M6800 Co Resident Assembler Reference Manual 1976

M6800_Co-Resident_Assembler_Reference_Manual_1976 M6800_Co-Resident_Assembler_Reference_Manual_1976

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>l68CRA(D)
Nov., 1976

>16800
CO- RESIDENT ASSEI>ffiLER

•

REFERENCE MANUAL

The information in this manual has been carefully checked and is
believed to be entirely reliable . However , no responsibility is assumed
for inaccuracies. Furthermore, such information does not convey to the
purchaser of the product described any license under the patent rights
of Motorola or others.
EXORciser, EXbug , MIKBUG , and MINIBUG are trademarks of l>1otoro!a,

Inc .

Firs t Edi tion

Motorola , Inc ., 1976
" All Rights Reserved 11

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER 1:

1.1
1.2
1.2.1
1. 2. 2
1.3
1. 3. 1
1. 3. 2
1.4
1.5
1. 5.1
1.5 . 2
CHAPTER 2 :

2.1
2. 1.1
2.1. 2
2.1.3
2.1. 4
2.1.5
2.2
2 . 2.1
2.2.2
2.3
2.4
2.4 . 1
2.4 . 2
2.4 . 3
2. 4.4
2. 4.5
2.5
2.5.1
2.5.2
CHAPTER 3:

3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
3.5
3. 6

GENERAL INFORMATION

1-1

Introduction
M6800 Co- Resident Assembler Language
Machine Operation Codes
Directives
H6800 Co-Resident Assembler
Assembler Aims
Assembler Operation
Ordering Information
Operating Environments
Equipment Requirements
Software Requirements

1-1
1- 1

CODING M6800 CO- RESIDENT
LANGUAGE PROGRAMS

ASS~mLER

1-1
1-1

1- 2
1-2
1-2
1- 2
1- 2
1-2
1-3
2-1
2- 1
2-1
2-1

Source Statement Format
Sequence Numbers
Label Field
Operation Field
Operand Fie Id
Comment Field
Expressions
Constants
ASCII Literals
Symbols
N6800 Addressing Modes
Inheren t and Accumulator Addressing Node
Immediate Addressing Mode
Relative Addressing Mode
Indexed Addressing Mode
Direct and Extended Addressing Mode
Assembler Lis ting
Assembly Listing
Object Program

2-3
2-3
2-3
2-4
2-4
2-4
2- 4
2-4
2-4
2-5
2-5
2-5
2- 5
2- 5
2- 6

ASSEMBLER DIRECTIVES

3- 1

Introduction

3-1
3-4
3- 4
3- 5
3-6
3-7

End
EQU
FCB
FCC
FDB

Equa te Symbol Value
Form Cons tan t Byte
Form Constant Character
Form Double Constant Byte

i

2- 2

TABLE OF CONTENTS (CONT INUED)
3. 7
3. 8
3.9
3 .10
3 . 11
3. 1 2
CHAPTER 4:

NAN - - Pro gram Name

RMB
Reserve Memory Bytes
SPC -- Space

3-8
3- 8
3- 9
3-11
3-11
3- 12

ASSEMBLY INFORMATION

4- 1

OPT -- Output Option
ORG -- Origin

PAGE -- Top of Page

4 .1
4.2

General Information
Co-Resident Assembler Tape/Cassette
Operating Procedures
Loadin g Co-Resident Assembler From
4 .2. 1
Tape/Cassette
4 . 2. 1.1 Loading Tape/Cassette Into EXORciser
4.2 . 1.2 Loading Tape/Cassette Into Evaluation

4 . 2.2
4.2 . 3
4.3
4.3.1
4 . 3 .2

APPENDIX A:
APPENDIX B:
APPENDIX C:
APPE.i~DIX D:

APPENDIX E:
APPENDIX F:
APPENDIX G:

APPENDIX H:
APP ENDIX I:

l-Iodule Memory
Assembly loitia tian

4- 1
4-1
4-1
4- 1
4- 1
4- 2

Tape/Casset t e Co- Resident Assembler
Operation
Co- Resident Assembler Diskette
Operating Procedures
Diskette Co- Resident Assembler
Operating Characteristics
Diskette Co-Resident Assembler
Operation

CHARACTER SET
S~~L\RY

OF M6800 INSTRUCTIONS
M6800 CO- RESIDENT ASSEMBLY DIRECTIVES SUMMARY
ASSEMBLER ERROR MESSAGES
ABSOLUTE OBJECT RECORD FORMAT
SA}1PLE PROGRAH
USING MIKBUG VERSION OF THE H6800 CO- RESIDENT SOF'mARE
USE OF OTHER PERIPHERALS WITH THE CO- RESIDENT SOFTH'ARE
PRm! VERSION OF CO- RESIDENT ASSEMBLER/EDITOR

11

4-4

A- 1
B- 1
C-l
D- 1
E-1
F-1

G-1
H-l
1-1

CHAPTER 1
GENERAL INFORNATION
1.1

INTRODUCTION

The H6800 Co-Resident Assembler is a program that processes
source program statements written in H6800 Assembly Language, translates
these source statements into object programs compatible with the H6800
Firw.ware loaders , and produces a formatted listing of the source program .
The H6800 Co - Resident Assembler is compatible t.,rith the HPCASH and H68SAN
cross - assemblers . This Assembler can co-reside in memory with the N6800
Co-Resident Editor . The editor is described in the H6800 Co-Resident
Editor Hanual.
1.2

N6800 CO- RESIDENT ASSEHBLER LANGUAGE

The symbolic language used to code source programs to be processed
by the assembler is called the H6800 Co - Resident Assembler Language .
The language is a collection of mnemonic symbols representing:
Operations
}16800 machine-instruction operation codes
- N6800 Co - Resident Assembler directives
Symbolic names (labels)
Operators
Special symbols
1. 2 . 1

t-lachine Operation Codes

The assembly language provides mnemonic machine- instruction
operation codes for all machine instructions in the M6800 instruction
set . The H6S00 instructions are described in detail in the H6800
Prograrmning Reference Manual. Refer to Appendix B for a surmnary of the
M6800 instructions.
1.2.2

Directives

The assembly language also includes mnemonic directives which
specify auxiliary actions to be performed by the assembler . Directives
are no t always translated into machine language . (Directives are described
in Chapter 3 and a summary of directives is included in Appendix C.)

1- 1

1.3

1'16800 CO- RESIDENT ASSEHBLER

The M680D Co-Resident Assembler translates source statement s
written in H6800 Assembly Language into machine language. assigns
storage locations to instructions and data, and performs auxilia r y
assembler actions designated by the programmer.
1. 3 . 1

Assemble r Aims
The two basic aims of the 1-16800 Co - Resident Assembler are :
To translate source programs into object code in the
format required by the N6800 resident loaders or an
EXORciser-compatible loader.
To provide a printed listing containing the source
language input , assembler object code, and addi t ional
information (such as error codes , if any) useful in
program analysis.

1. 3. 2

Assembler Operation

The assembler reads the source program twice : first , to
develop the symbol table; second, to assemble the object program
with reference to the symbol table developed in Pass 1. During Pass
2. the object code and the assembly listing are generated. Each
source language line is processed before the next line is read .
As each line is processed, the assembler examines the location ,
operation , and operand fields. The operation code table is scanned for
a match with the ope r ation field . If a standard machine operation code
is being processed , the proper data is inserted into the object code .
If a directive is specified, the proper action is taken. The objec t
code and the assembly listing are formed for output , with any detected
actual or po t ential errors flagged before the li ne containing the e r ror
is printed .
1. 4

ORDERING

INFO&~TION

The N6800 Co- Resident Assembler may be used with the ~!6800
EXORciser, Evaluation Nodule I , Evaluation Nodule II and Evalua t ion Kit .
Table 1-1 identifies the options of the Assembler , their part numb er s ,
and the hardware they are designed to wor k with.
1.5

OPERATING ENVIRONMENTS

1. 5 . 1

Equipment Requirements
Ninimum equipment requirements fo r the N6800 Co - Res i dent Assembler

include :

1-2

EXORciser , Evaluation Nodule I, Evaluation Nodule II,
or Evaluation Kit
8k bytes of RAN
Terminal with TTY (20m A neutral loop current) or RS-232C
interface and equipped with an automatic reader/punch
control.
Software Requirements

1. 5. 2

The N6800 Co-Resident Assembler operates with the EXbug
Firmware , the NIKBUG Firmware, and the NINIBUG Firmware. This Assembler
also may be used with EXORdisk and the EDOSII software operating system.

Hhen using the Co- Resident software Iodth Evaluation Nodule I
or the Evaluation Kit modify this hardware in accordance with
Appendix G.
TABLE 1-1 .

HARDHARE
1.

Co - Resident Assembler Packages

SOFnolARE
PACKAGE MANE

EXORciser

SOFTWARE PACKAGE
PART NUl'IBER*

Co- Resident Assembler

N68ASNR013 A, B. 0

Co- Resident
Assembler/Editor

N68ASH6813 A, B

Co- Resident Assembler

N68ASHR213 A, B

(EXbug)

2.

Evaluation
Nodule I
(HIKBUG)

3.

Evaluation
Hodule II
(MINIBUC II)

*A

= Cassette ,

B - Paper Tape, D - Diskette

1-3

CHAPTER 2
CODING M6800 CO- RESIDENT ASSEr-ffiLER
LANGUAGE PROGRAMS
2.1

SOURCE STATEMENT FORMAT

Programs writ t en in assembly language consis t of a sequence of
source statements . Each source statement consists of a sequence of
ASCII characters end i ng wi th a carriage return . Refer to Appendix A
for a listing of the suppor t ed ASCII character set .
Each source statement may include up to five fields :
Sequence number
Label (or ,, *11 i mp l ying a comment)
Operation
Operand
Comment
Sequence Numbers

2 . 1. 1

The sequence number field is an option pr ovi ded as a programmer
convenience . The sequence number field starts at the beginning of a
source line and consists of up to five decima l d i gits (the value must be
less than 65 , 536) . Sequence numbe r s must be followed by a space .
Although sequence numbers are optional, they must be consistentl y
used or not used for an entire program . If t he first source statement
includes a sequence number , then every succeeding statement must also
include a sequence number. If the first sour ce statement is unnumbered ,
then no other statement may be numbered. In this case the Assemble r will
provide sequential line numbers on the assembly listing .
Label Field

2 . 1.2

•

The label field occurs directly after the sequence number field
(if there is one) or as the fi r st f i eld of a source line . The label
field may take one of the following forms:
(1)

(*) as the first char acter indicates tha t
the rest of the source line is a comment and should be
ignored (except for listing pur poses ) by the assembler .

(2)

A blank (b) as the first character indicates that the
label field is empty (the line is not a comment and does
not have a label) .

An asterisk

2-1

(3)

A symbol.

The attributes of a symbol are :
consists of I to 6 characters
valid characters in a symbol are A through Z
and 0 through 9 .
the first character of a symbol must be
alphabetic .
the symbols "A" , "B" , and " XII are special symbols
used by the assembler and should never be used in
the label field .

A symbol may occur only once in the label field . If a symbol does
occur in more than one label field, then each reference to that symbol will
cause an error .
A label (symbol in the label field) is normally assigned the
value of the program location counter of the first byte of the instruction
or data being assembled .
The label of an EQU directive is assigned the value of the
expression in the operand field .
Some directives must not have a label in the label field .
directives include: ORG, NA}I, END, OPT, PAGE, and SPC .

These

Each symbol in a program is allocated an eight byte block in the
symbol table.
2.1. 3

Operation Field

The operation field occurs directly after the label field in an
assembly language source statement . This field consists of an operation
code of three or four characters . The rules governing symbols also apply
to entries in the operation code field.
Entries in the operation code field may be one of two types:
machine mnemonic operation code - these correspond directly
to N6800 machine instructions . This operation code field
includes the "A" or "B" character for the "dual" or
"accumulator" addressing modes. For compatibility with
other H6800 assemblers, a space may separate the operator
f r om the accumulator designation (i . e . , LOA A is the same
as LOAA).
directive - special operation codes known to the assembler
which control the assembly process rather than being translated
directly to machine language.

2-2

•

The assembler searches for opera tion codes in t he table of
machine operation codes and directives. If not found. an error message
is printed.
2 . 1. 4

Operand Field

Interpretation of the operand field is dependent on the
operation field . For the H6800 machine instructions, the operand
fi eld must specify the addressing mode . The ope r and field formats and
the corresponding addressing modes are as fol lows:
N6800 Machine Instruction

Operand Format
no operand
exp ression

11< exp ression >

< expression >. X

Addressing I'!ode
inherent and accumulator
direct or extended
(direct will be used if possible)
immediate
indexed

Addressing modes and expressions are described in the 1'16800
Programming l'~nual . Assembler directives can take on anot her form .
These directives are described in Chapter 3.
2.1.5

Comment Field

The last field of an 1'16800 Assembly Language source line is the
comment field . This field is optional and is ignored by the assembler
except for being included in the listing . The comment field is separated
from the operand field (o r the operator field if there is no operand) by
one or more blanks and may consist of any ASCII charac t er. This field
is important in document ing the operation of a program.
2.2

EXPRESSIONS

An expression is a combination of symbols and/or numbers separated
by one of the arithmetic operators ( +, -, *, or / ).
The assembler evaluates expressions algebraically from left to
righ t without parenthetical grouping . There is no precedence hierarchy
among the arithmetic operators. A fractional result, or intermediate
result obtained during the evaluation of an expression, will be truncated
to an integer value .

2-3

2 . 2.1

Constants
Decimal:
Hexidecimal:

2. 2.2

< number>
$ < number>

<

or
number> H
(first digit in latter case must be 0 - 9)

Octal :

@

< number>

or

< number>

0

Binary :

% 

or



B

or

< number>

Q

ASCII Literals
I iOG
(No Generate)

Causes only 1 line of data
to be listed from the assembler
directions FCC, FCB , and FOB.

•

3-2

TABLE 3-1 .

Assembly Directives (Continued)

FUNCTION

DIRECTIVE

All data generated by the

OPT G

FCC . FCB. and FDB directions
will be printed (selec ted by
defau lt) .
DATA

DEFINITION/STORAGE ALLOCATION

SY~mOL

FCC

Character string data

FCB

One by te da ta

FDB

Double byte data

R}!B

Reserve memory bytes

DEFINITION
Assign permanent value

EQU

3- 3

3.2

END
FORMAT:

END

DESCRIPTION :

3.3

The END directive ind i cates to the Assembler that
the source is finished . Subsequent source statements are ignored . The END directive encountered
at the end of the first pass through the source
program causes the Assembler to start the second
pass .

EQU - Equate Symbol Value
FOro-tAT:



DESCRIPTION:

.EQU'

< e x p ressio n> [ (CQHUnents>]

The EQU directive assigns the value of the expression
in the operand field to the symbol in the label field.
The label and expression follow the rules given in
a previous section . Note that EQU is one operator
that assigns a value other than the program location
counter to the label. The label and operand fields
are both required and the label cannot be defined
anywhere else in the program.
The expression in the operand field of an EQU cannot
include a symbol that is undefined or not yet defined
(no forward reference s are allowed) .

3-4

3. 4

FCB - Form Constant Byte
FORMAT:

[< label>]

FeB

>}

expr


[]
,


DESCRIPTION :

The FeB directive may have one or more operands,
separated by commas. An a- bit unsigned binary
number corresponding to the value of. each operand
is stored in a byte of the object pr ogram .

If

there is more than one operand , they are stored
in successive bytes . The operand field may contain
the actual value (decimal, hexadecimal , octal , or
binary), Alternatively, the operand may be a
symbol or an expression which can be assigned a
numerical value by the Assembler.

An FCB directive followed by one or more null
operands separated by commas will store zeros for
the null operands .

•

3- 5

3. 5

FCC - Form Constant Character
FCC

FORNAT:

[ d

< ASCII

string>

l 
< comments>
NOTE :

DESCRIPTION :

1.

lid" is any non- numeric character (used

2.

as a delimiter).
ASCII string may not include a carriage
return .

The FCC directive translates strings of characters
into their 7- bit ASCII codes . Any of the characters
which correspond to ASCII hexadecimal codes 20 (SP)

tllrough SF (__ ) can be processed by this directive .
1 . Count . comma , text . Where the count specifies
how many ASCII characters to generate and the
text begins following the first comma of the
operand. Should the count be longer than the
text . spaces will be inserted to fill the count .

2.

Haximum count 1s 255 .
Text enclosed between identical delimiters . each
being any single character . ( I f the delimiters
are numbers, the text must not begin with a
comma. )

3-6

3. 6

FOB - Form Double Constant Byte
FORHAT :

FDB

< label >


{< null >


:}

< comments)

DESCRIPTION :

The FOB directive may have one or more operands
separated by commas . The 16- bit unsigned binary
numbe r corresponding to the value of each ope r and
is stored in two bytes of the object program . If
there is more than one operand , they are sto r ed
in successive bytes. The operand fi e ld may contain
the actual val ue (decimal , hexadecimal , octal , or
binary), Alterna t ively , the operand may be a
symbol or an exp r ession which can be assigned a
numerical value by the Assembler .
An FOB directive followed by one or mo r e null
operands separated by commas will store zeros fo r

the null operands .
The label is optional .

O(,,71':-'~~

[lL::' t'I2'.~
IJ ·30(~:

F-'R '_" ~!"'r!!'!

TO ! L!....US '"! Pf~T~ USE:. e'F F OP!'! ~":'U8!....E
E:',.'T!.... C':'i'b·! ,-!t·!T [ ' IF:U:: '"! I'·/E

0(1@O:i 4
(11;:' (1~1 5

•

.f'

@(h~l ;;,r;:'

,~,,::,, ,~,~-::

~..:.' ~:~'::' .-:::

L:it1~1 <:"::::

. .ji.:.":,-.2

'::"0 (~O

·~·F.·

(::; .:::,,:;:' ..~ '::''::''''F

0[":'O~'

-:'"0.:",::' 0::.

,~ (; ~

('(' I2>~':'.

'oC'~

Ij ';:" '31~

(.::'I I.~H.:.' (~

'::,'("JE

~'(H:::":

f

FF

,::o-;:, .!.-Z' I::-':.:.,,:,{
(:~';:l:L 2

'::"::;':':Lf'

~~10'::,1 ';::

EtE '

3-7

·f·FF.· 'f.FFF .· .' '+-FFFF

3.7

NAN - Program Name

FORMAT:

NAN

DESCRIPTION:

< program

name>

[ J.

The NAH directive must be the first statement

of a H6800 Co- Resident Assembler source program .
The NAN directive does not allow a label, but i t

does require an operand -- a program name (oneeight characters) .

The program name from the NAN directive is printed
on the header line for each listing page .
3.8

OPT - Output Option
FORMAT:

OPT

DESCRIPTION :

< option>

[. ]

The OPT directive is used to give the programmer
optional control of the format of the Assembler
output .

The options are written in the operand

field and are separated by commas . The options
-may have the character "NO" as a prefix which
reverses their meaning .
OPTION

MEANING

OPT 0
(object tape)

The Assembler will
generate an object tape .
(selected by default)

OPT NOD

No object tape

OPT N
(memory file)

The Assembler will write
machine code into memory.

OPT NOH

No memory (selected by
default).

OPT S
(printed symbols)

The Assembler will print
the symbols at the end
of Pass 2 .

OPT NOS

No printing of symbols
(selected by default).

OPT L

The listing of assembled
data will be printed
(selected by default) .

OPT NOL
(no listing)

The Assembler will not
print a listing of the
assembled data .

3- 8

OPT P

The listing will be paged
(selected by defaul t) .

OPT Nap

The Assembler will inhibit
format paging of the
assembly listing .

OPT G

All data generated by
the FCC, FeB , and FDB
directions will be printed (selected by default) .

OPT NOG
(no generate)

Causes only one line of
data to be listed from
the assembler directions
FCC , FeB , and FOB .

•

3-9

ORG - Origin

3.9

FORNAT :

ORG

DESCRIPTION :

< express i on>

[ < cottoneo ts >]

The ORG directive changes the program counter to
the value spec ified by the expression in its operand
f ield . Subsequent statements are assigned memory
locations starting with the new program counter
value. If no ORC is specified, the program counter
is initialized with a value of O. The ORG directive
may not inc lude a lab el .

c.C'';::' ,} .L
(,,;:.( ..;:..2
e01~ 0 ~

of '

('::'€"::'4

•

r.";-")')'5

Pf·"X:>-:f1H Y'_' I
['.!.P.E( TI '..J E.

LLI) S T~:Fn

PC

8! LL

,;;.i:,.:.:",

'-":' ';' .L0 ," ' •.::0
'::"::'1''' 1 L I.:.II.... L.:.' ~L
0(.'(:1:1 2 ~~L:~I.:.':.!..

(":" :':!..-

': 'F

S TAF:15

TH~

AT

( IF:! I:J! H

Z I::.F:()

E ,~'! I-'

I;:' f~h::O ,~. :;:

0 0(";:",'

E I_ISE:.

PC SET TO

~1 ':''::''A

( 'P G
F:!'18

')P'::

JOHN

(H~(' !:!

RI 'IS

:i.@

HE~-=:

.20.3

if)

P( SET TO '·/F"tLUE OF

JOH~~

EH['

•

3-10

PAGE - TOp of Page

3.10

FORMAT:

PAGE

DESCRIPTION :

The PAGE directive causes the Assembler to advance
the paper to the top of the next pa ge . The PAGE
directive does not appear on the program listing.
No label or operand is used, and no machine code
results .

RMB - Res erve Memory Bytes

3.11

FORl'lAT:

R>lB

[  ]

DESCRIPTION:



[ ]

The R}rn directive causes the location counter to
be increas ed by the value of the operand field .
This reserves a block of memory whose length is
equal to the value of the operand field. The
operand fi eld may contain the ac t ual numbe r (decimal ,
hexadecimal, octal or binary) equal to the number
of bytes to be reserved . Alternatively , the operand
may be a symbol or an expression which can be
assigned a numerical value by the Assembler .
The block of memory which is reserved by the
directive is unchanged by that directive .

ru-m

The expression must not contain symbols which are
defined later in the program (forward references).

':U3("~~1 .~

00121(')2
'~' ~~" ~'~1 :

PR (I GPf~! ' l

(11:;"_":'''''
,;:)(n)C::'5

!·!EI · !(1F:'~'

';:";:'I;:'';~?

•.::.I, ";~ I

.

Ij l.:"".:..:!.

I: L !-t8..!.

~:1' ! 8

1-"1I"'~':;1=::'

(~ 1;:'1:"1.

("':".:.'2

.:. U1!::..::

0l3j:-'0::' .;;:•.;:.. ':.... ,j ';:'('0:-:

k
R!'i8

1;:>(' ( ' 1.('

Et-~!:,

T '~'
!::: '~'TE

ILLUS"'! F:f!TE USE ()F T HE
[ • .! F':E':' T 1 'uiL

.,

l .![:

3-11

F:ES E ~:"'·' E:

"1 B'r'TE F=:E5EF:\-'l:!: ' F OP ( LA 8"1
:2 EY~' TES F:ESEf.:'·.-'E[ ' F-OF: ( L A8 ~

3 . 12

SPC - Space

FORHAT :

SPC

DESCRIPTION :

< e)..-pression >
The SPC directive provides n vertical spaces for
formatting the program listing .

It does not itself

appear in the listing . The number of lines to be
left blank is stated by an operand in the operand
field .
The operand would normally contain the actual

number (decimal, hexadecimal. octal or binary) equal
to the number of lines to be left blank. A.symbol
or an ~xpression is also allowed .
lfuen the SPC directives causes the listing to cross

page boundries , only those blank lines required to
get to the top of the next page will be generated .

3-12

CHAPTER 4

ASSEMBLER OPERATION
GENERAL INFORHATION

4.1

The user may have received the M6800 Co- Resident Assembler on
cassette, paper tape, or diskette . The loading, initialization and
operation of the Co- Resident Assembler in paper tape and cassette is
discussed in Paragraph 4 . 2 while the loading and operation of the
Co-Resident Assembler from diskette is discussed in Paragraph 4 . 3 .

4. 2

CO- RESIDENT ASSE}mLER TAPE/CASSETTE
OPERATING PROCEDURES

4.2.1

Loading Co- Resident Assembler From Tape/Cassette

The Co- Resident Assembler must be present in the EXORciser or
Evaluation Hodule memory prior to the initiation of the assembler
operation . However, it is not always necessary to load the Assembler

before each assembly operation . If several programs are assembled in
succession. or if the programs are tested without modifying the memory
locations used by the assembler, then the Assembler will remain intact
in memory and available for subsequent uses without reloading.
4.2.2 . 1
LOADING TftYE/CASSETTE INTO EXORciser HEJ.IQRY. Load the
Co- Resident Assembler into the EXORciser from tape/cassette as follows:

•

•

a.

Place the Co- Resident Assembler object tape (paper tape or cassette)
into the System Reader Device .

b.

Enter the EXbug command "LOAD".
with "SGL/CONT" .

c.

Type "s" after SGL/CONT to load the single file containing the
Co- Resident Assembler. After the header record from the tape is
printed . the file is loaded into memory. Upon completion) control is
returned to EXbug .

The EXbug Firmware will respond

LOADING TAPE/CASSETTE INTO EVALUATION HODULE MflIORY . Load
4 . 2 . 2.2
the Co- Resident Assembler into the Evaluation Hodule from paper tape/
cassette as follows:
a.

Load the Co- Resident Assembler object tape (paper tape or cassette)
into the System Reader Device .

b.

Enter the character L after the asterisk . This initiates the
Evaluation Hodule loading procedure. The Evaluation Module loads
the Co- Resident Assembler into memory and then prints an asterisk .

4- 1

4.2.2

Assembler Initiation

In normal operation , the memory region between the end of the
Co- Resident Editor and location $2000 is used by the Assembler for
the symbol table. This table provides space for 90 symbols . If a
larger symbol table is required, the symbol table area can be extended
at either end .

By selecting the editor over-write feature, the area oc c upied
by the Co- Resident Editor can be appended to the beginning of the
symbol table . This increases the symbol table capacity to 312 symbols.
The over - write option is enabled by usin g ~~ID to c han ge the contents
of memory location 303 16 to FF16 '
,:.~

F;'_L:; 1 . -:: r'l li 1 D
n := ~

. :: (I;:,' (I

•

If more than 8k bytes of read-write memory are avai l able,
additional memory can be appended to the end of the symbol table.
This is accomplished by modifying the end - of - symbol- table address in
memory locations 30116 and 302 1 6 ' Eight bytes of read - write memory
are required for the storage of each symbol. Hodifying locations
301 16 and 302 16 to contain 2400
extends the symbol table by lk bytes.
or 128 symbols for a total of 2 8, assuming the editor over-write is
not selected .

16

';':?: F;;J~

"1-=11 D

1 . ,~

_ ;:1'1 1 __ '::: 0 ? 4
1);, !J ::: ,' I) (1

1)1)

•

If the object code is to be written into memory (OPT l-l) , the
end - of - symbo1 - table address delimits the address . For example , if the
symbol table ends at 2000
(the default value), a program be ginnin g
16
at 2000 16 or higher may have its output directed into EXORciser memory
(assuming the memory is available) . If , on the other hand, only 8k of
memory is available and the programmer vdshes to assemble into memory
(OPT H), the symbol table can be shortened to make memory available
for the object code . This is accomplished by changing the end-of - symbol table address to a lower address . For example . assume 1FOO
is the
l6
new end- of - symbol-table address .

>::

'< E: tY~

1.

c

-:::0 1 "'- 20

1F

1.' ::O::Ol OU

(II)

f'lf.! [ D

•
4-2

A program beginning at IF00

16

now can be assembled into memory.

Should an end-of - symbol-table address be entered that is less
than the start- of-symbol- table address. the Co - Resident Assembler uses the
default address 200016 '
A user's program may take advantage of the direct addressing mode
and use the first 256 bytes (0- 10016 ) for scratch memory . However. no
instructions that generate data; such as FCC, FOB, or FCB; may be assembled
into this area because the Assembler and Editor also use this portion of
memory for scratch storage.
Figure 4-1 depicts a memOr) map of the Co- Resident Assembler.

!>fernory Hap
Disk Version
Assembler Operation

Memory Hap
Tape Version
Assembler Operation
HEX

HEX

0000

0000
SCRATCH

SCRATCH

0100

0100
I/O ROUTItiES

I/O ROUTINES

0300

0300
RESIDENT
ASSE2-IBLER

1610
RESIDENT
EDITOR
lDOO

RESIDENT
ASSEHBLER
OPTIONAL USE
AS S'G1BOL TABLE
225 ADDITIONAL
SYNBOLS

SYHBOL TABLE

1610
STI1BOL TABLE
CONTII\'UES TO
THE Et-."D OF
CONTIKUOUS RAI'l

(93 SYHBOLS)

2000
OPTIONAL USE
AS SYNBOL TABLE

•

.

NOTE: (TAPE VERSION ONLY)
The editor overwrite flag is at $303 .
If it is zero the editor area will not
be used as symbol table. If it is nonzero the editor area will be used as symbol table .
Locations $301-$302 contain the address
of the end of the symbol table. The default value of $2000 may be changed by
the user.
FIGURE 4-1.

/>ternory Haps of Co- Resident Assembler .

4-3

Selection of the Editor over- write feature and modification of
the end - of-symbol - table must be done after the Assembler has been
load ed and before it is initiated. Figure 4- 2 illustrat es the procedure
for loading the Assembler and initiating it without modification .
Appendix F depicts the Program Assembling Procedures.
c)( EUG l . ~: LOAD
~' 3:.. ""C'Jr-t T ;
~

A; !'11 , ::

::XE:'.i'':; 1.2 ('101 I D
· 100 ;, 13
' 1~ a OO

'
P E S ID~N1

A ~$ EMR~E~

1. 3

·:tJc." ') 'PIGHT ('1 0 101= 0 '.. 11 1 ?I ,'oS
=: ~HE!Z" P H ~, ~" :
1':' · 1 ~ . '::"F-' • •::L , 2 T

lP
1~ 60 0

~€SID~rIT

~ S 5 E MBLER

1. 3

: J" )' j;' I (5 y r r'l 'J H lt:; OLH 1";" 7 -:.
:: nr~~'

F' .:; ~; :

1F' · I 5: · 2 F' , 2L · 2 T

FIGURE 4-2.

Program Assembling Procedures

4 . 2 .3

Tape/Cassette Co- Resident Assembler Operation

The Co- Resident Assembler is a two- pass assembler . That is ,
the Co - Resident Assembler must read a source program twice--once to
build a symbol table and a second time to produce the assembled output.
In response to the assemble r prompt message ,
ENTER PASS: lP, lS, 2P, 2L , 2T
Select the appropriate assembler pass. The Co- Resident Assembler Pass
controls are described in the following paragraph and are summarized in
Table 4- 1.
TABLE 4- 1 . Co-Resident Assembler Pass
Controls and Options
CONTROL
1F
15
2P
2L
2T

DESCRIPTION
Pass 1,
Pass 1,
Pass 2,
output ,
Pass 2,
Pass 2,

clears symbol table
inhibits clearing of symbol table
assembly listing and object tape
assembly listing only
object tape only .

4- 4

PASS IP -- Pass I produces a table of the symbols which appear in the
program and the corresponding memory addresses to which they are assigned .
This table is used in Pass 2 to determine the address field for instructions
which reference memory symbolically . Program syntax is also checked in
Pass I, and errors are listed.
PASS 1 Option IS - - In the assembly of multiple source tapes, it may be
advantageous to be known to each assembly. The S option for Pass 1
inhibits the clearing of the symbol table before the pass is started .
PASS 2P -- Pass 2 rereads the source tape and uses information in the
symbol table to produce the assembled output. Using terminals which
permit independent on/off control of the tape output and printer devices,
Pass 2 can produce both an object tape and an assembly listing. A
terminal .dthout independent controls viII permit the generation of
either an object tape or an assembly listing (not both). In this case,
Pass 2 may be repeated to generate both output forms .
PASS 2 OPTIONS
2L -- The L option for Pass 2 is used to generate only an assembly
listing (no object tape).
2T - - The T option for Pass 2 is used to generate an object tape
(no assembly listing).
NOTE :
One- Pass Operation . For source programs which have no
symbolic forward references, Pass 1 may be omitted. For
short programs with only a few forward references, it is
also possible to ' omit Pass 1. In this case, hovever, the
forward references will be flagged with error 211 and the
assembled program with an address field of FFFF. The
correct address can be patched after the symbol table is
printed at the completion of the assembly .
In combination with the options for entering a source
program from the terminal keyboard and for assembling
an object program in memory , short programs may be
assembled and executed without the use of tapes.

•

4.3

CO- RESIDENT ASSD1BLER DISKETTE OPERATING PROCEDURES

4.3.1

Disk Co- Resident Assembler Operating Characteristics

The Co- Resident Assembler on diskette , when working with the
EXORdisk with its EDOS Firmware, has several unique characteristics.
In this application, the EDOSII Firmware automatically selects the
Editor-overwrite option. Also the assembler searches the EXORciser
for the end of its continuous memory to deter the end - of - symbol - table
address .

4- 5

If the user wishes to use the OPT M directive and insert the
assembled output into memory he must provide a block of memory that is
not continuous with the memory being used by the Co-Resident Assembler .

4. 3. 2

Diskette Co- Resident Assembler Operation

The Co-Resident Assembler is a two pass assembler that resides
in the diskette file named AS~ffi . That is , in its assembly operation
the Assembler reads the source program twice -- once to build a symbol
table, and a second time to produce the assembled output. Unlike the
two pass operation of the assembler on tape or diskette , this assembly
automatically performs the twO passes in sequence .
This assembler working with the EXORdisk's EDOS Firmware assembles
the source file and directs the assembled object output (if selected)
to the object file and the assembly listing (if selected) to the terminal
device. In initiating the assembly process, the user instructs the
EXORciser to run the EDOS Firmware. On receiving the EDOS prompt (~)
the user enters the appropriate assembly command. The three assembly
operations are described in Figure 4- 3 and illustrated in Figure 4- 4 . In
entering the assembly command , all three operands must be specified . In
the case where no object file is to be created, any dummy file name may
be entered in the operand field. In this case . no file entry will be
created on the diskette.

4- 6

Name :

ASH

Format :

ASH , passoption, objectfilename , sou r cefi l ename

Pu r po s e :

To assemble t he contents of the s ou r ce file and to d ire c t
the assembled object output , if any to the object ou t pu t
file and the a s sembled list i ng , if any , to the list de vi ce .

Comments :

All three operands must be specified .

If no object file is
to be created, any dummy file name (i . e . X or Y or Z etc . )
may be entered in this operand field since no file di r ecto r y
entry will be created .

The pass op t ion operand field may con tain the numbe r 2 , 3 ,
or 4 .
2 : bo t h an assembly listing and an object ou t put a r e
pr oduced .
3
4
Examp l e :

~

only as
device .

~ssembly

lis t ing is generated to the lis t

only an object outp u t i s generated to the output
object file .

ASr-! , 4 , JOEO , JOES
Pr oduce an object file named JOEO f r om the sou r ce file named

JOES .

L _ _ _ _ _ __ _ _ _ _ FIGURE 4- 3.

•

. E~! J I:;

Assemble (ASH) Command - - - - -- - - ---'

" ~ '::O(l ;

I . :' "1-1 I [I
,,:;

~ : ~5un

EDO~

'1':;,·;0 0 ';'ES I [lEt-i T
: ~PYR I G H T

2.2

\:~~ .

A ~,S €I'1E:LE ~'

~OTOPOL~

1 . .;:

1 ~76

FIGURE 4- 4 . Example of Disk As s embly Operation

4- 7

APPEt-.1)lX A

CHARACTER SET
The character set recognized by the Hotorola H6800 Co - Resident
Assembler is a subset of ASCII (American Standard Code for Information
Interchange, 1968) . The ASCII Code is shown in the H6800 Progranuning
Reference Hanua!. The following characters are recognized by the assembler .
l.

The upper case letters A through Z

2.

The integers

3.

Four arithmetic operators:

+ 4.

*

0 through 9

/

Characters used as special prefixes :

n (pounds

sign) specifies the immediate mode o f addressing
$ (dollar sign) specifies a hexadecimal number
@ (commer c ial at) specifies an octal number
% (percent) specifies a binary number
(apostrophe) specifies an ASCII literal character
& (ampersand) specifies a decimal number

5.

Characters used as special suffixes:
(letter
(letter
(letter
Q (letter
B
H
0

6.

specifies
specifies
specifies
Q) specifies

B)
H)
0)

a binary number
a hexadecimal number
an octal number
an octal number

Three separating characters :
SPACE
CR (carriage return)
(comma)

7.

•

A comment in a source statement may include any characters
with ASCII hexadecimal values from 20 (SP) through SF (__ ) .

A-1

8.

In addition to the above) the assembler has the capability
of reading string of characters and of entering the
corresponding 7- bit ASCII code into spec ified locations in
the memory . This capability is provided by the assembler
directive FCC (see Chapter 3) . Any charac ters co rresponding
to ASCII hexadecimal values 20 (SP) through SF
can be
processed . This kind of processing can also be done, for a
single ASCII character , by using the immediate mode of
addressing with an operand in the form tt ' Ctt •

<-->

•

A- 2

APPENDIX 8
SUMMARY OF M6800 INSTRUCTIONS

•,

~

•
&
o

.;•

•

•o,

ABA

ADe
ADD
AND

,

,

BLS
BLT
BMI

BNE
BPL
BR A

BSR

Bve
BVS

eBA
eLe
ClI

CMP
COM

,

CPX

DM
DEC
DES
DEX
EOR

NO TE

•

o

2

3

•
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2
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2
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2
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•
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2
2

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Bes
BEA
BGE

CLR
CLV

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6
6

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3
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5
7
7

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2
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•
•

JSR

LDA
LDS
LDX
LSR

2
2

NEG
NOP
ORA
PSH
PUL
ROL
ROR
RTI
RTS
SBA

SBe
SEC
SEI
SEV
STA
STS
STX
SUB
SWI
TAB
TAP
TBA
TPA
TST
TSX
TSX
WAI

, ••

•
•

,
,
,

"

~
2

JMP

.•,

x

•,
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E

•
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2

3
3

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6

•
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9

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5
6
6

7

• • •
• • ,•
3

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8
5
6
6
7
7

•3 ,• •5

• •
• 6
• 6
• •
• •
•3 ,•
• •
• •
,• •
5
5

3

•
•2
•

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10
5
2

•
•

2
2

7
7

5

•

6

6
6

7
7

5

4

•
•
•

2

•
•
•

•

• • • 122
• • • 2
• • •
• • • 22
• • •
• 6 7 ,•
• • • ,
• • •
• • • 9

II1 !erfU p ~ l ,me IS 12 cvc les from th e end of
the ,nS {> lIc \ ,on b e ing e xe(;u led, (' x cep l 10 110"" '" 9
a WA I ,,'S Huc t,on . T hen n IS '1 cy cles,

•
INSTRUCTION ADDRESSING MODES AND EXECUTION TIMES
(TIMES IN MACHINE CYCLES)

8-'

•
•
•
•
•

•

5

,

•

,

• • • •

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MC6800 INSTRU CTI ON SET
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SAMPLE PROGRAM

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APPENDIX H

USE OF OTHER PERIPHERALS WITH THE
CO- RESIDENT SOFTWARE
The Co-Resident Assembler/Editor has been designed to op~rate
with TTY terminals equipped with automatic reader/punch control , or
othe r compatible terminals such as Texas Instruments 733/ASR . Normally
these console devices are also used for communication with the resident
system ' s moni t or program. Since other terminal t ypes may offer advantages
such as lower cost or higher performance, the Co- Resident softwa.re was
designed to easily accommodate other peripherals . All Assembler/Editor
input/output requests are processed by a common input/output program
that resid es in memory locations 010016 - 02FF 16 "
Each input/output operation , such as punch record, print record ,
etc . is invoked by entering the input/output package through the appropriate jump vector . In the standard version, the input/output r outine
processes the input/output request and performs the input/outpu t operations
on the console device by calling the elementary input/output routines in
the resident monitor. As a result, there are three versions of the common
input/output program :
EXORciser - - Input/Output via EXbug
Evaluation -- Input/Output via IHKBUG
Nodule I
Evaluation -- Input /Outpu t via MINIBUG II
Nodule II
In order to substitute the other peripheral devices , the user
must supply the appropriate input/output drivers and patch the common
I/O programs so that his drivers are called rather than the standard
ones . To facilitate such modifications, source listings of the three
common input/output programs are available through the ~t6800 User ' s
Gro up Library.

,

LINE PRINTER INTERFACE
The input/output hardware and common input/output program modifications listed in the following paragraphs provide an example of the changes
required to operate the Co- Resident Assembler/Editor with a line prin t er
(Centronics type) . The Disk Operating System includes the necessary commands
and driver routines for implementing a line printer. The commands and driver
routines required for paper tape and cassette are provided in the following
paragr aphs .

H- 1

Hardware
The jumper connections listed in Table HI must be performed if
the HEX6820 Input/Output ~lodule is used to interface the printer with
the EXORciser. However , if the MEX68PI Printer Interface Module is
used, these connections are not required. \Vhen using either of these
modules, refer to the appropriate Userfs Guide Supplement.
Common Input/Output Program
A.

Disk Assembler - ASMB (Version 1 . 3 Only)
In order to enable the printer patch included on the 1.3 version
of the ASMB disk file, the disk file must be amended with the object file
patch provided in Figure HI .

B.

Disk Assembler - ASHB (Version 1.2 or 1.2A Only)
Version 1. 2 of the disk assembler (ASHB) does not include a printer
patch. However, the object file patch (AS~WATCH) provided in Figure H2
may be used to amend this version of the disk file to permit printer opera tion .
C.

Paper Tape and Cassette Assemblers
Assembler software provided on either paper tape or cassette must
be amended in the following manner to operate with a printer.
1.

The object file (LPTDVR) provided in Figure H3 must
be stored in memory at a location contiguous with
the Co - Resident Assembler and Co- Resident Editor .

2.

The current version of the assembler must be amended
with the object file (ASMPATCH) listed in Figure H3 .

,

H- 2

TABLE Hl MEX6820 Input/Output Hodule Jumper
Requirements for Operating With a Line Printer

PIA
SIGNAL

I P~~~R

PRINTER
CONNECTOR PIN
NUl-lEER

PIN

GA2

39

1

1

PAO

2

3

2

PAl

3

S

3

PA2

4

)

4

PA3

5

9

S

PA4

6

11

6

PAS

)

13

)

PA6

8

15

8

PAl

9

1)

9

CAl

40

19

10

*Jumper connections to be performed between PIAl (U13) or PIA2 (U1S) on
MEX6820 and connec tor P2 or P3 respectively.
NOTES :
1.

The following pins on connector P2 or P3 (MEX6820) should be
connected to ground .
2, 4, 6, 8 , 10. 12 . 14. 16. 18 and 20

2.

Printer connec tor pins 19 through 28 should be connected to
ground.

H- 3

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APPENDIX I
PROH VERSION OF CO-RESIDENT
ASSENBLER/EDITOR

The Co- Resident Assembler/Editor also is available to operate
in the ROH environment. The Assembler's starting address is C000
and
16
Editor's starting address is C003 16 , The Co- Resident Assembler/Ed~tor
program uses 7k bytes of Rml and requires a minimum of lk byte of RAN ,
This Assembler/Editor program resides in memory locations C000 1 6 through
DBFF16 and uses the RA}I memory locations 000016 through 01FF16 for scratchpad memory. The symbol table starts at memory location 020016 and ends
at the default 1200 16 , This provides a buffer for 500 symbols ,
To change the size of the symbol table, the user enters into
memory locations 0100 16 and 0101 16 the end-of- symbol- table address plus
one. In this case, tfie user enters the Assembler at C039 16 rather than
COOO ,6 ,

If the object code is to be written into memory (OPT N). the endof- sYMbol-t able address delimits the address . For example , if the symbol
table ends at 120016 (the default address) , a program beginning at memory
location 120016 or may have its output directed into EXORciser memory
(providing it is available) .

It should be noted that the edit buffer starts at memory location
020016 and extends to the end of continuous RA}I memory.

I-I

.

•

®

MOTOROLA

MICROSYSTEMS • 3102 North 56th Street· Phoenix, Arizona 85018



---

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