.
Personnel.
● One principal instructor.
● Four assistant instructors.
● Four target men.
Blank ammunition requirements.
● Rounds for each presentation -- 30.
● Rounds for each rehearsal -- 30.
Master trial sheet, target detection, test two. (See Table B-8.)
Table B-8. Test two, Exercise 9.
TRAIL
NO.

TARGET DESCRIPTION
RANGE STAKE
MEN
OF
(METERS)
REQUIREMENTS

1

1

2

2
3

3

1
2
3
4
1
2
3
4

4

1. Kneeling by tree,
up on command.
Ten meter bound to
a poor aiming point.
2. Rush 15 meters
to a poor aiming
point.
1. Ten-meter rush to
poor aiming
points.

2. Ten-meter lateral
rush. Good
aiming points.
Change Target Locations

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300

1A-2A

75

40A-41A
39B-40B
40C-41C
11A-12A
13A-14A
11B-12B
11C-12C
12A-12B
14A-14B
12B-12C
12C-11B

200

150

FM 23-9 Appendix B

5

1
2

6

3
4
1

7

2
3
4
1

8
9

2
3

10

4
1

1. One man rush
right, the other
left; both stop at
poor aiming
points.
2. Ten-meter rush.
One to a good
aiming point and
the other
to poor aiming
points.

200

13A-12B
12C-11B

75
100
125

35C-36C
29B-30B
27A-29A

75

34B-35C

200

35A-35B
16A-17A

1. Five-meter rush
to poor aiming
points.

300

1B-2B
1C-3C

150

25A-26A
24B-25B

2. Twenty-meter
rush to a poor
aiming point.
3. One rush 5
meters to a good
aiming point and
the other 10
meters to a poor
aiming point.
4. Five-meter lateral
rush to
poor aiming points.

Master trial sheet, sound detection, test three. (See Table B-9.)
Table B-9. Test three, Exercise 9.
TRAIL NO.

TARGET MEN

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PANEL
LOCATION

FM 23-9 Appendix B

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20

1
2, 3
4, 1
2
3
4, 1
2
3
4
1, 2
3, 4,
1, 2
3, 4
1, 2
3
4
1, 2
3, 4
1
2

6
4, 12
7, 9
8
14
14, 3
1
6
7
13, 8
10, 1
2, 6
7, 3
11, 6
7
3
6, 14
12, 1
8
3

Answer sheet. See DA Form 3014-R (Target Detection Exercise Answer Sheets Tests No. 2 and
3--Period 9) (see Figure B-15).

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FM 23-9 Appendix B

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APPENDIX C

Training Aids and Devices
Training aids and devices must be included in a marksmanship program. This appendix lists those that are
available and provides information on how to obtain them for marksmanship training.

Section I. TRAINING RESOURCES
This section provides the classification and nomenclature for training aids, devices, and targets.

CLASSIFICATIONS
Information on the classification of various training resources are listed below along with a general description
and source publication.
TYPE

DESCRIPTION

SOURCE
PUBLICATION

Graphic Training Aids

Charts, handout cards,
diagrams, posters,
overhead transparencies,
35-mm slides, and small
plastic aids

Devices

Three-dimensional training Da Pam 310-12 Index
aids such as scale models Description of Army
and simulators
Training Devices.

Training Extension Course Audiovisual 8-mm film
Lessons
cartridge audio cassette
and student instruction
sheet.

DA Pam 108-1 Index of
Army Motion Picture and
related auto visual aids.

Extension training material
status list published by the
US Army Training Support
Center, Fort Eustis, Va
23604, Catalog of Training
Extension Course Lessons.

TRAINING AND AUDIOVISUAL SUPPORT CENTER
TASCs are located throughout the world and are the POCs for obtaining all training aids and devices. Each
TASC provides training aid services to customers in their geographic area of support to include Active Army
units and schools, Reserve Components, and ROTC units.
NOTE: For more information concerning TASC operations, write Commander, United States Army Training
Support Center, ATTN: ATIC-DM, Fort Eustis, VA 23604.

TRAINING DEVICES AND EXERCISES
Several marksmanship training devices are available to aid in sustainment training when used with the
appropriate training strategies. They are beneficial when ammunition is limited for training or practice exercises.
Some training devices are complex, costly, and in limited supply, while others are relatively simple, cheap, and
in large supply. Devices and aids can be used alone or in combinations. Individuals or squads can
sustain/practice basic marksmanship skills and fundamentals with devices/aids.

Aiming Card. The M15A1 card (Figure C-1) determines if the soldier understands how to aim at target center of
mass. The card is misaligned, and the soldier is instructed to establish the correct point of aim. It is checked by a
trainer. Several aimings provide an understanding of center of mass. Also, this card is used to ensure the soldier
understands adjustment of the aiming point, how to allow for gravity, and how to engage a moving target. The
sight-target relationship on the card is the same visual perception the soldier should have when he is zeroing on a
standard silhouette target.

Riddle Sighting Device. The Riddle sighting device (Figure C-2) indicates to the trainer if the soldier
understands the aiming process while using the rifle. It is a small plastic plate with a magnet and a drawing of an
E-type silhouette target. A two-man team is needed. The soldier assumes a supported or prone firing position.
The assistant places the Riddle device on the front sight assembly and adjusts the plastic plate at the direction of
the firer until he reports the proper sight picture. Without disturbing the plastic plate, the trainer or coach must
aim through the sights to determine if the soldier has aligned the target and sight properly. Many sightings are
conducted, and the trainer may include variations to ensure the soldier understands the process.

M16 Sighting Device. The M16 sighting device (Figure C-3) is made of metal with a tinted square of glass
placed at an angle.

When the device is attached to the rear of the M16A1 carrying handle, an observer can look through the sight to
see what the firer sees. The M16 sighting device can be mounted on the M16A2 rifle. The charging handle must
be pulled to the rear first. Then, the M16 sighting device is mounted on the rear of the carrying handle, and the
charging handle is returned.
The M16 sighting device can be used in a dry-fire or live-fire environment, but a brass cartridge deflector must
be used during live fire. The observer must practice with the sight for it to be effective. For example, the
observer looks at a reflected image; if the soldier is aiming to the right, it appears left to the observer. Also, the
device must be precisely positioned on the rifle (it may need to be bent to stay on). The observer's position must
remain constant. At the same time, the observer talks with the firer to ensure a correct analysis of the aiming
procedures.

Blank Firing Attachment (BFA), M15A2. This device (Figure C-4) is attached to the muzzle of the M16A1 or
M16A2 rifle. It is designed to keep sufficient gas in the barrel of the weapon to allow semiautomatic, automatic,
or burst firing with blank ammunition (M200). After firing 50 rounds, the attachment should be checked for a
tight fit. Continuous blank firing results in a carbon buildup in the bore, gas tube, and carrier key. When this
occurs, the cleaning procedures in TM 9-1005-249-10 or TM 9-1005-249-34 should be followed.

Target-Box Exercise. The target-box exercise checks the consistency of aiming and placement of three-round
shot groups in a dry-fire environment (Figure C-5).

To conduct the exercise, the target man places the silhouette anywhere on the plain sheet of paper and moves the
silhouette target as directed by the firer. The two positions must have already been established so that the rifle is
pointed at some place on the paper. The positions are separated by 15 yards or 25 meters. When the firer
establishes proper aiming, he signals the target man to "Mark." Only hand signals are used since voice
commands would be impractical when training several pairs of soldiers at one time.
The target man then places the pencil through the hole in the silhouette target and makes a dot on the paper. Then
he moves the silhouette to another spot on the paper and indicates to the firer that he is ready for another shot.
When the three shots are completed, the target man triangulates the three shots and labels it shot group number
one. The firer and instructor view the shot group.
A simulated shot group covered within a 1-cm (diameter) circle indicates consistent aiming. Since no rifle or
ammunition variability is involved and since there is no requirement to place the shot group in a certain location,
a 1-cm standard may be compared to obtaining a 4-cm shot group on the 25-meter live-fire zero range. The
soldier fires several shot groups. After two or three shot groups are completed in one location, the rifle, paper
bolder, or paper is moved so shots fall on a clean section of the paper.
Any movement of the rifle or paper between the first and third shots of a group voids the exercise. Two devices
are available to hold the rifle (Figures C-6 and Figure C-7). The rifle holding device and rifle holding box are
positioned on level ground, or are secured by sandbags or stakes to ensure there is no rifle movement during the
firing of the three shots. Movement of the paper is eased by using a solid backing (Figure C-8). Any movement
of either is reflected in the size of the shot group. Several varieties of wooden target boxes have been locally
fabricated. A new rifle holder has been developed and should be used (Figure C-7).

The silhouettes on the plastic paddle (Figure C-9) are scaled to represent an E-type silhouette target at 250
meters. The visual perception during the target-box exercise is similar to what a soldier sees while zeroing on a
standard zeroing target. The small E-type silhouette is the same scale at 15 yards as the larger silhouette is at the
25-meter range (some training areas are set up at 15 yards; others are set up at 25 meters). While there are some
benefits to representing a 250-meter target, the main benefit of this exercise can be obtained at any distance. A
standard zero target can be used at 25 meters in place of the paddle by placing a small hole in the center (dot),
moving the target sheet over the paper, and marking as previously outlined.

The shot-group exercise provides a chance for the trainer to critique the soldier on his aiming procedures,
aiming consistency, and placement of shot groups. Assuming that the rifle and paper remain stationary and that
the target man properly marks the three shots, the only factor to cause separation of the dots on the paper is error
in the soldier's aiming procedures. When the soldier can consistently direct the target into alignment with the
sights on this exercise, he should be able to aim at the same center-of-mass point on the zero range or on targets
at actual range.
Ball-and-Dummy Exercise. This exercise is conducted on a live-fire range. The coach or designated assistant
inserts a dummy round into a magazine of live rounds. In this way, the coach can detect if the firer knows when
the rifle is going to fire. The firer must not know when a dummy round is in the magazine. When the hammer
falls on a dummy round, which the firer thought was live, the firer and his coach may see movement. This is
caused by the firer anticipating the shot or using improper trigger squeeze. Proper trigger squeeze results in no
movement when the hammer falls. If the firer knows when the hammer is going to fall, movement can often be
observed at that moment.

Dime (Washer) Exercise. This dry-fire technique is used to teach or evaluate the skill of trigger squeeze and is
effective when conducted from an unsupported position. When using the M16A1 rifle for this exercise, the
soldier must cock the weapon, assume an unsupported firing position, and aim at the target. An assistant places a
dime (washer) on the rifle's barrel between the flash suppressor and front sight post assembly. The soldier then
tries to squeeze the trigger naturally without causing the dime (washer) to fall off. Several repetitions of this
exercise must be conducted to determine if the soldier has problems with trigger squeeze.
If the dime (washer) is allowed to touch the sight assembly or flash suppressor, it may fall off due to the jolt of
the hammer. Also, the strength of the hammer spring on some rifles can make this a difficult exercise to perform.
Instructors should allow soldiers to use another rifle when the one they are using is defective or needs repair.
When using the M16A2 rifle, the dime (washer) exercise is conducted the same except that a locally fabricated
device must be attached to the weapon. A piece of 3/4-inch bonding material is folded into a clothes-pin shape
and inserted into the compensator of the weapon so that the dime (washer) can be placed on top of it.
NOTE: The Weaponeer is discussed in Section II.

SELECTION OF TRAINING AIDS AND DEVICES
After training requirements have been established, appropriate training aids and devices can be selected from the
TASC. To help in selecting these aids and devices, many of those available and their identification numbers are
listed here.
TYPE/NOMENCLATURE

IDENTIFICATION NUMBER

Training Aids and Devices
Weaponeer -Remedial Rifle
Marksmanship Trainer

DVC 7-57

M15A2 Blank Firing attachment

Supply Item (see TM)

Chamber Block (M16A1/A2)

Local TASC Expendable Item

M16 Sighting Device (A1 or A2)(Left
and Right)

DVC-T 7-84

Target Box Paddle

DVC-T 7-86

Riddle Device

DVC-T 7-87

M16 Rifle Brass Deflector

DVC-T 7-87

M15A1 Aiming Card

DVC-T-07-26

M16A1 Disassembly Mat (Paper)

GTA 09-06-43

M16A1 Display Mat (Canvas)

TAD-0034 (locally)

Rifle Rest (for target-box exercise)

TAD-12 (locally)

Rifle Rest (Portable)

TAD-12 (locally)

Front and Rear Sight, M16 Rifle

TAD-26 (locally)

Front and Rear Sight, M16A2 Rifle

TAD-0026A

Rotating Panel Chalkboard Holder for

TAD-4 (locally)

GTA Charts
Graphic Training Aids (GTAS)
Rifle, 5.56-mm, M16A1Mechanical
Training (1973)

GTA 7-1-26

Rifle, M16 Disassembly (M16A1)

GTA 9-6-43

M16A1 Rifle Malfunction

GTA 9-6-44

M16A1 Rifle Maintenance Card

GTA 21-1-3

Training Films
*Rifle, M16A1--Part 1, Care, Cleaning,
Lubrication

TF 21-3907

*Rifle, M16A1--Part 11, Field Expedients TF 21-3908
*Also available in video tape.

TYPE/NOMENCLATURE

IDENTIFICATION NUMBER

Video Tapes
Engagement of Moving Personnel
2E/010-071-1271-B
Targets with the M16A1 Rifle Team from
the Foxhole Position
Cycle of Functioning M16A1 Rifle

2E/010-071-0444-B

Overview of BRM Training

010-071-0086-B

7-13 (Feb 87)

2E/010-071-0725-B

TVT 7-1 Teaching Rifle Marksmanship:
Part One.
TVT 7-2 Teaching Rifle Marksmanship:
Part Two.
TEC Lessons
Loading and Unloading the M16A1 Rifle 1-939-071-0009-F
Disassembly and Assembly M16A1 Rifle 1-939-071-0010-F
Maintaining the M16A1 Rifle

1-939-071-0011-F

Preventing and Correcting Common
Malfunctions

1-939-071-0012-F

Zero the M16A1 Rifle

1-939-071-0213-J

Zero M16A1 Aim and Fire Techniques

1-939-071-0214-F

Zero M16A1 Analyze and Correct Errors

1-939-071-0215-F

Perform Operator Maintenance on an
M16A1 Rifle, Magazine, and
Ammunition (Plus hands-on test)

071-311-2001

Load, Reduce a Stoppage, and Clear an
M16A1 Rifle (Plus hands-on test)

071-311-2003

Battle sight Zero an M16A1 Rifle

071-311-2004

TARGET ORDERING NUMBERS
The following numbers can be used when ordering marksmanship targets.
Designation

Description

NSN

D prone

Full-length face with V through two
scoring areas

6920-00922-7450

D prone

Repair center with V through two
scoring areas

6920-00922-7451

Designation

Description

NSN

E-Silhouette

Full-length face, solid-color paper

6920-00600-6874

E-Silhouette

Full-length, pop-up, solid-color
plastic

6920-00071-4780

E-Silhouette

Full-length face, cardboard, kneeling

6920-00795-1806

F-Silhouette

Short-length face, solid-color paper

6920-00610-9086

F-Silhouette

Short-length, pop-up, solid-color
plastic

6920-00071-4589

F-Silhouette

Short-length face pasteboard

6920-00795-1807

25-Meter Alternate-Course Scaled 50- to 300-meter scaled-silhouette
Qualification Target
target

6920-01167-1398

15-meter Battlesight-Zero Target
(.22-Caliber RFA)

250-meter scaled-silhouette target
(50-foot indoor range)

6920-01167-1393

15-Meter Alternate Course C (.22- 50- to 300-meter scaled-silhouette
Caliber RFA)
(50-foot in door range)

6920-01167-1396

25-Meter M16A1 Zero Target

250-meter scaled silhouette-target

6920-01167-1392

DESIGNATION

DESCRIPTION

NSN

25-Meter M16A2 Zero Target

300-meter scaled silhouette target

6920-01253-4005

25-meter M16A1 Slow-Fire
Target

75- to 300-meter scaled-silhouette
target

6920-01167-1391

25-Meter M16A1 Timed-Fire
Target

50- to 300-meter scaled-silhouette
target

6920-01167-1397

75-Meter M16A1 Feedback
Target

75-meter scaled F-type silhouette

6920-01169-6921

75-Meter M16A2 Feedback
Target

75-meter scaled F-type silhouette

6920-01253-4006

175-Meter M16A Feedback
Target

1175-meter scaled E-type silhouette

6920-01167-1395

175-Meter M16A2 Feedback
Target

175-meter scaled E-type silhouette

6920-01167-1395

Pasters, Black

6920-00165-6354

Pasters, Buff

6920-00172-3572

Landscape Target

6920-00713-8253

Spindle, Target Spotter Wood

6920-00713-8257

Spotters, 1 1/2 inches in diameter

6920-00789-0864

Spotters, 3 inches in diameter

6920-00713-8255

LOCATION OF MISS AND HIT (LOMAH) SYSTEM
LOMAH is a range aid used during downrange feedback exercises. The device uses acoustical triangulation to
compute the exact location of a supersonic bullet as it passes through a target. The bullet impact is displayed
instantly on a video monitor at the firing line. Of more importance, it shows the location of a bullet miss,
thereby, allowing the firer to make either a sight adjustment or a hold off for subsequent shots.
LOMAH, like other devices, is only an aid. Understanding the weapon and firing techniques, and having a
coach/instructor are required when the soldier uses LOMAH.
LOMAH ranges have been fielded in USAREUR and Korea. In locations where known distance (KD) ranges are
not available and restrictions prohibit walking downrange, LOMAH is a practical alternative to essential
downrange feedback. Requests for LOMAH devices should be sent to: Commander, US Army Training Support
Center, ATIC-DM, Fort Eustis VA 23604.

CALIBER .22 RIMFIRE ADAPTER, M261
The RFA can contribute to a unit's marksmanship program when 5.56-mm ammunition is not available or when
ranges that allow the firing of 5.56-mm ammunition are not available. The RFA can be useful for marksmanship
training such as night fire, quick fire, and assault fire. It is not recommended for primary marksmanship training.
Training Considerations. When service ammunition is in short supply, the RFA can be used to complement a
unit's training program.
Rifle performance. The RFA/.22-caliber rimfire ammunition cannot replicate the exact ballistics of the 5.56-mm
ammunition. Efforts to match RFAs with specific rifles can result in reasonable replication. Under ideal training
conditions, the RFA should be used with dedicated rifles. Some variability can be eliminated by finding the right
match of RFA and rifle. A trial-and-error technique can match RFAs to rifles, which results in good firing
weapons. The RFA cannot be depended on to fire in the same place as 5.56-mm ammunition; therefore, it is not
necessary for the soldier to use his own weapon during RFA training.
Rifle zero. The RFA will not usually group in the same location as 5.56-mm ammunition at 25 meters; therefore,
it cannot be used for weapon zero. It normally fires a slightly larger shot group than 5.56-mm ammunition. When
a soldier uses an RFA in his rifle, he must be careful not to lose his 5.56-mm zero. This can be accomplished by
using hold-off while firing.22-caliber ammunition or keeping a record of sight changes so the sights can be
moved back. The .22-caliber round approximates the 5.56-mm trajectory out to 25 meters. The correct zeroing
target or appropriate scaled-silhouette targets can be used for practice firing exercises at 15 meters (50 feet) or 25
meters.
Advantages and Disadvantages. If the RFA is selected as a training aid, the advantages and disadvantages of
the service must be considered during training.
Advantages. The .22-caliber ammunition is cheaper and, therefore, may be available in larger quantities than
5.56-mm ammunition. It can be fired on all approved indoor ranges and in other close-in ranges where 5.56-mm
ammunition is prohibited. RFA training can be used to sustain marksmanship skills between periods when full
caliber 5.56-mm ammunition training cannot be conducted.
Disadvantages. Some negative training aspects exist because of differences in the weapon's functioning when
using the RFA. These differences include the forward assist not working, and the bolt not locking to the rear
after the last round is fired. More malfunctions can occur with the RFA than with 5.56-mm ammunition, and
immediate-action procedures are different.

MULTIPURPOSE ARCADE COMBAT SIMULATOR
MACS has been developed by the US Army as an inexpensive part-task marksmanship trainer (Figure C-10).

The system consists of a Commodore 64 microcomputer, 13-inch color monitor, specially designed longdistance light pen, and mount, which attaches to the M16 rifle. (Some versions use a permanent mount on a
demilitarized rifle.) 'Me system is activated by a program cartridge, which contains several training exercises.
MACS was designed to enhance other training techniques and existing training aids and devices that are used to
train and sustain marksmanship skills. It is not designed to replace live-fire training or to eliminate the need for
knowledgeable instructors. MACS provides additional practice for those units that do not have access to
adequate range facilities or have other resource constraints.

Section II, M2 BOLT and SHORT-RANGE TRAINING AMMUNITION
To augment the use of the 5.56-mm ammunition, a new generation of short-range training ammunition (SRTA),
M862, is available.

SHORT-RANGE TRAINING AMMUNITION
The SRTA is about .06-inch shorter than the corresponding service cartridge, and has a blunt nose and projectile.
The case and base that enclose the primer cap are made of brass, which is lined with plastic. The projectile is
made of light-blue plastic. SRTA has an overall weight of about 114.6 grains. The muzzle velocity of the
projectile is about 4,750 feet per second. Because of the light weight of the projectile, the velocity The projectile
has a usable range of 25 meters and a maximum range of less than 300 meters.
NOTE: The SRTA can be used in an unmodified rifle; however, the rifle only functions as a single-shot weapon.

M2 BOLT
The M2 bolt is required to cycle the rifle when firing the SRTA (Figure C-11), and is interchangeable with the
M16A1 and M16A2 rifles. Use of the M2 bolt converts the rifle from gas-operated weapons to blowbackoperated weapons. The modified rifle functions in both semiautomatic and automatic modes. The bolts are stored
and issued by the installation TASC. Issue of the M2 bolt is based on the percentage of troop population.

SRTA AND M2 BOLT USE IN TRAINING
The US Army is constantly faced with training constraints such as lack of suitable real estate, safety restrictions,
and cost of transporting troops to live-fire ranges. Short-range training ammunition allows training in small local
training areas without fixed training facilities, in MOUT facilities, and in combat training theaters. With its 25 meter usable range, the SRTA can train on grouping, zeroing, 25-meter scaled silhouette firing.

Section III. WEAPONEER
The Weaponeer is an effective rifle marksmanship training device that simulates the life firing of the M16A1/A2
rifle. The system can be used for developing and sustaining marksmanship skills, diagnosing and correcting
problems, and assessing basic skills.

CHARACTERISTICS
The Weaponeer operates on 110 to 130 volts AC, 10 amperes, 50 or 60 Hz, grounded electrical power. (A standalone voltage transformer is provided for oversea units.) The recommended training area for Weaponeer is 10 by
23 by 8 feet. The operational temperature range is 40 degrees to 100 degrees F. The Weaponeer must be
protected from the elements, and it should not be subjected to excessive vibration, high dust levels, or
condensing humidity. The M16A1/A2 attached to the Weaponeer is demilitarized and does not require the usual
weapon security.

EQUIPMENT DATA
Major
Components
(unpacked)

Weight
(pounds)

Length
(inches)

Width
(inches)

Height
(inches)

Range
assembly

119

99

30

8*/60

Target
assembly

64

20

30

24

Operator's
console

94

24

29

31

(stacked)

120

93

26

6

(prone
layout)

120

93

74

2

(supporte
d
position)

120

93

52

46

20

3

24

61

Firing pads --

Elevator
ladder

*Prone position or when closed for transit.

DESCRIPTION
The Weaponeer is shown in Figure C-12 in the standing supported firing position. The rifle, with the exception
of smoke and cartridge ejection, operates normally, and has the same weight and balance as the standard weapon.
An infrared aiming sensor simulates round trajectory and hit point to an accuracy of better than one-minute-ofangle. Recoil is provided by the recoil rod that attaches at the muzzle end of the rifle. Recoil is provided in both
semiautomatic and automatic modes of fire, and is adjustable from no-net force to 30 percent more than that of a
live M16. Sound is provided through headphones and is adjustable from 115 to 135 decibels. Special magazines
are used. One magazine simulates a continuous load; the other (used to train rapid magazine change) can be
loaded with 1 to 30 simulated rounds. Selectable misfire can be used to detect gun shyness and drill immediate
action. The front and rear sights are zeroed the same as standard rifles.

The Weaponeer range can be raised or lowered to accommodate all firing positions. The target assembly
contains four targets: a scaled 25-meter zero target and three pop-up targets are standard. E-type and F-type
silhouettes at ranges from 75 meters can be used on the Weaponeer. Also, known-distance and various other
types of targets can be used, and can be displayed in fixed or random sequences. Target exposure times may be
set to unlimited or from 1 to 30 seconds. The fall-when-hit mode can be selected with the KILL button.
The operator's console contains the system control buttons, graphics printer, and video feedback monitor. The
back of the console has counters that total rounds and hours, and a storage bin for storing magazines, printer
paper and ribbon, headphones, two wrenches for assembling the Weaponeer, and a small allen wrench for
aligning the rifle sensor. A remote control, which attaches to the back of the console, enables a trainer or firer to
operate select functions away from the console.

FEEDBACK
The Weaponeer provides feedback to help trainers to teach and soldiers to learn marksmanship skills.
Fall-When-Hit Mode. The fall-when-hit mode is enabled by lighting the KILL button. When the button is
activated, targets fall when hit. This feedback provides the same hit/miss information as a train-fire (RETS)
range.
Real-Time Aiming Point Display. When a firer aims on or near a target, his aiming point relative to the target is
continuously displayed on the video screen. The aiming point display allows the trainer to teach and verify
aiming techniques, and to continuously monitor the firer's steadiness, techniques, time on target, trigger squeeze,
and recovery from recoil.

Immediate-Shot-Impact Display. When a shot is fired, its impact relative to the target is immediately displayed
on the video screen as a blinking white dot. (The left target in Figure C-13.)

Replay. After a shot is fired, a real-rate display of how the firer engaged the target can be replayed on the video
screen.
The target to the right in Figure C-14 shows the type of information that can be replayed on the video screen
after a series of shots are fired. To show the sequence, the dots have been numbered.

To show a replay, the firer first selects the shot he wishes to replay by operating the EACH SHOT button. Then
he presses the REPLAY button. Some Weaponeers record and store replays for just the first three shots.
Shot Groups. The impact location of up to 32 shots is automatically stored in the Weaponeer memory and
displayed on the video screen. Each impact is indicated by a white dot, which blinks when indicating the last
shot. All 32 shots can be fired at and displayed on a single target, or split among any combination of targets. The
CLEAR button erases all shots from the Weaponeer memory.

Printer. A hard-copy printer is provided for post firing analysis, for firer progress tracking, and for record
keeping. Pressing the PRINT button causes the target displayed on the video to print. (Sample printouts are
shown in Figure C-14.) Some Weaponeers can print the three pop-up targets at the same time by holding in the
REPLAY button and then pressing the PRINT button.

USE OF THE WEAPONEER
In BRM, the Weaponeer is used early in the program to evaluate firer's ability to apply the four fundamentals. It
is used throughout the program to help diagnose and remediate problems. In the unit, the Weaponeer should be
used much like it is used in BRM. Concurrent use of the Weaponeer at the rifle range provides valuable remedial
training.
The preferred training configuration for the Weaponeer is shown in Figure C-14.
One trainer operates the system while three to six soldiers observe the training. Soldiers should rotate, each
receiving several short turns on the system. Where high throughput is required, consolidation of available
Weaponeers may be considered.
When training soldiers on the Weaponeer:
•

Proceed at a relaxed pace, and emphasize accuracy before speed.

•

If possible, train with small groups, allowing each soldier several 10- to 15-minute turns on the device.

•

For remedial training, try to relax the soldier; a nervous soldier will have trouble learning and gaining
confidence in his marksmanship skills. For sustainment training, encourage competition between
individuals or units.

In Figure C-15, five soldiers are being trained. One is firing and four are observing, awaiting their turns on the
device. The video screen is carefully positioned just outside the vision of the firer, but the firer can easily turn his
head to see replays and hit points. The position of the trainer is also important so he can see both the firer and
video screen. This is a good position for detecting and correcting firing faults. When the firer is in the standing
supported firing position, the console should be placed on a table so the trainer can see the video screen above
the firer's rifle. (Figure C-16.) Observers can see the targets, firer, and video screen to help them perform during
their turn. Observers learn procedures that speed up training and help avoid firing faults.

MOBILE CONFIGURATION
To use the Weaponeer in a mobile configuration, it must be shock mounted. (The manufacturer's conceptual
mobile training unit is shown in Figure C-17.) The Training Audiovisual Support Center, Fort Benning, Georgia,
has adopted a mobile mounting stand for supporting Weaponeer's range assembly and computer console (Figure
C-18)

DIAGNOSIS OF FIRING PROBLEMS
Diagnosis of firing problems is the main purpose of the Weaponeer. The following seven-step program is
recommended as a guide. Depending on the extent of the firer's problems and time constraints, the number of
shots may be increased.
STEP 1. Tell the soldier to assume a good firing position, to aim at a target, and to hold steady (supported and
prone unsupported positions).
STEP 2. Visually check the firer's firing position and correct any gross errors,
STEP 3. Observe the video screen. If there is no aiming dot on the video screen or if the aiming dot is far from
target center, teach sight picture to the firer. If excessive movement is shown by the light dot, check and correct
the techniques of the steady position and natural point of aim.
STEP 4. Tell the soldier to fire a three-round shot group aimed at the target's center of mass. Watch the video
screen and firer as he fires. Note violations of the four fundamentals.

STEP 5. Replay each shot to show the firer his aim, steadiness, and trigger squeeze. In Figure C-13, the target on
the right shows a numbered series of 16 shots. Dots 1 through 4 indicate that the firer approached the target from
high right. Dots 5 through 15 show that he is aiming near the center of the target but does not have a steady
position. The sudden shift from dot 15 to 16 (dot 16 is the hit point of the shot) indicates that gun-shyness or
improper trigger squeeze caused the firer to pull his aiming point down and to the right just before firing. Replay
helps the firer understand and correct his firing errors.
STEP 6. Confirm and refine the diagnosis by allowing the soldier to fire additional three-round shot groups. Use
replay to show the firer his firing faults.
STEP 7. Summarize and record the soldier's basic firing problems.
These seven steps are designed to efficiently diagnose and to show the soldier his firing errors. This could be
enough to immediately correct the error. However, diagnosis should be followed up with remedial exercises
either with the Weaponeer, target-box exercise, or dime (washer) exercise.

UNIT SUSTAINMENT TRAINING
Sustainment training and pre-qualification refresher training can be conducted, depending on the availability of
the Weaponeers.
Direct the soldier to zero the Weaponeer rifle (sandbag supported position), Emphasize tight, consistently placed
shot groups. Starting with the closest target and working out to the most distant, direct the soldier to practice
slow precision fire at each target (supported and prone unsupported positions).
Direct the soldier to slow fire at random pop-up targets (both firing positions). Emphasize speed and precision.
Direct him to slow fire at random pop-up targets with short exposure times (both firing positions).
OPTION: Direct the soldier to practice windage hold-off, rapid magazine change, and immediate action
(both firing positions).
OPTION: Direct the soldier to practice night fire, automatic fire, and gas-mask fire.

APPENDIX D

Rifle Range Safety Briefing/Range Operations Checklist
All personnel training on a rifle range should be briefed on the safety and local requirements for that range. The
briefing fulfills the minimum requirements for a rifle range safety briefing. Information may be added to conform
to local requirements and safety regulation AR 210-21 should be reviewed.

RECOMMENDED BRIEFING
The first priority of this range is training, but safety must be at the forefront of the training program. The safety
program will be corrected immediately. The safety program should include the following:
•

The two red and white candy-striped poles, located on the far right and far left (point to them), are the
range left and right limits. Firers never fire or point their rifles outside the limits of these poles.

•

When not on the firing line, the selector lever is on SAFE, the bolt is locked to the rear, and the dust
cover is open. (Demonstrate.)

•

Firers will always enter and exit the firing line at the base of the tower. (Point.)

•

Before occupying the firing positions, inspect the positions for harmful animals and insects.

•

Firers will always point the muzzle of the rifle downrange whenever on the firing line. The firing finger
is not placed within the trigger housing area. (Demonstrate.)

•

Lock the bolt to the rear and place the rifle on SAFE on the firing line. Chamber blocks may be used.

•

Smoke only in designated smoking areas. (Inform soldiers where.)

•

You will not eat or drink on the firing line unless the tower operator permits you to drink from your
canteen. Drink water often to prevent heat injuries.

•

Never touch your rifle while personnel are downrange or in front of the firing line.

•

Load the magazine into the rifle only on the command of the tower.

•

Never fire without wearing hearing protection when within 25 meters of the firing line.

•

Before leaving the firing line, the safety NCO must rod the rifle.

•

Consider the rifle loaded at all times, even in the break areas. Never point the rifle at anyone.

•

Left-handed firers will fire the M16A1 with left-handed brass deflectors attached to the rifle.

•

Anyone observing an unsafe act will immediately call CEASE FIRE, place his rifle on SAFE, place it in
the V-notch stake or on the sandbags, and then give both the vocal alarm and visual signal of cease fire.
(Demonstrate and have soldiers demonstrate.)

•

Once cleared off the firing line, firers report immediately to the ammunition point and turn in all
ammunition and expended brass.

•

No one will leave the range until he has been inspected for ammunition and brass.

NOTE: When an electrical storm occurs, the safety NCO will direct the tower operator to prepare to disperse soldiers. At that time, the
tower gives the command LOCK AND CLEAR ALL WEAPONS AND GROUND ALL EQUIPMENT (except for wet-weather gear).
Then the tower operator directs soldiers to a safe area.

The instructor/trainer should ask the firers if there are any questions concerning the safety procedures of the
range.

PERSONNEL AND DUTIES
To provide both a safe and efficient range operation and effective instruction, the following is an example of
personnel and duties that may be required.
OIC. He is responsible for the overall operation of the range before, during, and after live firing.
Range Safety Officer. He is responsible for the safe operation of the range to include conducting a safety
orientation before each scheduled live-fire exercise. He ensures that a brass and ammunition check is made
before the unit leaves the range. He ensures that all personnel comply with the safety regulations and
procedures prescribed for the conduct of a live-fire exercise. He should ensure that left-handed firing devices
are used by all left-handed firers. This officer should not be assigned other duties.
NCOIC. He assists the OIC and safety officer, as required-for example, by supervising enlisted personnel
who are supporting the live-fire exercise.
Ammunition Detail. This detail is composed of one or more ammunition handlers whose responsibilities are
to break down, issue, receive, account for, and safeguard live ammunition. The detail also collects expended
ammunition casings and other residue.
Unit Armorer. He repairs the rifles to include replacing parts, as required.
Assistant Instructor. One assistant instructor is assigned for each one to ten firing points. Each assistant
ensures that all firers observe safety regulations and procedures, and he assists firers having problems.
Medical Personnel. They provide medical support as required by regulations governing live-fire exercises.
Control Tower Operators. They raise and lower the targets, time the exposures, sound the audible signal,
and give the fire commands. If possible, two men should be chosen to perform these functions.
Maintenance Detail. This detail should be composed of two segments: one to conduct small-arms repair and
one to perform minor maintenance on the target-holding mechanisms.

RANGE PROCEDURES
Before beginning live-fire exercises, all personnel must receive an orientation on range operations. The
orientation should outline the procedures for conducting the exercise to include the duties of the non firing
orders. Scorers maintain the score of the firer. They may assist the firers by indicating the impact of the bullet in
relation to the target -for example, short, right or high, left.
Regardless of unit size, soldiers are organized into four orders: one firing, one coaching, and two pulling targets.
One order may be shifted from pulling targets to concurrent training. However, if a unit must use five or more
orders due to range limitations, concurrent training must be conducted to effectively use waiting periods; no
more than two orders should be sent to pull targets,
Practice Record Fire and Record Fire
Simple, standard fire commands are needed to avoid confusion and misunderstanding during practice record fire
and record fire.

Practice record fire.
FIRERS, ASSUME A GOOD SUPPORTED (PRONE UNSUPPORTED) POSITION.
SCORERS, POINT OUT THE LIMITS OF YOUR LANE.
FIRERS, LOCK YOUR FIRST MAGAZINE, LOAD.
WATCH YOUR LANE.
CEASE FIRE.
CLEAR ALL WEAPONS.
Record fire.
FIRERS, ASSUME A GOOD SUPPORTED (PRONE UNSUPPORTED) POSITION.
SCORERS, POINT OUT THE LIMITS OF YOUR LANE.
FIRERS, LOCK YOUR FIRST 20-ROUND MAGAZINE, LOAD.
WATCH YOUR LANE.
CEASE FIRE.
CLEAR ALL WEAPONS.
Field Firing Exercises
Simple, standard fire commands are needed to avoid confusion during field firing exercises. Commands for
exercises from stationary positions are as follows:
FIRERS, ASSUME A GOOD (___________)POSITION.
LOCK ONE MAGAZINE OF (___________)ROUNDS, LOAD.
READY ON THE RIGHT?
READY ON THE LEFT?
THE FIRING LINE IS READY.
PLACE YOUR SELECTOR LEVER ON SEMIAUTOMATIC.
WATCH YOUR LANES.
CEASE FIRE. LOCK YOUR WEAPONS.
(Place the selector lever in the SAFE position.)
Repeat the first seven commands above, or give the following commands:
Commands for conduct of firing are minimal and standard. The proper commands are listed in the following
paragraphs. Preliminary commands to describe the particular exercise may be used.
The range officer relays his commands either by radio or telephone to the pit NCOIC so he can keep abreast of
the conduct of fire. Before each firing exercise, the range officer informs the pit NCOIC of the next exercise and
any special instructions for target operation -- for example, The next firing will be for zero. Mark targets after
each three-round group shot, or for slow fire, The next firing will be ten rounds, slow fire. Mark targets after
each shot."

RATELOs relay commands to the pits and pass on special instructions to target operators as requested by the
assistant instructors. RATELOs never identify a firer on a certain firing point. The command MARK TARGET
NUMBER. indicates that the target has been fired upon but has not been withdrawn for marking.
General Commands
The following are general commands and may be altered when necessary.
FIRERS, ASSUME THE ___________POSITION.
(Issue the firer _______ rounds of ammunition.)
COACH, SECURE ROUNDS OF AMMUNITION.
LOCK ONE ROUND, LOAD.
READY ON THE RIGHT?
READY ON THE LEFT?
READY ON THE FIRING LINE?
COMMENCE FIRING WHEN YOUR TARGET APPEARS.
CEASE FIRING.
Rapid Fire Exercises
The following commands are used for rapid-fire exercises:
LOCK AND CLEAR ALL WEAPONS,
CLEAR ON THE RIGHT?
CLEAR ON THE LEFT?
THE FIRING LINE IS CLEAR,
FIRERS, ASSUME THE ________ POSITION.
ASSISTANTS, SECURE TWO MAGAZINES OF FIVE ROUNDS EACH.
(Issue the firer one magazine of five rounds.)
LOCK ONE MAGAZINE, LOAD.
READY ON THE RIGHT?
READY ON THE LEFT?
READY ON THE FIRING LINE?
WATCH YOUR TARGETS!
(Firers assume the appropriate firing position and commence firing when the targets are presented.)
When all the targets are withdrawn, the range officer checks for slow firers or malfunctions and then allows them
to fire.
The pit NCOIC organizes, orients, and provides safety for the pit detail. The success of KD firing depends on
efficient operation of the targets and the close coordination between the pit NCOIC and range officer. All
operators must know the proper procedure for operating and marking the target.

Marking targets for zeroing and slow fire. Targets are marked quickly after each shot or group of shots without
command. During slow fire, the firer has a time limit of one minute for each shot. Twenty seconds is considered
the maximum time limit for marking. A marker (spotter) is placed in the hit regardless of its location on the
target. Each time the target is marked, the marker is removed from the previous hit, and the hole is pasted. Threeinch markers are used for 100, 200, and 300 meters; five-inch markers are used for 500 meters.)
Using disk markers. The target markers are painted black on one side and white on the opposite side. They may
be procured in three dimensions: 1 1/2 inches (NSN 6920-00-789-0864), 3 inches (NSN 6920-00-713-8255), and
5 inches (NSN 6920-00-713-8254). The disk spindle may also be procured through supply channels (NSN 692000-713-8257).

RANGE OPERATIONS CHECKLIST
This checklist consists of nine sections, each covering a different topic relating to range operations.
The checklist should be modified to include local policy changes to the regulations or SOPS. The person
responsible for the training must answer the questions in each section. Ask yourself each question in order.
Record each "Yes" answer by placing a check in the GO column. Record a "No" or "Don't know" by checking
the NO-GO column. Refer to the checklist to find the GO and NO-GO columns.
When all the questions in a section are asked, look back over the NO-GOS. Contact the people who reported
them and ask if they have corrected each problem. If so, change the answer to GO. If any NO-GO remains,
analyze it and implement a countermeasure for the shortfall. Afterwards, check to ensure the countermeasures
work. Before range operations start, be sure a workable countermeasure is implemented for each safety hazard
presented by a NO-GO answer.
Section 1 — Mission
Analysis
1. Who will be firing on the range?_______________________
Number of personnel_____________Units_________________________
2. What Weapons and course will be used?
Weapon______________________Course__________________________
3. Where will the training be conducted?
Range_________________________________________
4. When is the range scheduled for operations?
Date____________________Opens_____________Closes_______________
Section 2 — DoubleCheck

1. Has sufficient ammunition been requested
for the number of personnel?
2. Are the range facilities adequate for the type
of training to be conducted?
3. Has enough time been scheduled to
complete the training?
4. Have conflicts that surfaced been resolved?

Section 3 — Become an
Expert

1. Review TMs and FMs on the weapons to be
fired.
2. Talk with the armorers and other personnel
experienced with the weapons to be fired.
3. Review AR 385-63.
4. Visit range control and read installation
range instructions.
5. Reconnoiter the range (preferably while it is
in use).
6. Check ARTEPs and SQT manuals to see if
training tasks can be integrated into the range
training plan.

Section 4 — Determine
Requirements
PERSONNEL
1. OIC
2. Safety officer.
3. Assistant safety officer.
4. NCOIC,
5. Ammunition NCO.
6. Ammunition personnel (determined by type of range).
7. Target detail and target operators.
8. Tower operator.
9. Concurrent training instructors.
10. Assistant instructors.
11. RATELO.
12. Guards (range requirements).
13. Medic(s).
14. Air guard.
15. Armorer.
16. Truck driver (range personnel and equipment).
17. Mechanic for vehicles.
18. Have you over staffed your range?

EQUIPMENT:
1. Range packet and clearance form.
2. Safety fan and diagram if applicable
3. Other safety equipment (aiming circle, compass).
4. Appropriate publications pertaining to the training that will be conducted.
5. Lesson plans, status reports, and reporting folder.
6. Range flag and light (night firing).
7. Radios.
8. Field telephone and wire.
9. 292 antenna, if necessary.
10. PA set with backup bullhorn(s).
11. Concurrent training markers.
12. Training aids for concurrent training stations.
13. Sandbags.
14. Tentage (briefing tent, warm-up tent).
15. Space heaters, if needed.
16. Colored helmets for control personnel.
17. Safety paddles and vehicle flag sets or lights.
18. Ambulance or designated vehicle.
19. Earplugs.
20. Water for drinking and cleaning.
21. Scorecards.
22. Master score sheet.
23. Armorers' tools and cleaning equipment for weapons.
24. Brooms, shovels, and other cleaning supplies and equipment.
25. Tables and chairs, if needed.
26. Target accessories.
27. Fire extinguishers.
28. Tarp, stakes, and rope to cover the ammunition.
29. Toilet paper.
30. Spare weapons and repair parts as needed.

31. Tow bar and slave cables for vehicles.
32. Fuel and oil for vehicle and target mechanisms.
Section 5 — Determine Available
Resources
1. Fill personnel spaces.
2. Keep unit integrity.
3. Utilize NCOS.
4. Effect coordination with supporting organizations:
•

Ammunition.

•

Transportation.

•

Training Aids.

•

Medics.

•

Weapons.

•

Other equipment.

Section 6 —
Foolproofing
1. Write an overall lesson plan for the range.
2. Organize a plan for firing:
•

Determine range organization.

•

Outline courses of fire to be used.

•

Have fire commands typed for use on range.

•

Set rotation of stations.

3. Rehearse concurrent training instructors and assistants.
4. Brief RATELO on unique range control radio procedures.
5. Brief and rehearse reporting NCO on range operation and all his duties.
6. Collect and concentrate equipment for use on the range in one location.
7. Obtain training aids.
8. Pick up targets from range warehouse, if required.
9. Report to range control for safety briefing (if required) and sign for any special items.

10. Publish LOI:
•

Uniform of range and firing personnel (helmets and earplugs).

•

Mode of transportation, departure times and places.

Methods of messing to be used.
Any special requirements being placed on units.
Section 7 — Occupying the Range and
Conducting Training
OCCUPY THE RANGE
1. Request permission to occupy the range.
2. Establish good communications.
3. Have designated areas prepared:
•

Parking.

•

Ammunition point.

•

Medical station.

•

Water point.

•

Concurrent training.

•

Mess.

•

Helipad.

•

Armorer.

4. Inspect range for operational condition.
5. Raise flag when occupying or firing according to the local SOP.
6. Check ammunition to ensure it is correct type and quantity.
7. Ensure that range personnel are in proper uniform and the equipment is in position.
8. Receive firing units.
9. Conduct safety checks on weapons.
10. Check for clean, fully operational weapons.
11. Conduct safety briefing (to include administrative personnel on range).
12. Organize personnel into firing orders (keep unit integrity if possible).
13. Request permission to commence firing from range control.

CONDUCT OF FIRING:
1. Are communications to range control satisfactory?
2. Commands from tower clear and concise?
3. Range areas policed?
4. Ammunition accountability maintained?
5. Master score sheet updated?
6. Personnel accountability maintained?
7. Vehicles parked in appropriate areas?
8. Air guard on duty and alert?
9. Personnel in proper uniform?
10. Earplugs in use?
11. Troops responding properly to commands?
12. On-the-spot corrections being made when troops use poor techniques or fail to hit the target?
13. Conservation of ammunition enforced?
14. Weapons cleared before they are taken from the firing line?
15. Personnel checked for brass or ammunition before they leave the range?
16. Anyone standing around not involved in training or support?
Section 8 — Closing of
Range
1. Close downrange control according to the local SOP.
2. Remove all equipment and ammunition from range.
3. Police range.
4. Repaste and resurface targets as required by range instructions.
5. Perform other maintenance tasks as required by local SOP.
6. Request a range inspector from range control when ready to be cleared.
7. Submit after-action report to headquarters,
8. Report any noted safety hazards to proper authorities.

Section 9 — Known Distance
Range
PERSONNEL: In addition to those identified in Section 4.
1. NCOIC of pit detail.
2. Assistant safety officer for pit area.
EQUIPMENT: In addition to equipment identified in Section 4.
1. Sound set for pit area.
2. Positive communication from the firing line to the pit area.
3. Pasters.
4. Glue and brushes for resurfacing targets.
5. Lubricant for target frames.
6. Proper targets mounted in target frames.
7. Briefing on how to operate a KD range.
8. Procedure for marking targets.
9. Procedure for pit safety.

ASSESSMENT OF SKILLS
The Weaponeer can aid in the objective assessment of basic marksmanship; therefore, periodic Weaponeer
diagnosis should be conducted and recorded. Each soldier fires until zeroed on the Weaponeer. If unable to zero
in 9 to 15 rounds, he should be withdrawn from testing and given remedial training. The soldier fires a surrogate
record-fire scenario according to the following:
Scenario of target presentation. Presentation of the targets is controlled by the operator who uses the target
buttons.
Order of target presentation. The scaled 100-meter and 250-meter targets (or 75 meters, 175 meters, and 300
meters) are presented in a mixed order according to a planned schedule.
Ratio of target presentation. Targets are presented in a ratio of three 250-meter targets to one 100-meter target
(or three 300 meters, two 175 meters to one 75 meters). A 64-target scenario consisting of two 32-target
scenarios (the first engaged from the supported position; the second from the prone unsupported position) is
conducted with a short break.
Target exposure time. Exposure time is four seconds for the scaled 250-meter targets (or 175 meters and 300
meters) and two seconds for the scaled 100-meter target (or 75 meters).
Intertarget interval. The time between target exposures should be varied from one to eight seconds.
Target mode. The kill mode is used so that targets fall when they are hit.
A score of 41 hits out of the 64 targets on Weaponeer indicates that soldiers can proceed to actual record fire.
Soldiers who score lower than 41 should receive remedial training.

APPENDIX E

Scaled Silhouette Targets
Scaled silhouette targets were developed in conjunction with the zero target to expand the use of widely
available 25-meter ranges beyond that of just zeroing weapons. They are designed to provide an alternative to
fill a significant training void. In the past, soldiers went directly from the zero range to the field fire
environment. They fired at pop-up targets located at ranges of 75 to 300 meters and received only hit or miss
feedback as to performance. The pop-up silhouette target represents an important skill that all soldiers should
perform well. But hit and miss information does not constitute a good learning environment for the development
and refinement of good marksmanship skills. The bad firer will miss most targets and never know what he is
doing wrong. The good firer will hit most targets but will be unable to refine his skills to hit near target center.

BACKGROUND
The scaled silhouette target provides the same visual perception at 25 meters as the firer would see when firing
targets at actual range. The use of this target at 25 meters allows the firer to practice aiming at various range
targets and to see precisely where his bullets hit, whether they are target hits or misses. Scaled silhouette targets
fit well into a marksmanship training program between zeroing and field fire training, but they provide for
excellent training whenever a 25-meter range and ammunition are available. They are also appropriate targets for
use during dry-fire training and for teaching adjusted aiming points, for making allowances for wind and range
estimation, and when authorized to conduct record for qualification. Two scaled silhouette targets are appropriate
for use during unit sustainment:
Slow-Fire Target. The slow-fire target shown in Figure E-1 may be used immediately following the zeroing
period of instruction. This target is used to provide a smooth transition from firing at 25 meters to the
engagement of KD feedback targets or pop-up targets on the field fire range. This target provides the same visual
perception as the three targets the soldier will be required to engage on the field fire range. It allows the soldier
to practice aiming at various range targets while seeing precisely where his bullets hit or miss the targets.

The soldier learns that a 75-meter target can be hit easily but that a good steady position, precise aiming, and
smooth trigger squeeze are necessary to consistently hit the 300-meter target. The 4-cm Circle is drawn at the
center of each scaled silhouette so the soldier can relate his performance from the zeroing period to his
performance on the scaled silhouettes. (All scaled targets in this manual have been reduced in size. The actual
target sheet is about 18 by 23 inches.) During training, 18 rounds are fired on the slow-fire target. From the
supported fighting position, the soldier fires three rounds at each of the three targets on the left side of the target
sheet. He then moves downrange to inspect his target and to discuss his performance with his sergeant or
instructor/trainer. Training the instructor/trainer may find that the soldier does not understand how to aim at
target center of mass, that he aims too low at the 300-meter target, that his rifle does not have a good zero, or that
he is not applying good firing fundamentals.

Moving back to the firing line, the soldier fires three rounds at each of the three targets on the right side of the
target sheet from the prone unsupported position. The second inspection of the target allows the soldier to
compare his firing ability in an unsupported position to that in a supported position. His sergeant or
instructor/trainer has another opportunity to observe and critique the soldier's performance. For example, the
soldier who fired the target in Figure E-2 is not doing a good job of applying the four firing fundamentals. Some
soldiers will begin to lose precision after they complete zeroing. This soldier needs to work on the supported
position, but particularly on the unsupported position. Target number 3 indicates he may have aimed too low on
the 300-meter target. The 300-meter target is so small that when the rifle is aimed at center of mass, there is little
black visible above the front sight. Target Number 6 indicates he may have overcompensated for this error with
at least two shots.

Placement of all 18 bullets also indicates that the firer's rifle zero may be too far to the right. With a better firing
performance, sight adjustments can be made while using this target. The analysis procedures used on the zeroing
target may be applied to shot groups on these silhouette targets.
The shot-group center on each target indicates aiming techniques. The comparison between the targets fired
supported and those fired unsupported also provides useful information. A good performance on this target
indicates that the soldier is ready to engage targets at actual range. The soldier who does not hit these scaled
silhouette targets at 25 meters should receive remedial training before being allowed to continue to a downrange
feedback or the hit and miss portion of the program.
Timed-Fire Target. Following unit field fire training, the soldier may be brought back to the 25-meter range to
confirm his zero (he should fire better now than at the start of the program) and to fire the timed-fire target
shown in Figure E-3. This target sheet includes a scaled silhouette for each range target represented on the record
fire course-50 to 300 meters. While the slow-fire target was fired at the soldier's own speed, the timed-fire target
is designed to stress the soldier, emphasizing the task requirements of rapid target engagement under time
pressure. The soldier must rapidly shift his point of aim from silhouette to silhouette in the absence of a pattern
of clearly defined silhouettes on the target.

The initial firing of the timed-fire target is from the supported fighting position. The soldier is given 45 seconds
and 10 rounds of ammunition with instructions to fire one round at each silhouette target. Upon inspection of the
target, the soldier can review his own performance, which provides an excellent diagnostic checkpoint for his
sergeant/instructor/trainer. The soldier who hits most of these targets will probably qualify with a good score.
After the target has been critiqued and bullet holes have been marked or pasted, the soldier repeats the exercise
from the prone -unsupported position, having 55 seconds to engage the 10 targets.
The target shown in Figure E-4 represents a good firing performance from the fighting and prone positions. A
good firer is aware of the bullet that was pulled (right side -middle target). Only with the worst firers are there
any problems telling which bullet was fired at which target. Although there is room for improvement, this soldier
can be expected to fire well on record fire. Following the critique of the second firing, these results are recorded
and the targets are retained for future reference. No shot groups are fired on this target, but the concept of shotgroup analysis is still valid. Considerable information can be obtained by checking the direction and distance of
each 10 shots from target center as though they were a 10-shot group.

Targets in Figure E-1 have the 4-cm circle located at target center while the targets in Figure E-3 have the circle
located either above or below target center, except for the 250-meter target. During the training exercise, these
targets are scored as hits if the bullets bit within the black. However, the objective is to put all bullets within the
circle. To progress at a pace that is not too fast for the soldier to understand, the initial targets use center-of-mass
aiming so the soldier understands center of mass while aiming on various size targets. On the timed-fire targets,
the option is provided for making adjusted aiming allowances for gravity. That is, the circles are placed on the
timed-fire target at the aiming point that will place bullets at target center when firing a target at the range
indicated. For example, the soldier must aim low on a 150-meter target to hit target center, and he must aim high
on a 300-meter target to hit target center. Therefore, the option to use this adjusted aiming point is incorporated
into the timed-fire target.

TRAINING
Units are flexible in conducting 25-meter firing exercises with scaled silhouette targets. The proper use of scaled
silhouette targets can make a valuable contribution to a unit's marksmanship program by accomplishing the
following:
Soldiers learn how best to aim at targets located at various ranges while receiving precise feedback concerning
bullet strike -whether it is a target hit or miss. Soldiers can acquire knowledge of range estimation. What they see
through the sights is similar to what they would see if they were firing a target at the actual distance.
•

Soldiers learn that close targets can be hit with a quick shot while more distant targets take a more
deliberate application of the four marksmanship fundamentals.

•

The use of an adjusted aiming point to allow for gravity, target movement, or wind may be effectively
practiced.

•

The silhouette target provides a permanent record for analysis by the soldier and his leader to assist in
identifying and correcting firing problems.

•

Soldiers develop confidence in their ability to successfully engage pop-up targets located at actual range.

•

This target serves as an important diagnostic checkpoint. If soldiers cannot hit the scaled silhouettes, they
cannot hit targets at actual range. Therefore, remedial training is probably needed before field firing is
allowed.

•

Having developed good firing skills and knowing what happens to bullets while firing at silhouette
targets from supported and unsupported positions, the soldier's pop-up field fire practice results in a
worthwhile training experience.

The mode of fire may be either slow or timed, any firing position can be used, and any number of shots may be
fired before checking the target. (Checking the target after only a few bullets have been fired is more beneficial
than checking the target after several bullets have been fired.) When spotting scopes are available, the target can
be checked from the firing line without clearing the firing line, which would allow a target check after each
bullet fired. The scaled silhouette targets are also excellent for dry-fire training. They incorporate an adjusted
aiming point to help the soldier learn the effects of gravity. They could be used, with instructor assistance, to
learn about wind -- for example, where should point of aim be for each target on the 10-target silhouette if there
were a 10-mph full-value wind from the right.

All firing at the Army training centers is conducted with rifles that are equipped with standard sights. The longrange sight is used on the 250-meter range so the point of aim is equal to point of impact. The targets shown in
Figures E-1 and E-3 are available for use by units that have rifles equipped with standard sights. For units that
have some rifles equipped with the LLLSS, the slow-fire target shown in Figure E-5 and the timed-fire target
shown in Figure E-6 are available. These targets are used the same as the previous targets. From the firing line,
the soldier sees exactly the same thing and aims at the black silhouette exactly as he does the previous targets.
The only difference is that bullet strike is evaluated based on the dotted circle and the dotted silhouette.

The target shown in Figure E-7, is a silhouette target designed to be used as alternate course C at 25 meters. The
target shown in Figure E-8, is also an alternate course C target, but it has been scaled for 15 meters (50 feet or
600 inches) for use on indoor ranges. (A validated qualification course of fire for these targets is contained in
Chapter 4.) Units may use any of the scaled silhouette targets to develop their own unique competitive program.
Any action that encourages competition among soldiers can generate interest in developing good firing habits,
and can motivate soldiers and sub-units to conduct practice required to develop good marksmanship skills.

While the targets scaled for live fire at 25 meters can serve several useful purposes on the 25-meter live-fire
range, the perceived range to the target can be changed for dry-fire training by changing the distance to the
target. Then, the targets are scaled based on a visual angle from the firing position, which means the 50-meter
target is one-half actual size, the 100-meter target is one-fourth actual size, and so on. If the firer views the target
from one-half the intended distance (12.5 meters), the perceived range to the target would be one-half -for
instance, the 50-meter target would become a 25-meter target, and the 300-meter target would become a 150meter target. Of course, the opposite would occur if the range to the target were doubled. When viewed from a
range of 50 meters, the 50-meter target would appear as a 100-meter target, and the 300-meter target would
appear as a 600-meter target. (The reduced targets in this manual could be used for indoor dry-fire training.) A
simple procedure for finding the correct range is to adjust the distance while looking through the rifle sights until
the 175-meter target appears to be the same size as the standard front sight post.

APPENDIX F

Precision Firing Information
This appendix provides information to assist instructors/trainers in effectively training M16A1 and M16A2
firers. Instructors/trainers must be knowledgeable on the effects of wind and gravity, ballistics, the elevation and
windage rule, and bullet dispersion as they apply to firing proficiency.

Section I. EFFECTS OF GRAVITY
All soldiers should have basic knowledge of how the bullet is affected by gravity. Instructors/trainers must know
the information contained herein.

EFFECTS ON AMMUNITION
The bullet begins to fall as soon as it leaves the muzzle of the rifle. The maximum speed or velocity of the bullet
is at the muzzle, so it also begins to slow down as soon as it is fired. Figure F-1, shows that the M193
ammunition drops 24 inches in slightly over one-third of a second. The chart shows the amount of drop relative
to the departure line or bore line at 25-meter intervals and the time required to reach each range distance.

At first, the bullet travels fast, covering the first 25 meters at an average speed of almost 2,200 mph. The last 25meter segment shown in Figure F-1 (275 to 300 meters) is covered at an average speed of about 1,450 mph.
Gravity causes the rate of drop to increase as flight time increases. Since it takes the bullet more time to travel as
the speed slows, the effects of gravity and wind increase as the range increases. Each band on the chart
represents 25 meters--the width of the band indicates the length of time it takes to travel that 25-meter segment.
The drop in inches from the rifle bore line is shown on the left side in Figure 1. In this example, finding the
number 5 on the left side of the chart and going across to where the bullet is indicated shows the bullet has
dropped 5 inches when it reaches 150 meters and has taken. 17 second (column at right) to arrive. The bullet
drops 2 inches more between 150 meters and 175 meters, and it takes about .03 second to travel that extra 25meter distance.
M16A1 and M193 ammunition.
Bullet drop. The bullet is affected by gravity just like any other falling object. Even though the bullet is traveling
fast, once it has been fired from the rifle, it falls to the ground as though it were dropped by hand. Figure F-2
shows how much the bullet drops from the bore line of the rifle. If the bore of the rifle were to be lined up on a
450-meter target (the same as looking through the bore and aligning the bore with the target), the bullet would
hit 64 inches below the spot where the bore was pointing. This much drop is important if soldiers are to be
effective marksmen.

Compensation for gravity. The firer must compensate for the effects of gravity to engage high-priority targets.
The objective of the battlesight zero is to find a zero range that allows for target engagement out to the maximum
possible range while requiring minimum adjustments to the aiming point. A study of M16 trajectory data reveals
that setting the sights to hit at 250 meters is the best compromise for hitting all targets from 0 to 325 meters
without major adjustments to the aiming point. As shown in Figure F-2B, the bullet stays close to the line of
sight, but this has been accomplished by pointing the bore well above the target. The bullet drop from the bore
line applies equally in this figure. The bore is actually pointing 16 inches above the aiming point at 250 meters
and 24 inches above the point where the bullet will strike at 300 meters. With graphics showing only line of sight
and trajectory, it appears that the bullet rises and then falls, but this is not true. The bullet's line of departure is
the bore line, and it always drops from that line as shown in Figure F-2A. The line of sight and bullet trajectory
actually coincide at 42 meters (the bullet starts out about 2.6 inches below the sights) and again at 250 meters,
giving the illusion that the bullet rises and falls.
While the trajectory shown in Figure F-2B provides for target engagement out to 325 meters, targets beyond this
range would require major adjustments in the aiming point. Therefore, after the 250-meter zero has been
obtained, flipping to the long-range sight provides a zero of 375 meters as shown in Figure F-3. This provides for
effective target engagement from 350 meters out to the maximum effective range of 460 meters.

It should be noted that the same scale was used in Figures F-2, F-3, and F-4. Therefore, the relationship between
the bore line and trajectory is similar in all figures. The bullet drops from the bore line the same way regardless
of the zero range.

M16A2 and M855 ammunition.
Bullet drop. The bullet drop for the M16A2 is similar to that discussed for the M16A1. The M16A2 rifle is
zeroed for 300 meters. Therefore, point of aim and point of impact are center of mass at 300 meters with
subsequent rear sight elevation settings out to 800 meters. The adjusted aiming points for all targets less than 300
meters are shown in Figure F-5.

Trajectory. For engagement at ranges greater than 300-meters, setting the correct range on the rear sight
elevation knob results in the point of impact being the same.

ADJUSTED AIMING POINT
Teaching an adjusted aiming point is intended to increase hit probability when properly presented. However,
soldiers can be easily confused, which could result in degraded performance. Therefore, all soldiers should be
taught to aim at target center unless they are confident they know the range to the target, or they have just
engaged a close target and missed (presumably high), or they have just engaged a distant target and missed
(presumably low), or the strike of the bullet had been observed. Soldiers must be given the correct information
so they can improve their firing performance by adjusting their aiming point to allow for the effects of gravity.
The use of an adjusted aiming point could be more important for combat than for qualification since the combat
environment is unstructured. For example, the soldier who must fire into a small bunker aperture located at a
range of 150 meters could be more effective if he understands he must aim low. Also, a soldier who is trying to
hit a bead-and-shoulders type target at a range of 325 meters could increase his hit probability if he aimed high
using a regular sight or aims low using the long-range sight. Usually a soldier should aim low for targets closer
than 250 meters and aim high for targets farther away than 250 meters. This increases combat effectiveness
while adding minimum complications to the marksmanship training program.
M16A1. Theoretically, using these aiming points places the center of each shot group (assuming a perfect zero)
at target center, allowing for a maximum number of other variables and soldier error. These adjustments are
small and should only be applied by competent firers who wish to improve their firing performance. The aiming
points in Figure F-6, are for use with the long-range sight. Since the sight is zeroed for 375 meters, the 350- and
400-meter targets can be engaged with center-of-mass aiming. As ranges exceed 400 meters, some adjustment of
the aiming point is required for a better chance of hitting the target.

M16A2. With the rifle zeroed for 300 meters, the correct adjusted aiming point for targets less than 300 meters is
shown in Figure F-7.

Section II. EFFECTS OF WIND
Marksmanship instructors/trainers should know how the effects of wind influence the flight of the bullet, and
soldiers should know how to compensate for such bullet displacement. This instruction is appropriate for all
marksmanship training and concurrent training. Wind affects the bullet similar to gravity -as range increases, the
effects of wind increase.

WIND SPEED AND DIRECTION
The effects of wind vary depending on changes in wind speed and direction. Wind is classified by the direction it
is blowing in relationship to the firer/target line. The clock system is used to indicate wind direction and value
(Figure F-8). Winds that blow from the left (9 o'clock) or right (3 o'clock) are called full-value winds, because
they have the most effect on the bullet. Winds that blow at an angle from the front or rear area are called halfvalue winds, because they have about one-half the effect on the bullet as full-value winds. Winds that blow
straight into the firer's face or winds that blow straight into the target are termed no-value winds, because their
effect on the bullet is too small to be concerned with.

Figure F-9, illustrates how the effects of wind on the bullet are similar to the effects of gravity--as range
increases, the effects of wind increase.

A 10-mph full-value wind moves an M16A1 (M193) bullet about 1/2 inch at 25 meters to about 46 inches at 475
meters. (Using the data presented, wind effects for all conditions can be determined.) A wind of greater speed
increases bullet movement by a uniform amount -- a 15-mph wind moves the bullet at all ranges 1 1/2 times
more than a 10-mph wind. Using these data, firers can determine wind effects for all conditions.
Effects of wind are much greater at longer ranges; however, they are uniform in relation to speed -for example, a
5-mph full-value wind would have exactly one-half the effect shown in the figure, moving the bullet 5 inches at
250 meters, then 10 inches, and so on. A wind of greater speed would move bullets at all ranges 1 1/2 times more
than a 10-mph wind, or 7 1/2 inches at 175 meters. The same rule also applies to a half-value wind. A 5-mph
half-value wind would move bullets one-fourth the amount shown in Figure F-9 -- 3 3/4 inches at 300 meters.
An easy way to remember the effects of wind is that a 10-mph wind moves the bullet 10 inches at the battlesight
zero range of 250 meters. If this information is taken to the standard field fire range with targets at 75, 175, and
300 meters, it is easy to remember that a 10-mph wind moves the bullet 1, 5, 10, and 15 inches at the ranges of
75, 175, 250, and 300 meters, respectively. These numbers can be converted to a 1-mph wind -- 1/10 inch at 75
meters, 1/2 inch at 175 meters, 1 inch at 250 meters, and 1-1/2 inches at 300 meters -- so that when the wind
speed has been determined, it can be multiplied with the mph figure to determine bullet displacement.

WIND MEASUREMENT
A wind gage can be used for precise measurement of wind velocity. When a gage is not available, velocity is
estimated by one of the following methods:
Flag method. If the firer can observe a flag or any cloth like material hanging from a pole, he should be able to
estimate the angle formed at the juncture of the flag and pole. As shown in Figure F-10, dividing this angle by
the constant number 4 equals the wind velocity in mph.

Pointing method. If a flag is not visible, a piece of paper or other light material can be dropped from the
shoulder. By pointing directly at the spot where it lands, the angle can be estimated. As shown in Figure F-11,
this angle is also divided by the constant number 4 to determine the approximate wind speed in mph. This
indicates conditions at the firing position, which could be different at the target position.

Observation method. If the two methods already described cannot be used, the following information can
assist in determining wind velocities:
•

Winds under 3 mph can barely be felt by the firer, but the presence of slight wind can be determined by
drifting smoke.

•

Winds of 3 to 5 mph can be felt lightly over the firer's face.

•

Winds of 5 to 8 mph constantly move the leaves of trees.

•

Winds of 8 to 12 mph raise dust and loose paper.

•

Winds of 12 to 15 mph cause small trees to sway.

Wind is highly variable and sometimes quite different at the firing position than at the target position. Even
though the wind is blowing hard at the firing line, the bullet path could be protected by trees, brush, or terrain.
The wind can vary by several mph between the time a measurement is taken and when the bullet is fired.
Therefore, training time should not be wasted trying to teach soldiers an exact way to measure wind speed.
Soldiers should understand that the wind can blow the bullet off course but not to overcompensate and miss
targets because of applying too much hold off.

ADJUSTED AIMING POINT
Given the nature of the record fire course and combat, it is not appropriate to make sight adjustments for wind;
therefore, the hold off technique must compensate for the effects of wind. Placement of the aiming point causes
bullets to hit target center when firing the M16A1 rifle in a full-value 10-mph wind (Figure F-11). The firer
displaces the center of the front sight post the number of inches shown in Figure F-12 for that particular range.

Wind has a minor effect on the M16 bullet relative to the size of the target at ranges out to 100 meters. When
engaging targets in excess of 150 meters in heavy winds, adjusting the aiming point into the wind increases the
probability of a hit. Wind effects are uniform in relation to speed, that is, a 5-mph wind has one-half the effect of
a 10-mph wind, and a 20-mph wind has twice the effect of a 10-mph wind.

Firers must adjust their aiming point into the wind to compensate for the effects of wind. If they miss a distant
target and the wind is blowing from the right, they should aim to the right for the next shot. A guide for the
initial adjustment is to split the front sight post on the edge of the target facing the wind.
The newly assigned soldier should aim at target center for the first shot and then adjust for wind when he is
confident that wind caused the target miss. Experienced firers should be able to apply the appropriate hold off for
the first shot, but the basic rule must be followed -- when in doubt, aim at target center.

Section III. ELEVATION AND WINDAGE RULE
The elevation and windage rule states that one click of elevation or windage moves the strike of the bullet a
specific distance at a specific range. At a range of 25 meters, one click of windage moves the strike of the
bullet.33 cm, and one click of elevation on the front sight moves the strike of the bullet.83 cm. To compute the
distance (D) that one click of elevation (front sight) or windage moves the strike of a bullet at a given range (R),
divide the range (expressed in meters) by 25, and multiply by either .33 cm for windage or .83 cm for elevation.
R
Windage: D = 25 m x.33 D = Distance in centimeters
R
Elevation: D = 25 m x.83 R = Range in meters

WINDAGE
To compute the distance that one click of windage moves the strike of the bullet at a range of 300 meters, divide
300 meters by 25 meters and multiply by .33 cm.
300 m
D = 25 m x .33 = 12 x.33 = 4 cm (4.0 or 3.96)
Therefore, one click of windage moves the strike of the bullet 4 cm at a range of 300 meters. Table F-1 illustrates
the amount of change in both centimeters and inches of one click of windage at various ranges.

Table F-1. Windage measurements
Distance (in meters)
25
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
*All values rounded off.

Impact*
0.33 cm (1/8 inch)
1.45 cm (5/8 inch)
2.9 cm (7/8 inch)
4.4 cm (1 3/4 inches)
5.8 cm (2 1/4 inches)
7.3 cm (2 7/8 inches)
8.7 cm (3 1/2 inches)
10.2 cm (4 inches)
11.6 cm (4 5/8 inches)

ELEVATION
Front sight. To compute the distance that one click of elevation (front sight) moves the strike of the bullet at a
range of 300 meters, divide 300 metes by 25 meters and multiply by .83 cm.
300 m
D = 25 m x.83 = 12 x.83 = 10 cm
Therefore, one click of elevation on the front sight moves the strike of the bullet 10.9 cm at a range of 300
meters. Table F-2 shows the amount of change in both centimeters and inches of one click of elevation on the
front sight at various ranges.

Table F-2. Change in elevation for one click on front sight.
Distance (in meters)
25
100
200
300
*All values rounded off.

Impact*
0.83 cm (3/8 inch)
3.6 cm (1 3/8 inch)
7.3 cm (2 7/8 inch)
10.9 cm (4 1/8 inches)

Rear Sight. The elevation knob adjusts elevation 1.1 inch for each click at 100 meters. If the scale on the
elevation knob were cut in half and flattened out it would look like Figure F-13, with each dot and each number
representing one click of elevation.

Table F-3 shows the amount of change in elevation of the strike of the bullet for each click at various ranges -one click equals one minute of angle.
Table F-3. Change in elevation for one click at various ranges on
rear sight.
Distance

Change in Elevation for Each
Click

When aiming at-300 meters, 1 click =
400 meters, 1 click =
500 meters, 1 click =
600 meters, 1 click =
700 meters, 1 click =

3.3 inches (7.9 cm)
4.4 inches (10.5 cm)
5.5 inches (13.1 cm)
6.6 inches (15.7 cm)
7.7 inches (18.3 cm)

APPLICATION
The squares on the M16A2 25-meter zero target are designed so that one click of elevation moves the strike of
the bullet one square on the target. Three clicks of windage move the strike of the bullet one square on the target.

Section IV. BALLISTICS
Commanders and marksmanship trainers must understand some aspects of ballistics to teach the principles of
zeroing and engagement of long-range targets. Ballistics is a science dealing with the motion and flight
characteristics of projectiles. The study of ballistics in rifles is divided into three categories: internal, external,
and terminal.
•

Internal ballistics concerns what happens to the bullet before it leaves the muzzle of the rifle.

•

External ballistics deals with factors affecting the flight path of the bullet between the muzzle of the
rifle and the target.

•

Terminal ballistics deals with what happens to the bullet when it comes in contact with the target.

INTERNAL BALLISTICS FACTORS
The overall dimensions of the combat service 5.56-mm cartridges are the same, which allow cartridges to be
fired safely in M16A1 or M16A2 rifles. There are internal differences that affect firing accuracy. An ammunition
comparison is provided in Figure F-14.

This increase in projectile length, weight, and configuration requires different twists in the barrels, lands, and
grooves to stabilize the M855 bullet in flight (Figure F-15). The M16A1 has a 1:12 barrel twist. (The bullet
rotates by the lands once for every 12 inches of travel down the barrel.) The M16A2 has a 1:7 barrel twist. (The
bullet rotates once for every 7 inches of travel down the barrel.)

The M16A1, with its 1:12 twist, does not put enough spin on the heavier M855 bullet to stabilize it in flight,
causing erratic performance and inaccuracy for training or full combat usage (30.48- to 35.56-cm shot group at
91.4 meters and 72-inch shot group at 274.3 meters)(Figure F-15A). Therefore while it is safe to fire the M855
cartridge in the M16A1 rifles, it should only be used in a combat emergency, and then only for close ranges of
91.4 meters or less.
The M16A2 rifle with its 1:7 twist fires both types of ammunition with little difference in accuracy out to a range
of 500 meters. The M16A2 and its ammunition are more effective at ranges out to and beyond 500 meters due to
a better stabilization of the round.
The two 10-round shot groups in Figure F-15A were fired by a skilled marksman at a distance of 274.2 meters,
using the same M16A1 rifle. The 25.4-cm shot group on the left was fired (and zeroed) with M193 ammunition.
The 6-foot shot group on the right was fired after substituting M855 ammunition.
Figure F-15B shows two 25.4-cm shot groups fired by the same skilled marksman at a distance of 274.2 meters,
using an M16A2 rifle. The shot group on the left was fired (and zeroed) with M855 ammunition. The shot group
on the right was fired after substituting M193 ammunition.
NOTE: Both the M193 and M855 ball ammunition can be used in training and accurately function in the M16A2; however, do not
substitute between the types during firing. Do not zero with one type and then fire the other for any type of training. Due to the
different characteristics of each round, be sure to zero with the same type ammunition that will be used for training. Figure F-15B
illustrates how the group changes when an M16A2 is zeroed with M855 ammunition but fires M193 ammunition. The reverse occurs if
zeroed with M193 and fires M855.

A simple rule of thumb to use to preclude any problems is:
•

When firing the Ml6A1 rifle, use only the ammunition specifically designed for the rifle (M193 ball
ammunition).

•

When Firing the M16A2 rifle, use the ammunition that was designed for the weapon (M855 ball
ammunition).

EXTERNAL BALLISTICS FACTORS
When the bullet is launched into the earth's atmosphere at some 2,200 mph, its path is influenced by various
forces and elements. As the temperature rises, the bullet hits higher on the target. As the atmospheric pressure
rises, the bullet hits lower-the higher the humidity, the lower the bullet strikes. A strong wind from the rear
causes the bullet to hit high while a strong head wind causes the bullet to hit low. Firing uphill or downhill
normally causes the bullet to hit high. Changing light conditions (bright to cloudy, different sun angles) can
affect aiming and cause the bullet to hit in different locations.
These factors combined with slight differences in bullet shape and weight, powder charge, chamber pressure,
muzzle velocity, barrel erosion influence the flight of the bullet. For these reasons, the firer will probably never
see three bullets in the same target hole.
Some factors, such as temperature, produce only small effects at range-for example, a bullet that hits the center
of a target at 250 meters when the temperature is 0 degrees Fahrenheit would strike the target 1.905 cm higher
when the temperature is increased to 120 degrees Fahrenheit. One click of elevation at this range is almost 7.62
cm. Soldiers should not try to adjust their point of aim by 1.905 cm on a 250-meter target. However, there are a
few factors that can influence shooting performance to such an extent that they should be discussed in detail.
The instructor/trainer must know that several variables exist. Some of these variables have a small influence on
the bullet, and can complicate and confuse marksmanship training. Time should be spent only on mastering the
most significant factors such as effects of gravity and flight time.

TERMINAL BALLISTICS FACTORS
Bullet penetration depends on the range, velocity, bullet characteristics, and target material. Greater penetration
does not always occur at close range with certain materials since the high velocity of the 5.56-mm bullet causes
it to disintegrate soon after impact (see Table F-4).
Table F-4. Example penetration comparisons.
50 meters

300 meters

Pine boards:
M193 7.5 inches (190.50 mm)
M855 9.0 inches (231.30 mm)

10.5 inches (265.00 mm)
12.0 inches (304.80 mm)

M193 0.413 inch (10.5 mm)
M855 0.551 inch (14.0 mm)

0.137 inch (3.5 mm)
0.413 inch (10.5 mm)

BULLET DISPERSION AT RANGE
The effects of bullet dispersion and accuracy at various ranges are discussed in this paragraph. Instructors/trainer
must have a working knowledge of normal shot dispersion.
Minute of Angle. Minute of angle is a term used to discuss shot dispersion. It is the standard unit of
measurement used in adjusting rifle sights and other ballistic-related measurements. It is also used to indicate the
accuracy of a rifle. A circle is divided into 360 degrees. Each degree is further divided into 60 minutes, so that a
circle contains 21,600 minutes. A minute of angle is an angle beginning at the muzzle that would cover 2.540 cm
at a distance of 91.4 meters (Figure F-16). When the range is increased to 182.8 meters, the angle covers twice
the distance, or 5.08 cm. The rule applies as range increases: 7.62 cm at 274.2 meters, 10.16 cm at 365.6 meters,
and so on.

Increase of Shot-Group Size. Just as the distance covered by a minute of angle increases each time the range
changes, a shot group can be expected to do the same. If there is 2.540 cm between bullets on a 25-meter target,
then there will be an additional 2.540 cm of dispersion for each 25 meters of range -- a 2.540-cm group at 25
meters (about 3.5 minute of angle) is equal to a 25.4-cm group at 250 meters (Figure F-17).

The 25-Meter Zero Standard (Figure F-18). A standard E-type silhouette is about 48.26 cm wide; a circle (angle)
that is 48.26 cm at 300 meters is 4 cm at 25 meters. Therefore, a soldier that can fire all bullets well within a 4cm circle at 25 meters and adjusts the sights for zero will hit the target at all ranges out to 300 meters.

APPENDIX G

LIVE-FIRE EXERCISES
This appendix contains guidelines for the instructor trainer for organizing ranges, conducting training, and
selecting personnel and equipment to establish a live-fire range during rifle marksmanship training. It also
contains the intent, requirements, and brief description of each range.
NOTE: Any change to the authorized qualification courses must be approved by the TRADOC commander. All questions concerning
authorized qualification courses should be forwarded to: Commandant, US Army Infantry School, ATTN: ATSH-I-V, Fort Benning,
GA 31905.

Section I. GROUPING RANGE
This section provides guidelines for the instructor/trainer for the conduct of a grouping range. It is designed to
include organization, conduct of fire, analysis of shot groups, and shot group sizes.

CONDUCT OF GROUPING RANGE
Fundamental exercises are conducted in two situations: during IET at the Army training centers, and as part of
the soldier's individual and collective sustainment training programs within his unit. The organization and
conduct of a grouping range are based on the availability of ammunition and the firing ability of personnel in
training.
Initial training consists of an explanation of the purpose of a grouping exercise. It highlights individual actions
needed to receive maximum benefit from the expended ammunition.
Each shot is fired using exactly the same aiming point (target center of mass). The objective is to fire tight shot
groups and to place those shot groups in a consistent location (the actual location of groups on the target is not
important). Each three-round shot group must be connected with lines and labeled in sequence -- for example, 1,
2, 3 and so on.
Initial firing is conducted from an individual fighting position or from a prone supported position. Once firing
proficiency has been demonstrated from the supported position, grouping exercises can be conducted from the
prone unsupported position. For example, if 27 rounds are available for the grouping exercise, 18 rounds can be
fired from a supported position and the remaining 9 rounds from an unsupported position. If proficiency is not
demonstrated for the first 18 rounds, the soldier continues in the supported position for the remaining 9 rounds.

RANGE ORGANIZATION
Organization for training is based on a 200-man unit and a standard 25-meter range of 110 firing points. The unit
is divided into two orders -- the first order fires while the second order performs coaching duties. The extra 10
firing points are used to conduct corrective instruction. (The organization described herein refers to Army
training centers with proper facilities. When using smaller ranges, the unit is divided into three or more orders.)
On 25-meter ranges, a firing position and sandbags should be provided at each firing point so instruction in firing
from supported positions can be conducted (see Figure G-1).

The control tower manages live-firing operations and monitors the progress of training. It is not intended that
instruction and training be performed from the tower-training is conducted on the firing line by the
instructor/trainer. Before each live-fire exercise, personnel must be briefed on range safety regulations and have
hearing protection.
A control or point tower should be centrally located to the rear of the firing line. It should be elevated to permit
unrestricted observation of the range, both to the rear of the firing line and to a safe distance beyond the line of
targets to the front. All firing commands are issued from the control tower and must be obeyed immediately. The
only exception is if an unsafe act occur -- the first soldier to see such an act should command CEASE FIRE.

CONDUCT OF TRAINING
The instructor/trainer must understand how to correctly analyze shot groups.
Shot-Group Marking. If the soldier is to benefit from this exercise and if the
instructor/trainer (or coach) is to provide useful guidance, the soldier must mark each shot group for a clear
record of his firing practice (Figure G-2). He connects his three bullet holes on his target with a straight line and
places a number by the shot group. Then the soldier marks the approximate center of the shot group with an X.
(Various shot groups are shown in Figure G-3.)

Marking the X. The X represents the center of the three shots. When two shots are near one end of the group and
the third shot is toward the other end, the X is placed closer to the two near shots. This is not a precise marking
that requires a measurement but is a procedure to help in shot-group analysis. The three-round shot group
confirms the variation inherent in the rifle, ammunition, and firer. While some of the variation within a single
shot group is due to the rifle and ammunition, the firing of more shot groups indicates any firer errors. (Figure G4 shows three marked shot groups.)

Locating center of shot groups. The central point of all nine bullets fired can be found by treating the X as a
single bullet. If the soldier maintains the same point of aim for each shot, this indicates firing errors or needed
sight changes.

Shot-Group Analysis. Shot-group analysis begins by the instructor/trainer observing the soldier while he fires.
The purpose of shot-group analysis is to determine firer errors so that the soldier can apply corrections for the
next shot group. The target shown in Figure G-5 illustrates that a match-grade quality rifle-ammunition
combination, which places all bullets in almost the same hole, helps detect the slightest error. When firing a
standard service rifle-ammunition combination, the soldier displays a dispersion pattern that is discounted as
firer error.

The targets shown in Figure G-6 reflect possible 25-mm zero performances by standard rifle-ammunition
combinations and proper soldier performance. The soldier can fire on all combat targets out to ranges beyond
300 meters. Because the variability of the standard rifle must be considered for accurate and useful shot-group
analysis, the instructor/trainer must promote confidence in the soldier and his rifle.

Shot-Group Size. A key to analyzing shot groups is shot-group size. Figures G-7 and G-8 show (near) actual
shot-group size. The circles on the reduced targets shown in Figures G-8 through G-11 are 4 cm in diameter, and
each block on the target is .7 cm. As in Figure G-7, any shot group within 2 cm (about three squares on the
target) indicates that no firer error is involved or that none can be detected. Regardless of the arrangement of the
three bullets within the group, no useful information is provided to improve the soldier's firing performance.

Shot groups -- about 3 cm. The targets shown in Figure G-8 represent acceptable firing performances and
possibly the ability of some rifles. Regardless, a better firing performance should be expected, and the
instructor/trainer should ensure that the soldier is properly applying the four marksmanship fundamentals. Also,
the he should explain that group size is not due to weapon performance (an experienced firer tests the rifle). The
placement of shots within these groups (about 3 cm or four squares on the target) reflects no useful information.
Firing another shot group (without a sight change) could provide more information to determine possible firer
error.
Shot groups -- about 4 cm. The three shot groups shown in Figure G-9 are about 4 cm (six squares on the target)
and indicate firer error.
Firers are checked for a proper steady position, that the eye is focused on the front sight post tip (which is placed
at target center for each firing), that the breath is locked during trigger squeeze, and that the trigger squeeze is
correct.
More shot groups provide better information from which to direct remedial training. The vertical aiming point
may not be the same for each shot since the vertical dispersion is greater than the horizontal dispersion. Any
problem with finding target center of mass is probably in the vertical plane and not in the horizontal plane. If the
soldier has his eye focused on the front sight post, his vertical aiming error should be minimal, which usually
cannot be detected on the target. Any of these three shot groups could have one round that was pulled by the firer
or was a flier (an erratic round over which the firer has no control). Therefore, another shot group must be fired.
NOTE: Location of the shot group is not important when conducting a grouping exercise. Size of the group and the ability to place two
or more groups in the same location are important.

Shot groups -- 6 cm or larger. The three shot groups shown in Figure G-10 are the easiest to analyze, indicating
obvious firer error -- improper trigger squeeze is part of the problem. Shot groups that are about 6 cm or larger
(about nine squares on the target) are normally the result of the soldier knowing when the rifle is going to fire.
Therefore, the instructor/trainer tries to improve trigger squeeze by using the ball-and-dummy technique so the
soldier can tighten his shot group (Appendix C). Firers with these shot groups should receive extensive dry-fire
training to help correct firing problems.
Grouping performance -- example 1. The shot groups in Figure G-11 represent acceptable shot groups (4 cm or
less) in the same location. It is appropriate to make a sight change of left 4 and down 6. Any change should be
clearly marked on the target and saved for reference.
Grouping performance -- example 2. The groups in Figure G-12 indicate that proper firing fundamentals are
being applied by the soldier for each shot group, but that the soldier could be using a different aiming point each
time a shot group is fired. The soldier's understanding of the aiming process is questioned, and his position is
checked for consistency. The instructor/trainer cannot determine which shot group best represents the firer's
zero; therefore, a sight change should not be made.

Grouping performance -- example 3. The groups in Figure G-13 indicate consistent aiming, but the soldier
probably knows when the rifle is going to fire (improper trigger squeeze) or he is firing from an unsteady
position.

Grouping performance -- example 4. The groups shown in Figure G-14 indicate problems with shot-group size
and with consistent placement of groups. The four marksmanship fundamentals should be checked.

Grouping performance -- example 5. The shot groups shown in Figure G-15, when viewed as nine shots, reflect
proper horizontal placement of shots but unsatisfactory vertical dispersion. This indicates a failure to aim at
target center of mass for each shot, The soldier's aiming procedure is checked along with other marksmanship
fundamentals.

Grouping performance -- example 6. The shot groups shown in Figure G-16 are proper groups, but vertical
dispersion indicates that a different aiming point is used for each group. The soldier's understanding of the target
center of mass and aiming process should be questioned.

Grouping performance -- example 7. The shot groups in Figure G-17 are improper groups. A sight change is
made to bring the groups closer to target center. If the initial group is close to the paper's edge, the groups are
still completed to provide the needed information for a sight change. A large sight change moves the groups
close to target center of mass. Assuming that the last bullet in the third group is to the right of the target, a
change of 10 clicks left and 10 clicks up is indicated.

Grouping performance -- example 8. The groups shown in Figure G-18 indicate improper firing. Trigger jerk is
indicated as a probable cause, but all fundamentals are checked.

NOTE: Targets are changed after firing the first nine rounds. These targets are saved since all bullets fired are important for selfanalysis, coaching, or future sight changes.

Section II. ZERO RANGE
This section establishes guidelines for the instructor/trainer on the conduct of a zero range. It contains
information on the setup, operation, and conduct of training.

CONDUCT OF ZEROING ON A 25-METER RANGE
When the soldier can consistently place two consecutive three-round shots within the same general area at 25
meters, he is ready to zero his rifle.
The soldier fires a three-round shot group at the 25-meter zero target. The firing line is cleared, and he moves
downrange to examine the shot group. The soldier connects the bullet holes with a pencil line and marks the
holes with the number 1. With the instructor/trainer, the soldier examines the shot group for size placement and
fundamental errors. If the shot group is on the paper target, no sight changes should be made.
The soldier then returns to the firing line and fires a second three-round shot group. Again, he moves downrange
and examines the second shot group. The soldier connects the second set of bullet holes and marks them with the
number 2. He then determines, along with the instructor/trainer, if any sight changes are needed. To make a sight
change, both shot groups should be in the same location and no larger than 4 cm. All sight changes should be
recorded on the target. A review of previous firings (groupings) is helpful.
After the sight changes are made, two more three-round shot groups are fired, using the same procedure to
confirm the zero. The shot groups must be centered within the zero circle. When the instructor/trainer is satisfied
that the soldier has achieved the best possible zero, the soldier is removed from the firing line.
Using this information, the zeroing process would be conducted as outlined in the following example:

Using the L-sight and applying the fundamentals, the soldier consistently aims target center of mass as
shown in Figure G-19. The soldier fires two separate three-round shot groups, as shown in Figure G-20,
and numbers them. Based on the location of these two groups (Figure G-20), the soldier would make the
sight adjustments shown in Figure G-21.

After making the correct sight changes, the soldier fires two more separate three-round shot groups to confirm
that the adjustments have aligned the sights with the center of the target and that the bullets are well within the 4cm circle (Figure G-22).

MECHANICAL ZERO
To mechanically zero the weapon, the firer adjusts the front sight post up or down until the base of the front sight
post is flush with the well. Then he adjusts the front sight post 11 clicks in the direction of UP. This moves the
post down into the well 11 clicks. The soldier turns the rear sight windage drum until it moves all the way to the
left side and locks. Then, he turns the windage drum back (right) 17 clicks so the rear sight is approximately
centered (see Figure G-23).

RECORDING OF ZERO, M16A1
Using the example in Figure G-22 and assuming that the initial setting was correctly adjusted, the soldier would
record his zero setting as follows:
Front sight.
Elevation zero. Since the center of the shot groups was determined to be two squares high, the correction would
be two clicks down. With the initial setting of 11, this would be 11 minus 2, or 9 and should be recorded as 9
UP.

Rear sight.
Windage zero. Since the center of the shot groups was determined to be seven squares to the right, the correction
would be seven clicks left. This would be 17 minus 7 or 10 and should be recorded as R 10.
The data recorded for the firer in this example would be as shown in Figure G-24.

INITIAL SIGHT SETTING, 25 METERS
Before firing, the soldier sets the initial sight setting for 25-meters on his weapon. (This is equivalent to using the
L sight on the M16A1.) To do this, he adjusts the front sight up or down until the base of the sight post is flush
with the sight post well. He, then, turns the rear windage knob until the index mark on the 0-2 sight is aligned
with the rear sight base index (Figure G-25). The elevation knob is turned one click past the 8/3 mark (8/3 + 1).
The elevation knob remains in this position until the battlesight zero is obtained.

During zeroing for elevation, the soldier makes all adjustments with the front sight post. To place the actual 300meter zero on the rifle, he rotates the elevation knob down one click so that the 8/3 mark on the range scale is
aligned with the alignment mark on the side of the rifle receiver. Once zero is accomplished, for engagements at
ranges greater than 300 meters, he places the correct range setting on the elevation knob to obtain point of
aim/point of impact.

INITIAL SIGHT SETTING FOR FIELD FIRE, M16A2
When zeroing on either a modified field fire range or a KD range using the M16A2 300-meter feedback targets,
the initial sight setting field fire must be placed on the weapon. To do this, the soldier flushes the front sight post,
centers the 0-2 aperture on the rear sight, and sets the elevation knob to the 8/3 mark. Point of aim should be on
the 300-meter feedback target center of mass. During zeroing, the soldier makes all adjustments for elevation
with the front sight post. If the rifle has been zeroed by another soldier, the weapon is closer to being zeroed than
if returned to the initial sight setting. Therefore, the sight setting on the rifle is usually used as received by the
soldier.
With the rear elevation knob calibrated and applying the fundamentals, the soldier consistently aims target center
of mass as shown in Figure G-26.

The soldier fires two separate, three-round shot groups and numbers them as shown in Figure G-27.

Based on the shot groups in Figure G-27 and the information provided on the target, the soldier computes the
changes as shown in Figure G-28 to move the group down and to the left.

Once the changes are made, the soldier fires two more three-round groups to confirm that the adjustments have
moved the strike of the bullet into target center of mass (Figure G-29).

RECORDING OF ZERO, M16A2
The concept for zeroing on the M16A2 rifle is the same as for the M16A1 rifle. The conduct of fire on the 25meter range follows the previous examples but uses the M16A2 (300 meters) zero target.

Section III. DOWNRANGE FEEDBACK
Downrange feedback provides precise knowledge of what happens to bullets at range, It provides for an effective
transition between 25-meter firing and firing on the field fire range. Having precise knowledge of where all
bullets are hitting or missing the target, the poor firer (with instructor/trainer assistance) can improve his
performance and the good firer can bring his shots to target center. Firers develop the knowledge and skills
required to perform with confidence on the field fire range, where only hit-or-miss information is available.

CONDUCT OF DOWNRANGE FEEDBACK
During IET basic rifle marksmanship, downrange feedback is conducted with paper targets at 75 meters, 175
meters, and 300 meters. Shot groups are fired progressively at the 75-meter target, then the 175-meter and 300meter range targets. Half of the bullets are fired from the supported fighting position and the other half from the
prone unsupported position. After each group is fired, soldiers move downrange to mark their targets. Based on
this feedback, soldiers receive a critique from their instructor/trainer/coach, and apply any needed sight changes
or aiming adjustments, Army training centers conduct modified versions of downrange feedback based on the
availability of the KD range or modified field fire range.
The downrange feedback exercise must be conducted within the constraints of time, ammunition, and available
ranges. If 30 rounds of ammunition are available for training, firing 3-round shot groups 10 times is preferable
over firing 5-round shot groups 6 times. Once the soldier understands the concept for adjusting the aiming point
to compensate for the effects of wind and gravity, he is ready to apply his knowledge on the field-fire range.
To confirm zero, soldiers are placed in firing orders and issued one magazine of 6 to 10 rounds. Firers confirm
their zero by firing two 3-round or 5-round shot groups at the 175- or 300-meter feedback targets. The firing line
is then cleared, and firers move downrange to inspect their targets, to review their adjusted aiming performance,
or to make sight adjustments. Each firer repairs his target by placing target pasters over the holes (black on
black, white on white) and then moves back to the firing line.
Firing at 75-meter targets. Feedback can be provided after each round, each 3-round shot group, or each 5round shot group on the 75-meter feedback targets, Soldiers fire from the supported and prone unsupported
positions. The firing line is then cleared, and each firer and instructor/trainer/coach move downrange to inspect
targets. Feedback consists of a critique of performance, adjustments to point of aim for gravity or wind effects,
and evaluation of shot placement. Target spotters (markers) (Figure G-30) are placed in the bullet holes so hits
can be viewed from the firing line.

Firing at 175-meter targets. Firers engage the 175-meter target using the same downrange procedure as the 75meter target. The 175-meter target is engaged from the supported and prone unsupported positions.
Firing at 300-meter targets. The 300-meter target is engaged using the same downrange procedure as the 75meter target. Firers use the supported and prone unsupported positions.
Target marking. When the initial shot group is fired, target spotters (markers) should be placed in each bullet
hole, placing white spotters on the silhouette and black spotters off the silhouette.
This procedure ensures that the firer can see his performance when he returns to the firing line, that the tower
operator can direct instructors/trainers to soldiers having the greatest problems, and that instructors/trainers can
quickly assess firing problems (Figure G-30). Soldiers are motivated to fire better since their peers can observe
their performance. On the second and subsequent trips to the target, the target spotters (markers) should be
moved and placed in the holes of the new shot group. The old holes must be pasted, using black pasters on black
and white pasters on white. Failure to paste all bullet holes makes training ineffective since the soldier cannot
clearly identify all bullets holes of his last shot group.

MODIFIED FIELD FIRE RANGE
A modified field fire range can be used for downrange feedback. To conduct downrange feedback, minor
changes must be made to a standard field firing range (Figure G-31). Target frames, like those used on the 25meter range, are placed at 75 meters, 175 meters, and 300 meters.

Loudspeakers are placed downrange to allow firers at the 175-meter and 300-meter lines to hear the tower
operator's instructions as firers move to the targets. After placing target spotters in the bullet holes, soldiers wait
for an evaluation of their performance. The tower operator is also in a position to assess the effects of wind,
which should be told to firers.
With these changes and the use of the downrange feedback targets, an effective training period can be conducted.
A tower operator and one instructor/trainer for each five firing points are needed to operate the range.

RECORD OF PERFORMANCE
During the conduct of downrange feedback, a record of performance should be kept to facilitate, critique, and
perform an after-action review.
As soldiers complete each phase and achieve the performance standard for that range, they should receive a
critique. Instructors/trainers must ensure soldiers do not progress to a greater range until they become proficient
at closer ranges. For example, the soldier who is having problems firing a 6-inch group at 75 meters should not
be expected to fire an 11-inch group at 175 meters -- progressing to greater ranges would only frustrate the
soldier.

The DA Form 5239-R (75-, 175-, and 300-Meter Downrange Feedback Scorecard) is an effective way of
recording target hit-and-miss information as the soldier completes each phase of firing (Figure G-32). (See
Appendix H for a blank reproducible copy of this form.)

DOWNRANGE FEEDBACK TARGETS
The M16A1/M16A2 75-meter feedback target is the size of an actual F-type silhouette target with 6 inches cut
from the bottom to allow for the target-holding mechanism and skip plate. When viewed from a distance of 75
meters, the target looks similar to a standard F-type silhouette on the field-fire range. However, there are
important differences.
The target and surrounding space are large enough to capture all bullets fired. The firer moves to the target and
actually locates each bullet hole. Information similar to that on the zero target has been overprinted to assist in
applying sight adjustments. The 12-cm circle provides a standard equivalent to the 4-cm requirement on the zero
range. An X is placed in the bottom portion of the circle to show the firer where he must aim on this target so his
bullets will hit target center of mass when his rifle is zeroed. This target can be used at any range to capture
bullet strike; however, the overprinted material is valid only at 75 meters.
The M16A1/M16A2 175-meter and 300-meter feedback targets are designed for use at 175 or 300 meters and
have the same features as the 75-meter target (Figure G-33). Both targets can be used to confirm weapon zero or
to refine the zero obtained on the 25-meter range. The zero obtained on these targets are more valid than the zero
obtained on the 25-meter range. For example, when engaging this actual-size target at 175 or 300 meters from a
supported position, it is a closer approximation to the actual task than the scaled target at 25 meters. By allowing
for the adjusted aiming point and for wind, this exercise can contribute to a refinement of the zero.

Downrange feedback training should include detailed explanations of the targets: how the 12-cm circle on the
75-meter target and 28-cm circle on the 175-meter equate to the 4-cm zeroing standard on the 25-meter range;
the small difference that should be experienced between point of aim and bullet strike; how the grid can be used
for making sight adjustments; and how the targets should be marked. Training should also include how wind can
affect bullets and should emphasize the fundamentals of firing.

The information provided to the firer and instructor/trainer should be visualized for the targets shown in Figure
G-34A. These two firing performances provide the same information back to the firing line -- the target was hit
one time and missed twice. When bullet locations can be seen, the firing problems are quite different. The firer
on the left is failing to apply fundamentals, and the firer on the right has a zeroing problem. The targets in Figure
G-34B indicate that both firers are turning in an excellent performance by hitting with all three bullets. However,
when the actual bullet strikes can be seen, it is obvious that the firer on the left needs assistance.

Section IV. KNOWN-DISTANCE RANGE
The known-distance range is used for testing and marksmanship training. The firing task on a known-distance
range is an intermediate step toward the firing task of a combat soldier. Program changes (pop-up targets) and
ranges have provided a much better simulation of combat requirements. The soldier is provided information
concerning the precise hit-or-miss location of every bullet fired. KD firing is conducted with a single, clearly
visible target at a known distance, and the soldier can establish a position that provides a natural point of aim on
that single target. While this is good for its intended purpose, overuse often results in KD training being more
competition-oriented than combat-oriented.

CONDUCT OF KNOWN-DISTANCE RANGE
The proper use of the known-distance range contributes to the unit rifle marksmanship program. Effective
training can be conducted on the KD range (Figure G-35) using standard silhouette target facings; however, the
downrange feedback targets are recommended for the KD range. The F-type silhouette 75-meter feedback target
can be engaged from the 100-yard line; the E-type silhouette 175-meter target from the 200-yard line; and the
300-meter target from the 300-yard line.

The KD range does not require the soldier to detect targets, to estimate range to targets, to scan a sector of fire, to
respond to surprise targets, to respond to short exposure targets, to engage multiple targets, and so on,
NOTE: FM 25-7 and Appendix D provide information on pit crew operations, construction of target carriers for KD ranges, and
ordering the sliding combination target frame (NSN 6920-049-9579).

An advantage of a KD range is the ability to see precisely where each bullet hits. Therefore, to benefit from this
training, procedures must be established so soldiers can clearly see the results of each firing, whether a group,
single shot, or 10-round exercise. This can be accomplished by single spotters alone at the closer ranges, using
larger spotters as the range increases, supplementing the spotters with a marking disc, or using scopes and
binoculars at the extended ranges.

RANGE ORGANIZATION
Known-distance ranges are organized and operated differently than other ranges. Personnel are organized into
firing line safety and pit crews. The firing line safety crew operates under orders from the chief range officer.
The pit crew operates under orders from the pit officer.
Chief Range Officer. The chief range officer ensures the safety of all personnel and proper operation of his
range. He may appoint a tower operator to issue fire commands or perform those duties himself. The chief range
officer performs the following:
•

Gives the range safety briefings to all soldiers and support personnel before organizing firing orders and
pit crews. Local regulations may require an appointed safety officer to perform this duty.

•

Is responsible for ammunition details.

•

Organizes soldiers into firing orders for testing. If a pit detail is provided, the chief range officer may use
as many firing points as he chooses to conduct his range. When a pit detail is not provided, the chief
range officer must assign four soldiers for each firing point. For example, if a unit has 100 personnel, the
chief range officer should use 25 firing points.

•

Numbers the firing orders. Firing orders 1 and 2 remain at the firing line, while firing orders 3 and 4
perform pit crew duties. Firing order 1 fires first and firing order 2 performs as coaches.

•

Informs the pit officer when refires are to be conducted.

•

Informs the pit officer when pit crew changeovers are executed. Pit crew changeovers occur when firing
orders I and 2 have completed the known-distance course or the alternate course, including initial refires.
Refires are conducted when that firing table is completed or during alibi firings.

Pit Officer. The pit officer is the main link in the range chain of command and operates under the orders of the
chief range officer. He may be an NCO, depending on local restrictions. The pit officer performs the following:
•

Maintains radio or telephone contact with the chief range officer during operation of the range.

•

Serves as the timekeeper for target exposures.

•

Is responsible to the chief range officer for the safety and conduct of the pit crew.

•

Prepares and operates targets, scoring, and alibi target exposures.

•

Conducts a pit safety briefing before firing and each time a pit crew changeover occurs.

•

Briefs the pit crew to ensure each firing point pair understands their duties. The pit crew raises, lowers,
disks, and repairs its respective targets upon command from the pit officer. All targets must be raised or
lowered at the same time on order of the pit officer. The crew scores its assigned target only upon
command from the pit officer.

•

Announces alibi and refire targets. Alibi and refire targets are raised and lowered on order from the pit
officer. All other targets remain lowered.

•

Collects the scorecards from the pit crew at the end of each firing order.

•

Verifies and signs the scorecards.

•

Announces individual scores if requested by the chief range officer.

Firing Line Assistant Instructors/Trainers. Firing line assistant instructors/trainers perform as safety
personnel and confirm allowable alibis during record fire.
Firing Line Safety Personnel. Firing line safety personnel are responsible for precise timing of individual alibi
firers. They inform the chief range officer of rounds fired after the time allowed for alibis. The chief range
officer informs the pit officer of rounds fired after the allotted time, which are scored as misses.
All Personnel. All personnel complete scorecards. The pit officer maintains scorecards by firing order and firing
point number in the pits.

CONDUCT OF TRAINING
Before engaging targets, soldiers are issued one magazine of 6 to 10 rounds and confirm or refine their zero at
the 300-yard line by firing two 3-round or 5-round shot groups. Targets are spotted by the pit crews after each
group.
NOTE: 1. M16A1. The unmarked aperture (short-range) is used on the M16A1 for refinement of zero at 300 yards. For target
engagement beyond the 300-yard line, the long-range aperture (L) is used.
2. M16A2. The unmarked aperture is used for both refinement of zero and target engagement at all distances on the KD range.

When the zero is confirmed, the firing line is moved to the 100-yard line. Soldiers are issued one magazine of 6
to 10 rounds and engage the (75-meter feedback target) F-type silhouette target from either the prone
unsupported position or prone supported position (if fighting positions are not available). After each group has
been fired, the target is withdrawn and the rounds are spotted by the pit detail (white on black and black on
white). The holes from earlier rounds fired are pasted (black on black and white on white). The
instructors/trainers critique the firers after each round.
When all firers have expended 6 to 10 rounds or when proficiency has been demonstrated, the firing line is
moved to the 200-yard line. The conduct of fire from the 200- and 300-yard lines is the same procedure as
described for the 100-yard line.
If the pit crew has been drawn from the firing unit, the exercise is conducted twice. After completion, the firers
on the firing line become the pit-crew, and the firers performing pit detail complete the same firing exercise.

Section V. KNOWN-DISTANCE ALTERNATE COURSE
The known-distance alternate course gives soldiers the chance to engage targets at range with time constraints
and feedback. The effects of wind and gravity are demonstrated while firing on the course. Before firing the
course, all soldiers confirm the zero of their assigned rifles at 300 yards with six sighter rounds.
Training/sustainment ammunition is used for sighter rounds if a zeroing exercise is not conducted on the day of
record fire. The six sighter rounds are fired in the prone supported position from the 300-yard line before
qualification -- sighter rounds do not count for score. The known-distance alternate course is a 12-hour course of
instruction as follows:
25-meter zeroing: 4 hours
Record fire: 8 hours

CONDUCT OF KNOWN-DISTANCE ALTERNATE COURSE
The chief range officer or tower operator gives fire commands verbatim as written herein to conduct the knowndistance alternate course.
TABLE 1: Prone supported position, 300 yards, 2 magazines of 10 rounds each, 60 seconds for each exercise,
E-type silhouette.
FIRERS, ASSUME A PRONE SUPPORTED POSITION.
COACHES, ISSUE THE FIRER ONE MAGAZINE OF TEN ROUNDS.
THE FIRING LINE IS NO LONGER CLEAR.
LOCK, ONE MAGAZINE OF TEN ROUNDS, LOAD. (Pause.)
IS THE LINE READY? (Pause to observe the firing line to ensure all soldiers are in position and are ready.
If not, try to get them in position. If all soldiers are ready, continue the commands.)
READY ON THE RIGHT?
READY ON THE LEFT?
THE FIRING LINE IS READY.
FIRERS, WATCH YOUR LANE.
At this time the pit officer issues the command TARGETS UP. When the targets are in the fully raised position,
the pit officer starts his stopwatch. The raising of the targets is the command to commence fire. The chief range
officer may also command COMMENCE FIRE. When the allotted time is completed, the pit officer commands
TARGETS DOWN to the pit crew. The chief range officer commands CEASE FIRE, CEASE FIRE, CEASE
FIRE when he observes the targets being lowered. The chief range officer can also keep time with the pit officer;
however, the pit officer is the official timekeeper.
ARE THERE ANY ALIBIS?
Allowable alibis are allotted six seconds for each unfired round. An allowable alibi is a malfunction of the rifle
or ammunition, which is not associated with firer error. Rounds not expended during the allotted time do not
constitute an alibi and are counted as misses. Only one alibi for each table is authorized. If a rifle continues to
malfunction, it is removed from the firing line so the armorer can inspect or repair it.

The chief range officer repeats the fire commands for alibi firers. Cross-fires are not allowable alibis for the
cross-firing soldier. The recipient of the cross-fired rounds refire the table. The cross-firer is awarded misses for
those shots on the wrong target. The cross-firer may refire the course. Regardless of his total hits during refire,
he can be rated only as a marksman with a score of 26. The recipient is not penalized.
The firing line safety personnel "time" their firers. When alibi firings are completed and on order from the pit
officer, all targets are scored, disked, and raised by the pit crew. Firers receive feedback regarding shot group
size and location. The pit officer lowers the targets when all soldiers have observed their shot groups. The disks
are removed and targets repaired for the next firing table. The chief range officer informs the pit officer if he
elects to have all personnel fire at each yard line before moving to the next firing line. The firing line safety crew
clears all rifles after completing each firing table and before changing yards lines. The tower operator
commands:
CLEAR ALL WEAPONS,
CLEAR ON THE RIGHT?
CLEAR ON THE LEFT?
THE FIRING LINE IS CLEAR. (Commands are repeated for second 10-round exercise.)
TABLE 2: Prone unsupported position, 200 yards, 1 magazine of 10 rounds, 60 seconds, E-type silhouette.
TABLE 3: Prone unsupported position, 100 yards, 1 magazine of 10 rounds, 60 seconds, F-type silhouette.
Fire commands for Tables 2 and 3 are the same as for Table 1, including alibi and refire procedures. The pit
officer has the targets changed from E-type to F-type silhouettes while the soldiers are moving from the 200-yard
line to the 100-yard line. The pit officer informs the chief range officer when the target changeover is completed.

EQUIPMENT
E-type silhouette facing, paper,
NSN 6920-00-600-6874

2 for each firer

F-type silhouette facing, paper,
NSN 6920-00-610-9086

1 for each firer

Pasters, black,
NSN 6920-00-165-6354

As required

Pasters, buff,
NSN 6920-00-172-3572

As required

Disk, spotter with spindle,
NSN 6920-00-713-8255

20 for each lane used

Communication set with
loudspeakers

2 sets

Field telephone or wireless radio

2 each

Ammunition, zeroing

6 rounds for each firer

Ammunition, record firing

40 rounds for each firer

Magazines, ammunition

4 for each firer

Paste, wheat

Optional

Tacker, target with staples

As required

Stopwatch

1 each

Scorecard

1 for each firer

RECORD OF PERFORMANCE
The known-distance alternate course is fired IAW DA Form 5789-R (Record Firing Scorecard-Known Distance
Course) (Figure G-36.) (See Appendix H for a blank reproducible copy of this form.)

QUALIFICATION STANDARDS
The pit officer scores the targets. The pit crew responds promptly to commands from the pit officer and informs
the pit officer of cross-fires. The pit crew accurately counts hits and misses. A hit is any bullet hole that is either
completely within or touches some part of the silhouette facing. If a bullet hole does not touch some part of the
silhouette facing, it is counted as a miss. Ricochets are counted as hits or misses. The pit crew clearly completes
scorecards and quickly repairs targets. Qualification standards for the known-distance alternate course are as
follows:
•

Expert: Hits 38 to 40 targets

•

Sharpshooter: Hits 33 to 37 targets

•

Marksman: Hits 26 to 32 targets

•

Unqualified: Hits 25 targets and below

Section VI. FIELD FIRE RANGE
When soldiers receive adequate training before field firing, they gain confidence in their ability to hit targets.
When hit-and-miss information is available, soldiers develop techniques for observing their sector of fire, for
engaging targets rapidly, and for engaging multiple targets -- all preparing them for practice on the record fire
course. Field firing should be scheduled to follow downrange feedback or known-distance firing, or other
suitable training that assures soldiers they have developed adequate firing skills.

CONDUCT OF FIELD FIRE RANGE
The field fire range usually consists of 35 points -- each point consisting of an F-type silhouette at 75 meters, and
E-type silhouettes at 175 meters and 300 meters. When a bullet bits the target, the vibration activates a
mechanism that causes the target to fall, simulating a kill (Figures G-37 and G-38).

RANGE CHECKS
Field fire ranges must be checked for proper operation of targets, mechanisms, and hit recording equipment.
Soldiers must learn to fire while receiving only hit-and-miss information; however, when incorrect information
is provided (for example, when the target is hit and does not go down), the learning process is disrupted.
Therefore, range mechanisms must be in proper working condition, the target must be correctly and securely
attached to the mechanism, and the holes on the target should be small enough to allow bullets to vibrate the
target to activate the mechanism.

CONDUCT OF TRAINING
The field fire course should be fired from the supported fighting position and prone unsupported position. After
these are mastered, other firing positions can be considered for training. Initial training should be with single
exposed targets and increased time for engagement. As skills improve, multiple targets with shorter exposure
times can be engaged.
Soldiers who miss most targets should be removed from the firing line for remedial training if their problem
cannot be corrected. When a soldier fires a 300-meter target 10 times and misses it 10 times, it is obvious that he
is not learning but instead is losing confidence in his ability. The typical soldier should hit the 300-meter target
at least 7 out of 10 times.
Peer coaches should assist soldiers in observing the strike of rounds and in identifying firing problems. If the
target is missed and the coach cannot observe the bullet strike, the coach should instruct the soldier to aim lower
for the next shot, expecting to see the strike of the bullet in the ground. With this information, the coach can
instruct the soldier on where to aim or how to adjust his point of aim to hit the target.
Live-fire training can be organized in several ways. A unit is divided into two or more firing orders based on the
number of personnel to be trained. The first order is the firer, the second order is the coach, and (if required), the
third order is scorers. At the conclusion of each exercise, positions rotate until all orders are complete.

Standard field-fire scenarios have been developed to provide several target exposures. Although they are
recommended for initial training, any variety of more challenging target sequences can be developed by local
commanders. Ammunition is allocated based on one round for each target exposure.

RECORD OF PERFORMANCE
During live fire, the soldier's hit-and-miss performance is recorded to facilitate the instructor/trainer's critiques or
to indicate where more training is needed. A master score chart, indicating each soldier's scores for each
exercise, encourages a competitive spirit within a unit. It also aids in determining which soldiers require close
supervision or remedial instruction. Two methods used to record firing performance are manually marked
scorecards and automated computer printouts.
Manual Recording. When manual recording is used, the unit provides soldiers for recording information on
either DA Form 3601-R (Single Target-Field Firing Scorecard) (Figure G-39) or DA Form 5241-R (Single and
Multiple Targets -- Field Firing Scorecard) (Figure G-40). (See Appendix H for blank reproducible copies of
these forms.)

NOTE: Peer coaches should not be used as scorers; their duty is to observe the firer.

Automated Recording. When field firing exercises are conducted on the new family of automated field fire
ranges, a computer printout is provided for each firing order. At the conclusion of each firing order, the range
NCOIC completes the printout and ensures the soldier identification is matched with each firing point (Figure G41). He adds the soldier's name or roster number to the top of each lane/firing point data column. Based on a
one-round allocation for each target exposure, data should be collected on hits, misses, no-fires, and repeated
shots to assist the instructor/trainer in assessing firing proficiency.

Section VII. PRACTICE RECORD FIRE RANGE
Although the soldier receives a practice rating based on the number of target hits, practice record fire should also
be considered a valuable training exercise. When practice record fire is correctly conducted, all soldiers gain
valuable experience and become more confident in engaging combat targets.

CONDUCT OF PRACTICE RECORD FIRE RANGE
The unit receives an orientation on the conduct of practice record fire and exercise scenarios to include a review
of the fundamentals, lanes and target detection, immediate-action drills, and practice record fire performance
standards. After the orientation, soldiers are divided into firing orders: the first order is the firer, the second order
is coaches/scorers, and the third order is in the ready area. As each order is completed, duties are rotated.
The standard practice record fire range is divided into 16 lanes (see Figure G-42). Each lane is 30 meters wide
with one fighting position and seven targets in each lane. The E-type and F-type silhouette targets (attached to
RETS or M31Al target mechanisms) are used for record fire. Two targets are placed 10 meters apart at a range of
50 meters from the line of fighting positions. Subsequent targets are placed at 50-meter intervals out to 300
meters.

RANGE CHECKS
For exercises to provide effective practice and training, the operation of target mechanisms and recording
equipment must be verified. A firer can lose confidence in his abilities due to targets that do not fall when hit or
by hits that are not recorded. Also, accurate information cannot be provided for after-action reviews.

CONDUCT OF TRAINING
During practice record fire, soldiers fire at 40 single or multiple target exposures. They are issued 20 rounds of
ammunition to be fired from the supported fighting position, and 20 rounds to be fired from the prone
unsupported position. Based on the total number of hits achieved in each table, soldiers are critiqued on the
practice record fire score.
Exposure times are three to seven seconds at ranges of 50 to 300 meters. Since it requires one to two seconds for
the manually activated target mechanism to raise the target, timing begins when the target is fully exposed rather
then when the target switch is activated by the tower operator. When practice record fire is conducted on the new
family of automated record fire ranges, these factors are included in the computer program.
Alibi Firing. Alibi firing should be conducted at the end of each firing table and IAW the tower operator
commands. Alibis are provided during practice record fire for three reasons: malfunction of the rifle, malfunction
of the target mechanism, or faulty ammunition.
Uniform and Equipment. Soldiers do not need to wear full field equipment while firing the practice record fire
course. Wearing helmets and LBE have little or no effect on performance; however, local commanders could
require that they be worn. If so, the same equipment should be worn during the official record fire.
Range Training Areas. Three range/training areas are as follows:
Orientation Area. This area is located so firers cannot see the firing area. Practice record fire orientation includes
conduct of fire, instructions on safety, and range operations (procedures in ready and retired areas).
Ready Area. This area is near the firing range and is located so firers cannot see targets on the range. The firer
blackens the rifle sights, lubricates the rifle, and checks for defects that might cause malfunctions.
Retired Area. This area is about 100 meters behind the ready area. Soldiers completing practice record fire move
to the retired area to clean their rifles and to be critiqued on their firing performance.

RECORD OF PERFORMANCE
Practice record fire is conducted IAW DA Form 3595-R (Record Firing Scorecard) (Figure G-43). (See
Appendix H for a blank reproducible copy of DA Form 3595-R.)

QUALIFICATION STANDARDS
The testing and development indicates that the soldier should hit at least 39 of 40 targets if he applies the
marksmanship fundamentals correctly (assumes target mechanisms have been checked and are functional). This
probability of hit (Ph) is provided as a guide concerning the capability of the typical rifle, ammunition, and
soldier firing a standard course (Table G-1).

Table G-1. Probability of hits.
Range (meters)
50
100
150
200
250
300

Ph
1.0
1.0
1.0
.99
.95
.90

Number of Targets
05
09
10
08
05
03

When the IET BRM POI, or an adequate unit training program, is conducted, it is expected that the following Ph
will result (Table G-2):

Table G-2. Results from an adequate unit training program.
Range
50
100
150
200
250
300

Targets
5
9
10
8
5
3

Low Ph
.80
.70
.65
.45
.35
.25
23 hits

Average Ph
.95
.90
.90
.70
.60
.50
32 hits

High Ph
.98
.95
.95
.90
.85
.80
37 hits

The new ratings represent a significant increase in the number of targets that are required to hit; and have been
adjusted for alternate courses to provide a better correlation to performance on the standard course (see Table G3).

Table G-3. New ratings.
Rating
Expert
Sharpshooter
Marksman
Unqualified

Old
28-40
24-27
17-23
16-below

New Standard New Alternates
36-40
38-40
30-35
33-37
23-29
26-32
22-below
25-below

The standard record fire course was developed with the assumption that target systems would function.
Therefore, a first objective is to ensure that all targets are functioning properly. When in doubt, a lane should be
fired to ensure that a bullet strike will activate each target. Sometimes slapping a target with a cleaning rod can
cause it to activate, but a bullet will not. When it is hot, the plastic targets may allow the fast moving 5.56-mm
bullet to pass without causing sufficient vibration to activate the mechanism, resulting in a requirement to change
targets more often, to use double targets, or to use different silhouettes for a positive indication of hits.

RANGE ORGANIZATION
The standard record firing course is the most realistic in that it presents the soldier with various surprise target
situations that could be encountered in combat. Except where modification is necessary to install and maintain
target mechanisms, the terrain is left intact. The number of targets hit by each soldier is totaled upon completion
of record firing. Based on this score, marksmanship qualification ratings and appropriate badges are awarded.
While competition between individuals and platoons is inevitable and encouraged, the goal should be to achieve
the highest qualification rating on the first attempt.
Commanders should consider using disinterested or outside evaluators for the official record fire to assist in
objective collection and analysis of data. Soldiers, squads, or platoons should not score themselves.
Commanders should be concerned about rating distributions. High distribution in the unqualified lowest category
indicates skill erosion in the unit. A normal distribution for every 100 soldiers in an average unit should be at
least 30 experts, 60 sharpshooters, and 10 marksmen. A well-trained unit will be higher.
The standard fire course designed to measure and provide indicators on the application or performance of
several individual combat tasks/skills. When record fire is conducted correctly, most of the following tasks can
be observed and objectively measured.
•

Maintenance of weapons and magazines.

•

Conduct of a serviceability check.

•

Demonstration of an understanding of the rifle.

•

Application of immediate action.

•

Scanning of a designated area/sector and detect targets.

•

Quick and consistent application of the four fundamentals of marksmanship.

•

Engagement of targets from supported and unsupported positions.

•

Knowledge of the effects of wind and gravity.

•

Management of ammunition.

•

Accurate battlesight zero of the rifle.

Commanders may designate what uniform and equipment will be worn during record fire. Firers should wear
LBE and a helmet while firing the record course. When record firing is done for qualification, the soldier does
not receive coaching or assistance. If a rifle malfunctions, the soldier applies immediate action and tries to clear
the stoppage. Soldiers should prepare for training before live fire in the orientation and ready areas.
Orientation Area. This area is located close to the firing area so soldiers cannot see the firing area. Record fire
orientation includes conduct of record fire, instructions on safety, range operations, ammunition handling, and
scoring.
Ready Area. This area is located near the firing range so soldiers cannot see targets on the range. The soldier
blackens the rifle sights, lubricates the rifle (if needed), and checks for defects in the rifle, magazines, and
ammunition that might cause malfunctions. Defective magazines or ammunition should be exchanged before
firing. The NCOIC supervises the activities of soldiers in the ready area. The unit armorer replaces damaged or
broken parts discovered before firing. Soldiers should load ammunition into their own magazines.
NOTE: Replacing any element of the sight system changes the battlesight zero of the rifle. When replacing the part, the ordnance
repairman informs the ready area NCO so the rifle can be zeroed again.

When the M16 pencil is used, everybody loses. Automatic scoring eliminates many potential problems, but most
ranges must use manual scoring. A buzzer or whistle should be sounded when the targets are lowered at the end
of their exposure time so the scorer knows when he should no longer give credit for a target hit. However, efforts
to be fair also include giving the soldier the benefit of the doubt when warranted. The scorer should immediately
report suspected malfunctioning targets.

CONDUCT OF TRAINING
The record fire course provides 40 bullets for the engagement of two 20-round exercises. Twenty single or
multiple targets are engaged from the supported fighting position. Twenty targets are engaged from the prone
unsupported position. Once firing begins, no cross-loading is allowed.
Credit for target hits should not be given when bullets are "saved" from difficult targets to be used on easier
targets -for example, not firing a 300-meter target so an additional bullet can be fired at a 150-meter target.
However, when double targets are exposed, the soldier should fire two bullets. If the first target is missed, he
may fire at that same target with the second bullet.
While it is doctrinally sound to first engage the target what poses the greatest threat (normally assumed to be the
closer target), no scoring distinction is made between near targets and far targets or the sequence in which they
are engaged. Also, credit is not given if unused ammunition from one 20-round table is added to the magazine
provided for the next table.
Soldiers who fail to qualify on the first attempt should be given appropriate remedial training and allowed to
refire within a few days. When a soldier refires the course, he will be unqualified if he hits 22 targets or less and
will be rated as a marksman if he hits 23 to 40. When automated scoring procedures are available that allow the
performance of the soldier to be stored and retrieved before the malfunction, his performance is added to the
score of his first attempt after weapons repair and refire. If a soldier's weapon becomes inoperable but his
performance before the malfunction precludes qualification, he is considered unqualified, and must refire.

Alibi firing is reserved for those soldiers who have encountered a malfunctioning target, ammunition, or rifle. A
soldier will not be issued more than 20 rounds of ammunition for each table. If he fires all 20 rounds despite a
target malfunction, he will not be issued anymore alibi rounds. Also, there are no alibis for soldier-induced
weapon malfunctions or for targets missed during, application of immediate action. The following are the
procedures that must be strictly adhered to when a malfunction occurs.
NOTE: The ammunition procedures/allocation and alibi procedures for practice record fire and record fire are conducted the same. The
only exception is that for practice record fire, coaching is authorized.

The NCOIC/scorer monitoring that lane must verify the target malfunction. The soldier continues to fire the
exercise. On a computerized range, the tower operator confirms which target and how many malfunctions
occurred.
The NCOIC verifies the malfunction. The soldier is permitted to fire at that target(s) with the exact number of
rounds equal to the target malfunctions. For example, the soldier had two confirmed target malfunctions at 250
meters, although he may have had five rounds left from the overall exercise. The soldier would be given only
two rounds to engage the two 250-meter target exposures, if repaired, or the next closer target. He would not be
allowed to fire all remaining five rounds at the two 250-meter target exposures.
The soldier must apply immediate action and continue to fire the exercise. After firing, the soldier notifies the
NCOIC to determine if the ammunition was bad or target malfunctioned.
Inoperable weapons are uncorrectable malfunctions such as a broken firing pin, jam caused by double feed
which was not caused by the soldier, failure to extract due to broken extractor, or round in the bore. The soldier
must have attempted to apply correct immediate action to eliminate the stoppages. If the stoppage is determined
to be correctable -- for example, the soldier did not apply correct immediate action -- and as a result did not
engage the required amount of targets, he is at fault.
Qualified weapons personnel/NCOIC must verify weapon malfunctions before the soldier can refire the course.
Soldiers who erroneously claim a malfunction on the firing line are considered an unqualified and refire as a
second-time firer.
On-site observation, detailed analysis and evaluation of individual results, and unit performance identify
weaknesses. Training can then focus on combat tasks, skills, or other factors that address these weaknesses.
Examples are: rifles that are not serviceable could be the cause of poor zeros or failures to fire and, therefore,
failures to qualify. Some soldiers may not qualify because of a lack of understanding of immediate-action
procedures or maintenance of the rifle and magazine. Soldiers who miss targets are not applying the four
fundamentals or are not accurately zeroing the rifle. Soldiers who do not fire at exposed targets during
qualification may indicate—
•

Failure to scan the designated area.

•

Lack of ability to detect targets.

•

Lack of ability to shift from one target to another.

•

Failure to manage ammunition.

•

A stoppage.

RECORD OF PERFORMANCE
The record fire range is fired IAW DA Form 3595-R (Record Fire Scorecard). (Figure G-44). (See Appendix H
for a blank reproducible copy of DA Form 3595-R.)

QUALIFICATION STANDARDS
To achieve the lowest possible individual qualification rating, a soldier must achieve a minimum score of 23
target hits on a standard record fire range.
A qualification rating is granted to soldiers who demonstrate performance as follows:
Expert: Hits 36 to 40 targets.
Sharpshooter: Hits 30 to 35 targets.
Marksman: Hits 23 to 29 targets.
A qualification rating is granted to soldiers on the alternate course as follows:
Expert: Hits 38 to 40 targets.
Sharpshooter: Hits 33 to 37 targets.
Marksman: Hits 26 to 32 targets.
If the test is changed or not conducted as prescribed, the standards are irrelevant. Many performance indicators
are not observed and give false results as to individual and unit readiness.
A soldier who fails to qualify on his first try must receive remedial training before firing again. However,
whether or not the soldier exceeds the minimum qualification standard, the official rating is marksman. For
example, if the soldier fires a 37 on his second firing, the qualification rating is recorded as 23.

Section IX ALTERNATE QUALIFICATION COURSES
Units should conduct rifle qualification on a standard record fire range. Convenience and comfort should not be
the prime consideration when choosing a range. The known-distance alternate course is used by all components
of the Active Army, US Army Reserve, and Army National Guard when a standard record fire range is not
available. The 25-meter alternate course is used when neither a standard record fire nor a known-distance range
is available for rifle qualification. Units are permitted to use the 15-meter scaled alternate course only if a 25meter range is not available.
The official records of personnel who are using an alternate rifle qualification course are noted to distinguish
alternate qualification ratings from standard record fire course ratings. For example, official personnel records
are annotated as follows:
JONES, John Q. 000-00-0000 Expert 36 (RF)
JONES, John Q. 000-00-0000 Expert 38 (KDAC)
JONES, John Q. 000-00-0000 Expert 38 (AC)

THE 25-/15-METER ALTERNATE COURSE
The 25-/15-meter alternate course provides units a way to test a soldier's rifle marksmanship proficiency. A
soldier undergoing rifle qualification should first confirm the zero setting on his rifle before engaging the
alternate course. The zero may be confirmed with the 25-meter battlesight zero procedure of six sighter rounds,
which are fired in the prone supported position. Sighter rounds do not count for score. Training/sustainment
ammunition is used for sighter rounds if a zeroing exercise is not conducted the day of record fire.
Firing at scaled silhouettes gives the soldier the chance to engage targets with time limits and feedback.
Engaging targets at 25/15 meters precludes any training value received on target detection or the effects of wind
and gravity, which is learned when firing at longer distances. Rifle qualification requirements are scheduled on
the 25-/15-meter alternate course, when a standard record fire or known-distance range is not available. The
alternate course is an eight-hour course of instruction, as follows:

25-/15-meter zeroing 4 hours
Record fire 4 hours

EQUIPMENT
Frame, target (local manufacture)

1 for each lane

E-type silhouette (NSN 6920-00-071-4780)

1 for each lane

Target, zeroing, 25-/15-meter,
25-meter (NSN 6920-01-1671392)(Ml6Al/A2)

1 for each firer*

15-meter (NSN 6920-01-1671394)(Ml6A2)

1 for each firer*

15-meter (NSN 6920-01-253-4005)
(M16A1)

1 for each firer

Target, scaled, silhouette
25-meter (NSN 6920-01-167-1398)
15-meter (NSN 6920-01-167-1396)

2 for each firer
2 for each firer

Pasters, black, (NSN 6920-00-165-6354)

As required

Pasters, buff, (NSN 6920-00-172-3572)

As required

Tacker, target with staples

As required

Ammunition, zeroing

18(6) rounds for each
firer**

Ammunition, record firing

40 rounds for each firer

Magazines, ammunition

2 for each firer

Paste, wheat

Optional

Stopwatch

1 each

Scorecard

1 for each firer

Whistle, buzzer, or horn

1 each

* Also used if sighter rounds are fired.
** Six if sighter rounds are fired.

RANGE ORGANIZATION
The alternate course can be conducted on any 25-meter, 1,000-inch, or 15-meter (50-foot) indoor range where
service ammunition can be fired. Because range facilities differ, so will range equipment for each unit
conducting training. Target frames can be built locally. Target tackers or paste can be used to affix target sheets
to target frames. Target sheets can be repaired with pasters or changed after each soldier completes each table.
(Local supplies dictate target repair and replacement procedures.)
The chief range officer ensures the safety of all personnel and the proper operation of his range. His duties
include organizing personnel into firing orders, assigning numbers, managing ammunition, and assigning target
details. He can assign NCOs to perform all these duties.
The tower operator issues fire commands, or the chief range officer performs this duty.
The safety officer gives required range safety briefings and organizes firing orders, or the chief range officer
performs this duty. Local regulations can require appointing a safety officer.
Personnel in firing orders perform as firing line safety crew, coaches, and scorers.

CONDUCT OF TRAINING
Firers engage each of the 10 scaled silhouettes with one round from the first magazine. They perform a rapid
magazine change and engage each scaled silhouette again with one round from the second magazine. Fire
commands are given by the chief range officer or tower operator.
TABLE 2: Prone supported position, 2 magazines of 10 rounds each, 120 seconds.
FIRERS, ASSUME A PRONE SUPPORTED POSITION.
COACHES, ISSUE THE FIRER TWO MAGAZINES OF TEN ROUNDS EACH.
THE FIRING LINE IS NO LONGER CLEAR.
LOCK, ONE MAGAZINE OF TEN ROUNDS, LOAD. (Pause.)
LOAD YOUR SECOND MAGAZINE OF TEN ROUNDS AT YOUR OWN COMMAND.
IS THE LINE READY?
The chief range officer pauses to observe the firing line to ensure all soldiers are in position and ready to begin
the engagement. If not, the firing line safety crew gets them in position and informs the chief range officer when
all soldiers are ready. If no problems exist, the chief range officer continues with the fire commands.
READY ON THE RIGHT?
READY ON THE LEFT?
THE FIRING LINE IS READY.
FIRERS, WATCH YOUR LANE.
A whistle, buzzer, horn, or other loud audible signal is sounded to begin the exercise and sounded again to cease
fire.
CEASE FIRE, CEASE FIRE, CEASE FIRE. (Given at the same time as the signal.)
ARE THERE ANY ALIBIS?

Allowable alibis are allotted six seconds for each unfired round. An allowable alibi is a malfunction of the rifle
or ammunition -- it is not associated with firer error. Rounds not expended during the allotted time do not
constitute an alibi and are counted as misses. The firing line safety crew notes the number of alibi rounds to be
fired and times the soldier. If a rifle continues to malfunction, the armorer removes it from the firing line for
inspection and repair.
Cross-fires are not allowable alibis for the cross-firing soldier. The recipient of the cross-fired rounds refires the
table. The cross-firer is awarded misses for those shots on the wrong target, and he may be allowed to refire the
course. Regardless of his total hits during refire, he can be rated only as a marksman with a score of 26. The
recipient is not penalized. If there are alibis, the chief range officer repeats the fire commands; otherwise, he
continues the exercise.
CLEAR ALL WEAPONS.
CLEAR ON THE RIGHT?
CLEAR ON THE LEFT?
THE FIRING LINE IS CLEAR.
FIRERS, AND COACHES MOVE DOWNRANGE, SCORE AND REPAIR OR REPLACE YOUR
TARGET.
TABLE 2: Prone unsupported position, 2 magazines of 10 rounds each, 120 seconds.
NOTE: The fire commands and alibi procedures are the same as in Table 1.

QUALIFICATION STANDARDS
The chief range officer briefs all soldiers on the proper scoring procedures. The firing line safety crew-•

Perform as scorers.

•

Inform the chief range officer of cross-fires.

•

Inform the chief range officer of allowable alibis.

•

Accurately count hits and misses. A hit is any bullet hole that is either completely within or touches some
part of the scaled silhouette. If a bullet hole does not touch some part of the scaled silhouette, it is
counted as a miss. Ricochets are counted as hits or misses.

•

Count only two hits for each silhouette for score in each table.

•

Complete the scorecard.

•

Assist the soldier with target repair.

•

Total, sign, and return the completed scorecard to the chief range officer.

Qualification ratings for the alternate course are as follows:
•

Expert: Hits 38 to 40 targets

•

Sharpshooter: Hits 33 to 37 targets

•

Marksman: Hits 26 to 32 targets

•

Unqualified: Hits 25 and below

These courses are fired IAW DA Form 5790-R (Record Firing Scorecard--Scaled Target Alternate
Course)(Figure G-45.)(See Appendix H for a blank reproducible copy of this form.)

FM 23-9 Appendix H

APPENDIX H

Reproducible Forms
This appendix provides a blank copy of:
DA Form 3009-R (Target Detection Exercise Answer Sheet, Periods 1, 2, and 8)
DA Form 3010-R (Target Detection Exercise Answer Sheet, Period 3)
DA Form 3011-R (Target Detection Exercise Answer Sheet, Period 5)
DA Form 3014-R (Target Detection Exercise Answer Sheets Test No. 2 and No. 3, Period 9)
DA Form 3595-R (Record Fire Scorecard)
DA Form 3601-R (Single Target Field Firing Scorecard)
DA Form 5239-R (75-, 175-, and 300-Meter Downrange Feedback Scorecard)
DA Form 5241-R (Single and Multiple Targets-Field Firing Scorecard)
DA Form 5789-R (Record Firing Scorecard-Known-Distance Course)(Front)
DA Form 5789-R (Record Firing Scorecard-Known-Distance Course)(Back)
DA Form 5790-R (Record Firing Scorecard-Scaled Target Alternate Course)(Front).
DA Form 5790-R (Record Firing Scorecard-Scaled Target Alternate Course)(Back).
DA Form 5791-R (Target Detection Exercise Answer Sheet, Period 7)
These forms are not available through normal supply channels. You may reproduce them locally on 8 1/2
x 11 inch paper.

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Glossary

Section I. ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS
AC - Alternate course
AMU - Army marksmanship unit
AR - Army regulation
ARM - advanced rifle marksmanship
ARTEP - Army training and evaluation program
ATC - US Army Training Command
BRM - basic rifle marksmanship
BT - basic training
C - centigrade
cm - centimeter
DA - Department of the Army
DS - direct support
F - Fahrenheit
FM - frequency modulation
fps - feet per second
FPF - final protective fire
FSN - Federal stock number
FTX - field training exercise
GS - general support
GTA - graphic training aid
Hz - hertz
IAW - in accordance with
IET - initial entry training
KD - known distance
kg - kilogram
km - kilometer
kmph - kilometers per hour
LBE - load-bearing equipment
LFX - live-fire exercise

LLLSS - low-light level sight system
LOI - letter of instruction
MAIT - maintenance assistance and instruction team
METL - mission-essential task list
m - meter
mg - milligram
MILES - multiple integrated laser engagement system
Mm - millimeter
MOPP - mission-oriented protective posture
MOS - military occupational specialty
MOUT - military operations on urbanized terrain
mph - miles per hour
MPRC - multipurpose range complex
NBC - nuclear, biological, chemical
NCO - noncommissioned officer
NCOIC - noncommissioned officer in charge
NG - Army National Guard
NSN - national stock number
NVD - night vision device
OIC - officer in charge
OSUT - one station unit training
PH - probability of hit
POC - point of contact
POI - program(s) of instruction
PPA - plastic practice ammunition
PRI - preliminary rifle instruction
RATELO - radiotelephone operator
RETS - remote electronic target system
RFA - rimfire adapter
ROTC - Reserve Officers' Training Corps
SAAD - small-arms air defense

SAW - squad automatic weapon
SOP - standing operating procedure
SQT - skill qualification test
TASC - Training and Audiovisual Support Center
TEC - training extension course
TM - technical manual
TRADOC - Training and Doctrine Command
TVT - television tape
USAMU - US Army Marksmanship Unit
USAR - United States Army Reserve

Section II. DEFINITIONS
Active Army - All Regular Army (RA) forces in the Active Army.
Adjusted Aiming Point - An aiming point that allows for gravity, wind, target movement, zero changes, and
MOPP firing.
Advanced Marksmanship - Normally refers to marksmanship skills taught during ARM.
Advanced Rifle Marksmanship (ARM) - Normally refers to the formal marksmanship instruction received by
infantrymen upon completion of BRM during OSUT.
Aiming - A marksmanship fundamental; refers to the precise alignment of the rifle sights with the target.
Aiming Card - The M15A1 aiming card is a cardboard sleeve with a moveable insert. The rear sight aperture,
front sight post, and target are pictured. This training device is used in conjunction with aiming instructions.
Aiming Point - A place on a target in which the rifle sights are aligned, normally the target center of mass.
Alibi Target - A target or additional target a soldier is allowed to engage during qualification firing when unable
to complete a record fire scenario due to circumstances beyond his control; for example, a target mechanism,
weapon, or ammunition malfunction.
Alternate Course (AC) - Alternatives to standard qualifications are discussed in Appendix G.
Ammunition Lot - A quantity of cartridges each of which is made by one manufacturer under uniform
conditions and is expected to work in a uniform manner.
Ammunition Lot Number - Code number that identifies a particular quantity of ammunition from one
manufacturer.
Aperture - The hole in the rear sight.
Armorer - One who services and makes repairs on small arms and performs similar duties to keep small arms
ready for use.
Army Training and Evaluation Program (ARTEP) - A guide for the training and evaluation of critical unit
combat missions - crew/squad through battalion/task force echelon.
Army Training Center (ATC) - Conducts OSUT and BRM. Locations are Fort Benning, GA; Fort Jackson,
SC; Fort Dix, NJ; Fort Leonard Wood, MO; Fort McClellan, AL; Fort Knox, KY; Fort Sill, OK; and Fort Bliss,
TX
Artificial Illumination - Any light from a man-made source.
Assault Course - An area of ground used for training soldiers in attacking an enemy in close combat.
Automatic Fire - A firing mode that causes the weapon to continue firing as long as the trigger is held or until
all ammunition has been expended.
Ball - The projectile; the bullet.
Ball Ammunition - General-purpose standard service ammunition with a solid core bullet.
Ball and Dummy - An exercise that substitutes a dummy round for a live round without the firer knowing it. An
excellent exercise for identifying and correcting trigger jerk.
Ballistics - A science that deals with the motion and flight characteristics of projectiles.

Barrel Erosion - Wearing away of the surface of the bore due to the combined effects of gas washing, coring,
and mechanical abrasion.
Basic Marksmanship - Fundamental marksmanship skills taught in BRM during IET and OSLTT.
Basic Rifle Marksmanship (BRM) - The formal course of marksmanship instruction received by all soldiers.
Battlesight Zero - A sight setting that soldiers keep on their weapons. It provides the highest probability of
hitting most high-priority combat targets with minimum adjustment to the aiming point, a 250-meter sight setting
as on the M16A1 rifle, and a 300-meter sight setting as on the M16A2 rifle.
Blank Ammunition - A complete cartridge without the bullet used to simulate weapon firing.
Blank Firing Adapter (BFA) - A device that fits in the muzzle of the rifle; used only with blank ammunition.
Brass - An alloy of copper and zinc used to make cartridge cases and bullet jackets. Also, a common name for
expended cases.
Breath Control - The third marksmanship fundamental; refers to the control of breathing to help keep the rifle
steady during firing.
Bullet - The projectile or ball; the part that goes downrange. It may also be used to refer to the complete
cartridge.
Bull's-Eye Target - Any target with a round black circle and scoring rings. Normally used in competitive
marksmanship training.
Buttplate - Metal or rubber covering of the end of the stock on the rifle.
Cadre Coach - A trainer with expertise and knowledge exceeding that of the firer.
Caliber - Diameter of the bore; for example, the M 16-series rifle bore is 5.56 mm. (.223 inch).
Cartridge - A complete round of ammunition.
Center Of Mass - A point that is horizontally (left and right) and vertically (up and down) at the center of the
target.
Chambering - The step in the cycle of operation that refers to fully se seating the round in the chamber.
Chamber Plug - A range safety device that is a small plastic plug designed to fit into the chamber of the M16. A
handle extends out the ejection port so safety personnel can see at a glance that the rifle is clear of ammunition.
Clock Method - Method of calling shots by referring to the figures on an imaginary clock dial assumed to have
the target at its center. Also a method of determining the strength and direction of wind.
Coach - Any individual who assists firers on the firing line.
Coach-and-Pupil Method - Method of training in which pairs of pupils take turns practicing a procedure
explained by the instructor/trainer.
Cocking - The step in the cycle of operation that refers to the rearward movement of the bolt riding over the
hammer, resetting the weapon for subsequent firing.
Collective Firing Proficiency - Units delivering effective fire in a tactical setting. It requires individual skill
plus command and control to engage all targets within an assigned sector.

Concurrent Training - Training that occurs at the same time other unit members are using the primary training
facilities.
Cookoff - A round that fires as a result of a hot chamber without the trigger being pulled. It can occur any time
until the weapon has cooled.
Crack and Thump - A method to determine the general direction and distance to an enemy firer who is
shooting at you.
Cradle - A Vise-like mechanism that holds a weapon in a secured position for test firing.
Cross Dominance - A soldier with a dominant hand and a dominant eye that are not the same; for example, a
right-handed firer with a dominant left eye.
Cycle of Operation - The eight steps involved in firing a round: feeding, chambering, locking, firing, unlocking,
extracting, ejecting, and cocking.
Cyclic Rate of Fire - The maximum rate at which a weapon will fire in the automatic mode.
Dime (Washer) Exercise - A dry-fire exercise used to practice trigger squeeze.
Downrange Feedback - Used to describe any training technique that provides precise knowledge of bullet strike
(whether hit or miss).
Dry Fire - A technique used to simulate the firing of a live round with an empty weapon. Any application of the
fundamentals of marksmanship without live ammunition may be referred to as dry fire.
Dry-Fire Moving Target Trainer - A small motorized scaled target device used to teach the engagement of
moving personnel targets.
Dummy Ammunition - A cartridge without a primer or powder. Primarily used for ball-and-dummy exercises
on the live-fire line.
Effective Wind - The average of all the varying winds encountered.
Ejection - The step in the cycle of operation that removes the expended cartridge from the weapon out of the
ejection port.
Elevation Adjustment - Rotating the front sight post to cause the bullet to strike higher or lower on the target.
Expert - The highest qualification rating.
External Ballistics - What happens to the bullet between the time it leaves the rifle and the time it arrives at the
target.
Extraction - The step in the cycle of operation that pulls the round from the chamber.
Eye Relief - The distance from the firing eye to the rear sight. Eye relief is a function of stock weld.
Feedback - Obtaining knowledge of performance.
Feedback Target - Targets designed for use at 75, 175, or 300 meters; includes an overprinted grid similar to a
zero target.
Feeding - The step in the cycle of operation that is the forward movement of the bolt, stripping the top round
from the magazine and moving it toward the chamber.
Field Firing - Training on the standard field firing range with target banks at 75, 175, and 300 meters.

Firing - The step in the cycle of operation that refers to pulling the trigger, releasing the hammer to strike the
firing pin, which strikes the primer. The primer ignites and, in turn, ignites the powder charge within the
cartridge case.
Firing Hand - The right hand of a right-handed firer. The left hand of a left-handed firer.
Firing Pin - Plunger in the bolt of a rifle that strikes the primer.
Fleeting Target - A moving target remains within observing or firing distance for such a short period that it
affords little time for deliberate adjustment and fire against it.
Functioning - (See cycle of operation.)
Fundamentals of Rifle Marksmanship - The four essential elements needed to hit targets: steady position,
aiming, breath control, and trigger squeeze.
Gravity - The natural pull of all objects to the center of the earth.
Grouping - A live-fire exercise with the objective of shooting tight shot groups.
Gun Bore Line - A reference line established by the linear extension of the bore axis of a gun.
Headspace - The distance between the face of the bolt (fully closed) and the face of a fully chambered cartridge.
Hold-off - (See adjusted aiming point.)
Horizontal Dispersion - The left-to-right displacement of bullets on a target.
Immediate Action - A procedure applied to rapidly reduce any rifle stoppage without determining its cause.
Individual Firing Proficiency - Individual firing skills; for example, an individual's performance on the record
fire course.
Infantry Remoted Target System (IRETS) - (See RETS.)
Infrared Aiming Light - A unique night sighting system that uses infrared light to assist in the aiming process.
Initial Entry Training (IET) - Indicates the first training received by a new soldier, including the MOSproducing portion of his training such as one-station unit training (OSUT).
Initial Pressure - The application of about half of the total trigger pressure it takes to fire the rifle.
Instructor/Trainer Ratio - The number of soldiers for which each instructor/trainer is responsible.
Internal Ballistics - What happens to the bullet before it leaves the muzzle of the rifle.
Known Distance (KD) - Describes the older range complexes with large target frames behind a large berm and
firing lines at 100-yard or 100-meter increments. (See FM 25-7.)
Laser - Light amplification by simulated emission of radiation.
Lead - Distance ahead of a moving target that a rifle must be aimed to hit the target.
Lead Rule - Provides a soldier guidance on how to adjust his aiming point to hit moving targets.
Line of Sight - A line between the rifle and the aiming point, extending from the firing eye through the center of
the rear aperture, across the tip of the front sight post, and onto the target.

Location of Miss and Hit (LOMAH) - A projectile location system that provides immediate and precise
information to the firer concerning bullet strike (hit or miss).
Locking - The step in the cycle of operation that is a counterclockwise rotation of the bolt, securing it into the
barrel locking lugs.
Long-Range Sight - The aperture marked L on the M16A1 rifle equipped with standard sights; provides for a
zero at 375 meters. The M16A1 rifle equipped with LLLSS has an aperture marked 1, but it is a regular sight.
Low-Light Level Sight System (LLLSS) - A sighting system for low visibility firing that replaces the standard
front and rear sights on the M16AI rifle.
Marksman - The designation given to the lowest qualification rating.
Maximum Effective Range - The greatest distance at which a soldier may be expected to deliver a target hit.
Maximum Effective Rate of Fire - The highest rate of fire that can be maintained and still achieve target hits.
Maximum Range - The longest distance a projectile travels when fired from a weapon held at the optimum
angle.
Minute of Angle - An angle that would cover I inch at a distance of 100 yards, 2 inches at 200 yards, and so on.
Each click of sight adjustment on the M 16A1 rifle with standard sights is equal to one minute of angle.
Multiple Integrated Laser Engagement System (MILES) - A tactical shooting device that uses a low-powered
laser to activate detectors placed on people or vehicles.
Multipurpose Arcade Combat Simulator (MACS) - A part-task weapons trainer that is under development.
The system consists of a light pen attached to the weapon, video monitor, and microcomputer.
Muzzle Velocity - The speed of a projectile as it leaves the muzzle of the weapon.
Natural Point of Aim - The direction the body/rifle combination is oriented while in a stable, relaxed firing
position.
Natural Respiratory Pause - The temporary cessation of breathing between an exhale and inhale.
Night Firing - Firing performed under all conditions of limited visibility.
Non firing Hand - The opposite of the firing hand.
Optical Sight - Sight with lenses, prisms, or mirrors used in lieu of iron sights.
Paige Sighting Device - A device with a small-scaled target that fits into the muzzle of the weapon, allowing the
soldier to practice aiming.
Pasters - Small white or black gum-backed paper used for covering bullet holes.
Peep Sight - The rear sight; a sight with a small aperture (hole).
Peer Coach - A soldier with shooting experience and knowledge equal to that of the firer he is coaching.
Pit - The target area behind the large berm of a KD rTnge.
Plastic Ammunition - Ammunition with a plastic projectile, high-muzzle velocity (the light weight causes it to
lose velocity rapidly with a maximum range of 500 meters or less) designed for use in close-in training areas;
frangible bullet.
Point of Aim - The exact spot on a target the rifle sights are aligned with.

Point of Impact - The point that a bullet strikes; usually considered in relation to point of aim.
Pop, No Kick - A firing condition when the primer ignites and the powder charge does not. This normally
results in lodging the bullet in the bore.
Pop-Up Target - A silhouette target that is activated remotely so it can suddenly appear and fall when struck by
a bullet.
Practice Record - Firing conducted on a qualification course for practice.
Predetermined Fire - A technique of aligning the rifle during good visibility so the rifle can be aligned and
fired on designated areas when they cannot be seen due to darkness, smoke, or fog.
Preparatory Marksmanship Training (PMT) - All marksmanship training that takes place before live fire.
Primer - A small explosive device in the center base of the cartridge case that is struck by the firing pin to fire
the round.
Probability of Hit (PH) - Ranging from 0 to 1.0, it refers to the odds of a given round hitting the target at a
given range.
Qualification Firing - Firing on any authorized course that results in meeting qualification requirements; may
also be called record fire. (See record fire.)
Quick Fire - A technique of fire used to engage surprise targets at close ranges.
Range Card - Small chart on which ranges and directions to various targets and other important points in the
area under fire are recorded.
Rapid Semiautomatic Fire - A firing procedure that results in an accurate shot being fired every one or two
seconds.
Receiver - That portion of a firearm that holds the barrel and houses the bolt and firing mechanism.
Recoil - The rearward motion or kick of a gun upon firing.
Record Fire - Any course of fire used to determine if qualification standards are met. The standard record fire
course consists of 40 target exposures at ranges between 50 and 300 meters. The standard course requires 23 hits
to qualify as marksman, 30 for sharpshooter, and 36 for expert.
Reduced Range Ammunition - Ammunition that is designed to be a ballistic match with service ammunition to
an appropriate range for training (may be less than maximum effective range) and a reduced maximum range.
Regular Rear Sight - The M16A.1 rifle rear sight that is zeroed for 250 meters (the unmarked aperture on rifles
with standard sights and the aperture marked L on rifles equipped with LLLSS).
Reinforcement Training - Training conducted that is over and above scheduled training.
Remedial Action - A procedure applied after immediate action has failed to correct a malfunction, which
determines the cause of the malfunction.
Remedial Training - Additional training presented to soldiers who have demonstrated special shooting
problems.
Remote Electronic Target System (RETS) - New range complexes. Some ranges include moving targets.
Reserve Components - Includes Army National Guard and Army Reserve forces.
Ricochet Fire - Fire in which the projectile glances from a surface after impact.

Riddle Sighting Device - A small magnetic device with a scaled target that attaches to the front sight assembly,
allowing the soldier to practice aiming.
Rifle Cant - Any leaning of the rifle to the left or right from a vertical position during firing.
Rimfire Adapter - The caliber .22 rimfire adapter (M261) consists of a bolt and a magazine insert, which allows
standard .22-caliber ammunition to be fired in the M16 rifle.
Round - May refer to a complete cartridge or to the bullet.
Scaled-Silhouette Target - Any target that is reduced in size. When it is observed from 25 meters, it looks the
same size as though at a greater range.
Sector of Fire - An area assigned to an individual, weapon, or unit to be covered by fire.
Semiautomatic Fire - A mode of fire that allows one round to be fired each time the trigger is pulled.
Serviceability Checks - A technical inspection of the rifle to determine if it is safe to fire and in working
condition. (May not ensure accuracy.)
Service Ammunition - Standard ammunition used by the military. Ammunition designed for combat.
Service Rifle - The primary rifle of a military force.
Service School - Branch schools such as the US Army Infantry School at Fort Benning, GA, and the Armor
School at Fort Knox, KY.
Sharpshooter - The middle rating of qualification.
Shot Group - A number of shots fired using the same aiming point, which accounts for rifle, ammunition, and
firer variability. Three shots are enough, but any number of rounds may be fired in a group.
Shot-Group Analysis - A procedure for analyzing the size of shot groups on a target to determine firer error.
Sight Alignment - Placing the center tip of the front sight post in the exact center of the rear aperture.
Sighter Rounds - Rounds fired that allow the bullet strike to be observed in relation to the aiming point.
Sight Picture - Placing correct sight alignment on a selected aiming point on a target.
Sight Radius - The distance from the front sight post to the rear sight aperture of a rifle.
Sighting Device (M16) - A small metal device with a tinted square of glass that is placed on the carrying handle,
allowing a coach to see what the firer sees through the sights.
Silhouette Target - A target that represents the outline of a man.
Spotters - A round cardboard disk placed in bullet holes with a small wooden peg so that bullet strike can be
observed from the firing line.
Squad Automatic Weapon (SAW) - A lightweight, one-man, 5.56-mm machine gun.
Starlight Scope - A weapon scope that amplifies ambient light so targets can be seen and effectively engaged
during darkness. The AN/PVS-2 and AN/PVS-4 are used on the M16 rifle.
Steady Position - The first marksmanship fundamental, which refers to the establishment of a position that
allows the weapon to be held still while it is being fired. Stock Weld -The contact of the cheek with the stock of
the weapon.

Supported Position - Any position that uses something other than the body to steady the weapon (artificial
support).
Suppressive Fire - Any engagement that does not have a definite or visible target. Firing in the general direction
of known or suspected enemy location.
Sustained Rate of Fire - Rate of fire that a weapon can continue to deliver for an indefinite period without
overheating.
Terminal Ballistics - What happens to the bullet when it comes in contact with the target.
Tight Shot Group - A shot group with all bullet holes close together.
Tracer Ammunition - Ammunition with a substance at the rear of the bullet that ignites soon after firing. It
burns brightly so the trajectory of the bullet can be seen.
Tracking - Engaging moving targets where the lead is established and maintained; moving with the target as the
trigger is squeezed.
Train the Trainer - Describes any training that is designed to train marksmanship instructors or coaches.
Trainfire - A marksmanship program using pop-up targets in a realistic environment. Trajectory -The flight path
the bullet takes from the rifle to the target.
Trapping - A technique for engaging moving targets. The aiming point is established forward of the target. The
rifle is held stationary and fired as the target approaches the aiming point.
Trigger Squeeze - The fourth fundamental; squeezing the trigger so that the movement of firing is a surprise, the
lay of the weapon is not disturbed, and a large target hit can be expected.
Unit Marksmanship - All marksmanship training that is conducted by units.
Unlocking - The step in the cycle of operation that refers to the clockwise rotation of the bolt after firing, freeing
the bolt from the barrel locking lugs.
Unsupported Position - Any position that requires the firer to hold the weapon steady using only his body (bone
support).
Vertical Dispersion - The up-and-down displacement of bullets on a target.
Weaponeer - A training device that simulates the firing of the M16 rifle to provide performance feedback.
Windage Adjustment - Moving the rear sight aperture to cause the bullet to strike left or right on the target.
Wind Value - The effect the wind will have on the trajectory of the bullet.
Wobble Area - The natural movement of the weapon/sights on and around an aiming point when the weapon is
being held in a steady position.
Zero Criterion - The standard or requirement for zeroing; 4-centimeter or smaller group at 25 meters.
Zeroing - Adjusting the rifle sights so bullets hit the aiming point at a given range.
Zero Target - A scaled-silhouette target with a superimposed grid for use at 25 meters.

References
REQUIRED PUBLICATIONS
Required publications are sources that users must read in order to understand or to comply with this publication.
Army Regulations (ARs)
AR 190-11

Physical Security of Arms, Ammunition,
and Explosives

AR 210-21

Ranges and Training Areas

AR 385-63

Policies and Procedures for Firing
Ammunition for Training, Target Practice
and Combat

Army Training and Evaluation Programs (ARTEPs)
ARTEP 7-20-MTP

Mission Training Plan for the Infantry
Battalions

ARTEP 71-2-MTP

Mission Training Plan for the Tank and
Mechanized Battalion Task Force

Department of the Army Forms (DA Forms)
DA Form 3009-R

Target Detection Exercise - Answer Sheet
(Periods 1, 2, & 8)

DA Form 3010-R

Target Detection Exercise - Answer Sheet
(Period 3)

DA Form 3011-R

Target Detection Exercise - Answer Sheet
(Period 5)

DA Form 3014-R

Target Detection Exercise - Answer Sheet
(Period 9)

DA Form 3595-R

Record Fire Scorecard

DA Form 3601-R

Field - Firing Single Target Scorecard

DA Form 5239-R

75-,175-, and 300-Meter Down Range
Feedback Scorecard

DA Form 5241-R

Multiple Target Scorecard - Field Firing
Score Card

DA Form 5789-R

Record Firing Scorecard, Known Distance Course

DA Form 5790-R

Record Firing Scorecard, Scaled Target
Alternate Course

DA Form 5791-R

Target Detection Exercise - Answer Sheet
(Period 7)

Technical Manuals (TMs)
TM 7-6920-703-14&P

Trainer, Rifle Marksmanship
(Weaponeer) (US Navy)

TM 9-1005-249-10

Operator's Manual for Rifle, 5.56-mm,
M16

TM 9-1005-319-10

US Marine Corps Operator's Manual of
Components List, 5.56-mm, M16A2 W/E

TM 11-5855-203-10

Operator's Manual for Night Vision Sight,
Individual Served Weapon AN/PVS-2,
AN/PVS-2A, and AN/PVS-2B

TM 11-5855-213-10

Operator's Manual for Night Vision Sight,
Individual Served Weapon, AN/PVS-4
(NSN 5855-629-5334)

TM 11-5855-238-10

Operator's Manual for Night Vision
Goggles AN/PVS-5 and AN/PVS-5A
(5855-150-1820)

TM 11-5855-261-10

Operator's Manual for Aiming Light,
Infrared, AN/PAQ-4 (5855-01-107-5925)
Television Tapes (TVTs)

TVT 7-1

Teaching Basic Rifle Marksmanship, Part
I

TVT 7-2

Teaching Basic Rifle Marksmanship, Part
II

TVT 7-13

Overview of the Basic Rifle
Marksmanship Training Program

RELATED PUBLICATIONS
Related publications are sources of additional information. They are not required in order to understand this
publication.
Army Regulations (AR)
AR 350-6

Army - Wide Small Arms Competitive
Marksmanship

AR 350-41

Army Forces Training

Department of the Army Pamphlets (DA Pams)
DA Pam 25-30

Consolidated Index of Army Publications
and Blank Forms

DA Pam 310-12

Index and Description of Army Training
Devices

DA Pam 350-38

Standards in Weapons Training
Field Manuals (FMs)

FM 5-20

Camouflage

FM 7-8 (HTF)

The Infantry Platoon and Squad (Infantry,
Airborne, Air Assault, Ranger) (How to
Fight)

FM 21-75

Combat Skills of the Soldier

FM 22-5

Drill and Ceremonies

FM 22-6

Guard Duty

FM 23-31

40-mm Grenade Launchers, M203 and
M79

FM 25-1

Training

FM 25-2

Unit Training Management

FM 25-3

Training in Units

FM 25-4

How to Conduct Training Exercises

FM 25-7

Training Ranges

FM 25-100

Training the Force
Graphic Training Aids (GTAs)

GTA 21-1-3

M16A1 (Rifle) Maintenance Card

GTA 25-6-1

MILES Instructor's Lesson Plan Booklet

GTA 25-6-7

Instructor's Controller Training Guide

GTA 25-6-9

Instructor's MILES Equipment Training
Guide - Infantry
Student Training Publication (STP)

STP 7-11BCHM14-SMTG

Soldier's Manual and Trainer's Guide,
MOS 11B, 11C 11H, and 11M Infantry,
Levels 1/2/3/4

Training Circular (TC)
TC 23-14

Sniper Training and Employment

Training Extension Course Lessons (TEC Lessons)
TEC 939-071-0009-F

Loading/Unloading M16A1 Rifle

TEC 939-071-0010-F

Disassemble/Assemble M16A1 Rifle

TEC 939-071-0011-F

Maintaining the M16A1 Rifle

TEC 939-071-0012-F

Preventing and Correcting Common
Malfunctions
Technical Manuals (TMs)

TM 9-1005-249-23&P

Organizational and Intermediate
Maintenance (Including Repair Parts and
Special Tools List) for Rifle, 5.56-mm,
M16A2

TM 9-1005-249-24&P

Organizational, Direct Support, and
General Support Maintenance Manual
Including Repair Parts and Special Tools
List for Rifle, 5.56-mm, M16 and M16A1

TM 9-6920-363-12&P

Operator and Organizational Maintenance
Manual (Including Repair Parts and
Special Tools List) for Conversion Kit
(Cal. .22 Rimfire Adapter) M261 for
Rifle: 5.56-mm, M16 and M16A1

TM 9-1005-319-23&P

Organizational and Intermediate
Maintenance (Including Repair Parts and
Special Tools List) for Rifle, 5.56-mm,
M16A2



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